zurab kiknaZe

qarTuli folklori

Zurab Kiknadze

GEORGIAN FOLKLORE

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

zurab kiknaZe

qarTuli folklori

winasityva

naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic

sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda

filologiis fakultetis studentebs

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.

unda iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea, –SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, – wlidan wlamde

ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe,

maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.

gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis.

redaqtori prof. merab RaRaniZe

recenzentebi: prof. Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

prof. Teimuraz jagodniSvili

© zurab kiknaZe, 2007

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007

ISBN 978-9941-13-002-1

5

sarCevi

winasityvaoba............................................................................. 7Sesavali ....................................................................................... 11folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika ......................... 19

gavrcelebis zepiri forma .......................................... 21anonimuroba ......................................................................... 23variantuloba ...................................................................... 25koleqtiuroba .................................................................... 27tradiciuloba .................................................................... 28improvizacia ....................................................................... 29yofiToba ............................................................................... 31sinkretizmi .......................................................................... 32`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ ............................ 37

zepirsityvieri Janrebi ....................................................... 41

miTosi .......................................................................................... 53miTologema ........................................................................... 56kosmogoniuri miTosi ......................................................... 60maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi ........................................ 61farnavazis sizmari .............................................................. 66kultis daarsebis miTosi .................................................. 69RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi ........................ 71

eposi ............................................................................................. 73esqatologiuri zRapari ................................................... 77cxovelTa zRapari ............................................................... 92sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela ..................... 102zRapris universaloba ....................................................... 111tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~ ....................................... 116samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~ .......................................... 152socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –`arsenas leqsi~ ...................................................................... 176

poezia .......................................................................................... 203sakulto poezia .................................................................... 205

6

magiuri poezia (Selocva) .................................................. 216Sromis poezia ........................................................................ 236sagmiro poezia ...................................................................... 259satrfialo poezia ............................................................... 288samgloviaro poezia ............................................................ 306sibrZnis poezia – andaza .................................................... 324

folkloristikis istoriidan ........................................... 331folkloris bedi TanamedroveobaSi .............................. 343

avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli ............................... 348

7

winasityvaoba

vidre adamiani Tavis nafiqrs da saTqmels damwerlobis meS-veobiT gadmoscemda, didi xnis manZilze, romlis xangrZlivo-ba ganuzomelia, yvelaferi, rac misi mentaluri sferos kuT-vnileba iyo, zepirsityvierad vrceldeboda. mwignobrobas argauuqmebia zepirmetyveleba, igi dRemde Tan sdevs kacobrio-bis istorias sxvadasxva doneebze, yoveldRiuri sakomunika-cio metyvelebiT dawyebuli da SemoqmedebiT damTavrebuli.sadac arsebobs ena, iq zepir sityvas bunebrivi asparezi aqvs.metic SeiZleba iTqvas – enis funqcionirebis bunebrivi saxe daarxi zepirmetyvelebaa, ena ar gaCenila imisTvis, raTa auci-leblobiT xelovnuri niSnebis tyveobaSi moqceuliyo. marTa-lia, mxolod damwerlobam gaxada SesaZlebeli werilobiTi is-toria, rogorc maxsovrobis saimedo WurWeli, amavdroulad,enam dakarga bunebrioba da is cxovelmyofeli gavlena adami-anze, is uSualoba, romelic mas Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi hqon-da. rom davazustoT, sityvierma Semoqmedebam, garkveulwilad,droismieri xelovnebis sferodan, romelsac dasabamiTve ekuT-vnoda, sivrcismier (plastikur) xelovnebaTa sferoSi gadai-nacvla. mkiTxvels uxdeba xiluli niSnebisgan Semdgari teq-stidan im uxilavis aRdgena, romelsac zepirsityvieri nakadiwarmoadgens. platoni fedrosSi~ sokrates piriT gulubryvi-loebad naTlavs maT, vinc Caweril sityvas mosmenilze maRlaayenebs. platoni damwerlobis cud Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, racmas mxatvrobasTan anaTesavebs. misi figurebi, ambobs igi, cocx-lebiviT dganan, magram roca SeekiTxebi, medidurad duman. ase-ve iTqmis dawerili Txzulebis mimarT: igi laparakobs, rogorcgonieri adamiani, magram SekiTxvaze sul mudam erTsa da imavesgpasuxobs. yoveli Txzuleba, erTxel Cawerili, yvelgan mimo-

8

iqceva – maTTanac, visac esmis misi da maTTanac, visac ar ege-bis misi wakiTxva. Cawerilma Txzulebam Tavad ar icis, vis ela-parakos da vis – ara. sokrate ambobs, rom dauwereli sityva,romelic aris dawerilis ufrosi Zma, iwereba msmenelis gulSida mas SeuZlia Tavis dacva da laparaki visTanac egebis, da ase-ve SeuZlia dumdes. dawerili sityva mxolod asaxvaa cocxalisityvisa. Cven davZenT, rom is, rac asaxulia, garkveuli azriT,mkvdaria. is emsgavseba TavisuflebisTvis gaCenil frinvels,romelic galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli.

marTalia, damwerlobam zepirsityvieri teqstis materia-lurad, niSnebis saSualebiT, dafiqsirebiT maTi xangrZlivadSenaxvis saimedo garantia Seqmna, magram zepirsityvier Semoq-medebas waarTva misi arsebiTi Tviseba, romelic TavdapirvelsinkretizmSi gamoixateboda. SesaZloa, naratiuli prozauliJanrebisTvis sadavo iyos, magram poeturi teqstebi zepirsity-vierebis damwerlobaSeuxebel klasikur xanaSi (da merec) mxo-lod sityvier informacias ar gadmoscemda, maT Tan axlda han-gi ara mxolod rogorc Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramedsityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofelidamwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo ra musikaluri mxare, rom-lis gareSe poeturi (da zogierTi TvalsazrisiT, saerTod)metyveleba ar arsebobda.

garda amisa, damwerlobam ugulebelyo zepiri sityvis dia-loguri buneba, zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli arsi, ro-melic mTqmelsa da msmenels Soris uSualo urTierTobaSimdgomareobs. cocxali sityvis smenisas msmeneli mTeli arse-biT aris CarTuli am procesSi. folklorul teqsts, gansxva-vebiT dawerilisgan, TavisTavadi arseboba ara aqvs – igi mismsmenelTan erTad arsebobs, msmenelTan uSualo urTierTo-baSi iZens sazriss. sadac ar aris msmeneli (auditoria), iq teq-stic ar aris, an mas potenciuri arseboba aqvs da yoveli war-moTqmisas TiTqos xelaxla, aravin icis mexsierebis romeli xve-ulidan, ibadeba. cocxali sityvis gadacemis erTaderTi in-strumenti, xelTuqmneli bunebrivi garemo haeria, romelicvibrirebs sityvis Sexebisgan, da ara damwerlobis niSnebi, rom-lebic transmisiis mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri an, Tundac,simboluri saSualebaa. da Tavad es saSualeba – wigni – iZensmasSi `Cadebuli~ Sinaarsisgan damoukidebel Rirebulebas daxdeba kulturis faqti.

9

ar unda gvkvebos imis iluziam, rom wignebSi dabeWdili ze-pirsityvierebis (zRaprebidan dawyebuli andazebiT damTavre-buli) teqstebi ramdenadme srulyofil an namdvil warmodge-nas gviqmnis zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi esaris im organuli nayofisgan darCenili CenCo, romelic ada-mianis noosferoSi uxilavad arsebobda da ganapoxebda mis cno-bierebas. aq gvagondeba odisevsis sityvebi, romlebiTac man Ta-visi awmyo mdgomareoba saukeTeso TavTavebisgan nalew bzes Se-adara: ar metyoba, rogori TavTavic viyavio?

wigni ar aris fokloruli Semoqmedebis bunebrivi adgili,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, wigni misi samarxia (am sityvis rogorc da-debiTi, ise uaryofiTi azriT). anTologiebsa da mravaltome-ulebSi dabeWdil folklorul masalas, garda zemoaRniSnulicalmxrivobisa, kidev is nakli aqvs, rom igi mowyvetilia im yo-fas, romelmac warmoSva. es did xarvezs qmnis folkloruliteqstebis adekvatur aRqmasa da SecnobaSi, rac ar emuqreba li-teraturul nawarmoebs, romelic Tumca garkveuli tradici-is nayofia, magram ise organulad ar aris amozrdili tradi-ciidan da yofidan (an tradiciuli yofidan), rogorc fol-klori. rac unda did SemoqmedebiT potencias mivawerdeTxalxs, mwignobruli civilizacia, Tavisi gardauvali Zleva-mosili istoriuli msvlelobiT da kulturtregerTa Tu sa-xelmwifoebrivi politikis xelSewyobiT, cdilobs moicvas ze-pirsityvieri kultura, gadaiyvanos Tavis baqanze~ aqedan ga-momdinare yvela SedegiT. tradiciuli yofis, sabolood, tra-diciulobis, rogorc principis, rRveva, romelsac individu-alisturma mwignobrulma kulturam misca dasabami, Tavismxriv, gzas uxsnis da amkvidrebs fsevdoxalxur Semoqmedebas.ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis Tan-daTanobiTi daSretis procesi, rac adreve aisaxa zepirsity-vieri Janruli mravalferovnebis gaRaribebaSi. Zveli Janre-bis asparezi ikargeba, axali aRar iqmneba. Tanamedrove fol-klori mxolod da mxolod mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac tradi-ciul xanaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiT arsebobda da xalxis yo-fa-cxovrebis yvela sferos (nivTiers Tu mentalurs) emsaxu-reboda. Tumca es Crdilic ki, msgavsad mravalnacadi odisev-sis sityvebisa, erTgvarad amxels im movlenis sidiades, romel-mac datova igi. fataluria, magram, albaT, kanonzomieric, rom

10

misi Seswavla misi Semoqmedebis didi miqcevis Semdeg iwyeba.kvlav Sedarebas Tu movixmobT, Cawerili folklori hgavs ki-nematografis im SeCerebul kadrebs, romelTac arc dinamikada arc xma, arc feri ar SemorCeniaT.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, xalxuri sityvierebis Semswav-leli disciplina – folkloristika erT-erTi warmatebulidargia filologiis mecnierebis sferoSi. mis gankarguleba-Sia Janrobrivad mdidari da mravalferovani masala, romelicnamdvilad amouwuravia rogorc moculobiT, ise problemati-kiT da xedvis mravalmxrivobiT. misi momijnave disciplinebi(eTnologia-eTnografia, kulturuli anTropologia, reli-giaTmcodneoba, religiis istoria...) axal-axal perspeqtivebsgadaSlis mis winaSe da axal-axal amocanebs usaxavs mas. amito-mac erTi monografiis farglebi ver moicavs zepirsityviermemkvidreobas mTeli misi sisruliT da mravalferovnebiT, daarc winamdebare wigns eqneba aseTi mizani. mkiTxveli gaecnobamxolod ZiriTads, mxolod im arsebiTs, romelic, avtoris az-riT, qarTuli folkloris individualobas warmoaCens.

Sesavali

13

im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic folklo-ris saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoi-xateba: folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, oriwevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveulikavSiriT arian Sekrulni da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misiSinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic,is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT folkloris-tika, Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr,xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTiafolkloristikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero discip-linis, moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZlebaSeicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitisfolk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayo-velTao terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgebaori sityvisagan – xalxi~ da sibrZne~, terminiT aRniSnuli sa-gani Tavisi interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas:is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli er-Tobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meoremxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cno-bierebaSi. folkloristma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobiere-bis struqtura, cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvamsyofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT.cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia folkloristikismomijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufroaxlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yo-faSi udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiTniSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelicmas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTi-erTkavSirSi, maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare-obaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSn-ebi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnesgansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gav-

14

rcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, ar-sebiTad, arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazR-vreli niSnebia, riTac folklori literaturas upirispirde-ba, Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebu-li motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur SemoqmedebasacaxasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqnebadasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimuro-basa da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs ano-nimurobas erT SemTxvevaSi da ra – meoreSi.

problema ganzogadebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdeg-nairad: erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura – zepiri (udamwer-lobo), smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvazedafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niS-nebia, romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es prob-lema gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. fol-klorul SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorcfolkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis po-tenciur avtorTan.

termin `folklors~ folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi ma-sala – zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna – Tavisi arsiT anoni-muria da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misiSeqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, rocauiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal aTeneumis~ (TheAthenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT`folklore~, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic manori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan – folk (xalxi) da lore(sibrZne, codna) – monetasaviT moWra~. statia daviwyebas mie-ca, magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisuna-riani aRmoCnda. ori welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali ukveaRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebisgamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igi gascilda inglisis sazR-vrebs da SeaRwia kontinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveyneb-Si. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde ar-sebuli saxelwodebani: `xalxuri siZveleni~ an erTgvarad wi-naaRmdegobrivi xalxuri literatura~ da mtkiced daimkvid-ra adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebsSoris.

misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufrofarTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sity-viT lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, rome-

15

lic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvas-Tan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore sibrZne~ misTvis moicavdayvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, SeuqmniaTavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu rac homo sapiensi dahomo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi – bu-merangidan (Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sity-vier teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, ro-goricaa andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali na-kadia am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xal-xur kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini Tan-daTan viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxo-lod zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misifarTo mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris mu-sikaluri folklori~, romelic `xalxuri musikis~ tolfar-di cnebaa. am azriT folkloria xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri sa-xioba, xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSeneb-loba, xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani,xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwere-li saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac, usityvod – qceviT TumoqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.

raki termini `folklori~ kompozitia da ori cnebisaganSedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobi-sadmi ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk ~xalxi~ da ras gu-lisxmobs lore sibrZne~, codna~? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras war-moadgens is `xalxi~, romelic atarebs am `sibrZnes~? am kompo-zitSi sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi xalxi~ gulisxmobs ada-mianTa imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTob-liobiT aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganic-dis am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erTerad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqne-ba ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis,rom xalxi `sibrZnis~ matarebeli `folki~ gaxdes, aucilebe-lia, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiTcxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSiatarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasax-lebulia saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze mo-laparake xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTia-nebs, didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis ammiwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi

16

inaxavs codnas~ am miwa-wyalze, mis sibrZnes~, romelic Tqmu-lebis, legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi.xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, ro-melsac aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvag-varad gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, ara-med erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic SemokrebiliaerTi keriis (`Suacecxlis~) garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsov-nas da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac escecxli saerTo `Suacecxlis~ nawilia. is ritualebi, romle-bic sruldeba am keriasTan, sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis,is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri li-fanalis dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi – cocx-lebi gardasul TaobebTan erTad, yvelaferi riTac cocxlebiumaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es aris sibrZne~ da`codna~, romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma. mxolod Suagu-lis mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZsSeqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavde-ba, aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas sibrZne~, rad-gan mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is verinaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi qmnis~.`xalxad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, ro-melTa saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca eserToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan`raRac~, Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebulinaTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da legendaSi~, iqneb miTosSic~gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gav-rcelebuli iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZesmarjvena fexi hqonda `dabeWdili~. es, namdvilad, SavguliZismiTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bav-SvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo dakudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, sam-xedro qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da,Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamiane-bisgan Sedgebodes, mas saerTo folklori eqneba da es misi omisa damSvidobis~ folklori iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT sas-wavlebeli (saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universite-ti, calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wye-ba, romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa uc-naurobaTa anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinalur saqcielT

17

da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas.aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris amqa-ri Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiTda TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT TuvixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, aramxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZebenxalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebsaqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa dasaerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gan-sacdelisa, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamar-jvebisa da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTia-nobas aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi sibrZne~ anu Tavisi sakuTari fol-klori. mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderTTaobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansacki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvssakuTari folklori, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imi-sa, rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maTaqvT TavianTi sakuTari ena~, sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTiniSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.

magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTia-nobis ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi,aramed mxolod da mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic war-moadgens xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT.

Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis folklori anu, rac igivea,qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi,`xalxi~ gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, uf-ro mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi arissakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Sead-gens folklors. germaneli romantikosi filosofosi iohangotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: xalxi (Volk) aris bunebri-vi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnu-li sulis gamosaxatavad~. amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi arisbirTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Se-moqmedebis misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac folkloris saxel-wodebiT aris cnobili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uax-lovdeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mi-xedviTac is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863),folkloristikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,germanel poets arnims: `Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia

18

RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmo-Sobac aseve saswaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamia-nis gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poe-ziasac igive warmoSoba aqvs~. es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poeziasupirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturiswiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi folkloristebi (da pirvelifolkloristebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen,rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poeziaaris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. igi SiSvelia da atarebsTavis TavSi RvTis xats~, werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movle-nis warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTi-uri myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqme-debis dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdebahomerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi (`risxvaze mimRere,qalRmerTo...~, `kacze miambe, muzav...~). rogor unda gavigoTxalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli ro-mantikosebi, cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze,TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodanaris nakarnaxevi. `RvTiuri~ maT naazrevSi niSnavda `zeindivi-dualurs~, `zepirovnuls~, rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuriSemoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze ma-Rals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovnebawarmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, rome-lic erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, `RvTiurad~ miiCnios, meorem– saerTo-saxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT `xalxi~ vu-wodeT. rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cno-bierebis safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuliqmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTaripirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, anonimurobis saz-risi.

Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens xalxi~, romlis cno-bierebaSi daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zoga-dad, ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgen-lobaze qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT ar-sebobs igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da ratom icvleba, Tuicvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risiZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.

folkloruli

Semoqmedebis specifika

21

zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis niSnebi romlebicqvemoT aris ganxiluli, erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anuTiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isicunda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmarida damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs folkloris gansazR-vraSi, ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebisbunebis mTeli sisavse.

gavrcelebis zepiri forma

es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Se-moqmedebisa, rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxu-li: `zepirsityviereba~. namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedebazepirsityvieria rogorc warmoSobiT, aseve gavrcelebisformiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es aris amzogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZle-ba Caweril iqnes, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis buneb-rivi forma (aris gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelicmxolod da mxolod qvaze amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es,ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis kulturaSia SesaZle-beli). mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri Semoq-medeba, romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri sa-xiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT daganagrZobs arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic dawerilobiT saxesac iRebs, Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoq-medeba mxolod mosasmenad aris gamiznuli, rac garkveuldaRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur poetikas, sakmaodgansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic sakiTx-avad aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Sorisar aris mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTikultura, am fenomenis (smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdi-nare, da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura, xedvis fenomenis Ta-viseburebidan gamomdinare. folklori ZiriTadad yuria,

22

wigni (literatura) – Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTganwers: `akakis leqsSi `yuria~ meti, vidre `Tvali~. amiT –`yur~ sityviT mwerali akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepir-sityvier stiqias aRniSnavs. `Tvali naklebia akakis leqsSi,ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul poeziaSi~.amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom qarTuli wignuri poezia mniSvne-lovanwilad nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT.

yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udam-werlobo epoqaSi niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobsaedebisa Tu rafsodebis (mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi.maTi klasikuri magaliTi da warmomadgeneli homerosia,romlis poemaSi (`odiseaSi~) aseve brma aedebi monawile-oben – demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxe-tiale bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani inst-rumentis (`biva~) akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianTrepertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi faqtoria rogorc ze-piri SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepiri gardaTq-misTvis. Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gada-suli, yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli.mas SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, ra-sac mowmobs Tavad smenis aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyenebaxedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba.

msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswrebaSemoqmedebis process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqosxelaxla iqmneba misTvis, radgan yoveli axali SesrulebapirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri nawarmoebi mxo-lod maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis.warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, poten-ciuria – is mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorcSesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri nawarmoebi arc erTiganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi.msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radganmTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobsdrouli xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali,garda haerisa, romelic vibrirebs da msmenelamde daub-rkolebliv miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi, romelsac dRevan-dlamde moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmelsxedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia.ase ar aris literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiT-

23

xveli Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors,ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca mas SeuZlia ixilosmisi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis. mkiTxveli Ta-vad `axmovanebs~ teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris SemTxve-vebi, roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori TavadkiTxulobs teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi),magram es ar aris arsebiTi, es ar aris is wesi, romlis Zali-Tac arsebobs literaturuli nawarmoebi. aris sapirispi-ro SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs wignSi dabeWdilxalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar arisxalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxvaantifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdilixalxuri leqsi Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits,romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli. marTalia, wigni inaxavssityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis adamianis mex-sierebaSi, magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mascocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdadSeqmnili, rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCeniligaliis binadrad. zepiri sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi, ganuwy-veteli qmnadobisaTvis, drosa da sivrceSi cvalebadobi-saTvis.

anonimuroba

folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mi-zezi ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anoni-muroba ar niSnavs imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saer-Tod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili folkloristi vl. propiwers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis skolaSi aR-zrdilT Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poetu-ri nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre li-teraturuli Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cvensul mudam gvgonia, rom is viRac pirvelma unda SeTxzas.Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi poe-turi nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa... da maTi Seswavla folk-loristikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...warmoSobiT folklori unda davuaxlovoT ara literatu-ras, aramed enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs

24

arc avtori da arc avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvlebasruliad kanonzomierad da adamianTa nebisgan damouki-debliv...~ [propi 1976: 21-22].

folkloris enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebismarcvali, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xal-xuri poeturi nawarmoebi, Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Se-locva Tu wyevlis formula, iseve uavtorod iyos Seqmni-li, rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi. ras war-moadgens sinamdvileSi es `sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxe-bi~? arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyosmaTi Seswavla? folklori Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedebamxolod adamianis pirovnebis unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seq-mnili, unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis... zemoTmotanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSka-rad panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seq-mnilis TavisTavad warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorodaris warmoSobili, folkloruli teqsti ki – Seqmnili.

folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi piro-baa avtorobis uflebis principuli ararseboba tradici-ul sazogadoebaSi. es is sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gviandaeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folk-is wreSi myofma Se-moqmedma ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli teq-stis iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu sam-werlo nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori – mwe-rali, rogorc Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, ro-gorc ekuTvnis mas xalxuri avtori. pirveli gamoTqvamsTavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore – xalxisas upirate-sad. pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars, ganumeore-bels, jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xal-xi moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da das-turcema mravali Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowone-bis intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis mgosans, romelic itvir-Tavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas. is ko-leqtivis niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misixmaa, misi sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom ra-sac is warmoTqvams, misi sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sa-kuTreba mxolod misi niWi da unaria, romelsac is gamoT-qmis `iaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris gamorCeulifolkisgan.

25

am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayof-ze amgvar tevad formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: `erisgulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svi-li erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi dagavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan meore ad-gilas, erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze“.

es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizi-kurad, Tavisi sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrob-da, mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usa-marTloba iqneboda, wagverTva egzistencialuroba misiindividualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis Semoqme-debaSi, Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisipirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gax-maurebisa da gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi `naT-qvami~ namdvilad `eris gulisnadebs~ Seicavs, is ubrunebsxalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs gamokveTilad, imgvariformiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver Camoayalibeb-da. aTavisuflebs ra `mgalobel Cits~ galiidan, igi aRarzrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel`nagalobebi~ pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnes Senaxuli. pirvel-qmnili saxiT teqsts mxolod beWduri (da axal droSieleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs.

variantuloba

sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teq-stis cvlilebas. zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiTdabeWdili sityvisagan, magram mas axlavs nakli: igi eq-vemdebareba dro-Jams, romelic Tavis beWeds asvams mas. drosada sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc Citibartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti`ibartyebs~. mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxo-lod misi romelime variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi in-variantuli anu arqetipuli, Tu `kanonikuri~ teqstis Zie-ba. kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul SemoqmedebaSiasaZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas moiTx-oven. mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis,aramed aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, rom-

26

lis xelyofis ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, ara-vis aqvs. xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba,is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is `gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidangaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc arqetipi (pirvelqmni-li teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi `Crdilis~(ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da isyoveli warmoTqmisas `cocxldeba~, xorcs isxams, Tumcaverasodes daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yo-veli warmoTqma axali Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variant-Ta Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini avtor-mTqmeli.xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mierwarmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebe-li. maT ricxvs dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewydatradicia da ar amowura variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. esmaSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan arqetipi waiSleba an frag-mentebis saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel nawilebad iqceva.

msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac Se-uZlia `sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teq-sti kvlav msmenelTan da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants amaTu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi, konkretul tradiciaSi,TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti damoukide-beli mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia.

zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvalo-ba gamowveulia im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba, anusadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xe-laxali qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu sad warmoiT-qmis, vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli – audi-toria ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, ara-med swored amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan eskonkretuli auditoriaa. es auditoria qmnis am variants,es varianti am auditoriis variantia. radgan: mTqmeli war-moTqvams amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara abstraqtu-lad, msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, ro-gorc me wigni melaparakeba, roca me da avtors Soris mxo-lod sayovelTao beWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvismsmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi, msmeneli ki yovelTvis kon-kretulia, mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs – uvinaobo auditoriaar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msme-neli arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es so-

27

feli, es kuTxe) yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom konkretuli garemo, auditoria, msmenelTa wre, ba-debs ama Tu im variants.

marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da,amasTanave, rac mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebadarsebobs, da es aris misi xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyve-ti niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom teqsti Tavda-pirvelad erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan gamo-vida. variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiriteqstis bedisweraa.

Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac`araviTari Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebulada arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `fol-kloruli nawarmoebi imTaviTve iqmneba ara erTaderTiteqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa realizacie-bis saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxa-via, vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirov-nebisa, Tundac is iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyo-bis (mentalitetis) gamomxatveli.

koleqtiuroba

raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod varian-tebad arsebobs da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma,anu uvarianto, erTaderT teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebiver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad, laparaki mis avtor-ze, rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad SeuZle-belia. misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawile-obas da, amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxal-xo, koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radganmis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ara mxolod pir-vel mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da msmenelsac Taoba-Ta manZilze drosa da sivrceSi.

koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoe-bi imitomac aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxa-tavs ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed folkis suliskveTebas,is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciaSi, am cne-bis ufarToesi gagebiT – aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod tra-

28

diciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, ro-gorc saerTo monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura damsoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa sistema – mTeli mem-kvidreobiTi sulieri dovlaTi.

koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustaviungma: `koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sa-kuTar Tavs aRar ekuTvnis~ [iungi: 62]. amgvarad aqvs dakar-guli saxalxo poet-mTqmels sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli az-riT, swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili xalxuri nawar-moebi rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba.

tradiciuloba

ra aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (ka-lapoti), romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxu-ri yofa da, masTan erTad, Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapi-robebs xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis mdgradobas. koleqti-vis konservatizmi – yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi, kultu-ruli, mxatvruli – misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea.folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgrado-ba swored tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli.

tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis zewola indivi-dis cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabade-buli, aRzrdilia masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanai-rad, mama-papis anderZnamagis gamtari da aRmsrulebelia.magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri gadaxrebis rolstradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris avse-buli mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-mo-raluri da esTetikuri idealebiT. `adgili rCeba~ indivi-dualurs, romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, une-burad poulobs gamosavals da SeumCnevlad `iwveTeba~tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema (laTinurisityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdrosabsoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yoveljerze saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadam-cemisTvisac SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi esxdeba isev da isev mdgradi tradiciis farglebSi. ganax-lebuli nakadi kvlav miedineba, gzadagza gadaxarSavs ra

29

am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria indi-vidualur gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradi-ciidan aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualurgamovlenebs da tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradiciaseyreba safuZveli.

mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti ra-Rac axals iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmu-li teqsti ar aris identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad ar-sebuli, daculi teqstisa. Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnisgansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea yoveli axali war-moTqmisas. siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin das-ruldeba, roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtuali-zacia aRar xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc fol-kloruli teqsti.

improvizacia

roca improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri SemoqmedebiserT-erT niSanze, vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs, erTi mxriv,variantulobasTan, meore mxriv, tradiciulobasTan. `im-provizacia yvelgan arsebulia, igi msWvalavs mTels fol-klors, myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros, versiebisa daaxali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini: 116].

garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arse-bobs improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs audito-riis mzaoba improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia,romelic variants badebs, konkretuli situaciiT arisganpirobebuli.

ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? `situ-acias unda mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. impro-vizacia sxvadasxvagvarad miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT,Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars – bavSvebs Tu ufrosebs.monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTiganwyobilebis – mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. esyvelaferi aisaxeba Semsrulebelze~ [bogatiriovi: 397] da,cxadia, monaTxrob nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa,es sxva aris swored is, rasac folkloristikaSi variantsuwodeben.

30

improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoq-medebas tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis)procesSi, TiTqosda moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis mou-lodnelad, met-naklebad axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela Janrs.gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi. improvi-zaciis mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmo-Cena-gaRrmaveba – improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, misfabulaSi Zevs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moy-mis leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am baladaSi dedis motivis Semos-vla improvizacias unda mivaweroT. misTvis amosavali `em-brioni~ baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis ma-gis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSisityva `deda~ improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulod-nelma gagrZelebam axali aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlisbunebriv dasasruls bolo striqoni acxadebs: `uerTodar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.

magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, ro-melic mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs,SeiZleba iTqvas, improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba,romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT farTod aris gavrcelebu-li aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT kifSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kanonebiaqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvlelo-ba), improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia. adre naTqvamis ganmeo-reba, Tuki aseTi ram moxda, Cavardnaa, marcxia kafiobisprocesSi da igi unda Sewydes. gadamwyvetia aseve improvi-zacia xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca iyeneben tradi-ciul saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts em-yarebian. moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriisdakveTaa, romelic ganuxrelad sruldeba.

am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonak-lisi, Tumca improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyosgamoricxuli. marTalia, sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris da-maxasiaTebeli pirovnuli Careva teqstis Segnebuli Sec-vlis mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am Care-visTvis – teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri war-moSoba amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturde-ba improvizaciis SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustde-ba sakraluri teqstisadmi mowiweba da Semsrulebeli TavsTavisuflebis nebas aZlevs.

31

yofiToba

yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSan-ze arsebiTi. ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, ro-melsac ar hqondes gamoxatuleba romelime folklorulJanrSi. ufro metic: folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidanaris amozrdili da misi niadagiT sazrdoobs, magram Semoq-medeba yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara mxolod asa-xavs, aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yo-fis mowesrigebisaken. folkloris Janruli sistema, yo-fidan amozrdili, Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqturada sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi. amasTanave, yofis gareSe fol-kloruli Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis funqcias, romelsacis Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli Semoqmede-bis Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofaiZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsada yofas Soris, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba folkloris Jan-robrivi Sedgenilobis mixedviT sazogadoebis yofisstruqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.

yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Se-moqmedeba `naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobsda funqcionirebs. `xalxma Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mraval-ferovneba, rogoric literaturas arasodes gaaCnda~ [eme-lianovi: 101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT mas, rogorc TviTkmarerTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resurse-biT sazrdoobs (aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi,tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikma-yofilebs inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs. mis mentalo-baSi araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi araaqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durga-li, aseve hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavsda gadascems zepirsityvier teqstebs. soflis zepirsity-vieri `fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi. Teoriulad SeiZ-leba gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofelsarafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgva-rad Caketili, rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebis-gan, an ar hqondes garedan Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dag-debis moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi Tu siuJetebisoflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve

32

soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen sofli-dan soflad moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTanaTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu zRapari) `ileqeba~ sofliscnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc misi sakuT-reba, ganagrZobs arsebobas.

sinkretizmi

laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. raaris sinkretizmi? `ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni~ amgvaradganmartavs am termins: `Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevre-buloba, rac raime movlenis sawyis safexurze gvxvdeba~.xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa Tugadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis mo-nawileobas. amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sity-vier SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSani folklorisaSeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad, magram es erTiSexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan gamomdina-re. klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis,xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv `simRe-res~ uwodeben. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvie-ri teqsti, romelic ambis informacias inaxavs, ar gadai-cema `mSralad~, mxolod da mxolod verbalurad, aramedmusikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari tradiciaa,rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrssaTaurad uzis `simRera~, fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tuara `simRere~, rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapir-veli daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJasgamocdilebidan, romelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs,amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. han-gi Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis process. hangiaraTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri Se-moqmedebis procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.

sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuridResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemu-li sityva, Tundac virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvro-ba (niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis saxiT), musika, cekvebi. ase-Tia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna dResac aqa-iq,Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.

33

dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSa-ni, garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasia-Tebs. gana mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuriTxzulebani? an variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZ-lia uarvyoT, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi gar-kveul tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli nawarmoebia,Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme rom argamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs,imedebs, ar upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvelaes niSani, literaturas, marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklo-rul SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli am niSnis bunebada, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT,Tu sad vadasturebT mas – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.

literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris ga-mowveuli Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtorouflebis Segneba ar arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomie-ria; sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq anonimuroba gamonakli-sia, misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris nebaSia, an ra-Rac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT pro-cesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrce-lebazec. warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis(leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba, magram misi bedi ar hgavs im na-warmoebis beds, romlis arsebobisa da gavrcelebis erTa-derTi forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac zepirsityviere-ba folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi dasaxe-lebaa). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoe-bi miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo fol-klorul nawarmoebs gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.

iSviaTia, literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSivesrulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayo-filebeli saxe mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSiqmnis variantebs, vidre igi sabolood Tavisi Canafiqrissrul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs. variantebi SeiZleba ga-darCes, an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios maTi Se-narCuneba. literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis ar-sebiTi gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulo-bisgan, pirvel rigSi, is aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRviserT kanonikur, avtoris mier mowonebul teqsts, fol-klorSi ki piruku – Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens drosa da

34

sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen da-moukidebel Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, romliteraturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saarqivod aris ganwiruli, folklo-ruli nawarmoebi ki piruku – mxolod variantebis saxiTarsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli Rirebulia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrce-lebulia mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamo-cemisas gamomcemelTa (an gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli va-rianti ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, danarCeni va-riantebi gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, qarTu-li xalxuri poezia, 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upi-ratesobis miniWeba, jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv,es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos swored is iyos srulyofiliteqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili, rac sruliad miu-Rebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveliarqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia.Tundac dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavsama Tu im tradicias da folkloristi valdebulia, massxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs Soris miuCinos Tana-bari adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti zo-gierT pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teq-sti. yvela variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvsda folkloristmac saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqe-dan gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda ibeWdebodes Ziri-Tad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes mcda-ri warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSimoqceuli teqstis variantebi iyos. folkloristma undadaafasos TiToeuli soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmacSemoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu rogor Semoinaxa igi, ro-goria maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis sakiTxiada mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.

ramdenadac xalxuri Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuriada folkloristikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, av-torobis sakiTxs aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Sem-naxvelis sakiTxi. is pieteti, romelsac literaturis is-toria iCens avtorisadmi, folklorSi mTqmelis pirovne-bazea gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria daCven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes mi-

35

si vinaobis Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vico-deT Tavis mexsierebaSi an repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxve-lis vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi zeindividualu-ria, magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveuli pirovnebissaxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs ata-rebs. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Cana-weria da konkretuli pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canawe-ri Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas axlavs pasporti –ase uwodeben folkloristikaSi yvela monacemis erTob-liobas, romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli.am monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobe-bi mTqmelis vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlova-neba, warmoSoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaT-lebis cenzi – aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis mcodne, SeeZ-lo Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi, ro-gorc mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva;visgan da sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebe-lic, Camwerma mosmenil teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuliSeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo – es yvelaferigvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebaSi. aucilebeliaCamwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vi-naoba. Camwers ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba SeitanosCanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom mas saqme aqvs variantTan,romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis Taviseburebebs,rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.

amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebe-li Tanmxlebia. es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vi-naobis ganmsazRvreli. mis gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genia-luri teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris fokloris Sekre-bis wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi dasaqarTvelomdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adeptihyavda petre umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsacekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze Rirebuli folkloruli Cana-werebi; misive Sedgenilia `programma xalxis sityvierebisnawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris wese-bis pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:

`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xal-xi ambobs. damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis Tavs neba ar un-

36

da misces mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilob-rivi gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi,frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, – yvelaferisastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar un-da Sescvalos, romelic uazrod eCveneba. yuradReba un-da mieqces metadre prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis ki-lo da frazebis SekavSireba namdvili darCes...~

meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT:

`zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva naTqvami xalxSisxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgi-lebi da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa,rom damweri marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, ara-med yoveli gansxvavebac aRniSnos sxolioebSi, rom zog-Si esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu srulad bevri gansxvave-baa, mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera amitom arissaWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSioriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiT xmarebuli, mrTe-lis Txzulebis fersa scvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZsSeadgens. zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnasukeTeben. es axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT,rom mTqmelis axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri ansityva damwers ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsnamisca, saWiroa amisi dawerac~.

petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi eswesi ganuxrelad aris daculi [umikaSvili1937; umikaSvi-li1964]. samwuxaroa, rom erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo,romelic esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda folkloruliteqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad ugulebelyo-filia sxvaTa CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevrixalxuri leqsi mohyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad aruTiTebs arc mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils dawels. arada, bevri maTgani pirvelad mis mier aris gamoq-veynebuli. aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da sxvaTa Canawe-rebis Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSa-obis dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

rac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, racaucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, li-

37

teraturuli nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzecmkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi, rac mis individualobas danovatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu folklo-ruli nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivsa da tra-diciaSi arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, lite-raturuli nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genia-loba mis individualobasa da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.

amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT Ca-moTvlil niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad folklo-risTvis. jer, TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebsimisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi – folklorSi Tu lite-raturaSi; mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna, urTierTgamomav-loba da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT folklo-risTvis, rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi or-ganulia da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faq-torebiT ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Se-xameba maTi, rac arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamen-turi folkloruli SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavile-bis Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli yvavilis individualo-ba sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.

sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi dasxvaa – literaturaSi.

`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~

u. Tomsis mier Seqmnil kompozitSi folk-lore pirvelisityva im mniSvnelobiT moxvda, romelic mas inglisur ena-Si hqonda da aqvs: es aris mosaxleobis naklebad ganviTa-rebuli, mwignobrobas moklebuli fenebi. es is xalxia, ro-melic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi damwerlobas ar iyenebs – qmniszepirad da avrcelebs zepirad. magram ismis sakiTxi: ro-gor unda gavigoT, rom xalxi qmnis? xalxi xom pirovnebaar aris, rom qmnides? gamomdinare yovelive zemoT Tqmu-lidan, rac folkoruli Semoqmedebis specifikas exeboda,SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qmnian yovelTvis erTeulebi, xal-xis niWieri warmomadgenlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gamo-xaton xalxis suliskveTeba, interesebi, imedebi, sasowar-kveTilebani, wuxili, molodinebi da a. S. isini, SeiZleba

38

iTqvas, folkis zedafenis warmomadgenlebi arian. magrammaT mier Seqmnilis realizaciisTvis anu mis `gamosaqvey-neblad~ xalxs unda Seswevdes mosmenis unari, igi mzad un-da iyos imisaTvis, raTa miiRos es mosmenili, aRmoaCinosmasSi sakuTari, risi gamoTqmis Zali mas ar Seswevs. mxolodamis Semdeg SeeZleba mas mosmenilis damaxsovreba (Senax-va) da gatana-gavrceleba. maSasadame, arsebobs avtori daarsebobs mTqmeli, romlis meSveobiTac pirvelnaTqvamifolkamde midis. mTqmeli aqtiuria, msmeneli pasiuri aRm-qmeli. magram am pasiur masaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba pirov-neba, romelic iRebs estafetas, anu mTqmeli xdeba da a. S.fokloristikas yovelTvis saqme aqvs mTqmelebTan da araavtorebTan, romelTa saxelebi samudamod dakargulia,TaobaTa mTqmelebSia ganzavebuli. roca zRapris mTxro-bels (mezRapres) vusmenT, ar vfiqrobT, rom zRapari misiSeTxzulia; arc `vefxvisa da moymis~ Tu sxva sagmiro bala-dis Semsrulebeli ar aris misi avtori. arc erTi teqsti,romelsac Cven vismenT am Cvens aqtualur xanaSi, ar arismisi mTqmelis Seqmnili. magram Cven vambobT, rom mTqmeliar gadmogvcems sxvisas, aramed isev da isev xalxisas, TiT-qos xalxi iyo Semoqmedi. aucilebelia, dazustdes, ras niS-navs `xalxis Semoqmedeba~, ras vgulisxmobT, roca vam-bobT, `xalxi qmnis~? iseT rames xom ar mivawerT xalxs, rom-lis kompetencia mas ara aqvs maSinac ki, roca erT pirov-nebasTan gvaqvs saqme? Semqmnelia saxalxo mTqmeli Tu Sem-srulebeli? Cven viciT, rom is Tavisas (mkacri azriT) arasrulebs, iseve rogorc hamletis monologi, romelsacvismenT, ar aris misi Semsruleblis dawerili.

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi eduard hofman-kraierma(1864-1937) amgvarad gamoxata folkloruli SemoqmedebisTavisi koncefcia: `xalxi ar qmnis, aramed mxolod imeo-rebs Seqmnils~ (Das Volk produziert nicht, es reproduziert nur). esTeza iyo Sedegi im gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mixedviTacbevr xalxur simReras literaturuli winapari moeZebna.zogi avtori (i. grupe) ise Sors wavida, rom xalxis Semoq-medebiTi uZlurebac ki aRiara. misi azriT, yvela kultu-ruli faseuloba mosaxleobis maRal wreSi iqmneba da mxo-lod demokratizaciis procesis ganvlis Semdeg iqcevafarTo masebis kuTvnilebad anu folklorad. am Teoriis

39

mixedviT, folklori, rogorc hans naumanma (1886-1951) ga-moxata, aris `daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ (GesunkenesKulturgut) [kokiara: 556-557, bauzingeri: 44-45].

am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba misi arealis mxolod SezR-udviT Tu aris SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma unda, yvela Janri verCaiTvleba maRali fenebidan `daZirulad~ da `daZirvac~yovelTvis ar aris daqveiTeba, rRvevis procesis gamoxa-tuleba. qarTul folkorul sinamdvileSi xalxuri vef-xistyaosnis saxiT Cven gvaqvs `daZiruli dovlaTi~, rome-lic aSkarad daqveiTebulia, degradirebulic ki. Tumcaisic unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli saxiT tradicia mainc arisSenaxuli. TiTqos `daZiruli dovlaTis~ fenomeni Senax-vas unda gulisxmobdes, magram Tu ram iqna Senaxuli xal-xur wiaRSi CaZiruli literaturuli vefxistyaosnidan,mxolod gardaqmnili saxiT iqna Semonaxuli. xalxma Tavi-seburad gardaqmna yvela ZiriTadi motivi, romelic So-Tas poemis dedaarss Seadgens [qoriZe: 102-150].

magram folklori icnobs iseT `daZirul kulturuldovlaTs~, romelic met-naklebad wmida saxiT aris Senaxu-li. es aris zRapari, romlis Canafiqri namdvilad ar arisxalxuri warmoSobis; rac masSi xalxuria, es misi Sesamose-lia, romelic icvleba xalxidan xalxSi, mTqmelidanmTqmelSi. ra roli aqvs xalxs? xalxi mxolod Semsrulebe-lia, amdenadve – Semnaxveli, magram Sesrulebis procesi im-provizaciebis CaTvliT iqamde ar midis, rom zRaparsstruqtura da sazrisi daekargos. xalxuri mTxrobelis in-dividualoba ar exeba zRapris Sidaformas, is mxolod mra-valferovan samkaulebs qmnis mis garegan sxeulze, arsi igi-ve rCeba. gveCveneba, TiTqos zRaparma Tavadve Semoinaxa sa-kuTari Tavi. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT `amiranianis~ Sesaxeb,romlis ideuri Canafiqri aSkarad scildeba xalxis menta-litetis kompetencias, magram misi dRevandlamde Semona-xuli, Tundac dalewili teqsti mainc inaxavs Tavdapirvelsazriss, rasac ver vambobT daZirul `vefxistyaosanze~.

meore mxriv, isic udavoa, rom sityvieri SemoqmedebisnayofTa `daZirva~ xalxis mexsierebaSi am dovlaTis Senax-vis saukeTeso saSualebaa da, ramdenadac pasiuria (da ase-Tia igi principulad) koleqtiuri mexsiereba, imdenadmrTelad da Seuryvnelad inaxavs igi mibarebuls.

40

anikini: Àíèêèí Â.Ï. Òåîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðà, Êóðñ ëåêöèé, Ì., 1996.

bauzingeri: Bausinger H. Formen der “Volkspoesie”, Erich ScmidtVerlag, Berlin, 1980.

bogatiriovi: Áîãàòûðåâ Ï.Ã. Âîïðîñû òåîðèè íàðîäíîãî

èñêóññòâà, «Èñêóññòâî», Ì., 1971.

emelianovi: Åìåëüÿíîâ Ë. È. Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû

ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1978.

iungi: karl gustav iungi, analitikuri fsiqologiis sa-fuZvlebi: sizmrebi, Tb., 1995.

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,

1960.

propi 1976: Ïðîïï Â. ß. Ôîëüêëîð è äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü, Ì.,

«Íàóêà», 1976.

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, na-wili pirveli. leqsebi, andazebi, ga-mocanebi. redaqcia, biografia, wina-sityvaoba da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiS-vilisa, federacia~, 1937.

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, me-ore gamocema prof. mixeil CiqovanisredaqciiT, oTx tomad, I-IV, litera-tura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.

qoriZe: qoriZe e., vefxistyaosnisa~ da tarielianis~ ur-TierTmimarTeba, Tsu, Tb., 1999.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

zepirsityvieri

Janrebi

43

erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis qarTuli Targmaniioane petriws ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravleeziarebis ra¡Tame (rogorme) erTsa~. marTalia, es sityve-bi mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini SeiZlebasityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. folklorissinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTis-gan mravalgvarad gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magramyvela maT, mTels am simravles erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maTfolkloris saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT da, imavdro-ulad, ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTx-ze nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niS-nebi mijnavs zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visa-ubroT imaze, Tu ra niSnebi mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsity-vier teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan.

Janri aris folkloris (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali,damoukidebeli, TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazR-vrebi, niSnebi, funqcia da daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Si-naarsobriv-Tematuri Semcveloba, Tavisi poetika, is Tansdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl.propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: `Janrisspecifika is aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da ro-gori saSualebiT aris asaxuli~. da kidev: misi azriT, for-mas ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri aris formisa da Sina-arsis erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa, ro-ca Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, esforma amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias(Sedarebas) mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis ur-TierToba, roca isini erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisada Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.

yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes,romelime JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe,eulad arsebuli nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc va-riantebs moklebuli folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vi-

44

naobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc erT jgufs ar ekuT-vnis, an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar ganekuT-vneba. rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia vari-antebis saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve foklorulifondi Sedgeba ara calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgu-febisgan, romlebSic saerTo niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeu-lebia gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da moymisa~, SesaZloa,unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT, magram is,rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar arisunikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepir-sityvierebis fondSi.

ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa(rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es arisJanris sakiTxi, romelic folklors saziaro aqvs lite-raturasTan. magram erTia literaturis Janris amosava-li da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali.

ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? ar-sebobs ori kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsobrivi.formis mixedviT nawarmoebi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozasan poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas, novelas an romans.Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs, isiniunda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixed-viT. nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani iqneba an yofiTi, an saTav-gadasavlo, an istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiu-ri da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebulTematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv isini erT JanrSiiqnebian moqceulni.

folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT sazia-ro Janrebi. arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi daarsebobs lirikuli leqsi folklorSi. arsebobs erTgansatrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da arsebobs meoreganamgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic ise-ve udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebosanaxaobebs, rogorc Teatralur speqtaklebs. magram ar-sebobs Janrebi, romlebic mxolod literaturaSi an mxo-lod zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul folklorSiver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxvaxalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. maga-liTad, sparsuli dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepirisagmiro-saTavgadasavlo (safalavno) romanebi paralelu-

45

ri siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da sxva [gvaxaria].folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi,rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida litera-turuli Janria. axla piruku: ar arsebobs literaturaSiiseTi wmidawylis folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: an-daza, Selocva, samgloviaro poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT),sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi, gamocana...rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerloba-Si, is folkloridan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSi-rad Janruli tradiciis darRveviT.

garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba TavadJanris gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Turomel SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme – folklorTan TuliteraturasTan. am gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoTfolkloris erTi niSani, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT iyo sa-ubari. es aris misi yofiToba.

yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa – mcire leqsiiqneba is Tu vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris far-glebSi arsebobs, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianiscxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime sferosTan. da,SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas missulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis im-densave Janrs icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amito-mac folkloruli Janris cneba yofaSi misi funqciiT undaganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs amgvarad ver ganv-sazRvravT, radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT yofasTan.

zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tan sdevs sazogadoebasda, kerZod, yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misidabadebidan sikvdilamde. sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvaliadamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu arnold van xene-pis (Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT –`akvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceulikavSiri adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepmaam or realobas Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi,Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT yvela Janrs, romelic qmnisfolkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod raodenobriv,aramed Tematur simravles.

a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze lapara-kobs, mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Ta-visi cxovrebis manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdeba-

46

reba ritualebs, romlebic misi cxovrebis gardamtexmomentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba sociumTan, ro-ca is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wev-ri xdeba, qorwineba, romelsac axal socialur safexurzeahyavs igi da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia`SefuTuli~.

magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis cxovre-ba gacilebiT mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexiritualebiT ar amoiwureba.

gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmiano-bas ojaxSi Tu sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu SinTu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali misi cxovrebis gzas, marT-lac, akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris moqceuliamisi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi mi-si cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturulJanrebze.

adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynadgansakuTrebuli ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac,cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs. es aris saZeo (Zeobis) sim-Rerebi. aq sityvieri folklori esazRvreba yofacxovre-biT folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.

akvanSi mwoliare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRere-bis smenaSi, romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gau-gebaria da am gaugebrobis gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aR-weven Tavis mizans – gamoZerwon bavSvis sulier-sxeuleb-rivi habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas araaqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba – isini mxolod am momen-tisTvis aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros ma-Ti Sesruleba.

bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folklo-ruli teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ramwarmoSva isini, Tu ara zrunvam, rom swori mimarTulebamieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi fonetikuri artiku-lacia sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi Tama-Sobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals,masac sityvieri teqsti axlavs.

mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi mi-si ganuyreli Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseveaucilebelia, rogorc Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvo-

47

bis asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs xelSi da uZlurebam-de Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da guTa-ni simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.

Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve dam-Svenebulia simRerebiT – isini an sawesCveuleboa an reli-giuri (sakulto). mTeli weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimodReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod suls iTqvams Sromis-gan, aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis Rirse-ul daniSnulebas.

yofa – misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Za-lebis Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili –Tavis nebismier sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teq-stebs, romlebic Selocvebis saxeliT aris cnobili. ra-sac folkloris yofiTobaze vlaparakobT, wmida saxiT,utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.

adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSiSedis: icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovanidReebis aRniSvnas emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, rom-lebic ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram arsebobs satrfialolirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri, magramasaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTo-bas qal-vaJs Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mTianeTis tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti See-satyviseba.

mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jamidgeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSrome-lia an medResaswaule, aramed is mebrZolic aris – Tavisiojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im kuTxeebSi, sadacmSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mudmivmolodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-lobas iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTviskonkretul SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzeaSeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli ganzogadebis xarisxiT kon-kretuli yofidan aris amozrdili.

adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dRe-saswaulobs, miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uze-naes arsebas, romelsac is Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs – esqmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT, sadac igi pi-rovnulad monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa.aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is so-

48

ciumis saxeliT gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damo-kidebuleba garesamyarosa da adamianisadmi, zogadad, wu-Tisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am sofelSi (ro-gorc viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac masTavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, ra-sac ganicdis igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamo-xatulebas. wuTisoflis miseuli `analizi~ ganzogadebisdid xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi, romelic sityviere-bisa da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis feno-menia, uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi ad-gili `yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haide-geri). ena andazis meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTiso-fels.

rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qro-nika), aseve arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria.radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod awmyoTi, am warmava-li wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT acnobierebs.warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi droSemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodisda masTan erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZlebaiTqvas, yofiTad xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixesimag-re, romelic warsulSi aigo, ganagrZobs arsebobas da ina-xavs mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva epo-qis mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad aSe-neben eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba,miTologiuri teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-aw-myos xdomilebebs Seicaven.

folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkev-des aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andreze-bi, romelTac am sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniS-vneloba aqvT. isini inaxaven soflis Tu sagvareuloTa da-arsebis Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa pirvelad SemoRebisaqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas sazoga-doeba.

gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris ja-dosnuri zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrce-lebis areSi, adgilobrivi warmoSobisa ar aris. TiTqos masyvelaze naklebad unda hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magramrogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia mowmobs, zRapars Se-uZlia ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag., sva-

49

nuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierTtradiciaSi misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) andRe-Ramis (daRamebisas) garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, Se-saZloa, misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani iyos.

hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, `amiranianis~, funqcio-naluri mxare – hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTamsgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva. TiTqos misi sinkretuli Ses-rulebis wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas unda mowmobdes.misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda yo-filiyo.

tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluf-lebian wevrs, idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis man-Zilze Sexeba aqvs Cven mier Janrebad wodebul yvela amsityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da Senaxvis an aq-tiuri, an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier TuyofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdebaadamianis cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca misSeqmna-CamoyalibebaSi sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Seta-nili. amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra statusic ar unda hqon-des mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad, sazogado-ebrivad aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvie-ri teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorcmisi organuli Semadgeneli nawili.

aleqsandre jambakur-orbelians (erekles meorisasulis Tekla batoniSvilis vaJi, 1802-1869) pirveladqarTul folkloristikaSi, jer kidev maSin, roca Cven-Si folkloristikas, rogorc mecnierebis dargs, fexicar hqonda adgmuli, mocemuli aqvs qarTuli (sasimRe-ro) folkloris Janruli dajgufeba. adamianis cxovre-bis mniSvnelovan etapebs exmaureba ara mSrali~ sity-va, aramed sityva hangTan erTad, rasac Cven sinkretulxelovnebas vuwodebT. esenia saZeo, saqorwilo, sufru-li, saferxiso, Sromis, sawesCveulebi da, bolos, samg-loviaro simRerebi [Ciqovani 1956: 110-113]. a. jambakur-orbeliani ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan dasavlur da aR-mosavlur qarTul hangebs. erTgan igi igonebs: erTs So-bis winaRames maxsovs am ocdaaTis weliwadis winaT Cve-ni saxlis fanjrebis qvemoT, quCaSi, uecari simRera da-iwyes, alilo: Tqma, moZaxili, bani. ase gawyobilis mSve-

50

nieris xmiT ambobdnen im alilos, yoveli CvenSi gonebaim simReram moitaca, vinc im dros Sin viyaviT da gaCu-mebuli yurs ugdebdiT im xmoanebas metis siamovniT(sic!). imaT rom is Tqma daasrules, aq Cven SevwuxdiT,garda batoniSvilis dediCemisa, romelmac bZana: esuTuod imerlebi ariano. am sityvasTan Cemi umcrosi Zmawamoxta da saCqaroT mosamsaxures amoayvanina samniv.gamovikiTxeT, marTla imerlebi iyvnen. karga xani aRargauSviT, bevri kargi simRerebi da RiRinebi vaTqmevi-neT imeruli~

[Ciqovani 1956: 113].

mizanSewonilia Tu ara sakiTxis dasma, Tu romeli Jan-ria uZvelesi: poeturi Tu prozauli? miTologiuri, Sro-mis, samgloviaro Tu sawesCveulebo? iqneb saakvno? an an-daza Tu Selocva?

asec SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Janris SigniT romeli teqstiayvelaze Zveli? magaliTisTvis, romeli ufro Zvelia –`fxoveli da Savaneli“ Tu `Siola da mTrexeli“? jados-nur zRaprebs, cxovelTa igavebs an andazebsa Tu gamoca-nebs Soris SegviZlia gamovarCioT uZvelesi?

amgvarad kiTxvis dasma zepirsityvierebis mimarT, nam-dvilad, gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac saqme damwerlobisgareSe arsebul teqstebTan gvaqvs. SeiZleba Tu ara arse-bobdes disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis zepirsityviere-bis istorias literaturis istoriis analogiurad? lite-raturis SemswavlelisTvis advilia an principulad SesaZ-lebeli literaturuli procesis Tvalis gadevneba dasa-bamidan mis dReebamde. ama Tu im xalxis damwerlobam SeiZ-leba Semoinaxos pirveli werilobiTi nawarmoebi, saidanacliteraturis mkvlevars SeeZleba literaturis istoriisageba. es SeiZleba iyos poezia an proza, mTliani nawarmoe-bi an misi fragmenti. Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT qar-Tuli mwerlobis istorias `qarTlis moqcevidan~ dRemde.Cven Tvalwin iqneba gadaSlili literaturuli procesiTavisi wyvetilebiT, degradaciebiT, gardaqmnebiT, aRor-ZinebebiT. is erT qronologiur Zafze iqneba asxmuli.

folkloris SemTxvevaSi am qronologiurad gawyobilZafs Cven moklebuli varT. ramdenadac folklori – xal-xuri Semoqmedeba – zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebaa, CvenTvis

51

samudamo ucnobad rCeba is nawarmoebi, leqsi Tu prozau-li igavi, saidanac misi istoriis dawyeba SegveZleboda.Cven vambobT: aTasxuTaswlovani qarTuli literatura,magram Cven ar SegviZlia analogiurad vilaparakoT aTas-xuTaswlovan qarTul zepirsityvierebaze im ubralo mi-zezis gamo, rom Cven ar viciT da arasodes gvecodineba,ra saxe hqonda qarTul folklors aTas xuTasi wlis wi-naT. qarTuli damwerlobis istoriis mTels manZilze, XIXsaukunemde, qarTuli zepirsityviereba, mcireodeni frag-mentebis garda, arasodes dafiqsirebula. Cven SegviZliamxolod calkeul motivTa an xalxuri Txrobis stilisaTu kompoziciuri struqturis dadastureba literatu-rul nawarmoebebSi. mTeli Cveni zepirsityvieri fondi XIXsaukunis im viTarebas asaxavs, romelic am droisTvis ar-sebobda. magaliTisTvis, ar viciT, ra saxe hqonda `amira-nianis“ eposs XVIII, XVII, XVI da a.S. saukuneebSi – iseTive frag-mentuli iyo igi, rogorc XIX saukunis CanawerebSi vxe-davT, Tu mTliani?

marTalia, Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ama Tu imxalxuri teqstis asaki, Cven ar SegviZlia teqstebis safuZ-velze vilaparakoT mravalsaukunovan qarTul xalxur Se-moqmedebaze, magram Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT mis xan-grZliv tradiciaze. rogorc mdinaris kalapotia Zveli,uxsovari, magram masSi mudmivaxali, ganaxlebuli wylis na-kadi miedineba, asea folkloric: uxsovari droidan mode-nil tradiciaSi Tavsdeba zepirsityvierebis marad ganax-lebuli fondi, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT myofobs Zvelida axali. amasTanave, SeiZleba paradoqsi iyos, magram xde-ba, rom axlad Seqmnili ufro Zlieri tradiciulobiT iyosaRbeWdili, vidre qronologiurad masze adre Seqmnili. amazriT, SesaZloa, `vefxi da moyme“ ufro meti siZveliT xa-siaTdebodes, vidre `amiranianis“ zogierTi Canaweri.

aseT viTarebaSi, roca Tavad masalis aqronuloba (ud-rooba) ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom masSi uZvelesi ga-movarCioT da, literaturis istoriis analogiiT, is dava-yenoT zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebiTi procesis saTaveSi,dawyebisTvis nebismieri arCevani gamarTlebuli undaiyos. raki dawyeba aucilebelia, Cven daviwyebT Cveni ar-CevaniT da im imediT, rom es Janri an nawarmoebi uZvele-sad ar iqneba miCneuli. mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tavisi arCeva-

52

ni gaakeTos. Cven ki vecdebiT, rom Cvenma `TviTneburma“arCevanma logikuri gagrZeleba povos. Cven viwyebT miTo-siT, romelic qarTul folklorSi sakmao mravalferov-nebiT aris warmodgenili.

gvaxaria: gvaxaria a., sparsuli xalxuri prozis istorii-dan (dasTanebi), mecniereba~, 1973.

Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m., qarTuli xalxuri sityviere-bis istoria, samecniero-meTodurikabinetis gamocema, Tb., 1956.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

miTosi

55

sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), lo-gosi (logos) TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aR-niSnaven `naTqvam sityvas~, `ambavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a. S.,yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime informacias,Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris di-ferenciacia mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sity-vam gamoxata adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeo-ba: miTologiuri, epikuri, logikuri.

epikuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad,tropis umartives saxeze – Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Se-dareba xorcieldeba kavSirebiT: `rogorc~, `TiTqos~, `iseve,rogorc~ da sxva. erTi movlena meoresTan raRac saerToniSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi xedavs nam-gals, an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali~, `mTva-re xaris rqasaviT~ da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, ro-gorc rqebaweuli iremi, garbis caze...~

logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zustcodnas da definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedare-bebi. pirvel wanamZRvars `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ un-da mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania~, da ara `sokrate adami-ans hgavs~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas:`sokrate mokvdavia~. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da mov-lenaTa igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT~,`rogorc~ da sxva).

miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelicgansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdena-dac mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos daxedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara mxolod hgavs xa-ris rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da namgalic.aseve, iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavadaris mze.

miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, ro-melic xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale se-mantikiT aris da dawnexilad gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxebambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT, rom pirvel-

56

Serqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis Se-saxeb. magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen – `wvimis rkali~,franguli arc en ciel – `cis rkali~, qarTulad `cisartyela~– cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis xalxebSi `meliis Sardi~, ro-melic miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis ambavs inaxavs... zo-gierT enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi `mze~ da`rZe~ erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul mi-Tologiur WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs.Tu ena, rogorc amboben, samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misisityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda gamoxatavdes.

miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavsfundamentur, arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamian-ze, samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze Tu movlenebze, maT pir-velwarmoSobaze an pirvelSeqmnasa da daniSnulebaze.

arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniu-ri xasiaTisaa: igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis,an misi romelime nawilis pirvelSeqmnaze.

miTologema

miTologema miTologiuri teqstis `saSeni masalaa~. isgansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoadgenen kosmosis struqtu-ras. TiToeuli maTganis ganSliT warmoiqmneba miTolo-giuri narativi. amgvarad, miTologema miTologiuri na-rativis embrionia.

aq CamoTvlili miTologemebi kosmogoniuri miTosissxvadasxva aspeqtebs gamoxataven.

– cisa da miwis gamijvnis miTologema. am miTologe-miT gamoxatulia kosmogoniis elementaruli aqti, samya-ros Seqmnis pirveli nabiji – Tavdapirveli erTianobisganwvaleba, iqneba es cisa da miwis Tu mlaSe da mtknariwylebis erTianoba... an kosmiuri kvercxis SigTavsis ornawilad (cilisa cad da kvercxisgulisa miwad) ganyofa...

– cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologema. cisa da miwis da-SoriSorebis Semdeg rCeba maT Soris uxilavi kavSiri, e. w.samyaros didi RerZi, romelsac msoflio miTologiaSisxvadasxvanairi xiluli gansaxeba aqvs: mTa, xe, kverTxi, ta-Zari, kibe, jaWvi... nebismieri vertikalurad aRmarTuli sa-gani. qarTuli miTologia icnobs am miTologemas, rome-lic uxvad aris warmodgenli erT fSaur saweso leqsSi:

57

wmida giorgi mec viyav,cas vebi oqros SibiTa (jaWviTa),xmelgorze (mTaze) medga bermuxa (beberi muxa),zed avdiodi kibiTa,Cems saymoT SemonaZRveniRmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.

SeniSvna. bermuxa – laSaris muxa dResac dgas fSavSi xmelgor-ze, sadac daarsebulia laSaris salocavi, laSaris xati wmida gior-gis saxelze, romelsac Tqven icnobT vaJa-fSavelas leqsebidan dapoemebidan. gavixsenoT baxtrioni~, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo stri-qonebi: eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma~.

Sibi – jaWvi.

es leqsi imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom mis yovel striqon-Si cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologemis romelime xilul ni-Sans vpoulobT. es xe, SeiZleba iqvas, isea daxunZluli amniSan-simboloebiT, rogorc saaxalwlo naZvis xe samkau-lebiT da saCuqrebiT.

I. pirveli, es aris mTa, romelic rogorc cisa da miwiskavSiris erT-erTi universalia, yvela miTologiaSi ariswarmodgenili. yvelgan igi, imavdroulad, Suagulis miTo-logemis Sinaarssac iTavsebs: cisa da miwis SemaerTebeliRerZi samyaros SuagulSi gadis. Tumca igi fSavis miyrue-bul kuTxeSia aRmarTuli, magram miTologiurad igi kos-miur mTas ganasaxierebs.

II. meore, es aris jaWvi (Sibi), rogorc cisa da miwis da-makavSirebeli saSualeba. ramdenadac sakraluria, maszeamibmuli wmida giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqrosuxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsureTisRvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini stumroben erTma-neTs. Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva, romelic masuxilavs axalgazrdobaSi:

`me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans (sofelia TianeT-Si, z. k.) derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame iqneboda, dgandga-ri, brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao.SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca gana-Tebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTiWiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi,

58

zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseTwminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imazekargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio~

[yubaneiSvili: 55).

III. mesame, es aris xe, fSaur leqsSi bermuxis saxiT war-modgenili. laSaris bermuxa tipuri kosmiuri xea, romlistipologiuri analogebi yvela miTologiur tradiciaSigvxvdeba. yvelagan amgvar xes sxvadasxva ganzomilebebiaqvs: igi aris samyaros centri, cisa da miwis makavSirebe-li, zeaRsavleli, rogorc gza qvemo sferodan zemo sfe-roebisken. swored aseTi gamoyeneba aqvs wmida giorgis xes(`xmelgorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi...~).

IV. meoTxe, es aris kibe, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, arabunebrivi sagani, romlis pirdapiri daniSnuleba erTi sib-rtyidan sxva sibrtyeSi gadayvanaa. Suamdinaruli safexu-rebiani taZari ziquraTi kibis gansaxierebaa, romlis Svi-di safexuri yofierebis gansxvavebul doneebs Seesatyvi-seba. vertikalurad aRmarTuli kibe da misi safexurebiTandaTanobiT, ara naxtomisebur, zeaRsvlas gamoxatavsmiwieri sferodan zemo sferoebamde, transcendenturirealobisken – kibis Ziri miwaze dgas, misi Tavi RvTis kar-zea mibjenili.

V. Tumca msxverpli (`SemonaZRveni~), romelic am leq-sSi yvelaze bolos aris moxseniebuli, miTologemebs arekuTvnis, magram, Tu religiis kuTxiT ganvixilavTteqsts, igi miwisa da cis komunikaciis ara mxolod saSua-leba, aramed mizani aRmoCndeba. xiluli msxverpli (sak-lavi, qadebi, sakulto namcxvrebi da sxva), romelic mloc-velis mier aris mitanili salocavSi, uxilavad adis Rmer-Tamde, amyarebs ra kavSirs adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.msxverplTan erTad maRla adis locva-vedreba da qeba-dideba, romelTac muxis ZirSi myofni aRavlenen.

magram msxverpli (saklavi), rogorc nivTieri, ise sity-vier-sulieri (locva), gulisxmobs pasuxs, romelsacmlocvelni wyalobis saxiT gamoelian RvTisgan.

VI. da, bolos, yvela CamoTvlili miTologemis Semkre-bi da Semajamebeli da Tavis TavSi momcveli, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, maTi amamoZravebeli figura wmida giorgia,

59

romelic TiToeul maTgan iyenebs instrumentad RvTis ka-ramde asasvlelad. magram Tavadac igi, duranqis dinami-kuri gamomxatveli, Tavisi asvliT aRavlens adamianTaganSewirul msxverpls da sityvas locva-vedrebis saxiT, ra-Ta gamosTxovos SemwirvelTaTvis madli uzenaess.

– samyaros Suagulis miTologema. cisa da miwis kavSi-ris simboloebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros Suagulis gamomxat-velia. damatebiT, berZnebTan delfos taZris TeTri qva –omfalos, samyaros Wipi; aseve agnis cecxli anu samsxver-plo cecxli, rogorc indur warmodgenebSi; da, sazoga-dod, yoveli kera, sadac cecxli anTia; berZnuli hestia.kera samyaros centric aris da saxlisac. Suaguli SeiZle-ba warmovidginoT koncentriuli wreebis saxiT: samyaro-qveyana-qalaqi-saxli-kera. yvela amaT msWvalavs erTiRerZi, romelic TiToeuli maTganis centrSi gadis. imde-nad Zlieria adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu qveyniswarmodgena samyaros Suagulad, rom amgvari warmodgenabevri qveynis ideologias daedo safuZvlad. CinelebiswarmodgeniT, maTi qveyana samyaros SuagulSi mdebareob-da. amitomac ewodeboda (da dResac ewodeba) CineTs jun-go (`Suaguli samefo~), romlis garSemo Semovlebulma ke-delma TvalsaCino gaxada es miTologema. aseTi warmod-gena hqondaT Sumerelebsac TavianT qveyanaze (`Sumeri –didi mTa, cisa da miwis qveyana~).

– maradi gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis), sxvagvarad, sa-moTxis miTologema (ix. vrclad qvemoT).

– dabrunebis miTologema. yovelTvis gulisxmobs amo-saval wertilSi anu centrSi dabrunebas. am miTologema-zea agebuli Zveli eposebi, jadosnuri zRapari... gmiri usa-Tuod brundeba iq, saidanac gamovida. dabrunebis adgilimisi saxlia, misi dabadebis adgili. yvela gmiri Tavis qve-yanas, Tavis qalaqs, Tavis kerias, rogorc odisevsi – iTa-kas ubrundeba. Sumeruli andaza: dae, Citi Tavis budes da-ubrundes, tyve Tavis qalaqs (dedas) daubrundes~ – am mi-Tologemis gamomxatvelia, rogorc Camavali mzis miTo-logemuri saxelwodeba: `mze, dedasTan dabrunebuli~ (u-Tu-ama-ar-gi).

– xelaxla Sobis miTologema. es miTologema dabru-nebis miTologemis saxecvlilebaa. Tavisi arsiT isic kos-mogoniuria. gmiri ubrundeba dedis saSos, raTa meoreddaibados.

60

– gveleSapis miTologema, romelic am mniSvnelobiTmsoflio miTologiebSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebu-li. gveleSapi ylapavs gmirs da isev ukan amoanTxevs. mismucelSi moxvedrili gmiri kvdeba, raTa, rogorc dedissaSodan, kvlav iSvas. gveleSapis mier STanTqma miTolo-giuri gmiris aucilebeli gamocdilebaa: marduqi, Suamdi-naruli miTologiis demiurgi, kosmosis Semqmneli, sanamkosmoss Seqmnides, TiamaTis – pirvel arsebuli zRvis mu-celSi imyofeba; aseve indoelTa indra – gveleSap vrit-ras mucelSi; amirani, herakle, iasoni da sxvani namyofi ari-an gveleSapis mucelSi, saidanac isini ganaxlebuli ZaliTibadebian.

axla ganvixiloT qarTuli miTologiuri teqstebi davnaxoT, ra da ra miTologemebis ganSlis Sedegad arian isi-ni warmoSobili.

kosmogoniuri miTosi

qarTul miTologiaSi ver vadasturebT kosmogoni-ur miToss Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT. magram SegviZlia mo-viyvanoT misi variacia, romelsac sofelsa da mis mtrulZalas Soris brZolis saxe aqvs micemuli. erTmaneTs upi-rispirdeba wyali da xmeleTi, romelTagan pirveli qaossganasaxierebs, meore – kosmoss. misi klasikuri nimuSiaugarituli eposi baalis (xmeleTis uflis) da misi antago-nistis iamis (zRvis urCxulis) Sesaxeb. maT Soris brZolagardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobs da mas dasasru-li ara aqvs. xan baali imarjvebs, xan – iami. am brZolis ana-logi SeiZleba xmeleTze zRvis periodul da dausrule-bel moqceva-miqcevaSi davinaxoT.

qarTul miTosSi gveleSapisa da xaris brZola ganasa-xierebs zRvis stiqiisa (qaosis) da xmeleTis (kosmosis) da-sabamier brZolas.

am tipis miTosi saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSia gavrcele-buli. misi fabula amgvaria:

soflis maxlobel tbaSi gveleSapi budobs. periodu-lad igi amodis tbidan, Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqo-nels, anadgurebs naTesebs, awiokebs mosaxleobas... Ram-Ra-mobiT soflis uCinrad gveleSaps kurati (mozveri) eb-rZvis, magram amaod: sofelSi igi dasisxlianebuli da da-

61

qanculi brundeba. sofeli daudarajdeba xars da, rocamixvdeba, Tu risgan emarTeba mas es ambavi, rqebs almasiTmouWedavs da ase gauSvebs gveleSapTan sabrZolvelad. xa-ri eZgereba zRvis urCxuls da mucels gaufatravs. cocx-almkvdari gveleSapi ukuiqceva, gaqceuls wyali ukan gay-veba da tbac daicleba. natbevar adgilze ki xalxi dasax-ldeba. gveleSapi sxva kvalsac tovebs landSaftze: igi Ta-visi sxeuliT mdinaris kalapots gaiyvans.

gveleSapisa da misi antagonistis brZolis miTosiyvelgan inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel kosmogoniur xa-siaTs, Tundac masSi gadmocemuli konkretuli ambavi erTromelime sofels exebodes. am SemTxvevaSi, miTologiu-ri warmodgenis ZaliT, sofeli mTeli samyaros saxeliTfigurirebs. `sofel~ sityvac xom am ormag, erTmaneTSigardamaval mniSvnelobas Seicavs. ugaritul miTosTanCveni teqstis tipologiuri msgavseba detalebSic iCensTavs. saxeldobr, xmeleTis patronis, baalis, simbolurigamoxatuleba xaria.

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi

miTosi miwier samoTxeze farTod aris gavrcele-buli Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi, Sumeridan dawyebuliindoiranuli samyaroTi damTavrebuli. yvelgan mas Tavi-seburi saxe aqvs da dakavSirebulia im qveynis realiebTan(landSafti, istoriuli warsuli, toponimia, flora, fau-na...), sadac is Seiqmna. qarTul folklorSi samoTxe ukav-Sirdeba Tamaris pirovnebas. im sazogadoebis cnobiere-baSi, sadac Caisaxa es miTosi, Tamaris samefo warmodgeni-li iyo `oqros xanad~, Tamari – mis erTpirovnul Semoqme-dad da mzrunvel patronad. Tu istoriulad Tamaris `oq-ros xana~ istoriuli procesis kulminaciaa, miTologiu-rad misi dasasruli istoriuli dro-Jamis dasawyisia.

miTosi, romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili [si-xaruliZe 1961: 44, 44-b-T], mogviTxrobs: erT dros Tamardedofals taxti ialbuzis mTaze edga. mis samefo-samflobeloSi maradiuli zafxuli iyo, zamTari ar ico-da. aqedan mTeli qveyniereba xelisguliviT Canda. Tama-ris maradiul samefoSi arc sneuleba iyo, arc sibere, arcsikvdili, radgan dro-Jamis mdinareba SeCerebuli iyo. ra

62

mizeziT? – Tamars dro-Jamis momyvani frinveli hyavda sa-saxlis erT oTaxSi datyvevebuli. erTxel, roca Tamarmabarad Casvla moisurva, sasaxlis mcvelad Tavis erTgulimsaxuri datova da im Tormeti oTaxis gasaRebic Caabara:yvela oTaxis gaReba SegiZlia, garda meTormetesio. msa-xurma pirvelad swored im oTaxis kari gaaRo, romlis ga-Rebac akrZaluli hqonda. gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrindaiqidan frinveli da caSi gauCinarda. ca ki moiRrubla, qa-riSxali atyda, movida Tovli da mTeli mTa sasaxliTurTdafara. amrigad, Tamarma veRar SeZlo mTaze asvla da dar-Ca barad. amieridan daiwyo dineba dro-Jamma, weliwadisdroebi erTmaneTs Seenacvla da ase daikarga maradiuligazafxulis samefo.

dadga axali xana – akrZalvis darRvevis xana, romelicdro-Jamis anu movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis niSniT aris aR-beWdili. erTdrouloba sivrceSi, rasac Tamaris sameufowarmoadgenda, Secvala Tanamimdevrobam – drom daipyrosivrce, gabatonda masze. `maradiuli gazafxuli~, akrZal-vis ZaliT rom arsebobda, warmavalma wuTisofelma Secva-la; erTJamoba, romelic sivrceSi iyo ganfenili, droSimonacvle monakveTebad danawevrda, rac niSnavs imas, romdro sivrceze gabatonda.

Tamari, rogorc dakarguli samoTxis dedofali, esqa-tologiur-mesianisturi figura xdeba: xalxis warmodge-niT, Tamars oqros kubo-akvanSi sZinavs da, dadgeba Jami, rocagaiRviZebs da kvlav maradiul zafxuls daamkvidrebs Ta-vis samefoSi, romelic amave dros universaluri samefoa.

Tamaris samoTxis miToss aqvs Tavisi semantikuri ore-uli, romelic sxva siuJetis meSveobiT imave miTologiurambavs mogviTxrobs.

qalwulobaSi Tamar dedofali iseTi wmida yofila, rommis samosels sxivi ikavebda, locvis dros maRla aiweodada, sanam loculobda, haerSi idga. mas surda samudamodqalwulad darCeniliyo, rom mudam gagrZelebuliyo sa-moTxiseburi mdgomareoba, romelSic is imyofeboda. mag-ram raki memkvidre aucilebeli iyo samefosTvis, Tamarimzisgan dafexmZimda da misi samoTxiseburi yofac dasrul-da: samosels mzis sxivi aRar iWerda, locvisas haerSi ve-Rar Cerdeboda. bavSvi rom daibada, Tamarma msaxurs ub-rZana, igi usier tyeSi waeyvana da iq daetovebina. magramgangebam bavSvs iremi mouvlina, romelmac mas ZuZu awova.

63

erT dRes Tamari Tavisi amaliT sanadirod wavida. monadi-reebma iremi dainaxes da, is iyo unda esrolaT, rom mucel-ze amokruli bavSvi SeniSnes. Seatyobines es ambavi Tamars,Tamari mixvda, vin unda yofiliyo bavSvi da sasaxleSi waiy-vana. ase ipoves gadagdebuli memkvidre, daarqves laSa(mzis naTeli), gazardes da, roca srulwlovani gaxda, gaa-mefes [sixaruliZe: 43, 43-b-m]. sxva tradiciiT, romelicerT fragmentul leqsad aris Semonaxuli, laSa-giorgiserekle mefe cvlis:

batoniSvil ereklesa, irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia

[kotetiSvili 1961:107].

pirvel teqstSi Tu akrZalva totalurad cvlis qvey-nierebis mdgomareobas, meore teqstSi akrZalvis SedegierTi pirovnebis bedze gadatydeba, es pirovneba ki, ro-gorc mefe, qveynis bedzea pasuxismgebeli. ramdenadac Ta-mari samoTxiseuli yofis niSnebs atarebs, misi mdgomare-oba mTels mis qveyanaze vrceldeba. cnobili saistorioteqsti (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) araoraz-rovnad axasiaTebs mas da mis samefos srulyofilebis niS-nebiT. mis qveyanaSi realoba erTi safexuriT amaRldeba,ierarqiul kibeze. movusminoT teqsts:

`gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni (anu miwis muSakni,z.k.), da gadidebuldes aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes di-debulni mefobasa Sina amissa...~

[qarTlis cxovreba I: 34].

magram xelmwife? romeli safexuria xelmwifobis Sem-deg? didebulTa gaxelmwifebaze ar mTavrdeba es proce-si: Tavad xelmwifemac unda gadainacvlos erTi safexuriTzemoT, anu RvTiur rangSi amaRldes. da marTlac, `sameba-sa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmate-buli~ (sxvagan: `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa...~),ambobs teqsti. anu Tamaris pirovneba RvTiur samebaSi me-oTxe wevrad aris miRebuli. cxadia, am gamoTqmas dogma-tis Rirebuleba ocnebaSic ver mieniWeba, magram Tamarispirovnebis daxasiaTebisTvis samebis oTxebad gardaqmna,

64

Tundac metaforulad, bevris mTqmelia. es ar aris erTa-derTi SemTxveva. am saistorio teqsts sistemurad gas-devs mefis (mefeTa) gaRmerTeba: `RmrTisagan RmerTqmnil-ni daviT da Tamar~. Tavad fexmZimoba Tamarisa da mis mierZis Soba miTologiuri eniT aris aRwerili:

`miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisaRmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mxurva-liTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaxmelisa beT-lemmyofelman mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa...~

[qarTlis cxovreba: I56].

xolo am Zeze, rogorc miTologiur gmirze, naTqvamia,rom `ixiles yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Zemefisa, mefed, Svilad cxebulad daviTianad...~ anu: Tama-ris Zis Soba qveynis gaCenamde iyo Cafiqrebuli.

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom xalxuri Tqmuleba-miTosiTamaris Sesaxeb im samefo ideologiis gamoZaxilia, rome-lic msWvalavs saistorio Txzulebas `istoriani da azma-ni SaravandedTani~. `CaZiruli kulturuli dovlaTis~ Te-oria aq ganxiluli qarTuli Tqmulebis saxiT saukeTesosailustracio masalas povebda. suli samefo ideologii-sa gardaqmnilia xalxis cnobierebaSi da miTosis saxesiRebs. ZiriTadi motivi samoTxis miTosisa – qalwuladdarCenis survili, romelsac xalxi Tamars miawers, `isto-riansa da azmanSi~ Tavad Tamaris piriT aris gacxadebuli:`mowame ars Cvenda RmerTi, arodes yofila guli Cemi mo-wadine qmrosnobisa~. mxolod vali saxelmwifos winaSe ai-Zulebda mas moqceuliyo Tavisi nebis winaaRmdeg, rogorcvkiTxulobT: `yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iajaxsna qmrosnobisagan. xolo ... spaTa aiZules qmnad da, vi-Tar iyo xvedri da rigi ulumpianobisa da Saravandedobi-sa maTisa, egreT iqmna qorwili saxedaudebeli da igavmi-uwdomeli...~. xalxuri Tqmulebis variantebSi Cans es iZu-lebac. Tumca xalxis cnobierebas maragad aqvs da iyenebskidec ubiwod Casaxvis universaluri motivis kerZo gamo-xatulebas – mzis sxivisgan mucladRebas (berZnuli miTo-si danaes Sesaxeb, Tqmuleba Cingisxanze, romelic mzis Svi-lad acxadebda Tavs da sxva).

aseve araorazrovnad Tamaris, RvTisdari xelmwifisada TiTqmis RmerTis, sabrZanebeli samefo samoTxes aris

65

Sedarebuli xsenebul matianeSi. giorgi rusis gandevnasqveynidan (eqsoria) avtors samoTxidan adamis gandevnasaxsenebs. roca qveynis vazirebma da didebulebma mas am sa-moTxisdari qveynisTvis Seuferebeli zneoba Seatyves,`erTxma yves mcnobelTa amisTa, viTarmed ese misve Zveli-sa mterisa ars, romelman moakvlevina Zmasa Zma da mamasaSvili da eqsoria-iqmna pirveli igi kaci samoTxiT, viTarese aw xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa edemi-sa Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna...~; `vinaTgan odesme igive ru-si, amis samoTxisagan eqsoriaqmnili...~. xolo Tavad Tama-ri, damoukideblad mefur-RvTaebrivi Rirsebisa, edemisbaRSi myof, gvelisgan jer kidev Seucdenel (`uzakvel~)evas aris araTu Sedarebuli, aramed, miTologiuri wesi-samebr, masTan gaigivebuli.

istoriulad Tamaris mbrZaneblobas monRolTa bato-noba mohyva, rasac, cxadia, `azmaTa~ avtori yvelaze koS-marul sizmradac ver ixilavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, same-fo ideologia, romelic Tamaris qveyanaSi miwier samoTx-es Tu ara, mis niSnebs mainc xedavda, momdevno ramdenimeaTwleulis Semdeg gacamtverda. amis mowme da maRiarebe-li `aswlovani matianis~ JamTaaRmwerelia, romelmac pi-ruTvneli ganaCeni gamoutana didebuli samefos naSierT– `samebisgan oTxad aRzevebulis~ memkvidreebs.

rogor gardaiqmna xalxis cnobierebaSi, anu rogori sa-xe miiRo katastrofam `CaZiruli kulturis dovlaTSi~?rogor uyurebs xalxi TamarisSemdgom periods? xalxuricnobiereba mihyveba universalur miTosur stereotips,romlis Tanaxmad yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi samoTxewarsulis faqtia, xolo misi momdevno periodi – samoTxisantipodi, warmavalobiT da dro-Jamis uxanobiT aRbeWdi-li. rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es warmavali wuTi-sofeli, sawuTro, romelic samoTxis gareT arsebobs,`moklea, miT oxeria~. magram es realuri istoriaa, rome-lic am miTosis Semoqmedis xanamde grZeldeba da kidevgagrZeldeba. am xanis saTaveSi ki dgas ara Tamari, samoTx-is meufe, aramed misi naSieri, akrZalvis darRvevis Sede-gi, romliTac iwyeba istoriuli periodi Tavisi bedukuR-marTobebiTa da katastrofebiT. Tamari istoriis gareSedgas, is araistoriuli, miTologiuri, ufro metic, kos-mogoniuri figuraa, droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi, sai-danac dasabams iRebs, pirveli variantis Tanaxmad, mTeli

66

yofiereba, xolo meore variantiT, kerZo qveyana – saqar-Tvelo, romlis pirveli mefe mzis sxivisgan aris Casaxulida irmis rZiT aris gamokvebili. es miTologema ki ZalzeZvelia da, SesaZloa, universaluric iyos. misi pirveli we-rilobiTi dadastureba Sumerul eposSia, sadac uruqis me-fe enmerqari moxseniebulia, rogorc mzis Svili da mTia-neTSi furiremis ZuZunawovi. qarTuli Tqmuleba laSas da-badebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb savsebiT asaxavs am universa-lias, rasac nawilobriv `istoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqsticamowmebs, roca laSas saxels `naTels~ ukavSirebs. am mo-tivs transformirebuli saxiT kidev SevxvdebiT.

farnavazis sizmari

meore mefe, romelic CarTulia miTologiur rkalSi,farnavazia, istoriulad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) pirvelimefe. Tumca is qronologiurad pirvelia, magram masze sa-ubari Tamaris Semdeg gvixdeba. misi miTosic kosmogoniu-ria, magram viwro gagebiT: miTosi exeba realobis (sinam-dvilis) erT-erTi realiis – mefobis warmoSobas.

leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxuliaunikaluri teqsti, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: siz-mrisa da cxadisgan. laparakia farnavazis sizmarze, ro-melsac aSkara miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs.

es teqsti SemTxveviT ar uZRvis win farnavazis cxov-rebas. igi fuZemdebluria, rogorc yoveli miTologiuriteqsti. TiToeuli realia da qmedeba, romelTac masSivxvdebiT, erT mizans emsaxureba – imis Cvenebas, Tu ro-gor gaxda farnavazi, mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli, me-fe. mefoba, mamasaxlisobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakraluria,anu misi daweseba adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.ra aris es realiebi, romelTa erToblioba mefobis insti-tutis sakralur warmoSobaze migvaniSnebs?

pirvel rigSi, mze, romlis cvari qvesknelidan mzis mi-erve gamoxsnilma farnavazma icxo saxeze. es iyo misi me-fed cxebis ritualis sizmriseuli xati: farnavazma Tavi-si mefed cxebis scena ixila sizmrad. aq isic aRsaniSnavia,rom mamasaxlisis naTesavi, romelic Tavad ar iyo mamasax-lisi, axal statusSi ibadeba, risTvisac igi jer unda mok-vdes. kvdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani da ibadeba mefe. mzis

67

cvari erTsa da imave dros misi ganmacocxlebelic (ix. ja-dosnuri zRapris `mzis piris nabani~, romelic dRisiTmkvdar ufliswuls acocxlebs) aris da mefed mqcevelic(miTosuri warmodgeniT, rac `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa, me-fe mzis wilia).

iremi ciuri mzis monacvlea miwaze. miTosurad isinigaigivebulni arian erTmaneTTan, ara metaforulad, ara-med srulad: iremi aris mze. rogorc mziuri cxoveli, igiufliswulTa mkvebavi unda iyos.

igiveobrivni arian ara mxolod iremi da mze, aramed mzeda rZec, romlis miTosuri xati cvariT aris warmodgeni-li. am igiveobas mivyavarT megrul Tqmulebamde, romelicgvixsnis, Tu ratom iwodeba megrulad mze da rZe erTi daimave sityviT (`bJa~), da rig-vedas himnamde, sadac cismxurvale mnaTobi da furis jiqanSi Cayenebuli siTxe er-Ti da imave metafizikuri raobis ori gamovlenaa (`Sen Caa-yene Tbili notioSi, Sen aiyvane mze caSi~).

oqro aseve miTosuri metafizikiT ukavSirdeba mzes,irems, rZes da, sabolood, mefes, rogorc samefo Rirse-bis gamomxatveli liToni.

da bolos, monadireoba, rogorc samefo sporti, yu-radRebas imsaxurebs miTosuri aspeqtiT da gvagzavniszRaprebis monadiris obol SvilTan, romelic monadire-obis wyalobiT eweva beds, da im mefesTan, romlis samona-direo gamocdilebam qveyana axal religias aziara (mefemirianis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze nadirobisas).

yvela es realia ganfenilia mTel qarTul folklor-Si – poeturSi Tu prozaulSi. maTi mikvleva yovel kon-kretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia.

nadiri, zogadad, da iremi, kerZod, bevri miTosurigadmocemis personaJia. nadiris kvals midevnebuli mona-direebi ucxo sinamdvilis mxilvelni xdebian. asea `amiran-darejanianSi~, asea vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac ucxo moymes~swored nadirobisas waawydebian (niSandoblivia, rom`ucxo moyme~ mSobliuri da ucxo teritoriebis gamyofwylis piras zis). amiranis eposSi miTologiur pasaJad un-da CavTvaloT leqsi, romelic baladis saxes atarebs. masSeiZleba miTologiuri balada vuwodoT. aq iremia gmire-bis gzamkvlevi:

sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni,aTi mTa gadmoiares, meTerTmete algeTisni.

68

mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.ucxo mTazed koSki naxes, anagebni brolis qvisni.garegnulad gauares, vera hpoves karni misni.sadac rom mzem sxivi styorcna, amiranma – muxli misni,koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seiba kari misni...

[Ciqovani 1947: 302].

adamians, rogorc Cans, surda iremi, cxovelTa samyar-os mSveneba, moeSinaurebina da CaerTo Tavis yofaSi. igiarCevanis winaSea dayenebuli: iremi Tu xari? miTosi mogvi-Txrobs, rom RmerTma qveynis gaCenis Semdeg iremi da xarigaajibra erTmaneTs, romeli ufro gamoadgeboda adamians.vin ufro male gadairbenda cas, adamianic imas airCevda.iremi TavaRebuli gaiqca, gafrinda. magram bevri sirbi-lisgan araqaTi gamoecala da mokvda. mxolod misi nakvale-viRa darCa caze `irmis naxtomis~ saxiT. xari ki dinjad gae-marTa TavCaRunuli, is miwisken icqireboda, riTac aCve-nebda winaswar, Tu risTvis iyo ganwesebuli. gvian miaRwiasamans, magram mivida janmrTeli da dauRalavi. xaris nakva-levic daaCnda cas – `xaris navali~. amis Semdeg akurTxaRmerTma xari, qedi dauloca da mas aqeT mas awevs adamianisSenaxvis tvirTio [kotetiSvili 1961:382]. leqsma ki xaristvirTis warmoSobis sxva varianti Semogvinaxa: cxovelTaSoris xari nebayoflobiT kisrulobs adamianis rCenas:

.... adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda,xvna-Tesva, farcxva da zidva gaWirda metad Zalzeda.xarma Tqva, pirnaTlierma, me damawereT rqazeda.micvivdnen angelozebi, dahkocnes orTav Tvalzeda.Camoqnes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda.Svidic uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda:wadi, xaro, imuSave, erTgulad mTa da barzeda,Segabas Senma patronma...

[kotetiSvili 1961: 50-1].

miTosSi, sadac aseve iremi da xari figurirebs, role-bi Secvlilia. samsxverplod wm. giorgis mier gamogzav-nil irems xari enacvleba. sofel xanSi tabeSaZeebis gvar-ze da iremze aseTi gadmocemaa: aRdgomidan ormocdamea-Te dReze yovelwliurad iremi movidoda tyelaSi wm. gi-orgis eklesiis ezoSi, eklesias samgzis Semouvlida, kar-

69

Tan dawveboda da, roca `dainacoxrebda~, tabeSaZis kacidaklavda, wm. giorgis Seswiravda. erTxel iremi Tavisdroze (`Tavis aloze~) ar mosula, xalxs ki SimSiliT sulimisdioda. dagvianebiT mosul irems tabeSaZem `danacox-reba~ ar daacada, `ras qvia, deigvianeo~, da wixlis kvriTwaaqcia da dakla. wm. giorgi ganrisxebula da tabeSaZeTagvari gawyvetamde miuyvania. gadarCenila mxolod sxva so-felSi CasiZebuli tabeSaZis akvanSi mwoliare vaJi. bavSvisxva gvaris xalxs miuyvania tyelaSi da wm. giorgisTvis Se-uvedrebia: `wmidao giorgi, karugdebelo, nu moklav ambavSvs da misi gvari yovel wels irmis magivrad samwliankuros Semogwiravso.~ wm. giorgim miiRo vedreba da tabe-SaZeTa gvari kvlav aRmdgara da momravlebula. am droi-dan tabeSaZeebis yvela buns (saerTo babuis Svils) tyela-Si Sesawiravad xari mihyavs da miaqvs zedaSe [ruxaZe: 92-94].tyelas irmis miTosis analogiuri gadmocema saqarTvelossxva kuTxeebSic aris gavrcelebuli (imereTi, qarTli, sa-megrelo, afxazeTi, svaneTi).

Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad iremi ver egueba adamia-nis mier masze dakisrebul tvirTs da kvdeba – marcxdebaxarTan SejibrSi, tyelas miTosSi adamiani Tavisi sulswra-fobiT ver hguobs irmis, rogorc msxverplis, samsaxursda mas, rogorc msxverpls, amieridan xari enacvleba. mag-ram es xari, rogorc sxva gadmocemebidan viciT, aseve wm.giorgis gamogzavnilia. iloris eklesiaSi wm. giorgi yo-vel weliwads gzavnida samsxverplo xars, romelic diliTdaxvdeboda salocavad mosul sofels. magram wmidaniSewyvets xaris gamogzavnas mas Semdeg, rac xars iloriseklesiis galavnidan moiparaven an Seuracxyofen. amieri-dan gamogzavnil xars Sinauri xari Seenacvleba. asevea sva-nur versiaSi: jgragis msaxuri iparavs uyuldaSis jgragis-Tvis gankuTvnil xars da jgragi aRar gzavnis samsxver-plo xars [Tsufa-ssn 477].

kultis daarsebis miTosi

am wris teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-Sia (fSav-xevsureTi, gudamayar-mTiuleTi, TuSeTi) gav-rcelebuli.

a) xe (ifni) amodis keriaSi, riTac jvari (xati, angelo-

70

zi, RvTisSvili) niSans aZlevs ojaxs, dauTmos mas sacxov-rebeli, raTa profanuli kera sakralur adgilad gadaiq-ces, sadac jvari daidebs binas. erTi variantis mixedviT,mosaxle nebayoflobiT tovebs sacxovrebels, riTac xelsuwyobs jvaris daarsebas sofelSi. meore variantSi mosax-le winaaRmdegobas uwevs jvars – samgzis Wris xes da aka-favs masze Semoxveul gvels. mesame dRes gveli yvelasganSeumCnevlad sakidels Camohyveba da wamlavs kerZs, rome-lic qvabSi ixarSeba. jvaris sasjels gadarCebian mxoloddeda da ZuZuTa bavSvi, romlebic ar gaiziareben trapezs.yvelgan, sadac daarsebis es miTosia gavrcelebuli, misiutyuarobis niSnad ifnebiT dafaruli samosaxlos nangre-vebs uCveneben (sawmidaris daarsebis es modeli gavrce-lebulia xevsureTSi, fSavSi, gudamayarSi).

(Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT keriaSi xis amosvlissiuJeti dadasturebulia sofokles dramaSi `eleqtra~.klitemnestra xedavs sizmrad agamemnons, romelic keri-aSi arWobs samefo kverTxs, kverTxi gaidgams fesvebs, Sei-foTleba da mTel mikens gadaefareba. simbolizmi aSkaraa:patroni, mokluli mefis memkvidris, orestes saxiT, ub-rundeba Tavis keras).

b) kopalas xatis daarseba karatiswverze. saZovarzeaxalgazrda mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin cidan jaWvi da Ta-si Camocvivdeba. qal-vaJi wilisyriT gainawilebs da Tav-Tavis saxlSi waiRebs, Tass qali kidobanSi, vaJi ki jaWvsWerxoSi (xevsuruli saxlis zeda sarTulze) damalavs. sag-nebi, ramdenadac isini profanuli saWiroebisTvis ar ari-an movlenilni, saxlebSi xmaurs atexen. ufrosebi qadagsdaekiTxebian, qadagi urCevs sagnebis Camocvenis adgilzesakulto koSkis agebas da Tasisa da jaWvis iqve Camarxvas.karatis wveri gamyofi mTaa fSavisa da xevsureTis soflebsSoris. qali xevsuria Walaissoflidan, vaJi – fSaveliabullaurTadan.

g) erTi lakaTxeveli (mTiuleTis sofelia) kaci, gva-rad qarCaiZe, tyeSi xes Wris saxlis asaSeneblad. modismtredi, niskartiT miaqvs nafotebi da dumacxos tyeSi (gu-damayari) maTgan eklesias aSenebs. qarCaiZe Seatyobinebssofels da sofeli mas eklesiis aSenebas sTxovs, gasamrje-lod qarCaiZe mis mier moyvanili saklavis pirvel rigSiSewirvis uflebas miiRebs. saxlis mSenebli eklesiis mSe-neblad iqceva.

71

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi

am brZolaTa amsaxveli narativebi aRmosavleT saqarT-velos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli [oCiauri 1991: 41-46; oCi-auri 1967: 143-159]. maTi andrezuli xasiaTi maTsave dasas-rulSi mJRavndeba: RvTisSvilis gamarjveba devze yovel-Tvis misi apoTeoziT mTavrdeba. saboloo mizani am brZo-lebisa salocavis daarsebaa anu, sxvagvarad, teritoriisganwmeda uwmiduri devebisgan da adamianTa sazogadoebis-Tvis sasicocxlo garemos Seqmna. iq, sadac adre devi ba-tonobda adamianze, amieridan arsdeba RvTisSvili adamia-nis patronad da mfarvelad, adamiani ki – mis ymad. TavisiarsiT urTierToba RvTisSvilsa da adamians Soris pat-ronymuli urTierTobis principzea agebuli. amitomacuxilavi patronis garSemo Semokrebil adamianTa jgufssaymo ewodeba. sa-ym-o – Tavad am sityvis morfologiuriaRnagoba mowmobs Tavis Tavze da im krebulze, romelic amsityviT iwodeba: saymo ymebis erTianobaa, romelic pat-rons gulisxmobs. es sityva imasac gveubneba, rom ymebi(moymeni) TavianTi patronis winaSe Tanabarni arian, racmaT Soris rCeulTa arsebobas ar gamoricxavs.

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa Serkinebis ramdenime mo-deli arsebobs:

I. RvTisSvili ebrZvis devs uSualod fizikuri ZaliTan iaraRiT (mSvild-isari, laxti), anadgurebs an gandevnismas da mis adgilze arsdeba salocavi. iqmneba misi kultimasTan dakavSirebuli yvela atributiT (nagebobebi, yane-bi, dResaswaulebi).

II. RvTisSvili da devebi mSvidobian asparezobaSi – sim-Zimis awevaSi, rogorc iaxsris (Suafxos qistaurTa saymospatronis) SemTxvevaSi, an Sor manZilze qvebis srolaSi,rogorc fSavis erT-erTi saymos – uZilaurTis andrezigviambobs, cdian Zalas. damarcxebuli devi Tmobs Tavissamflobelos da aiyreba iqidan, raTa RvTisSvils dauT-mos adgili, sadac arsdeba RvTisSvilis kulti.

III. RvTisSvili, kerZod, iaxsari daedevneba ukanaskneldevs, romelic tbaSi poulobs TavSesafars. iaxsari devstbaSi Cahyveba da iq gangmiravs. devis sisxli Sekravs tbiszedapirs da iaxsari veRar amodis tbidan. bolos, qadagissityviT, faraSi moZebnian oTxrqa da oTxyura cxvars, tbispiras daklaven da mis sisxls tbis zedapirs asxureben. tba

72

gaixsneba da misi siRrmidan iaxsari mtredis saxiT moev-lineba mis mier devebisgan gamoxsnil saymos. es siuJetiedo safuZvlad misterias, romelic imarTeboda weliwad-Si erTxel: Suafxos saymo gaivlida devs dadevnebuli iax-sris gzas (Suafxodan xevsureTis sofel roSkisken), mivi-doda tbis piras, sadac iaxsari gauCinarda. jvris xucesi(xevisberi) iaxsris rolSi cdilobda iaxsris kvalze tba-Si CaRrmavebas, magram akavebdnen. moiyvandnen oTxrqacxvars da daklavdnen iaxsris gasaTavisufleblad.

am siuJetebs, romlebic sxva sazogadoebaSi ubralodsadevgmiro ambebi iqneboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTis mosaxleobaSi miTosis statusi aqvT, ramdena-dac isini salocavis daarsebis garemoebebze mouTxrobensaymos.

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloru-li arqivi.

Tsufa-ssn: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fol-kloruli arqivi, studentTa sadip-lomo naSromebi.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poe-zia, sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.

oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dRe-obebis kalendari, VII (saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa daeTnologiis institutis eTnologiisdepartamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18).

ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, sabWoTa sa-qarTvelo~, Tb., 1989.

sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs., qarTuli xalxuri sais-torio sityviereba I, sssr mecn. akade-miis gamomc., Tb., 1961.

qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, sabWoTa saqar-Tvelo~, Tb., 1955.

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, sabWoTa sa-qarTvelo~, Tb., 1959.

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb.,1947.

yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s., vaJa-fSavela, saxelgami~,Tb., 1937.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

eposi

75

eposs, farTo azriT, mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiTJanrs, romelic ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuriganmartebiT, eposi upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tum-ca ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sityvi-erebis am saxeobebs.

arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi mo-nawileoben. is mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxo-velTa Seqmnis, bunebis movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianurisazogadoebis, kacobriuli civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayo-facxovrebo kulturis warmoSobis ambavs. maTi mTavaripersonaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w. kul-turuli gmirebi~ arian.

arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raimeistoriuli ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi gan-zogadebulia im zomamde, rom mTeli xalxis warsulis, aw-myos da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi istoriis cen-traluri xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTada irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espa-nuri poema `Cems sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, so-mexTa `daviT sasuneli~ da mravali sxva.

aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriuldrosa da sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sag-miro saqmeT. es sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo anu safalavnoeposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi (romlebmac CvenSi`yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT pova gamoZaxili, wignuri`amirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).

arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasi-kuri nimuSia Sua saukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmu-leba tristanisa da izoldas tragikuli siyvarulis Sesa-xeb. amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino urTierTo-baze agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudru-ni~. romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviT-kmar Rirebulebas iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.

76

ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da ro-meli saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTulxalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metadmwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriulixasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmoce-muli xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am JanriseposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli, romlis gar-Semo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiroambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos is-toria arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da,Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobierebagulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabe-diswero Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdiaqveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes araesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan qveynis gamox-snis) analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapala-tisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac qarTuli mi-webis kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemisidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqne-boda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an mas-ze adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati weri-lobiT matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiTki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa,romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefo-bis da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasa-bamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xal-xis xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia:vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro dadauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi mo-icvas mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, er-Tdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepir-sityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleo-basTan erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis ze-pirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axalimkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben `odi-seaSi~ Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. dais Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sa-wieridan, Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo da-

77

viwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebulixalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Cawerazear ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna`simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlisxelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariy-vas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epiku-ri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCinarusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asiwlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobisqveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xal-xuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi ar-sebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadastu-roT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qar-Tuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, `dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqon-da mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvissamudamod ucnobi rCeba.

eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narati-vis unikalur saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi ti-piT, romelsac pirobiTad `jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT.misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris SemozRuduli romelimexalxis folkloriT: arsebobs qarTuli zRaprebi, arse-bobs rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia yvel-gan, yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.

winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipiseposi, romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovre-bas misi Sinidan gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.

daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT.ratom? am kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.

esqatologiuri zRapari

zRapari lamis folkloruli Semoqmedebis simboloa.folklori da zRapari TiTqmis gaigivebulia erTmaneT-Tan. Tu ramea universaluri msoflio xalxur Semoqmede-baSi – es zRaparia. roca laparakia xalxis xasiaTze, xal-xis sulze, Taviseburebebze, xalxur zRaprebs moixmobenxolme, zRapris ZiriTadi dvrita universaluria, zogad-

78

sakacobrioa. iyo xana folkloristikaSi, roca didi Tav-gamodebiT eZebdnen zRapris arqetips (winasaxes) da missamSoblos, Tumca kvleva uSedegod damTavrda, mizanikvlevisa miRweul ver iqna, mainc didi codna dagrovdamsoflio zRaprebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom mTavari saZie-beli zRaparSi aris ara misi warmoSobis adgilsamyofelida arc imdenad misi warmoSobis problema, romelic mudamhipoTeturi iqneba, ramdenadac misi agebuleba, struqtu-ra, mizandasaxuloba, rac saerToa dResdReobiT arsebu-li yvela zRaprisTvis.

Cveulebriv, zRapars, rogorc Janrs, sam tipad yofen:jadosnur, cxovelTa da sayofacxovrebo zRaprad. umjo-besia, zRapari folkoruli narativis erT-erT saxeobadCavTvaloT, xolo zemoT CamoTvlili nawilebi – Janrebad.Tumca arc es iqneba maincdamainc realobis amsaxveli: essami narativi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan struq-turiT, SinaarsiT da ideologiiT, rom erTi saxelwode-bis (zRapari) JanrSi maTi moqceva gaZneldeba. amJamad Cve-ni yuradRebis sagania xalxuri narativis an eposis is saxe,romlis saxelwodebad jadosnuri zRaparia damkvidrebu-li, Cven ki mas sakuTriv zRapars vuwodebT. ufro metic:misi ideologia da mizandasaxuloba safuZvels gvaZlevsvuwodoT mas xalxuri esqatologiuri eposi.

vidre zRapris ganmartebas SemogTavazebdeT, ganvixi-lavT Tavad zRapris teqsts, romlis analizis Semdeg gve-codineba misi raoba, rogorc folkloruli Janrisa; gve-codineba, vin aris zRapris gmiri, ras warmoadgens zRap-ris samyaro, misi dro da sivrce, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas imsamyarosTan, sadac zRapris mTxrobeli da msmeneli cxov-roben, ras gveubneba zRapari, rogori azrovnebis nayo-fia igi, ras niSnavs misi „iyo da ara iyo ra“, ramdenad arse-biTia misTvis jadosnuri (fantastikuri) elementi, ramacmisi gavrcelebuli dasaxeleba („jadosnuri zRapari“) gan-sazRvra da sxva.

zRapris Sinaarsis ganxilvamde warmovadginoT igi mismTlianobaSi dasawyisi da dasasruli formulebiTurT,romlebic Tumca yvela zRaparSi ar dasturdeba, magrammisi Txrobis specifikas warmoadgens.

zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) dasawyisi (rus.çà÷èí), romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „winkari“, 2) Tavad

79

zRapris Sinaarsi da 3) dasasruli, romelsac SeiZleba vu-wodoT „gamoTxoveba zRaparTan“.

qarTuli zRapris klasikuri dasawyisia `iyo da ara iyora“, romelic SeiZleba gamodges, sazogadod, zRapris gan-sazRvrebad: zRapris ambavi moxda da arc momxdara. es arismTxrobelis da mis kvalze msmenelis Tvalsazrisi zRapar-ze. aseTi dasawyisi qarTuli zRaprebis Taviseburebaa. ru-suli zRaprebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen qarTulzRaprebTan, rogorc wesi, ase martivad iwyeba: æèë-áûë,æèëà-áûëà, æèëè-áûëè...

amgvarad, qarTuli zRapris Txroba iwyeba formuliT:1. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo..." rasac SeiZleba uSualod

mosdevdes zRapris arsebiTi nawili, an formula grZel-debodes;

2. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo..."da daiwyos zRapari. magram formulas aqvs Semdgomi gafar-Toebis tendencia;

3. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyoSaSvi mgalobeli, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli, RmerTs dide-ba, Cven mSvidoba, RmerTi maRali, kaci dabali, iyo..." da iwy-eba Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi.

ra funqcias asrulebs zRapris dasawyisi? mas gadahyavsmsmeneli erTi sinamdvilidan sxva sinamdvileSi – realo-bidan zRapris samyaroSi. rogorc saxls aqvs winkari, ro-melsac oTaxSi (sacxovrebel sivrceSi) SevyavarT, asevezRaparic moiTxovs winkars. es sityvieri winkaria. SegviZ-lia zRapris winkari tradiciuli simbolikis planSi gan-vixiloT. tradiciul xalxebSi stumrobis, stumris miRe-bis praqtika tipologiurad Tanxvdeba zRapris struqtu-ras. monRolebSi stumars mxolod mas Semdeg dauwyebensaqmian saubars, rac CamoTavdeba standartuli tradici-uli misalmebebi (yalionis gabolebasTan erTad), romle-bic araviTar informacias ar Seicaven da, cxadia, aranairkavSirSi ar arian stumrobis ZiriTad TemasTan. amgvari ri-tualebis mkvlevari wers: `am wmidawylis etiketur situa-ciaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT gamoZaxili Tavis droze seman-tikurad niSnadi `gadasvlis~ ritualisa: gadalaxuliazRurbli ori samyarosi, romelTagan erTi garea, meore –Sida... stumars marTebs daicvas es wesi `ucxos~ gadmota-nisa `TavisSi~. analogia TvalsaCinoa: aseve zRapris msme-

80

nels marTebs daicvas zRapris mosmenis wesebi, anu miiRosis realoba, romelsac zRapari (anu misi mTxrobeli) sTa-vazobs mas.

igive datvirTva unda hqondes zRapris daboloebasac,romelic aseve informaciulad ar aris dakavSirebuli Zi-riTad SinaarsTan.

gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic mravalferovnebiTar gamoirCeva, `gamosaTxovari~ formula sakmaod uxviaTematurad. mTxrobeli aq met Tavisuflebas da fantaziasavlens.

es formulebia, maT Soris klasikuri:

1. `Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa" (varianti:`Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, nacari iqa, fqvili aqa").

2. zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi momkvdariyo, didqvabSi ar eteoda, pataraSi ar kmariyo; asi kaci ver SesWam-da, erTi kacis lukma iyo".

3. `mTas uremi avagore, bars Cavida gorebiTa, aq si-cocxliT momigoneT, saiqios cxonebiTa~ (varianti: `mTasuremi avagore, wamovida gorebiTa, aivseniT qonebiTa, Wku-iTa da gonebiTa~).

4. `elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gam-gonebelsac Zili gaamoT yvelasa~ (var.: `davalevine yve-lasa~).

da nakleb gavrcelebuli:

5. `isini iyvnen WirSi, Cven viyaviT lxinSi~.6. erTi litra cercvi mqonda, erTi litra cercvi rao.

roca kacs ar uweria, ver daRupavs verca rao~.7. `Cemi araki gavaTave. wuxel iq viyav, dRes aq movedi.

sami vaSli, sami broweuli. RmerTma nu mogiSaloT, TqvenixeliT moweuli~.

8. `vidre iq ar viyoT, manamde daumarcxebeli viyoT,dRegrZeli viyoT~.

9. `cidan sami vaSli Camovarda. erTi mTqmelsa, erTi gam-gonesa, erTi am zRapris gamomTqmelsa~.

10. `tyeSi saxre gamovWeri, gamovida navada, Tu me sity-va SegawyineT, nu iqnebiT mwyralada~.

11. `iseTi qorwili hqondaT, Citis rZe ar akldaT. meciq viyavi qorwilSi~.

81

12. `gadaixades didebuli qorwili. guSinwin iyo, vermivel, dapatiJebuli ki viyavi~.

winkarsa da `gamosaTxovar~ formulas Soris moqceu-lia sakuTriv zRapari. arc winkars da arc `gamosaTxovar~formulas zRapris SinaarsTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqonoda TavisTavadi Rirebu-leba Tavis sakuTar JanrSi. zRaparSi gadmonacvlebiT maTSecvlili aqvT Janri.

`gamosaTxovari~ formulis mizania gaSualebiT, aranaxtomiT daabrunos msmeneli zRapris samyarodan yofiTsinamdvileSi. imdenad aucilebelia zRaprisaTvis winka-ri da `gamosaTxovari~, rom es funqcia SeiZleba nebismi-erma teqstma Seasrulos, raki misTvis srulebiTac ar arisniSandoblivi raime kavSiri zRapris SinaarsTan. unda Sei-niSnos, rom ramdenadac `gamosaTxovari~ ukve moTxrobi-li zRapris metateqsturi epilogia, gansxvavebiT winka-risgan, romelic jer kidev ucnob zRapars uZRvis win, Se-iZleba gamoxatavdes mTxrobelis SeniSvnas, TvalsazrissTu damokidebulebas moTxrobili sinamdvilisadmi, sa-xeldobr, rom is tyuilia, Tumca mTxrobeli qorwilzeciyo mipatiJebuli, romelsac is daeswro (10) an ar daeswro(11). mTxrobeli gaxazavs zRapris sinamdvileSi moxvedrisSeuZleblobas (7). mTxrobelis komentari SeiZleba SeexoszRapris paradoqsulobas, mis yofnas realur-irealuriszRvarze (amasve gamoxatavs winkaris `iyo da ara iyo ra~) dagadmosces is leqsiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT acxove-lebs msmenelis warmosaxvas: `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Wa-las Citi momkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar eteoda...~ da a.S.

am or formulas, rogorc wignis ydebs Soris moqceu-li Tavad zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. es aris misi kom-poziciis uzogadesi sqema. principi aseTia: Txroba mTav-rdeba im adgilas, saidanac daiwyo igi. es adgili zRaparSi,rogorc wesi, saxlia. zRapari saxliT iwyeba da saxliTvemTavrdeba. is, rac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, anu mTeli ambavi,gmiris `zRapruli~ Tavgadasavali, Seadgens zRapris Sina-arss. ra xdeboda gmiris saxlidan gamosvlamde da ra mox-deba saxlSi saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg, ar SeadgenszRapris Sinaarss. miuxedavad amisa, ZiriTadi yofna gmi-risa ara gareT, aramed saxlSi yofnaa, amitomac is gardau-

82

valad brundeba Sin. es ara mxolod zRapris, aramed, sazo-gadod, eposis kompoziciuri kanonia (gavixsenoT odisev-sis dauokebeli swrafva iTakisken, rasac verc qalRmer-TTa macdunebeli aRTqmebi abrkolebs).

es sammonakveTiani kompozicia amgvarad SeiZleba ga-moixatos: Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezisi. Tezisi mocemu-lobaa, antiTezisi misi uaryofaa, sinTezisi uaryofis daZ-leva da TezisSi dabruneba, roca realoba ufro maRal sa-fexurze adis. es aris dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis hegeli-seuli gza. zRaprisadmi miyenebuli, igi gulisxmobs Sem-degs: Teziss anu Sin yofnas mosdevs misi uaryofa – anti-Tezisi anu gareT yofna, romelsac saboloo etapze cvlissinTezisi – Sin yofna. sinTezisi imaze miuTiTebs, rom sa-boloo Sin yofna ara aris Tavdapirveli Sin yofnis ubra-lo ganmeoreba. sinamdvile aq ufro maRal safexurze adis:gmiri Sin gamdidrebuli brundeba, ara iseTi Raribi (rus-Tveluri mniSvnelobiT: `davyo martod da Raribad~), ro-goric gzas daadga. misi dabrunebiT saxlSi Semodis raRac,rac iq adre ar ipoveboda. es siaxle SeiZleba iyos raimesagani, romelic gatacebulia saxlidan, an sacole, rome-lic unda moitacos an gamoixsnas zRapris gmirma. marTa-lia, gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan er-Tad, riTac sruldeba mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTa-vari Sinaarsi gareTyofniT anu antiTezisiT ivseba. sxvag-varad: mTxrobelisTvis da msmenelisTvis gmiris cxovre-bis es Sualeduri monakveTia cnobili. swored es Suale-dia mTavari, risTvisac moTxrobilia zRapari. Tumca yve-laferi, rac xdeba am monakveTSi anu zRapris samyaroSi,mowodebulia imisTvis, rom Sinyofna erTi safexuriTamaRldes, saboloo gansruleba povos. sabolood, Tavda-pirveli Sin yofna Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba meore Sinyofnisgan, romelic zRapris sinTezur dasasruls warmo-adgens.

zRapris problemas Seadgens 1) misi struqtura, 2) perso-naJTa raoba (ara vinaoba), 3) mTavari gmiris svlebi, 4) misiasparezis dro da sivrce (anu droJamul-sivrculi ganzo-milebani) da, sabolood, 5) misi ideologia anu sazrisi.

zRapris Seswavlis pirvel etapze mkvlevarni misi is-toriuli aspeqtiT interesdebodnen. wina planze iyo wa-

83

moweuli zRapris, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis problema(Sveduri skola, kroon da sxvani). Tanamedrove etapze yu-radReba misi struqturis Seswavlazea gadatanili. prob-lema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu rogori iyo zRapris Tav-dapirveli saxe, rodis da sad, romel xalxSi, romel kul-turaSi warmoiSva misi arqetipi, ra cvlilebebi ganicadaman drosa da sivrceSi. saeWvoa, odesme gaeces am kiTxvebsdamakmayofilebeli pasuxi. gamomdinare folkloris, ro-gorc udamwerlobo kulturis, specifikidan, msgavsi is-toriuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi amao da, amdenad, gadauWrelia.

Cven ganvixiloT zRapris is saxe, rogoric man dRemdemoitana da arsebobs dRemde sxvadasxva xalxebSi. ra arisam saxis zRapris sazrisi? ras acxadebs is, an ras faravsTavisi jadosnurobis safarvels iqiT? sazrisis gamoCe-namde gavecnoT mis struqturas. rusma folkloristmavl. propma gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoaqveynaTavisi gamokvlevis Sedegebi saTauriT `zRapris morfo-logia~ (1928), sadac 100 rusuli zRapris analizis safuZ-velze Camoyalibebuli aqvs fuZemdebluri daskvnebi, rom-lebic, mkvlevris azriT, igive darCeboda, saanalizozRaprebis ricxvi rom gazrdiliyo. Cveni mxriv, davZenT,rom viTareba ar Seicvleboda, rusuli zRaprebis nacvladqarTuli zRaprebi rom yofiliyo gaanalizebuli. vl.propma amgvarad Camoayaliba ZiriTadi debulebebi, rom-lebic yvela jadosnuri zRaprisTvis saerToa:

1) zRapris funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia;2) funqciaTa Tanamimdevroba yvela zRaparSi ucvlelia;3) yvela jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa.vl. propis gamokvleviT, funqciaTa ricxvi gansazR-

vrulia, is Seadgens 31-s, rac SeiZleba sadavo iyos, TumcaTavad Tezisi gansazRvrulobisa savsebiT misaRebia. raaris funqcia zRaparSi?

vl. propis mixedviT, funqcia zRapris siuJetis iseTierTeulia, romelic Semdgom dayofas ar eqvemdebareba, is,SeiZleba iTqvas, atomia. funqcia, amave dros, ucvleli si-didea. zRaparSi xSirad erTsa da imave funqcias sxvadas-xva personaJi asrulebs (`mefe Wabuks aZlevs cxens~ – `ja-doqari glexis biWs aZlevs beWeds~). aq cvladia moqmedipiris sazRapro vinaoba, ucvlelia moqmedeba, svla, rasac

84

is asrulebs: gmiris dasaCuqrebis, rogorc funqciis, arsiar icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu vin aris misi subieqti (dam-saCuqrebeli), an ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs saCu-qars (mfrinavi xaliCa iqneba is, faskunjis frTa Tu beWe-di). amrigad, zRapris personaJebi da sagnebi, ra sxvadas-xvagvarnic ar unda iyvnen isini, unda dajgufdnen imisdamixedviT, Tu ra funqcias asruleben, ras akeTeben mTava-ri gmirisTvis, ra misia akisriaT mis mimarT. xolo kiTxvas,Tu ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs funqciis (Tundacmisiis) aRmsrulebels da Tavad aRsrulebis aqts, meore-xarisxovani adgili uWiravs zRapris siRrmiseul struq-turaSi da misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. eszRapris nivTier mravalferovnebas da simdidres gamoxa-tavs da ara mis arss.

meore sakiTxia, Tu ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba esfunqciebi zRapris dro-JamSi. anu zogadad: romeli fun-qciiT iwyeba zRapari da romliT mTavrdeba igi.

zRapari iwyeba mTavari gmiris saxlidan (Sinidan) gas-vliT. es aris pirveli funqcia funqciaTa Tanamimdevro-baSi. mas, cxadia, mxolod mTavari gmiri unda asrulebdes.zRapari mTavrdeba qorwiliT an gamefebiT. es aris ukanas-kneli svla-qmedeba, romlis iqiT zRapris kompetenciaaRar grZeldeba. mezRapris Tvali da codna mas ver swvde-ba da, amdenad, msmenelisTvisac daxurulia. es aris zRap-ris saboloo, absoluturi dasasruli. am or funqcia-qmedebas (gasvla-dabruneba) Soris moqceulia yvela sxvafunqcia-qmedeba, romlebic aviTareben zRapris siuJetsda avseben mis Sinaarss. funqciaTa erToblioba zRaprisxerxemalia, sadac TiToeul `malas~ Tavisi kuTvnili daSeucvleli adgili uWiravs.

vl. propma daadgina funqciaTa sasruli raodenoba,magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom yvela zRaparSi funqcia-Ta maqsimaluri raodenobaa gamoyenebuli (realizebuli).albaT, iSviaTia zRapari, sadac 31-ve funqcia iyos warmod-genili an iseTi, romelic erTaderTi funqciis Semcveliiqneboda. erTsvliani zRapari ar arsebobs, radgan nara-tivi oriode svlaze ver aigeba.

zRapris mravalferovnebas da sirTules funqciaTajaWvi qmnis. funqciebi ganawilebulia personaJTa Soris,

85

anu personaJebi funqciis matarebelni arian (ufunqciopersonaJi zRaparSi ar moiZebneba). personaJebi unda ga-movarCioT ara maTi vinaobis, aramed maTi Sesrulebuli anmaTze dakisrebuli amocanis (funqciis) mixedviT.

amrigad, zRapris personaJis vinaobas mxolod funqciagansazRvravs anu misi ara warmomavloba, aramed raoba. ise-ve rogorc funqciebis, maTi Semsruleblebis raodenobaczRvardebulia. personaJTa raoba, vl. propis Tanaxmad[propi 1984:120-133], ar aris Svidze meti. es maqsimaluriricxvia, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos da arc aris realize-buli yvela zRaparSi. magram es optimaluri ricxvia – mervepersonaJi ar ipoveba. zRaparSi yvela svla am Svid perso-naJs Soris aris ganawilebuli. eseni arian:

1. mTavari gmiri – personaJi, romelzec dakisrebuliada romelic asrulebs mTavar amocanas zRaparSi, rasac Se-iZleba zRapris misia vuwodoT. is gadis saxlidan da brun-deba saxlSi, am gasvla-dabrunebas Soris asrulebs kidevsxva funqciebs, magram maszea dasawyisi da dasasruli, isaris misi ani da hae. yvela danarCeni personaJi Tav-TavisifunqciiT mxolod da mxolod misTvis arsebobs, misTvisgamoCndeba zRapris asparezze. mTavari gmiri uqonlobas,raimes naklulobas gahyavs saxlidan.

2. gamstumrebeli. misi moqmedebis wre SezRudulia.mas, rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, erTaderTxel uxdeba amfunqciis Sesruleba. sxva dros, garda zRapris dasawyisi-sa, igi am funqcias ver Seasrulebas, radgan gmiri erTxelgadis saxlidan. gamstumrebeli ZiriTadad aris mama, radgan ma-mis garda, Tu is cocxalia, aravis SeuZlia bavSvis gaSveba.

3. mavne (antagonisti). igi zRaparSi gamoCndeba erTa-derTi funqciiT – vneba miayenos mTavar gmirs, daabrko-los igi, xeli SeuSalos misiis SesrulebaSi. igi Tavs iCens,rogorc ki gmiri daadgeba Tavis gzas, anu misi adgili sax-lis zRurbls iqiT aris.

4. Semwe. igi mavnis antipodia. igi gmiris nacvlad asru-lebs Znel amocanas, romelzec damyarebulia misi sabo-loo warmateba.

5. mCuqebeli amaragebs gmirs raime sagniT, romlis sa-SualebiTac gmiri gadalaxavs winaaRmdegobas, raTa TavidaaRwios mavnis crugmiris mier dagebul maxes.

86

6. crugmiri. misi mTavari funqciaa mTavari gmiris mo-napovris miTviseba, sabolood, misi pirovnebis uzurpacia.mTavari gmiris saxiT movlenili, is gamarTavs cruqor-wils da, sabolood, dabrunebuli mTavari gmiris mier mxi-lebuli, mamis xeliT iqneba gankiTxuli da dasjili.

7. mefis asuli an misi mama. maTi moqmedebis wrea: asulian misi mama, mefe, Znel davalebas aZlevs mTavar gmirs; asu-lis funqciaa, iyos Zebnili da mopovebuli mTavari gmirisxeliT, da masze daqorwinebuli.

es aris personaJTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. ar arse-bobs zRapari, sadac Svidze meti funqcionaluri perso-naJi monawileobdes. magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom zRa-parSi Svidive personaJi iyos warmodgenili, radgan mTa-varia ara Tavad personaJi, aramed funqcia, romelsac isasrulebs. Semweobisa da Cuqebis funqcia SeiZleba erTmapersonaJma SeiTavsos – iyos mCuqebel-Semwe. aseT Sem-TxvevebSi zRapars akldeba personaJi, magram funqciaTaraodenoba igive rCeba (paraleli: Teatraluri warmodge-na icnobs erT speqtaklSi ori rolis Semsrulebel erTmsaxiobs).

sabolood, vl. propi zRapris amgvar uzogades ganmar-tebas gvTavazobs: `morfologiurad jadosnuri zRapariSeiZleba ewodos yovelgvar ganviTarebas, romelic vne-biT an uqonlobiT iwyeba da, saSualedo funqciebis gav-liT, mTavrdeba qorwinebiT anda sxva funqciiT, romelickvanZis gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba~.

swored am saSualedo funqciebiT, maTi Tanamimdevru-li msvlelobiT aris avsebuli zRapris Sinaarsi da es ariszRapris samyaro. gavecnoT, ra xasiaTisaa es samyaro, raadgili uWiravs mas realobaSi. amis garkvevisTvis gasaRe-bad gamogvadgeba propiseuli morfologiuri analizisSedegebi, magram es ar iqneba sakmarisi. erTia morfolo-gia, meorea am morfologiis, am mwyobri struqturis ukandafaruli sinamdvile. Cveni mizania im faruli sinamdvi-lis gacxadeba, romelic zRapris gulisguls unda Sead-gendes. zRapris samyaros amocnobasTan erTad unda amo-vicnoT zRapris mTavari gmiris raoba, rac mis konkretul,zRapridan zRapramde cvalebad gamoxatulebaTa ukan ima-leba. an ras niSnavs zRaparSi `Sin~ da `gareT~?

87

marTalia, mTavari gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopo-vebul saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba, xSir SemTxveva-Si, mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi (ara mi-zani) gareT yofnaa anu Sin yofnis antiTezisi. yvelaferi,rac ki zRapris samyaroSi xdeba, mowodebulia imisaTvis,rom Sin yofna erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansru-leba povos. magram rac xdeba, yvelaferi gareT xdeba. daTu araferi xdeba, droc ar miedineba. garesamyaro kimTlianad drouli ganzomilebisaa, mTlianad dro-JamismorCilebaSia. es is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs gmiris,SesaZloa, biologiuri zrdisa da sulier-inteleqtualu-ri aRzrdis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba saxlis zRur-blTan, anu gmiri savsebiT da absoluturad momwifebuliubrundeba Tavis Sinas da Tavisi dabrunebiT gardaqmnismas.

mTavari gmiri – yaribi anu Raribi (rusTvelis igi ucxoda Raribi~), upovari, gamoucdeli. ucxo samyaroSi, sadacmas mravali, yovel xis Ziras Casafrebuli xifaTi emuqre-ba, dabrkolebebiT aris avsebuli misi gza. misi gasvlisTa-nave, Sinas zRurbls miRma Tavs iCens mavne, antagonisti,romelic swored imisTvis gamoCndeba, rom daabrkolos,ukan daxios miznisaken winmimavali gmiri. magram sadac mav-nea, iq aris Semwec da mCuqebelic, romelTa gareSe zRap-ris gmirs gardauvali daRupva elis.

gareT xdeba unarebis manifestacia, Tandayolil Tvi-sebaTa gamomzeureba, ZalTa aqtivizacia, rasac Sin ver mo-axerxebda, amis saWiroebac ar gaCndeboda. gansacdeli, ga-mocda, cda elis mas saxlis zRurbls iqiT, gzaze, ara sax-lSi...

vin aris zRapris gmiri?is yaribia, mgzavria, Tavis qveyanas moSorebuli, da es

iwvevs misdami TanagrZnobas. mas sWirdeba gzis maswavle-beli, Semwe da mCuqebeli da isinic ar daayovneben...

is idumalis maZiebelia; is dgas gzajvaredinze da ir-Cevs im gzas, romelic ukan ardabrunebas iuwyeba. magramswored am gzas mihyavs igi miznamde, sxva gzebi fuWia, misiori Zma rom daadgeba. es `sikvdilis gza~ `sicocxlis gza~aRmoCndeba. am gzaze aRmoaCens is im idumals, romlis sa-Zieblad gamovida saxlidan. is auqmebs warweras gzajva-redinze.

88

is ndobiTa da rwmeniT aris savse da es amarjvebinebsmas. is rwmeniTa da ndobiT iRebs jadosnur nivTs da ar ga-mocdis mas, vidre gasaWirSi ar Cavardeba. es aris rwmenacodnamde.

is arafers moelis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis, is xelgaS-lilia da gascems ukanasknels, Zvirad mopovebulsac, ro-melic, SesaZloa, misi xetialis mizans Seadgens, gascemsara imis gamo, rom aswilad migebis molodini aqvs. sixarbeda angariSianoba Sors aris misgan da Tu vinme amarTlebsparadoqsul devizs `rasaca gascem, Senia~, zRapris gmiriamarTlebs.

Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi ase-Ti iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT,morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuliTandayolili TvisebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyva mas.maTi ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba sasikeTodSemoubrundeba.

da, sabolood, zRapris gmiri axorcielebs soflisZlevas, acxadebs am Zlevis saidumlos.

zRapris samyaros bunebis gasarkvevad unda gairkveszRapris droisa da sivrcis xasiaTi.

zRapris mSrali, sqematuri dasawyisi: erTxel erT qve-yanaSi iyo erTi xelmwife~, gvimxels mis xasiaTs.

ra qveyanaa es qveyana? arc saqarTvelo, arc ruseTi,arc romelime konkretuli qveyana. mas ara aqvs konkretu-li eTnikuri saxe. yovlad warmoudgenelia zRapris ambavixdebodex sadme konkretul adgilas da konkretul dro-Si, sadac odesme mainc SeiZleba zRapris msmeneli moxved-riliyo an momavalSi moxvdes. misken misasvleli gzebimoWrilia. zRapari am mxriv udroo da uadgilo adgilia(atopos, atopia). Tu zRapris dasawyisSi qveynis miTiTebada dro-Jamis daTariReba gvxvdeba, igi zRapruli cnobie-rebis Sesustebis, zRapris Janris gadagvarebis mizeziTunda avxsnaT.

am ganusazRvrelobiT zRapari gansxvavdeba miTosis-gan, legendisgan an Tqmulebisgan, romelTa moqmedebis as-parezi toponimizebulia, dro – gansazRvruli. is Cvenidroa, Tundac uxsovari iyos. SeiZleba moinaxos miTosis(legendis, Tqmulebis) moqmedebis adgili, SeiZleba gax-

89

senebul iqnes moqmedebis dro. warsulSi momxdari ambavikvals tovebs miwaze tbis an borcvis, nangrevis, xevisa,kldisa Tu gamoqvabulis, an, Tundac, gaqvavebuli Tu qvad-qceuli gveleSapis saxiT, zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, ro-melsac xilul sinamdvileSi ara aqvs tvifari. Tqmulebisdros gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is warsulia, magram zRap-ris dros ver gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is msmenelis dro-is paraleluria da arasodes gadakveTs mas. zRaparSi ga-mavali dro da mTxrobel-msmenelis dro gansxvavebulganzomilebaSi arseboben, isini acdenili arian erTmaneTs,ar ebmian, ar agrZeleben erTmaneTs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,isini paralelurad miedinebian da ar kveTen erTmaneTs.zRapris dro ar aris warsuli dro realuri drois mimarT.is hermetuli, Caketili droa, mas aqvs dasawyisi, romelicudroobidan modis da dasasruli, romelic maradiulob-Si gadadis. `dResac bednierad cxovroben~, an `dResacqorwili grZeldeba~ – mianiSnebs am maradiulobaze. zRap-ris am gangrZobil qorwilSi rac xdeba, is aRwera-gadmo-cemas ar eqvemdebareba. wuTisoflis sityvebi, romelTacmTxrobeli am momentamde (qorwilamde) iyenebda, aq aRargamodgeba.

zRapris dasasruls, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi personiTalaparakdeba, TiTqos xdeba garRveva zRapris hermetuldroSi, TiTqos paraleluri mdinarebebi ori droisa –zRaprisa da misi mTxrobel-msmenelisa erTvian erTma-neTs, roca mTxrobeli ambobs, mec iq viyavi, iqidan movdi-varo. magram aravis sjera, rom zRapris mTxrobeli Tvis-save monaTxrobSi, zRaparSi, gamonagonSi imyofeboda.mTxroblis bolo replika kidev ufro warmoaCens zRap-ris gansxvavebul droJamul-sivrcul samyaros.

arsad sxva TxrobiT teqstSi ise mZafrad ar igrZnobadrois ganmavloba, rogorc zRaparSi. zRapris gmiri Ta-visi Tavis realizacias droSi axdens, mas dro sWirdeba,rogorc aravis. rogorc ityvian, dro mis sasargeblod mu-Saobs, is endoba dros. zRaparSi droc personaJia, rome-lic badebs zrunvas da am zrunviT ivseba mTavari gmiri.`yofierebis drod qceva ganpirobebulia zrunviT~ (m. hai-degeri). da, rogorc ki amoiwureba sazrunavi, droc amo-wurulia. es aris drois dasasruli, romelic zRaparma

90

gvamcno. amazea naTqvami: `dro aRar iqneba~ (gamocxadeba,10: 6).

droisa da sivrcis erTianobas zRapris samyaroSi mxarsubams misi mTavari gmiri: rogorc dro da sivrcea ganu-sazRvreli da usaxelo, aseve mTavari gmiria usaxelo. zRa-parma ar icis misi sakuTari saxeli. is an ufliswulia, anglexis biWi, magram mas saxeli ara aqvs. raki zRapris qveya-na arc saqarTveloa, arc ruseTi da arc sxva romelime qve-yana, zRapris gmiric ar ekuTvnis romelime eTnoss, mas araaqvs erovneba. mas ar ekiTxebian, ra rjulis xar, romelitomisa xar? (aq unda SeiniSnos erTi paradoqsi: miuxeda-vad eTnikuri ganusazRvrelobisa, zRapris gmiri, rogorcsaerTod Tavad zRapari, sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSi-rebuli im xalxis yofasTan da mentalobasTan, sadac da visenazec moiTxroba igi. rusul Tu sxva xalxis zRaprebSimTavari gmiri, marTalia, atarebs saxels, magram es saxelimisi ara sakuTari, aramed zogadi, gvarobiTi saxelia. ru-suli zRapris yvela gmiri principulad ivanuSkaa).

mainc vin aris zRapris gmiri? zemoT SevecadeT, gag-verkvia misi buneba, xasiaTi, zneobrivi saxe. axla vnaxoT,ras gamoxatavs igi principulad, ra saboloo funqcia akis-ria mas zRaparSi?

Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapariTavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, rom yvelazRapris mTavari gmiri erTia. kacobriobac erTia da zRap-ris gmiri am kacobriobis warmomadgenelia, ufro sworad,Tavisi pirovnebiT gamoxatavs mas. Tu imasac gaviTvalis-winebT, rom mTavari gmiri Tavis gzaze savsebiT axdens Ta-visi unarebisa da Tvisebebis manifestacias, rom is aRwevsTavisi cxovrebis mizans, risTvisac is saxlidan gavida,rom es gza savsea gansacdelebiT da, metaforulad romvTqvaT, igi cxovrebis gzaa, radgan Tavad cxovrebac gzaa,da rom es gza erTaderTia misTvis da sxva arc arsebobs, –SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas arc sxva sicocxle aqvs, gardaimisa, rac am zRaparSi ganvlo da ganicada. SindabrunebiTman daasrula Tavisi cxovrebis gza, ris bolosac mas elo-da sinTezisi, romelmac is axal JamSi da axal miwaze gada-iyvana. es qorwilis dro-Jamia, romelic maradiuladgrZeldeba. am qorwils mxolod saxelwodeba akavSirebs

91

amwuTisoflur yofiT qorwilTan, romlis Sedegad Tao-bebi ibadebian. yofiTi qorwilebiT, SeuRlebebiT, amwuTi-sofluri ojaxebis SeqmniT SeiZleba mTavrdebodes roma-nebi, romelTa klasikuri nimuSia `omi da mSvidoba~, mag-ram ara zRapari. zRapris dasasruli ar gulisxmobs amgvarqorwils da, niSandoblivia, rom arc erT keTilmosurnemTxrobels, am wuTisoflis Svils, ar gasCenia survili da-esrulebina zRapris qorwili da mis Sedegad dabadebul-Ta ambis Txroba samomavlod gadaedo. ara, is ambobs, romqorwili dResac grZeldeba, swored ise, rogorc qristi-anuli esqatologiis merve dRe, uxvalio da dauRamebelidRe (wm. basili didi).

amitomac, roca vlaparakobT zRapris dasasrulze, esdasasruli mxolod siuJeturi drois dasasruli ar aris,es absoluturi dasasrulia, romlis saukeTeso simboloqorwilia.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, e.w. jadosnurizRapari, romelsac namdvilad ekuTvnis saxelwodebad es-qatologiuri eposi, amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos:

zRapari aris myari struqturis, gamonagonze dafuZ-nebuli xalxuri zepiri moTxroba, romelic agebulia erTmTavar RerZze – erTi mTavari gmiris dabrkolebebiT dagansacdelebiT savse Tavgadasavalze ganusazRvreldrosa da sivrceSi, rodesac da sadac xdeba misi unare-bisa da Tvisebebis TandaTanobiTi manifestacia, TviT-Secnoba da gamocda, da orientirebulia absoluturi dasaboloo bednieri dasasrulisken.

dabolos, rac Seexeba jadosnur-fantastikur momentszRaparSi, amaze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: miuxedavad imi-sa, rom Cven mier ganxiluli tipis zRaprebSi ver davasaxe-lebT verc erT zRapars, romelSic ar monawileobdes fan-tastika, es ukanaskneli mainc ar aris is arsebiTi, rome-lic SeiZleboda misi Janruli bunebisa Tu sazrisis Ziri-Tadi ganmsazRvreli yofiliyo.

mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom zRapris fantastikurifoni mTavari gmiris cnobierebaSi samyaros pirvelxil-visgan gamowveuli gancvifrebis gamoxatulebaa. is gaoce-bis anabeWdia. es aris samyaro mis pirvelxilvaSi. zRapris

92

jadosnur-fantastikuri garemo imis niSania, rom zRaprisgmiri mudam inarCunebs bavSvobas, is bolomde, qorwilam-de bavSvad rCeba. sxvanairad, qorwilSi, rogorc sasufe-velSi, ver Seva. es aris bavSvobis sibrZne. am uSualo sib-rZnis wyalobiT aris zRapari damajerebeli, sarwmuno. ro-gorc ki TxrobaSi saocrebani, fantastikuri Tavgadasav-lebi moWarbdeba da TviTmiznad iqceva, zRapari, rogorcJanri, wyvets arsebobas, is umal cruzRapris saxes iRebs,romlisac aRaravis sjera.

zRapris fantastika mainc realuri cxovrebis logi-kas aris daqvemdebarebuli. zRapris gmiri, rac unda fan-tastikis samyaroSi moZraobdes, unda gvaxsovdes, rom essamyaro mainc Cveni samyaroa da zRapris gmiric Cveniania,erT-erTi Cvengania.

cxovelTa zRapari

cxovelTa Sesaxeb am patara moTxrobebs SeiZleba epo-si vuwodoT, Tumca isini, erTi SexedviT, igav-arakTa mo-naTesave Janria. igavi Tu araki, an Tundac, igav-araki, nar-Tauli Txrobaa: igi mogviTxrobs cxovelebze da maT ur-TierTobaze, msmenelma ki maTSi adamianebi da adamianTaurTierTobani unda igulisxmon. igavis mgeli, melia andaTvi ar aris mgeli, melia Tu daTvi, aramed ama da am xasi-aTis, niris, unaris, Tvisebebis, qcevis adamiania. anu, sxvag-varad, es cxovelebi, romlebic gadadian igavidan igavSi,adamianebs ganasaxiereben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es cxove-lebi msaxiobebi arian da garkveuli tipis adamianTa ro-lebs asruleben. es cxovelebi, romlebic bunebiT utyvniarian, TiTqos scenidan amxelen kacTa modgmis mankier mxa-reebs, da es xdeba swored im ZaliT, rom Tavad maT bunebiTar axasiaTebT gakicxuli mankierebani da amitomac mora-luri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalni arian. es garemo-eba amZafrebs da efeqturs xdis mxilebas.

magram xalxuri eposi cxovelTa Sesaxeb anu cxovelTaeposi, ar aris mxilebiTi. es siuJetebi mxolod mogvia-nebiT iqna gamoyenebuli moralisa da Wkuis saswavleblad.maTSi Cadebul sibrZnes pragmatuli daniSnuleba mieca,

93

rac warmoSobidanve maT ar gaaCndaT. ra iyo maTi sazrisi,ras gamoxataven es lakoniuri maxvilgonieri siuJetebimoulodneli komikuri Tu tragikomikuli dasasruliT?risTvis Seiqmna isini? aris gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqoscxovelTa `zRaprebi~, rogorc maT arasworad uwodeben,Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daefiqsirebinaT sxvadasxva juriscxovelTa xasiaTebi, Tvisebebi da am saxiT Senaxuliyocodna maT Sesaxeb, raTa ase gadacemoda Taobidan Taobas.gonebamaxviluria am Janris amgvari warmoSoba: isini, ammxriv, TiTqos emsgavsebian andazebs, romlebic aseve Sem-Widroebulad inaxaven codnas yofierebis sxvadasxva sfe-rodan, lakoniur frazaSi wnexen mravalgzisi gamocdile-bis Sedegebs, raTa Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. Tu es ase iyo,cxovelTa eposs unda daerqvas cocxali bunebis (perso-naJebad mcenareebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes) pirvelyofilisaxelmZRvanelo, erTgvari bunebis kari, romlis saSuale-biTac axali Taoba winaswar, gamocdilebamde, eziarebodacxovelTa urTierTobebs, maTi xasiaTis saidumloebebs.magram ase iyo? es daniSnuleba hqonda maT? saeWvoa. amissawinaaRmdegod laparakobs is arsebiTi garemoeba, romcxovelTa eposis cxovelebi Zalze daSorebulni arian bu-nebaSi realurad arsebul cxovelebs. mgeli da daTvi su-lac ar arian iseTi briyvebi, rogorc eposSi arian gamoy-vanilni. mglisa Tu daTvis Sesaxeb amgvari `codniT~ aR-Wurvili monadirisa Tu vinme glexis nabijebi tyeSi mar-cxiani iqneba. am ukanasknel as wels ganviTarebuli natu-ralisturi mecniereba da praqtika ar adasturebs `zRap-rul~ da realur cxovelTa Sesatyvisobas. aSkaraa, rom`zRapruli~ cxovelebi gamonagonis sferos ekuTvnian,fantaziis nayofni arian. magram Tu rogor inarCuneben isi-ni cxovelmyofelobas, avTenturobas, namdvilobas – swo-red es aris yoveli gamonagonis, rogorc mxatvruli Se-moqmedebis, saidumlo da mis axsnas Cven aq ar SevudgebiT.

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelTa iga-vi miTologiuri warmoSobisaa, anu TiToeuli siuJeti ina-xavda informacias raime sagnisa Tu movlenis (Tu mTlia-nad samyarosas ara) warmoSobis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad: igaviTiTqos gardaqmnili, desakralizebuli miTosia. SeiZle-ba warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac marTlac cxovel-

94

Ta igavebi miTosis rols asruleben – cxovelebs Tavian-Ti qmedebebiT, Tundac cbierebiT da eSmakobiT, gaiZvero-biT, muxTlobiT SemoaqvT realobaSi raRac siaxle, adami-anebisTvis pouloben gadarCenis saxsars. isini – mela iq-neba, yvavi Tu yorani – adamianTa sazogadoebis winapre-bad iTvlebian, romelTac adamianebs gaumzades pirobebiadamianuri cxovrebisTvis, Tavad ki ganudgnen adamianebsda cxoveluri saxe da yofa arCies. amgvar igavebs Tu mkac-rad miTologiuri ara, SeiZleba etiologiuri vuwodoT.aseTebia qarTul folklorSi gavrcelebuli, aw sabavSvorepertuaris kuTvnili siuJetebi, rogoric aris, `ratomaqvs ofofs savarcxliani qoCori~ da sxva misi analogiuri.miTologiuri warmoSobis momxreTa azriT, cxovelTa epo-sis bavSvTa auditoriaSi gadasvla-gadanacvleba misi deg-radaciis niSania, maT am wreSi gamrTobi funqcia aqvT Se-Zenili. magram ismis kiTxva – rodis moxda es gadanacvle-ba? Tu miTosuri igavebis sekularul igavebad gardaqmnasinamdviles Seesabameba, es gardaqmna unda viguloT araromelime erovnul (vTqvaT, qarTul) foklorul sinam-dvileSi, aramed ufro adre, vidre isini am folklorisfondSi SemoaRwevdnen, radgan eWvi ar aris, rom cxovel-Ta igavebis fonds (jadosnur zRaparTa analogiurad) sa-erTo warmoSoba aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, SesaZloa, gadauWre-lic, Tu sad, romel xalxSi, romel sazogadoebaSi Camoya-libda misi tipebi dRevandeli saxiT, magram isini, erTma-neTis met-naklebad identurni, yovel xalxSi damoukideb-lad rom ar aRmocenebulan, aSkaraa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvsevraziis sivrceSi gavrcelebuli igavebi, romlebic Sina-arsobrivad igiveobrivni arian – warmoadgenen saerTofonds, rac maTi klasifikaciis da katalogizaciis SesaZ-leblobas iZleva. arsebobs saerTo fondi, romlis sisav-sidan TiToeuli tradicia qmnis Tavis marags, cxadia, qmnissakuTarsac. ase, magaliTad, cxovelTa saerTaSoriso iga-vuri fondidan saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia 130-mde fa-bula, aqedan naxevari originaluria, romelic ar gvxvde-ba msoflio folklorSi [qurdovaniZe 2001:183]. dasaSve-bia qarTul igavebSi miTologiur-triqsteruli (oinbazu-ri) kvalis Zieba, magram es ukve calke, kerZod, istoriulikvlevis problemaa. Cveni amocana araa igavTa genezisis

95

dadgena, Cven miznad visaxavT, gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmo-adgens dRes igavTa es fondi Tavis mTlianobaSi im saxiT,ra saxiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. ra aris cxovelTa eposis saz-risi, ras eubneba msmenels, ra sibrZnes inaxavs igi Tavisifabulis meSveobiT.

SeniSvna. katalogis mixedviT, SegviZlia met-naklebad sruliwarmodgena viqonioT cxovelTa eposis arsebuli sakuTriv qarTu-li siuJetebis Sesaxeb [qurdovaniZe: 2000; ColoyaSvili: 2002].

pirvel yovlisa, ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT, rocacxovelTa igavebs eposs vuwodebT. miCveuli varT, romeposi didi tiloa, farTo asparezia, rogorc sivrcul, isedroJamuli ganzomilebiT. eposis gmirs (gmirebs) mraval-zRurbliani Tavgadasavali aqvT. eposi moicavs gmiriscxovrebis ara mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods, aramedxSirad mTel cxovrebas dabadebidan aRsasrulamde (apo-Teozamde). cxovelTa igavs ki, calke aRebuls, arc xan-grZlivoba aqvs da arc sakmarisi sivrce. ra gvaZlevs imissafuZvels, rom cxovelTa novelistur igavebs eposi vu-wodoT? Tumca cxovelTa erTi romelime igavi persona-Jis, vTqvaT, meliis, romelime oinbazobas gadmogvcems Ta-visi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT, anu TviTkmaria, dasrule-bulia, mainc es TviTkmari siuJeti erTi mTelis nawiladunda gaviazroT. nawilebs mTlianobaSi aqceven persona-Jebi, romlebic igavidan igavSi, siuJetidan siuJetSi ga-dadian. Tu erTgan kvdebian, meoreSi cocxldebian, inar-Cuneben ra igiveobas Tavis TavTan. melia yvelgan meliaa,is yvela igavSi meliobs, arsad kargavs meliobas, mgeli armoiSlis mglobas, rac mis maradiul briyvobasa da sixar-beSi, aseve marad mSivrobaSi mdgomareobs. isini ar SeiZ-leba aseTebi ar iyvnen, arasodes Seicvlian nirs da qce-vas, rom sxva saxiT gveCvenon. Cven TiToeul maTgans yvel-gan gamovicnobT rogorc Zvel nacnobs, romelic mraval-gzis Segvxvedria. niSandoblivia, rom mela Tu mgeli, Ti-Toeuli cxoveli individia da, amave dros, Tavisi gvariswarmomadgeneli. amitomac mis gverdiT sxva mela da sxvamgeli ar Cans. mela, mgeli da sxvani igavTa erTobliobispersonaJTa sakuTari saxelebia. am mxriv, es samyaro da-sazRvrulia, erTxel da samudamod determinirebuli.

96

TiTqos es ar aris Tavisuflebis samyaro, magram mis far-glebSi, misgan gamousvlelad, misi binadarni axerxeben Ta-visufalni iyvnen Tavis qmedebebSi.

es aris erTiani epikuri samyaro, sadac cxovroben, mi-modian, moqmedeben, erTmaneTs xvdebian es arsebebi. es ma-Ti samyaroa, maTTvis nacnobia iq cxovrebis wesebi da esaravis ukvirs. Cvenc viRebT am wesebs, rogorc aseTs, ro-gorc TavisTavad cxads. es sastiki, urTierTSeuTavseb-lobis, principulad antagonisturi samyaroa. ra Sorsdgas igi im samyarosgan, sadac saxlidan gamosuli jados-nuri zRapris gmiri Sedis, sadac mas uxdeba mogzauroba,Tavisi raobis gamovlena (manifestacia). marTalia, iq arisantagonisti, mavne, aris crugmiri (yvelaze saSiSi antago-nistTa Soris), magram iq arian Semwenic da mCuqebelnic,romelTa wyalobiT yoveli xifaTi daZleulia. amis sapi-rispirod, cxovelTa eposis samyaroSi ar arseboben Sem-weni, xifaTSi Cacvenili misi mkvidrni sakuTar Tavs arianmindobilni... es sicruis, gautanlobis, urTierTmoRore-bis, muxanaTobis samyaroa. yvelani erTmaneTs atyueben ancdiloben motyuebas. es aris maTi cxovrebis wesi. magrammoRorebac aris da moRorebac. amiT ar kmayofildeba udi-desi, daucxromeli oinbazi mela. moRoreba Tavdeba sisas-tikiT. mgeli ara mxolod moRorebulia, aramed tyavicaqvs gamZvrali. udanaSaulo, Tundac xarb mgels, tyavs aZ-roben arafrisTvis, mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavidan moiSo-ron, gzidan Camoicilon? aris raime sazrisi am muxanaTo-baSi, romelic aseTi sisastikiT gvirgvindeba? adamians ma-inc – amaze unda iyos gaTvlili igavi – ecineba, TiTqosbolomde arc ki sjera, rom aseTi sisastike namdvilad xde-ba. es sisastike rom ara cxovelTa igavSi, aramed adamian-Ta Sesaxeb moTxrobaSi gamoCeniliyo – anu adamianisTvisgaeZroT tyavi angarebiT Tu, miT uaresi, uangarod – esautaneli iqneboda, komizmisTvis, romelic axlavs cxo-velTa igavs, adgili namdvilad ar darCeboda. amitomacunda vifiqroT, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi cxove-lebi arian da maT ukan adamianebi ar igulisxmebian. sisas-tike ganelebulia cxovelTa upasuxismgeblo samyaroSigadataniT. aravis gauCndeba survili, moraluri kuTxiTSeafasos meliis jer muxanaToba da mere sisastike, boro-

97

ti xumroba, rac adamianTa SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi iqnebo-da. es samyaro aseTia – ara amoraluri, aramed imoraluri,ris mimarTac moraluri kategoriebis miyeneba uadgiloiqneboda. Tu raime SemorCa miTologiuri (Tuki gauvliamas aseTi periodi) cxovelTa eposs, es unda iyos sworedmisi sruli emansipacia, gaTavisufleba moralisgan. mora-li arc masSia da arc daskvnaSi, riTac Cveulebriv mTav-rdeba ezopes igavebi. imoralizmi aris misi zneobrivi kre-do. SesaZloa, visaubroT mxolod damTxvevaze miTolo-giur imoralizmTan da cxovelTa eposis aseve principu-li imoralizmi mis damoukidebel niSan-Tvisebad da maxa-siaTeblad miviCnioT, riTac is fundamenturad gansxvav-deba jadosnuri zRaprisgan. is saqcieli, romelic ar moe-kiTxeba melas, udanaSaulo mgeli rom Caagdo WaSi an ga-atyava, uTuod moekiTxeboda jadosnuri zRapris gmirisantagonists, is pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze. zRapris sam-yarosgan gansxvavebiT cxovelTa eposis samyaro upasuxis-mgeblo samyaroa. viciT, ras gvimxels jadosnuri zRapariTavisi SinaarsiT da esqatologiuri finaliT. igi gvixa-tavs samyaros, sadac mavne-antagonistebTan erTad Tana-arseboben keTili nebis arsebani – yofierebis romel sa-fexursac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini. ras gvimxels cxo-velTa eposi, TiToeuli misi epizodi? zRapris sapirispi-rod Tanaarsebobis, Tanacxovrebis (simbiozis) SeuZleb-lobas, arsebaTa urTierTSeuTavseblobas. totalurisicrue, muxanaToba, Ralati, sisastike am SeuTavseblobisgamoxatulebaa. am samyaroSi megobrobis yoveli mcdelo-ba kraxiT mTavrdeba. komikur-ironiulia ukuRmarTi da-sasrulis fonze cxovelTa igavis dasawyisi: erTxel melada mgeli daZmobildnen. vgrZnobT, rom es Zmoba Txel sa-farvelad aqvs gadafarebuli maT urTierTobas. is ganwi-rulia CaSlad am avtonomiuri, Caketili samyaros wesisa-mebr. cxovelebi adamianebiviT iqcevian, miznebic TiTqosadamianuri aqvT, laparakoben adamianurad, magram mainccxovelebad rCebian. maTi es ucnauri statusi – adamianu-roba cxovelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad cxovelTa epo-sis Janris damaxasiaTebeli niSania. cxoveli adamianis eniTlaparakobs, magram es ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc saswauli,es ar ganekuTvneba saswaulTa kategorias, rogorc, maga-

98

liTad, winaswarmetyvel balaamis saxedris ametyveleba.balaamis saxedarma ena amoidga ukiduresi gaWirvebisas,moxda gardatexa, Tumca efemeruli mis bunebaSi da saxtaddatova Tavisi patroni, magram cxovelTa eposis mela-mgels ena ar amoudgams – maT Tavidanve micemuli aqvTmetyvelebis unari. SevniSnavT arsebiT gansxvavebas cxo-velTa eposisa da jadosnuri zRapris cxovelebs Soris.isini ara mxolod sxvadasxva samyaros, aramed cxovelTagansxvavebul gvarebs ekuTvnian. saerTo saxelwodebamSecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. Tundac is garemoeba, romjadosnur zRaparSi isini (mela iqneba Tu mgeli) ar arianTavisTavadni, aramed damxmareni, ris gamoc maT unda Se-icvalon maTTvis Cveuli niri da qceva, cxovelTa eposispersonaJi ar gamodgeba mTavari gmiris Semwed an mCuqeb-lad. isini mxolod sakuTari TaviT arian dakavebulni, sa-kuTari miznebi amoZravebT maT. sakmaod egocentrulniarian imisaTvis, rom uangarod gauwion samsaxuri xifaTSiCavardnil adamians. oriode sityva kompoziciaze. cxo-velTa igavi ar aris damorCilebuli iseT mkacr kanonebs,rogorc jadosnuri zRapari. igi ar eqvemdebareba vl. pro-piseul morfologiur (funqcionalur) analizs. Tu zRap-ris gmiris gamosvla asparezze ganpirobebulia gamstum-reblis funqciiT, misi droebiTi warmateba-warumateblobazRapris imanenturi kanonebis ZaliT damokidebulia mav-neze, antagonistze, Semweze, mCuqebelze, sruliad gan-sxvavebuli viTarebaa cxovelTa eposSi. mTavari gmiri, Tu-ki igavSi arsebobs aseTi, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavs`eyudnis~, patronad, Semwed da mCuqeblad Tavisi Tavihyavs. ar viciT, saidan Cndeba is asparezze. ram gamoiyvanamela Tavisi sorodan, CvenTvis ucnobia. ar hyavs mas gam-stumrebeli. is da misi mowinaaRmdege ukve gareT arian,gzaze. ambavic gzaSi iwyeba SexvedriT. xvdebian, rogorcwesi, sxvadasxva (mxolod sxvadasxva!) gvaris cxovelebi.Sexvedras, rogorc saSualebas, mxolod ori mizani SeiZ-leba hqondes: daZmobileba da Sebma (Sejibri). daZmobile-ba gulisxmobs sakvebis erToblivad mopovebas, erTad Wa-mas, saerTo trapezs. mizani TiTqos materialuria, ukidu-resad yofiTi, biologiuri, magram erTad Wama-sma Tanacx-ovrebis, simbiozis SesaZleblobis udidesi gamocdaa, ris

99

Semdegac unda daiwyos sxva, maRali rangis urTierTobe-bi. aq ar wavalT Sors imis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didixvedriTi wona aqvs xalxebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saerTo suf-ras, sadac adamianebi erTianobas eziarebian. adamianebi er-Ti modgmaa, erT gvars warmoadgenen uricxv qmnilebaTaSoris, amitomac maT surT erTianoba, miiswrafian erTma-neTisken, cdiloben daZlion babilonis godolis Semdgo-mi ucxooba, moZebnon ucxoSi `sxvai Cemi~ (gr. robaqiZe).

cxovelTa eposSic aris survili, TiTqos Sinagani, Tan-dayolili ltolva erTad cxovrebisa, rasac aq sruliadkanonzomierad saerTo trapezi gamoxatavs. magram es arxerxdeba maTi erTmaneTTan SeuTavseblobis gamo. gavix-senoT melasa da weros epizodi, romelic mainc mSvidobi-anad mTavrdeba, Tumca erTmaneTis maspinZlobiT gawbile-bulni erTmaneTs Sordebian, raTa kvlav aRar Sexvdnen er-TmaneTs. magram ase mSvidobianad ar Sordebian erTmaneTsdaZmobilebuli mela da mgeli. `Zmobil~ mgels, romelsacTavisi wili erbo SeuWama meliam, moRoreba ar akmara, tya-vi gaaZro am sityvis pirdapiri, sastiki mniSvnelobiT. essisastike, rasac mela umiznod, SeiZleba iTqvas, uangarodsCadis, xsenebuli SeuTavseblobis kategoriuli gamoxa-tulebaa. ras niSnavs es siRrmiseulad? niSnavs imas, romcxovelTa samyaro erTiani ar aris – yvela Seqmnilia `Ta-visi gvaris mixedviT~, am gvarTa Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs,gadebuli xidi umal tydeba, rogorc ki fundamenturimoTxovnileba – am SemTxvevaSi Wama – wamoiwevs win? cno-bilia, rom kvebis sistema xalxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvne-lovani, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti ganmasxvavebeli niSania. Tues asea adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro es iTqmis cxo-velebis mimarT, romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba biolo-giur moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. sxvadasxvagvaris cxovelTa simbiozi kraxisTvis aris ganwiruli. ma-Ti yoveli erToblivi saqmianoba aseve sruli kraxiT mTav-rdeba: mamali, mela, ZaRli ver aSeneben sofels. es cxo-velTa eposis Tema advilad xdeba moralizebis saSualeba,rogorc, magaliTisTvis, krilovis arakSi (Однажды лебедь,рак да щука). sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelebi samyaros (ker-Zod, tyis) saerTo harmoniaSi monawileoben, magram erTma-neTisadmi SeuTavsebelni, Seurigebelni da mtrulni ari-

100

an. amas aCvenebs cxovelTa eposi. ras unda iwvevdes es pa-radoqsebi CvenSi, adamianebSi? sicils Tu Cafiqrebas? me-lias improvizebuli oinebi, romlebic `Zmobilisadmia~ mi-marTuli, TviTkmari Rirebulebis Semcvelia, ver vityviT,rom Cagvafiqrebs, Cagvaxedebs Cvens TavSi. ara, melia Ta-visi TavaSvebuli, sruliad gaumarTlebeli, umizezo si-sastikiT Cvens samxileblad ar aris movlenili cxovelTaeposSi. Tumca, vimeoreb, igi SeiZleba moralis wasakiTx-ad, Wkuis saswavleblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. Tumca es ukvesxva Janri iqneba.

magram, Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am SeuTavseblobas,davinaxavT, rom SeuTavsebloba zedapirulia, fenomenu-ria, siRrmeSi ki erTianoba Zevs – yvela qmnileba erT bu-nebas aris naziarebi da, Tu cxovelebi zedapirulad gan-sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, siRrmeSi isini erTni arian, ro-gorc erTi Semoqmedis qmnilebani. daZmobilebis, Tanacx-ovrebis survili cxovelTa eposSi amiT aris gamowveuli,igi Sinagani Zaxilia, bunebrivi tendenciaa. xalxuri sity-viereba mainc aRiarebs cxovelTa samyaros solidarobas,romelic Zlevs zedapirul mtrobas. arafers vityviT ja-dosnur zRaparze, sadac es TvalsaCinoa. mTeli misi xer-xemali solidarobazea agebuli – maTi qmedebis mizani mTa-vari gmiria. folklori icnobs teqstebs, sadac Zleuliagaucxoeba, aRdgenilia erTianoba, roca gamoCndeba saer-To mizani. erT-erTi aseTia `sabralo dedabrisasa~ [qxp VIII:713], sadac TiTqmis yvela gvaris Sinaur-gareuli cxove-li, romelic ki am leqsis Semqmneli sazogadoebisTvis ariscnobili, gaerTianebulia kacTagan (soflisgan, am sity-vis orive mniSvnelobiT) gariyul-mitovebuli dedabrisSesawevad. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am cxovelebSi (aha, ma-Ti sruli sia: Tagvebi, lomebi, vefxvebi, taxebi, meliebi,weroebi, batebi, irmebi, daTvebi, mglebi, SaSvebi, gnole-bi, kaWkaWebi, mtredebi, gvritebi, variebi, ixvebi, toro-lebi, xoxbebi, bulbulebi da, bolos, `sawyali beri qeda-ni~) adamianebi igulisxmebian? aramc da aramc! mTeli pa-radoqsi, iumori, SesaZloa, komizmic swored imaSia, romSemweni swored cxovelebi arian da ara adamianebi, romel-Tac humanisturi valdebuleba isedac unda hqonodaT ammartoxela, umweo dedabris mimarT. Tumca isic unda iT-

101

qvas, rom am mozrdili leqsis, TiTqos eposis, sazrisSi mxi-leba ar Zevs, misi paTosi ar aris mamxilebeli. is, rac mi-uRwevelia cxovelTa eposSi, aq miRweulia. aq Txa da mge-li erTad araTu Zoven, erTad Sromoben sxvisTvis, erTimiznis qveS arian gaerTianebulni. yvela Tavisi SesaZleb-lobiT Seeweva dedabers. cxovelTa samyaro emsaxurebamartod darCenils. dedaberi adamis rolSia, rogorc yo-veli qmnilebis batoni. adamma am dedabris saxiT Tavisi Zve-li dideba aRidgina, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis patronma.cxovelTa samyaro adamianis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli dapoema, romelic mTlianad mamiTadis Temazea agebuli, lxi-niT anu Tavisi bunebrivi dasasruliT mTavrdeba:

`silamazisTvis xoxobi SuaSi Caisviano,bulbuli galobisaTvis sul Tavsa daisviano,sawyali beri qedani boloSi moigdiano.erTad smen, sWamen, lxinoben, harales dasZaxiano~.

didebuli finalia, romelic principulad (arsobri-vad) upirispirdeba cxovelTa eposis tragikomikur dasas-ruls da jadosnuri zRapris esqatologiuri dasasrulis-ken ixreba.

qurdovaniZe 2000: Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðóçèíñêîé íàðîäíîé

ñêàçêè. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé óêàçàòåëü ïî

ñèñòåìå Ààðíå-Òîìïñîíà, ñîñòàâèë ïðîô.

Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò.Ä. , «Ìåðàíè», Òá., 2000.

qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T., qarTuli folklori,Tb., 2001.

umikaSvili III: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba III, li-teratura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.

qxp VIII: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VIII, Tb., 1979.ColoyaSvili 2002: ColoyaSvili r., cxovelTa eposis

klasifikacia da siuJeturi saZiebeli(kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebicxovelTa Sesaxeb. `qarTuli fol-klori~ 1(XVII), Tb., 2002.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

102

sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela

tradiciulad zRapars sam jgufad yofen: jadosnurzRaprebad, cxovelTa zRaprebad da sayofiero zRaprebad.sinamdvileSi, Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, isini gansxvave-bul Janrebs ekuTvnian da maTi gaerTianeba erTi saxel-wodebis qveS ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. amis gamoa, romCamoTvlisas mxolod jadosnur zRapars Tvlian `sakuT-riv~ anu namdvil zRaprad, danarCenebs sxvadasxva saxeliTmoixsenieben.

Cven vamjobineT, jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, misi speci-fikuri dasasrulis gamo, `esqatologiuri zRapari~ gve-wodebina, xolo cxovelTa zRaprebisTvis – cxovelTaeposi. rac Seexeba mesame tipis `zRapars~, romelsac axlaganvixilavT, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `sayofierozRapars~ an `novelistur zRapars~ uwodeben, Tumca maT-Tvis umjobesi iqneboda xalxur novela~ gvewodebina, ram-denadac igi novelisturi Txrobis yvela pirobas akmayo-filebs. amrigad, `xalxuri novelis~ Tu `sayofiero zRap-ris~ (saxelwodeba namdvilad yovelTvis pirobiTia, sim-boluria, arasodes gamoxatavs mTlianad mis arss) saxiTCven winaSea xalxuri narativi, romelic arsebiTad gan-sxvavdeba, erTi mxriv, `sakuTriv zRaprisgan~, meore mxriv,`cxovelTa eposisgan~.

cxadia, sayofiero zRapari Tu xalxuri novelac gamo-nagonzea dafuZnebuli, magram es gamonagoni arsebiTadgansxvavdeba rogorc cxovelTa, ise esqatologiurizRapris gamonagonisgan. igi savsebiT realisturi gamo-nagonia, ramdenadac Tavis siuJetebSi arafers SeicavsiseTs, rac realur cxovrebaSi ver moxdeboda. misi per-sonaJebi realuri adamianebi arian, sazogadoebis yvelafenis da xasiaTis warmomadgenlebi: glexebi da batonebi,mojamagireebi da damqiravebelni, Rarib-Ratakebi da SeZ-lebulni, marTalni da crupentelebi, sovdagrebi da bo-ganoebi, brZenebi da sulelebi, mwyemsebi da guTnisdede-bi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, qurdebi da avazakebi, qosatyu-ilebi da sxvani da sxvani. yvelani, vinc ki am narativSi mo-nawileobs, Tumca groteskulni, magram savsebiT pragma-tulni arian, magram mTavari gmiri, cota ucnauri qcevisaa, co-

103

ta ar iyos, briyvis STabeWdilebas tovebs, erTi sityviT,ar iqceva standartulad, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamiane-bi unda iqceodnen. magram sabolood swored is imarjvebs.riTi? ara fizikuri Zal-RoniT, aramed moxerxebiT. maT-zea zedgamoWrili andaza: `xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kacimoigonebsa~. isinic esqatologiuri zRapris gmiriviTmudmivad gzas adganan, magram maT gzajvaredinze is war-wera ar aris, ukanmouqcevlobiT rom afrTxilebs mgzavrs.Tumca isini gaTelili gziT mainc ar midian, ar iqcevianise, rogorc yvela iqceva; maT saqcielSi, azrovnebaSiTiTqos Wkua ar monawileobs, magram swored maTi es uWku-oba aRmoCndeba erTaderTi gza miznis misaRwevad. sabo-lood, maTi absurduli gadawyvetileba imarjvebs. Tu mo-jamagirea, sami wlis gasamrjelod SemoTavazebul fulsada sam sityvas Soris sityvebs (anu Segonebebs) irCevs daSinaganad kmayofili gaudgeba gzas Sinisken. yvelafersdanarCens, rasac im fuliTac ver SeiZenda, am sityvebis me-oxebiT iZens.

maT xibls qmnis maTive saqcielis da fiqrebis absur-duloba, rasac, rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Wkvi-anni ver mixvdebian~. mas gzaze ar Sexvdeba Semwe an mCuqe-beli, romelic uangarod ixsnida mas gasaWiridan. piriqiT,yoveli Semxvedri mis gacurebas cdilobs, yvelam piri Se-ikra mis winaaRmdeg, rom misi sakuTari xari, romelic ga-sayidad mihyavs, Txad CauTvalon. sabolood, ara sxva vin-me, aramed isev da isev sakuTari moxerxeba aRudgens mar-tiv WeSmaritebas, rom misi pirutyvi xari iyo da ara Txa.WeSmaritebis kriteriumad komikuri xaris kudia gamoye-nebuli, romelic Txad gayiduli xarisgan SerCa.

advili SesamCnevia, rom novelis gmiri ara mxolod sxvaJanris personaJia, aramed sruliad gansxvavebuli tipisda formaciis adamiania. ufro sworad, zRaprisTvis amaxal, yofiT adamians, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdebazRapris gmirisgan, samoqmedo asparezad swored iseTi fo-ni esaWiroeba, am tipis narativebSi rom aris gaSlili. esfoni mkveTrad socialuria, sadac personaJebi yovelTvisraRac gamorCenas elian, konkretuli, pragmatuli, advi-lad misaRwevi mizani aqvT dasaxuli, gansxvavebiT esqato-logiuri zRapris masStaburi miznisa, romlis miRwevaSi (an

104

CaSlaSi) mTeli zRapruli sinamdvile (anu, vityviT Cven,mTeli wuTisofeli) monawileobs.

esqatologiuri zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis na-rativi Caketil drosa da sivrceSi xorcieldeba da, er-Tgvarad, simboluria, rogorc yvelaferi, rac masSi xde-ba, novelebis dro da sivrce Cveni (anu mTxrobelisa damsmenelis) dro da sivrcea; Cven advilad warmovidgenTTavs maSin da iq myofad, monawiled am samyaros situacie-bisa, raoden ucnauri da uCveuloc ar unda iyvnen isini. amnovelebSi arc erTi ararealuri sagani ar monawileobs,igi ar icnobs jadosur sagnebs (mfrinavi xaliCa, natvris-Tvali da sxvani), romelTa saSualebiTac zRapris gmiri aR-wevs mizans, magram Txrobis efeqti miRweulia am savsebiTrealur, advilad misawvdom da advilad mosapovebel sa-ganTa uCveulo, xSirad absurduli gamoyenebiT. amis kla-sikuri magaliTia nacarqeqias xelSi is sagnebi, romelTasaSualebiTac imarjvebs igi. realisturi foni Tavisi sag-nebiTurT am novelebSi hiperbolizebulia.

realisturi, rogorc uwodeben literaturaSi [Rlon-ti 1989: 16, 18, 23, 31], novelebis Tematika mravalferovania daZnelad Tu eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, Tematur dajgu-febas. mainc am mravalferovani simravlidan SeiZleba ga-movarCioT universaluri gavrcelebis mTeli cikli briyvadamianebze – dedakacebsa da mamakacebze.

es fabliod wodebuli novelebi TiTqos amaTraxebs maTsibriyves [Rlonti: 299]. magram asea? mxileba da gamaTra-xebaa maTi sazrisi?

qvrivi dedakaci, romelic `saiqiodan mobrunebul ka-cis~ xeliT Tavis gardacvlil meuRlesTan an mamasTan uam-rav xorags agzavnis (cxra tomara xorbals, cxra tomarabrinjs, cxra tomara fqvils, cxra fuT erbos, cxra fuTyvels da a.S. cxraobiT) gasakicxia sibriyvisTvis Tu saqe-bia im guluxvobisTvis, amasTanave, erTgulebisTvis, ro-melsac gardacvlilis mimarT iCens, an, Tundac, ndobis-Tvis ucnobi mamakacis mimarT? misi sruliad arapragmatu-li, obieqturad Tu SevxedavT, saqcieli sibriyvea, magramamasTan erTad gana novela pragmatizms ar kicxavs? ra Tqmaunda, es misabaZi saqcieli ar aris, magram fablios ar unda

105

davakisroT arc moralis swavlebis da arc magaliTis mi-cemis amocana. misi daniSnuleba namdvilad esTeturia, ro-gorc cxovelTa eposSi vxedavT. melia arasodes iqnebaimis magaliTi, Tu rogor ar unda moiqces adamiani. am Jan-ris igavebSi swored amgvari melia da mgelia misaRebi da,erTgvarad, mosawoni, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebispersonaJi, rac unda uaryofiTi iyos igi.

aseve iTqmis am briyv qalebze, romlebic tirian jer-ardabadebuli Svilis sikvdils, romelic maT warmosaxva-Si ukve Camovarda xidan, an taroze Semodebuli culi dae-ca Tavze da sxva da sxva. es SeiZleba mxolod sasacilo iyosda meti araferi, magram gana es cotaa, rom kidev sxva ra-Rac amocaniT davtvirToT?

erTaderTi racionaluri azri, romelic amgvari fab-lioebidan gamomdinareobs, is aris, romelic am qarTuliandaziT gamoixateba – `mjobis mjobi ar daileva~, anu, Cve-ni parafraziT, `briyvis briyvi ar daileva~, rom adamianissibriyves sazRvari ara aqvs da es WeSmariteba ara TavSisacemad da vaiviSis saZaxeblad, aramed imis saCvenebladaris mowodebuli, rom `sadRac~, realobisa Tu azrovne-bis romeliRac ganzomilebaSi es Cveni qveyana briyvTa qve-yanaa. es azri aqvs SinaurTa (col-Svilis) sibriyviT aRSfo-Tebuli kacis ambavs, romelic sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba,sadac uares sibriyves gadaeyreba da Tavad aranakleb sib-riyves iCens, magram mainc kulminacia colis sityvebSiamoqceuli, romliTac dabrunebul qmars axarebs, yanamovxani da marili davTeseo. daskvna is aris, rom dabrune-buls es sisulele ar gakvirvebia. gana SeiZleba am fabli-os amgvari Sefaseba: `briyvi dedakacis motivebs mTelmsoflio folklorSi aqvs paralelebi. yvela maTgans er-Ti azri aqvs: xalxi sastikad dascinis briyv dedakacs,zizRiT ucqeris mis uRirs saqciels...~ [Rlonti 1989: 301].amgvari Sefasebebi `zizRi~ da `uRirsi saqcieli~ aq namdvi-lad uadgilo Sefasebebia. fablios namdvilad ara aqvs da-saxuli es amocana iseve, rogorc xalxuri novelebis fon-dSi arsebul sami tyuilis cikls [Rlonti 1989: 376-378].

erTma axirebulma xelmwifem gamoacxada, vinc sam iseTtyuils metyvis, rom ar gamegos, qaliSvils mivaTxoveb, Tu

106

ara da, Tavs movWrio. oTxmocdacxramets moWra Tavi, mea-sed wardga erTi menaxire da sami tyuili moaxsena. pirve-li aseTi iyo: `guSin naxiridan rom davbrundi, dedaCemssadili ar hqonda gakeTebuli, me ki puri mSioda. Cvens baR-Si erTi gogra meguleboda. avdeqi da mis mosatanad wave-di. mivel, vnaxe, sadac meguleboda, iq aRar iyo. gavyev gog-ris kavs. okeanis gaRma gasuliyo da iq ido gogra. gaviaream kavze, gavedi gaRma, movglije gogra, saWamadi gavakeTeda me da dedaCemma kargi vaxSami geaxeliT~. meore tyuilies iyo: `guSin saRamos naxiridan rom movedi, dedaCems sa-Wamadi Seenelebina da marili ver eSova... gaviqeci gubar-Si, saidanac marili moaqvT... arc CaquCi mqonda, arc ara-feri, rom klde damengria da marili wamomeRo. xan aqeTmivartyi Tavi, xan iqiT da erTi kai mozrdili lodi movag-debine. gavide mxarze da Sinisaken gamoviqeci. SevaneleTsaWamadi da im Rames kai vaxSami geaxeliT~. mesame tyuiliamgvari iyo: `menaxirem xelmwifis karze uzarmazari qvev-ri miagora da uTxra: mamaSens mamaCemisa es erTi didi qvev-ri oqro marTebia da unda gadamixadoo~. am ukanasknelmatyuilma gaWra: xelmwife iZulebuli gaxda, menaxirisTvismefis asuli mieTxovebina [Rlonti 1989: 377]. es iseTi tyu-ili iyo, rom xelmwifes ar SeeZlo misi gabaTileba ise, romabsurdSi ar Cavardniliyo.

am tipis novelebSi tyuilis mTqmeli, cxadia, ubralocrupentela ar aris, romelic angarebiani mizniT an vin-mes gasacureblad Txzavs tyuilebs da simarTled asaRebsmas. es tyuilTSemoqmedeba TavisTavad Rirebuli xelov-nebis nawarmoebia, romelic moiTxovs fantaziis da iumo-ris Sezavebas. amave dros, am tyuilebis statusi ucnauria:Tu, Cveulebriv, tyuilis sazrisi isaa, rom Tavi simar-Tled, sinamdvileSi momxdar ambad gaasaRos, am fablioe-bis tyuili Tavad acxadebs Tavs rogorc tyuils absolu-turi saxiT, radgan aseTia SekveTa. aq tyuili qmnis TavissakuTar sinamdviles, sadac yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. tyu-ilis damajerebloba miT ufro izrdeba, rac ufro dauje-rebelia monaTxrobi. es aris uangaro, dauinteresebelityuili, romlis mizani ara mis gareT, aramed isev da isevmis sakuTar TavSia. is arafris sxvis, Tavis gareSe arsebu-lis, saSualeba ar aris. is TviTmizania. baron miunhauze-

107

nis tyuilebisgan gasxvavebiT, fablios tyuilebi msmene-lis gansacvifreblad ar iTxzveba, isini TiTqos axal si-namdviles qmnian, romelic racionaluri kanonebiT arimarTeba da arc adamianis logikas eqvemdebareba.

magram aris xalxur novelebSi personaJi, romelsactyuilis Tqma Tavis bunebad gauxdia. es qosatyuilaa. Zne-li gasarkvevia, Tu ratom daukavSirda matyuaroba qoso-bas (uwverulvaSobas), ramac sagangebo terminic ki Seqmna– `qosatyuila~, magram aRmosavlur samyaroSi es motiviuniversaluria. kerZod, yirgizul da yazaxur folklor-Si arsebobs personaJi, romelic Tavisi funqciiT da sa-xelwodebiT (aldar-qose) qarTuli qosatyuilas identu-ria. aseve, vxvdebiT mas, rogorc Zvel nacnobs, Sua azii-dan esoden daSorebuli da gansxvavebuli kulturis qve-yanaSi, rogoric saberZneTia. magram, cxadia, berZeni qo-satyuila ar momdinareobs klasikuri elinuri samyarodan,igi gviandeli warmonaqmnia da misi aRmosavluri warmoSo-ba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. Tavad am arsebis aRsaniSnavi sity-va – spanos arc arsebobda ZvelberZnul enaSi. Zneli asax-snelia, ratom daukavSirda matyuarobas bunebrivi uwve-roba. SesaZloa, qosatyuilas prototipi aseve aRmosavlu-ri warmoSobis saWurisi iyos, romlis gaurkveveli sqesiSinagani tyuilis asociacias iwvevda. adamiani, romelicarc kacia, arc qalia, ukve sicruesa da tyuils atarebs Ta-visi bunebiT da ar SeiZleba sando iyos. berZnuli spanosiseTive kolorituli personaJia [megasi: VI], rogorc qar-Tuli xalxuri novelebis qosatyuila. magram berZnulispanos ar aris iseTi undoobisa da matyuarobis gansaxie-reba, rogorc qarTuli novelebis qosatyuila. erT nove-laSi mama sikvdilis win Svilebs anderZad erTaderT rCe-vas utovebs: `yvelgan ivaWreT, yvelas endeT da qosas kinu endobiTo~. qosas veragobas umcrosi Svili Zlevs da no-velis sazrisic es aris swored, rom mxilebul iqnes qosasbuneba da misi veragoba missave sawinaaRmdegod mieqces[xalxuri sibrZne II: 344]. Tumca sxva novelaSi kvlav aRdge-ba igi, raTa moiqces ise, rogorc Tavisi buneba karnaxobs.qosatyuilas ar SeuZlia ar tyuodes, es aris misi bunebisgamovlineba, misi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc sulxan-saba or-

108

belianis im morielisa, romelsac, misive gulaxdili aRia-rebiT, ar SeuZlia ar igeslebodes.

qosatyuilas tyuils ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebule-ba; gvizidavs ara Tavad saxe tyuilisa, aramed adamianis ti-pi, romelsac ar SeuZlia adamianebTan urTierToba, Tu aratyuilis meSveobiT.

arsebobs qarTul novelistur zRaprebSi personaJi,romelsac iaraRad tyuili aqvs momarjvebuli da mowina-aRmdegis gacurebiT aRwevs warmatebas. da es warmatebaaris ara droebiTi, rogorc qosatyuilasi an mis msgavsTa,aramed saboloo. es personaJi nacarqeqiaa. erTi SexedviTararaoba, romelic nacris qeqvaSi atarebs wuTisofels,misda uneburad zRapruli simdidris patroni xdeba. Tum-ca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom devebis saxlidan wamoRebu-li dovlaTiT Sindabrunebuli nacarqeqia, romlisTvisaczRaparma sxva saxeli ar gaimeta, kvlav keriasTan dajdesda nacris qeqva ganagrZos. radgan es saxeli misi mudmivisaxelia. am saxelma gamokveTa misi pirovneba. magram ara,igi arasodes miubrundeba nacris qeqvas da kvlav araso-des dasWirdeba vinmes gacureba, rogorc im mamamTavars,romelic mis mier gacurebul Zmas gaeqca da sruliad sxva,yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelSecvlil adamianad dabrunda.roca qveynis sazRvrebSi Semovida iakobi, ase Tqva: `me xomerTi joxis amaram gadavlaxe es iordane, axla ki or bana-kad vdgavar~ (dab. 32:10). yrma iakobma Zmas esavs gamostyuapirmSoeba, romelic providenciiT mas ekuTvnoda da mereyvelaferi, rac, SesaZloa, ar ekuTvnoda mas, didi SromiTda patiosnebiT moipova.

rogor SeuZlia gamoxatos nacarqeqiam is, rac mas ga-daxda Tavs?

dae, dascinodnen mas im sagnebis gamo, romelic man mo-iTxova saxlidan gasvlisas, roca gareT agdebdnen. ra arisWyinti yveli, ra aris sadgisi, ra aris erTi guda nacari?nivTebi, romlebic mxolod saxlSi SeiZleba gamoadgeskacs. magram Cven viciT, rom es kaci, romelsac aiZulebendatovos kera, ar gamoiyenebs am sagnebs maTi pirdapiri da-niSnulebisamebr. is ar SeWams yvels, sadgisiT ar gaxvrets

109

tyavs, nacriT ar gaxexavs qvabs. is aRmoaCens maTSi imazemets, rasac isini asruleben yoveldRiur yofaSi, an racmaTTvis daukisrebia adamianis Wkuas. dascinian mas? mag-ram is Tavad dascinebs maT, vinc ver ixedeba saganTa ukan,saganTa siRrmeSi, saganTa zemoT, romelTa Wkua erTgan-zomilebiania, amitomac yoveldRiurobas mijaWvuli...

is aerTebs Tavis TavSi ori tipis adamians, romelTa-gan erTi Wvrets – mWvretelia, meore moqmedebs – moqme-dia... erTi Sin aris, meore – gareT. sofeli maT gareSe war-moudgenelia, isini erTmaneTs avseben. erTic aucilebe-lia da meorec. magram unda vicodeT, rom erTis wili –mWvretelisa, romelic zis, gamorCeulia. mWvreteli, idu-malis msmenelis wili qristem gamoarCia, roca uTxra be-Tanieli lazares das: `marTa! marTa! Sen bevr rameze zru-nav da wuxxar, saWiro ki mxolod erTia...~ (luka, 10:41-42).

sazRurblo situaciaSi absoluturi improvizaciis Za-liT man am sam saganSi iseTi Tvisebebi ganWvrita, romelTaganWvretas aTasi wlis manZilzec ver SeZlebda erTgan-zomilebiani Wkviani adamiani. `mas erTsa... Wkvianni ver mix-vdebian~. imis gasagebad, Tu vin aris nacarqeqia, gavarkvi-oT, vin aris misi antagonisti. devi ganasaxierebs absolu-tur sibriyves, romelic uzomo fizikur Zalas emyareba.igi Zveli formaciis gmiria, romlis oreulebs mravladvpovebT msoflio folklorSi Tu miTologiaSi. es arispolifemi, es aris goliaTi, eseni arian winare mosaxleo-bis reliqtebi, romelTa fizikuri Zala anaqronizmia axalviTarebaSi. maTi mowinaaRmdegeni arian odisevsi, rome-lic ara mxolod polifemisgan, aramed Tavis TvistomTaSorisac unikaluria Tavisi TvisebebiT: Tu maradWabukiaqilevsis mudmivi anu arsobrivi epiTeti aris `fexmardi~,menelaosisa – `omSi myivari~, odisevsis epiTetebi egzis-tencialur gamocdilebebzea agebuli (`mravalnacadi~,`mravaltanjuli~...) da Tavadac arasodes gaurbis, piriqiT,mieltvis axal-axal gamocdilebebs da gansacdelebs. de-vebs, polifemis saxiT, igi amarcxebs ara fizikuri ZaliT,aramed mentaluri improvizaciiT, iaraRiT, romelic man,rogorc homo faberma, daamzada. daviTi amarcxebs goli-aTs ara saul mefis SemoTavazebuli aRWurvilobiT, ara-

110

med SurduliT, romelic goliaTis TvalSi ZaRlis maTraxsufro hgavda, vidre sabrZolo iaraRs. nacarqeqias gamar-jveba devebze, odisevsisa polifemze da daviTisa goli-aTze mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia moulodnelo-bis efeqtiT – maT metoqeebs situaciis gaazrebis drocar rCebaT, Tuki saerTod aqvT azrovnebis unari. momava-li am Cia tanis adamianebisaa, romlebic saganTa arsSi ixe-debian da iq moulodnel SesaZleblobebs aRmoaCenen. mis-Tvis, vinc nacarqeqia saxlidan gamoagdo, is sami sagani –yveli, nacari da sadgisi – rCeba yvelad, nacrad da sadgi-sad, nacarqeqia ki amieridan maTSi imaze mets xedavs, ra-sac isini yofiT doneze warmoadgenen. es aris nacris qeq-vis Sedegi, es aris nacarqeqias unikaloba qarTul da, gar-kveulwilad, msoflio folklorSi.

Rlonti: Rlonti al. qarTuli xalxuri novelis sakiTxe-bi, Tsu, Tb., 1989.

megasi: Megas Georgios A. Folktales of Greece, The University ofChicago Press, Chicago and London [1977].

xalxuri sibrZne II: xalxuri sibrZne II, xalxuri zRapre-bi, nakaduli, Tb., 1964.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

111

zRapris universaloba

msoflio zRaprebs Soris saerTo ara mxolod motive-bis, aramed siuJetebis doneze sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. sak-marisia gadavikiTxoT qarTuli zRaprebis paraleluradrusuli, berZnuli Tu ruminuli zRaprebi, rom davrwmun-deT amaSi. magram erovnuli wiaRi universalur siuJets Tumotivs Taviseburad amuSavebs. es qmnis TiToeuli zRap-ris mravalferovnebas, realizaciis amouwurav SesaZleb-lobebs.

miuxedavad am universalobisa, romelsac zRapris si-uJetebi atarebs, mainc roca saqme exeba calkeuli xalxissityvier Semoqmedebas, pirvel rigSi, zRaprebs mivadge-biT, radgan swored zRapari Segvacnobinebs da gvagrZno-binebs ama Tu im xalxis suls da xasiaTs. siuJetis Tu moti-vis gardaqmnaSi monawileobs xalxis yofa, misi qveynis lan-dSafti, istoriuli gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi, reli-giuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, ideologia – es yvelaferidaRs asvams universalurs da erovnul sakuTrebad aqcevsmas. magram universaluri im donemde ar gardaiqmneba, romZneli gamosacnobi gaxdes. universaluri siuJeti maincinarCunebs yovel nacionalur wiaRSi Tavis individualo-bas. razom gansxvavebuli ar iyos qarTuli da rusuli xal-xuri kulturebi, TvalSi sacemia am or xalxSi gavrcele-buli zRaprebis siaxlove.

1910 wels finelma folkloristma anti amatus aarnem(1867-1925) Seadgina msoflio zRaprebis siuJetTa saZieb-lebi, romelic Semdgom ganavrco amerikelma stiT tom-psonma (1964) da ukanasknel xans germanelma hans iorguTerma (2004). dResdReobiT es saZiebeli sxvadasxva ti-pis zRaprebis 2400-mde siuJets moicavs. arsebobs qarTu-li zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelic [qurdovaniZe: 2000]. igiwarmogvidgens qarTuli zRapris mTels marags, romelicmoicavs rogorc universalurs an qarTulad saxecvlils,ise originalur qarTuls, romelTac ara aqvT paralelimsoflio sazRapro fondSi.

magram amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom siuJetTa univer-saloba pirobiTia. `saZiebelSi~ moqceuli zRaprebi maincSemofarglulia erTi regioniT – es aris evraziis regio-

112

ni. rac ufro vSordebiT evraziuli qveynebis sazRvrebs,rom araferi vTqvaT orive amerikis da wynari okeanis xal-xebze, maT miRma gavrcelebuli siuJetebi adgils ver po-uloben tradiciul saZieblebSi. amasTanave `saZiebeli~ver moicavs realurad arsebuli zRaprebis mTels mraval-ferovnebas, im xalxTa zRaprebis siuJetebsac ki, romel-Ta klasifikaciis Sedegad gamomuSavda es sistema. maSasa-dame, saWiroa maTi klasifikacia axali midgomebiT da axalsawyisebze, raTa universalobis fundamenturi xasiaTi aragaregnul-zedapiruli msgavsebis, aramed siRmiseuli ana-logiebis safuZvelze gamovlindes.

amitomac simptomaturia, rom Cinuri da Turquli zRap-rebis saZiebelTa Sedgenisas uari iTqva aarnes sistemaze,romelmac ver SeZlo maTi met-naklebi sisruliT asaxva[Jirmunski: 342]. axal sistemaSi adgili unda povos vietna-mis, indoneziis, okeaniis, koreis, iaponiis, Savi afrikissazRapro siuJetebma, romlebic dRemde `ucxo sxeulad~Canan.

zRapris genezisis problema Zalze rTulia, SeiZlebaiTqvas, am etapze gadauWreli. e. w. folkloristTa Crdi-lourma skolam (skandinavia, fineTi) aTwleulebi Sealiaam sagans, magram amaod. zRapris samSoblo kvlav dafaru-lia. magram arsebobda ki erTi adgili, sadac Caisaxa pir-veli zRapari? zRapari Caisaxa Tu zRapris embrioni, ro-melic Semdeg Camoyalibda zRaprad? sad, romel qveyana-Si, romel xalxSi? an ra mizniT? ra yofiTi funqcia hqondamas Tavdapirvelad da a. S. amocanas is arTulebs, rom zRa-pari, rogorc zepirsityvieri teqsti, ascda damwerlobas:iSviaTad Tu gamxdara zRapari werilobiTi kulturis kuT-vnileba. Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadacemuli icvlida sa-xes da ikargeboda kidec. is saxe zRaprebisa, romelTac mo-icavs `saZiebeli~, SedarebiT gvian aris Camoyalibebuli.TiTebze CamosaTvlelia zRaprebi, romlebic damwerlo-bis interesis sferoSi moxvdnen. magaliTisTvis davasaxe-lebT asurul-babilonur (aqadur) zRapars Cven mier sa-xeldebuli `cxovelTa eposis~ repertuaridan – `gveli daarwivi daZmobildnen...~ [Suamd: 138] da Zvelegvipturvrcel moTxrobas ori Zmis Sesaxeb [vikentievi], romelicjadosnuri zRapris motivebs da struqturas avlens. mag-

113

ram gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom samSoblo cxovelTa epo-sisa SuamdinareTia, jadosnuris zRaprisa ki – Zveli eg-vipte.

XIX s-is samociani wlebidan germaneli mecnieris Teo-dor benfeis (1809-1881) gamokvlevebis gavleniT [kokiara:320-322], karga xans miRebuli iyo azri, rom zRaprebi da,sazogadod, xalxuri narativebi (igavebi da sxva) indoeTi-dan gavrcelda mTels dedamiwis zurgze. maTi wyaro ki iyoinduri cxovelTa igav-arakebis kompoziciuri krebuli`panCatantra~, romelic Cv. w. III-IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna san-skritze. sxvadasxva saukuneebSi es induri literaturu-li nawarmoebi sxvadasxva enebze iTargmneboda da parale-lurad xalxSi vrceldeboda, iZenda ra xalxur variantebs.mere kvlav literaturul saxes iRebda, raTa kvlav fol-klorizacia ganecada. da ase moedo mTels axlo aRmosav-leTsa da evropas. es enebia falauri (saSualo sparsuli),siriuli, arabuli, sparsuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, slavu-ri, Turquli, espanuri, laTinuri, franguli, italiuri,germanuli, inglisuri... aRnusxulia eqvsasamde Targmani60 enaze. TiToeulma am enam moaxdina induridan wamosulicxovelTa igav-arakebis adaptacia. qarTul literatura-Si panCatantra~ qilila da damanas~ saxiT movida (XVII-XVIIIss.), romelmac, Tavis mxriv, igavTa folkloruli varian-tebi warmoSva. am Teorias `moxetiale siuJetebis~, orien-taluri (aRmosavluri) an `sesxebis~ Teoria ewoda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `sesxebis~ Teoriam bevri igava-rakuli siuJetis warmoSobas (pirvelwyaros) mohfina Su-qi, mainc folkloristika veRar dakmayofilda `moxetia-le siuJetTa~ Teoriis calmxrivi gagebiT, kerZod, maTieqskluziurad induri warmoSobiT. zRapari ar daiyvanebaigavebze da sazRapro siuJetebi igavTa siuJetebze. dro-Ta viTarebaSi aqtualoba dakarga zRapris, rogorc Jan-ris, samSoblos Ziebam da mTavari yuradReba mieqca misstruqturas (amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari).

magram ramdenadac siuJetebis sesxeba, romlis meoremxare maT `xetials~ gulisxmobs, gamowveulia xalxTa So-ris kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebiT, gamaxvilda yu-radReba im gzebze, romlebiTac es siuJetebi xalxidanxalxSi xetialoben. maTTvis enobrivi barieri ar arsebobs.

114

es gzebia – mcire aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT sa-napiros gavliT espaneTisken; saberZneTis arqipelagisgavliT siciliasa da italiaSi; mcire aziidanve bizantiisada balkaneTis gavliT evropaSi; Turquli modgmis xalxe-bis gza Soreuli aRmosavleTidan cimbiris gavliT da Suaaziidan ruseTis samxreT stepebis gavliT evropis misad-gomebamde (ungrelebi, bulgarelebi). mniSvnelovania imepoqebis moniSvna, roca xdeboda xalxTa didi gadasaxle-bebi da laSqrobebi: kimerielebis gavla kavkasionis wiaRsaqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT urartumde; aleqsandremakedonelis laSqroba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken;arabi tomebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan ukidures dasav-leTamde; monRolTa urdoebis moZraoba Sida monRole-Tidan dasavleTisken; jvarosnuli laSqrobebi dasavle-Tidan aRmosavleTisken. berZnul werilobiT tradiciaSimiTologiurma gadmocemebma Taviseburad gamoxates kul-turuli gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyveteli procesi: iosfinikielebi itaceben argosidan; evropes finikiidan ita-ceben elinebi; oqros sawmisi eladidan kolxeTSi midis: oq-ros sawmiss ibruneben da medeas itaceben elinebi; troe-li parisi eladidan itacebs mSvenier elenes; elini tome-bi ilaSqreben elenes dasabruneblad mcire aziaSi; tro-elTa erTi nawili eneasis winamZRolobiT daiZreba evro-pisken... bolos, elini tomebi gadian arqipelagidan mcireaziisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken (kolonizaciis pro-cesi). Zvel samyaroSi kulturebi arasodes yofila Cake-tili da izolirebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. siuJetebis `xe-tiali~, maTi `xiznoba~ da damkvidreba xalxidan xalxSi,kulturul RirebulebaTa sesxeba gacilebiT intensiuriiyo Zvel xalxebSi. urTierTobis yvela forma – saomarilaSqrobebidan dawyebuli aReb-micemobiT (saganTa gac-vla-gamocvliT) damTavrebuli – CarTuli iyo kultura-Ta urTierTgamdidrebis am istoriul procesSi. ra Tqmaunda, kulturuli aReb-micemoba zRapruli siuJetebiT aramoiwureboda. laparakia yvela xalxis zepirsityvier mem-kvidreobaze, romelic yovelTvis inarCunebda Riaobasucxos mimarT. amas Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT SeZenili uni-versaloba mas Semdeg, rac erTiani kacobrioba daiSala ba-bilonis daumTavrebeli godlis kedlebTan. aq ukve Sev-

115

divarT kacobriobis arsebobis im periodSi, saidanac is-toria mxolod da mxolod miTosis eniT gvelaparakeba.Cvens SemTxvevaSi babilonis godlis miTosis sazrisi isaris, rom erTiani kacobriobis TiToeulma nawilma gan-calkevebis Semdeg met-naklebi sicxadiT SeZlo SeenarCu-nebina is saerTo, romelic maT erTianobaSi hqondaT. iyoda aris gaucxoeba, magram iyo da aris urTierTgagebac daurTierTSeRwevac swored im saerTo enis safuZvelze, ro-melsac TiToeuli maTgani iyo ziarebuli.

vikentievi: Âèêåíòüåâ Â. Ì. Äðåâíå-åãèïåòñêàÿ ïîâåñòü î äâóõ

áðàòüÿõ, Ì., 1917.

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,

1960.

Jirmunski: Æèðìóíñêèé Â. Ì., Ê âîïðîñó î ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ

ñêàçî÷íûõ ñþæåòàõ (wignSi: Æèðìóíñêèé

Â.Ì., Ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ëèòåðàòóðîâåäåíèå,

Âîñòîê è Çàïàä, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1979).

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., merani~, 1987.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

116

tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~

amiranis ambavs mTels saqarTveloSi icnoben, SeiZle-ba iTqvas, `nikofsiidan darubandamde~. igi dadasturebu-lia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela istoriul mxareSi (qar-Tli, kaxeTi, fSav-xevsureTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi, imereTi,raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi...). `amiraniani~ Zveli Tqmulebaa,Cans, mas mouswria sruliad saqarTvelos Semovla. Canawe-rebi ki sakmaod gviandelia, ara uadres XIX s-is 60-iani wle-bisa. igi Zvelia, magram arc ise Zveli, rom aTaswleulebsiTvlides. aTaswleulebis Semonaxva mxolod damwerlo-bas Tu SeuZlia, maT adamianis mexsiereba, Tundac `koleq-tiuri~, ver gauZlebs. uZvelesia amiranianis~ motivebi, mi-Tologemebi, magram Tavad sxeuli misi SedarebiT mogvia-no warmonaqmnia.

eposma Cvenamde fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia. igi arse-bobs TxrobiTi teqstis saxiT, romelSic alag-alag leq-siTi nawilebia CarTuli. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba ar-sebobdes erTi myari kanonikuri prozauli teqsti, ver da-vadasturebT erTi da imave epizodis or identur Canawers.mxolod leqsiTi nawilebia mdgradi, mcireodeni varian-tuli cvlilebebiT. unda SeiniSnos, rom swored gadamwyve-ti epizodebi ar aris gadmocemuli leqsad, leqsiTi frag-mentebi epizoduri xasiaTisaa. ar moiZebneba Canaweri, ro-melic Tanamimdevrulad moicavdes amiranis Tavgadasav-lis yvela SesaZlebel epizods, rac ganpirobebuli undaiyos ara Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli fragmentulobiT, ara-med alag-alag tradiciuli epikuri xsovnis gamkrTale-biT. eWvi ar aris, rom epizodebi imTaviTve erTian epikurdroSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. `amiranianis~ mTlianobas,sxva niSnebTan erTad, misi dasawyisi da dasasruli mow-mobs.

`amiranianis~ folkloruli Canawerebis monografiu-li gamocema ekuTvnis prof. m. Ciqovans – mijaWvuli ami-rani (Tsu gam. Tb., 1947), sadac Tavmoyrilia imxanad xelmi-sawvdomi, met-naklebad Rirebuli folkloruli teqste-bi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan (qarTli, kaxeTi,fSavi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, xevi, mTiule-Ti, guria, imereTi, raWa, svaneTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi,

117

oseTi), sul 69 teqsti. raime arsebiTi siaxle `amiranianis~SecnobisTvis am publikaciis Semdeg mopovebul masalasar moutania. kvlevisas veyrdnobi zemoxsenebul gamoce-mas.

ra tipisa Tu formaciis eposebs ganekuTvneba `amira-niani~? cxadia, igi ar aris istoriuli eposi. masSi ver aR-movaCenT verc erT istoriul realias, verc romelime is-toriuli epoqisa da istoriuli adgilis kvals; misi gmi-rebis asparezi ganusazRvrelia; arafers gveubneba arc`balxi~, balxeTi~ Tu CabalxeTi~, arc algeTi~ (erTader-Ti qarTuli toponimi). arc personaJTa sakuTari saxele-bia qarTuli istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli: badri,usupi, yamari arabul-sparsuli warmoSobisaa. ar viciT, raerqva mTavar gmirs, sanam mas amirani daerqmeoda. misi essaxeli ufro gviandelia, vidre mose xonelis sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposiseuli `amiran darejanis Ze~, romlissparsuli warmoSoba karga xnis gamokvleulia da eWvs arunda iwvevdes: amir andare jehan niSnavs: `amiri qveynie-rebaze~, iseve rogorc nest andare jehan niSnavs: `ar aris[misi msgavsi] qveynierebaze~. simptomaturia, rom `amiran-darejanianSi~ mTavari gmiri arasodes moixsenieba ro-gorc `amirani~: xalxurma tradiciam mowyvita igi kompo-zits da damoukidebel andronimad aqcia, rac dRemde asea.

yovelive amiT – zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebiT – `amira-nianis~ qronotoposi zRaprul drosa da sivrces mogva-gonebs, magram `amiraniani~ zRapari ar aris. misi tragiku-li dasasruli auqmebs mis zRaprulobas. `amiraniani~ arcmiTologiuri eposia, swored misi asparezis ganusazRvre-li qronotopiurobis gamo. miTosi, rogorc wesi, `dabmu-lia~ gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droze. sivrce miTosSi to-ponimizebulia, dro – winarewarsuli, romelic ebmis is-toriul dros.

Tu SevecdebiT `amiranianis~ tipis gansazRvras, undavuwodoT mas `tragikuli eposi~, sadac sagmiro-saTavga-dasavlo da miTologiuri motivebiT SeZerwilia adamia-nis aRzevebisa da dacemis drama. rogorc naCvenebi iqneba,`amiranians~ ufro meti aqvs saerTo berZnul klasikurdramasTan, vidre promeTevsis miTosTan (amaze qvemoT).`amiranianic~, msgavsad berZnuli dramisa, hubriszea age-buli. hubrisi anu gabudayeba kulminaciaa im zRurblTa

118

Soris, romelTac gaivlis tragikuli dramis gmiri. ufroarsebiTad rom vTqvaT, `amiranianSi~ dgas adamianis prob-lema da es problema, ar unda gagvikvirdes, egzistencia-lur WrilSia dasmuli da gadawyvetili. amaSi mdgomare-obs `amiranianis~ TavisTavadoba, misi unikaluri adgilimsoflio xalxTa eposebs Soris.

samwuxarod, rogorc iTqva, Cveni eposi fragmentebadaris Cvenamde SemorCenili. es fragmentuloba epikurisunTqvis Sewyvetis Sedegia. magram Cvens xelTaa fragmen-tebi da, rogorc odisevsi ityoda, am galewili bzidanacCans, rogori TavTavi viyavio, Cvenc igive SegviZliavTqvaT maTze. es fragmentebi niSnebia da Cven unda avala-parakoT isini.

Cveni mizania, arsebul masalaSi gamovavlinoT is auci-lebeli sazRurblo epizodebi, romelTa gareSe amiranisTqmuleba dakargavda TavisTavadobas. unda vecadoT, ag-reTve, rom am epizodebs gmiris Tavgadasvlis droJamulmdinarebaSi mivuCinoT misi bunebrivi, erTaderTi adgili.`amiranianis~ dRemde SemorCenili masala iZleva amis sa-Sualebas. arsebul Canawerebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, romSesaZlebelia epizodTa dalageba mkacri Tanamimdevro-biT, iseve rogorc `svlebi~ misdevs erTmaneTs jadosnurzRaparSi (ix. vl. propis `zRapris morfologia~). am epi-zodebs Cven vuwodebT zRurblebs, romlebic aRniSnavengmiris gadasvlebs misi yofierebis axal-axal viTarebeb-Si. amaTgan zogi sayovelTaoa (universaluria), zogi ki –sakuTriv amiraniseuli.

gansxvavebiT sxva eposTa gmirebisgan, romlebic mTe-li Txrobis manZilze igiveobrivni rCebian sakuTar Tav-Tan, amiranis pirovneba ganviTarebas ganicdis, igi icvle-ba yoveli zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg. zRurblebi gmi-ris sulier (aseve fizikur) ganviTarebaSi axal-axal safe-xurebs aRniSnaven. Zveli da axali msoflio eposebis gmi-rebi – odisevsi, aqilevsi, agamemnoni da sxvani dasrule-buli saxiT gamovidnen TiTqos zevsis Tavidan. mudmivi epi-Tetebi, romlebic ganuyrelad Tan sdeven maT, mowmobenmaTi fizikur-sulieri saxis imTaviTve dasrulebulobas.rogorc Semodian isini TxrobaSi, iseTive rCebian im ka-taklizmebisa da gansacdelebis Semdeg, romelTac ganic-dian isini. arc araferi ematebaT, arc akldebaT. odisevsi

119

TiTqos SobiTganve mravalnacadi da didgamWriaxia – esmisi bedisweruli daxasiaTebebia. aqilevsi mudam fexmar-dia, magram, rac mTavaria, xanmokle sicocxle misi bedis-weraa, misi xasiaTi imTaviTve dasazRvrulia da amgvari Se-modis is epikur sinamdvileSi. aseve germaneli zigfridi,franki rolandi, espaneli sidi, berZeni digenis akritasida sxvani da sxvani, romelTa xasiaTsa da bunebaSi Cven ve-raviTar cvlilebas gansacdelTa ganvlis Semdeg ver vam-CnevT. maT TavgadasavalSi ar SeimCneva gardamtexi zRur-blebi, romelTac ganviTarebis safexurebze ahyavT gmi-ri. Cveni amocanaa am zRurblTa SemCneva da maTTvis maTikuTvnili adgilis miCena gmiris TavgadasavalSi.

epikuri gmiris anu, sxvanairad, tradiciuli gmirisTavgadasavlis epizodebad dayofas karga xnis istoriaaqvs. pirvelad (1864 w.) germanelma ioahan georg fon hanmascada 14 gmiris Tavgadasavlis safuZvelze daedgina 16-epizodiani modeli, romelic oTx jgufad hqonda dayo-fili: dabadeba, siWabuke, dabruneba da sxva SemTxvevebi[raglani: 142-3]. iseTi gmirisaTvis, rogoric amirania, ha-niseul sqemaSi mxolod ramdenime elementi Tu gamodge-ba, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am elementebis Sinaarss ramde-nadme gavafarToebT an transformirebulad warmovid-genT: gmiris ukanonod dabadeba, dabadebisas dayoliliniSnebi, gadagdeba, ucxo col-qmris mier aRzrda. mis kvalsmihyva (1881 w.) alfred nati (Nutt), romelmac 14-mde daiyva-na epizodTa ricxvi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saanalizod da-matebiT kelturi (arturis cikli) da finuri Tqmulebebigamoiyena [raglani: 143]. 1934 wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi`tradiciuli gmiri~ ficroi riCard somerset raglanma(Fitzroy Richard Somerset Raglan) epizodTa raodenoba 22-mdegazarda: Tormeti klasikuri, sami bibliuri (iosebi, mose,elia), erTi germanikuli (zigfridi), erTi kelturi (artu-ri) da erTic Zvelegvipturi (nikanga) `biografiebis~ sa-fuZvelze [raglani: 145-150]. bolos, holandieli fol-kloristi ian de frizi (Jan de Vries) 10-epizodian modelamdedaiyvans. Cveni azriT, igi yvelaze optimaluria da, albaT,universaluric, yovel SemTxvevaSi igi ukeTesad esadage-ba amiranis Tavgadasavals. mogvyavs igi mTlianad: I. gmiriisaxeba; II. ibadeba; III. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba; IV. izr-deba; V. uZlevelia; VI. ebrZvis gveleSaps da sxva urCxu-

120

lebs; VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT moipovebs sacoles; VIII.Cadis qvesknelSi; IX. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoaZeves daamarcxebs mtrebs; X. kvdeba [raglani: 143].

ra iwvevs aseT damTxvevas sxvadasxva TqmulebaTa gmi-rebis TavgadasavlebSi? ra ZaliT xerxdeba maTi erT mo-delamde dayvana? f.r.s. raglani fiqrobs, da es namdviladerTaderTi axsna unda iyos, rom am TavgadasavlebSi saqmegvaqvs im ritualebis mimdevrobasTan, romelTac tradi-ciul sazogadoebebSi eqvemdebarebodnen adamianebi, aramxolod mefeebi, mTavrebi Tu beladebi. `tradiciuli gmi-ris Tqmuleba aris ara realurad arsebuli adamianis cxov-rebis realuri epizodebi, aramed ritualur personaJTacxovreba-saqmianobis ritualuri etapebi. aucilebeli araris, aqedan davaskvnaT, rom am TqmulebaTa gmirebi sinam-dvileSi ar arsebobdnen. magram, vfiqrobT, Tu isini rea-lurad arsebobdnen, maT moqmedebebs umeteswilad ritu-aluri xasiaTi hqondaT, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTiTqmulebebi ise gardaiqmna, rom erT tipur models misa-dageboda~ [raglani: 50].

isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom TqmulebaTa gmire-bis TavgadasavalSi, romlebic ritualTa Tanamimdevro-bazea agebuli, am ritualebs dakarguli aqvT Tavdapirve-li funqcia. ritualis forma aq misgan gansxvavebuli rea-lobis gamosaxatavad aris mowodebuli da, ramdenadactradiciuli sazogadoebebi yvelgan erTtipuria, tradi-ciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis modelic erTtipuri iqneba.f.r.s. raglani, cxadia, ar varaudobs, rom mis 22-epizodi-an modelSi yvela gmiris cxovreba `jdeba~. 22 misTvis maq-simaluri raodenobaa, romlis realizacia yvelgan ar arissavaldebulo. magaliTisTvis, Tu oidiposis Tavgadasava-lSi raodenoba maqsimaluria, Tesevsi oc safexurs gadis,herakle – Cvidmets, persevsi – Teqvsmets... avtori am nak-lulobas Tqmulebis xarvezs awers, magram xarvezi Tqmu-lebis cudad Semonaxulobis mizezi ar unda iyos. Tu ri-tuals TqmulebaSi Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia aRarekisreba, aucilebelic ar unda yofiliyo maTi sruli ra-odenobiT asaxva. rogorc a. van genepma gamoikvlia, maTiricxvi SezRudulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc ocdaoramdeda arc aTamde ar aRwevs. es aris zogadad e.w. gadasvlisritualebi (rites de passage), romelTa meSveobiT Tu Tanxle-

121

biT tradiciuli sazogadoebebis wevri icvlis asakobrivda socialur statuss. gadasvlis rituali sruldeba So-bis, iniciaciis, qorwinebisa da sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi. esaris sami fundamenturi etapi adamianis cxovrebaSi da, cxa-dia, isini (nedli an gardaqmnili saxiT) asaxuli iqneba ne-bismieri gmiris epikur TavgadasavalSic. van xenepis mixed-viT, es ritualebi qmnian jaWvs, romelic sami safexuris-gan Sedgeba: gamocalkevebis rituali (rites de separation), ga-dasvlis rituali (rites de passage), roca adamiani zRurblzea(arc iqiT, arc aqeT) da mikuTvnebis rituali (rites de incorpo-ration), roca adamiani – ritualis obieqti – sabolood mkvid-rdeba axal statusSi (asakobrivi iqneba cvlileba, socia-luri Tu metafizikuri). epikur TqmulebaTa analizi ga-moavlens maT cxad Tu latentur monawileobas mTavarigmiris cxovrebaSi. isini `amiranianSic~ ixilveba. misi ana-lizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTuli eposi ar misdevs im models,romelic evropelma mkvlevrebma daudgines klasikur Tuaraklasikur Tqmulebebs. amirans sakuTari gza aqvs, saku-Tari etapebi am gzaze, romlebic Zerwaven mis ganumeore-bel saxes, erTaderT tips, arc erT zemoxsenebul gmirsrom ar enaTesaveba.

germaneli filosofosi, Tanamedrove hermenevtikiserT-erTi fuZemdebeli, h.-g. gadameri erTgan wers: `mTe-li unda gavigoT nawilis safuZvelze, nawili ki – mTelissafuZvelze... nawili ganisazRvreba mTeliT da, Tavismxriv, gansazRvravs mTels~ [gadameri: 72]. am gamonaTqvam-Si TiTqos mankieri wrea, magram is WeSmaritebas gamoxa-tavs. aseve vityviT `amiranianis~ epizodebze da im mTel-ze, im mTlianobaze, romlis nawilebi es epizodebia. CvenSegviZlia gamovicnoT, romeli mTelis nawilia esa Tu isepizodi, Tuki am mTelze gveqneba warmodgena. mTelamdeviciT nawili da nawilamde viciT mTeli. sabolood ki,Cvens intuiciaSi mTeli da nawili erTianobaSia. ai, es epi-zodebi, romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebs mTeli eposi.

I. Soba. amirani, rogorc yoveli epikuri gmiri, saswau-lebrivad unda iSvas. magram saswaulebrivi Soba yvela va-riantSi erTi da imave xarisxiT ar aris aqtualizebuli. mi-si Sesustebuli varianti iqneba bavSvis dabadeba xandaz-muli mSoblebisgan. Tumca amgvari Soba ar CaiTvleba sa-

122

kuTriv amiraniseulad. mTavari mainc is aris, rom amira-nis mSoblebi ucnobni unda iyvnen im sazogadoebisaTvis,sadac igi moxvdeba da gaizrdeba. arc deda, arc mama misiSobis Semdeg cocxali ar rCeba; mama Tu ar kvdeba, is uCi-nardeba, raTa Senaxul iqnes amiranis warmoSobis saidum-lo. mzeTunaxavi deda kvdeba, rogorc wesi, bavSvis daba-debamde. bavSvi unda amoiridos dedis saSodan da monac-vleobiT unda gamoiSuSos cxovelTa: jer batknis, mere bo-Colas faSvSi (kaxuri varianti) an dekeulis da mere kurosfaSvSi (svanuri), an axlad mokluli irmis `nedl tyavSi~(guruli) [rexviaSvili: 221]. SesaZloa, am epizodSi Zvel dae.w. primitiul xalxebSi gavrcelebuli ritualis eqo iyosSemorCenili. mag., bantus tomSi bavSvebs winadacveTis winCautareben rituals, romelsac xelaxla Soba ewodeba. ma-ma daklavs cxvars da sami dRis Semdeg gamoaxvevs mis faS-vSi an tyavSi. magram gamoxvevamde bavSvi unda wamodges sa-wolze da axalSobiliviT unda iWyipinos. sami dRis manZil-ze is cxovelis tyavSi imyofeba. amgvarad, bavSvi eziarebabunebis sasicocxlo Zalebs, rac misi momavali Zlierebissawindaria.

amiranis mama ufro xSirad monadirea, romelic amira-nis dedas sadRac miuval kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi xvdeba. Se-iZleba gamoqvabuli koSkma Secvalos, sadac mzeTunaxaviagamoketili. zogierT variantSi mamac iRupeba am SeuRle-bis Sedegad. es misi bedisweraa.

amiranis obloba struqturuli elementic aris mis is-toriaSi.

obloba eposis dasasruls tragikulad meordeba mar-toobiT (XII) da ase ikvris wre.

II. gadagdeba. amirani gadagdebuli bavSvia, TiTqos da-saRupavad ganwiruli. TiTqos is im mizniT iqna gadagde-buli, rom daiRupos. Cvilis sicocxle bewvze hkidia, mag-ram Tu gadarCa, mas didi momavali eqneba. `gadagdebulibavSvis tragedia anazRaurebulia oblobis miTologiurididebulebiT, pirvelyofili bavSvis ukiduresi martoo-biT samyaroSi, misi unikalobiT. aseTi bavSvis gamoCenaTanxvdeba saganTa gariJraJs, istoriis axal xanas, `axalcxovrebas~ realobis nebismier doneze~ [eliade 1974: 250].axalSobilis bedis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa maxvili, ro-

123

melic mas dedis muclidan dahyveba da sabediswero gan-sacdelSi ixsnis mas. simartove ki amiranis mudmivi Tanam-devia.

svanur epikur poeziaSi Semonaxulia ambavi dakarguliTu gadagdebuli Cvili bavSvisa. dals bavSvi maRali kldisgamoqvabulidan gadmouvardeba. bavSvs mgeli dastacebspirs da mihyavs. monadire Tofs dascems mgels, bavSvs aiy-vans da dedamiss, dals ubrunebs gamoqvabulSi. amis sazR-aurad monadire dalisgan nadirobis iRbliT jildovde-ba. gadarCenili bavSvis Semdgomi bedi ki ucnobia [svanuripoezia: 268-273]. vin aris es gamoucnobi bavSvi? momavaliamirania?

es siuJeti iZleva saSualebas sxvagvari daboloebisa,risi realizebac ar dasturdeba svanur poeziaSi. erTi Se-saZlo varianti: bavSvi dals gadmouvarda an bavSvi gada-agdes, mgelma ipova da waiyvana (monadire ar Sexvedria) ga-sazrdelad. mgeli gazrdis mas, raTa gazrdili daubrun-des adamianur sazogadoebas. amgvari warmoSobis gmirebixSiria msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. SeiZlebawarmovidginoT, rom monadirem mglis piridan gamotace-buli bavSvi TavisTan waiyvana, radgan deda ar Cans, dedamkvdaria. monadire an Tavad gazrdis bavSvs, an daagdebs,raTa axla sxva vinmem waiyvanos aRsazrdelad. xalxuriTqmulebiT, Tamaris Ze – laSa-giorgi tyeSia gadagdebu-li, raTa dafaros mSoblis sircxvili. aseve gadagdebulia,magram umotivod, rac miT ufro cxadyofs am aqtis auci-leblobas gmiris biografiaSi, misi Soreuli STamomavalierekle meore, romelsac amgvarad umRers leqsi: `bato-niSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTi-sa, TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadiresupovnia~.

gadagdebuli bavSvebi, romlebic miaRweven mowifulo-bis asaks, brundebian Sobis adgilze da xsna moaqvT Tavi-anTi qalaqisTvis Tu qveynisTvis, xalxisTvis. aseTebia:sargon aqadeli, mose, romulusi da sxvani.

akvanSi mwoliare amirans `iamanis wyaroze~ dagdebul-sac pouloben – es TiTqos Sesustebuli variantia wyalSigadagdebisa misi daRupvis mizniT. xan akvani wylis fsker-zea, ramac bazaleTis tbis andrezSi pova asaxva esqatolo-giuri molodinis saxiT.

124

III. naTloba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis es upirvelesisaidumlo, rogorc zRurbli, sakmaod mkvidrad zis ami-ranis biografiaSi. Tu naTloba siuJeturad ar aris moTx-robili, is mainc fiqsirebulia amiranis vinaobis aRniSvni-sas (`amirani iyo RvTis naTluli~, kaxeTi). naTlobis gare-Se simZafres dakargavda is tragikuli konfliqti, rome-lic naTliasTan SeWidebaSi mdgomareobs. yvela variantSi,sadac ki naTlobis epizodia Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia(qriste, ufali, iSviaTad – wm. giorgi) da misi mimjaWvelierTi da igive piria. naTlia Rones daanaTlavs Tavis naT-luls da es aris misi saCuqari, romelic amiranma sasike-Tod unda gamoiyenos da iyenebs kidec garkveul zRur-blamde. naTliave sjis mas. aq Cans qristes ori saxe – mwya-lobelisa da ganmkiTxvelisa (esqatologiuri mrisxanepantokratori).

albaT, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom qriste RmerTi, misinaTlia, amirans gzajvaredinze dagdebuls ipovis da mo-naTlavs [arjevaniZe: 119]. gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblo-bebisa da arCevanis simboluri gamoxatulebaa.

III-a. rZeSi ganbana. es epizodi mxolod svanur varian-tSia dadasturebuli [Ciqovani 1947: 357]. rZeSi mas dedo-bili ganbans, roca Seatyobs Cvils, rom is araCveulebri-vi bavSvia: dedobili masSi dalis naSiers amoicnobs. am gan-baniT dedobilma amirani Tavisi Cveulebrivi SvilebisgangamoarCia. sagulisxmoa, rom megrul TqmulebebSi aseverZeSi ganbanen mZinare tyaSi mafas Tmebs. rZeSi ganbana ar-qauli motivia, gamoyenebuli rogorc naTlobis gaZlie-rebuli varianti.

IV. boboqari bavSvoba. f.r.s. raglans, romelmac tra-diciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis saerTo modeli gamoikvlia[raglani: 152], SeniSnuli aqvs, rom gmirs yvelaze saocari,anu gmirisTvis niSandoblivi ambebi mxolod mowifulo-bis xanaSi gadaxdeba, xolo dabadebasa da am asaks Soris ara-feri xdeba. SesaZlebelia, es asec iyos mkvlevris xelT ar-sebul masalaSi, magram am debulebas ar adasturebs amira-nis eposi. xalxuri Tqmuleba icnobs amiranis bavSvobas,romelic dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis gamovleniT xasiaT-deba. es TiTqos celqobaa, magram misi metismeti sicelqe

125

TiTqos samzadisia momavali brZolebisaTvis, romlebicman aucileblad unda gadaixados. Cven gmiris am periods`boboqar bavSvobas~ vuwodebT. boboqari bavSvoba analo-gias poulobs gilgameSis cxovrebis pirvel periodTan,roca veraferi aokebs mis Zalas. magram es dauokeblobaTavis kulminaciaSi gamoaCens gamosavals: Tu gilgameSsuruqelTa vedrebis ZaliT moevlineba enqidu, romelicsxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mis Zalas da mTel cxov-rebas [gilgameSiani: 2], amirani kokebdamsxvreuli dedab-ris sityviT erTbaSad momwifdeba imisaTvis, rom aRasru-los vali adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe, romelsac asesaswaulebrivad moevlina.

unda SeiniSnos, rom `boboqari bavSvobis~ amgvari re-alizacia jadosnuri zRapridan aris Sesuli amiranis eposSi.

`gmiruli bavSvoba~ gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeliaTurquli modgmis xalxTa eposisaTvis. siuJetur-Tema-turi datvirTva baRaTuruli bavSvobisa (áîãàòûðñêîå

äåòñòâî) ukiduresad mniSvnelovania. mudmivi aqtivoba,zogjer zedmetad moWarbebulic ki, rac hipertrofiulsaxes iRebs xolme, baRaTuris ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaada igi vlindeba ara uceb, aramed Senaxulia faruli sa-xiT mis bavSvobaSi... es erTgvari inkubaciuri periodia,roca mimdinareobs qmnadoba da dagroveba personaJis qa-raqterologiuri Tvisebebisa...~

[nekliudovi: 129].

swored am aucilebel periods gadis amirani boboqaribavSvobis saxiT. es periodi momdevno periodis, rogorcmisi realizaciis, zRurblia, winapirobaa, romelsac mos-devs sxva, axali zRurbli.

V. devebTan brZola. epikuri gmiris biografiaSi auci-lebeli epizodia borot ZalebTan brZola. amiranis epos-Si am Zalebs devebi ganasaxiereben. ara Wabukobis gamoCe-nisa da Zalis demonstraciisaTvis, ara TviTmiznurad, ro-gorc xSirad xdeba `amirandarejaniansa~ da sxva safalav-no eposebSi, ebrZvis amirani devebs, aramed gansazRvru-li, erTjeradi miznis misaRwevad. rogor ar hgavs safalav-no eposis gmirebs amirani Tavisi erTjeradi SebrZolebiT,

126

Tavisi erTaderTi antagonisti deviT, erTi mizniT, rocamiaRwevs mizans da devebic misTvis (Tu saerTod?) aRar ar-seboben.

amirani mowodebulia daamkvidros am qveyanaze sikeTe,naTliisgan Zala mas swored amisTvis aqvs mimadlebuli.amirani mamobilis ojaxs, romelic adamianur sazogadoe-bas (sociums) ganasaxierebs, moevlineba rogorc mxsneli.igi adamianebs ubrunebs devebis mier mitacebul terito-rias, aTavisuflebs mas devebisgan. svanuri variantis mi-xedviT, amirani Tavis mamobils, iamans ubrunebs devis mi-er motacebul Tvals. es aris sababi devebTan brZolisa.amirani devebs maTi qorwilis dRes ebrZvis. es mniSvnelo-vania. aq aris esqatologiuri momenti: swored qorwilisdRes, simbolurad ukanasknel dRes, roca yvelani erTadarian Seyrilni, erTianad unda gawydnen. es brZola sabo-looa, radgan Tavad qorwilia saboloo aqti, gadasvla er-Ti viTarebidan axal viTarebaSi, Zvelis dasasruli axlismosapoveblad. devebisTvis es `gadasxvavebaa~ (Sdr. jvar-xatebis epiTeti `dev-kerpT gadamsxvavebeli~ [sadideble-bi: 118]), amieridan am qorwiliT unda Sewydes maTi Zvele-buri yofiereba.

VI. ukanaskneli devi da camcumis koSki. marTalia,Cven miviReT Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom devebTan brZola er-Tjeradia, magram iseve rogorc RvTisSvilTa da devebisbrZolis epopeaSi, devebis ganadgurebis Semdeg ukanaskne-li devi rCeba, romelsac sabolood iaxsari mouRebs bo-los [kiknaZe 1996: 11]. aqac gadarCeba erTi devi, romelicunda ganadgurdes, raTa gamoCndes axali zRurbli gmirisgzaze. am devis saxeli gamoCndeba SesaniSnav baladaSi, ro-melic `amiranianis~ bevr CanawerSi ipoveba. es aris leqsi,romelic iwyeba sityvebiT `sanadirod gamovidnen amiranda Zmani misni, win iremi gamouxtaT cas swvdeboda rqanimisni...~ iremma monadireni camcumis koSkTan miiyvana, sa-dac daxvdaT mkvdari camcumi da werili, romelic misi sa-xeliT iuwyeboda, rom mas moukvleli gadaurCa erTader-Ti baybaydevi. werilis avtori devTan gasworebisa da Ta-visi damarxvisTvis sTavazobs Tavis iaraRs, cols da sxva.es is baybaydevia, romelic unda Sexvdes camcumis koSki-dan gamosul amirans, moiklas masTan orTabrZolaSi da

127

sikvdilis win amcnos mas yamaris adgilsamyofeli. aseve,es is devia, romlis moWrili Tavidan amosuli sami Wia mo-mavali epizodis Canasaxia. amirani ar klavs Wiebs da amiTqmnis safrTxes Tavis momaval asparezze. asparezi saf-rTxiT unda iyos savse, es aris misi arsebobis forma. ami-ranis arCevani – ar daxocos Wiebi – Tavisufalia, radganarsebobs alternativa – Zmebis rCeva motivaciiTurT: mo-kali, Torem... amirani ki indobs, rogorc daindo gilga-meSma xumbaba, miuxedavad enqidus rCevisa. magram aq piru-ku xdeba: enqidu gilgameSis nacvlad klavs urCxuls daswored misi sikvdili (ara dandoba, `amiranianisgan~ gan-sxvavebiT) xdeba momavali safrTxis mizezi [gilgameSiani: 119].

amrigad, balada, romlis organuli kavSiri amiraniseposTan TiTqos eWvs iwvevs, gamoyenebulia xidad momdev-no epizodisken (zRurblze) gadasasvlelad.

SeniSvna. amirandarejanianSi~ analogiuri epizodi mTeli epo-sis karibWea, saidanac iwyeba misi samyaro. abesalom mefe edevnebaucxo qurciks, romelic Svidi dRis Semdeg miiyvans ucxo adgilas(`qveyana ucxod auCnda~), Tavad ki erT kldeSi gauCinardeba. mefeixilavs qviTkiris saxls, romlis SigniT kedlebze amiran dareja-nis Zisa da misi Wabukebis saxeebia gamosaxuli. mefe moiwyens maTiucnobobis, rogorc rostevani ucxo moymis~ gamo. mTeli amiran-darejaniani~ maTi Wabukobis gadmocemas eZRvneba. amisgan gansxva-vebiT, amirani da misi Zmebi ar interesdebian camcumis warsuliT.maT mxolod pativi unda miagon mkvdars da Suri iZion baybaydevze,anu gaagrZelon camcumis daumTavrebeli saqme.

VII. STanTqma-amonTxeva (meored Soba). gveleSapTanbrZolis epizodi centraluria amiranis TavgadasavalSi.amave dros igi miToepikuri gmiris aucilebeli gansacde-lia, romelic unda gaiaros man, raTa axal qmedebaTa aspa-rezi gaiSalos mis winaSe. gveleSapTan brZola arsebiTadgansxvavdeba devebTan brZolisgan.

devebi mravlad arian, gveleSapi ki erTia, anu is gve-leSapi, romelmac gmiri unda Caylapos. amdenad, gmirs Ta-vis cxovrebaSi erTxel uxdeba gveleSapTan Sebma.

yvela miToepikur gmirs cxovrebis gzaze, romelic,faqtobrivad, brZolis, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaa, Ta-visi gveleSapi (urCxuli, drakoni) xvdeba. igi, cxadia, amar-cxebs mas, magram gveleSapis Zleva gansxvavdeba sxva anta-

128

gonistur arsebaTa, boroteul ZalTa (devebis) Zlevisgan.rogorc wesi, gveleSapis mebrZoli gmiri unda STainTqasgveleSapis mier, raTa Signidan daamarcxos igi, radgan ga-redan misi damarcxeba ar iqneba. magram STanTqma-Caylapvaskidev sxva ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. amiraniekuTvnis im gmirTa wyebas, romlebic namyofi arian gve-leSapis mucelSi da misi wiaRidan gamarjvebulni gamodi-an. vidre herakle, elinTa gmiri, daamarcxebda urCxuls,romelsac mefis asuli hesione unda Caeylapa, jer TavadSTainTqmeba mis xaxaSi, gaivlis mis wiaRs da gamova gareT.imave gansacdelis winaSea meore elini gmiri iasoni: miTo-surad namdvil iasons medeas micemuli wamliT ki ar dau-Zinebia oqros sawmisis mcveli urCxuli, raTa es sawmisimSvidad moepara, aramed jer Caiylapa mis mier da, rocaukan amovida, urCxuli gmiris am amosvliT ukve ganadgu-rebuli iyo. es miTosuri sinamdvile erTi etruskuli xa-nis larnakzea dadasturebuli [kampbeli: XV, 247]. arc apo-lonios rodoselis `argonavtikaSi~ da arc sxva werilo-biT wyaroSi urCxulis amgvar aRsasrulze araferia naT-qvami (rogorc Cans, sityvierad gmiris am gansacdelis ga-moxatvas gaurbodnen). amosvla, rogorc xsna, yovelTvistriumfaluria. es aris xsna da gamarjveba erTdroulad.aseve STainTqmeba finuri eposis `kalevalas~ gmiri veine-meineni vipunen-gveleSapis mier. mis mucelSi moxvedrili,igi naviT gacuravs zRvauri gveleSapis Sigans nawlavebisgziT erTi bolodan meore bolomde da zRvaSi amoinTxe-va. amiraniviT mounelebeli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda igivipunen-gveleSapisTvis (XVII runa). amave eposis gmiri, gve-leSapisgan Caylapuli mWedeli ilmarineni, svanuri ver-siis amiraniviT ukadrisobs misi piridan an ukana nawili-dan amosvlas da gveleSapis mucelSive gamoWedili daniTgamoWris misi ferdidan gamosasvlels [miTebi: 507; elia-de 1965: 63].

ras gulisxmobs es epizodi, garda masSi gadmocemulisagmiro aqtisa? STanTqma Tavisi warmoSobiT kosmogoni-uri motivia, rogorc gveleSapTan brZolaa kosmogoniisigavuri gadmocema. damarcxebuli gveleSapis sxeuli sam-yaros edeba safuZvlad, materiad. amis klasikuri magali-Tia marduqisa da TiamaTis orTabrZola, romelic kosmo-sis SeqmniT mTavrdeba [kiknaZe 2006: 143-144]. magram kos-

129

mosis Seqmnas win uZRvis TiamaTis mier marduqis STanTqmada marduqis xeliT TiamaTis muclis gafatvra da amosvla,rogorc mzisa wyvdiadidan, rac qaosidan kosmosis daba-debas niSnavs. aseve kosmogoniuria Zvelinduri indrasa dagveleSap vritras Soris Serkinebis miTosi. uxelfexouzarmazari gveleSapi vritra, romelmac STanTqa mdina-reTa wylebi da moaqcia Tavis SiganSi, ylapavs mis winaaR-mdeg galaSqrebul indras. indra Signidan ganwvalavs gve-leSapis sxeuls, ixsnis Tavs da datyvevebul wylebsac, mi-si sxeulisgan qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva nivTs [miTebi: 534].

STanTqma-amonTxevis kosmogoniur miTosSi zogan gam-Wvirvaled, zogan Sefarulad Cans erTi mniSvnelovani mi-Tologema: STamnTqmeli zRvauri urCxuli, gveleSapiSTanTqmulis mSobeli dedaa, romlis saSodan xelaxla un-da daibados RvTaeba, kosmogoniuri gmiri. babilonurikosmogoniuri eposis TiamaTi (`zRva~) yvela RmerTis di-di dedaa, maT Soris marduqisac, romelmac misi sxeulis-gan samyaro Seqmna. am miTologiur faqts mowmobs poli-nezieli gmiris STamnTqmeli gveleSapis saxeli – `didi-didi-didi deda~ [kampbeli: 91].

STanTqmas, rogorc miTologemas, kidev erTi datvir-Tva aqvs: igi niSnavs damarxvas, daflvas, saSoSi ukan dab-runebas anu, sxvanairad, embrionad qcevas, raTa arsebakvlav iSvas. meore mxriv, STanTqma-STaflva sikvdilis si-nonimia, rasac unda mosdevdes aRdgoma-gacocxleba, sa-bolood, isev da isev xelaxali Soba. amrigad, gveleSapismuceli dedis saSoa, saidanac unda daibados arseba. ami-tomac ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom tyeSi mdebare is qo-xi, sadac pirvelyofili xalxebi asruleben mowifuloba-Si gadasvlis ritualebs, `dedis saSod~ iwodeba da, imav-droulad, gveleSapis wiaRs warmoadgens. zogan qoxSi Se-sasvleli, sadac Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miwevnilibavSvi, `gveleSapis xaxad~ iwodeba, karis daxurva ki gve-leSapis mucelSi mis gamomwyvdevas ganasaxierebs. axalgvineaSi sainiciacio qoxs gveleSapis forma aqvs TavisimucliTa da kudiT. bavSvi Sedis qoxSi, TiTqos gveleSapismucelSi inTqmebodes. es misi didi dedis saSoc aris, sa-dac is ubrundeba embrionalur statuss da saidanac is me-ored ibadeba, rogorc sazogadoebis (tomis) srulfaso-vani da sruluflebiani wevri [eliade 1965: 35-36].

130

cxadia, amiranis STanTqma-amonTxevas aRar aqvs is dat-virTva, rac mas tradiciul sazogadoebebSi hqonda. ami-ranis TavgadasavalSi es epizodi zRurblia, romlis gada-laxvis Semdeg misi yofa axal safexurze adis.

Tu pirveli SobiT gmiris sicocxle iwyeba, meore SobiT –axali sicocxle. rogorc pirveli Sobis dros gaiWra dedis mu-celi, aseve am meore Sobisas ikveTeba ferdi gveleSapisa im da-niT, romelic Tan dahyva mas pirveli Sobidan. Cans, meore Sobagardauvali yofila: is am Tandayolil danaSia nagulisxmevi.es imas niSnavs, rom gveleSapi amiranis bedisweraa, TiTqos ga-damwyvet zRurblze misi mSobeli deda xvdeba mas am gveleSa-pis saxiT, romelic xelaxla badebs mas. magram Tu acnobierebsamas amiranis eposi, ufro sworad, am epizodis mTxrobeli Tumisi am saxiT Semnaxveli? yvela variantSi, romelic ki gveleSa-pis epizods inaxavs, gveleSapis muclidan gamosuli amirani ax-lad Sobilis niSans atarebs, rasac groteskulad asaxavs leqsi:

`amirani daibada: goWsa hgvanda, xuxalasa.Tma da wveri gascvivnoda, Ceeyara tomarasa~.

es ori kupleti Tavisi sityvieri qsoviliT ar modisarqauli xanidan, magram mas ZvelTaZveli miTologemis ga-moxatva aqvs natvirTi. es groteski xatovnad gadmoscemsaxlad Sobilis saxes, mis ususurobas. wver-ulvaSis gac-vena migvaniSnebs, rom amiranis biologiuri dro ukuqce-ulia saSoSi dabrunebiT. dro xelaxla unda amoZravdes,`xuxala~ unda gamoSuSdes, Seimosos, unda miaRwios mowi-fulobas da es procesi unda daCqardes. amisaTvis mowo-debulia momdevno epizodi.

VIII. igri batonis wyali. es epizodi Tavis winapirobadgveleSapis epizods gulisxmobs, maszea damokidebuli,Tumca SeiZleba TavisTavadi ambis STabeWdilebas toveb-des. amirani igri-batonis wyalSi unda ganibanos, rac TiT-qos naTlobis wyalSi ganbanis analogiuria. am dros TiT-qos naTlobis ganaxleba xdeba, rogorc Sobis momdevno,aucilebeli ritualisa. an SesaZloa, igris sabaneli im de-keulisa da kuros faSvis analogiuria, sadac dedis saSo-dan naadrevad gamosuli amiranis sxeuli unda gamoSuSe-buliyo.

131

amirani ganaxlebuli ZaliT amodis igris sabanelidan.ganaxleba aucilebelia misTvis, radgan mis winaSe axali,Znelad Sesasrulebeli amocanaa. magram ra unda iyos ima-ze Zneli gansacdeli, vidre devebTan an gveleSapebTan(TeTrTan, wiTelTan da, bolos, SavTan) brZolaa? rogorcCans, aris aseTi gansacdeli, romelic amiranma, rogorcepikurma gmirma, unda gadaitanos. es aris sacolis Zieba.

IX. yamari. qalwuli, mzeTunaxavi, yovelTvis mosata-cebelia. es aris udidesi gmirobis aqti da zeadamianur Za-lisxmevas moiTxovs. gmiri amisaTvis momzadebuli undaiyos, am aqtamde mas raRac unda hqondes Cadenili, Cadebu-li unda hqondes sagmiro windi. `sjobs sayvarelsa uCvenesaqmeni sagmironia~, SemTxveviT ar dascdenia nestans essityvebi. amiransac hqonda Cadenili sagmiro – es iyo de-vebTan brZola da is gansacdeli, romlis Semdegac igi xe-laxla unda dabadebuliyo axali sagmiros Casadenad.

amiranis gzaze axali, ufro maRali safexuri gamoCnde-ba. aq zRurbli xvdeba mas da es zRurbli sagmiro da miTo-logiuri eposebis erT mniSvnelovan motivTan aris dakav-Sirebuli. es aris mzeTunaxavis motaceba da igi gardauva-lia rogorc gmiris, ise qalis cxovrebaSi: mzeTunaxavi sa-maradisod ar unda darCes koSkSi. vinmem igi mzis sinaTle-ze unda gaiyvanos – mzeTunaxavma unda ixilos mze, an mzemTvali hkidos mzeTunaxavs. qali mzad aris amisaTvis da iselis Tavis gamomxsnels, rogorc ukacur bnel saxlSi myo-fi farnavazi, romelic mzem gamoiyvana velad da axilvinaTavisi Tavi `qvemdablad~.

es yamars ar exeba, magram aq unda iTqvas, rom mzeTuna-xavi, romelsac saguldagulod malaven samzeosgan, bolosmainc mzis sxivisgan mucladRebuli aRmoCndeba. winaswar-metyveleba, romlis Tanaxmad naSieri mamas an papas taxti-dan gadmoagdebs, Tan axlavs siuJets, magram ara yovel-Tvis. is aucilebeli ar aris. SeniSnulia koSkSi qalwulisdamwyvdevis ritualuri warmomavloba [propi 2000: 27]. dam-wyvdeva, sazogadoebisgan ganrideba-gamocalkeveba e.w.gadasvlis ritualis kuTvnilebaa. ganmartoebul koSkSiSedis mowifulobis zRurbls miRweuli da iqidan mowifu-li gamodis. koSki Tu sxva nageboba, rac unda erqvas mas,koSki Tu `gveleSapis muceli~ an `dedis saSo~, rogorc mas

132

e.w. primitiul xalxebSi uwodeben, is adgilia, sadac mim-dinareobs gogonas fizikuri momwifebisa da qalur `sib-rZneSi~ wvrTnis periodi. da is mTavrdeba swored maSin,roca vaJic miaRwevs im zRurbls, romlis gadalaxvis Sem-deg mas SeuZlia qalis mopoveba. asakobrivi gadasvlis ri-tualis yru gamoZaxils axleburi motivaciiT `vefxistya-osanSic~ vxvdebiT. Cven viciT, rom garkveul xanamde ta-rieli da nestani erTad izrdebian. magram dgeba Jami davaJs mama waiyvans, nestans ki mefe sagangebo saxls augebs.gavixsenoT strofebi 331-333:

`mefeman saxli augo, Sigan samyofi qalisa:qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa,pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa;igi mun iyves, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili;zogjer koSks jdis, zogjer baRCas Camovidis,

ra dgis Crdili.davar iyo da mefisa, qvrivi, qajeTs gaTxovili,mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad TviT mefeman misca Svili.sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa;vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa mina-vardiTa;asmaT da orni monani hyvian, imRerdis nardiTa;mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~.

am strofebSi bevri detali migvaniSnebs nestanis `sam-yofis~ ritualur bunebaze. misi mdidruli saxe, es fufu-neba da garegnuli brwyinvaleba mxolod imas gveubneba,rom igi ufliswulisTvis aris gankuTvnili. SevcdebiT, TuvifiqrebT, rom aq nestanis dro uzrunvelobasa da TamaS-Si gadis (`imRerdis nardiTa~). aq mimdinareobs uasako go-gonas wvrTna sadiaco asakisTvis. am strofebSi gamxeli-lia am koSkis WeSmariti daniSnuleba: igi mxolod qalTasamyofia, sadac mamakacs Sesvla aRkveTili aqvs. `vervinvxedevdiT~, ambobs tarieli da gulisxmobs mamakacebs,TviT mama-mefis CaTvliT. qals ver ixilavs mamakacis Tva-li, mSoblisac ki, iseve rogorc Tvali mzisa, rogorc mze-Tunaxavs: `Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili~, anu dRis im peri-odSi, roca Casulia mze. aq wvrTnian mas (`mas sibrZnisa sas-wavleblad...~) qalur codnaSi anu saidumloSi, romelic

133

mamrTagan dafaruli rCeba. qaluri sibrZnis idumaleba aqgamoxatulia TiTqos qajuri codniT, romelSic mas dava-ri ganaswavlis. da, bolos, aq izrdeba is qalad, dedakacad:`mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~. gabaonSigazrdiloba, poemis avtoris mixedviT, srulyofili gaz-rdilobaa, roca asaki aRwevs saTanado zRurbls. nestanisruliad gardaiqmneba koSkSi, is ucxoa, gaucxoebulia ta-rielisgan, romelmac ver icno Tavisi toli, romelTanacerTad izrdeboda. es ucxooba, mowifulobis es siucxovearis moulodneli siyvarulis afeTqebis mizezi.

magram `amiranianSi~, rogorc rusTavelis poemaSi, koS-kSi yofna ar inaxavs gadasvlis ritualis cocxal xsovnas.is mxolod saSeni masalaa sxva motivis warmosaCenad.

vaJi swored maSin miadgeba koSks, roca qals aRar ed-gomeba iq, roca misi koSkSi yofnis dReebi amowurulia daaxali zRurbli gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, mis fizikur-sulier zrda-ganviTarebaSi. amitomac qali xalisiT mih-yveba vaJs, exmareba kidec – araTu gatacebaSi, aramed ma-mis damarcxebaSic (ase iqceva, Tu gavixsenebT, kolxi me-deac, romelic jer mamis winaaRmdeg exmareba iasons, mereki Zmas gawiravs).

`amiran, gulad gmiri xar, kilo ar ici omisa.maRla raTa scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa.Cardaxs SeaWer boZebi, mas wamze miawvinosa~.

qali TiTqos sadRacidan motacebulia da mas ZaliT aka-veben koSkSi. magram mas aRar surs Tundac brolis koSkSidarCena. qalisTvis es tyveobaa, ufro sworad, garkveulidroidan is acnobierebs, rom datyvevebulia da rom sadR-ac arsebobs misi gamomxsneli. mainc saidan moxvda es qali– yamari am koSkSi? es saidumloa, am saidumlos ver amxelsmTqmeli: koSki, romelic Suagul zRvaSia anu zRvis WipSi,miuwvdomlobis gamomxatvelia. eposma mxolod yofiTi mo-tivi icis yamaris siucxovisa ded-mamisadmi, romlebic iq-neb sulac ar arian misi mSoblebi:

`arca gamzarda dedama, arca metyoda nanasa,gareT gadgamdiT akvansa, SigniT metyodiT nanasa.roca Sin Semiyvanidi, yelze madebdi danasa...~

134

ras niSnavs es `gareT gadgmuli akvani~ da `Signidan nam-Reri nana~ an yelze daRerebuli dana? xom ar migvaniSnebses yamaris araCveulebriv bavSvobaze, mis idumalebriv war-moSobaze? amiranis akvanic xom gareT, iamanis wyaroze iyogadgmuli. xom ar iyo yamari iseTive moZulebuli Svili,rogorc zRapris geri, romelic ufliswulma unda gamo-ixsnas da didebaSi Seiyvanos, anu misi faruli dideba ga-moaaSkaravos? (amis Taobaze ix. `eTeriani~). radgan bro-lis koSki ar aris is adgili, sadac asuli Tavisi nebiT im-yofeboda, asuls ara aqvs sakuTari neba, is ar irCevs Tavisadgilsamyofels. is mxolod elis, rogorc elis murmaniskoSkSi gamomwyvdeuli eTeri abesaloms. qalis, aq yamaris,pasiuroba kidev ufro amZafrebs mis idumalebas. Tu ami-ranze, mis warmoSobaze raRac viciT, yamaris warmoSoba sa-idumloebiT aris moculi. ufro metic: Tavad yamaria sai-dumlo, romlis arc dasabami viciT, arc – bolo. ra rolsunda asrulebdes qali amiranis TavgadasavalSi, Tuki maTSexvedras qorwili ar agvirgvinebs? arc erT Canawer va-riantSi ar aris naxsenebi maTi qorwili – naxsenebi rom yo-filiyo, es zRapris dasasruli iqneboda. magram amiranisTqmuleba ar aris zRapari, rom qorwiliT dasruldes. rCe-ba motacebis aqti, rogorc aqti, Tavis TavSi dasrulebu-li, TviTkmari epizodi. amiT motacebas (gamoxsnas) Tavis-Tavadi, damoukidebeli Rirebuleba eniWeba.

motacebis Semdeg yamaris kvali ikargeba: mas ver vxe-davT amiranis gverdiT misi cxovrebis sabediswero wuTeb-Si, verc maSin, roca is martoa Tavis gabudayebaSi, verc –roca naTlias iwvevs orTabrZolaSi, verc – roca klde-zea mijaWvuli.

amirani yamaris mosataceblad ebrZvis Zalebs, romel-Tac RrubelT batoni ganagebs, caze Camokidebuli koSki-dan Camohyavs qali, da am aqtis CadeniT TiTqos gascdebaadamianur zRvars, is TiTqos adamianze meti gaxdeba. mag-ram mas moelis iseTi gansacdeli, romlis gadasatanadaRar hyofnis adamianuri Zala. mas win kidev erTi zRur-bli – gansacdeli elis gadasalaxavad.

X. ambri arabi. es gansacdeli mkvdarma ambri arabma mo-uvlina amirans, roca amirani Tavisi Zlierebis mwverval-ze iyo; roca is darwmunebuli iyo Tavis uZlevelobaSi, Ta-

135

vis erTaderTobaSi. vin aris ambri arabi, ra warsuli aqvs,ra gmiroba Caudenia – es arc amiranma icis da arc eposismsmenelebma ician. sad iyo misi Wabukobis asparezi, an vindaumarcxebia mas, arc es aris cnobili. is TiTqos sxva dro-Si da sxva sivrceSi arsebobda da sikvdilis SemdegRa Se-moiWra amiranis cxovrebaSi, rogorc cocxali dadastu-reba xalxuri Tqmisa: mjobs mjobi ar daeleva~. amirani Ta-vis Tavze ganicdis am andazis WeSmaritebas. is ismens am-bris dedisgan mware sityvebs, rogorc mxilebas:

`ais qveyanamc krulia, sadac Sen amiranobdi,Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa, boloze hjaWvianobdi.wesi Tu iyos dedaTi, advilad ginadirebdi~.

da sasowarkveTa moicavs mas, ormoc dRes iglovebssabneloSi jdomiT sakuTar Tavs. marcxi miT ufro samar-cxvinoa, rom igi mkvdrisagan aqvs nawvnevi. sasowarkveTamiT ufro autanelia, rom igi veRarasodes moaxerxebs am-bri arabTan Sebmas Tavisi saamayo Zalis gamosacdelad darom igi ambri arabis ara mTelma Zalam daamarcxa, aramedmisma naSTma – mkvdarma fexma, romelic urmidan gadmovar-dniliyo da miwaze naRari gahqonda. ambri arabTan Sexved-ram amiranSi CaTesa Surisa da sasowarkveTilebis Tesli,romelmac Semdeg gabudayebis (ZvelberZenTa hubrisis) na-yofi aRmoacena.

SeniSvna. Wabuki amirandarejanianSi~ faTerakebis da orTab-rZolebis maZiebeli gmiria, Wabukoba – misi erTaderTi saqmianoba.

XI. Zalis ganaxleba. am sasowarkveTilebidan, rome-lic araraobis Segnebam warmoSva, amirans naTlia gamoiy-vans. aq xdeba misi gardatexa, TiTqos sxva adamianad daba-deba. naTliam icis, rom es amirani, romelic ixveweba Za-lis momatebas, is Zveli amirani aRar aris, borotebas romebrZoda akvanSi danaTluli ZaliT. naTliam icis, amiraniam gaorkecebul Zalas sasikeTod ar gamoiyenebs. magramnaTlias, Tumca is yovlisSemZlea, ar ZaluZs uari uTxrasnaTluls saTxovarze, radgan naTlulis uflebaa, saCuqa-ri miiRos naTliisgan. naTliam icis, rom amiranisTvis essasikeTo ar iqneba, magram amiranma Tavad unda gamosca-dos is, rac man unda icodes, rogorc adamianma da rac mi-

136

si, rogorc adamianis, gamosacdelia. naTliam is bolomdeunda miuSvas, amoawurinos adamianuri SesaZleblobani, sa-kuTar Tavze ganacdevinos adamianSi moqceuli, TundacRvTiuri naTliisgan moniWebuli Zalis dasazRvruloba.naTliis codna absoluturia: is, RmerTi, Wvrets yvela Se-saZleblobas, maT Soris imasac, romelic amirans sabedis-wero orTabrZolamde miiyvans. meore mxriv, naTlias arSeuZlia uari uTxras naTluls. rogorc basili didi wers,`RmerTi uZluria adamianis Tavisufali nebis winaSe, masar SeuZlia misi iZuleba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis yov-lisSemZleobidan momdinareobs~. da amiransac, rogorcadamians, RvTis xatad Seqmnils, ar SeiZleba waerTvas Ta-visufali neba, Tunda igi borotebisken ixrebodes. erTa-derTi, rac `zRvars udebs~ RvTis yovlisSemZleobas, ada-mianis Tavisuflebaa. RmerTs ar `SeuZlia~ masze Zalado-ba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis naperwkalia adamianSi.

XII. gabudayeba (hubrisi). RmerTi ar akavebs, RmerTimiuSvebs. es RvTiuri miSvebaa. amirani miSvebulia da isicetoqeba imas, vinc miuSva igi.

Zalagaorkecebuli amirani sruliad marto aRmoCnde-ba. rogor warmoiSva es simartove? sad aris yamari, rom-lis mosapoveblad man arnaxuli gmiroba Caidina? ar viciT.mTxrobeli dums. araTu ar icis, arc ainteresebs yamarisbedi, radgan es arseba Tavad amirans aRar esaWiroeba. sadarian Zmebi – badri da usupi, romlebic Tan axldnen masganuyrelad da Semweoba gauwies yamaris mopovebaSi?mTxrobeli dums. amirans isini aRar esaWiroeba. Tavis ga-budayebaSi amirani marto unda iyos, rogorc absoluti,romelic ver iTmens Tavis gverdiT sxvas. erTi variantismixedviT, amirani Sin tovebs maT, Tan ar mihyavs saWabukod,xels SemiSliano. marTlac, Zmebi iqneb xelisSemSlelni yo-filiyvnen: amirani am qveynad xom yvelas unda dapirispi-reboda, raTa Tavisi Zalis `usazRvroeba~ gamoecada da ga-necada, raTa, sabolood, martodmarto darCeniliyo sa-kuTar TavTan. is ar unda SeCerebuliyo berikacis winaSe,romelTan orTabrZolasac Zmebi uTuod dauSlidnen. daamirani, raki mas naTlia miuSvebda mis nebaze, bolomde ga-mocdida Tavs anu im Zalas, romelic Tavisi egoneboda,radgan daviwyebuli eqneboda, visi moniWebuli iyo igi. ami-

137

rani mowyda kacobriobas – man Tavisive xeliT gaaudabur-gaaukacriela Tavisi garemo: arc toli, arc naklebi, arcmjobi, aRarc badri da usupi, aRarc yamari... arc devebi(garda erTaderTi calTvala devisa) – martodmarto mi-wasa da cas Sua, uflis winaSe, RvTis pirispir. miwas umZim-da amirani. raRacis molodini iyo.

sazogadoebisgan es kideganoba, asocialuroba, rac aS-karad SeiniSneba amiranis pirovnebaSi [tuiti: 315-316], sxvaaraferia, Tu ara misi gabudayebis, hubrisis gamoxatule-ba. is SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc socialuri struq-turis, figuralurad, keriis damangreveli `anti-siZe~ [Sa-raSiZe: 202-203]. g. SaraSiZe mis am Tvisebas monadireobas-Tan akavSirebs. Tumca amiranisTvis monadireoba gan-msazRvreli ar aris, magram is damatebiT aZlierebs hub-risis xifaTs. miTosuri monadire, rogorc wesi, am moti-viT iRupeba.

bolos, martod darCenili (sad arian misi Zmebi, sad arisyamari?) amirani kvlav obolia da kvlav boboqrobs, ro-gorc bavSvobaSi. meordeba misi boboqari, agresiuli bav-Svoba – moWarbebuli Zalis usagno demonstracia.

XIII. uflis gamowveva. `... maSin moicems guls, sazRvarsgadalaxavs da Sescodavs. misi Zala ki mis RmerTSia~ (abak.2:11). amiranis momrevi aRaravin darCa qveyanaze. es misi be-disweraa. sabedisweroa im azriT, rom gardauvalia misiSexvedra im berikacTan, romelmac erTxel Rame gaaTia mi-si mamobilis WerqveS da axlad mogvrili Svilis naTliobaSesTavaza. ar SeiZleba am berikacma ar moikiTxos igi, ardaxvdes mas gzaze, raTa mouvlinos axali gansacdeli. ami-ranma ganizraxa aseTi absurdi – absoluturi Zalis mflo-beloba, im wyarosi, saidanac moedineba misi Zliereba.

amirani devebis saxiT dabal sawyiss ebrZoda da misibrZola warmatebuli iyo (`amiranma devi dasca...~). axlanaTliis saxiT is umaRles sawyiss ebrZvis da dascems saku-Tar Tavs. erTxel amiranma moiTxova imaze meti, rac So-biTgan hqonda micemuli, da mieca. axla man moisurva gam-xdariyo imaze meti, rac iyo: amaRlebuliyo misTvis ZalismomniWebelze. naTliasTan SebrZolebiT man moindoma, rommadli, romelic mas mieca, misi buneba gamxdariyo. amiran-Si meordeba adamis dacema. `adamis dacema imaSi mdgomare-

138

obs, rom man RmerTTan metoqeoba arCia, raTa gaTanaswo-reboda mas, nacvlad imisa, rom mis madls ziareboda~ [mei-endorfi: 132]. amgvari ganzraxvis absurduloba yofiere-baSi pirvelad maSin gamoCnda, roca erTma ubrwyinvales-ma angelozma, romelic yvela sxva angelozze axlos iyogamCenTan, misi taxtis xelyofa ganizraxa – Svilma moin-doma, Camoegdo mama da misi adgili daeWira. am aqtiT – esiyo janyi, mwvervali gabudayebisa – sulier samyaroSi Se-movida boroteba, romelmac mere adamSi iCina Tavi. amira-nis sasjelic iseTive aucdenelia, rogorc sasjeli mojan-ye angelozisa. es aris misi mokveTa samzeodan, cocxalTaqveynidan da, rac ufro maRali iyo misi mdgomareoba, miTufro Rrma iyo misi dacema. amirani, rogorc adamiani,RvTis xats atarebs, RmerTma is Tavisufal arsebad Seq-mna. da raki Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia airCios RvTis sawi-naaRmdego, daupirispirdes kidec mas, vinc Seqmna igi. ro-gorc Toma akvineli wers, `borotebis arCevis SesaZleb-loba upiroboa, igi ar SeiZleba waerTvas srulyofil ar-sebas. aq aris Rrma safuZveli gansacdelisa da angelozisjanyisa, da, agreTve, adamianis gansacdelisa da janyisa,rogorc pirveli adamianisa, aseve yvela Cvenganis. es arisyoveli sulieri arsebis xvedri: man unda gaiaros gansac-deli TavisuflebiT~. SeiZleba Tu ara amiranis janyi gan-vixiloT mamis winaaRmdeg janyis saerTo tipologiur kon-teqstSi? kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi CarTva ber-Znuli Teogoniis tipologiaSi? kronosi Camoagdebs ura-noss, kronoss Camoagdebs zevsi. mojanye imarjvebs, mis-Tvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli. amiranis janyi,mxolod mcdeloba upiratesobis gamoCenisa, Tavis TavSi-ve gulisxmobs sasjels. amiranis eposi misdevs semitur ya-idas, romlis Tanaxmadac mama yovelTvis gamarjvebulia,misi marcxi warmoudgenelia, radgan is absoluturi mamo-bis gansaxierebaa.

XIV. mijaWva. amiranis sasjelis adgili igive adgilia,sadac man berikacs orTabrZola gaumarTa. Serkineba xde-ba an romelime maRal mTaze (ialbuzi, brutsabZela, sayor-nia...), an samWedlosTan, an gzajvaredinze. maRali mTa, mTismwvervali kargad gamoxatavs misi zvaobis, gabudayebismwvervals, saidanac unda daiwyos misi dacema. is palo Tu

139

uflis yavarjeni, romelsac Zvra ver uyo amiranma, raki uf-lis brZanebiT fesvebi gaidga dedamiwis gulSi, iqceva imsvetad, sadac miejaWveba meamboxe gmiri. mijaWva ar akma-ra mrisxane naTliam – zed kldec gadaaxura, raTa kacTa-gan uxilavi yofiliyo, rogorc dabeWdili saidumlo. da-eca amirani. daeca, rogorc is angelozi, romelzec bib-liaSia naTqvami: `rogor Camoemxe cidan, mTiebo, Zeo gan-Tiadisa! miwas daenarcxe, xalxTa mtarvalo! guSin ambob-di: cad avxdebi, RvTis varsklavTa zemoT taxts davidgamda davjdebi sakrebulo mTaze, Crdilo kalTebze. maRlaRrublebSi aviWrebi, uzenaess gavutoldebio! magram Sa-veTSi Cadixar, qvesknelis ufskrulebSi...~ (esaia, 14: 12-15).is, rac daemarTa amirans, ar aris ganpirobebuli mis gare-Se arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT, arc winaswarganCi-nebiT (anu bedisweriT), aramed gamowveulia misi Tavisu-fali nebiT. aq aris tragedia ara bediswerisa, rogorc an-tikur dramasa Tu miTosSi, aramed tragedia Tavisufalinebisa, rogorc qristianuli epoqis dramaSi (Seqspiri, ib-seni, vaJa-fSavela...). n. berdiaevi erTgan wers, rom `nam-dvili tragedia aris tragedia Tavisuflebisa da ara be-diswerisa~. amiranis saqmeSi ar Cans bediswera. ar Cans arcwinaswarmetyveleba, romelsac unda gaurbodes is, ro-gorc oidiposi an aqilevsi gaurbian. bevri niSniT amiranienaTesaveba aqilevss [tuiti: 309-310, 315-6, 319-320], mag-ram am erTaderTi gadamwyveti niSniT Sordeba. es aris Ta-visufali neba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba, rasac moklebu-lia elinTa saxelganTqmuli gmiri.

amiranis sasjelis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mijaWvamsamani daudo mis hubriss, iseve rogorc codvis SedegadSemosulma sikvdilma adams mis bunebaSi codvis gamaradi-sebis perspeqtiva aacila. aq Cans sasjelis ambivalentu-roba, rac esoden nacnobia elinuri tragediisTvis. Tav-sdatexilma ubedurebam, rogorc RvTis sasjelma, kaTar-zisi unda dabados. amiranis tragedia elis kaTarziss.

XV. mijaWvuli amirani. amirani garidebulia kacobri-obas. misi Tavdapirveli obloba absoluturi martoobissaxes iRebs. martoobis ganaCeni man Tavadve gamoutana Ta-vis Tavs, roca gabudayebis periodSi ganudga yvelas da,sabolood, yovlis pirvel mizezsa da dasabams aujanyda.

140

ar arian mis gverdiT arc misi Zmebi da arc yamari. sad arisSemwe, mrCeveli da mosarCle? RmerTma dasaja da adamianirogorRa gamoesarClos? aRarc metoqe, romelTanackvlav gamocdida Zalas. ukanaskneli Zala, romelmac is mi-ajaWva, klded aris aRmarTuli. axla is martoa Tavis Tav-Tan, dasrulda epikuri dro da daiwyo egzistencialuri,misi sakuTari pirovnuli dro. am tyveobaSi mis garSemoCndebian sruliad axali personaJebi. aq aris goSia, romel-mac mTeli wlis manZilze unda lokos jaWvi, gawyvetamdemiiyvanos igi, raTa mWedlebma kvlav gaamrTelon. es xdebavnebis kviras, did xuTSabaTs, roca mWedlebi dilaadria-nad ubrad grdemlze uros scemen TavTavianT samWedlo-ebSi da maTi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iq, gamoqvabulSi, jaW-vi kvlav iWedeba. mTiuluri Tqmuleba amgvarad gadmog-vcems amiranis jaWvTa yovelwliur ganaxlebas mWedlebismier: `aRdgomis sami dRis win, did xuTSabaTs, mWedelmagrdemls kveri unda dahkras, Toro amirani aiSvebs damWedlebs emterebao. ramdenjerac kvers grdemlze dah-kramen, imdens muSkias lokviT gaTxelebuli amiranis jaWvi gas-qeldebao. amirani aq, mleTaSia dabmuli~ [kaiSauri: 107].

aqvea Citi, romelic periodulad ajdeba palos, raTaamiranma palo, romelsac is aryevs mTeli wlis manZilze,Tavisda uneburad kvlav myarad CaaWedos kldeSi. palozeSemomjdar am ucxo, saidanRac Semofrenil frTosans wiliudevs TiTqos ukve Tavdaxsnili amiranis xelmeored mi-jaWvaSi. amirani palos abrunebs miwis siRrmeSi. ras niSnavses? risi niSania es Citi? imis xom ara, rom is jer kidev araris mzad gasaTavisufleblad? es uneburi TviTSeborkvaxom ar aris gamoxatuleba im codvisa, romlisganac igi jerkidev ar gaTavisuflebula? an im absurdisa, romelSic sa-kuTar ZalaSi dajerebam Caagdo? igive Zala, romelic misiimedi da siamaye iyo, iqceva mis kvlav mimjaWvelad. es Zalaxom mainc misi sakuTreba ar aris – es misi naTliis Zalaa,romelic mibarebuli hqonda mas. igive Zala ajaWvavs mas kvlavganmeorebiT da ase iqneba, sanam amirani amas ar mixvdeba.

goSia – miwis arseba – exmareba, Citi – cis arseba – xelsuSlis. es imas xom ar niSnavs, rom ca jer kidev ar aris Ta-naxma misi gaTavisuflebisa? ca kvlav gansacdels ugzav-nis mas, kvlav elis misgan pasuxs. sijiutea, rom abrkolebsmis gaTavisuflebas. jer sijiute unda daiZlios.

141

XVI. gaTavisuflebis mcdelobani. Tanaxmad ramdeni-me variantad arsebuli Tqmulebisa, romelic SeiZleba ami-ranis eposis epilogad miviCnioT, is klde, sadac mijaWvu-lia gmiri, Svid weliwadSi erTxel iReba. ca kvlav aZlevsSanss...

erT-erT am gaxsnas Seeswreba erTi usaxelo mwyemsi, me-naxire, mecxvare Tu monadire [arjevaniZe: 95; Ciqovani1947: 335, 338, 346]. eposis dasawyisSi, mis prologSi, vxe-davT monadires, romelmac ipova bavSvi da ixsna daRupvi-sagan. epilogSi kvlav vxvdebiT monadires, romelsac am-Jamadac amiranis gadarCenis misia akisria. am monadiremamiranis davalebiT Sinidan (an samWedlodan) unda wamoi-Ros jaWvi (sakideli), romlis saSualebiTac amiranma Ta-visken unda miizidos xmali, raTa gakveTos borkilebi. mo-nadirem ubrad unda wamoiRos es sakideli – aravis gascesxma, aravis gamoepasuxos. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqnebawarmateba mis mcdelobas. Cveulebriv, monadire yovel-Tvis icavs akrZalvebs sanadirod wasvlamde ramdenimedRiT adre. marxulobs, mdumarebs, ar ekareba cols. am ak-rZalvaTa Sesrulebazea damokidebuli misi warmateba na-dirobisas.

magram monadire ver daicavs dumilis aRTqmas. abeza-ri coli daacdeninebs sityvas amiranis gamosaxsnelad mi-maval qmars. monadire veRar miagnebs kldes da amiranisgaTavisuflebis saxsaric ispoba. monadire ver icavs du-mils, mWedlebi ki icaven, roca ubrad scemen grdemlzeuros, da maTi moqmedeba warmatebulia (gavixsenoT, romarsebobs sakmaod gavrcelebuli cikli TqmulebaTa ak-rZalvis damrRvevi monadiris Sesaxeb). mWedeli icavs aR-Tqmas, monadire – arRvevs. es imas niSnavs, rom jer kidevWarbobs is tendenciebi, romlebic amiranis mijaWvis pi-robebs qmnian.

ras gveubneba xelmocaruli monadiris Tqmuleba? es Tqmu-leba Citis epizodTan erTad gveubneba, rom amirans isev da isevfizikuri Zalis imedi aqvs: is cdilobs fizikuri ZaliT aiSvasTavi – palo moaryios, xmali moizidos borkilTa gasakveTad.magram es borkilebi iseTi borkilebia, romlebic xmliT ar ga-ikveTeba. isini sxva Zalam unda axsnas.

Tqmuleba kidev, da es mTavaria, gveubneba, rom sanamadamiani aseTia, rogorc is monadire, romelic arRvevs

142

aRTqmas, manam amirani mijaWvuli iqneba. amirani sworedimitom aris mijaWvuli, rom kacTa modgma ar aris srul-yofili. amiranis mijaWvuloba adamianTa sisustiT arisganpirobebuli. sanam arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, romkacTa modgmaSi irRveodes aRTqma da fici, amiranic mijaW-vuli iqneba da is verasodes daixsnis Tavs borkilebisgan.ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom amirani codvili kacob-riobis gansaxierebaa, rom is atarebs kacobriobis cod-vebs, Sekrulia am codvebiT. da Tu kacobriobaSi aRmoC-ndeba erTi wmida kaci, is erTic sakmarisi iqneba, rom ami-ransac daudges Tavisuflebis dRe – misi SeTxelebuliborkili sabolood gawydes, moryeuli paloc saboloodamovardes.

jaWvi, rogorc sagani, sabediswero xdeba amiranisTvis.is ambivalenturia: jaWviT aris is dabmuli da jaWviTvecdilobs gaTavisuflebas. sxva TqmulebaSi (megrulSi) mo-nadires mwyemsi enacvleba, romelsac jaWvi miaqvs amira-nis dasaxsnelad. mwyemss monadireebi SeSlilad CaTvlianda amiranisTvis gamzadebuli jaWviT Sekraven. amis Semdegmwyemsi wyevlis monadireebs. yazbegis kldeze, ambobsTqmuleba, hkidia es jaWvi, unda vifiqroT, ara amiranis ga-Tavisuflebis simbolod, aramed imis niSnad, rom es saSua-leba ver gaaTavisuflebs mas.

xalxis SefasebiT, Tu amirans gaTavisufleba uweria,unda gaTavisufldes gardaqmnili amirani da ara iseTi, ro-goric miajaWves. aseTi amiranis aSveba araTu kacobrio-bis, aramed mTeli bunebis gamanadgurebelic aris. vaJasleqss `amirani~ amgvari SeniSvna axlavs: `fSavlebis war-modgeniT, rodesac amirani aRdgeba, maSin bunebaSic are-uloba moxdeba~. xalxi, romelmac misi Tqmuleba Seinaxa,imitomac ekideba TanagrZnobiT mijaWvul gmirs, rom igimasSi sakuTar Tavs – codvaTa borkilebiT dabmuls – xe-davs da gaTavisuflebas elis. es monadire xalxis warmo-madgenelia. ara mxolod monadirea pasuxismgebeli, ara-med TiToeuli Cvengani pirovnulad monawileobs misi sa-tanjvelis gaxangrZlivebaSi. amiranis sasjeli Cveni sas-jelia. xalxis Tvalsazrisi dasjili amiranis bedze mkafi-od Cans erT moxevur TqmulebaSi. rodesac gamarjvebebiTgabudayebulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba mo-indoma, RmerTma is amisTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze mia-

143

jaWvao. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebelmters gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da dab-mul amirans SeWmas upirebda. magram misi es ganzraxva wm.giorgis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gvele-SapisaTvis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani cod-vebis mosananieblad davabi da ara Sen gasaZRomado, man-dve gaqvavdio~. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula[makalaTia: 242].

vinc amas ambobs, mas ar gaumetebia amirani samudamo sa-tanjvelisTvis, jojoxeTisTvis. es gveleSapi jojoxeTsatarebs Tavis TavSi, is modis, rom sabolood STanTqas ami-ranis sicocxle. magram amirani unda gadarCes da igi mis-mave sakuTarma Zalam unda gadaarCinos. Tumca misi mxsne-li Zala ar iqneba fizikuri Zala, aramed Zala sinanulisa,raSic unda STainTqas misi urCoba da ampartavneba. eposisSemnaxveli xalxic ase fiqrobs. is ar gansjis amirans, mxo-lod elodeba mis moqcevas. is TanaugrZnobs mas, mis tan-jvas, is ar gansjis, radgan `ukanaskneli sja mxolodRmerTs ekuTvnis, adamians ki arasodes ar SeuZlia gansa-jos RvTis qmnileba, rogorc sabolood daRupuli da ami-tomac unda uyvardes masSi xsnis potencia~ [berdiaevi:48].amiranSi ki aris xsnis potencia, SesaZlebloba gaTavisuf-lebisa sakuTari Zalmomreobisagan.

sasinanulod amirans micemuli aqvs vada. sasinanulodro-Jami mas ar warTmevia. es igrZnoba moxeur Tqmuleba-Si – misi azri saerTo suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. xal-xis sulma mSobliur landSaftSic ki – mTadqceul gvele-SapSi – amoikiTxa, rom cas sabolood ar gauwiravs adamia-ni, rom ca mis mxarezea.

`amiraniani~ ar aris dasrulebuli, misi dro-Jami aramowurula. siuJeturi dro emTxveva realur dros, ro-melic jer kidev miedineba. amirani kacobriobis istoriisyovel awmyoSia, is yvela epoqis Tanamedrovea.

blez paskali (1623-1662) werda, rom adamians ornairigansacdeli emuqreba: is SeiZleba Cavardes sasowarkveTi-lebaSi Tavisi uZlurebis gamo da SeiZleba gaampartavndessakuTar Tavze gadametebuli warmodgenis gamo. amiranimoicva sasowarkveTilebam uZlevel ambri arabTan Sexved-risas da – hubrisma, roca warmoidgina, rom misi momreviamqveynad da arc qveynis gareT aravin iyo. ambri arabis wi-

144

naSe Tavis uZlurebaSi darwmunebuli, ormoci dRe da or-moci Rame glovobda. misma naTliam, macxovarma ieso qris-tem, Seibrala igi da uzomo Zala mianiWa. magram roca ami-rans qveyanaze aravin darCa moureveli, mas daeufla hub-risi da Tavad macxovari gamoiwvia orTabrZolaSi. gaam-partavnebulma imis damarcxeba moindoma, vinc Zala miani-Wa. es iyo udidesi hubrisis gamovlineba, risTvisac amira-ni kldeze mijaWviT dasaja RmerTma.

SeiZleboda hubrisis gardaqmnili saxe dagvenaxa erTfragmentSi, sadac amirani wmida cxovelis uneblie mkvle-lad gvevlineba:

mTas iremi wamogvixta, casa swvdeba rqani misi,amiranma ro esrola, mo¡do marjvena mxarsao,mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari naxa rqasao

[Ciqovani 1981:21].

aSkaraa, rom es fragmenti im vrceli baladiseburi teq-stis nawilia, romelic amgvarad iwyeba: `sanadirod wamo-vidnen amiran da Zmani misni... mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqroiyo rqani misni, ucxo mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolisqvisi~ da a.S. (ix. VI epizodi). am baladis arc erT variantSijvari ar gvxvdeba, arc is Cans, rom es oqrosrqiani iremiraimeTi niSnulia. `amiranma boZali hkra, wiTlad dasWramxari misi~, da am qmedebas ar mohyveba tragikuli Sedegi.magram raki mas Tundac erT, unikalur variantSi, miewere-ba jvriani irmis mokvla, igi ar unda ugulebelvyoT, undaCavTvaloT amiranis ganwirulebis momaswaveblad am Zvel-TaZveli miTologemis saSualebiT. jer kidev agamemnoniagaxveuli am miTologemaSi: TqmulebiT, mas mouklavs ar-temisis wmida Sveli, rac misi tragikuli daRupvis mizezigamxdara. mogvianebiT igive mizezi mouswrafebs sicocx-les bizantiuri xanis berZen gmirs – digenis (`orgzis So-bil~) akritass. misi mokluli irmis rqebs Soris jvari dabeWebs Soris yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati aRmoCndada manac, rogorc zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi amiranma,gamoiglova Tavi: samasi daTvi movkali da samocdaori lo-mi da, aha, bedisweram wmida irems Semaxvedra, romelsacrqebSi jvari hqonda, Tavze varskvlavi da beWebze RvTis-mSobeli. codvaSi Cavvardi da unda movkvde~ [destunisi:

145

29-30]. digenisi iRupeba, rogor tipuri monadire, romel-sac nadirobisas Semoakvdeba nadirTpatronis rCeuli pi-rutyvi. amasTanave, SesaZloa, damatebiT misi codva daxo-cili nadiris gadametebul ricxvSic (samasi daTvi da sa-mocdaori lomi) gamoixata.

daismis kiTxva: romel epikur Tu miTologiur perso-naJebTan avlens amirani tipologiur naTesaobas im masa-lis mixedviT, romelic Cvens xelTaa, rogorc igi Cans Cve-namde moRweul TqmulebebSi – elin promeTevsTan? aseTiagavrcelebuli azri, magram Tu masalidan amovalT da arawinaswar SemuSavebuli azridan, amiransa da promeTevssSoris verc fundamentur da verc tipologiur msgavseba-naTesaobas ver vpovebT. tipologiuradac isini gansxva-vebulni arian. aris mxolod erTaderTi msgavseba maT So-ris – mijaWva. orive gmiri mijaWvulia da mijaWvis adgi-lad orive TqmulebaSi kavkasiis mTebia dasaxelebuli. eski sakmao sacdurs iZleva maTi gaigivebisTvis.

vin aris promeTevsi da vin aris amirani?promeTevsi uzenaesi RvTaebis, zevsis Taobisaa. maT sa-

erTo papa (uranosi) da didi deda (gea) hyavT. olimposismbrZaneblisgan igi arafriT aris davalebuli, arc damo-kidebulia masze. Tumca is ar ekuTvnis olimposze dabrZa-nebul RvTaebriv elitas, romelic ganagebs samyaros.

amirani Tumca saswaulebriv aris Sobili, mainc adamia-nia, adamianTa samyaros ekuTvnis. igi rom qriste RmerTisnaTlulia da misgan ZalamoniWebuli, swored imas mowmobs,rom is ierarqiulad dabla mdgomia. promeTevsi Semqmne-lia adamianTa modgmisa, romelsac amiranic ekuTvnis ela-dis sxva gmirebTan erTad (herakle, Tesevsi, persevsi dasxvani mravalni). promeTevsis sazrunavi adamianebia (ada-mianebi mas abaria), amiranisa – sakuTari Tavi, masze zru-navs ufali qriste.

promeTevsis Zalis, RvTaebrivi unarebis wyaro Tavad-vea, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zevsisgan ar aris davalebuli, ami-ranis Zlierebis wyaro ki ufalia.

promeTevsi da amirani kacobriobis ganviTarebis gan-sxvavebul safexurebs ekuTvnian. promeTevsis iaraRi arisWkua, gamWriaxoba, moxerxeba. amirani ki moqmedebs mxolodfizikuri ZaliT, rac migvaniSnebs, rom igi sxva, ufro Zve-li formaciis kacobriobas ekuTvnis. promeTevsis for-

146

macia meoreulia, igi axali kacobriobis warmomadgenelia.promeTevsi iseve upirispirdeba amirans, rogorc mraval-nacadi odisevsi fexmard aqilevss an omSi myivar menela-oss, romelTa epiTetebi fizikur Zalaze miuTiTebs. pir-velTa rigSia marko kraleviCi, romelic gansacdelis(ufalTan gancdili marcxis) Semdeg gadadis promeTevs-odisevsis formaciaSi.

gansxvavebulia maTi dasjis motivebic. sxvadasxva mi-Tologiuri tradicia promeTevsis mijaWvis mizezadTvlis: 1) kacTaTvis cecxlis motanas anu cecxlis saidum-los gamJRavnebas, 2) zevsis sabediswero saidumlos argam-xelas (rom zevss misi da Tetisis naSieri Camoagdebs tax-tidan), 3) aTenas motacebis mcdelobas.

amirani isjeba: 1) ufalTan gatolebis mcdelobisaT-vis, 2) ficis samgzisi gatexisaTvis (svanuri versiiT), daaramc da aramc cecxlis (an yamaris) motacebisaTvis. arcerTi varianti ar laparakobs cecxlis motacebaze da mismiwaze Camotanaze amiranis an mis ZmaTa xeliT. Tu cecx-lzea sadme laparaki, es exeba miwaze arsebuli cecxlispovnas, ara – motacebas. ar aris damajerebeli yamarisa dacecxlis igiveobis argumentebi: `promeTevsis oreuli,amirani, RrubelT ufals – pirimzes qaliSvils, mzeTuna-xavs mostacebs da colad SeirTavs. am SemTxvevaSi cecx-li mzeTunaxaviTaa Secvlili. asea gaformebuli amirani-anSi es motivi misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze~ [Ci-qovani 1959: 235]. aRvniSnav, rom motacebul mzeTunaxavsamirani colad ar irTavs. romc irTavdes da igi cecxlisgamoxatuleba iyos, es aqti mainc ar CaiTvleboda prome-Tevsiseul kulturul qmedebad. yamari, rogorc cecxli,motacebis Semdeg aRarsad Cans. Tuki moitaces, xalxisTvisunda yofiliyo motacebuli.

mijaWva mxolod saSualebaa dasjisa sxvadasxva dana-SaulisaTvis. mTavari sasjelis saxe ki ar aris, aramed sas-jelis mizezi da, erTgvarad, mizani. Tu meore kriteriu-miT davuwyebT Zebnas amiranis oreulebs, pirvel rigSi,Tvalwin warmogvidgeba iseTi personaJebi gansxvavebulisagmiro-miTologiuri tradiciebidan, rogorebic arianosuri narTebis baTraZi, somxuri eposis mheri da samxre-Teli slavebis marko kraleviCi, afxazuri tradiciis ab-rskili da megrulis aramxutu.

147

devebTan mebrZoli baTraZi, romelic ciuri mWedlisqurdalagonis mier aris gamowrTobili, Tavis Zalas Zua-rebis (jvarTa) da vacilebis (wm. eliebis) winaaRmdeg mi-marTavs. misi gabudayebis kulminacia RmerTTan Serkine-baa, sadac uZleveli baTraZi marcxdeba: dedamiwis simZi-mis gudas ki aswevs, magram oqros Zafis gorgalis awevasveRar SeZlebs, ris Semdegac igi aRiarebs, rom arsebobsmisi mjobi.

asparezoba mxolod marcxiT ar mTavrdeba – RmerTimzis mxurvalebiT acamtverebs mas. baTraZis Tqmuleba aricnobs mijaWvas [narTebi 1988: 270-272].

aseve mijaWvis gareSe mTavrdeba markos marcxi. mar-ko, dainaxavs ra, rom misi momrevi amqveynad aravinaa,ufals gamoiwvevs orTabrZolaSi. ufali Camodis dedami-waze, moxucis saxiT gamoecxadeba da dedamiwis wona gu-das daugdebs gzajvaredinze. marko ver aswevs, TumcamTel Tavis Zalas mas daaxarjavs. bolos ufali gaumJRav-nebs Tavs, marko inanebs, rom ufali orTabrZolaSi gamo-iwvia. uflis nebiT, marko kvlav uZlevel Wabukad darCe-ba, oRond amieridan orTabrZolaSi Zalis nacvlad xerxsada eSmakobas gamoiyenebs [slavTa simR.: 207-8]. aramxutusTqmuleba, gansxvavebiT `amiranianisgan~, mWidrod aris da-kavSirebuli konkretul eTnikur garemosTan (sof. jva-ri, cimintiebi, qardavebi, ServaSiZe, visTanac mas urTi-erToba aqvs). igi Tavidanve moZaladea da RmerTsac eur-Ceba. wm. giorgi mas, rogorc araqristians(!), verafers ak-lebs, RmerTi ki sjis: Zafs Semoaqselavs tanze, jaWvad uq-cevs da paloze daabams. aramxutusac Citi uSlis palosamoZrobas [Ciqovani 1947: 385]. arsebobs gayofiTebuli va-riantebi, sadac aramxutus tyviiT(!) klavs cimintia, TavsmoaWris da jgeges miarTmevs sofel jvarSi [Ciqovani 1947:386].

aseve eTnizebulia, da ufro Zlieradac, abrskilis af-xazuri Tqmuleba: is ebrZvis samSoblos (afxazeTis)mtrebs (eWvi ar aris, rom es motivi gviandeli warmoSobi-saa). mis biografiaSi ZiriTadi gmiroba devis mokvlaa. ga-ampartavnebul-gabudayebuli abrskili RmerTs etoleba– arafris didebiT ar uxris mas qeds. Tavs arasodes xris,RmerTs ar egonos, Tayvans mcemso. Tqmuleba orTabrZo-las ar icnobs. RmerTi sjis mas: jaWviT Seborkils Wlous

148

gamoqvabulSi (oCamCiris maxloblad) rkinis boZze miabme-vinebs. aqac vxvdebiT gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobas orvariantad: 1) Citis mizeziT misi palo kidev ufro RrmadiWedeba kldeSi; 2) afxazebi – aCbebi Tu cacbebi – miagne-ben abrskilis gamoqvabuls, magram imedgacruebulni ukan-ve dabrundebian [zuxba: 344-9; 9, 387-9]. adiReelTa narTe-bis meTaurma (Txamadam) nasiren-JaCem ganizraxa RmerTis(Txas) meufebis damxoba. adis oSxamaxoze (ialbuzze), Rmer-Tebis mTaze, da ebrZvis RvTaeba pakos, rom daibrunos war-Tmeuli cecxli. pako miajaWvavs nasirens oSxamaxos wver-ze. SevniSnavT, rom adiReuri simRera-moTqma mijaWvul na-sirenze `wvrilmanebSic~ ki imeorebs amiranis dramas. mog-vyavs es simRera:

`o uiy-uiy, narTo nasiren! uiy, uiy nasiren-JaCe! mu-xanaTuria Seni qcevani, RvTis sityvas da saqmes Sen pa-tivs ar scem. o, RvTisagan SeCvenebulo, o, vinc mTazeaiyvanes, o, vinc mTaze miajaWves! Sens zemoT arwivia,gverdiT Seni ZaRli giwevs! aryevs grialiT svets, Citimofrindeba xolme, svetze jdeba. Sen brazdebi, ehei,yviri, qvas esvri, svets xvdeba, sveti ufro Rrmad er-Woba. Sens gverdiT ZaRli wevs, jaWvs RrRnis, Zafis sis-qes xdis. roca galokavs, mWedlebi samWedloSi sisxamdiliT grdemlze uros scemen, jaWvi kvlav mTliande-ba, rogorc iyo... vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakaveb-des mand dasaRupavad~

[narTebi 1974: 273-4].

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs amiranis bed-Tan tipologiuri an, SesaZloa, geneturi msgavseba-siaxloviT somexTa mheri umrwemesi, sasunelTa modgmisukanaskneli gmiri. misi bavSvoba iseTive boboqaria, ro-gorc amiranisa, xolo gabudayebis zRurblze dedamiwasaRar surs misi atana (siarulisas fexebi miwaSi efloba),anu is dawyevlilia miwisagan. misi bolo kldis gamoqvabu-lia, rasac mhers misi ded-mama uwinaswarmetyvelebs, ro-ca igi maT saflavebs CasZaxebs SemweobisTvis da mhericmiadgeba kldes, magram manamde is orTabrZolaSi iwvevsRmerTs (`an Semerkine, an waiRe Cemi suli~), romelic masSvid angelozs SeabrZolebs. magram amaoa mheris cda: misi

149

elva-xmali verafers aklebs uxorcoT. damarcxebulmamherma sakuTari maxviliT gaapo klde, romlis wiaRSi `sa-mudamod~ unda datyvevebuliyo. klde weliwadSi orjerixsneba – vardavarisa da amaRlebis dResaswaulebze. mhe-ri gamodis gareT, magram kvlavindeburad miwas ar sursmisi zidva, is cxenianad efloba miwaSi. kldis erT-erTigaxsnisas Semodis mwyemsi da mis kiTxvaze, rodis gamox-val aqedano, mheri aZlevs sagulisxmo pasuxs: `Tu axla av-deqi da gamovedi, ver amitans me miwa. sanam es wuTisofeliborotebiT aris savse, sanam aseTi crua miwa, me ar mecxov-reba qveyanaze. roca daemxoba es sofeli da kvlav aSende-ba, roca xorblis marcvali kaklisodena gaxdeba, roca as-kilis nayofiviT gaxdeba xorblis marcvali, ai, maSin dad-geba Cemi dRe da im dRes gamoval aqedan~ [sasuneli: 340-341]. rogorc vxedavT, mheris gaTavisufleba iseve, ro-gorc amiranisa, esqatologiur perspeqtivasTan, qveynisferiscvalebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mheris RmerTmeb-rZoli neba motexilia, igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kaTarzisisprocesSi imyofeba da elis saboloo, esqatologiur Jams.ganwmedil-ganaxlebuli mheri da `axali ca da axali miwa~Seegebeba erTmaneTs.

yvela am TqmulebaSi gamoxatulia tragedia adamiani-sa, romelic ver egueba adamianur dasazRvrulobas da cdi-lobs gascdes kacobriv sazRvars, gautoldes RmerTs,risTvisac isjeba. erTaderTi marko ar isjeba. mas miemad-leba sxvarigi Zala – igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, am marcxiani or-TabrZolidan axal adamianad ibadeba. marko rwmundeba fi-zikuri Zalis umweobaSi, roca absolutur Zalas Seejaxe-ba. orTabrZola misi gakveTili iyo. amiranisTvisac gak-veTilia es sabediswero Serkineba Tavis naTliasTan, isicunda darwmundes, rom adamianSi moqceuli Zala uflis wi-naSe araraobaa. is, rac markos pirovnebaSi moxda, aris gar-daqmna – metanoia, TvalTaxedvis Secvla, anu sinanuli, ra-sac RmerTi elis mijaWvuli amiranisagan.

promeTevsi ki arc adamiania da, amis gamo, arc sinanu-lis gancda aqvs, arc zevsi moelis misgan sinanuls. amira-nis tragedia gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre promeTevsisa, rom-lis bedi zevsis kaprizze Tu TviTnebobazea damokidebu-li. amave dros promeTevsi ukve gamoxsnilia, magram is ix-sna gareSe Zalam da ara Sinaganma mzadyofnam xsnisaTvis.

150

Tumca Sinaganis problema arc dgas mis winaSe. es adamianisproblemaa, promeTevsi ki adamiani ar aris.

dasasrul, momyavs h.-g. gadameris lakoniuri daskvnebi,romlebiTac man daasrula Tavisi narkvevi promeTevsze:

`ase iqceva promeTevsi simbolod kacobriobis TviT-tanjvisa sakuTari sindisiT, cnobierebis tragediis sim-bolod~. da kidev: `masSi kacobrioba, visTvisac is itanje-ba, Wvrets sakuTar Tavs~. da bolos: `me meCveneba, rom pro-meTevsis istoria iseve daumTavrebelia, rogorc Tavadadamianis istoria~ [gadameri: 255].

me meCveneba, rom es sityvebi ufro amiranis egzisten-cialur mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, vidre promeTevsisas.istoriaSi promeTevsis drama dasrulebulia, is heraklesgamomsyidvelma aqtma gaauqma, amiranisa ki dRemde grZel-deba `mijaWvul~ Tu gamoqvabulSi gamomwyvdeul (gavixse-noT platonis miTosi gamoqvabulze `saxelmwifoSi~) kac-Ta modgmasTan erTad.

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografiaCMOMÏ K-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTulixalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, mec-niereba~, Tb., 1971.

berdiaevi: Áåðäÿåâ Í., Ýðîñ è ëè÷íîñòü, Èçä. “Ïðîìåòåé”, Ì., 1989.

gadameri: Ãàäàìåð Ã.-Ã.Àêòóàëüíîñòü ïðåêðañíîãî, “Èñêóññòâî”,

Ì., 1991.

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.

destunisi: Äåñòóíèñ Ã., Ðàçûñêàíèÿ î ãðå÷åñêèõ áîãàòûðñêèõ

áûëèíàõ ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ïåðèîäà, ÑÏá, 1883.

eliade 1965: Eliade M., Rites and Symbols of Initiation, The Mysteryof Birth and Rebirth, Harper Torchbooks, NewYork, 1965.

eliade 1974: Eliade M., Patterns in Comparative Religion, New Ame-rican Library, New York, 1974.

zuxba: zuxba s., afxazuri zepirsityviereba, Tsugamomcemloba, Tb., 1988.

kaiSauri: kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, mecniereba~,Tb., 1978.

kampbeli: Campbell J., The Hero with a Thousand Faces, BollingenSeries XVII, Princeton University Press, 1973.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

151

kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia I, jvari dasaymo, quTaisi, 1996.

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, saa-ri~, 2006.

makalaTia: makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.meiendorfi: Ìåéåíäîðô Èîàíí, Ïðàâîñëàâèå â ñîâðåìåííîì

ìèðå, New York, 1981.

miTebi: Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, ò. I, “Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì., 1980.

narTebi 1988: narTebi, osuridan Targmna meri cxovre-bovma, irisToni~, cxinvali, 1988.

narTebi 1974: Íàðòû, Àäûãåéñêèé íàðîäíûé ýïîñ, «Íàóêà», Ì., 1974.

nekliudovi: Íåêëþäîâ Ñ.Þ. Ãåðîè÷åñêîå äåòñòâî, èñòîðèêî-

ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, Ì., 1984.

propi 2000: Ïðîïï Âë., Èñòîðè÷åñêèå êîðíè âîëøåáíîé ñêàçêè,

“Ëàáèðèíò”, Ì., 2000.

raglani: Raglan L., The Hero of Tradition, The Study of Folklore, ed.Dundes A., University of California and Ber-kley, 1965.

rexviaSvili: rexviaSvili n., qarTuli xalxuri metalur-gia, mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Tsu folkloris-tikis kaTedris Sromebi 2, Tb., 1998.

sasuneli: Äàâèä Ñàñóíñêèé. Àðìÿíñêèé íàðîäíûé Ýïîñ,

“Ñîâåòñêèé ïèñàòåëü”, Ë., 1982.

svanuri: svanuri poezia I, Tb., 1935.slavTa simR.: Ïåñíè þæíûõ ñëàâÿí, “Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòó-

ðà”, Ì., 1976.

tuiti: Tuite K., Achilles and Caucasus, The Journal of Indo-EuropeanStudies, vol. 26, N 3-4, 1998.

SaraSiZe: Charachidzé G., Prométhée ou le Caucase, Essai de mytho-logie contrastive, Flamarion, 1986.

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1947.

Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m., qarTuli eposi I, mijaWvuli ami-rani, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTaakademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1959.

Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m., amiranis Tqmulebis poeturiCanawerebi, epikuri Janrebi, qarTulifolklori X, mecniereba~, Tb., 1981.

152

samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~

`eTeriani~ cameti variantis safuZvelze pirveladp. umikaSvilma gamoaqveyna 1875 wels. gamomcemeli mas zRa-pars~ uwodebs (`abesalom da eTeris zRapari iseTi ramaris...~) da, marTlac, am ambavs variantTa umetesobaSizRapris samoseli mosavs Tavisi tradiciuli winkariT –`iyo-da-ara-iyo-ra~. zogierT CanawerSi gazRaprebis pro-cesi bolomdea misuli: ambavi zRapriseuli klasikuri da-sasruliT – qorwiliT da Wiri-iqa-lxini-aqa~-Ti mTavrde-ba, radgan ar gamoCndeba murmani da, cxadia, arc im trage-dias rCeba adgili, romelic `eTerianis~, rogorc samij-nuro eposis individualobas qmnis. am saxis variantebSieposi mTlianad Zleulia zRapris stiqiisagan. gazRapre-bis tendencia gasagebia, ramdenadac es TxrobiTi Janri,rogorc misi sakuTreba, sxva JanrTagan yvelaze ukeTesadmiesadaga xalxis cnobierebas (rogorc davinaxeT, `amira-nianic~ ver ascda am tendencias).

msgavsad `amiranianisa~, `eTerianic~ prozisa da leq-sisgan Sedgeba. prozac da leqsic mTeli saqarTvelos far-glebSi (da mis gareTac) aris dadasturebuli. `eTerianis~pirveli gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi werda: `es eTeria-ni, Sedgenili saxalxo leqsebisa da pirad naTqvamobisa-gan, romelnic darCenilan dRevandlamde saqarTvelosyvela nawilebSi. zemoxsenebuli leqsebi da pirad naTqva-mobani (ricxviT cametni) ekuTvnis Semdeg adgilebs:qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samcxes (axalcixis mazras), xev-sureTs, xevs (Tergisas) da qalaq mozdoks~ [eTeriani 1875].aq `naTqvamoba~ prozaul monaTxrobs gulisxmobs, rome-lic sakmaod sxvaobs variantebSi. ar arsebobs kanonikuriprozauli xalxuri teqsti. leqsi ki ucvlelia da met-nak-lebad inarCunebs Tavis saxes Canaweridan CanawerSi. es kiimas unda niSnavdes, rom poeturi teqsti `eTerianSi~ pir-veladia, arqetipulia, prozauli ki – meoradi, Semavsebe-li. amitomac zRapradqceul variantebSi poetur Canar-Tebs ver vxvdebiT – aseTia variantTa wre I (ix. qvemoT).Tumca sxva SexedulebiT, `eTerianis eposis birTvi pro-zaulia~ [qurdovaniZe 1975: 115] da, ufro metic: eposi zRap-ris niadagzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi pirvelwyaro ariszRapari [qurdovaniZe 1975: 114, 113]. Znelia am Tvalsazri-

153

sis miReba, ramdenadac zRaparSi, rogorc aseTSi, ver aR-movaCenT iseT `birTvs~, romelic misi siuJetis tragikulganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli optimiz-mi ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas.

`eTerianis~ arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rommisi sxeulis mdgradi fena – leqsiTi nawili ZiriTadad di-aloguria, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom `eTerianis~arqetipuli teqsti romantikuli drama iyo. dialoguro-ba SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur Sesrulebasacmowmobdes [qurdovaniZe 1975: 119]. es dialogebia: dialo-gi abesalomsa da eTers Soris, romelic mTavrdeba abesa-lomis ficiT eTerisadmi; dialogi abesalomsa da murmansSoris; dialogi marexsa da eTers Soris; ukanaskneli dia-logi abesalomsa da eTers Soris. dialogebSi Cabmuliaeposis yvela personaJi, vinc ki individualur saxes ata-rebs. mTavari personaJebis dialogebi iwyebs da amTavrebsnawarmoebs. leqsiTi variantebi eposis mTels Sinaarss mo-icavs dawyebuli striqonebiT `abesalom da eTeri Rmer-Tma Segvyara erTferi~ da damTavrebuli striqonebiT`Sen, Cemo moyvris danao, ubes midevxar ganao, amogiReb dadavicem marjvena ZuZusTanao~ [eTeriani 1954: 44].

aSkaraa, rom `eTeriani~ ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi,romlis siuJets zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arse-bobs variantTa sxva wre, sadac eTeris warmoSoba ar ukav-Sirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar monawileobenzRapris tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi dedi-nacvali, geri, keTili dedaberi). variantebis gansxvave-bul wreTa arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs `eTerianis~warmomavlobas da, kerZod, eTeris, rogorc personaJis,vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia pirveladi – `eTeri-geri~ Tu`eTeri-tyiuri~? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom mi-si arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da `eTerianis~ dRemdeSemorCenili variantebi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebu-li wyarodan momdinareobs? aseve daismis kiTxva `eTeria-nis~ dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi ambavi eTe-riT iwyeba (aqedanaa dakanonebuli saxelwodeba `eTeria-ni~). magram ipoveba variantebi, arcTu mcirericxovani, sa-dac ambavi abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romeliapirveladi? aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cve-

154

ulebriv, iwyeba im personaJiT, romelic mTavaria Txro-baSi, anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi.

amgvarad ismis kiTxvebi: romelia `eTerianSi~ mTavarigmiri? an rogor poulobs abesalomi eTers – ZebniT, ro-gorc gazRaprebul variantebSia (wre I-II), Tu – tyeSi Sex-vedriT (wre III)?

gaCnda arcTu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom `eTeriani~ wignu-ri warmoSobisaa. p. ingoroyva `eTerians~ CamoTvlis im li-teraturul nawarmoebTa Soris, romelTagan an fragmen-tebia SemorCenili an mxolod saxelebi. `rogorc Tavisdroze gamorkveuli gveqneba, – am romanidan aris warmo-Sobili dRemde Senaxuli xalxuri Tqmuleba `abesalom daeTeri~, – iseve, rogorc SoTas vefxis-tyaosnidan SemdegwarmoiSva xalxuri vefxis-tyaosani~ [ingoroyva 1924: 486].mkvlevari Seecada ucxour sakuTar saxelTa safuZvelzeemtkicebina Tavisi varaudi [ingoroyva 1938: 37-9].

CamovTvaloT wyeba im niSnebisa, romlebic, SesaZloa,amxeldes mis wignur warmoSobas:− xalxuri epikuri – zRapruli Tu arazRapruli – Txro-

ba ar aRiniSneba mravalpersonaJianobiT. arsebobs er-Ti, mxolod erTi mTavari gmiri, romelic atarebs epo-sis ideas, yvela danarCeni personaJi damxmareni arianda ara TavisTavadni. zRaparSi maT Tav-Tavisi funqcie-bi aqvT, romelTac isini mTavari gmiris mimarT asrule-ben da funqciis amowurvasTan erTad uCinardebian. romar vilaparakoT zRaparze, `amiranianis~ personaJebicaseve damokidebulni arian mTavar gmirze. maT, kerZod,amiranis Zmebs, TavisTavadi arseboba (egzistencia) argaaCniaT. isini uCinardebian, rogorc ki maTi funqciaamoiwureba. `eTerianSi~ sami damoukidebeli, TavisTa-vadi personaJia (rogorc `vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc`visramianSi~).

− `eTerianis~ personaJebi, gansxvavebiT folkloruliwarmomavlobis personaJebisgan, aratipurni, individu-alurni da unikalurni arian. maTi saxeebi arsad sxvaganar meordeba. xalxuri poetikisTvis ki mxolod tipuri,ganmeorebadi Tvisebebia yuradRebis Rirsi.

− moqmedebis motivireba, razec agebulia `eTerianis~drama, principulad ucxoa folklorisTvis. folklo-ruli gmiris moqmedebas ara aqvs motivacia. Tu fol-

155

kloris gmiri sCadis borotebas, is sCadis mas, rogorcborotebis gansaxiereba – sxvanairad mas moqceva ar Se-uZlia. aseTi ar aris murmani: igi sCadis borotebas araimitom, rom borotia, aramed imitom, rom sxva gamosa-vals ver xedavs [bardaveliZe: 202-203].

− folklorisTvis ucxoa gmiris feriscvaleba, rogor-sac ganicdian jer murmani, mere abesalomi. ver vifiq-rebT, – aseTia nawarmoebis logika, – rom murmani Tavi-danve, eTeris gamoCenamde, abesalomis orguli yma yo-filiyo.

− Rrma emociebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulis dinami-kuri gamomJaRvneba, maSin roca `xalxur eposSi siyva-ruli, Cveulebriv, statikur formaSia mocemuli~ [bar-daveliZe: 197]. Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, amiran-yama-risa da, meore mxriv, abesalom-eTeris urTierTobas damurmanis damokidebulebas eTerisadmi, maT Soris fun-damentur sxvaobas davinaxavT. amiranisaTvis yamarismopoveba sagmiro saqmea, misi, rogorc safalavno an mi-Tologiuri eposis an gmiris, gardauvali valdebule-baa. amiranis mizani ufro gamoxsnaa koSkSi gamoketilimzeTunaxavisa, vidre misi, rogorc qalis, daufleba. ami-ranis Semdgom TavgadasavalSi, mis morig zRurblebzeyamari aRar Cans. xolo rac abesaloms da murmans amoZ-ravebT eTeris mimarT, mxolod da mxolod Rrma adamia-nuri siyvarulis grZnobaa. zRapris gmirs siyvaruli aramoZravebs. sacolis motaceba Tu gamoxsna wmidawylisformaluri qmedebaa.

− dabolos, analogia kvlav `vefxistyaosanTan~ (p. ingo-royvas ZiriTadi argumenti): rom ar SemorCeniliyorusTavelis poema, xalxuri `vefxistyaosani~ anu `tari-eliani~, isic, msgavsad `eTerianisa~, zepirsityvieriwarmoSobis nawarmoebad iqneboda miCneuli. es iribi ar-gumentia, magram angariSi unda gaewios.

es argumentebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT `eTeri-anis~ elitarul warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZi-ruli kulturis dovlaTis (Gesunkenes Kulturgut) erT kerZogamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi [bauzingeri: 44-5; ko-kiara: 556-7]. qarTul folklorSi aseTebia: `tarieliani~,Sahnames xalxuri versiebi `beJaniani~, `rostomiani~, `ru-

156

sudaniani~ da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wya-roebi eZebnebaT.

dResdReobiT met-naklebad sruli (ramdenadac SeiZ-leba hqondes sisrulis pretenzia xalxuri Canawerebiskorpuss) gamocema `eTerianis~ variantebisa ekuTvnis m. Ciqo-vans [eTeriani 1954]. aq Tavmoyrilia 42 folkloruli Cana-weri saqarTvelos aTamde kuTxidan.

variantebi qvemoT yvelgan am gamocemaSi miCenili nom-riT aris miTiTebuli.

teqstis morfologia

`eTeriani~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:1. eTeris ambavi abesalomTan qorwilamde;2. ambavi abesalomisa da eTerisa da murmanisa qorwi-

lis Semdeg.arsebobs `eTerianis~ variantTa oTxi wre, romlebic

erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad sxvaoben ambis mxolod pirvelnawilSi, sadac Txroba abesalomisa da eTeris qorwilam-de aRwevs. es nawili ZiriTadi ambis (tragediis) eqspozi-cias warmoadgens. wreebi erTmaneTisgan eTeris warmomav-lobiT gansxvavdebian. variantTa erT wreSi eTeri geria(dediT oboli, dedinacvliT), meoreSi – dediT oboli (udedi-nacvlod), mesameSi – tyiuri, arwivisa (an daTvis) gazrdi-li (udedmamod). meoTxe wre Txrobis dasawyisis mixedviTaris gamoyofili: aq ambavi abesalomis gamoCeniT iwyeba.

nawili 1. eqspozicia(ambavi qorwilamde)

aq wamoiWreba problema: romelia Tavdapirveli eqspo-zicia eposisa?

– variantTa is wre, sadac eTeri geria?– Tu is, sadac eTeri udedinacvlo obolia?– Tu is, sadac eTeri arwivis (daTvis) gazrdilia?romeli wridan aris namdvili eTeri?ganvixiloT variantTa es wreebi – ra epizodebisgan

Sedgeba TiToeuli maTgani (vimeorebT, rom erTmaneTis-gan maT mxolod eTeris warmomavloba ganasxvavebs).

157

wre I. eTeri-geri

variantTa am wreSi `eTeri-geris~ mTeli Tavgadasava-li qorwilamde jadosnuri zRapris Sinaarss Seadgens.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am wris variantebis erTi mniSvne-lovani niSani poeturi nawilebis ararsebobaa. is mTlia-nad TxrobiTia, anu, p.umikaSvilis termins Tu gamoviye-nebT, `naTqvamobisgan~ Sedgeba. es imas niSnavs, rom igimTlianad moucavs zRapris stiqias.

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mashyavs antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, ro-melic misi sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipo-dia. igi mxolod pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaR-mdeg. zog variantSi dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobsTxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa, romlis saSualebiTac dedis su-li Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams.

II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rombeds ewios, romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvalimas samwyesurSi gzavnis, magram am gastumrebas gagdebissaxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos agzavnis tra-diciuli Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSve-obiT asrulebs.

III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebe-lic da mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlisSemdeg eTeri feriscvalebas ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma,romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs, misi momavali di-debulebis pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver uZlebsam gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es mo-tivi dadasturebulia msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qur-dovaniZe 2000: 480].

IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyalobamohyveba. furi, romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, da-ikvlis, misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba saidumlo adgilas, sadaceTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi da raSi[qurdovaniZe 2000: 510A].

V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxoasulad gamoCndeba xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalicaris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.

158

VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSiuvardeba.

VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.VIII. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos

abesaloms.IX. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris

mxileba. am dros xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomida eTeri [erT mesxur variantSi es epizodi retardaciu-lia: rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs sadedof-lod gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels,moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abe-salomisTvis, eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanadukan mobrunebuli abesalomi Tonidan amoiyvans eTers,kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].

X. fici abesalomisa.XI. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapa-

ri mTavrdeba, iq iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qor-wilis dros Semodis axali personaJi – murmani. droebiTSevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am epizodze da vnaxoT,ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.

wre II. eTeri-oboli (udedinacvlod)

(eTeriani 1954: 9, 28, 29, 33, 42)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyvnen Raribi col-qmari~, eTerismSoblebi, romlebic daixocnen.

II. ded-mamiT oboli eTeri Saragzaze gamvlel-gamomvlelsTavs uxilavs mSoblebis sulis saoxad (Tanaxmad RvTisTvis mi-cemuli ficisa). zogierT variantSi eTeri Tmas dedabers uxi-lavs, romelic amis sanacvlod asaCuqrebs mas.

III. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi eTers xis Ziras Sex-vdeba an Saragzaze, sadac eTeri gamvlel-gamomvlelsTavs uxilavs.

IV. eTeri Tavs uxilavs abesaloms RvTisadmi micemuliaRTqmis Tanaxmad.

V. CaZinebulT qriste RmerTi daagvirgvinebs.VI. abesalomis fici.VII. qorwili.

159

wre II-a. eTeri-oboli (mamiT, udedinacvlod)

(eTeriani 1954:4)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. eTeris mama `Zalian Raribi moxuci kacia~. deda ar Cans.II. eTeri gadis samwyesurSi. eTeri Tavad sTxovs mamas –

menaxired gauSvas. `dedinacvliani~ variantebis gagdebasaq nebayoflobiTi gasvla enacvleba.

III. Sexvedra tyeSi. abesalomi gahyveba Suqs, romlis wya-roa muxis fuRuroSi CaZinebuli eTeri. eTeri grZelTmia-ni mzeTunaxavia.

IV. abesalomis fici.V. qorwili.

wre III. eTeri – arwivis (daTvis) gazrdili

(eTeriani 1954: 13)

dasawyisi aq zRaprulia: `iyo da ara iyo ra...~ magrameTeri ara hgavs zRapris personaJs: is arc geria, arc obo-li. is uCveulod naSobia da tyeSia gazrdili. frinveli ancxoveli zrdis mas.ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. uSvilo col-qmari.II. qmari midis mkiTxavTan.III. kaci Wams colisTvis gankuTvnil sam vaSls.IV. eTeri Caisaxeba kacis kanWSi.V. moWril da gadagdebul kanWs arwivi Tu orbi (an daTvi)

waiRebs Tavis budeSi (bunagSi), kanWidan daibadeba eTeri.VI. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi Suqze miagnebs eTers.VII. Sexvedra da abesalomis fici.VIII. abesalomi saqorwilo (sadedoflo) samoseliT Se-

mosavs eTers da waiyvans sasaxleSi.IX. qorwili.

wre IV. ambavi abesalomiT iwyeba(eTeriani 1954: 2, 15)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. `abesalomi mefe iyo~. abesaloms esizmreba eTeri. su-raTiT eZebs dasizmrebul eTers. eTeris warmomavlobaucnobia.

160

II. abesalomi sanadirod gadis.III. Sexvedra abesalomisa da eTerisa `amur-wyalze~ an

`soflis bolos, wylis piras~.IV. fici abesalomisa.V. abesalomi Semosavs eTers.VI. qorwili (`Svidi dRe-Rame~).rogorc vxedavT, eqspoziciis (qorwilamdeli ambis)

variantebSi mTavari personaJi – eTeri sxvadasxva warmo-Sobisaa: sxvaa eTeri, rogorc dedinacvlis geri; sxvaa eTe-ri, rogorc udedinacvlo oboli; sxvaa eTeri, rogorctyeSi gazrdili (Tumca aq Semotanilia oblobis axali sa-xe, substanciuri udedmamobiT gaZlierebuli). aseve gan-sxvavebulia am variantebSi abesalomisa da eTeris Sexved-ris pirobebi

nawili 2. ambavi qorwilis Semdeg

jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis Semdeg ambis gadmocemaSiyvela variantSi epizodebi erTmaneTs arsebiTad emTxve-va. abesalomisa da eTeris ambis sakuTrivi nawili sworedes aris. Tu zRapari qorwiliT mTavrdeba, abesalomisa daeTeris ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, riTac isini emijnebianzRapris personaJebs. sadac mTavrdeba zRapari, iq iwyebatragikuli ambavi, romelic Semdegi epizodebisagan Sedgeba:

I. murmans Seuyvardeba eTeri, romlis xelSi Cagdebi-saTvis eSmaks mihyidis suls. variantTa umravlesobis Ta-naxmad, murmani jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis dros SemodisTxrobaSi.

II. xelSekruleba eSmakTan. sulis miyidva (murmani eS-makisgan Seityobs eTeris xelSi Cagdebis xerxs da qorwi-lis an jvrisweris dros gamoiyenebs mas). zogierT varian-tSi deda gaiRebs Tavis suls (eTeriani 1954:16).

III. saxeze fetvis Seyra da eTeris dasneuleba. erT mes-xur variantSi (26) eTers fetvs dedinacvali (zRapari amnawilSic aris SemoWrili!) ayris da ara – Tavad eSmaki anmurmani. ase rom, aq murmani Tavisufalia codvisagan. mur-manis saxe (is ar aris eSmakTan wilnayari) gafermkrTale-bulia.

IV. eTeris sneuleba – ras niSnavs igi? zogierTi vari-antis mixedviT, eTeris sneuleba moCvenebiTia (33).

161

V. abesalomi gadascems eTers murmans, romlis xelSieTeri ganikurneba. es ori aqti erTdroulia. sad xdeba ga-dacema? – jvarisweris dros, qorwilis dros, bednierebiskulminaciaSi.

VI. abesalomisa da murmanis dialogi. abesaloms surs,gaigos eTeris ambavi. es dialogi (erT-erTi saukeTeso ad-gili mTels `eTerianSi~, romelic TiTqmis yvela Canawer-Sia Semonaxuli) leqsis saxiT aris gadmocemuli: `murman,murman, Sensa mzesa, Cemi eTer ra dReSia?~ (var. `Seni colira rigia?~). kiTxvas mosdevs murmanis vrceli pasuxi: `raskiTxulob, caTa sworo, colis qeba augia...~ murmani aRu-wers abesaloms `brolis cixeSi~ gamoketili eTeris sila-mazes, romelic amieridan miuwvdomelia abesalomisTvis.

VII. abesalomi ueTerod – sneuli.VIII. murmanis gagzavna ukvdavebis wylis mosatanad an

salaSqrod (Zneli davaleba). murmanis gagzavnis mizaniabesalomisa da eTeris kvlav Seyraa. erT variantSi mur-mans dasneulebuli eTeri agzavnis ukvdavebis vaSlis mo-satanad faruli motiviT, rom didi xniT (an sabolood) mo-aridos `brolis cixes~, Tavad ki abesalomis sanaxavad wa-vides (16, kaxeTi).

IX. asparezze gamodis abesalomis da marixi rogorcelCi sneul abesalomsa da datyvevebul eTers Soris. zo-gierT variantSi sneuli abesalomis mesaidumle dedaa.fSaur versiaSi is kiTxulobs Svilis sneulobis mizezs:

`Svilo, visi gklavs survili, Zils ar gaZinebsmZinarsa,

waval da imas gipovni, wyals Caudgebi mdinarsa~.

abesalomis deda, iseve rogorc deda murmanisa, yve-lafrisTvis mzad aris. abesalomi agzavnis marexs am dava-lebiT: `adeqi, marex-marskvlavo, eTersa karsa uare, TugkiTxos Cemi ambavi, dajed da wvrilad uambe~. variantebsmeore dac – `mariam-marskvlavi~ an `varex-marskvlavi~ –SemohyavT. xalxuri Txrobis kanonis Tanaxmad, eTeri me-same misvlaze unda wamohyves elCs. es sami cda amgvaradSeiZleba ganawilebuliyo, risi kvalic SemorCenilia va-riantebSi: a. `marex-marskvlavi~ midis samjer, mesame mis-vlaze wamohyveba eTeri. kaxur variantSi (14) marexs or-

162

jer uxdeba eTerTan misvla. b. eTerTan midis jer deda,mere debi saTiTaod. bolo mimsvlels unda wamohyves eTe-ri. srulad arc erTi SesaZlebloba ar aris realizebuli.

aRsaniSnavia eTeris sayveduri, romelic yvela vari-antSi Tanabari mxatvruli mTlianobiT ar aris SemorCeni-li. eTeri ase mimarTavs abesalomis gamogzavnils: `marex-marskvlavo, ras brZaneb mag Senis tkbili eniTa, Tavs gvir-gvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTa~ (14, kaxeTi); `RvTisgandadgmuli gvirgvini ZaliT gadigdo xeliTa~ (9, qarTli).sxva variantis mixedviT, am sityvebs eTeri abesalomis me-ore das, maris mimarTavs: mari-qalo, iqiT wadi, nu damfer-fle eniTao, Tav gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTao~(10). am variantSi eTeri uaryofs marex-marskvlavis elCo-bas da mari-qals mihyveba abesalomTan.

X. eTeri midis abesalomTan. zogierTi variantis mixed-viT, mas martokas ar uSveben `brolis koSkidan~ – mazlebigamohyvebian (16), an yvelani – `sul Tan gahyvnen~ (2). is nam-dvili patimaria.

XI. ukanaskneli Sexvedra. is, rac abesalomsa da eTersSoris iTqmis maTi Sexvedrisas, ar aris adekvaturi imisa,rasac igi unda iwvevdes. TiTqmis yvela variantSi momak-vdavi abesalomi sTavazobs eTers `garjisaTvis~ (`Cemi nax-visTvina~, 19) oqro-vercxls, margalitebs, raSs, moaxle-ebs, anu mefur ZRvens (2), zogan – mxolod cxens: `eTersacxeni miarTviT, gava sqeli da maRali!~ (14). saCuqari SeTa-vazebulia, TiTqos mxolod im mizniT, rom eTers SesaZleb-loba mieces ganacxados: `eTersa cxeni ar unda, dana ubo-ZeT almasi~ (14). amas ambobs, Tumca mas Tana aqvs abesalo-mis naCuqari dana: `eTersa cxeni rad unda, dana uboZe Sav-tari. abesalomis danao, ubeSi devxar ganao, amogiReb dadagikram marcxena ZuZusTanao~ (2).

XII. abesalomis sikvdili da eTeris TviTmkvleloba.bevri variantis mixedviT, abesalomi kvdeba eTeris mos-vlisTanave: abesaloms eTeris fexis xma esmis mxolod –`eTeri banze Semodga, kari da bani daiZra~ (8, qarTli), erTCanawerSi vkiTxulobT: `abesalomma icno eTeris fexisxma~ (9, qarTli). eTers esmis misi naTqvami, magram abesa-lomis yuramde veRar midis eTeris pasuxi.

XIII. ori saflavi. vardi (da ia) da Tasi oqrosi. ambavisaflavze leqsad aris Semonaxuli da am leqss Tavad eTe-

163

ri warmoTqvams, sanam gulze danas daicemdes. eTeri Ta-vad Txzavs Tavis da abesalomis epitafias. zogi variantismixedviT, murmanis bedic nawinaswarmetyvelevia (2, qar-Tli).

XIV. murmanis dabruneba da TviTmkvleloba.XV. mesame saflavi. murmani Tavis saflavs abesalomisa

da eTeris saflavs Soris gaiTxris. masze ekali amodis daia-vardis gadaxvevas uSlis xels. ekali codvis simboloa(adamis codvis daRi mcenareze), vardi – netarebis. ekaliimasac gvaxsenebs, rac jvarisweris dros moxda – eSmakeu-lis SeWra axaldagvirgvinebulTa Soris sikvdilSic meor-deba. ekali – arimanis (eSmakTa Tavadis) Suria ormuzdi-sadmi. murmanis siyvaruli eklad gadaiqca.

XVI. esqatologiuri epilogi. `erTi kaci~ (mwyemsi, gam-vleli, soflis xalxi) amoZirkvavs ekals (arimanis Surs,murmanis damangrevel siyvaruls), romelsac murmanisZvlebic amohyveba. ia da vardi kvlav Caexvevian erTmaneTs.

ambavi eTerisa, abesalomisa da murmanisaI. eTeri-geri

`eTerianSi~ sami mTavari personaJia. ukve es `sameba~mowmobs, Tu raoden ucxo unda iyos es xalxuri nawarmoe-bi jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, romelic SeWrila mis sxeul-Si, Sezrdia mas da TiTqmis mis sxeulad qceula. ambavi abe-salomisa da eTerisa Tavisi tragikuli dasasruliT safuZ-vlianad gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan, romelsacgmirTaTvis sasikeTo dasasruli aqvs. da mainc, `eTeria-nis~ dRemde SemorCenil ZiriTad variantebSi misi erT-er-Ti mTavari gmiri – eTeri jadosnuri zRapris personaJisbiografiiT aris warmodgenili. misi pirveli nawili (`am-bavi abesalom da eTerisa qorwilamde~) mTlianad, yvelamisi epizodiTurT, farTod gavrcelebuli sazRapro si-uJetis erTi variantia [qurdovaniZe 2000: 480, 510A].

`eTerianis~ eTeris vinaobis gacnobisas da gadmocemi-sas Cven imavdroulad vecnobiT da gadmovcemT jadosnu-ri zRapris personaJis – geris vinaobas da mis Tavgadasa-vals. am zRapris gmiri – dedinacvlisgan moZulebuli ge-ri – da romantiuli eposis gmiri eTeri erTi da igive pi-rovnebaa.

164

abesalomTan Sexvedramde da qorwilamde maT erTicxovreba aqvT gavlili.

eposis xalxur mTqmelebs daebadaT survili, abesalo-mis rCeuli eTeri geris statusSi warmoedginaT.

ra aris gerobaSi iseTi, rasac eTeris bunebis gamoxat-va unda dakisreboda?

vin aris geri?arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiae-

vi, da arsebobs RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ dadasabamieri TavisuflebiT aris dajildoebuli. Cven dav-sZenT, rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos, xolo dedi-nacvali – am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad: oboli da geri, ro-gorc RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isiniar arian misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socia-lur sferos da sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis. dedinacvalicdilobs, Tavisi RviZli Svili, asuli wuTisoflisa, Seu-nacvlos wuTisoflis gers. da sakvirvelia, rom mama CumidasturiT monawileobs am boroteul SenacvlebaSi. geri,marTalia, daibada am qoxSi, magram es qoxi ar aris misi nam-dvili saxli, misi saxli sxvagan dgas, is sasaxlea. ase, sade-doflo geri, magram dedinacvlisgan devnili, ufliswuliwisqvilSi Sobs bavSvs [qurdovaniZe: 403], romlis namdvi-li samSoblo mefis sasaxlea. geris oqrosferi Tma, romel-sac is dedabrisaTvis gaweuli sikeTis wil moipovebs, amisdasturi da niSania. oqroa misi namdvili feri, romelicgarkveul dromde dafaruli unda iyos, raTa Tavis Jamsgamobrwyindes. dedis gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Sesamoseli,oqros qoSi, sadedoflo Sesamoselia, romliTac is SediseklesiaSi momavali qorwilis dRis winaswarsauwyeblad.

gers gzaSi ekargeba qoSi, radgan is Cqarobs Sin dabru-nebas, rom ar gacxaddes misi saidumlo, radgan dedinac-vali Casafrebulia saxlSi. magram qoSis dakargva is auci-lebeli dabrkolebaa, romelmac mas sikeTe unda moutanos,iseve rogorc dedinacvlis davalebebma. ase rom, dedinac-vali Tavisi Zneli davalebiT iseTive Semwea misi, rogorcdedis suli da keTili dedaberi, romelic, SesaZloa, misidedis ganxorcieleba iyos. yoveli misi metoqe ganwiru-lia dasamarcxeblad, radgan oqros qoSi mxolod mas ekuT-vnis da sxvas aravis dedamiwis zurgze. mTels wuTisofel-Si ar moiZebneba asuli, romelsac moergeboda es qoSi. qo-

165

Si da eTeri erTad daibadnen. mis fexs dahyva rCeulobisdideba. eTerisaTvis gankuTvnilma oqros qoSma SeiZlebamoiaros qveyniereba, magram is kvlav eTers daubrundeba,radgan misi cali masTan aris, rogorc dasabamieri jil-do. yovelive amas moklebulia dedinacvlis asuli, mas araaqvs bedi, is ver uZlebs gamocdas; mas imsxverplebs gan-sacdeli, radgan is ar aris RvTis bavSvi, is wuTisoflisRviZli da mkvidri Svilia.

pirveli konturebi geris bedisa maSin isaxeba, roca de-dinacvlisgan devnili tyeSi dedaberTan erTaderTi swo-ri urTierTobis (sityva-pasuxisa da saqcielis) gamocdas,rogorc gansacdels, gaivlis. saidana aqvs obolsa da gersamgvari qcevis gamocdileba? cxadia, is Tandayolilia. ke-TilSobileba, WeSmaritad dedofluri, usazRvro sikeTededis saSoTganve dahyva mas. is saCuqari, romelsac geridedabrisgan iRebs, mas damsaxurebuli aqvs Tavisi maRaliwarmoSobiT – igi sruliad bunebrivad, yovelgvari yoyma-nis gareSe ipovebs mas. es misi bedia.

geri gogona zRapris mTavari personaJia. vaJi, rome-lic moZebnis da airCevs mas, moklebulia TavisTavadobas– masze ar aris SeCerebuli mTxrobelis yuradReba. is mxo-lod saSualebaa imisaTvis, raTa geri ewios Tavis beds, dax-snil iqnes am damcirebuli mdgomareobidan. ufliswuli(misi mxsneli, rogorc wesi, ufliswulia) aucileblobiTaris movlinebuli geris gadasarCenad – misi gadarCena ca-Sia gadawyvetili. geri, cocxalTagan moZulebuli, TviTmSobeli mamisganac ki mitovebuli, dedoflis RirsebamdeaRwevs.

aqa aqvs gamarTleba da sazrisi gerebis zRapars, rome-lic gvimxels imaze mets, rasac geris socialuri Sinaarsiinaxavs.

im variantebSic ki, sadac gogona ar aris geri, aramedmxolod oboli da aravin aiZulebs mas Rirsebis `damamci-rebeli~ samsaxuris gawevas, igi Tavisi aRTqmiT asrulebsaseT samsaxurs. is Tavisi nebiT gadis Saragzaze da gam-vlel-gamomvlels Tmas uxilavs ded-mamis sulis saoxadRvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmisamebr. aseTi nebayoflobiTisamsaxuri arasodes rCeba sazRauris gareSe, Tumca Tavadmsaxuri arafers moiTxovs sanacvlod. es iseTi samsaxu-ria, romlisganac arafers gamoelian. dedofali, rogorc

166

mefe, Camodis taxtidan da emsaxureba Tavis qveSevrdomT.es aris yvelaze maRali samsaxuri, roca uzenaesi udable-sis msaxuri xdeba (amis arqetipi gankacebis saidumloSia).zRaparSi oblis Sesrulebuli samsaxuri ar aris ganpiro-bebuli misi dabali socialuri mdgomareobiT. misi msaxu-reba araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.

eTerisTvis ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi geris statusi.unda vifiqroT, rom wignuri eTeris epikur vinaobaSi iq-neboda raRac iseTi niSani, romelic swored gerobas undagamoexata. Cven amis mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gvqondes.

II. eTeri-tyiuri

sul sxvaa es eTeri. igi araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.igi udedod aris Sobili da gazrdili. mas deda ar hyolia.

visi Svilia igi? aravisi. is ibadeba saswaulebrivad, ro-gorc dionise zevsis barZayidan. amgvarad Sobili eTerigansxvavdeba dedinacvlis xeliT devnili da Seviwroebu-li geri gogonasagan. geri da oboli qoxSi arian dabade-bulni da qoxSi izrdebian (Tumca farul brwyinvalebasatareben), qoxSive aRmoaCens mas abesalomi. arwivis (TudaTvis) gazrdili eTeri ki araTu ar Sobila qoxSi, misTvisucxoa adamianTa sazogadoeba. mas arc ucnaurad mopove-buli brwyinvale samoseli da oqros qoSi aqvs. misi dide-bulebis erTaderTi niSani misi bunebrivi Tmaa. eTeri tye-Sia gazrdili da tyeSive waawydeba mas sanadirod gamosu-li abesalomi. amrigad, es varianti sagrZnoblad SekumSu-lia. gza eTerisa Tavisi adgilsamyoflidan mefis sasax-lemde ukiduresad Semoklebulia. magram raoden grZeliagza imisaTvis, visac arasodes unaxavs adamianTa sazoga-doeba! man unda daZlios is manZili, romelic Zevs tyidansasaxlemde.

am eTeris silamaze pirvelqmnili, bunebrivi silamazea,risi niSanic grZeli Tmebia, eTeris erTaderTi Sesamose-li. mas esaWiroeba sxvagvari Semosva da abesalomi Semo-savs kidec mas, Semosavs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi sa-saxleSi Seyvana. amave dros Sesamoseli abesalomis ZRve-nia, sasZlosaTvis, saqorwino niSnad mirTmeuli, analogiu-rad dedisagan nawyalobevi saCuqrisa, rogorc mziTvisa.

167

socialur dapirispirebas, romelsac gazRaprebul va-riantebSi qmnis eTeris warmoSoba, anu dapirispirebas qox-sa da sasaxles Soris, variantTa am wreSi enacvleba dapi-rispireba tyesa da sasaxles Soris. TavisTavad es aris ker-Zo SemTxveva fundamenturi dapirispirebisa bunebasa dakulturas Soris, rac SeiZleba RvTis qmnilebasa da adami-anis qmnilebas Soris dapirispirebaSi gadaizardos. aq er-TmaneTis pirispir dganan ara mxolod vaJi da qali, aramedarsebani, romlebic yofierebis or gansxvavebul sferosekuTvnian.

aq iseTive dapirispirebaa abesalomsa da eTers Soris,rogorc `gilgameSianis~ SamxaTsa da enqidus Soris [gil-gameSiani: 42-44], oRond rolebi Secvlili aqvs qal-vaJs:Tu `gilgameSianSi~ enqidu-vaJi bunebas ganasaxierebs, Sam-xaTi-qali kulturaa, romelic urbanistul centrs war-moadgens, `eTerianSi~ – qalia buneba, vaJi – kultura. sa-gulisxmoa, rom Sexvedra qal-vaJs Soris sanadiro adgi-lebSi xdeba rogorc Cvens, ise aqadur eposSi. rogorc`gilgameSianSi~ usaxelo monadire gadis sanadirod udab-noSi da mihyavs qali SamxaTi, uruqis kulturis gamomxat-veli da matarebeli, raTa veluri enqidu Seityuos uruq-Si, aziaros mis sazogadoebas, kulturas, aseve iqceva abe-salomi.

gauxedneli da gaxednili – es dapirispirebac erTikerZo SemTxvevaa im Zireuli dapirispirebisa, bunebasa dakulturas Soris rom arsebobs. homerosi gauxednels uwo-debs qalwuls, romelic ar Sebmula saqorwino uRelSi. ni-Sandoblivia, rom sacolis mopoveba tyeSi xdeba: abesa-loms eTeri mihyavs sasaxleSi, rogorc nanadirevi, mona-direbuli. bunebrivad JRers saqorwino simRera:

movdivarT, mogvixaria,mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...

es, SesaZlebelia, abesalomis simRera yofiliyo, ro-gorc monadirisa – masSi erTiandeba mefe da monadire. mo-nadire xom, Cveulebriv, imaze mniSvnelovans moinadirebs,risTvisac sanadirod gadis (gavixsenoT farnavazis aRmo-Cena tfilisis RirRalebSi, mirian mefis gansacdeli Txo-Tis mTaze).

168

murmani

`eTerianis~ specifikas, mis individualobas, rogorcTqmulebisa, qmnis murmani. mis gareSe abesalomisa da eTe-ris ambavi zRaprad darCeboda. mas gahyavs zRapris sivrci-dan eTeri da abesalomi. igi uxsnis maT gzas sxva dasasru-lisken. murmania, romelic eSmakis manqanebiT gardaiqmnisTavs Cven Tvalwin da gardaqmnis abesalomsac, Seucvlisadgils eTersac. murmanis tipi unikaluria qarTul fol-klorSi, mis gamo eTeric da abesalomic iZenen unikalo-bas da isini axali, moulodneli saxiT warmogvidgebian. ma-Ti namdvili, sakuTrivi cxovreba murmanis gamoCeniT iwy-eba. murmani ar aris ubralo antagonisti, romelic jados-nur zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme mTavari gmiris gzaze. masTavisi mkveTri individualoba, Tavisi Sinagani samyaro,Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi mizani aqvs. is damoukidebeli per-sonaJia, is TiTqos abesalomis ymaa, magram eTeris `mopo-vebis~ Semdeg arc ymas hgavs – is sruliad avtonomiuri xdebaTavis samflobeloSi, sadac abesaloms verc ki miesvleba.

murmani, Tu zRapris eTosidan gamovalT, dedinacvlis, asu-lis erTgvari analogiaa: Tu eTeris gverdiT arsebobs crug-miri (crueTeri), romelsac eTerobas akisreben, abesalomsacaRmoaCndeba crugmiri (cruabesalomi) murmanis saxiT. murma-nis siyvaruli `Zlieria sikvdiliviT~, da Suri misi `sastikiajojoxeTiviT~ (`qebaTa qeba~). aseTi siyvaruli uCveuloa zRap-risTvis da, sazogadod, folkloruli prozisaTvis. is gulis-xmobs pirovnebas, individualobas, rac aseve ucxoa folklo-risTvis. murmani siyvarulisaTvis suls mihyidis eSmaks, mihyi-dis imas, rac misi erTaderTi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. sulsgascems imis sanacvlod, rac mas ar ekuTvnis da kanonierad vermoipovebs. aq problema imdenad zneobrivi ar aris, ramdenadacegzistencialuri. siyvarulis sagnis mosapoveblad murmanimzad aris `sxvad~ iqces, `gardasxvavdes~, radgan iseTi, rogo-ric is `amJamad~ aris, ver daeufleba eTers. is usaTuod eSmak-Tan unda iyos wilnayari, rom SeuZlebeli SeZlos: daepatro-nos imas, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wmida sa-ganZuris miTosi: rogorc ganZis mparavi Savi magiis moxmobiTxdeba `antimsxverplis~ Semwirveli – usurmagi cxovelissisxls miasxurebs ganZs, raTa waarTvas mas misi mfarveli siw-mide da uvnebelyos xelyofisaTvis [kiknaZe 1996: 253], ase iqce-

169

va murmanic: fetvi mis xelSi is magiuri saSualebaa, romliTacigi saxes ucvlis eTers, raTa TavisTvis, rogorc aw ukve eSma-keulisTvis, xelmisawvdomi gaxados.

murmani-yma eTeris xelSi CagdebiT ar SeiZleba, ar ganic-dides upiratesobas ueTerod darCenili abesalomis mimarT,ueTerod, romelic misi sicocxlis mizani iyo. es upirateso-baa, magram es upiratesoba efemerulia. suli anima, romliTacis eTeris siyvaruls moipovebda, gayiduli aqvs da veRaraso-des daibrunebs. mas aRar gaaCnia is unari, romliTac SesaZle-belia siyvaruli. rogorc abesalomia RvTis ficiT samudamodSekruli eTerTan, ase murmania samudamod Sekruli eSmakis fi-ciT. amis Semdeg mas ar unda ukvirdes, rom eTeris dauflebamas ar SeeZleba. `Seni bralia, eTero, mzis qoniT CrdilSi bere-ba, Sen amikrZale is wesi, rac col-qmarT Seefereba~, wuxs mur-mani. eTeri misTvis kvlav miuwvdomelia. murmani cocxliv jo-joxeTSia: wvavs survili, magram ver isrulebs sawadels. flobsganZs da verc flobs, ver tkbeba misi qonebiT, radgan suli da-karguli aqvs.

ra SerCa murmans? hubrisi, siampartavne. ar aris Sem-TxveviTi, rom abesalom-murmanis dialogSi abesalomi `ca-Tasworad~ iwodeba ymis mier. `ras hkiTxulob, caTaswo-ro...~ es mefuri, abesalomis Rirsebis gamomxatveli niSa-nia, rasac murmani ver miitacebs, iseve rogorc eSmaki verSeswvdeba cas. arsebobs Canaweri, sadac abesalomis saku-Tari saxeli `caTasworia~. murmanma icis, rom caTasworsver gauswordeba da es aris misi bediswera.

Tumca igi sxva gziT cdilobs caTasworTan gatole-bas. murmanis `brolis cixis~ aRweriloba amaze migvaniS-nebs, magram eTeris dauflebis gareSe is mefobis maradimaZiebeli an uzurpatori iqneba (amitom ver eufleba in-doeTis taxts unestanod darCenili tarieli). mas aqvs ci-xe, magram ar hyavs dedofali, romelmac es cixe samefo sa-saxled unda aqcios. Tumca taxtis daufleba ar aris mur-manis mizani – is mijnuria anu siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, ro-gorc tarieli, romelsac nestanis gadakargvis SemdegaRar gaxsenebia Tavisi kanonieri ufleba samefoze.

`brolis cixis~ arseboba hubrisis ukiduresi saxe, ua-resi, vidre amqveyniuri siuzerenis mimarT ampartavnoba,da janyis samzadisia.

170

`kargad ici, brolis cixerogor camdi maRalia...~

`brolis cixis~ daxasiaTeba – camdis maRali~, cas wve-ri miubjenia~, `wveri camdis maRalia~, `cis wveramdi ami-gia~ – mowmobs misi amSeneblis ampartavnobas ara mxolodTavisi siuzerenis mimarT, aramed janysac cis winaaRmdeg.`babilonis godlis~ am miTologemas qarTul folklorSigamoZaxili aqvs: `camdis maRali~ cixisa Tu koSkis maSene-belni RvTis risxvas daiTeven~ [kiknaZe 1996: 176].

abesalomi

im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesa-lomma eTerze moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazesa damiuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers brolis koSkSi daubrunda Ta-visi silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze mjdomaresfetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesa-lomi sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sa-nadirod gasuls, eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven,asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT metrfe Cemi, ras etyviTmas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~, vkiTxulobTsolomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans am-bavs eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axlais sneulia mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasur-velis `ver-mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna,gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am dros tradiciuli eposi dacxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs, sasurvelis mo-tacebaa. magram `eTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi sabolo-od emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs mey-seulad evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, ro-melic mas moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.

wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma pova Tavisi cali – anima, mag-ram dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda,yvelaferi sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs anima-dakarguli adamianis saxes. is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolodda, rogorc mxolod cali, ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarie-lis mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis, rom arsebobs satrfo, mag-ram ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi mopovebis gzebi da itan-jeba. abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli, magram mas araaqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri – ori-

171

veni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni.oriveni moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba,rom mas imedi ara aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa,magram eposis logikiT, igi tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSiaCawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri? eTeric elis mxsnels, mag-ram mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi gamoxsna `garda-qajuli~ murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs sadRac da-sakargavSi, aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es me-zobloba, es siaxlovea swored rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwu-xarebas, TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.

aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli aruCanda mis urvas. is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi.am udabnom, am kideganobam, am sulierma depresiam – misyoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi wesi cxovrebisa,romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar moeswro.

tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvladeZebs mis dakargul satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTe-bac tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi ar SeuZlia.

erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakar-guli eTeris dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qa-jebs hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tuara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri. vezirmaunda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli dayvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Ze-oba), saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maR-la dgas veziris piradul bednierebaze.

magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro.Tu zRapris eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTviscrugmiria, romelic itacebs mTavari gmiris monapovarsda surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani antigmiria:tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels,is sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadio-des. gmiri unda aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs,murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve moelis mxsnels da mxsnelicTavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali wesia. magram`eTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs amwess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: isnamdvilad ar moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mur-manma eSmakis SemweobiT ara mxolod eTeri daaziana, ara-med abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms waerTva mxne-

172

obac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uye-nebs WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTamZleoba~. abesalomi aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsacsiyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro aqtis Cadenis stimuls.is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es siZabune, Se-iZleba vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.

ratom moxda ase?ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda unebu-

rad, eSmakis nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misijojoxeTuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. vis gindaT qali eTe-ri?~ – swored am sityvebs, romlebic abaTileben tyeSi mice-mul saSinel fics, moeloda misgan eSmaki. abesalomi ar ariseSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is dasjilia imisaTvis,rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es iyo Cavar-dna abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli abe-salomisTvis. gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, ro-melsac, rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uarieTqva eSmakis rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve Se-eZlo ar daeTmo eTeri. magram abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansac-delSi marcxdeba igi da amis gamo tyeSi warmoTqmuli is ficidamokles maxviliviT daRerebulia mis Tavze. abesaloms arahyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic asmaTobasuwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve uZ-luria marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. raSeuZlia marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesa-lomisTvis: mas mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan.marexi Suamavalia animussa da animas Soris.

esqatologiuri Sexvedra

abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sex-vedra ar hgavs samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwiru-lia, eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxo-lod imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao, movida eTeri, Tu-Ra gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides, Tu-Ra movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954: 5). Cans,eTeris Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda,ver ixsna igi. isic Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, araeTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am damasrulebel epizodze?eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi kvdeba. si-cocxleSi Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ra-

173

tom xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebamadamianis yofaSi, rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis wi-naSe da ver mkvidrdeba wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec undamomxdariyo – radgan `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~(1 ioan. 5: 19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis sazRvrebSi. eTerisdabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa, ara-fers cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar undadabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCe-niliyo gmiri, pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daam-xobda borotebas, rogorc naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZliakeTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod es aqti xsnisa, ne-belobiTi aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da ga-iyvanda yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatolo-giuri Jamis gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolodwuTisoflis tyve eTeri, aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia`eTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es amocana, sneulia da mi-si sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna ar arse-bobs Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTan-dilod ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZlu-ri iqneboda, rom ara tarielis neba, gaTavisuflebuliyosatanis sakrvelTagan. amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis pro-logSi: `Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa,momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~. avTan-dils ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, esar iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xe-li aucilebeli iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna er-Tdroulad unda momxdariyo. isini paraleluri aqtebia.

TiTqos `eTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaru-li amqveynad marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs amwuTisoflis miRma, sadac xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amisniSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da vardia. amodis maT So-ris ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram gaivlis vin-me gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas,rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, ro-melic `eTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moq-medeba im zRurblamde midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axaliera, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan zRapris gmirma ar dato-va pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa asaRorZi-neblad. gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSivexdeba zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.

174

xolo rac xdeba `eTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZ-leba gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. `eTerianis~ sakuT-rivi ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia.magram rac zRapris dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelicmTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wu-Tisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba `eTerianis~ qorwilze,romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis yofiTi saxea?murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos sasjelidanda kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq imarjvebs,magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorcantigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadge-ba mefesa da sZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevsaSenebuls isev da isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRaprisbolos da ukan daatrialebs yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili,sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs gmiris gasvlas saxli-dan, mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is kvlav amwuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTa-nac murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilismteria. is xels uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surssamaradisod gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wu-TisofelSi is udarajebs yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams,rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. eSmaks surs ada-mianis sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro metad mas surs, romCaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros erTmaneTsmefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man mxo-lod murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qor-wili dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadaceSmaks aRar ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxva-dasxva Jamis yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni(ekali maT Soris efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gam-vleli), da wyaro oqros TasiTurT – simbolo maTi Sendobisa.

P.S. Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi iyo hipoTeza eTerianis~ lite-raturuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. moyvanili iyo argumentebic. nar-kvevSi gatarebuli iyo paralelebi vefxistyaosanTan~. axla SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom eTeriani~, Tuki is marTlac literaturuli war-momavlobisaa, `vefxistyaosans~ win unda uswrebdes, Tumca imaveepoqaSi unda iyos Seqmnili. vefxistyaosani~ mesaxeba eTerianis~replikad, imis saCveneblad, rom arsebobs xsna, rom araTu broliskoSki, aramed qajeTis cixis Zlevac SesaZlebelia, radgan arsebobs

175

amqveynad, am dacemul wuTisofelSi, megobroba, siyvaruli, erTgu-leba. eTerianis~ sami personaJi da erTi toposi vefxistyaosanSi~pouloben TavianT Sesatyvisebs: abesalomi – tarielSi, eTeri – nes-tanSi, marexi – asmaTSi, brolis cixe – qajeTis cixeSi. avTandilisadgili eTerianSi~ carielia. da es aris swored eTerianis~ trage-diis mizezi. vefxistyaosani~ avTandilis gamoCeniT Zlevs am tra-gediis SesaZleblobas.

abesalomi eTeri marexi brolis cixe eSmaki murmani –

tarieli nestani asmaTi qajeTis cixe qaji – avTandili

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., individualuri xasiaTisproblema folklorSi, qarTuli fol-klori III, mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.

bauzingeri: Bausinger H., Formen der “Volkpoesie”, Erich SchmidtVerlag, Berlin, 1980.

gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~,Tb., 1984.

eTeriani 1875: eTeriani, ambavi abesalom da eTerisa. Sed-genili saxalxo leqsebisa da naTqva-mebisagan petre umikaSvilis mier.dabeWdili eqvTime xelaZisagan. tf., 1875.

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meoreseria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia daSeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelosssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-loba~, Tb., 1954.

ingoroyva 1924: ingoroyva p., CaxruxaZe poeti, mogzau-ri, kavkasioni~ 1-2, tf., 1924.

ingoroyva 1938: ingoroyva p., rusTavelis epoqis sali-teraturo memkvidreoba, `rusTave-lis krebuli~, 1938.

kiknaZe: kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo,quTaisi, 1996.

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì., 1960.

qurdovaniZe 1974: qurdovaniZe T., eTeriani, Tsugamomcemloba, Tb., 1974.

qurdovaniZe 2000: Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò., Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðó-

çèíñêîé íàðîäíîé ñêàçêè, “Ìåðàíè”, Òá., 2000.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

176

socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –arsenas leqsi

`arsenas leqsi~ qarTuli xalxuri epikuri Semoqmede-bis gviani nayofia. igi XIX s-is me-2 naxevarSia Seqmnili. mi-si mTavari gmiri realuri pirovnebaa, TiTqos cnobiliamisi dabadebis (1797), gavardnisa (1823) da sikvdilis (1842)TariRebi. miuxedavad amisa, `arsenas leqsis~ gmiri tradi-ciuli epikuri gmiris yvela niSans atarebs. `leqsi~ anoni-muria. cnobilni arian mxolod is xalxuri mTqmelebi – mo-xetiale mestvireebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi avr-celebdnen `Sairsityvas~ ukve legendad qceul keTilSo-bil yaCaRze, ase tragikulad rom daasrula Tavisi cxov-reba. `arsenas leqsi~ mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebelnawils Seadgenda. mas asrulebdnen religiur Tu saxalxodResaswaulebze, Tavyrilobebze, soflad Tu qalaqad.

rogorc Cans, `Sairsityvebi~ arsena oZelaSvilze mis-save sicocxleSi yofila SeTxzuli da gavrcelebuli. ru-suli gazeTis `kavkazis~ (1846 7) cnoba mowmobs am leqsebispopularobas xalxSi. germaneli mogzaurisa da eTnogra-fis a. haqsthauzenis (1792-1866) wignSi (rusuli Targmani“Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé” gamoqveynda 1857 w.) moxvda arsenas ambavi,romelic mas germaneli kolonistebisgan hqonia gagebuli Tbi-lisSi jer kidev 1843 wels. arsenas `Sairsityvas~ germa-nelTa wreSic SeuRwevia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom a. haq-sthauzenisTvis Tbilisel germanelebs arsenas Tavgada-savali swored xalxuri leqsebis mixedviT eambaT, ramde-nadac am monaTxrobis detalebi emTxveva `arsenas leqsis~zogierT epizods, Tumca arsebiTi gansxvavebebic arse-bobs (ix. damateba 1). rogorc garkveulia, leqsi Tu leq-sebi arsenaze 1841-1846 wlebSi unda Seqmniliyo [kakiaSvili].

pirveli publikacia `arsenas leqsisa~ ekuTvnis niko-loz yifians (1847-1905), romelmac sxvadasxva variantis sa-fuZvelze Seadgina erTi Serwymuli teqsti da ilias `kakoyaCaRTan~ erTad dabeWda calke wignad (1872 w.).

is teqsti `arsenas leqsisa~, romelic dRemde ibeWde-ba, p. umikaSvilis xelidan aris gamosuli (pirvelad gamoq-veynda 1874 w.). `arsenas teqstis~ dadgenaSi p. umikaSvilisRvawlis Sesaxeb ix. [gvaramaZe: 45-46]. man gamokveTa eposis

177

saboloo saxe, erT Zafze aago mis xelT arsebuli calkeu-li epizodi, romlebic erTmaneTTan daukavSirebladsruldeboda mestvireTa mier. umikaSvilis arqivSi dacu-lia epizodebi, romlebic mas ar gamouyenebia `arsenasleqsis~ asagebad. da mainc umikaSviliseuli gamTlianebaarsena yaCaRis garSemo arsebuli `Sairsityvebisa~ met-naklebad amomwuravia da dRemde inarCunebs rogorc mxat-vrul, ise informaciul mniSvnelobas. mis Semdeg aravisucdia Sevseba `arsenas leqsisa~ sxva epizodebiT an p. umi-kaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli masalis sxvagvarad ganlage-ba. p. umikaSviliseuli teqsti optimaluria: TiToeuliepizodi masSi poulobs Tavis erTaderT kuTvnil adgils.marTalia, mestvireTa repertuari arasodes moicavdayvela arsebuli epizodisgan Semdgar erT mTlian teqsts,unda vifiqroT, rom maT cnobierebaSi virtualurad ar-sebobda calkeul epizodTa Tavdapirveli erTianobis gan-cda. savsebiT gasaziarebelia amasTan dakavSirebiT g. bar-novis Tvalsazrisi, romelic man amgvarad gamoTqva: `ar-senas leqsi~ ar warmoadgens sxvadasxva epizodebis meqa-nikur gadabmas. igi Tavidanve gaazrebuli unda yofiliyo,rogorc epikuri tilo, mTliani istoria saxalxo gmirisa.vfiqrob, swored aman ganapiroba rekonstruqciis warma-teba~ [barnovi g., 1989: 24]. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-demiis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis insti-tutis folklorul arqivSi, p. umikaSvilis koleqciaSi, da-culia `arsenas leqsis~ erTi teqsti, rogorc Cans, pirve-li (an erT-erTi) cda arsebuli variantebis gamTlianebi-sa, romelic p. umikaSvils ar gamouqveynebia (SoTa rusTa-velis sax. qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloru-li arqivi = fa. umik. 15/2).

`arsenas leqsis~ gmiri arsena oZelaSvili realuri pi-ria, Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis Svili. misi samoqmedoasparezic, cxadia, savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili –es aris aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, misi TiTqmis yoveli mxa-re. `arsenas leqsi~ sxva xalxur qmnilebaTagan toponime-bis uCveulo siuxviT gamoirCeva. misi gmiris saasparezoare vrcelia: TrialeTi, marabda, koda, TeleTi, kumisi,somxiTi (sofeli), Tbilisi (`qalaqi~), almasis wyali, Sira-qi, Tavfaravnis tba, gomareTi, qiziyi – bodbisxevi, mar-tyofi, diRomi, mcxeTa, muxaTgverdi, zemo qarTli, axal-

178

cixe; saqarTvelos farglebs gareT: yazaxi (azerbaijan-Si). arsenas ambavSi monawileoben da ubralod naxsenebiarian sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, rac kargadasaxavs istoriuli saqarTvelos eTnikur-demografiulsuraTs.

visi Seqmnilic unda iyos `arsenas leqsi~ – qarCoxelimecxvarisa Tu raWveli mestvirisa, igi xalasi xalxuri ge-niis Semoqmedebis nayofia, masSi sWvivis qristianuli su-li, gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli adamianuri codvisa. xSi-ri xseneba RvTis saxelisa, mironis madlisa, pirjvrisa, da-locvis sityvebisa `arsenas leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arcubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod Cveuleba an tra-diciaa, arc e.w. xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis or-ganuli nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xa-siaTs, rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos mestvirem, romelicTavis simReras, Zveli rafsodebis msgavsad, uzenaesis xse-nebiT iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem RmerTi maRali ax-sena~... RvTis saxelis xsenebiT iwyeba da sasufevlis naT-lis xsenebiT mTavrdeba `arsenas leqsi~ (`iq naTeli daad-gesa~). es, pirvel rigSi, mestvireTa religiurobis, maTiqristianuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa. Znelia moiZebnosxalxuri nawarmoebi, romelic ise mdidari iyos qristia-nuli leqsikiT, rogorc `arsenas leqsia~. esoden mciresivrceze RmerTisa da sxva wmida saxelTa (siwmideTa, ro-goric aris: mironi, naTloba, sefiskveri, wirva, pirjva-ri, madli, aRdgoma, RvTismSobeli...) da gamoTqmaTa xse-neba (yovel meTxuTmete striqonSi!) gansakuTrebul na-Tels hfens teqsts, romlis mTavari Tema TviT mis Sem-qmnelTaTvis srulebiTac ar aris religiuri – is arsenassagmiro saqmeebs gadmogvcems. gansxvavebiT sxva sagmiroleqsebisagan, Tundac amiranis miTologiuri eposisagan,`arsenas leqsSi~ datrialebuli suli gvagrZnobinebs mismkiTxvelT, rom qristianul qveyanaSi vimyofebiT (mestvi-re yovelnairad aZlierebs am gancdas) da ara sadRac re-ligiurad gaurkvevel samyaroSi.

da mainc, arsena, cxadia, epikuri gmiria. amitomac misigmiruli biografia tradiciuli epikuri gmiris Tavgada-savlis kalapotSi miedineba. aq Cven gvecnaureba tipuradigive epizodebi, igive `zRurblebi~, romlebic gaiara dagadalaxa amiranma. arsena gardauvali aucileblobiT ga-

179

ivlis maT. arsena amas ver ascdeba, Tumca igi istoriuldroSi cxovrobs da moqmedebs.

`amiraniansa~ da `arsenas leqss~ Soris siaxlove pirve-lad anton xinTibiZem aRniSna: `Cven zemoT moyvanili ad-gilebis mxolod formaluri damTxveva aRvniSneT. unda vi-varaudoT, rom mas Sinaarsobrivi safuZvlebi eqneboda. es,erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar Cans, magram amiranisa da arse-nas mxatvruli saxeebis guldasmiTi analiziT aSkara xde-ba. marTlac, am ori gmiris cxovrebis epizodebi erTma-neTs emTxveva~ [xinTibiZe: 89]. Tumca avtori ar akonkre-tebs am epizodebs. igi avlebs mxolod zogad paralels maTbrZolebSi, erTi mxriv, borotebisa da, meore mxriv, usa-marTlobis winaaRmdeg. sagulisxmoa daskvna: `arsenasleqsi~ Sorsaa miTiuri garemosagan, amitom gmiris cxov-reba realisturad aris asaxuli, magram `amiranisa~ da `ar-senas leqsis~ am adgilebis plastikur-poeturi Strixebimainc erTimeores emTxveva. aqac aSkarad Cans `amiranis~gavlena `arsenas leqsze~ [xinTibiZe: 89].

msgavseba am or eposs Soris ufro metia da Rrma, vidreplastikur-poeturi. is siRrmiseulia, rasac maTi struq-tura aaSkaravebs. saerTo agebuleba (epizodTa Tanamim-devrobis saxiT) amxels maT siRrmiseul identurobas, ro-melic tipologiuric aris da geneturic, ramdenadac isi-ni erTi saerTo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa. `arsenas leqsze~gacilebiT adrindeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, misTvis arqeti-puli `amiranianis~ gavlena mxolod amgvarad unda iqnes ga-gebuli. `arsenas leqsi~ da `amiraniani~ erT epikur kala-potSi (tradiciaSi), Tumca radikalurad gansxvavebul so-cialur SreebSi miedinebian.

zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom `arsenas leq-sSi~ `amiranianis~ analogiuri epizodebi gamovyoT.

~arsenas leqsSi~ erTmaneTs erwymis da emsWvaleba sa-mi Sre: 1. miTologiuri, romelic SeiZleba saTaves iReb-des uSualod arqetipidan an uaxloesi wyarodan – `amira-nianidan~. gmiris aRzeveba da dacema. janyi, hubrisi. 2. so-cialuri Sre: samarTali-usamarTloba. winaaRmdegoba, Se-urigebloba, krizisi socialur niadagze. 3. egzistencia-luri plani. pirovnebis bedi. krizisi pirovnul niadagze.samive Sre met-naklebad `leqsis~ yvela ZiriTad epizodSiikiTxeba.

180

gamovyoT da gavaanalizoT `arsenas leqsis~ ZiriTadiepizodebi.

I. epikuri gmiris warmoSoba saswaulebrivi unda iyos.arsenas `Sairsityvis~ variantebs Soris ar ipoveba teqsti,romelic gvamcnobdes misi araTu saswaulebrivi, aramedsaerTod dabadebis ambavs. magram arsenas warmoSoba maincaraCveulebrivia. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mestvireebi argadmogvcemen misi mSoblebis vinaobas, TiTqos isini arcarsebulan. Tumca SeuZlebelia, maTi saxelebi drois eso-den mcire manZilze daviwyebas miscemoda. aq saqme undagvqondes mSobelTa vinaobis principul ucnobobasTan.gmiri amozrdilia, rogorc aisbergi – Tavis wreSi, Tavissocialur garemocvaSi. is aris udedmamo, unaTesao, uo-jaxo. mSobelTa uxsenebloba miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom`arsenas leqsSi~ monawile pirebi savsebiT realurni ari-an da TavianTi namdvili gvar-saxelebiT ixseniebian (zaalbaraTaSvili, sumbaTovi, makarovi...). arsenas obloba ar-sebiTia, es misi, rogorc epikuri gmiris, dasabamieri gan-sazRvrulobaa. obloba niSania misi gamorCeulobisa sazo-gadoebaSi, sadac is TiTqos RvTiT aris movlenili. erT-erTi varianti gvamcnobs:

`rom daibada arsena, pirvelad RmerTi axsena...~

es lakoniuri `Sairsityva~ amave dros gmiris maRalwarmoSobaze miuTiTebs, mis saswaulebriv Sobazec da ima-zec, rom misi naTlia ufalia, romlis saxeli Sobidanve dah-yva mis bageebs, rogorc amirans – oqros kbili da fiziku-ri Zala. magram sinamdvile, rasac zemoT naxsenebi hakstha-uzeni gadmogvcems arsenas Sesaxeb, sruliad sawinaaRmde-gos metyvelebs: `arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. daxlis mepatro-ne tfilisSi~ (ix. damateba 1). ar gvaqvs safuZveli, rom amcnobas eWviT movekidoT, Tumca igi ver egueba jer mes-tvireTa da mere Cvens warmodgenas mis heroikul pirov-nebaze.

II. baRaTuruli zrda (boboqari bavSvoba). gmiris fizi-kuri Zalis amofrqveva adreuli asakidanve iwyeba: amiraniakvanSive iCens Tavis Tandayolil Zalas, romelic naTli-am daanaTla mas. magram es ar aris sakuTriv gmirobis aqti,

181

aramed Zalis mxolod pirvelCena. p. umikaSvilis `leqsSi~arsena amgvarad iCens Tavs:

`rom Seiqna Teqvsmeti wlis, mTa da bari Seajera...~

magram sxva variantebSi, romlebic p. umikaSvils ar ga-mouyenebia, asaki sagrZnoblad daweulia:

`Tormeti wlis rom Seiqna, ulvaSebma daamSvena...~

sxva fragmentSi kidev ufro daiwevs misi gamoCenis asa-ki da zRaprul-miTosurSi gadadis:

`Svidi wlisa rom Seiqna, cxenxedna dauwesesa,ise fantams Tavadebsa, viTa bora wiwilebsa...~

arsenas gamoCena saswaulebriv-moulodnelia, auxsne-lia misi baRaTuruli zrdis, saxecvlilebis mizezi:

`mTeli qveyana gahkvirda: arsena ram daasqela.saca cxeni gaaWena, kldeze mtveri aayena...~

es is zRurblia, saidanac iwyeba misi baRaTuruli saq-mianoba; igrZnoba, rom `uerTod ar daixarjvis~ misi ener-gia, romelic awveba mas, raTa gaiyvanos igi gareT – aspa-rezze. masSi zambarasaviT Cawnexili Zala aiZulebs amas.

III. qalis motaceba. tradiciul eposSi am qmedebas winuswrebs gmiris ZiriTadi Rvawli, romliTac is gmirobs –es aris brZola borot ZalebTan. `arsenas leqsSi~ ki qalismotacebiT iwyeba gmiris saqmeni sagmironi. Tumca wina epi-zodi (fizikuri Zalis pirvelCena) dasturia imisa, rom masZaluZs am Rvawlis aRsruleba, rasac eposSi baRaTuruliniSnoba gulisxmobs.

qalis motaceba TiTqos Tavsdeba batonymur yofaSi:motacebuli moaxlea, momtacebeli – yma, arc erTi ar arisTavisufali. batonis moaxlis momtacebeli yma am aqtiTarad agdebs batonis nebas, eurCeba da, sabolood, ujan-ydeba mas. is garbis moaxlesTan erTad, riTac Tavisi xe-liT iWris gzas ukan dasabruneblad. misi es gaWra imis ni-Sania, rom is ver Tavsdeba Tavis socialur garemoSi, im sta-tusSi, romliTac daibada. am motacebiT, am gaWriT is ic-

182

vlis statuss, rogorc ardaSir papakani, romelmac Tavispatrons, mefes mxevali da Tasi mostaca, riTac Tavi gai-Tavisufla ymobisgan, raTa dabadebiT momadlebuli mefo-ba moepovebina [ardaSiri: 46]. niSandoblivia, rom sinamdvi-le (anu is, rac sinamdvileSi moxda) ufro axlos aris ar-daSiris epizodTan, vidre `leqsi~: `maSin arsenam RamiT ga-moiyvana Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSigaixizna~ (damateba 1). ajanyebuli arsena, ardaSiris msgav-sad, Tavisi batonis moaxles mis cxenTan erTad itacebs.

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom motacebis mizezi arsebobs – mo-woneba: `batons ro erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~,magram ar Cans Sedegi motacebisa. motaceba motacebadverCeba, rogorc sabediswero saqcieli, rogorc garkveu-li zRurblis gadalaxva, romelic mTlianad cvlis gmirismdgomareobas, mTel mis cxovrebas. moaxlis motacebasTviTkmari Rirebuleba aqvs gmiris biografiaSi. amitomaris, rom ucnobia araTu saxeli motacebulisa, aramed mi-si asaval-dasavalic motacebis Semdeg. igi iseve uCinar-deba, rogorc amiranis yamari, romelmac Seasrula Tavisifunqcia gmiris gzaze da ukvalod gauCinarda. mestvire-Ta arsena amas sCadis, rogorc epikuri gmirisTvis saval-debulo aqts. am epizodSi mestvire ugulebelyofs sinam-dviles, romelic Tumca tragikulia, magram ar scildebayofiT realobas (ix. damateba 1 da 2). sinamdvileSi ki, cno-bilia, rom arsenas TamaraSvilebis xelSewyobiT axalci-xeSi uTxovia qali [WiWinaZe: 127].

is unda gasuliyo Tavisi wridan, saxlidan, sadac dai-bada, zRapris gmiriviT da am gasvlis motivi qalis mota-cebaa – akrZalulis xelyofa. magram am aqts faruli moti-vi aRZravs, ris ganxorcielebasac arsena mTel Tavis cxov-rebas miuZRvnis: is daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavadgaxdes batoni da Taviseburad gagebuli samarTali daam-yaros (`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs...~). `ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wignSi~ naTqvamia: `kaci, romelic Tavis batonsgaeqceva, didebasa da mefobas miaRwevs~ [ardaSiri: 46].

ymaSi iRviZebs pirovneba. mestvire grZnobs am gaRvi-Zebas. Tumca man icis (unda icodes), rom arsena arasodesyma ar yofila, misi ojaxi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen [kaki-aSvili: 17,33]. `biWo, arsenav, ra miyav, yma iyav magisTanao!~zaal baraTaSvilis sinanuliT naTqvam am sityvebSi `yma~,

183

SesaZloa, arc niSnavdes mainc da mainc batonis ymas. `bi-Wo~ ki namdvilad mis yoCaRobaze miuTiTebs [abaSiZe: 9]. ba-raTaSvili aSkarad keTilganwyobilic ki aris mis mimarT,rac dokumenturadac dasturdeba (ix. damateba 5). arsenaaxalcixeSi miatovebs Tavis motacebuls da iwyebs gasvlas.

IV. brZola usamarTlobasTan. mteri `leqsSi~ rus-ya-zaxebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. anu miTosuri mteri (de-vi) yofiT-istoriuli mtris konkretul saxeSia ganxor-cielebuli, amave dros es saxe groteskuli unda iyos, ro-gorc berikaobis Tu yeenobis personaJebisa.

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom yazaxebTan Setakeba qalis mo-tacebis faqtiT aris ganpirobebul-motivirebuli: baton-ma unda daibrunos motacebuli da gauswordes ajanyebulymas. magram is umweoa – is `qoSs ukuRma hyris~, garbis, `or-Tav TvaliT~ icremleba, `saCivars wers~... `aTi-Tormetiyazaxi~ arsenas Sesapyrobad igzavneba. swored es `aTi-Tormeti yazaxia~ arsenas namdvili da erTaderTi mteri.arsena Seebmis maT, rogorc amirani – devebs. brZolis aR-weraSi aSkarad ismis, Tumca groteskamde CamoqveiTebu-li, amiranuli brZolis eqo:

~aTi-Tormeti yazaxi sul cxvariviT gadmodena.TeleTis bolomde mohyva, somxiTSi ar gaaCera.im sawyali yazaxebis zurgze boli aayena~.

damarcxebuli yazaxebic amiranul ganzomilebaSi aRiq-vamen arsenas pirovnebas:

`an aris devi, lomgmiri, an aris rkinis mkvnetela...~

epikuri gmiri erTxel unda amarcxebdes borot Zalas,rogorc iTqva, mas erTaderTi mowinaaRmdege unda hyav-des. amiranis brZola devebTan erTjeradia, is erTader-Tjer ebrZvis devebs, roca iamanis mitacebuli Tvalia da-sabrunebeli, an adamianTa miwa-wylidan arian gasarekni. da-narCeni brZolebi mxolod ganmeorebaa, mxolod siWarbeada axals da arsebiTs arafers sZens gmiris biografias (ro-gorc `amirandarejanianis~ Wabukebs dausrulebeli sag-miro Tavgadasavalni).

arsenas yoveli Setakeba Tavis arqetips yazax-ruseb-Tan im pirvel SetakebaSi poulobs. aqedan eZleva dasabami

184

mis brZolas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rome-lic xorcieldeba deviziT: `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZ-levs~. brZola borotebis winaaRmdeg socialur sferoSiagadanacvlebuli.

V. Ralati. Ralati ar aris gamoricxuli epikuri gmi-ris biografiaSi (miTosSi mas ar eZleva zneobrivi Sefase-ba). SeiZleba is davadasturoT `amiranianSic~ – im epizod-Si, roca Zmebi amirans sami veSapis pirispir miatoveben.zRaparSi Ralatis msxverplia umcrosi Zma, anu mTavarigmiri, romelic asrulebs mTavar saqmes.

`arsenas leqsSi~ Ralats ormagi funqcia ekisreba: Cve-neba wuTisoflis muxanaTobisa arsenas keTilSobilebas-Tan dapirispirebiT (raTa gamoikveTos arsenas zneobri-vi upiratesoba im garemocvaSi, sadac mas uxdeba urTier-Toba). misTvis sabedisweroa, xolo arsebuli sinamdvilis-Tvis niSandoblivi, rom Ralati `naTel-mironis~ mier arisCadenili. es mowmobs wuTisoflis uaRresad dacemulmdgomareobas. Sendoba RalatisTvis Zlieri qristianuliniSania `arsenas leqsSi~. tradiciul eposebSi, aseve zRa-parSi, romelTa finali esqatologiuria, muxanaTobisTvisiSviaTia patieba. avismoqmedi sabolood dausjeli ar un-da gadarCes. es gadaxveva epikuri tradiciidan (kanonidan)sinamdviliseulia. am epizods realurad momxdari faqtiudevs safuZvlad. is momxdara 1837 wels. Semonaxulia do-kumenti (gubernatoris werili), sadac laparakia 13 bod-bisxevelis oTxmocdaaTi maneTiT dajildoebaze arsenasgacemisTvis [kakiaSvili: 20].

amave dros, kompoziciurad da arsobrivad Ralatisepizodi ganapirobebs momdevno mniSvnelovan epizods,romelsac ver ascdeba vercerTi epikuri gmiri.

VI. cixe-abano. am epizodSi gveleSapis motivis yvelaelementia mocemuli. arsena STanTqmulia cixis mier, sai-danac TiTqos araviTari saxsari ar arsebobs misi Tavdax-snisa. mas gardauvali daRupva elis, ris ueWvel niSansaces Zunwi protokoluri, Tumca amave dros simboluric,sityvebi iZleva:

`sacimbirod gaamweses, cali wveri moparsesa...~

185

ra Zalam unda moabrunos Tavisuflebisaken `calwver-moparsuli~ adamiani? magram aRmoCndeba saswaulebrivisaxsari – `erTi sawyali manaTi~, romelic straJnikebis da-saTrobad gamodga, da is qlibi, romelic keTilad ganwyo-bilma mikitnebma Caudes jibeSi. am qlibma sxva ra unda gag-vaxsenos, Tu ara is almasis dana, romelic amirans dahyvaSobiTgan da romlis meSveobiTac man daaRwia Tavi gvele-Sapis mucels?

amiranis gamosvla gveleSapis wiaRidan mis meore So-bad davsaxeT. arsenasaTvis es abanoa. Znelia Tqma, gulis-xmobda Tu ara p. umikaSvili meored Sobis miTologemas,roca abanodan mis gamosvlaze werda: `arsena meored iba-deba!~ [xinTibiZe: 212]. yofiTi abano iseTive wylis stiqiaa,rogorc miTosuri gveleSapis muceli, saidanac amiranixelaxla iSva. abanos, am sayofacxovrebo dawesebulebas,mniSvnelovani miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs miTossa daZvel eposebSi. abanosTan dakavSirebulia marcxic da ga-marjvebac (aRorZineba): Sumeris RmerTs enlils abanoSimostaces `bedisweris dafebi~; gilgameSma, sabanaod wyal-Si Casulma, dakarga `siWabukis balaxi~... abanoSi moklestroadan dabrunebuli agamemnoni... abano is saSoa, sadacSeiZleba daiRupos nayofi da saidanac ibadeba axali si-cocxle. abanoSi Sesuli an veRar gamova iqidan cocxali,an gamova aRorZinebuli da Zalaganaxlebuli, meored So-bili. Tbilisis sinamdvilis uaRresad yofiTi realia – aba-no bunebrivad Semodis `leqsSi~ da imkvidrebs iq TaviskuTvnil adgils tradiciuli gmiris TavgadasavalSi.

abanodan TavdaRweuli arsenas meored Soba grotes-kulad aris warmodgenili: is `ufrosis~ SinelSi, rusulCeqmaSi da `SlapaSi~ gamowyobili gamodis gareT Seucnob-lad – `imaT batoni egonaT, es arsena gamoZvresa~, sul esaris misi saxecvlileba, meored dabadeba. is gamodis, ro-gorc miTologiuri striqteri (oinbazi), romlis gmiro-bis, Cveulebriv, kulturuli Rvawlis aRsrulebis erTa-derTi xerxi eSmakoba da oinbazobaa. oRond arsena savse-biT acnobierebs am komikur situacias, romlis wyalobi-Tac man ixsna Tavi: `patara gamoiara, Tan sicili autydesa~.

`amiranianSi~ gveleSapis (meored Sobis) epizods yama-ris motaceba mosdevs. `arsenas leqsSi~ es Tanamimdevro-ba, rogorc davinaxeT, Secvlilia (rom ar vTqvaT: darRve-

186

ulia). arsenas ukve motacebuli hyavs Tavisi `yamari~. raelis win arsenas? ra Rvawli aqvs aRsasrulebeli abanodangamosvlis Semdeg? abano xom is zRurbli unda iyos, rom-lis gadalaxvis Semdeg gmiris moqmedebam axal safexurzeunda iCinos Tavi?

abanodan arsena galaRebuli gamodis, is yovlisSem-Zlea. ra dabrkoleba unda Sexvdes mas Tavis gzaze, rom vergadalaxos? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsena misma davlaTma Ta-visuflebaSi gaiyvana. ganmeorda is pirveli gasvla, rocayma motacebul moaxlesTan erTad Tavis batons gaeqca.magram aris gansxvaveba am or gamosvlas Soris: pirveligzis dasawyisi iyo, meore ki is mwvervalia, saidanac iwyebadacema, am dacemis niSani ki gabudayebaa (hubrisi).

VII. gabudayeba. martyofis monastris epizodi gardam-texi momentia arsenas cxovrebaSi. aqedan iwyeba misi gaam-partavneba. hubrisi, romelic farulad izrdeboda masSi,aq iCens Tavs pirvelad. aq Cven TiTqos sxva arsenas vxe-davT – ver vcnobT mas. marTlac, arsena, romlis bageTa-gan arasodes gamosula RvTis mgmobi sityva (mestvire gan-sakuTrebiT zrunavs mis sametyvelo leqsikaze), saqmiTacqristianuli zneobis magaliTi uCvenebia (Ralatis patie-ba farsadanisTvis), axla am wmida adgilze, saRvTo dRe-saswaulis dRes, SurisZiebis JiniT aris aRZruli da anga-riSsworebisa da Seuracxyofis mizniT ganaiaraRebs ekle-siidan gamosul sumbaTovsa da makarovs mandilosnebisTvalwin. mestvire sagangebod, ara SemTxveviT, arc sity-vis masalisaTvis, aRniSnavs adgilisa da drois siwmindes:

`RvTaebobis madli gwyalobT, martyofis TavSi svenia,iq iyo misi dReoba, TiTonac giaxelia...roca wirva gamovida, imisi madli Senia...~

Zneli warmosadgenia, am epizodis avtors, romelic iq-neb marTlac eswreboda wirvas martyofis taZarSi, efiq-ra, rom taZris midamoSi myofTa (vinc ar unda yofiliy-vnen isini) Seuracxmyofel arsenasTan RvTis madli iqne-boda. unda iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi makarovisa da sumba-Tovis Seuracxyofa moxda ara martyofis monastris gala-vanSi, aramed misken mimaval gzaze, tyis piras, anu ara wmi-da adgilze, aramed arsenas, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili ka-

187

cis~, teritoriaze. da moxda ara iseTi mwvave, damamcire-beli saxiT, rogorc mestvire aRwers (ix. damateba 4). mes-tvire am gamonagoniT Segnebulad amZimebs arsenas cod-vas misi cxovrebis tragikul periodSi, miawers ra misTvis,rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacisTvis~, Cveul ZaladobasSeuferebel adgilze. Tavisi antagonistebi rom dainaxaarsenam, `pirjvari dauweria...~

cxadia Seusabamoba am pirjvris gadawerasa da im saqci-els Soris, romelic uSualod mosdevs mas. es pirjvris ga-dawera gamiznulad aris Semotanili TxrobaSi. es epizodirom sabediswero, avbediTi Setrialebaa arsenas cxovre-baSi, iqidanac Cans, rom arsena, aqamde devnili yaCaRi, ro-melic imaleba da tyes afarebs Tavs, martyofis dReobisSemdeg ori kviris naqeifari, sruliad axdilad Sedis qa-laqSi (anu TbilisSi), rogorc triumfatori. sabedisweroamisi Semdgomi nabijebi, rac martyofis epizodis bolossavsebiT gacnobierebulia:

`ori kvira ToneTSia qeifebsa bevrsa swevsa,gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa suyvelas Rvinos asmevsa.meore kvira gaTavda, qalaqisken gamoswevsa,mTeli qalaqis biWebi mtredis gundiviT dasdevsa~.

arsenam sasworze Seagdo Tavisi bedi – TiTqos gamoiw-via naTlia, an sakuTar davlaTs mindobili scdis RmerTs.da RmerTi amjerad ar gaswiravs mas:

`RmerTs uSvelia, arsena, amieriT gansacdelsa...~

RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZ-levs vadas am gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi ne-biT Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor iqceva is? mas kvlav mikit-nebTan vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli sirinozebiviTityueben:

`saca miva mikitnebTan, yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~.

sabedisweroa es xelis daqneva. es yofiTi Jesti mawve-varisa tragikul niSnad iqceva. `yvela mas dauqnevs xel-sa~ – TiTqos yvela SeTanxmebula mis dasaRupavad. ar ar-sebobs Zala, romelic gauZlebda am xelis daqnevas.

188

Rirs oriode sityva iTqvas mikitnebze, am tipur qala-qur personaJebze. Tumca Rvinis mimwodebeli iseve Zvelia(noes Jamidan), rogorc Tavad cTuneba, romelic sulmu-dam sdarajobs adamians. Rvinis mimwodebeli iyo sirinoziqali siduri, romelic gilgameSs akavebda mis gzaze da WeS-maritebis maZiebels ukan, yoveldRiurobisken abrunebda[gilgameSiani: 86]. arsenas mikitnebi neitraluri xalxia:isini yvelas miawodeben sasmels – es maTi mowodebaa – miTufro iseT martosuls, rogoric arsenaa, visTvisac Rvi-no, SesaZlebelia, monatrebul Wers cvlides, an misi er-TaderTi axlobeli iyos. avbediTad gaismis: `daxede, is mi-kitnebi megobraTac gauCndesa!~ Tu erTxel mikitnebis sas-melma ixsna arsena (straJnikebis daTrobis epizodi), axlamaTi RviniT savse tiki misTvis aSkarad damRupvelia. tikigatanebulia, is unda daicalos, man Tavisi saqme unda gaa-keTos, mas ukan veraferi daabrunebs. am dros arsenas uk-ve nanaxi aqvs is sizmari, romelSic Tavisi gardauvali aR-sasruli amoikiTxa: `nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~. es sityvebi,rogorc Tavadve daaskvna, ara mxolod misi aRsasrulisgardauvalobaze mianiSnebs, aramed im codvazec, romlisCadenac mas, rogorc bediswera, uZevs win, Tumca TviT-mkvlelobaze fiqric ukve codvis dasabamia. amitomac amduqanSi is ukanasknelad gascems Tavis nayaCaRars Sesan-dobarisaTvis (`Sesandobari dalieT, roca arsena mokvde-sa~). sagulisxmoa, rom erTi Canaweris mixedviT, am sizmars,rogorc saidumlos, arsena kuWatnelTan SebrZolebamdeaRsarebis saxiT Caabarebs mRvdels: `sveticxovelSi Sevi-da, aRsareba uTxra mRvdelsa, wuxeli vnaxe sizmari~... [faumik.: 15/2]. es epizodi realobas efuZneba. vasil barnovimogviTxrobs arsenas momswreTa mogonebas: `arsena mor-wmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeuldRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisa-gan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda. erTiisev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvlaar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin~(damateba 3). ziarebis moTxovnileba, rac mudam Tan sdevsmas mis arCeul gzaze, iseve rogorc misi RvTismosavurimetyveleba, bunebrivia saeklesio (kerZod, Tbilisis ieru-salimis eklesiis) glexis ojaxidan gamosulisTvis [kaki-aSvili: 33].

189

sizmridan Cans, rom axlovdeba aRdgoma, win aris dRe-ebi vnebis kvirisa – da es Svideuli, rogorc gansacdeli,elis mas. im sizmris Tema – erTaderTi Sinaarsi `sisxlSiviRebavdi wversa~ – tragikulad exmianeba saaRdgomokvercxs, romlis xelSi daWeris imedi arsenas aRara aqvs.

VIII. wiTeli paraskevi (naTliis gamowveva). es sabedis-wero Sexvedra giorgi kuWatnelTan, Tuki odesme sxvadros gadayria am kacs, romelsac wyevlas uTvlis meleq-se, ara imdenad mis pirovnebas, aramed am SemTxveviTobas,swored am dros kaxeTidan imereTSi rom waiyvana da ud-roo dros moqeife arsenas Sehyara [misi Sairsityva `gzeb-ze sufris gadafenis~ xsenebiT iwyeba da miTve mTavrde-ba], SesaZloa, wiTel paraskevs arc momxdara. esec arsenasbediswera yofila, – ase fiqrobs meleqse, roca aRniSnavskuWatnelis gamoCenas muxaTgverdTan:

`im giorgi kuWatnelsa gamCeneli gauwyresa,wamosula kaxeTidan, imereTSi gamoswevsa~.

anu: raRa swored am dros gamoiara kuWatnelma – sina-nuli Cans mestviris sityvebSi. magram kuWatneli Tavis gza-ze gaswevs. adamiani midis Tavisi gziT, Tavis saqmeze mi-dis. magram mas, SesaZloa, RmerTi gzavnides, rac ar ewina-aRmdegeba Tavad adamianis nebas, gaswios Tavis gzaze, Ta-vis saWiroebaze. RmerTs SeuZlia Tavisi miznisTvis gamo-iyenos misi svla. aTasidan erTi SesaZlebloba gamoarCi-os da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos. `gamCeneli gauwyresa~, am-bobs mestvire (TiTqos arsenas eTqvas: es xom arsenas Cve-uli sityvebia, yovelTvis mzad rom aqvs mas sabediswerowuTebSi), romelic adamianuri TvalTaxedviT afasebs mov-lenaTa mdinarebas. Sairmesityves arsenas mxari uWiravs.raRa swored am dros, am dRes, wiTel paraskevs, roca ar-sena, martodmarto, yvelasgan gariyuli, muxaTgverdSi qe-ifobs, ufiqria kuWatnels Tavisi mgzavroba kaxeTidan ime-reTisken? – fiqrobs Sairmesityve. magram kuWatnelis ga-moCenaSi swored am dros gana RvTis xeli ar urevia? ganaarsena mowyvetilia mTel samyaros? gana es Sexvedra misigansacdeli ar aris? misi bedis nawili ar aris? gana kuWat-neli misi ambri-arabi ar aris, is mkvdari bumberazi, ami-

190

rans rom daxvdeba gzaze gamosacdelad? mestvirem icis,rom sabedisweroa arsenas `nabdis gaSla~ muxaTgverdTanda es dRe swored wiTeli paraskevi unda iyos, rom arsenadaisajos – gamoCndes vinme, vinc aRasrulebs RvTis sas-jels. sasjeli unda aRsruldes, magram wyevla-krulva mas,visi xeliTac aRsruldeba. ase fiqrobs mestvire. kuWat-neli yvelaze arasasurveli mgzavria am dros im kacisaT-vis, vinc mTel qveynierebas gaeriya. aq aseT dros viRacusaTuod Caivlida, magram vinc Caiara, mosalodnel Cam-vlelTa Soris yvelaze utyuari iyo. es Cavla Tavisi si-marTliT yvelaze mkacri da sastiki Cavla iyo. es iyo sabe-diswero Cavla. swored amitom aris, `rom mTqmelebi gior-gi kuWatnels iseTi muqi saRebavebiT ar xataven, rogorces mosalodneli iyo usayvarlesi gmiris mkvlelis daxat-visas~ [barnovi g., 1976: 9].

vnebis kviraa, dRe wiTeli paraskevisa. am dros arsenasvxedavT gzaze `mcxeTis pirdapir~, saidanac jvari da, al-baT, sveticxovlis saydaric Canda, puris saWmelad dam-jdars qristianisTvis Seuferebel viTarebaSi, xolo ar-sena qristiania, qristes mcnebaTa Semnaxvelia sityviTa dasaqmiT, amas `leqsis~ bevri epizodi adasturebs. martyo-fis Semdeg, roca arsena `SiSvlad~, davlaTis amara, gacxa-debulad Sedis xalxmraval qalaqSi, mestvire ambobs:`RmerTs uSvelia, arsenao~. maSin jer kidev masTan iyoRmerTi, romlis saxels is mudam axsenebda.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kuWatnelis pirovnebas, rom isCveuli ar unda yofiliyo adamianis ferebas da tkbilisityvac arcTu xSirad, SesaZloa, sulac ar dascdenia misbages, mis pasuxs moqeife yaCaRis mopatiJebaze stumarmas-pinZlobis wesis Selaxvad an mopatiJis Seuracxyofad vermiviCnevT. ras eubneba gzad Cavlili arsenas? ras Seaxse-nebs mas? imas xom ara, rac mas, rogorc qristians, unda xso-meboda? yoveli qristianisTvis cxad WeSmaritebas xomara, romelic arsenas daviwynia? Seaxsenebs ara dayvave-biT, aramed kicxviT da ginebiT (aseTia, arsenasgan gansxva-vebiT, kuWatnelis leqsika) da es ar cvlis saqmis arss:

`giorgi Semoaginebs dedisa da mamis yelsa:va, Se sawyalo arsena, rada xar WkuaTxelia?me dRes Rvinos rogor davlev, wiTeli paraskevia!~

191

es iyo da es. ai, es sityvebi warmoiTqva arsenas gasago-nad da manac gaigona es sityvebi. da wavida Tavisi gziT amsityvebis mTqmeli. datova sityva da wavida. sityvis gam-gonma ki sityva ar Seismina. gana es yaCaRi, muxaTgverdTanwiTel paraskevs moqeife, marTla sawyali, Sesacodebeli,rogorc codvis Camdeni, da WkuaTxeli ar iyo? sxva drosamgvarad Semkoba `tyeSi gavardnili kacisa~ da SemoTava-zebul pur-marilze uaris Tqma – `Tu egre Rvino mindo-des, jibeSi fuli bevria~, – aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli iqne-boda. magram wiTel paraskevs, vnebis kviris yvelaze mZimedRes? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemiao~, – mZvin-varebs igi, `kacad!~ – ai, hubrisi. aRar axsovs qriste, arcjvarcma, arc... axsovs Tavisi Tavi – kaci, Tavisi warmavaliRirsebiT (`biWobiT~), romelic adamianis, rogorc qris-tianis, Rirsebas aris Senacvlebuli da masze maRlaa daye-nebuli. mgzavrma pur-marilze fexi ukra, magram man Ta-vad? Tavad xom am dRes hkra wixli, gaTela es dRe? `kacadrodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemia~, ambobs is, rogorcfarsadanze SurisZiebiT aRZruli ambobda: `Tu naTlima-mas SevarCine (sic!), kacad vinRa Camagdebsa~ [fa umik.: 15/2].maSin man sZlia Surisgebis cdunebas.

nacvlad imisa, rom mikitnebisgan cdunebuli arsenagonze moeyvana wiTeli paraskevis xsenebas (visganac undamoesmina es sityvebi da ra mkvaxedac unda Tqmuliyo, isiniWeSmaritebas RaRadebdnen), is Selaxuli TavmoyvareobisaRdgenas cdilobs. da mere rogor? is unda daedevnos ga-ridebul kuWatnels Seuracxsayofad, radgan gaZarcvis mi-zani amjerad damcirebaa:

`an unda momce fulebi, an Seni cxeni damrCesa!~

wiTeli paraskevis siwmide erTxel kidev ibRaleba. Se-eZlo Tu ara arsenas pativmoyvareobis daokeba, daZlevaangariSis sworebis, SurisZiebis grZnobisa? arsenas, ro-gorc Cven mas vicnobT `leqsis~ mixedviT, SeeZlo es. manxom ibatona SurisZiebis grZnobaze, roca Ralati apatiafarsadans. es iyo misi maRalzneobrivi, WeSmaritad qris-tianuli saqcieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros SejamdamTeli misi cxovreba, gasxivosnda mironisa da RvTis wina-Se, rogorc paradoqsuli pasuxi TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlo-

192

baSi sakuTar Tavze nawvnevi umadurobisa. SurisZiebisgrZnobiT atanils – javriT Semuruli misi gulis siRrmesxom mainc miswvda mitevebis RvTiuri naperwkali. man, TiT-qos rogorc macxovarma, ormodan amoiyvana farsadaniscodvili suli. magram am zneobriv mwvervalze amaRle-buls ram ubiZga daRmasvlisken? mestvire aRwers mis da-cemas muxaTgverdTan, magram misTvis dafarulia dacemismotivi. es Tavad arsenas Rrmadpirovnul saidumlod rCe-ba, romlis mxolod niSania is Semzaravi sizmari, sadac sru-li sicxadiT aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi misi bolo. raRacCatyda mis arsebaSi, azri gamoecala mis arsebobas. kerZod,ra naxa man sizmarSi? mxolod is, rom sisxlSi iRebavdawvers, meti araferi? magram am sizmareul moqmedebaSi mansakuTari ganaCeni amoikiTxa; ara mxolod ganaCeni, aramedzusti droc ki misi aRsrulebisa. wiTeli kvercxi mis siz-marSi mxolod vnebis kviris dReebSi unda amotivtivebu-liyo. wiTeli kvercxis gaxseneba Tu moaxloebulma paseq-ma moitana, sakuTar sisxlSi wveris Rebva gardauval da-Rupvas – sisxlian dRes uqadda mas:

`ver daveswrebi aRdgomas, ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa.Tu Zalad aravin momkla, nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~.

`ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa~ – is grZnobs, rom araTuver moeswreba aRdgomas, aramed Rirsic ar iqneba aRdgo-mis simbolos xeliT Sexebisa. sizmari yovelTvis simbolu-ria. am sizmarSi kvercxis wiTeli – qristes sisxli da Ta-vad is wiTeli, romliTac igi wvers iRebavs, sabediswerodxvdeba erTmaneTs.

es ambavi, kuWatnelTan Setakeba, SesaZlebelia, sulacar momxdara wiTel paraskevs. haksthauzenis CanaweriT, arCans, rom es dRe maincdamainc wiTeli paraskevi yofili-yos (arc 1872 wlis gamocemaSia wiTeli paraskevi naxsene-bi). da sababic kuWatnelisgan pur-marilis miuReblobisasxvaa: moucleloba (ix. damateba 1). aSkaraa mestviris ten-dencia: is sabediswero konteqstSi xedavs arsenas sik-vdils, rogorc misi cxovrebis kanonzomier aRsasruls.es ar darCenila SeumCneveli p. umikaSvilisTvis. ai, raswers igi arsenas aRsasrulze:

`es arsenas sikvdili gegoneba TiTqos SemTxveviTisikvdili iyoso, magram kargaT ro davakvirdeT, meore mxa-

193

resac davinaxavT. giorgi sulieri kacia da adaTis amsru-lebeli. salocavad miemgzavreba. arsenas adaTi araT mi-aCnia, Tunda paraskevic iyos, Taviseburad Seeqceva. gior-gi miwvevaze aginebs wiTel paraskevs Rvinos smisaTvis daxalxisaTvis pativcemul da miRebul adaTis gatexisaTvisda, ai arsena, xalxis moyvare da xalxisagan Seyvarebuli,rodesac xalxis adaTis aRsrulebas uarsa hyofs, da aqacTavisufleba unda, rogorc yovelTvisa hqonia – am drosTiTqos bedic xels iRebs da sikvdiliT sjis~ [umikaSvili: 217].

arsena Tavisi sisxliT gamoisyidis danaSauls (sxvisisisxliT arc axla, arc am ukanasknel orTabrZolaSic, Tav-dacvis drosac, ar mZimdeba misi suli) da savsebiT amar-Tlebs im sityvebs, romlebic, mestviris TqmiT, wauweriamcxeTis xalxs misi saflavis qvaze:

`aqac kai kaci iyo, iq naTeli daadgesa~.

TiTqos misi ukanaskneli saidumlos gamJRavnebaa sik-vdiliswina sityvebi:

`Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT dids kldeSi devsa;Raribsa, aras mqonesa, mieces da moxmardesa~.

es `Svidasi Tumani~, kldeSi damarxuli, rogorc saara-ko ram ganZi, misi sikeTis, rogorc es mestvires esmis, niv-Tieri gamoxatuleba, TiTqos sasufevlis mosapovebladCadebuli windia.

finalSi isic sagulisxmoa, rom ganZis saidumlos is Ta-vis mkvlels umxels da am faqts momakvdavis piridan aR-momxdar SeZaxilTan `ver gagimete, giorgio~ erTad msme-neli ar SeiZleba ar aRiqvamdes rogorc mtris Sendobisqristianul aqts, riTac mas, wiTeli paraskevis gamtexs,gza gaexsna sasufevlisaken.

daskvna

arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. esmxolod zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli mo-tivebi aqvs.

misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTa-vari. is mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pi-rovnuli egzistencialuri tragizmiT.

194

siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis imwres, saidanac gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo.ver mivida im wremde, romelsac daupirispirda. erTs ga-eqca, meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki imgvarad, rogorc ma-Rali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo hyavs,arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria katego-riuloba adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlensgardauval nebas. gana yma-glexis arCevania mowoneba da amgrZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?

is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanonsar dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara –ise. es TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, ro-gorc socialurad misi tolebi iqcevian. `arsena gamonak-lisia. mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess Rrmad damCnevia er-TaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani: 77]. Cven SegviZlia vilapara-koT realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestvi-ris Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevrimoaruli ambavi mis `originalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1).mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva misi saqcieli da qceva mar-tyofis dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis masalad,radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianis-Tvis. misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavi-suflebas da Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms:sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas da, roca dambaCis patroni mi-marTavs misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad uaxlovdeba damiznebullulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis Semdeg,sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is sik-vdilisgan ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvi-oT~ (damateba 1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTaTema. aseTi arsena ar aris maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire ma-inc grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac iseTi, rac ganasxva-vebs mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.

es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebzesufris gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani: 77] da sxva qcevebSi vlinde-ba, anomaliad Cans yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli gle-xobis wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan, vinai-dan Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umrav-lesobisagan: arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani: 77]. es nam-dvili rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowode-

195

bebs uxsnis gzas. `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusT-veluri `Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa.arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamo-Wedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs.Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebiancruarsenebi da misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.

Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qar-Tul mwerlobasa da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da per-sonaJi, rogoric arsena iyo da aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sis-xliT da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da sivrceSi da arissamudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs si-namdvilesa da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinam-dvilidan, masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragi-kul gmirad aqcevda. Tu elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZra-vebeli zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT `arsenas leqsze~da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityva-cnebassilaRes. `arsena laRi iyo. silaRe siampartavne ar aris.arsenas kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe: 6]. karginaTqvamia. magram silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris am-partavnoba, axlavs ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSigadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli gza Tavisi aRsasruliTamas emowmeba.

damateba I

epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan

arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. savaWros patroni tfilisSi. mas Se-uyvarda Tavad baraTovis ymis qaliSvili, romlisTvisac igiarsenas gamosasyids sTxovda. arsenam mTeli weli bejiTad imu-Sava da, bolos, saWiro Tanxac daagrova, magram baraTovma pi-ri uSala da axali pirobebi wauyena. maSin arsenam RamiT gamo-iyvana Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gai-xizna; magram daiWires da cixeSi Casves. ramdenime wlis SemdeggaaTavisufles. amasobaSi misi Seyvarebuli Tavadma sxvaze ga-aTxova. maSin arsenam datova qalaqi, wavida mTebSi da yaCaRobadaiwyo. martodmarto, bevri wlis manZilze awuxebda TbilisisSemogarens. bevrs yvebian misi originaluri da amayi xasiaTisSesaxeb. igi aerTebda gabedulebasa da jiut vaJkacobas araC-veulebriv RonesTan, ise rom veravin bedavda misTvis winaaR-

196

mdegobis gawevas, igi mxolod aucilebels iRebda. erTxel va-Wari gauCerebia, romelsac Tan uzomo fuli hqonia, Sexvewniadamindeo, arsenas is sadRac gaugzavnia Tavis nacvlad 4 mane-Ti valis gasastumreblad.

mis dasaWerad didi Tanxa iyo gamocxadebuli, magram vera-vin bedavda am Tanxis damsaxurebas. bolos mis naTlimamas ga-uCnda es survili. saojaxo saqmeebze molaparakebis sababiT,man saxlSi dapatiJa igi. misi xmali kedelze dakides, maspinZe-li ki yovel Rones xmarobda mis dasaTrobad. `vin arian, Senisaxlis garSemo rom darbiano?~ maspinZels feri ecvala. arse-nam daiyvira, Ralatiao, da uxmlod gavarda oTaxidan, SeaxtaWiSkarTan dabmul cxens da gaqusla. tyviebi daadevnes, dauW-res cxeni, magram Tavad gadarCa da miimala. naTlimama amis Sem-deg mudmiv SiSSi iyo, sul imaleboda da marto arasodes wvebo-da dasaZineblad. mcire xnis Semdeg martyofSi saeklesio dRe-saswaulze gamoCnda arsena uamrav xalxSi, romelTagan naxevar-ze meti scnobda mas. magram TiTqos veravin amCnevda. igi mividaTavad orbelianTan, romelic iq Tavis ojaxTan erTad iyo mo-suli, da erTi Wiqa Rvino mosTxova. Tavadma daakmayofila mi-si Txovna. `mcnob me?~ – hkiTxa arsenam. `gcnob. arsena xar~. –`maSin sTxove im kacs, – miuTiTa Soriaxlo myof Cinovnikze, –rom maCuqos Tavisi xmali~. – `Sen Tavad sTxove~. arsena mividaCinovnikTan, magram man, aRSfoTebulma, uari uTxra Txovnaze.maSin Tavadma mas ori sityva wasCurCula da Cinovnikmac miscaxmali arsenas.

ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTvrali arsena isev mivida Tavad-Tan da uTxra: `Seni dambaCa momwons, maCuqe~. Tavadma CaxmaxiSeayena, daumizna da uTxra: modi, waiRe!~ arsena uaxlovdebo-da, rom am dros axalgazrda Tavadisqali mivarda mamas da da-iyvira: `am wmida dResaswaulis gulisaTvis, nu daRvriTsisxls!~ arsena mivida TavadisqalTan: Tqven sikvdilisgan mix-seniT. neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~, da Seeriaxalxs. meore dRes man ukan daabruna xmali, ar undoda, codvadasdeboda aseT dResaswaulze.

roca yazarmaSi mimaval oficrebs Seeyreboda, arafersuSavebda maT, pur-marilze hpatiJebda, isinic siamovnebiT Tan-xmdebodnen.

bolos arsena orTabrZolaSi daiRupa. erTxel igi amxana-gebTan erTad ijda tfilisis maxloblad gzaze. am dros gamo-

197

iara imerelma aznaurma msaxurTan erTad. arsenam miipatiJaigi pur-marilze, magram man uari uTxra im mizeziT, rom gada-udebel saqmeze midioda. roca is wavida, megobrebma arsenasuTxres: `marTla daijere, rac giTxra? SenTan puris Wama er-cxvineba~. – `ase fiqrobT?~ – `aba ra!~ arsena Seaxta cxens dameored dapatiJa aznauri. – Tu mibrZaneb da memuqrebi, gangebar wamoval~. orTavem iSiSvles xmlebi da daiwyo sastiki brZo-la. aznauris msaxuri mSvidad adevnebda Tvalyurs. aznauriorjer daiWra, arsenas ki jer erTi Wrilobac ar hqonda. bo-los, aznaurma uyvira msaxurs: `unda moakvlevino Seni bato-ni!~ msaxurma gulcivad daumizna da adgilzeve mokla arsena.

[haksthauzeni: 85-88]

damateba II

arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi

roca arsenas moutacia moaxle, maSin mamaCemi estate 15wlisa yofila da algeTze xborebi hyolia da SaSinebia, qaliro mohyamdaT wiokobiTa da arsenas uTqom: estateo, Sen nu ge-Siniao, me Sen arafers gerCio. arsenas ro qali moutacnia, go-mareTs wauyvania, iq dautovebia, TiTon wamosula, albaT iq mo-keTe eyoleboda, da saridali (`tifi~) Saxvedria. lekianoba royofila da xalxi ro gaqceulan, iq dasamali alagebi yofilafeiqarTubanSi, – kldeebia, ro xami kacma naxos, ityvis, es rasakurveli rame yofila. iq Wala iyo da iq ucxovria arsenas.cxeni hyolia da gauSvia WalaSi xurjingadakidebuli. puricahqonia, Rvinoca, xorcica da ise avaT yofila im saridoTi, roTavi ara hqonia, roma misuliyo, xurjini CamoeRo da puri eWa-ma. roca morCenila, memre dauZaxnia im cxenisaTvis, lurja,modio. ise gawurTnuli hyolia cxeni, ro dauZaxebda, movido-da maSveTi. ro mosula cxeni, yvelaferi ayrolebuli yofila.mere Camosula ninikas binaSi. saca Rori hyvanda da maSveTi romisula, gaqceula ninika, ro Rori daklas da, ar dakla Rorio,ninikao, Roris xorci ar minda meo da mand jorjiaSvileb roamboben, bogvSia. jorjiaSvilebis bina yofila iqve axlo nini-kasTan da uTqom, ninikoo, wadio jorjiaSvilebis binaSio dauTxario, cxvari gamamigzavnono. rogor ar gamougzavnidnen,arsenas saxeli ro gaiges. gamougzavnes erTi kai Wedila da isdakles. memre kai puri Wames erTaT da ninikamaca da arsenamaca

198

da mere arsenam uTxra, ro ninikoo, erTi rame unda giTxrao daar damzardeo. aba uar rogor etyoda da uTxra: ai es Cemi cxe-nio da Sajeqio da wadio. Rame gaugzavnia marabdaSi, ro aravinnaxos. arsenas cxenze Samjdara da uTqom, roma Cem saxSi ar mix-video. – iq naTlideda hyolia. gamaacxoso da Rvinoc, tiki ga-gimsoso da ise midio da wamodio, ro aravin ara gnaxoso. ise, roTel marabdas xeli hqonda mowerili, ro Tu arsena gamoCnde-boda sadme, Tel marabdas gadaasaxlebdnen (sof. tbisi).

[salariZe: 190-1]

damateba III

oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli

kodaSi, Sua sofelSi mozrdili saxli, didi derefani mu-xis koWebze, SuaSi veeba boZi. Sesavali kedeli Ria, gelazebiTSezRuduli, kibec – sami gelazi. marjvniv – patara oTaxi. imisgverdze marcxniv kedelSi didi karebi garanduli. es iyo didioTaxis kari sastumrosi. urdulTan kars rom gaaRebdi, orikibe iyo qvisa, Caxvidodi Sin saxlSi. samzareulo, sakuWnao, ki-dobani aq iyo gamarTuli. marcxniv Sesavali saToneSi, Sin sax-lidan pirdapir marnis kari – sufTa oTaxi, qvevrebmomwkrive-buli, baRis iaraRi, jagnebi. am patara oTaxSi mudam mwife xi-lis suni idga. es iyo arsenas oTaxi. egre veZaxdiT.

iakobma gvian Seimosa mRvdloba. manamdisin moqeife axal-gazrdobaSi reuliyo. axovani vaJkaci, TeTr-wiTeli, mZlavrimarjvenis meqone. kargi mTqmeli, cota damcinveli. daaxlove-biyo arsenas da bolomdis SerCa megobrad. gaWirebaSi arsenaSeefareboda Rvdlis saxls. imisTvis mzad iyo yvelaferi ma-ranSi. marans erTi fanjaraca hqonda SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneb-lad.

arsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda Ser-Ceul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdli-sagan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda, erTi isevuzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla ar Cami-deniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin. gasacar-cvad ki aravis vindob: mec miWirs da gaWirebuli megobrebicbevri myavs. eziareboda, xelze emTxveoda.

gamigia, roca arsena iakobTan iyo saziareblad Tu mosas-veneblad, sofeli misaval gzebze yarauls daayenebda, rom

199

droze ecnobebina mZebnelis misvla. isic uTqvamT, vinme sof-lidan mosakiTxsac miarTmevdao.

amaTac, Rvdels da arsenas, erTxel Sejaxeba mohxdeniaT:kodidan patarZali mihyvandaT marabdas. meqorwineebs ambavimihsvliaT: arsena gdarajobT, patarZlis motaceba undao. Se-Sinebulan, misulan da uTxovniaT iakobisaTvis: wamogvyevi, SenixaTri aqvs da gamklavebac SegiZliano.

SezarxoSebul Rvdels xalxis Txovna ar gaetexa, CamoeRoxmali da gahyoloda mayrebs.

Rame sironikaanT orRobeSi, bogirTan, marTla dahxvedri-yo arsena da Seetia.

yvelani ganabuliyvnen. iakobi wamdgariyo wina da daeZaxa:gza daagdeo! wamosuliyo arsena misken dambaCiT xelSi. gansac-delSi Rvdels daeqnia xmali. daWriliyo arsenas cxeni.

– arsen! – daeZaxa Rvdels.– iakob, Sen? Cqara cxeni, Cemi daWrilia.Rvdeli maSinve gadmosuliyo Zirs da mieca Tavisi cxeni.

patarZali mainc gadaerCina.ramdenime dRis Semdeg cxeni isev mihsvlia Rvdels.arsenas bina kumisis mRvimeebSic hqonda da, Tu nuzla Semo-

akldeboda, Rvdeli gaatanda imasTan ulufas, viTom diakvanssamebaSi gzavnida.

is Zveli saxli kodaze daqceulia. axliT aris Secvlili.arsenas erTi xmalTagani SeCenoda marans. iq ekida taxtis

kedelze. Cem dros ukve Jangmokidebuli iyo. memre xanjlad ga-daakeTa solom

[barnovi v.,1964: 336-7].

damateba IV

Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.

`guSindel dRes, naSuadRevis xuT saaTze me Cemi ojaxiT mi-vemgzavrebodi sof. noriodan salocavSi martyofis mama an-tonis uZvelesi drois RvTaebis taZarSi. Cveulebriv, 15 agvis-tos aq mravali xalxi iyris xolme Tavs. is iyo, mivaRwieT mTisZirs norixevze, rom uecrad viRac cxenosani SemefeTa. manam-de me mas ar vicnobdi, arsad minaxavs. igi momiaxlovda cxen-dacxen da momTxova puri da Rvino, razec me uari vuTxari. ma-

200

Sin man gamomicxada: me arsena oZelaSvili var da, Tu Cems moTx-ovnas ar SeasrulebT, Cvens Soris usiamovneba datrialdebao~.am sityvebis wamosrola da misi cxenidan Camoxtoma erTi iyo.Tvalis daxamxamebaSi Cerqezuli xmali Camomaglija, magram,rom gaigo, vinca var, or-sam wuTSi isev damibruna. Cems maxlob-lad mimavals ki [Tavad sumbaTaSvils] ZaliT aarTva spilos-Zvlistariani Cerqezuli xmali da oqroTi movarayebuli dam-baCa. me ramdenjerme vTxove arsenas, daebrunebina misTvis war-Tmeuli Zvirfasad Semkuli iaraRi, magram igi civ uarze iyo dadaemuqra kidec. me meti aRar Cavreulvar am saqmeSi. davbrun-di Tavzardacemul da SeSinebul Cem ojaxTan da monastriskenganvagrZeT gza.

am SemTxvevis dros Cems garda iq sxva xalxic iyo da maT So-ris sofel noriodan glexi zaqaria ZiZikaSvili, magram arse-nas SiSiT man krintic ver daZra.

es yaCaRi zorba, lurj ulayze ijda; SeiaraRebuli iyo os-maluri dambaCiT, TofiT, xmal-xanjliT da mkerdze gardigar-dmo patrontaSebiT. CemTan Sexvedramde arsena viRac mgzav-rebs misdevda da xmamaRla emusaifeboda, magram me rom damina-xa, imaT Tavi gaaneba da gaCerda. monastrisken mimavalni lapa-rakobdnen, rom arsena oZelaSvili muqaraze mets aravis ara-fers erCoda, araviTar borotebas aravis mimarT ar Cadioda,aravisTvis uwyeninebiao...~

es aris sinodaluri kantoris Cinovnikis ivane arjevaniZe-makarovis xeliT rusul enaze dawerili axsna-ganmarteba Ta-vad sumbaTaSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTis gamo martyofis inci-dentis Sesaxeb.

damateba V

(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)

me arsena damaviwyda kidec, masTan sadao ara maqvs ra. Se-vityve kargad, rom me igi ara mmtrobs da Cemi waxdena mas arunda. Tanaxma var, Zalian kargi. saqme mxolod mTavroba aris.me aras verCi, Tu mTavrobac aras etyvis da apativebs. mTavro-bas mis Sesaxeb ara aqvs kargi Sexeduleba. mTavroba mas uyu-rebs, rogorc Tavis mters da xalxis amjanyebels. mec ki vec-debodi, rom mTavrobamac Seiwynaros igi da apativos, magramubedureba imaSi aris, rom mas bevri mteri hyavs da amitom mas

201

bevr rames swameben, bevrs danaSaulobas, ymebis ajanyebas, aramcTu marto batonebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mTavrobis winaaRmde-gac.

[WiWinaZe: 133-134].

abaSiZe: abaSiZe b., erovnuli fenomeni da arsenas leqsi,Tb., merani~, 1991.

ardaSiri: ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wigni, falauridanTargmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni da-urTo Teo CxeiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb.,1975.

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe i., ivane makarovi da arsena oZe-laSvili (`literaturuli saqarTve-lo~, 1967, 47).

asaTiani: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,Tb., 1982.

barnovi v. 1964: barnovi v., samwuxro Rimi: Txzulebani,tomi 10, literatura da xelovneba~,1964.

barnovi g. 1976: barnovi g., adamianis Sinasamyaros gamo-xatva qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, qar-Tuli folklori~ VI, mecniereba~, Tb.,1976.

barnovi g. 1989: barnovi g., werilebi, merani~, Tb., 1989.gvaramaZe: gvaramaZe l., petre umikaSvili – redaqtor-

gamomcemeli, `macne~, enisa da lite-raturis seria, 1971, 2.

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.

kakiaSvili: kakiaSvili g., arsena qarTul literaturaSi,Tb., xelovneba~, 1955.

salariZe: salariZe T., algeTis xeobis qarTluri, mec-niereba~, 1978.

umikaSvili 1938: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, na-wili pirveli, tfilisi, 1937.

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV,Tb., literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

202

fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institu-tis folkloruli arqivi, p. umikaSvi-lis fondi.

WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiu-ri masalebi, t. 2-3, 1924.

xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsenaoZelaSvilze, Tb., 1968.

haksthauzeni: Ãàêñòãàóçåí Àâãóñò, ôîí, Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé, ÷.

1, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1857.

poezia

205

sakulto poezia

rodesac sakulto poeziaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelo-baSi gvaqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepir-sityvieri masala da ara saerTo qarTuli. amave dros, isicunda iTqvas, rom poezia pirobiTi terminia am xasiaTis teq-stebisaTvis. maTi amaRlebuli Sinaarsi, sazeimo pirobebiSesrulebisa, erTgvari ritmi maTi Sesrulebisa, da bolos,myari struqtura TiTqos safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, romes teqstebi poetur Semoqmedebad CavTvaloT.

sakulto teqstebi Seiqmna aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTis saymoebSi (TemebSi, sazogadoebebSi) socialur-religiuri saWiroebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, am regi-onSi mosaxleoba tradiciulad salocavebis garSemo iyo(da ramdenadme, aris dResac) Semokrebili. mTiuleTisa dafSav-xevsureTis aragvis xeobebSi moqceuli mTeli teri-toria danawilebulia sazogadoebebad, romlebic romeli-me RvTisSvilis Tu jvaris saymod iTvleba. RvTisSvili(RvTisnasaxi, RvTisnabadebi) an jvari zogadi saxelia wmi-danisa (wm. giorgi, RvTismSobeli, wm. petre mociquli dasxva) Tu angelozisa (miqaeli, gabrieli), romelic mfar-velobs ama Tu im, saymod wodebul sazogadoebas. saymo damisi teritoria iTvleba winaistoriul xanaSi (`mas JamsaSina~) romelime jvarisa Tu RvTisSvilis mopovebulad dadaarsebulad da ganagrZobs cxovrebas misi mfarvelobisqveS istoriul xanaSi. yovel saymos, rogorc yovelTa mi-wierTa gangeba RvTis (`morige RmerTis~) xelSia, magramadamianebs, saymos uSualo (Tumca xucesis meSveobiT, ro-melic saymos warmomadgenelia) urTierToba jvarTanaqvs, morige RmerTis kari Sors aris, jvaris kari ki iqvea,sofelSi. saymo xucesis piriT elaparakeba jvars, xolojvari qadagis piriT – saymos, roca RvTis gangebas ucxa-debs mas. es ormxrivi mimarTuleba – saymodan morige Rmer-Tisaken da morige RmerTidan saymosaken – qmnis ori saxis

206

sakulto teqstebis arsebobis pirobas. pirvelia saxucoanu xucesis warmosaTqmeli teqstebi, meore – naqadagar-ni, qadagis mier warmoTqmuli teqstebi.

I. saxuco teqstebi. am regionis sakulto teqstebs So-ris gansakuTrebuli kanonikurobiT gamoirCeva xevsuru-li xucobani. es is teqstebia, romelTac warmoTqvams xu-cesi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis gamo jvaris karze. maTi ad-resati yovelTvis aris konkretuli jvari (RvTisSvili)an mTeli `panTeoni~, mTeli erToblioba jvarTa morigeRmerTis ufrosobiT. es teqstebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgebagarkveuli raodenobis stereotipuli sintagmisagan, rom-lebic mcireodeni saxecvlilebiT gadadis erTi teqsti-dan meore teqstSi. es cvlilebebi sruliad umniSvneloa,isini exeba sintaqsur mxares. mosalodneli unda yofili-yo stereotipul sintagmaTa gansazRvruli, kanonikuraddadgenili (tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli) Tanamimdevroba,rac arsebiTad dasturdeba kidec, magram es Tanamimdev-roba yvelgan ar xorcieldeba. aseve, cxadia, ar aris auci-lebeli erT romelime konkretul teqstSi realizebuliiyos yvela stereotipuli formula, maTi raodenoba SeiZlebaminimumamde iqnes dayvanili, rac, albaT, unda aixsnebodestradiciis SesustebiT romelime saymoSi an romelime xu-cesis xarveziani praqtikiT. arsebuli Canawerebis mixed-viT Znelia msjeloba romelime teqstis maqsimalur sis-ruleze, magram mainc aris iseTi teqstebi, romlebic am sis-rulis STabeWdilebas toveben, imdenad amomwuravad sce-men pasuxs maxvewaris yoveldRiur interesebs.

ase rom, xucobaTa gamoyenebis diapazoni metad vrce-lia, igi yofa-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs.yoveli met-naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmianoba Tu xdomi-leba adamianis cxovrebaSi ritualizebulia da aucileb-lobiT moiTxovs xucesis Carevas konkretuli garemoebis-Tvis dawesebuli sityviTa da qmedebiT. xucobis teqstebigaismis msxverplis Sewirvisas (saklavis dakvlisas) jvar-Si Tu jvaris ymis ojaxSi; sufris dalocvisas; sanadirodwasvlis win; Temidan mokveTisas; mtris darisxebisas; jva-ris msaxurTa (dasturTa, mesafuvreTa da sxvaTa) ganaT-vlisas; wyalSi Tu zvavSi daRupulis sulis Ziebisas (e.w.suliT xucoba, romelsac warmoTqvams sulis xucesi); sa-xelis dadebisas; sulis wyaros (daRupulis saxelze),

207

mkvdris cxenis, jvarSi Sewiruli nivTebis (Tasis da sxva-Ta), axalwulTa (jvarSi gasayvanTa), mekvleTa, doRis da-locvisas; jvarSi mitanili qada-purebis gaservisas, lu-dis kodis gaxsnisas, samanis Cadgmisas, samkalSi pirveladgasvlisas, stumris gastumrebisas da sxva da sxva SemTxve-visaTvis. cxadia, yovel rituals Tavisi sakuTrivi teqstiSeesatyviseba.

mogvyavs xevsuruli xucobis teqsti, romelic war-moTqmul iqna gudanSi 1994 wels aTengenobas saklavis dak-vlisas gudanis jvaris xucesis gaga WinWaraulis piriT:

`aaa, dideeba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dResdResindelsa, rjul qristianTa, mzesa-d’ mzis myol an-gelozTa. dideba-d’ gamarjveba Senda, batono xTiSobe-lo, na£arela zRurblis damteo, zar eklesiis damWero,Sen gadidas RmerTma, Sen gagimarjvas, Seni gamCeni mori-ge RmerTi gadidebs, gaZrielebs, ar magiwyens, ar magiZu-lebs, Sens samsaxuris mamxseneebs nu maiwyen, nu maiZu-leb. rasa m£arze da gulze gexvewebodas, imazed gaugo-nidi. Sen morige RmerTs gamauTxovidi, did kviraes Saax-vewnidi. xcevdi xfarevdi, Svelidi swyalobdi, avis dRi-sa, laRis mtrisa, mwaris dRisa, mwaris sikvdilisa, mavni-sa, mar£isa, Sen kalTa daufaridi. es moxrili Coqiv, maTx-oiliv madliv, maxsenebulsa samsaxursa, Sen samsaxurismamxsenisa, magaT Tav-yudro jalafobisa orfe£-oTxfe-£isa, qudosan mandilosnisa, naSvral-namuSavrisa da be-disa-d’ bolosa yurTamsmeneli, mlxeneli, mxoiSnebe-limc iqnebi, agremc gagemarjvebis...~

[sadideblebi: 15].

es aris e. w. xucobis teqstis is nawili, romelic sadi-deblisa Tu damwyalobnebis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi Si-naarsi stereotipebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic umniSvnelovariaciebiT meordeba sxvadasxva saymoebSi warmoTqmulteqstebSi. xevsuri xucesi arasodes aZlevs Tavs uflebasTundac umniSvnelo cvlileba Seitanos teqstSi. gansxva-vebebi mxolod saymoTa adgilobriv tradicias gamoxatavsda ar aris gamowveuli misi warmomTqmelis nebasa da ge-movnebaze. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive xu-cesi arasodes warmoTqvams savsebiT identur teqsts – misarsenalSi arsebobs vrceli da SekumSuli versiebi. maga-

208

liTisTvis, gaga WinWaraulis mier imave dRis sxva monak-veTSi, xatis sxva adgilas warmoTqmul damwyalobnebaSidasawyisic gansxvavebulia da sxva stereotipebic iCensTavs:

“batono xTiSobelo, xTiSoblis laSqarno, gza-Sarasyaraulno, Tqven gadidnasT RmerTma, Tqven gagimar-jvasT damadlebulze TeTreulzed, sanTelzed... Tqvensefe-sanTelsa, Wiqa-barZimsa, TeTreulis dammadleebsnu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT...me rasac maxsenebas davaklebTqven Wiqa-barzimTa, sefe-sanTelsa, damadlebul TeT-reulsa, Tqven Tqven wyalobas nu daaklebT, agremc ga-gemarjvebisT. ikadreT, aitaneT da xTis karze mai£mareT,magcasT wyaloba, mezRvne-mesanTleebo, sawaRmarTodmagiarasT, davlaT dagaxmarasT, zRvnoba-sanTloba, se-fe-sanTlis £seneba, TeTreulis damadleba sasixarulogagixadasT, saklood dagixaliznasT, waRm magegebasT,waRm gamagyvasT, mowaRmarTe angelozi gagayolasT gza-Sia, mgzavrobaSi da Tqven gwyalobdasT, xTiSoblis ka-ris mlocavT...~

[sadideblebi: 15].

damwyalobnebas xucobis teqstSi mosdevs kurTxeva(kurTxeba), romelic sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedgeni-lobisaa. igi warmoadgens qristianuli literaturidan –saxarebidan, locvebidan da liturgiuli sakiTxavebidanamokrefili damaxinjebuli sintagmebisa da gaugebari war-moSobis frazebisa Tu sityvebis amalgamas, Senadnobs, daTiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, gansakuTrebuli, damwyalob-nebisgan gansxvavebuli intonaciiT warmoiTqmis:

`saxeliTa xTisaTa sarxielisaTa, Tavsa dagadgesyovliTa da yovlebiTa, sityviTa damravlebiTa. wmida ar-sebulo, arsebi amaRlebulo, wmidad iyo sakiTxavi, vinaasakiTxavi, pavleia sakiTxavi. abrieli oxiTa mravliTa,bevriTa bevreuliTa maSi mavida ufali aTasiTa gundi-Ta, aTasiTa angelozebiTa, mware axsna suli Cvenni, au-tivna tiloni an xilo an Satoloebao. satyuilebiTa gve-lisiTa, sacdeniTa eSmakisiTa, ara dedakacisiTa, ara ma-makacisiTa, ara piriTa bagozelisiTa, RmerTo xTobao,galobao, sarwmunoebao, mzei gamarwyvilebela, egia jo-

209

joxeTi urZeo urRveveli, didia zRudeba Cveni. casamtredi gadmanaxda, sixarulsa moiTxovda, Cvenno Zmanosionisao, mtkiceno, mtkiced iyveniT, saqmisa Cvensa Rma-tebdiT, gana cudi Sroma iyo, romeni iwva, eZina, Cvenisaoxisa kviraisaTa. adges, wavides, maa£senes xTis mowafe-Ta, angelozTa, ade, ganiRviZe. adga, ganiRviZa dilisniafria, daZRves egen ufro, sayidelnia caTaCia, Tqo ufal-ma, yovelma erma sityva uflisa, mamisa, Zisa, Cven jvari-sa Cvenisa wmidisa. maSin Seswaldes ufalsa obolni...~

[sadideblebi: 41].

es teqstebi warmoiTqmis xatSi saklavis dakvlis win.saxuco teqstebidan Cans, rom Suamavlis funqcias as-

rulebs jvari – damakavSirebeli saymosi morige Rmer-TTan, romlis kars adamiani ver wvdeba, jvari ki ufro mi-sawvdomia. Tu morige RmerTs manifestaciis araviTariforma ara aqvs (igi usaxoa), Tavad uxilavi arseba jvariadamians sxvadasxva niSnebis (mtredi, jvaris niSani, Rrub-lis fTila, cecxlis `burjRumi~ da sxva) meSveobiT ucxa-debs Tavs. da Tu saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris Suamava-li jvaria, Tavad jvarsa da saymos Soris Suamavlis rolSixucesi gamodis, romelic akavSirebs saymos jvarTan, xu-cess jvarTan miaqvs saymos msxverpli da Txovna, raTa manes msxverpli da Txovna aitanos morige RmerTamde –msxverpli, cxadia, sublimuri saxiT; ufro sworad, msxver-pli aris samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoiyenos xucesma jva-ris mosamadliereblad jvaris karze, xolo jvarma, Tavismxridan, morige RmerTis mosamadliereblad RvTis karze.

xucesis, rogorc Suamavlis roli, kargad Cans stere-otipuli formulis erT-erT saxesxvaobaSi:

`geZax-gexvewebian es mama-Svili, me Send Samamixve-webian, Sen Sens gamCensa, morigesa damriges Saaxvewnio~

(axieli).

ase safexurebriv, ierarqiulad adis xvewna saymodanxucesisa da jvaris gavliT morige RmerTis karamde.

magram es konkretuli jvari, romlis mimarTac arisTxovna naTqvami, SuamavliTa ara mxolod ymasa da morigeRmerTs Soris, aramed ymasa da sxva jvars Soris, es amgva-rad aris gamoTqmuli:

210

`sxva xTisnabadeb Tu ras uwyrebodas, umruddebo-das, madli dauTxovidi, sxvasTan uSuidi~

(arxoti, miqael mTavarangelozis jvari).`sxvagan xTisnabadebn Tu razed uwyrebodan, madli-d

xoiSan dauTxoidiT~(barisaxo, kvirias xati).

`did kviraes sxvan xTisnasaxn Tu ras uCiodan, ukuRmdgebodan madli, xoiSan, dauTxoidi~

(lebaiskari, kistani).

kidev ras sTxovs saymo jvars? yvela saTxovars Tavi-si stereotipuli formula aqvs. am saTxovarebSi ixatebaymis mTeli cxovreba – misi saojaxo, sameurneo yofa, misizneobrivi saxe, misi gare da Sida. kacis Semateba ojaxSi,saqonlis simravle, janmrTeloba, mteri, sikvdili, SvelaxifaTSi, davlaTis SeSveleba, mSvidobiT dabruneba, mosa-vali (`sTvel Ralian-baraqian amauyenidiT~), Segnebuli dauneburi Secodeba, Sromis kurTxeva (`xarisa-d’ mxris naof-lars jvar dauwerdiT~), ZRvenis kurTxeva (`qristem dagi-werasT jvar Tqven zRvenTa-d’ samsaxur~), codvebis mote-veba sinanulisas (`sinanuls Tu geZaxdan, ulxindiTa~) imSegnebiT, rom `yma SauwyenT, baton Saundobar ar iqnebis~.

sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi:garda uSualod saklavis dakvlis win, misi legitima-

ciis (msxverplis kanonierebis) mizniT warmosaTqmeli teq-stebisa anu damwyalobnebaTa, xucesTa sityvier maragSiunda gamovyoT sakuTriv sadideblebi, romlebic jvarisaTu kerZo sufris dasalocad warmoiTqmis. aq xsendebiansxvadasxva saymoTa RvTisSvilebi – TiToeul maTganze Ti-To sanTeli da TiTo sasmisia (Wiqa-barZimi) gapirovnebu-li. ai, es sadidebelic (Cawerili barisaxoSi, kviria xatSi,XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi):

wina sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimar-jos, maRalo RmerTo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen ga-didas, gagimarjos, kviraev, xTis karze karaviano! aem san-Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas. gagimarjos RubisTavsvetis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadi-das, gagimarjos, xTisSobelo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos saxmTo-saxates

211

mdgomo angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadi-das, gagimarjos pirquSo, cecxlisaliano! aem sanTel-Wi-qa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos gmiro kopalav,laRo laxtiano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,gagimarjos Tavado mTavarangelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos xTiSobelo, adgilisdedao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimar-jos kviraev Telis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos sanebao axoswveri-sao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjosgiorgiv wyarosTavisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sengadidas, gagimarjos laSqarno xTisSoblisano! aem san-Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgivnaRvrispirisao!~

[sadideblebi: 17-18].

II. naqadagarni. xucobis teqstebSi adresati jvaria, ra-ki es teqstebi vedrebas gamoxataven. magram aris sakultoteqstebi, sadac saymoa adresati. amitomac, Tu damwyalob-nebaSi an sadidebelSi sityva miemarTeba qvemodan zeviT,naqadagarSi zemodan qveviT miemarTeba. Tu pirvel Sem-TxvevaSi xucesi jvaris mimarT agzavnis sityvas, aq qadagilaparakobs jvaris piriT saymos gasagonad, mas jvarissityva moaqvs adamianebamde. aq mimarTuleba zemodan qve-moT aris: morige RmerTis neba jvars Camoaqvs dedamiwazeda qadagi is piria, romelsac jvari ucxadebs am neba-gadawyvetilebas da romlis bageebiT cxaddeba es neba.damwyalobnebaSi xucesi `agzavnis~ jvars morige RmerTiskarze madlisa da wyalobis gamosaTxovnad, naqadagarSi kimorige RmerTis karze namyofi jvari brundeba ukan da qa-dagis piriT mTels saymos ucxadebs morigis nebas da mo-mavalsac uwinaswarmetyvelebs. naqadagaris enac Sesaba-misad simboluria da `iracionaluri~, rac e. w. `jvarTe-nis~ leqsikaSi cxaddeba. `jvarTenis~ uxvi gamoyeneba imi-Tac aris ganpirobebuli, rom naqadagarSi metyvelebs araadamiani, aramed jvari. mogvyavs naqadagaris nimuSi:

`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqvs Zali-d’ SaZ-lebai. CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior. m£ar m£ars gamiswo-resa-d’ kiser – kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi.aRaraad vis gavaCnior, magram me aisiv mTavarangelozi

212

or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Cem ymaT urCev, roWkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan. Cems wessme ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili. Cem dastur-msaxurn daZveldes, gaTamamdes. aRarcraad me mivaCnior ,me miTqvamis Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamocxadebavis. amir-Cevian Cemda samsaxurebelad orni dasturni ori wliT...~

[sadideblebi: 179].

am naqadagarSi arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelo-zi, sayvedurobs Tavis saymos rwmenis daklebas, amxels siw-mideTa profanaciaSi (`maTreven simurSi da rioSianSi~) daafrTxilebs mas, nu daagdeben mis samsaxurs. naqadagari,rogorc mis boloSi Cans, jvaris msaxurTa – dasturTa da-sayeneblad aris warmoTqmuli (zogierT jvarSi dastu-rebs qadagis piriT irCeven, zogierTSi – qadagis gareSe,ubralo kenWisyriT).

gansakuTrebiT mdidaria informaciiT da gamomsaxve-lobiTi saSualebebiT RulSi (xevsureTi) iaxsris jvarSiwarmoTqmuli naqadagari:

`sadaR maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Camameyarsuyvelaferi – qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-u-lufanic, £ar-kuretni. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, ro-sac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl mi-wa-myars vaxeviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxo-iSnod iqav xTis karze davdior, imiT ro mimiZvirdes yma-ni. qer-oqron ver gadmaviRen srulad. mzeqal SagvijdmaRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem xo-daburni, Cem ymiT qer-oqronic. merige RmerTm damiZrbageni da jixvis Tav-rqani gadmamayoln sam pirad. um-TxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil. xTis karze daol. maqv kiimed, ro gadavicil Cemma gamarjvebamamc da merigesRmerTisamc Savesrev £ar-maniST, ageb gadavicilav, da-vim£rob kviraes. davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurT SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis modeyelRilianT, da£mareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqar-dianniv. giorgim £a£matis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisfe-ri, cis gidel-gidel daawyvita, gaSal wyalobis maskvlav-ni. nuRae geSinisT, imedianad iyveniT~.

[sadideblebi: 180].

213

iaxsari, Rulis jvari, ixsenebs devebTan brZolis xa-nas (`rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi~). Zvele-buri Zalisa da avtoritetis moSlas uCivis. Civis, rom mis-Tvis msxverpli (`qer-oqroni, Wiqa-didebani, zRven-ulu-fani, –ar-kuretni~) aRar iwireba, magram mainc ixtibars aritexs da ganagrZobs Suamavlobas Tavis saymosa da morigeRmerTs Soris, Cveulebisamebr, dadis mis karze madlis ga-mosaTxovnad. naqadagarSi metaforuli enaa gamoyenebu-li, rac adgilobriv, xevsurul dialeqtze, jvarTenis~ sa-xeliT aris cnobili. ganvmartoT `jvarTenis~ sityvebi:qer-oqroni – marcvleuli, ZiriTadad qeri; gamoTqma mze-qal Sagvijd maRalzed niSnavs gvalvianobas (mzeqal – mze);xodaburni – jvaris yanebi; Ãar-maniSni – jvarSi dasaklavipirutyvi; bnel-siskris Teva – Ramis Teva; zRven-samsa-xurT – Sesawiravi: zRveni – qada-purebi, samsaxuri – sak-lavi; yelRiliani – xaxmatis jvaris modes, samZimaris (ix.qvemoT) epiTeti: cis gidel-gidel – ciskiduri.

zogi naqadagari e. w. mTibluri sazomiT aris gawyobili:

`gexvewebio miqielio,apativeo, autieo,uti asa da umecario,Sen gexveweba £orcielio,Sen apative umecarsao,me gamoviTxov buRaursao,Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao,ros dagWirdebis miqielio,rosac Sav£debiT xTis karzedao,iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio,iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio~.

[sadideblebi: 181].

es naqadari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvaris meoxebissaukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi – arxotis jvari amnaqadagarSi emudareba romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas misymas, apatios Secodeba, rogorc `utsa da umecars~, mzad arisRvTis karze RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, meoxeba (Su-amdgomloba) gauwios mas morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavsyvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad Tvlis.

214

~jvarTenis~ sityvebis ganmarteba: buRauri – jvarSidasaklavad misayvani pirutyvi; nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao –nu gaxdi avad, sawolSi xangrZliv mwoliared.

II-a. samZimaris naqadagarni. samZimaris naqadagrebi,ramdenadac maTi `avtori~ anu pirveli piri miTosuri per-sonaJia, SegveZlo andrezebis nakveTSi gagvexila, magramisini ufro saweso sityvierebas ganekuTvnebian, amave droses teqstebi originaluri da Taviseburi poeturi Semoq-medebis brwyinvale nimuSebia. samZimari xaxmatis wmida gi-orgis mier qajaveTidan aris wamoyvanili. gadmocemebSiar aris erTsulovneba mis statusze qajaveTSi: erTni Tumas motacebulad Tvlian, meoris Tanaxmad igi ganTavisuf-lebulia qajaveTis tyveobidan. kidev sxva andreziT, sam-Zimaris Tavgadasavali imeorebs wmida giorgis mier gve-leSapis xaxidan daxsnili mefis asulis ambavs. asea Tu ise,xaxmatis giorgi qristianulad naTlavs samZimars da wilsudebs Tavis jvarSi, salocavSi. mas Semdeg xaxmatis jvariar gulisxmobs mxolod wm. giorgis, aramed samZimars mas-Tan erTad. amrigad, xaxmatis jvari orsaxiania: igi Tavissaymos ecxadeba rogorc mxedris saxiT, ise ulamazesi, sam-kaulebiT morTuli qalis saxiT, – es aris `yelRiliani~ anxeli samZimari. yelRiliani niSnavs farRuliT morTul-mokazmuls, xeli ki gamoxatavs mis araordinalur, TiTqosSeSlilis qcevas, rac Seadgens swored misi naqadagrebisSinaarss. naqadagrebSi igi gvevlineba erT-erTi funqciiT, racxaxmatis jvaris ymis gamocdaSi mdgomareobs. samZimarinacnobi qalis saxiT ecxadeba moymes, daniSnuliviT cxov-robs mis saxlSi, trialebs kar-midamoSi, akeTebs qalis yo-velgvar saqmes, `Wima-laxtara~, anu sakvebi mxaleuli mo-aqvs mTidan, asufTavebs saxl-kars (abuleTaurT cixeSi),acxobs da, bolos, loginSic ki uwveba moymes (abuleTaurTxoligas, saRiras, imedas an megrelaurT gaxuas), magram ro-gorc ki moyme mis mimarT vaJurad mopyrobas moindomebs,samZimari dauyovnebliv tovebs vaJis saxls, samagierodki raRac sasikeTo niSans utovebs ojaxs. samZimari ga-mocdis yvelas, vis gamocdasac moisurvebs, magram vera-vin uZlebs am gamocdas. gavecnoT erT-erT naqadagars:

`maSin Zliv mqonda SaZlebaio,viarebodi qaliviTao,

215

naoWiani Cavicvidio,qoqomon gavabrialnidio.juaT elene vegonidio,gogoTurais mayvareio.abuleTaurT cixeSiaomedges loginni CardaxSiao.abuleTaurT xoligamaoqali sacoled mamindomao.im Cemsa gamonafrindomsaoiqav aCnian nakoWvarnio.pur-satann mamCnes ReleSiao,xelis saponi wyaroSiao,mamyvebod SanacodrobiTao~.

[sadideblebi: 183].

sxva fragmentebSic Zunwad, magram STambeWdavad, mac-duneblad aris warmodgenili es maqcia, romelic qalis sa-xiT ecxadeba vaJs, magram sruliadac ar aris qali – araTuqali ar aris, adamianuri arsebac ki ar aris. `naoWiani Ca-vicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio~, ambobs aq Tavis Tav-ze samZimari, sxvagan ki: `yurze sayures videbdidio~, `qa-lis fafanag Cavicvidio, davigruSnidi Tav-mandilnio~ –aq naTqvamia yvelaferi, rasac ki SeeZlo TavdaWerili xev-suri moyme, xaxmatis jvaris yma, aeRelvebina. `qoqomon ga-vabrialnidio~ – mxolod es iqneboda sakmarisi, rom yma,rogorc vaJi, Tavdaviwyebas miscemoda. magram vaJi iTmens,vidre samZimari ukidures erotikaSi ar gaaxvevs vaJs: `Ca-vexvividi, Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds gamavixvividio~. am kul-minaciaSi `qali~ tovebs vaJs da mis saxl-kars. yvelaferiocnebaSi momxdara: mis mezobel juaT elenes, mis uimedoSeyvarebuls, misi ocnebis qalwuls, fiqradac ar gauvliagulSi, sacoled stumreboda mas sakuTar saxlSi.

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, `nekeri~, Tb.,1998.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

216

magiuri poezia(Selocva)

terminisTvis. Selocva, rogorc sityvis aRnagoba –Se-locva – cxadyofs, locvisgan warmodgeba. ra niuanssmatebs amosaval sityvas – locvas windebuli Se-? Tu loc-va miemarTeba ierarqiulad maRla mdgom arsebas (RmerTi,angelozi, wmidani), rogorc saTxovari, romelic Seicavsvedrebasac am saTxovaris aRsasruleblad, Selocvis sa-SualebiT adamiani cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ar-sebaTa nebaze, iZulebiT daiyolios Tavis sasikeTod. aq raimeTxovna da vedreba gamoricxulia. erTi, rac saerToa locvasada Selocvas Soris, es aris rwmena fizikuri sinamdvilismiRmuri realobis arsebobisa: locvis SemTxvevaSi, rogorciTqva, rwmena RvTisa da misi angelozebisadmi, rogorc ise-Ti realobisa, romelic adamianze maRla dgas, xolo Seloc-vis SemTxvevaSi rwmena demonuri arsebebisadmi, romlebicar arian warmodgenili adamianze ierarqiulad maRla mdgo-mad, isini adamianis mimarT paralelur samyaroSi arseboben,arc mis maRla, arc dabla, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanabrad. amisgamoa, rom Selocvis toni safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba loc-vis tonisgan, romelic arsebiTad ar Secvlila moyole-buli im droidan, rac locvebis pirveli Canawerebi gaC-nda. locvis kilo Txovna-vedrebiTia, cremlnarevia, aR-vsili sakuTari codvilianobis SegnebiT. mlocveli gam-sWvalulia sasoebiT, mowiwebiTa da SiSiT uzenaesisadmi;is aRiarebs uzenaesis nebas da emorCileba mas, aRiarebsmis absolutur siwmidesa da Zlierebas, grZnobs da xedavskidec ufskruls Tavis SezRudul arsebasa da RvTis usas-rulobas Soris, ivedreba, odnavad mainc Seivsos es uf-skruli. locva xidia am sinamdvilesa da zesinamdviles Soris.

aseTi iyo mlocveli yovelTvis mas Semdeg, rac adami-anma aRiara Tavisze maRla mdgomi RvTiuri samyaros arse-boba. aseTia arsebiTad locva poliTeistur epoqebSic,rasac cxadad mowmobs Cvenamde lursmul damwerlobaSiSemonaxuli aSurul-babilonuri locvebi. locvebis gver-diT am epoqaSi Selocvebic arsebobda, romlis mTelmakorpusma moaRwia Cvenamde. amitom Sexeduleba, TiTqoslocva Selocvis evoluciis Sedegia (an piruku) sinamdvi-les ar Seesabameba. sxvaa mlocvelis da sxvaa Semlocve-

217

lis fsiqologia. isini gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri da eg-zistencialuri tipebi arian, ramdenadac Tavad maTi `ad-resatebia~ erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebulni.

Semlocveli ar grZnobs araviTar ierarqiul damoki-debulebas imaTze, vis mimarTac Selocvis teqstia gamiz-nuli. is maT imave horizontalur sibrtyeze an mis qvemo-Tac gaiazrebs, sadac Tavad aris. mlocvelis vedreba damisi locva qvemodan maRlisken miimarTeba, SemlocvelibrZanebiT moiTxovs, igi an gasZaxis, an CasZaxis; mlocve-li gamsWvalulia braleulobisa da sinanulis grZnobiT,SemlocvelisTvis ar arsebobs aseTi gancda, is SelocviTemuqreba im arsebebs, romlebic abrkoleben mas da xelsuSlian mis keTildReobasa da sameurneo warmatebas. sabo-lood, Tu CavukvirdebiT, Selocvis teqsti savsea muqa-riT da demonur arsebaTa daSinebas emsaxureba. dabolos,Tu locva, Tundac warmarTul xanaSi, saxeldebiT mimar-Tavs RmerTebs da maTTan adamians individualur-pirov-nuli damokidebuleba aqvs (RmerTi cnobs adamians), Se-locvis obieqtebi usaxelo arsebebia da damokidebulebaaq upirovnoa: avsuli cnobs ara adamians, aramed magiurteqsts, romelic mis winaaRmdeg badesaviT aris gadasro-lili an isariviT natyorcni. erTi mkvlevris gamoTqmiT,Selocva mtris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangiviTaa.

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani locvasa da Seloc-vas Soris. Tu locvis mxolod teqstia sakmarisi, raTa manmizans miaRwios, miswvdes uzenaesis yurs, Selocva, ro-gorc wesi, moiTxovs rituals, romlis gareSe mas Zala areqneba. marTalia, rogorc ovidiusi ambobs, `sityvebs wo-na aqvT~, magram sityvis usxeulo wonas esaWiroeba dawon-va ritualis saxiT. Selocvas qmediTi Zala ritualis Tan-xlebiT aqvs. amitomac teqsti masTan erT mTlianobadaRiqmeba. amdenad, Selocva sinkretuli Janria da am mxrivigi klasikuri gagebis miToss enaTesaveba, romelic aseveteqstisa da qmedebis erTianobaa. arc calke teqsti, arccalke qmedeba – aseTia Selocvis principi. isini erTma-neTs avseben da aZliereben.

warmoSoba. marTalia, Selocva dResdReobiT xalxSiagavrcelebuli da xalxuri kulturis fonds ekuTvnis, mi-si xalxuri warmomavloba eWvis qveS aris dayenebuli. v.mansika (W. Mansikka), romelmac rusuli Selocvebi gamoik-

218

vlia, uaryofs Selocvebis xalxur warmoSobas. is fiqrobs,rom Selocva, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens ara xalxis ma-sebis Semoqmedebas, aramed sasuliero wreebis mwignobru-li moRvaweobis erTgvar produqts. misi azriT, ruseTSiSelocvebi warmoiSva literaturis gavrcelebis, agreTveqristianuli simboloebis daSlis (SeiZleba iTqvas, gadag-varebis) Tu reinterpretaciis Sedegad [petrovi: 88]. amTvalsazrisSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram ar un-da gamovricxoT xalxis wvlili Selocvis dRevandeli sa-xis (tipis) CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia, simboloebi elita-ruli wris kuTvnilebaa, magram maTi daSla, maTSi raRacaxlis danaxva, axleburi gageba, xalxuri specifikuri miz-nebis samsaxurSi Cayeneba sxvagan sad unda momxdariyo, Tuara isev da isev xalxis wiaRSi. analogiisTvis gvaxsendebaxalxuri `tarieliani~, romlis warmomavloba `vefxistya-osnidan~ ueWvelia, magram isic eWvgareSea, rom igi am uka-nasknelis `xalxur qvabSi~ gadaxarSvis Sedegia. `xarSva~ kiZlieri, Tu SemoqmedebiTi ara, bunebriv-aracnobieri pro-cesia. amrigad, Tu Selocvebis masala zemodan modis, ma-Ti Selocvad gardaqmna dabal wreebSi xdeba.

ufro konkretulad Selocvis, rogorc Janris, warmo-Sobis problemas a. veselovski pasuxobs. misi azriT, Se-locva Sua saukuneebSi axlad aRorZinebuli miTologiu-ri Semoqmedebis bumis Sedegia. Sua saukuneebSi dadga meo-re didi xana miTologiuri Semoqmedebisa da, ai, swored amdros Camoyalibda SelocvaTa teqstebi, romlebic tipo-logiurad msgavsia warmarTuli Selocvebisa. ase rom, a.veselovskis azriT, dRemde SemorCenili Selocvebi arawarmarTuli, aramed qristianuli epoqis produqtebia.qristianul epoqaSi warmoqmnil SelocvebSi warmarTulielementebis Ziebas igi gaumarTleblad miiCnevs. axlande-li Selocvebis msgavseba `Zvel warmarTul SelocvebTangamowveulia ara axal formaSi maTi gardasaxviT, aramedqristianul niadagze miTosuri procesis damoukidebeliaRorZinebiT~, wers igi [petrovi: 90]. transformirebuliqristianuli realiebisa Tu simboloebis gamoricxvis Sem-deg Selocvis teqstSi arsebiTad aRaraferi rCeba. qarTu-li Selocvebis magaliTze, Tundac maTi zedapiruli gac-nobisas, SegviZlia amis danaxva. qristianuli realiebi Se-locvebis ZiriTadi plastia. sabolood, SeiZleba davas-

219

kvnaT, rom Selocvebi Sedegia qristianuli realiebis im-gvarive gaxalxurebisa (paganizaciisa), rogorsac qristi-anuli wmidanebis xalxur versiebSi vadasturebT.

klasifikacia. Selocvebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoTmaTi gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi mra-valferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. es ori sferoa: I. adamianurisfero anu aq erTiandeba Selocvebi, romlebic adamianisjanmrTelobas emsaxureba; arsebobs nebismieri sneulebissawinaaRmdego Selocva: Tvalis, uJmuris, SeSinebulis, gulistkivilis, bednieris (muwukis evfemisturi saxelwodebaxalxur medicinaSi), orsulis dasacavi da sxva. masve SeiZlebamivaTvaloT siyvarulis gamomwvevi, avi Tvalis mosageri-ebeli da sxva. II. sameurneo sfero, raSic gaerTianebuliaZiriTadad velze myofi saqonlis mxecisgan dasacavi teq-stebi. erTi swavlulis TqmiT (e. kagarovi), am tipis Seloc-va imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac nadiris winaaRmdeg da-gebuli xafangi. marTlac, mglis piris Sesakravi Selocvasxva araferia, Tu ara sityvieri xafangi, romelic ritu-alTan erTad Sin aris `dagebuli~, magram gareT moqmedebs.

struqtura da realiebi. oriode sityva SelocvaTabundovanebaze: bundovaneba Selocvis konstitutiurielementia. warmoSobisTanave is aseTi iyo. ar aris marTe-buli, TiTqos Selocvebis Tavis droze gasagebi teqstidroTa viTarebaSi gabundovanda. riT SeiZleba aixsnas Se-locvaTa bunebiTi bundovaneba? mas SeiZleba moeZebnosaxsna magiaSi. ramdenadac magiis obieqti iracionaluri,araadamianuri Zalebia (romlebic adamians ver cnoben daadamianic ver cnobs maT), maTTan sasaubro enac iraciona-luri, gaugebari unda iyos. rac ufro bundovani da, adami-anis TvalsazrisiT, gaugebaria sityva Tu teqsti, imdenadqmediTia igi. yvelaze Zlieri Selocvebi abrakadabruliSinaarsis teqstebia. maTi aRmniSvneli sagangebo termine-bic ki arsebobs: berZnulad barbara onomata `barbarosu-li (gaugebari) saxelebi~.

aqvs Tu ara raime gamokveTili struqtura Selocvas?mas unda hqondes: I. Sesavali nawili, dasawyisi formula; II.Selocvis obieqtis dasaxeleba; III. daskvna (ganaCeni).

I. dasawyisi formulebi. isini arcTu mravalferova-nia. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia stereotipuli formu-la `saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa~, ro-

220

melsac qristianul samyaroSi yoveli saqmis dawyebisaswarmoTqvamen. sakuTriv Selocvis teqstis win misi war-moTqmiT Semlocveli teqsts legitimurobasTan erTadZalas aniWebs. es formula aq imis niSanic aris, rom Sem-locveli qristianad Tvlis Tavs, Tumca Selocvas qris-tianobasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc Sinaarsobri-vad da arc sarwmunoebrivad. es formula, rogorc wesi,Semlocvelis warmoTqmaSi deformirebulia, TiTqos `ga-martivebulia~. mas aseTi saxe aqvs miRebuli: `saxelo saxe-liTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa~. zogjer mas erTvis:amin! misi variaciebia: `saxeliTa RvTiTa mamiTa ZiTa su-liTa wmindiTa~, `saxelo saxeliTa ZiTa xvTiTa da uZravidedamiwiTa~, `saxelo saxelisao saxelo samjer RvTisao~...

garkveuli Janris (nadiris piris Sesakravi) Selocvebswin uZRvis fsevdoqristianuli dasawyisi, magaliTad: `eke-nia bekenia bekens xati svenebia~, romelsac variaciebi aqvs:`ekenia bekenia beksa (var. bersa) xati svenebia~, `ekenia be-kenia bersa xati Cvenebia~, `ekenia mekenia mefes xati svene-bia~, `es alagi bukasia bukas xati asvenia~ da sxva.

xSiria abradakabras tipis, gaugebar sityvaTa sintag-mebisgan Sedgenili dasawyisebi: `alisasa malisasa~, `atitimatiti~, `movida matauri da matauri da katauri~, `adilasamadilasa~, `erosani merosani usaxlkaro xarosani~, `elielavda (var. elobda) meli melavda (melobda)~, `eli elen-Ta melo melenTa~, `ale male salandole~, `aba abaia TabaTabaia ieso da lasaria~, `asamaria dasamaria zeviT da CemiqveviT maria~. xSirad Selocvis teqsti mTlianad abrada-kabraa, rac aZlierebs mis qmediTobas, radgan qmediTia araSinaarsi sityvisa, misi racionaluri marcvali, aramed mi-si fonetikuri saxe. saukeTeso Selocva uazroa. TumcauazrobaSi SeiZleba azris danaxvac, Tu Selocvis teqstsqmedebasTan erTad gaviazrebT:

`msxals vWam, msxals vsvam, msxali mifenia,msxali mafaria, msxali var!qliavsa vWam, qliavsa vsvam, qliavi mifenia,qliavi mafaria, qliavi var!WinWarsa vWam, WinWarsa vsvam, WinWari mifenia,WinWari mafaria, WinWari var!~

[SioSvili: 185].

221

calke aRebuli es teqsti namdvili abradakabraa, mag-ram misi sazrisis gasaRebi samkurnalo qmedebaSia. danayi-li cxra msxlis, cxra qliavis da cxra WinWris foTlis ma-sas am Selocvis Semdeg usvamen morielis nakbenze. Seloc-vas bundovani Sinaarsi aqvs, Znelia misi siuJetis gamokve-Ta, iracionaluris racionalur enaze `gadmoTargmna~,magram SesaZlebelia personaJTa identifikacia mainc. vinarian isini? SelocvebSi SevxvdebiT qriste RmerTs, dedamariams (uCveulo mezoblobaSi; `gvelis deda mariami~), mo-ciqulebs, sxva wmidanebs... magram ismis kiTxva, ramdenadarian saxecvlili qristianuli wyaroebis personaJebi,ramdenad daSordnen isini Tavis pirvelwyaros, SerCaT Tuara maT Tavdapirveli niSnebi?

ganvixiloT RvTismSoblis, rogorc SelocvebSi iwo-deba, deda mariamis, saxe. igi yvela Janris Selocvebis mniS-vnelovani figuraa. igi, rogorc wesi, mtiralia da es araris misTvis SemTxveviTi. magram igi tiris ara Tavis jvar-cmul Zes, aramed moTqvams im borotebis gamo, romelicmas avsulma uyo. misi antagonisti xSirad uria qeTelad(var. qeTela, qeTeri, qeTeni, qeTereSali da sxva) aris wo-debuli. aSkaraa misi warmomavloba. es is uria xeTelia,romlis coli daviT israelis mefem Seacdina, Tavad ki mu-xanaTurad moakvlevina (2 mef. 11). isic aSkara unda iyos,rom SelocvaSi warmodgenili boroteba, ris uvnebelsa-yofadac mowodebulia teqsti, daviTis STamomavlis, ma-riamis mimarT uria xeTelis SurisZiebis Sedegia.

`saxeliTa RvTiTa, mamiTa, ZiTa da suliTa wmindiTa.locva Tvalymisa.vijeqi taZarsa, vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila,gawyda qseli oqros kedisa,damcvinda mxari almasisa,damayrevina Tma giSrisa.Camoiara qristema, mkiTxa:– deda mariam, ras tiri?– rava ras vtiri, vijeqi taZarsa,vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.Camoiara uria qeTelma,SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila.

222

gamiwyda qseli oqros kedisa,damcvinda mxari almasisa,damayrevina Tma giSrisa.miTxra qristema:– nu stiri, deda mariam, nu yri cremlsa margalitisasa!adeqi, aaduRe wyali, Cakari muguzali,avi TvaliT Semxedvares TvalSi nacari, gulSi Radari!wminda giorgis laxvari da bozalimoxvda yiasa, amouvida Rliavsa!~

[SioSvili: 53].

gavaanalizoT es teqsti analogiuri teqstebis (sadacaseve deda mariamia mTavari personaJi) moSveliebiT. de-da mariami avi Tvalis msxverplia, ufro sworad, gaTvalu-lia uria qeTelis avi mzeriT misi Sromis nayofi – qseli.sxva SelocvebSi dasaxelebulia wiTel-yviTeli an mwvaneabreSumis samoseli, rac, cxadia, arsebiT gansxvavebas arqmnis. deda mariami warmodgenilia, rogorc arqetipi, ro-melic pirvelad xdeba gaTvalvis msxverpli da pirvelad-ve ganaqarvebs mas ritualuri qmedebiT, romelic Seloc-vis teqstSivea gamJRavnebuli (muguzlis Cayra mduRarewyalSi), rac arcTu xSiri SemTxvevaa. yvela gaTvaluli as-rulebs deda mariamis qmedebas. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT,rom misi antagonisti uria qeTeli, rogorc aseve arqeti-pi, yoveli konkretuli gaTvalvis gamomwvevia.

sagulisxmoa adgili, sadac Sromobs deda mariami. esaris taZari, sadac apokrifis (iakobis pirvelsaxareba) Ta-naxmad, rva wlis mariami Seyvanil iqna da cxovrobda iq. wmi-da legendis Tanaxmadve, aq aris moqsovili kvarTi, rome-lic qristes emosa. ra Tqma unda, Selocvis teqstSi yo-fiT logikas ar unda veZebdeT. mTavari aq is aris, rom gaT-valvisgan daxsnis xerxi qristesgan modis, rac unda aZli-erebdes Selocvis qmediTobis avtoritets.

mrCevelis rolSi zogan miqel-gabrieli gamodis, rackidev ufro aaxloebs teqsts pirvelwyarosTan (gabrieliais mTavarangelozi, romelmac axara mariams RvTis Zis muc-ladReba).

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis Selocva, sadac mariamia mTa-vari personaJi, Tavidan bolomde – preambulidan (`saxe-liTa RvTiTa...~) dawyebuli SedegiT (`wminda giorgis lax-

223

vari da bozali~) damTavrebuli – mTlianad qristianulielementebiTa da realiebiT aris SeZerwili.

zogan deda mariami oqros skamze zis an samoTxis kar-ze, an gzajvaredinze da tiris, misi cremlebi margalite-bia (`rasa yri cremlsa margalitisasa~), misi saqmianoba qso-vaa – qalis saqmianobis Tavi da Tavi. is arTavda `qselsaZoweulisasa, iSlida Tmasa broweulisasa~, an `samoselsavqsovdi wiTlisasa, yviTlisasa~. rac Seexeba Tmis gaSlas,SeiZleba gavixsenoT ingilouri legenda wmida mariamze,romelic Svid weliwadSi erTxel gamodis gamoqvabulidanda misi pirveli moqmedeba is aris, rom oqros savarcxliTTmas ivarcxnis. qselis qsova (Tu qselva) da Tmis varcxna,rogorc qaluri aqtebi, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri dedamariamisTvis. Tumca, rogorc gabriel episkoposs (qiqo-Zes) qadagebaSi uTqvams, romeliRac Zvel eklesiaSi arse-bula RvTismSoblis freska, sadac deda mariami TiTista-riT arTavs matylis Zafs (cnoba momyavs ilia WavWavaZissityvidan, romelic man warmoTqva gelaTSi gabriel epis-koposis dabadebis dRes [WavWavaZe 1987: 421). mariami, ro-gorc qslis mbeWavi an, Tundac mqsoveli, apokrifulia. ma-riams xelSi TiTistari sWeria, roca mTavarangelozi gab-rieli gamoecxada. gadmocemiT, am qselisgan moqsova manukerveli kvarTi uflisa. boroti Zala Slis mis naqsovsda navarcxns.

SeniSvna. mrTveli RvTismSoblis~ saxe niSandoblivia rusuliSelocvebisTvis: igi oqros TiTistariT arTavs Zafs, rasac samkur-nalo SelocvebSi sisxlis Semdedebeli – “Ïðåñâÿòàÿ ìàòü áóãîðîäèöà

íà çàëàòóþ ïðÿñëèöó ïðÿëà, íèòêó àòàðâàëà, êðîó çàâèçàëà”, xolo samonadi-roSi mxecebis damWeri Zala aqvs: “...à ïðÿäåò íèòè ... íà áåëûõ çâåðåé, íà

áåëûõ çàéöåâ, íà êðàñíûõ ëèñèö...” [petrovi: 105].

Selocvis teqsti iZleva deda mariamis portretsac:`Tvalni mesxa giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~, rasac zianiadgeba kvlav Surismgebeli uria xeTelisgan: `SemoeswroqeTela uriam, seli Cauwyvita Zoweulisa, Tvalebi daayre-vina giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~.

mis aqsesuarebad gamoCndeba: oqros skamze mjdar ma-riams win `edga Wiqa minisa, Sig edga wyali vardisa~, rasacaseve ziani miadgeba borotisgan. Selocvis teqsti imeds

224

iZleva: `gagemarTeba qseli Zoweulisani, Tmani broweuli-sani, wyali vardisani~, rac, Tavis mxriv, zianis (kerZod,gaTvalvis) moxsnis garantiaa. Tumca SevxvdebiT Seloc-vas, sadac RvTismSobeli misTvis uCveulo qmedebis avto-ria:

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~

[SioSvili: 45].

magram, ZiriTadad, deda mariami vnebulia, mas Semwe esa-Wiroeba da isic gamoCndeba – es ieso qristea.

`modioda qriste RmerTi, ijda kviczed uxednarzed.gedixeda qveda qveyanaze:– neta rasi zivilia, neta rasi kivilia?aravin atirebdes qvrivsao,arc aravin iklebdes obols mwirsao.– ara, mama, Ze da sulo wmindao,arc aravin atirebs qvrivsao,arc aravin iklebs obols mwirsao.deda mariams Wvali asvia,misi zivilia, misi kivilia.– TviT mosruli kanafi gadagrixe, gadmogrixe, gadaacvi maxaTsa, is gauqrobs Wvalsa~

[SioSvili: 85].

qriste, CoCorze amxedrebuli, Sedis ierusalimSi, sa-dac mefis pativs miageben mas. `da mohguares viri da kicvimis Tana da daasxes mas zeda samoseli da dajda mas zeda~ (m.21: 7). da am SelocvaSi qriste namdvilad mefurad iqceva:obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa gankiTxva amqveynad mefobis da-arsebidanve mefeTa wesia, maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa so-cialur sferoSi. xamurabis kanonebis epilogSi es sagan-gebod aris aRniSnuli: `Zlierisgan sustis ardasaCagra-vad, oblisa da qvrivisTvis samarTlis misacemad babilon-Si... Cemi Zvirfasi sityvebi qvaze davwere da Cemi qandakiswin, romel ars mefe simarTlisa, davdgi~ [xamurabi: 49). Tu

225

`qveda qveyanaze~ socialurad yvelaferi wesrigSia, mari-ams, romelic mTeli xalxis gansaxierebaa, sneuleba – amSemTxvevaSi arcTu mZime, Wvali – awuxebs, da qristesac mo-aqvs wamlis saidumlo. Selocvas araferi esaqmeba socia-lur problemebTan, igi mxolod adamianis janmrTelobiTaris dakavebuli.

dialogi, romelic Sexvedras mosdevs, arsebiTia Se-locvaTa umravlesobisTvis, sadac ki personaJebi, ro-gorc wesi, qristianuli samyarodan, monawileoben. dialo-guroba Selocvis optimaluri formaa, romlis saSuale-biTac gamoiZieba sneulebis gamomwvevi mizezi Tu wamali.

`ijda mariami, tiroda cxare cremliTa.gadma¡xeda ufalma da hkiTxa:– raTa tiri, mariam cxare cremliTa?– masa vtiri, da¡dgomia adamis Zesa mWvali,awuxebs da aRonebs. ra aris amis wamali?– is aris magis wamali:gadaxti Cemsa baRCasa, Caikref kanafsa.Saabam wiTel bawarsa, gada¡deb mxar-iRliasa.a¡yris Wvalsa, Ca¡yris zRvasa~

[SioSvili: 80].

aq pasuxisgamcemi anu mcodne wamlisa qristea. sxvaganSeiZleba deda mariami iyos:

`saxelo saxeliTa, samjer saxelo RvTisao.ivane da burbuSela kalozeda burTaobdnen.axta burTi, TvalSi eca,Tvali sisxlad gadaeqca.hkiTxes deda mariamsa:– ra aris amis wamali?– samjer gadahkravs laxvis nemssa.Seugdebs zemo niavsa, gaatans qvemo niavsa...~

[SioSvili: 95].

zogierTi Selocvis mixedviT, wamali arc qristem daarc mariamma ar icis. qriste Tavad aris dazaralebuli dadeda mariami eZebs misTvis wamals. wamali aRmoCndeba, mag-ram mis ganmacxadebels Selocva ar asaxelebs.

226

`– mariav, ras tiri, ras Civi, ras godgodeb?– ravar ar vtiri, ravar ar vCivi, ravar ar vgodgodeb?Cemi Svili uries qorwilze wolia,TvalSi burTi moxdenia, Tvali atkenia.– imis wamali: foladi lemsi, yirmiza Zafi,ahkide Tavsa, uSvelis Tvalsa~

[SioSvili: 96].

Selocvis miznisTvis Sors wasula Semlocveli fanta-zia, Tuki am `uries qorwilSi~ ioanes saxarebis kanas qor-wili igulisxmeba, sadac iesom, deda mariamTan erTad stum-rebulma, wylis Rvinod gardaqmnis saswauli moaxdina (i. 2:1-11). qorwili, misi pirveli saswaulis adgili, misi Tva-lis dazianebis adgilad gardaiqmna. xSirad qristes cvlismiqel-gabrieli, romelic bevr SelocvaSi sxvadasxva se-nis gamomwvevTa antagonistia:

`... movida miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi.– ras stiri, deda mariam, an ras Civi,an rasa yri Tvalidan cremlsa?..~– nu tiri, deda mariamo, nu Jivi,nurca yri Tvalidan cremlsa!davkrav Tvalsa Cemsa laxvarsa,gavaronieb dedomiwasa...~

[SioSvili: 52]

miqel-mTavarangelozi wmida samebis ZaliT ukan axe-vinebs sens:

`saymawvilo modioda, moanTebda cecxliviT,mopetelobda TikaniviT, moWyviroda goWiviT.Sexvda miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi:– sad midixar, saymawvilo?– ager mival ToTo bovSvTan Zvalis saxravad,rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad.– ar gagiSva ToTo bovSvTan mama-Zem da suli wmindamZvalis saxravad, rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad!~

[SioSvili: 63].

miqel-gabrieli xSiri antagonistia, gansakuTrebiTsaymawvilosi (saymawvilo senis), SeSinebulis, uJmuris. is

227

meoxebas uwevs mtirals da zianis msxverpls deda mariams,magram Segvxvdeba Selocva, sadac Tavad deda mariami gvev-lineba, gaugebari mizeziT, snebis (saymawvilos) gamomwve-vad, xolo miqel gabrieli tradiciul antagonistad.

`... ijda mariami karsa ierusalimisasa.Semoeyara miqel-gabrieli Tavarangelozi:– sad mixval, sad migixaria?– mival vaJis, qalis, ymawvilis saWiateblad, saqToblobad.gouwyra miqel-gabrielma:– nu iq, sulo ukeTuro,nurca svam sisxlsa ymawvilisasa da a.S.

[SioSvili: 65].

aseve SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac naTqvamia:

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~

[SioSvili: 45].

aseve petresa da pavles, da iakobsac vixilavT negati-ur rolSi, aseve auxsneli motiviT. ram gamoiwvia maTi am-gvari gardasaxva, Zneli asaxsnelia.

`petre, pavle da iakob sauJmurod modiodnen~

[SioSvili: 26].

mociqulebi petre da pavle sagmiro eposis persona-JebTan – rostomTan da tarielTan arian Sewyvilebulni,maTi antagonisti ki wmida estatea:

`modiodes petre da pavle, rostom da tarielaruxiTa da maruxiTa.win daxda wminda estate samocdasamis TaviTa.– sad mixolT, Savno Zmano, Tqveni Savi ZaRlebiTa?– xevs mivalT sasmelada, saWmelada,balRis SesaRoneblada, patronis dasaZmareblada.– girCevT, dabrundeT, Savno Zmano, Tqvenis Savis ZaRlebiTa!– ar iqneba gabruneba, gzasa mivdivarT, gzasa ialTa.

228

– gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi Roris RrutuniTa,gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi katis bRaviliTa,gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi lekvis yefiTao!– gamovalT, wminda estateo, samocdasami Tavisa!...

[SioSvili: 30-1].

rostomsa da tarielTan petresa da pavles dawyvile-ba am ukanasknelTa profanaciis da ufro metisac – gauw-midurebis niSania. magram aq vawydebiT paganizaciis uki-dures zRvars, roca sikeTe borotebad, siwmide uwmidu-rebad gardaisaxeba. petre da pavle uJmuris araTu gamom-wvevni arian, aramed Tavad ganasaxiereben uJmurs da `Sem-kulni~ arian yvela im atributiT, rogorc isini xalxiswarmodgenaSi Canan. siSave maTi feria da am feris usurmagcxovelTa saxes iReben.

petresa da pavles zogjer gaugebari – arc pozitiu-ri, arc negatiuri – monawileoba aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnu-lebis SelocvebSi. erT Wvalis SelocvaSi mocemulia dia-logi petresa da iordanes Soris, romelic cocxal arse-bad aris gagebuli:

`didi, didi, didebuli,saydari aSenebuli,lodi iyo midebuli.petre ijda qvasa,iordane – wyalsapetrem uTxra iordanes:– raT ara sWam pursa?– miT ara vWam pursa,Wvali masvia gulsa.ra aris misi wamali?– civi wyali, civi rkina,RvTiT amosuli kanafigadaamcven mxarsa,is gaaqrobs mWvalsa!~

[SioSvili: 84].

ra saSeni masaliT aris agebuli es Selocva?vin aris es iordane? petre qvaa (berZn. petra) da ami-

tomac is `ijda qvasa~, romelzedac eklesia daaSena qris-

229

tem – am motiviT iwyeba Selocvis teqsti. es `lodi iyo mi-debuli~, SesaZloa, qristes samarxis lods gulisxmobdes(SesaZloa, aq SemoWrili iyos aRdgomis epizodidan). vinaris iordane da ras unda niSnavdes petresa da misi sauba-ri puris Wamis Sesaxeb? wyals (anu wyalze, wyalTan TuwyalSi) mjdari iordane sxva vin unda iyos Tu ara ioanenaTlismcemeli, romlis pirveli gamoCena mdinare iorda-nesTan aris dakavSirebuli? uJmuris locvaSi zianismsxverpli ioardanes monaTlulad aris moxsenebuli: `Sen,eSmako, deexseni, ar ari Sensa nebasa! iordanes naTlulia,naTliRebas daswrebia~ [SioSvili: 26]. sxvagan, SeSinebulisSelocvaSi, srulad da garkveviTaa (kanonikurad): `qris-te Cvenia, qristesi Cvena varT. naTlismcemlis monaTvla-sa, naTelRebas davswrebivarT~ [SioSvili: 13].

ras niSnavs SekiTxva `raT ara sWam pursa~? unda gavix-senoT saxarebaSi naTqvami, rom `movida iovane, arca Wam-da, arca sumida...~ (maT. 11: 18), magram sxva sakiTxia, ra niS-niT Tu sazrisiT ukavSirdeba puris uWmeloba `mWvals~.hermenevtika aq uZluria. nebismieri realia SeiZleba iq-nes SelocvaSi gamoyenebuli da iq mas Tavisi sazrisi eni-Weba. SeSinebulis SelocvaSi Tavad petre-pavlea kiTxu-li: `petre-pavle pursa sWamdes iordanes yanazeda. – pet-re, rad ara sWam pursao?..~ petre da pavle Wamen purs damainc ekiTxebian, ratom ar WamTo? iqneb unda ekiTxaT, ra-tom WamTo, rogorc maTes saxareba mogviTxrobs:

`mas Jamsa warvidoda iesu dResa SabaTsa yanobirsamaTsa. xolo mowafeTa SeemSia da iwyes musrvad Tavsa £u-vilisasa da Wamad. xolo farisevelTa maT ixiles ra¡,hrques mas: aha mowafeni Senni iqman, romeli ara jer-arsSabaTsa Sina saqmed~

(maT. 12: 1-2).

SabaTs ikrZaleba ara Wama, aramed saWmlis mopoveba. Se-locvas es adgili SeeZlo Taviseburad gaego: petre-pavles, moSiebul mociqulebs, ekrZalebaT `iordanes ya-naze~ Wama. iordanes yana, rogorc tabuirebuli, rogorcaRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ityvian, kvrivi adgi-li, imdenadvea Semlocvelis fantaziis nayofi, ramdena-dac is xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenis realobas emyareba.

230

sxvadasxvagan `iordanes yanaze~-s enacvleba `wyalsa ior-danisasa~, `karsa iordanisa~...

saxarebiseuli epizodis radikaluri transformaciisnimuSad unda miviCnioT qananeli qalis demonur arsebadgardaqmnili saxe saymawvilos erT-erT SelocvaSi:

`modioda qali qananeli.mozuoda qariviTa,gadudga deda mariam:– sad mixval, qalo, qananelo?– viyavi zRvasa, ar damitia zRvama,mivdivar asotanSia sisxlis sasmelad,xorcis saWmelad, ded-mamis sawruwuneblaTa..~.

[SioSvili: 64].

Selocvas mosdevs wamlis `receptis~ gamJRavneba. da-sawyisi tipuria: sneuleba dadis dasaxuli misamarTiT, ro-gorc sxva SelocvebSi vxvdebiT. magram vin aris `qali qa-naneli~? maTes saxarebaSi aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli:`da aha esera dedakaci qananeli sazRvarTa maTgan gamovi-da, RaRadebda da ityoda: Semiwyale me, ufalo, Zeo davi-Tiso, rameTu asuli Cemi borotad eSmakeul ars~ (maT. 15: 22). daqristem gankurna misi asuli. cxadia, Selocvis `qali qana-neli~ am epizodidan iRebs saTaves, magram, rogorc vxe-davT, SelocvaSi yvelaferi ukuRmaa warmodgenili. araris SemTxveviTi dedakacis Secvla qaliT: SelocvisTvisarsebiTia aliteracia – qali qananeli, rac kidev ufro gaZ-lierebulia sintagmiT `mozuoda qariviTa~, Tumca qari,Tu saymawvilos Selocvebs gadavxedavT, arcTu SemTxve-viTia saymawvilosTvis: es aris `wiTeli qari~, `pirwklis(var. pilwis) qari~, `barbawis qari~, `sarsalobda qarivi-Ta~... Tumca qali qananeli SeiZleba Tavad iyos sneulis ar-qetipi:

`qali viyav qananeli, TvalebiTa wirpliani, muxle-biTa nisliani...~

[mosuliSvili: 163].

mogvyavs qristianul saxelTa da abrakadabras SeTav-sebis nimuSi:

231

`saxeliTa xvTisaTa, mamisa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmindisaTa.edenienTa RaiRe SamaTe edenia iavi egramaTeegresem iosi erivane da iona iosave.amiTa saxeliTa Seikra piri devTa,qajTa da gvelTa da yovelTa saCinoTa da uCinoTa mavnebelTa.ieso qriste, Zeo da sityvao RvTisao cxovelisao,ixseni yovelive Wirisagan da yovlisa saeSmakosaganda yovelisa crusa mavnisa da sacTurisagan mona ese RvTisa~

[SioSvili: 199-200].

kontrasti aSkaraa: teqsti ori gansxvavebuli warmo-Sobis nawilisgan Sedgeba: erTs asazrdoebs qristianulirwmena, meore sityvis magiazea dafuZnebuli. struqturu-lad magiuri Sre qristianul formulebs Soris aris moq-ceuli: iwyeba universaluri formuliT `saxeliTa...~ masmosdevs (Selocvis obieqtTa – avsulTa dasaxelebis Sem-deg) abrakadabra `edenienTa...~ da mTavrdeba qristes mi-marT locviT. zogi Selocvis (saymawvilosi da munisa) si-uJeti agebulia qristesTvis sruliad SeuTavsebel qmede-baze:

`qristem dakla TeTri furi,man awvia yovli suli.satkburma uTxra: – me rad ar mawvie?– Sen mad ar gawvie, Sexval ymawvilis tanSi,wiwkni, glejav, qavlav, worblav!– ara, Ze da mama, sulo wmindav,arca vwiwkni, arca vqavli,avyvavdebi atmis yvaviliviT,Camovcvindebi qondris yvaviliviT.RmerTo mouxdine locva Cemi!~

[SioSvili: 70].

SeniSvna. satkburi~ kanis daavadebaa, ganrTxmuli muwuki~ (sa-ba). igi SelocvaSi ganpirovnebulia, CaTvlilia sulierTa (`yovlisuli~) ricxvSi.

qriste ixdis saRmrTos TeTri furis dakvliT da, ro-gorc samyaros ufali, universaluri RmerTi, iwvevs yve-las, garda satkburisa (an mRerisa), romlis mimarT mas pre-

232

tenzia aqvs. pretenzia aaSkaravebs sneulebis etiologi-as da satkburic Tanaxmaa, ar Sevides Rrmad adamianis or-ganizmSi – mxolod ayvavdes yvaviliviT da daWknes yvavil-Ta wesiT. satkburi uars ambobs Tavis gamanadgurebel Za-laze, oRond saRvTo lxins ar moakldes! qriste sabolo-od Seirigebs mas: satkburi wmida samebis saxeliT debsfics.

nadirobis Tema sakmaod mkvidrad aris warmodgeniliSelocvebSi. Selocvis epikuri, rogorc uwodeben, nawi-li sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. sanadirod gamsvleli zog-jer pirveli piria: `avdeq dilaze, Cevcvi Txilamurebi, wa-vel sanadiroT, nadiri veZebe, ver viSue~. sanadirod ga-dian samni Zmani, usaxeloni: `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqondasamebis Zala, davdiodiT mTaSia, daveZebdiT nadirsa. vervipoveT nadiri, vpoveT SeSinebuli...~ [SioSvili: 17]. xSi-rad sami Zma saxeldebiT arian CamoTvlilni – irosi, miro-si da kvirosani: irox, marox da kvirstine; keroz, kuroz,kerastine; erevezi, kerevezi, miqel-gabriel mTavarange-lozi – es ukanaskneli, cxadia, riTmisTvis aris moxmobi-li. sxva axsna amgvar saxelTa Tavmoyras ar eZebneba. rawarmoSoba aqvT am saxelebs, gaurkvevelia.

sanadirod gamsvlelebad maxareblebsac SevxvdebiT:

`Cven samni Zmani viyveniTa:maTe, ivane, markozi.wavediT nadirobad, vinadireT.zRvas iqiT gadviyareniT,zRvas aqeT gadmoviyareniT...~

[mosuliSvili: 98]

TiTqos maTi sanadirod gasvla, raki zRvaa naxsenebi,maTi mebadurobis reminiscenciaa (maxareblebi galileiszRvaze mebadurobdnen qristes TanxlebiT), Tumca Se-locvis maxareblebi mTaSic nadiroben:

`Cven viyveniT samni Zmani:maTe, markoz da ivane.mTas wavediT sanadiroT,kvali ver vipovneT nadirisa,kvali vipovneT qalisa.

233

qalsa qajaveTisasamaxe davudgiT, Siga gavabiT...~

[mosuliSvili: 122]

nadirobaSi Selocvis epikur personaJebs, rogorc we-si, xeli ecarebaT, samagierod isini sneulebis gamomwvevsmoinadireben: `kvali vera vpove nadirisa, vpove ukeTuri-sa...~; `haide, wevdeT sanadiroT! gedevxede, ver viSove na-diri. kbildaxCenili samartvilo (saymawvilo) modioda...~;`vera vpoveT kvali nadirisa, vpoveT kvali alisa da eSma-kisa...~. Tumca nadiroba ar aris specifikuri Selocvebis-Tvis. mas SevxvdebiT epikuri Txrobis eqspoziciaSi: nadi-robiT iwyeba `vefxistyaosani~, `amirandarejaniani~, `sib-rZne sicruisa~. nadirobas gamoucnob samyaroSi Sehyavsadamiani; amirani da misi Zmebi (Selocvis samni Zmani mona-direni!) dakargaven oqrosrqiani irmis kvals, samagierodcamcumis saidumlo koSks waawydebian. monadire sxva sam-yaros mimkvlevia, sadac sxva saidumloebaTa garda sneu-lebaTa mizezebi ipoveba. Selocvebis monadire Samans mog-vagonebs, romelic eZebs sneulis suls an devnis avsulebsSelocvebiT – is Selocvis personaJic aris da warmom-Tqmelic. Tuki arsebobs raime msgavseba am tipis (`samona-direo~) Selocvis Sinaarssa da Samanis mkurnalobis me-Tods Soris, es mxolod tipologiuri iqneba, ara genetu-ri (Cveni Selocvebi da Samanoba arsebiTad sxvadasxva kul-turebs ekuTvnian).

SelocvebisTvis, rogorc iracionaluri teqstisTvis,damaxasiaTebelia SeuZleblobis an absurdis Semcveli si-uJetebi, romlebsac damoukidebeli Janrobrivi arsebobaaqvT. aseTebia mTlianad naRrZobis Selocvebi:

`ucxo mindorSi ucxo xe idga,ucxo frinvels zed bude edga.evedi ufexod, deviWire uxelod,Camoviyvane ufexod, davkali udanod,Sevwvi ucecxlod, SevWame upirod.gorebuli gordebodes,naRrZobi ki mTeldebodes!~

[SioSvili: 145]

234

`wylis pirs idga ori xe, ufesuri, uZiro.zed ijda ori tredi, ufrToni uxToni.zed eveli uxelo, Zirs Camevel ufexo.davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod.adam deeca, sisxlma Ceeqca.damcemels etkina, amdgomels eSvela~

[mosuliSvili: 146].

Selocva situaciis SeuZleblobas sneulebis gagrZe-lebis SeuZleblobasTan akavSirebs:

`eli elavda, zRva SoSinobda,zRvisa pirasa wiTeli xucesi iyo,eba wiTeli xarebi, xnemda da Tesamda.– wiTelo xuceso, vin geigona zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli,damwvari mesame dRes iqiT gaZnelebulio?~

[SioSvili: 104]

an aseTi daboloebiT:

`xuceso, rasa xnam da rasa sTesam?– kldesa da qvas vTesam.damwvaro, ise Sen ixare,rogorc kldeSi qviSam ixaros!~

[SioSvili: 103].

garda universaluri yoveli saqmianobis damwyebi for-mulisa (`saxeliTa...~), SelocvebSi vxvdebiT:

`Sen qristesi xar, qriste Senia, qristes beWdiT dabeW-dili xar. mama gacvia, da Ze gartyia da suli wminda garsgaxvevia~, `mama acvia, Ze artyia, suliwminda gars avlia.oTxi Tavi saxareba oTxiv kuTxes usvenia – maTe, markoz,luka da ivane~, `ezos – jvari, kars – beWedi! Sen da¡wereSeni jvari! cda Cemi, neba RvTisa~, `gwyalobdes wminda gi-orgi, jvari patiosani~, `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda same-bis Zala~, aruli kudiansa, jvari aqaurobas!~, ierusalemswirva iyo~, `es adgili wminda aris, wminda aris, RvTisaaris~, `RmerTi cixea, Siga zRudea, Sig arian mTavarange-lozebi~, `karvis pirs dgas eklesia~, `RmerTo, Sen daswereSeni wyalobis jvari!~, `jvars daviWer jvariTa, elusamlis(ierusalimis) ZaliTa~, meti avtoritetisTvis Semlocve-

235

li Selocvas RvTismSobels miawers: `es locva gana Cemimogonilia, RvTis dedis mariamis mogonilia~, `zecis kvrisxma mesma, angelozi locvad dadga~, `qriste SabrZanda mar-jvena mxarsa~ (mamis marjveniT) da sxva.

qristianuli teqstebidan wamoRebuli es `inkrustaci-ebi~ ar aris SemTxveviTi. Selocvebi qristianul wreSiaSeqmnili da qristianuli rwmenis avtoritetiT aris gamag-rebuli. magram es qristianoba paganizebulia. sxvanairadarc SeiZleba iyos. xalxSi potenciurad arsebobs warmar-Tuli stiqia da is yovel xelsayrel situaciaSi Tavs iCens.

mosuliSvili: gveli movkal uflisaTvis, qarTuli Se-locvebi, wignTa da xelnawerTagan ga-mokriba mixo mosuliSvilma [folian-tini, 1991].

petrovi: Ïåòðîâ Â. Í. Çàãîâîðû (Èç èñòîðèè ðóññêîé ñîâåòñêîé

ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1981).

SioSvili: SioSvili T. qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi, kre-buli Seadgina T. SioSvilma, baTumi,1994.

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV,1987.

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, mecniereba~, Tb., 1988,

li

te

ra

tu

ra

236

Sromis poezia

ra aris Sroma, Tu mas mxolod ekonomikuri kuTxiT Sev-xedavT, rogorc mxolod aucilebeli saarsebo sazrdosmopovebis iZulebiT saqmianobas? Tu Sroma adamianis bu-nebrivi moTxovnilebaa, romlis gareSe is adamiani ar aris?moaruli azria: Sromam Seqmna adamiani. Tu asea, vin undayofiliyo is Tavdapirveli arseba, romlisganac homo faber-i war-moiSva, an ram aiZula es arseba `iaraRis mkeTebeli~ gam-xdariyo? saidan modis Sromis unari – gamocdilebam Ses-Zina Tu Tandayolili iyo? ra iyo iseTi am homo-Si, ramacase fundamenturad ganasxvava igi danarCen cocxal qmni-lebaTagan? Sromis instinqti? Taxvic Sromobs da gansac-vifrebelia misi Sromis nayofi. magram mas instinqti aS-romebs. swored rom aSromebs. adamianis Sroma ki gaazre-buli qmedebaa, iaraRis keTebidan dawyebuli am iaraRis ga-moyenebiT damTavrebuli. mas ar aSromeben– is Sromobs.da am SromaSi igi acxadebs Tavs, rogorc Tavisufali ne-bis mqone arseba. Sroma adamianis moTxovnilebaa, jan-mrTeli, saRi adamianis fundamenturi moTxovnileba, rom-lis saSualebiTac is axdens am specifikurad kacobriviunaris realizacias. amitomac ewodeba miwaze Sromis Se-degs ga-kac-riel-eba da uSromel, Sromisgan mitovebulmiwas – u-kac-rieli. adamians SeuZlia iSromos – magram esSeuZlia ar aris misTvis fataluri: mas aseve SeuZlia ariSromos, magram darCes adamianad, mainc ekuTvnodes ho-mo faberis modgmas. xolo Taxvs ar SeuZlia ar Sromob-des: ar agebdes wylisqveSa darbazebs. Tu is amas ar ake-Tebs, igi aRar aris Taxvi, aRar ekuTvnis Taxvis modgmas.Taxvi ver ityvis uars Tavis Taxvobaze, mas ara aqvs imissawinaaRmdego neba, rac am arsebis Taxvobas qmnis.

Sromis unari Cadebulia adamianis gvarSi, rogorc isCadebulia Taxvis gvarSi, magram Taxvisgan gansxvavebiT,adamianis (adamianuri) Sroma nebelobiTi aqtia, Taxvisa kiiZulebiTi. nebelobiTobidan gamomdinare, adamianuriSroma SemoqmedebiTia, Semoqmedebaa, romelsac adamianiyvela safexurze avlens met-naklebad, TviT monuri Sro-midan dawyebuli da Tavisufali SromiT damTavrebuli.

magram Sroma fizikuri aqtia, is qancavs sxeuls. Tavad`Sroma~ sityvis semantika fizikuri daqanculobis gamom-

237

xatvelia: daSvroma, maSvrali... is autaneli iqneboda, rommas ar axldes arafizikuri niSani – ritmi. da Tu ram in-stinqturi arsebobs am sferoSi, es aris ritmuloba, raccxovelsac axasiaTebs, magram adamianis xelSi Semoqmede-bad aris gardaqmnili. Sromac, amrigad, unda iqces Semoq-medebad, rom fizikurad asatani iyos.

roca Sromaze, Sromis poeziaze vlaparakobT, Cven vi-RebT Sromas rogorc fsiqologiur, ise zneobriv, egzis-tencialur da SemoqmedebiT ganzomilebebSi.

vayenebT problemas: marTalia, Sromis mizani saarse-bo produqtis Seqmnaa, magram is ar aris fatalurad dab-muli arsebobisTvis brZolaze, ar aris imdenad damiwebu-li, rom adgili ar rCebodes imisTvis, risTvisac is SeiZ-leba iyos saSualeba, romliTac adamiani ikmayofilebs Ta-vis arsebiT moTxovnilebas, rac SemoqmedebiT wyurvilSimdgomareobs.

Semodis aseTi Tema – Sroma da ritmi. es aris karl biu-xeris klasikuri wignis saTauri [biuxeri 1923], sadac pir-velad daukavSirda erTmaneTs Sromis poeziis genezisisasaxsnelad es ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis fenomeni.Sroma – fizikuri procesi da ritmi, romelic fizikurSromas Semoqmedebad aqcevs.

unda iTqvas, rom bevri simRera, romelic Sromis sim-Rerebis JanrSia moqceuli, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, ar undaekuTvnodes am Janrs. isini ufro drois gasayvanad, mosawy-eni erTferovnebis dasaZlevad an, ubralod, fiqrT gasar-Tvelad imRereba SromiTi saqmianobis dros. Sromis sim-Rerad miCnevisTvis aseve ar gamodgeba argumentad misi,ase vTqvaT, `SromiTi~ Sinaarsi. namdvili Sromis simRera,Cveni azriT, is simReraa, romelic ritmulad asaxavs Sro-mis ama Tu im saxeobis process. Sromis simReris ritmi dataqti Sromis ritmiT da taqtiT unda iyos nakarnaxevi, met-naklebad misi adekvaturi unda iyos.

Sromis procesSi ritms akustikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs.Sromis xasiaTi, romelic bunebrivad da aucileblobiT mo-iTxovs ritmul moqmedebebs, gamosavals aZlevs Sinaganritms gamamxnevebeli Tu wamaqezebeli SeZaxilebiT. maTiritmuloba, ritmuli Tanamimdevroba, Sromis poeziis wi-nasaxea, romelic jer kidev ar aris poezia. rac ufro swra-fia Sromis procesi, miT ufro mravlobs glosolaliebi

238

anu uSinaarso Zaxilebi. arc aris saWiro maTSi raime odes-Rac arsebuli da dResdReobiT dakarguli azris Zieba. esaris wmida ritmi, bgerobrivad gaformebuli. `hek-hok! he-ka-hoka! // hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ gaismis mkis dros. esec sak-marisi iqneboda fizikuri Sromis dasaZlevad, magram ada-miani metyveli arsebaa da mas ar SeuZlia ar imetyvelosTundac Sromis procesSi, radgan Sroma, rogorc gaazre-buli moqmedeba, gaazrebul sityvebsac moiTxovs. mkaSimRerian:

`namgalo, Cemo rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao!hep-hop! hep-hop! eka-oka! eka-oka!avxe-avxe! avxe-avxe! biWo Cemi mkaca naxe!heepuna-hoopuna! eka-oka! eka-oka!“

[akakis krebuli 1899: 35].

rogorc vxedavT, aq ritms emateba riTma, rac imis ni-Sania, rom es leqs-simRera im epoqis Semoqmedebaa, rocariTmiani leqsi qarTul sinamdvileSi ukve Camoyalibebu-li iyo.

sityvierebis damoukidebel Janrad poeziis (ritmul-riTmuli metyvelebis) Camoyalibebis epoqaSi saxes icvlisSromis Tanmxlebi sityvieri struqtura. igi sasimRero po-eziis saxes iRebs. babilonur teqstebSi dadasturebuliamosavlis simRera alalas saxelwodebiT. erT poemaSi gau-bedurebuli kaci moTqvams, rom mtrebma misi yanebidan gan-devnes alala [lamberti 1960: 36,101]. sxvagan naTqvamia, romurartus mefem qveynis mitovebul yanebSi keTilxmovanialala amRera Tavis xalxs [sargoni 1912: str. 107]. ZvelmaberZnulma literaturam Semoinaxa momkelTa, mlewavTa,mexelsafqvaveTa, yurZnis mwuravTa, matylis damrTvel-Ta, mqsovelTa, wylis mzidvelTa, Tokis mgrexelTa, mRe-bavTa, moyarauleTa, mwyemsTa da, warmoidgineT, meabano-eTa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa simRerebis fragmentebi an maTiubralo xseneba. a. jambakur-orbeliani asaxelebs simRerebs,romlebsac asrulebdnen venaxSi, qvevris recxvisas, yur-Znis dawurvisas, saxlis Senebisas, miwis xvnisa da dafar-cxvisas, yanis mkisa da namglis lesvisas, Znebis akrefisas,lewvisas, xvavis ganiavebisas da sxva [Ciqovani 1956: 112].

k. biuxers wignSi `Sroma da ritmi~ mohyavs nasaus xal-xuri leqsebis wignidan cnoba, rom germaniis am mxaris

239

glexebi usimRerod arc erT samuSaos ar asruleben. sim-Rera Tan axlavs mkas, lewvas, gogonebis mier tyeSi ken-kris Segrovebas, nebismier samuSaos, romelsac qalebi ankacebi erTad asruleben, Taflis xarSva iqneba Tu cercvisCurCva, selis CeCva Tu matylis recxva, Tu cxvris parsva,romelSic mTeli sofeli iRebs monawileobas... soflad mu-dam gaismis ganuwyveteli mxiaruli simRerebi.

aSkaraa da es yovelma adamianma, visac ki odesme fizi-kurad umuSavia, icis, rom simRera amsubuqebs Sromas, fi-zikur datvirTvas, TiTqmis SeumCnevels xdis mas da, racmTavaria, aCqarebs Sromis process da zrdis mis nayofie-rebas. daCqareba zogjer ara mxolod ritmSia gamoxatu-li, aramed sityvieradac aris gamoTqmuli:

`aba, nado, mogvexmare!da mousviT Toxi Cqara,napirebi gavitanoT,Torem mzei gadiara~.

arsebobs koleqtiuri Sroma da arsebobs individualu-ri Sroma. Sromis xasiaTis kvalobaze Sromis leqs-simRe-rebi ori saxisaa: a) gunduri anu koleqtiuri da b) indivi-dualuri. es aris Sromis poeziis uzogadesi klasifikacia.

gunduri

prioriteti am ori saxidan gundurs eniWeba. aq unda da-vinaxoT Sromis poezia Tavisi wmida saxiT. eseni ara mxo-lod leqsebia, romlebic Sromis process asaxaven, Sroma-ze laparakoben, aramed damakavSirebeli Zafi mSromelsada im sivrces da im sagans Soris, sadac mimdinareobs Sro-ma da riskenac mimarTulia Zalisxmeva. gundur simReraTaumetesoba samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTisaa, rac mowmobs imas,rom saqarTvelo imTaviTve agraruli qveyana iyo, rom mi-si prioriteti miwaTmoqmedebaa. rogorc amboben, qarT-velTa qveyanas swored amitom ewoda georgia da qarTvels– georgos.

samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi – xvna-TesviT dawyebulida mosavlis aRebiT damTavrebuli – gansazRvravs Sromisleqs-simReraTa fondis Sedgenilobas. rogorc guTnis-

240

deda miuZRvis win guTneuls, aseve guTnuri simRerebi mi-uZRvis win samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis leqs-simRerebs. guT-nuris tradiciis Sesaxeb yvelaze Zvel cnobas `istoriaTada azmaTa~ maRalfardovani teqsti gvawvdis: `yrmani mem-rowleni ganpebasa Sina ornatTasa Tamaris qebasa meleq-seobdian~ [qarTlis cxovreba II: 146]. ras gveubneba es cno-ba? – rom xnulis (SesaZloa, igulisxmebodes pirveli xnu-li) gatarebisas mexreebi Tamaris saxotbo leqsebs mRe-rodnen. unda vigulisxmoT, rom am absolutizmis xanaSixalxuri guTnurebi `Tamarianis~ msgavsma ideologize-bulma leqsebma Secvales. am cnobaSi xvna-Tesvis proce-sis gaxmianebis aucileblobac aris nagulisxmevi. gansxva-vebiT Cveni epoqisgan, mdumared aravin xnavda da arc ara-vin Tesavda. simReras religiuri datvirTva hqonda SeZe-nili, rasac arcTu xelovnurad SeiZleboda Senacvlebo-da Tamaris, rogorc ara mxolod qveynis, aramed – rogorcmis Sesaxeb andrezebi mogviTxrobs – mTeli qvynierebisdemiurgis da patronis qebani. Cven viciT, rom qebani sak-maod gavrcelebuli Janri iyo im xanis saqarTveloSi (ga-vixsenoT Tundac `vTqveni qebani visni me...~).

Cven ar viciT guTnuris repertuari, ra leqs-simRe-rebs Seicavda igi Tamaris xanaSi an masze adreul epoqeb-Si, Tundac mas Semdeg, radgan rac Cven misi saxiT gvaqvs,XIX saukunes ar scildeba. ar gvgonia, rom saukuneTa man-Zilze guTneuls erTi da igive teqsti da sasimRero me-lodia gasdevda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis poeziis daTa-riRebis mcdeloba, sanam avTenturi teqsti ar aRmoCeni-la, amao saqmea. istoriuli kataklizmebi exeboda ara mxo-lod socialur da ideologiur sferos xalxis cxovrebi-sa, aramed Rrmad iWreboda xalxis yofierebaSi, Tumca yve-laze konservatuli da tradiciuli es sferoa. SeiZlebavifiqroT, rom Tamaris qebani, erotizmiT ganiuansebuli(xvna-Tesvis arqauli poezia erotikulia Tavisi SinaganisazrisiT), marTlac damkvidrebuliyo agrarul yofaSigarkveul xanamde, raTa momdevno epoqebSi morigi katak-lizmebis kvaldakval axal-axali teqstebiT Secvliliyo.xolo dRemde rac SemogvrCa, Tumca SeuZlebelia misi Ta-riRis da plastebis gansazRvra, sakmaod mravalferova-nia. guTnuri leqs-simRerebi qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedo po-eziis wamyvani sferoa. yofaSi amas guTnisdedis didi av-

241

toriteti mowmobs, romelTanac ver midis verc mwyemsis,verc monadiris saxeli. qali, rogorc Suamdinareli qal-RmerTi inana, guTnisdedas irCevs Tavis nandaurad:

`qalma Tqva: qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb dedao,nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao.nurv mimcem monadiresa, gadmoardeba kldesao.Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao...~

guTnuris specifika mis diferencirebul TematikaSimdgomareobs. masSi asaxvas povebs guTneulis mTeli Se-madgenloba. es aris: leqs-simRerebi a) Tavad guTnisde-daze, b) muSa-saqonelze – xar-kameCze, g) guTanze da misnawilebze. vin arian maTi Semsrulebelni? eseni arian mex-reebi, ara erTi da ori, aramed 4-5, romlebic praqtiku-lad axorcieleben guTnisdedis nebas – advili ar iyo aTi-Tormeti uReli xar-kameCis marTva ornatis gatanis dros,simRera exmareboda maT am saqmeSi: qeba guTnisdedisa, qe-ba da gamxneveba pirutyvisa da guTnis nawilebisa. muSaxe-li (mexreebi), saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi Zala modgamis sa-xelwodebiT urRvevi mTlianoba iyo, xolo guTnisdedaSromis procesis winamZRoli da, albaT, Tavdapirvelad amprocesis Tanmxlebi simReris wamomwyebi. mexreebs uTu-od is aZlevda tons.

`Sen Cemo guTnisdedao, xari gibia mtredao,mexreebs gamoarTmevdi, Seaxtebodi zedao,simRera kargi gcodnia, dasZaxdi zeda zedao~

[qxp X: 62].

mosimRere pirutyvs alaparakebs:

`xari var, xarTan Semabi, xarulad gamawevine,SuaSi toli Camide, simarTliT gamawevine~

[qxp X: 133].

aq xari moiTxovs, uRelSi misi Tanabari Zalis piruty-vi Seuban, rom erTmaneTs ar CamorCen da ornati Tanabradgaitanon. ise Zlieria zogierTi xari, rom kameCsac ki uba-men metoled. sxva simReraSi ki TiTqos mexre etoleba daverc etoleba kameCs:

242

`ho-tpu kameCo rqiano, Seni meuRle mqviano.me meuRlobas ver gizam, patara biWi mqviano~

[qxp X: 150].

xarebs gamxnevebac sWirdebaT, rom fexi ar aiTrion, damexrec siyvaruliT, ara kicxviT da mkvaxe sityvebiT, mi-marTavs mas:

`gaswie, Cemo lekiav, ficxo da xalisiano,nurc Sen maiwyen, mindorav, guldinjo, imediano~

[qxp X: 127].

xari da guTani (xar-guTani) xom ganuyofelia, Tumcaxaris Zalaa aq gadamwyveti, magram vinc am sityvebs war-moTqvams, aRtacebas ver malavs guTnis gamZleobiT gao-cebuli. TiTqos guTani Tavisi ZaliT uZRodes win xarsada mexres:

`gamarjvebulma guTanma samocjer Semouara,neta ra xarma gauZlo, anda ra mexrem iara~

[qxp X: 31].

ar iqneba swori, Tu mxolod xvna-Tesvis realiebiT Se-movfarglavT guTnur simRerebs. xSiria xvna-Tesvis drossxva Janris poeturi nimuSebis Sesruleba, romelTac ara-viTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc sazogadod Sromis, miT nakle-bad xvna-Tesvis procesTan. SegveZlo xvnis dros mogves-mina `Tavfaravneli Wabuki~ leqsi an Tundac sagmiro leq-si. didi mindvrebis xvnisas, roca amoiwureba guTnuris re-pertuari, guneuli sxva Janris poezias daesesxeba. erTiJanridan meoreSi gadasvla arcTu uCveulo movlenaa qar-Tul folklorSi (sawesCveulebo ritualSic ki, roca ga-Wirdeba, iWreba saero xasiaTis leqsebi).

ramdenadac guTnisdedis instituti aRmosavlur-qar-Tuli realiaa, guTnuri simRerebic mxolod am regionSiagavrcelebuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri Sro-mis es saxeoba ucnobia. samagierod dasavlur tradiciaSimyarad aris damkvidrebuli naduri koleqtiuri Sromisgansxvavebuli tipis nadis Tanmxlebi repertuari, rome-lic Tavis arqaulobas gabmuli usityvo SeZaxilebiT da

243

Taviseburi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodiiTgvimowmebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasavlur nads, ro-gorc SromaSi koleqtiuri daxmarebis saxes, mamiTadi Se-esatyviseba, magram gansxvaveba TvalSi sacemia: mamiTadis-gan gansxvavebiT nadi ritualizebulia Tavisi dasawyisiT(ymawvilis nadSi mipatiJeba mowifulobis niSnad) da dasas-ruliT (nadis bolos nadis patronis ezoSi ToxebiT xismoWra). naduri Sroma erTgvarad sanaxaobiTia, Tumca ma-yurebeli ar hyavs da misi mizani masSivea, ara mis gareT –sanaxaobisTvis. mas kanonikuri saxe aqvs: simRerebis Ses-ruleba damokidebulia dRis monakveTebze, samuSaos pe-riodebze, dasawyissa da dasasrulze. repertuari sakma-od mdidaria, Seicavs oTxi Janris – sawesCveulebo, sagmi-ro (dadasturebulia teqstebi `amiranianidan“ da xalxu-ri `vefxistyaosnidan“), sayofacxovrebo da satrfialo –simRerebs. magram, rac mis specifikas Seadgens, es aris Ses-rulebis manera: orad gayofili mSromelTa gundi monac-vleobiT imeorebs SeZaxilebs, mere mTliani gundi erTsada imave teqsts erTad warmoTqvams. aseTia guruli nadu-ri, romelic sruldeba yanaSi muSaobis dros, iqneba esxvna-Tesva Tu margvla-Toxna (Romis Tu simindis). jgufe-bi erTmaneTs uxmoben, iwveven saSromad, amxneveben. raRacdionisuri moismis am samxmian SeZaxilebSi:

I xma: hoaa, oaa, ioa, haa, hooa!II xma: o, io, io, io, io, io, io!III xma: io, ooooo, io, ooooo!

meore jgufi amasve gasZaxebs da, bolos, mTeli gundierTxmad daagugunebs sam xmaze:

I xma: odilei, oida, odilei, oida!II xma: io, io, io, uo, io, uo!III xma: io, io, io, io, io, io!

[oqroSiZe: 73].

bolos, movusmonoT arqanjelo lambertis, XVII sauku-nis italiel misioners, romelic ori aTeuli weli cxov-robda samegreloSi da koleqtiuri Sromis yvelaze adre-uli, rac ki mogvepoveba, aRwera dagvitova:

244

„...miwidan Tavs iCens Tu ara Romi, maSinve gamoToxnasWirdeba, radgan saqme saCqaroa da patroni Tavis kace-biT veRar ereva, mezoblebi unda moixmaros. vinc ukvedasTesa yana da Toxnas unda Seudges, iwvevs mosaxmareb-lad imaT, romelTac jer Toxnis dro ar dasdgomia. Ta-vis droze sxvebi amaT moexmarebian. radgan es didi Sro-ma saSinel sicxeSi unda aitanos kacma, mis gasaadvileb-lad iseTi xerxi mougoniaT, rom gegonebaT, mTeli sofe-li qeifobso. am xerxs Seadgens sami rame: nadi, simRerada uxvi saWmeli, romelsac mamulis patroni iZleva. xSi-rad nadi Sedgeba ormocdaaTi da samoci Carazmul mTox-nelisagan. im dros rom gaamxnevos igini, patronic TavSiCaudgeba ToxiT da Toxnis, rogorc danarCenebi. simRe-ra, romelic mohyveba nads, gamougoniaT marto imitomki ara, rom mxiaruli kreba gaamxnevos, aramed imisaTvi-sac, rom imaT Cqara imuSaon. amisaTvis sagangebo simReraaqvT, romlis xmaze Toxnasac ise awyoben, rogorc sak-ravze cekvas: ramdenadac simReras aaCqareben, imdenadToxnasac aaCqareben. amisaTvis TavSi dadgeba ori mom-Rerali da iwyebs simReras. am meTaurebs erTi-orad eZ-leva ulufa imisaTvis, rom Toxna daaCqarebinos sxvebs.saWmeli sakmaod uxvi aqvT, radgan igia maTi Sromis er-TaderTi fasi. dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer miutanen saW-mels yanaSi. daRamebisas ki patronis saxlSi umzadebenvaxSams, romelic metad uxvia. am dros yovelsave dardsmuSaobis Sesaxeb Tavidan iSoreben, SuaRamemdis sxedanda dros atareben WamaSi, smaSi da simReraSi. ra mSvenie-ri sanaxavia, roca mzis Casvlisas Toxnas gaaTaveben damidian patronis saxlSi. TiTqos erTi droSis jariska-cebiao, gaudviaT mxrebze Toxebi da eqvs Tu rva wyebad,nel-nela midian, Tan miimRerian da didis ambiT Sedianpatronis ezoSi. aq Semovlen Tu ara, dasxdebian irgvlivda maSinve moutaneben saWmels“

[lamberti: 51-52].

xelxvavi

umTavresad dasavlur-qarTulia, radgan is sagangebod si-mindis rCevis dros sruldeba. magram ar unda vifiqroT, romxelxvavi, rogorc Sromis simRera, simindis saqarTveloSi Se-

245

mosvlis Semdeg (XVII saukunidan) Seqmniliyos. kompozitis me-ore sityva `xvavi~ gvarwmunebs, rom xelxvavi mosavlis aRebissimRera unda yofiliyo da mxolod mogvianebiT daisakuTrasimindma, roca igi wamyvani kultura gaxda dasavleT saqarTve-loSi Romis Semdeg (da bolos Seenacvla kidec mas). siminds ar-Cevs RamiT sagangebod mowveuli nadi samezoblodan, umTav-resad dedrovani. ezoSi an kaloze sxdebian, rig-rigobiT yve-bian zRaprebs, amboben leqsebs, mRerian sxvadasxva simRerebs,gansakuTrebiT, `xelxvavs~, romlis groteskuli, hiperbola-ze agebuli Sinaarsi, iribad adasturebs mosavlis siuxves. fol-klorist Tamar oqroSiZes geguTSi es teqsti Cauweria, romel-sac Tavisi dasasruliT sakulto sferoSi gadavyavarT:

`xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao,RmerTo, mome mklavSi Zala, muxlSi Zala, xelbaraqelao.xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao.kurdRelsa SeSa moqonda, xelbaraqelao,asi uremi erTado, xelbaraqelao,ezoSi ver Camotia, xelbaraqelao,Robe motexa Sarisa, xelbaraqelao.miqeli da gabrieli, xelbaraqelao,yana mogvca xvavrieli, xelbaraqelao~

[oqroSiZe: 79].

`xelbaraqela~ `xelxvavis~ sinonimuri saxesxvaobaa(xvavi-baraqa). TiTqos moulodnelia miqelisa da gabrie-lis xseneba simReris dasasruls – isini xom sikvdilis an-gelozebad iTvlebian. maT, rogorc Cans, hqoniaT monawi-leoba mosavlis gauxvebaSi, arc martoni arian. guriaSi Ca-werili orstriqoniani teqsti maT wmida giorgisTan er-Tad ixseniebs, rogorc mosavlis mauxvebelT:

`miqela da gabriela, kalo gagvixvavriela.wminda giorgi mobrZanda, Cvens kaloze dabrZandeba~

[oqroSiZe: 80].

samkali

`hopuna~ SeiZleba davarqvaT samkalSi samRerel simRe-rebs. es winamZRolis SeZaxilia, mkis dawyebis niSani. maTi

246

ritmi swrafia, izrdeba da kulminacias aRwevs. ritmis Tan-daTanobiTi aCqareba mkis procesSi aSkarad gamowvevisa dagajibrebis niSania. ritmis saCveneblad nimuSi zemoT mo-viyvane (`hek-hok! heka-hoka! hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ da sxva).mkaSi centraluri figura namgalia. namgals – mkis iaraRs,rogorc cocxal arsebas, ise mimarTaven. pirdaClungebu-li namglis lesvas mkis periodebs Soris Tavisi ritmi aqvsda sxva simReras moiTxovs, mRerodnen sagmiro leqsebs,romelTac refrenad gasdevda SeZaxili: `glesav da gle-sav, namgalo, namgalo Cemo rkinao!~ namgali brZolis ia-raRia (`rkina~ brZolis simboloa sagmiro poeziaSi). masacTiTqos gamxneveba sWirdeba:

`Cemo namgalo, rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao,rada xar daRonebuli, magre ram mogawyinao?dRe vimuSaoT mindorSi, Rame wavideT Sinao~

[qxp X: 437].

mka omia:

`yanas unda bagi-bugi, omi gadasavalia~

[qxp X: 475].

yanaSi ise Sedis momkeli, rogorc omSi, oRond usisxloomSi, rogorc erTi gamocana gveubneba:

`Tem-Temad modis laSqari, mova da moiqcevisa,yria uwyalod daWrili, sisxli ar daiqcevisa.RmerTma es mogvca sazrdelad, Tu kaci moiqcevisa~

[oqroSiZe: 85].

Tumca arcTu `usisxlo~, TiTqos `sisxlic~ iRvreba:

`mesveuri gagvepara, yanas gamosWra yelia,gadaugrixa kiseri, daatyo Tavis xelia~

[qxp X: 426].

momkeli yovelTvis imarjvebs am omSi, magram arsebobsTqmulebac yanaSi – uzomo samkalSi damarcxebul momkel-meomarze, romlis miTologemuri fragmenti mkis simRe-rad qceula:

247

`oblisa deda Cioda: Svili momikla mzemao.– arca me movkal, arc Sena, mindorma mokla grZelmao~

[oqroSiZe: 87].

momkelTa ganTqmul simReras`Sen biWo anagurelo~, ro-melsac dRes xalxuri simRerebis bevri ansambli asrulebs,realuri safuZveli unda hqondes. masSi gaxsenebulia mka-Si daRupuli vaJkacis saxeli, Tumca sxva kuTxeSi gadas-vliT, SesaZloa, saxeli icvlebodes. k. biuxers Tavis wig-nSi amgvarad aqvs moyvanili es leqsi:

`Sen, biWo, azamburelo,Seni xma Camodioda,Seni namglisa wkrialiwyalgaRma gamodioda.– azambureli momkalime movkal uTarelmao.– arca Sen mohkal, arca me,mindorma mohkla gZelmao~

[biuxeri 1923: 204-205].

qarTuli folklori Seicavs daRupuli monadiris damwyemsis cikls. es leqsi ki SegviZlia, daRupuli momkeliscikls mivaTvaloT, Tumca mas damuSaveba da farTo gav-rceleba ar hqonia.

Cven viciT, rom sasiyvarulo, xSirad erotikaSi gada-suli, motivi araTu ucxo, niSandoblivia mkis simRerebis-Tvis. xevsureTSi mkis dros gansakuTrebiT xmiT natir-lebs mRerian, barSi erotikuli Tematika upiratesobs.Tumca `azamburelis~ leqsis sevdiani hangebic ar undaiyos SemTxveviTi da moulodneli.

mkis procesi uSualod, imave dRes, gadadis agraruliwlis bolo, damasrulebel etapze – es aris momkili purislewva, kalooba Tavisi kalouriT.

kalouri

erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli procesi Sromisa bu-nebrivad iwvevs mzis simbolikis asociaciebs. mzis gulze,papanaqebaSi, magrad motkepnil mrgval moedanze gaSli-

248

lia momkili puris Znebi, kevrSi Sebmuli xarebi gars uv-lis moedans mzis mimarTulebiT da lewavs Znas – ganari-debs xorbals TavTavisgan. niCbebiT niavdeba galewilibze, romelic qars miaqvs, xorbali kaloze rCeba, xvavde-ba. kaloobis procesis bolo etapi fSauri warmoSobis Ta-vad kalour simRerebSia asaxuli:

`Sen, dilis mzeo, lamazo, brwyinvale sxivebiano,kaloze yana gavSale, amo, ar daigviano.niSa dauvlis nikoras, kevri daiwyebs trialsa,bze ise unda gavlewo, zecas mihqondes niavsa~

[qxp X: 603].

venaxis simRerebi

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis Zveli da maRali kulturis Se-sabamisad, venaxSi Sromis leqs-simRerebic mravalferovania.vazis movlis periodebs: barva-Toxnas, vazis sxvlas, Sewamvlas,krefas (rTvels) – mevenaxis Sromis kulminacias, romelic sazoga-do zeimSia gadazrdili, – qvevrebis recxvas da yurZnis wurvasTav-Tavisi simRerebi axlavs, romlebic am diferencirebuliSromis specifikas asaxaven. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom yove-li leqsi, romelic vazsa da yurZens exeba, usaTuod sruldebodaSromis procesSi. magaliTisTvis, am SesaniSnav leqss, romelicmaRlari yurZnis Tavgadasavals aRwers, Znelia moeZebnos adgilisavenaxo Sromis periodSi, roca is SeiZleba Sesrulebuliyo:

`xis wveroSi Citi gWamda, gidliT Camogitaneo,sawnaxelSi rom Cagyare, fexiT gamogiyvaneo,qvevrebi rom gagirecxe, CafiT gamogitaneo,amdeni Sroma gavwie, mainc ar gamitaneo~

[akakis krebuli 1899: 35-36].

gavrcelebuli azriT, yurZnis RvTaebad miCneuliaaguna, romlis mxolod saxelia SemorCenili, isic aqa-iq,sporadulad. aguna rTvelSi centraluri figura unda yo-filiyo, magram misi xseneba saaxalwlo ritualiT aris Se-mofargluli. ver vadasturebT raime narativs mis Sesaxebda sasimRero teqsts, sadac mevenaxe SesTxovs mas rTve-lamde an sakuTriv rTvelSi yurZnis baraqianobas. magram

249

sagulisxmo is aris, rom SeZaxilSi, romelic gurul fol-klorSia SemorCenili, agunas gverdiT `baxua~ ixsenieba,romelic samarTlianad iwvevs baxusis, Rvinis berZnul-romauli RmerTis asociacias (ar aris gamoricxuli, romguriis sofel baxvis saxelwodeba baxusTan iyos dakavSi-rebuli. aseve dialeqturi `gabaxeba~). saaxalwlod acxob-dnen `agunas purs~, romelic Roris TavTan erTad gahqon-daT venaxSi da agunas xmamaRali xmobiT Semouvlidnen maR-lars: `aguna, aguna, Semeiare! baxuas karebTan geiare! CvensvenaxSi aseTi mtevani (bavSvs aiyvandnen xelSi), sxvis ma-mulSi nafoti da furceli!~ amave sityvebs, mcireodenicvlilebiT, dasZaxebdnen sawnaxels, Tan xeze najaxis yu-iT akakunebdnen, TiTqos agunas uxmobdnen: `aguna, aguna!Cvensken Cameiare! baxvsa da askanaze geiare! Cvens venaxebssikeTe mieci, sxvis venaxSi furceli gaamravle!~ raWa-leCxumSi aguna angurad aris cnobili da kidev ufro ga-mokveTilia misi, rogorc Rvinis RvTaebis, saxe da funqcia.aqac axal wels miulocavdnen venaxs garsSemovliT da ma-Rali SeZaxiliT: `anguram Cameiara iliTa da miliTa, orSi-mo da xrikiTa! Cveni mamuli Ceiara, w(v)ivi meitexa, RvinisRvari aayena! isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma yurZeni, gaRma fur-celi!~ mili, orSimo, xriki – meRvineobis inventari – agu-nas, Rvinis RvTaebis, atributebia.

amrigad, koleqtiuri samiwaTmoqmedo Sroma sanaxao-biT da sazeimo saxes iRebs, romelSic CarTulia mTeli mo-saxleoba didian-patarianad, visac ki Sromis unari dakar-guli ara aqvs. nadi, xelxvavi, rTveli – namdvili saxalxodResaswaulebia, romlebic religiur dResaswaulebTanerTad SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi sixaruliT da imedebiTmsWvalavs miwis muSakis yofas.

Tibvis leqs-simRerebi

Tibva, rogorc mniSvnelovani sameurneo saqmianoba,gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis aris niSan-doblivi, igi mesaqonleobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mag-ram am saqmianobis dros samReri leqsebi mxolod aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi iRebs mkacrad Camoyalibe-bul kanonikur saxes. Tibvis leqs-simReras aq mTibluriewodeba, romelsac aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli versifika-

250

ciuli saxe. mTibluri, rogorc sxva adgilzec (ix. qvemoT,xmiT natirali) aris aRniSnuli, warmoadgens cxramar-cvlian uriTmo leqss, romlis warmoSoba bundovanebiTaris moculi. is ki cnobilia, rom, vidre mTibavi mTiblurleqss `celze daamRerebda~, manamde is xmiT natirali iyo,uSualod micvalebulis cxedris win improvizebulad Seq-mnili. amiT aris gamowveuli, rom mTibluris hangi metadnaRvliania, Sesrulebis tempic mdorea, rac, albaT, celismonotonur moZraobas asaxavs.

Tibvas rom samgloviaro hangi axlavs, am faqtis pirve-li werilobiTi cnoba XIX saukunidan mogvepoveba. ai, rasmogviTxrobs xevsureTSi mogzauri [kaxeli: 94]:

„Rulis mindvrebs rom gavcdiT da WalaSi gadavux-vieT, gzidan cota moSorebiT serze mTibav xevsurebissimRera Semogvesma. cxeni Sevayene, davugde simRerasyuri, magram erTobili naRvliani xmis meti ver gavarCi-e-ra. samuSao xevsurebis leqsis gageba mindoda, veRarmoviTmine da mTibavebs xma miveci. ramdensame wamSi CemsgverdiT idga cnobili mindia. salamis umal mindiasvsTxove eTqo is leqsi, romelsac isini mRerodnen. amleqss Cven muSaobis dros vmReriTo, miTxra mindiam danela, garkveviT sTqva:

„RoraT Sabura ara xaravo, £aro nabamo rkinisao,kedo nagdebo sinisao, gamogorgvlilo rkinis kverao.xmalo, naWedo safrangesao, qalaq nawdobo erboSiao,Tofo, naWedo yirimSiao, jaWvo, naqsovo urumSiao.Satil dediZmaT estumridio, iqiT velobas wagiyvaneno,aiq urjulo gamogivaTo, Tof hkridi, gaagoridio,mosWridi xel, wamaiRidio, Tavis qviTkirsa miakridio,qal-zali gaivl-gamaivliso, Seni nakravi moagondebiso“

[qxp X: 688].

am sityvebs rom naRvlian xmaze mReroda Ruleli xev-suri, gasakviri ar aris, radgan es leqsi xmiT natiraliavinme RoraT Saburaze.

ratom sruldeba maincdamainc Tibvis dros xmiT natira-li, ar aris bolomde gamorkveuli. fiqroben, rom raki Tibvisprocesi mwvane balaxis sicocxlis mospobaa, samgloviaro teq-

251

sti da melodia sruliad SesatyvisobaSia masTan. Tibva fSaurpoeziaSi sikvdilis moqmedebis metaforaa:

`sikvdilm Tqva: zRvis gaRmiT viyav, zRva CqefiT gamoviari,

Samovxe fSavis mTazeda, vardni hyvaodes, iani,

Caudeg, ise CavTibe, ro kargma celma Tivani...“

[qxp VII: 158].

asea Tu ise, glovis motivi Tibvas ritualuradac ukav-Sirdeba. Tibvis `sezoni~ im wels gardacvlilTa gaxsene-biT iwyeba. mTels xevsureTSi Tibvas samSabaT dRes iwye-ben [oCiauri 2005: 113-114, 181]. es aris `Tibis samSabaTi~,romelsac ganuxrelad icaven. am dRemde Tibvas veravingabedavda. am dRes im wlis gardacvlilis Wirisufali iw-vevda mTel sofels Tavis saxlSi, patiJic ar sWirdebo-daT, Seikribebodnen da im wlis mkvdris saxelze aryiT da-locavdnen Tibvis sezonis gaxsnas. diacebi gaSlidnen ta-lavars, rogorc damarxvis dRes. jer ZaxiliT natiralsSeasrulebdnen, magaliTad:

`ra£el Tibis SamSabaTi goqv, Zmao,

sxvan saTibad emzadebian, Zmao,

miwa Sens dasa, Zmao....

Sen sworeb TibaSi maiRalebian, Zmao...

Sen m£ar-beWi miwas uWerav, Zmao...~

[oCiauri 2005: 113-114].

mere xmiT motirali gaSlili talavridan gardacvli-lis iaraRs aiRebda da gaimeorebda natirals, romelic amwels gardacvlilis datirebisas Sesrulda. magaliTad:

`Seni kacoba ra£eliao,

beber mamasa aTibviebo,

dawirul celi-d’ safarcxvelio,

meored ra aaRebieo,

genacvlos seni naTulaio,

Sen xo didxans Zil ar icodio,

gaTenebamdin amazdgidio,

manam mTiblebi maidodeso.

252

nam£revn sataves Saxyarnidio,masulebs mTiblebs daxkivlidio~

[oCiauri 2005: 181].

zedmiwevniT esadageba am dRis – Tivis samSabaTis su-liskveTebas es natirali, sadac pirvel rigSi mitovebul(`dawirul~) celzea laparaki. sxva natiralSi ufro reli-efurad aris gamoxatuli Tibvis Tema da ucelod darCeni-li gaoxrebuli saTibebis suraTi:

`Tqveni WirimeT, matiralono,Cven droJam ar gakvirvebsTaeo?gaoÃrda celi, safarcxvelio,mTani daoÃrdes mzispirulnio,Tormetis mTiblis sayofinnio...~

[oCiauri 2005: 114].

amis Semdeg anugeSeben Wirisufals da mTibavni Tav-Ta-vianT saTibebSi gaiSlebian. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, romxmiT natirali Tibvis process udgas saTaveSi da TavisinaRvliani hangiT warmarTavs mas.

niSandoblivia, rom Tibva gardacvlili mTibavis gax-senebiT iwyeba. is aris TiTqos dawyebis iniciatori.

amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom xmiT natiralSi Tib-vis motivi ganmsazRvrelia. motirali tiris JamianobaSidaxocil dedakacebze, romlebsac aRar eRirsebaT mTibav-Ta danaxva:

`qalebo, Jamis naxocebo,qviSisas ar idineTaeo?WiSvelsa ara gaxeneTaeo,WiSvel mTiblebi ar Tibdaeo?celebi ar unaTobdaeo? simRerebs ar iZaxdesaeo?~

[qxp V: 72].

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mTiblurTa repertuarSi swo-red im xmiT natirlebma pova adgili, romlebic TibvaSi da-Rupulebs eZRvneba:

`oCiaurni Camosetyvnao,ex daxkra niniais saxlTao;

253

iwivla gvelma libuCiao,ez gatyda, keras gaerekao,orolni gaixvivna Zmanio,orniv gadasCes ded-mamanio,totiT mbRunavni beberanio,celebi Camayarna zvavmao,qviSas mamClebi namÃrevCiao~

[qxp V: 194].

motirali ixsenebs gardacvlils, rogorc saukeTesomTibavs, gamoTqvams sinanuls imis gamo, rom is aRar gamoC-ndeba Tavisi celiT saTibebSi. `Svilni wavlalen Tibaze-dao, Cemi sulai kurdRelaio~; `deda enacvlos Svils gor-gisa, erTi mTa erT namxrevad unda, meore – Tivis saTre-lada~; `namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa nam-xrevT saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi salesvelio~.

deda mimarTavs gardacvlil Svils, TiTqos is jer ki-dev mTibavTa Sorisaa, ecados celis lazaTiani moqneviTqmrebis mowunari qalebi moxiblos:

`yana mkev, dedis mSveniero, saxeln ar mkian sklatisani:ubniT bubai gamagxenebso, oblis kaloTa – Sarindaio.qalni ornivac lamazniao, ornivac qmrebis mwunobarnio~

[qxp X: 463].

SeniSvna. gamagxenebso~ – gamogvxedavso. buba da Sarinda – qa-lis saxelebia. ubani~ da oblis kalo~ adgilis saxelebia SatilSi.

ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Tibvis leqs-simRerebisrepertuars mxolod da mxolod xmiT natirlebi avsebdes.bunebrivia, rom Tibvas, rogorc Sromis erT-erT wamyvansaxeobas, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Tavisi sa-kuTrivi poeturi gamoxatuleba hqondes. arsebobs Tibvisleqsebi, romlebSic erTgvarad asaxulia Tibvis procesi,mTibavis damokidebuleba TibvasTan da, gansakuTrebiT,Sromis iaraRTan – celTan. mTibavi TiTqos amxnevebs ananamusebs, an emuqreba, esiyvaruleba kidec Tavis cels, ra-Ta man ostaturad moaTibinos balaxi da sircxvili ar aWa-mos – mTibavis naTibi mindori xom Tem-soflis xelisgul-zea, xarvezi aravis gamoepareba.

254

`celo, gamiWer gzis piria,jereT mWedelsa dagiwyeven, mere – mlesavsa, gamgverdavsa,celo, koWlais nakveravo, usapireo ar iqnebi.yelRilianis qmaroo, usadilo ar iqnebi~

[qxp X: 614].

`celo, gamoWer, cel oxero, nalevo dolaT qedurisa,nam£revT saTaves Samaxdine, Torem wamivlen win mTiblebi...~

[qxp X: 617].

`cel gasWer, Torem gamogamtvrev, Senma mWedelma damibara:– ar gasWras, aqve momitane, pirsa mauqcev yuada~

[qxp X: 618].

zog simReras TiTqos baladis saxe aqvs, sadac rogorcsagmiro simRerebSi, Seqebulia moymec da misi iaraRic.

`gamiWer, celo, broliao,nalevo dolaT qedurisa,mTiblebi ar gauSva wina,neTxiCoveli, TaTxeluri.daikvexneben qalebSia,gigas vajobeT TibaSia.gasWra da gasWra broliama,naTibi darCa did alagi,giga rom Sa£da namxrevT Tavsa,sworad xan iyo SuadRisa,sam namxrevn im dros aitanna,gigama Coxis kalTaebisartyelSi magra Caitana,celi mxarze gadaidva,dabrunda vaJi siciliTa,mTiblebsa gverdze Cauara,binaSi dajda, daisvena,celi galesa qasuriTa,meore namxrev aitana,memr ki dabrunda Siniskeda,TibiT rom guli maifxana...~

[qxp X: 633].

255

SeniSvna. mTiblurs, Tumca mas, Cveulebriv, mTibavTa jgufi(jari) asrulebs, mainc ver CavTvliT pirwmindad koleqtiuri Ses-rulebis simRerad, Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom xmiT natiraliindividualuri warmoSobisaa da rom misi Sesruleba Tibvis drosaucileblobiT ar moiTxovs mTibavTa gunds. mTibluri arafers kar-gavs, piriqiT, swored individualuri Sesrulebis dros avlenssrulyofilad Tavis Zalas. magram verc guTnurs, verc xelxvavs,verc kalours ver warmovidgenT koleqtivis gareSe individualu-ri SesrulebiT.

individualuri Sromis leqsebi

mkacrad Tu SevxedavT, Sromis simRera koleqtiuriaTavisi rogorc warmoSobiT, ise SesrulebiT. igi koleq-tivSi ibadeba da koleqtivSive sruldeba. xom arsebobs in-dividualuri Sromac, magram ver vityviT, rom am dros iba-deba sagangebod am kerZo Sromis procesis Sesatyvisi sim-Rera. mTibavs ar Seuqmnia mTibluri, Tumca mas saxeli amsaqmianobis mixedviT ewoda.

individualuri Sromis simRerad iTvleba `urmuli~.magram aris igi mkacri azriT Sromis simRera? aris meur-mis saqmianoba Sroma? ratom ar uwodeben mas mgzavruls,radgan meurme, pirvel yovlisa, mgzavria. marTalia, isurems, mis nawilebs mimarTavs simReraSi, magram mas SeuZ-lia gaafarToos da kidec afarToebs Tavis repertuarssxvadasxva Janris – sayofacxovrebo, satrfialo da filo-sofiur-didaqtikuri – teqstebiT. misi simRera ar aris au-cileblobiT dakavSirebuli urmis gzasTan. meurmis sim-Rera warmoSva martoobam. is martoa da mas aqvs simRerismoTxovnileba, da is mReris, raTa daZlios martooba. essimRera dialogia martod darCenil sakuTar TavTan anuremTan. es aris urmulis funqcia. rogorc mqsovelis (fe-iqris) simReris funqciaa, afxizlebdes mas RameebSi.

mqsoveli qalebis Zilis gasafrTxobi simRera:

`Zilo, rasa meZinebi, me sabralosao,me Zilma ase mibrZana, me sabralosao,daweq da daiZineo, me sabralosao,vinc rom guliTa giyvardes, me sabralosao,

256

isic gverds moiwvineo, me sabralosao,Zilo, nu dameZinebi, me sabralosao,daurTav da Seukerav im sabralosao.. . . . . . . . . .TiTistaro, kviristavo, me sabralosao,Cqara dabrundi, dabrundi, me sabralosao...~

[qxp X: 936].

da mainc, Sromis simRerebs mivaTvliT `urmuls~. ure-mi tvirTis gadazidvis saSualebaa, tvirTis zidva ki Sro-maa, Tumca aq cxovelebi (gansakuTrebiT, xar-kameCi) Sro-moben. maTac esaWiroebaT gamxneveba, rasac elian kidecisini: `aqlemebi da xarebi mieCvien, rom maT simReriT Seu-teven xolme da, rac ufro mZimea tvirTi, miT ufro xmama-Ralia da xangrZlivi simRera~ [biuxeri 1923: 37]. gazeT ive-riaSi~ urmiT (uremze) `Sromis~ Tavis droze yvelasTviscnobili, magram dRes miviwyebuli SromiTi Cveulebaa gad-mocemuli: `yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvenma glex-kacebmaqaravniT wasvla icodnen erevnisken (yulfSi) marilzed.Seiyrebodnen erTad, Seabamdnen ass, orass urems da sim-ReriT gaudgebodnen gzasa...~ [oqroSiZe: 135]. literatu-raSi laparakoben `urmulze~, mis naRvlian hangze (n. maCa-beli, ilia, akaki, S. aragvispireli, ir. evdoSvili, i. zura-baSvili, g. leoniZe...), magram romelia es `urmuli~, ucno-bi rCeba. ilia leqsad gvixasiaTebs mis ucnaur Zalas: `Ru-Runi igi CamrCenia guls, mwuxare aris, viT glovis zari~,magram ar gveubneba, ra sityvebs mReroda is meurme, an Tuaxlda sityvebi am `mwuxare~ hangs? an iqneb srulebiTusityvo iyo? ilia zurabaSvilis cnobiT, urmulis sauke-Teso Semsrulebeli sesikaSvili `araviTar sityvas ar mi-marTavda haralo-hari-haralos garda...~ [zurabiSvili: 69].Cveulebriv, am TavisTavad brwyinvale leqss miiCneven`urmulad~, magram ismis kiTxva: yvela SemTxvevaSi asru-leben mas da ara mxolod marilze, isic, aRzevanSi siaru-lisas?

aRzevans waval marilze, marils movitan brolsao,jer dedas gadavexvevi, mere Svilsa da colsao~

[qxp X: 808].

257

klasikuria es sityvebi, namdvilad gamoxatavs qarTve-li kacis eTikur idealebs, magram saeWvoa, igi urmulis ka-nonikur teqstad CavTvaloT (arsebobs ki aseTi ram?) – yve-la meurme xom ar dadis marilze? ufro adekvaturi iqne-ba, Tu kerZod am simReras marilze siarulis Sromis sim-Rerad CavTvliT. marilze wasul qaravans uTuod eqnebo-da Tavisi repertuari, magram, samwuxarod, misi Semadgen-loba da Sinaarsi CvenTvis ucnobia. literaturidan cno-bilia Sor manZilze `qiraze siarulis~ mTeli SromiTi in-stituti. SeZlebuli ojaxebi, romelTac hyavdaT sakmaoda Zlieri gamwevi Zala, dadiodnen qalaqidan qalaqSi dagadahqondaT tvirTi. maT hqoniaT SeiaraReba, hyoliaTZaRlebi da mamlebi Ramis saxmilavTa Sesatyobad. ras mRe-rodnen isini Rameul gzebze? raime `kanonikurs~, sagange-bod moqiravneTa qaravnis Sesatyviss Tu nebismier simRe-ras, romelic, SesaZlebelia, kanonikuri gamxdariyo? Ce-mi fiqriT, upriani iqneboda urmuli simRerebisTvis mar-toobis daZlevis, dausrulebel gzaze mowyenilobis gan-saqarvebeli simRerebi gvewodebina. amaod ar uwodebs i.zurabiSvili urmuls `fiqris simReras~.

urmulSi aerTianeben simRerebs, sadac adamiani mimar-Tavs Tavad urems da mis nawilebs. ai zogierTi nimuSi:

`uremo ferso maRalo, ari aralo, daa!xundi gigorams giSrisa, ari aralo, daa!agebuleba kargi gaqvs, eg erTi ferso giSlisa,aralo, daa!Tu kaci TiTon ar ari, ari aralo, daa!cudia misi cxovreba, ari aralo, daa!~

[qxp X: 835-b].

dasasruli ukve namdvilad `fiqris simReraa~. meurmessakmarisi dro aqvs, rom ifiqros qveyanaze, wuTisofelze,adamianze, mis bedsa da ubedobaze, Rirsebaze... mis reper-tuars veravin SezRudavs, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. Se-saZloa, saukeTeso qarTuli leqsebi wuTisofelze sworedmeurmeobisas, roca kaci martoa Tavis TavTan, gzaze mar-toul svlaSi Seqmniliyo.

258

akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X.biuxeri 1923: Áþõåð Ê. Ðàáîòà è ðèòì, «Íîâàÿ Ìîñêâà», 1923.

zurabiSvili: zurabiSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, xe-lovneba~, Tb., 1949.

kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi(mgzavris SeniSvnebi), Jurn. moambe~,1898, 6, gv. 94.

lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, fe-deracia, Tb., 1938.

lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature,Oxford, 1960.

sargoni 1912: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une relation de la huitième cam-pagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.), Paris, 1912.

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqar-Tvelo~, Tb., 1959.

qxp V: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, mecniere-ba~, Tb., 1976.

qxp X: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, mecniere-ba~, Tb., 1983.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

259

sagmiro poezia

Tu sagmiro poezias mTeli qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Se-moqmedebis fonze ganvixilavT, aSkarad warmoCindeba misi upi-ratesi wili sxva poetur JanrebTan SedarebiT. sakmarisia ga-davxedoT `qarTuli xalxuri poeziis~ Tormettomeuls, sadacsagmiro Janri or sqel tomSia (III, IV) ganTavsebuli, da Tu amtomebSi dabeWdili leqsebis warmomavlobiT davinteresdebiT,gairkveva, rom maTi absoluturi umetesoba aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mTian mxareebs ekuTvnis. irkveva, rom sagmiro poezia,ZiriTadad, fSav-xevsuruli, TuSuri, mTiuluri da gudamayru-li warmoSobisaa. es aris am kuTxeebis prioritetuli sfero,sadac maT namdvilad verc erTi sxva kuTxe ver Seecileba. esganpirobebulia maTi istoriul-geografiuli anu, rogorcsxvanairad ityvian, geopolitikuri garemoTi. istoriulmaprocesma am kuTxeebSi Camoayaliba meomruli sazogadoebebi,SegviZlia vTqvaT, saymoebi, romlebic jvarTa Tu RvTisSvil-Ta patronobis qveS gaerTiandnen. momxdur, gareSe Tu Sinaur,mterTan brZolebSi xdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia say-moebad, romelmac kulminacias XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSimiaRwia. es iyo zurab aragvis erisTavTan brZolebis xana anu,rogorc mexsierebam Semoinaxa, `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana. saymo-Ta epikuri (sagmiro leqsTa cikli qmnis Tavisufal~ eposs) xsovnaar scildeba am epoqas; `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana aris is zRurbli,romlis miRma miTologiur samyaroSi SevdivarT. brZolebi mo-nawileoben saymoTa genezSi da xels uwyoben warsulis miTo-logizacias. RvTisSvilTa brZola devebis winaaRmdeg saymo-TaTvis teritoriis mosapoveblad, rac miTologiuri eposisdedaazrs Seadgens, Tavis mxriv, `sisxlis wvimebis~ eposis arqetipixdeba. aqtebi, rac Caidines RvTisSvilebma `mas Jamsa Sina~, meorde-ba saymoSi axla da aq, maT Tvalwin. RvTisSvili meomris, kai ymis~etaloni xdeba. saymos brZolebi RvTisSvilTa arqetipulibrZolebis paradigmebia.

simRere anu balada

sagmiro leqss, rasac misi Sesrulebis wesis mixedviTxevsureTSi simReres uwodeben, safuZvlad realuri sab-rZolo SemTxveva udevs, anu asaxavs realurad momxdarfaqts, mTavar gmirad yovelTvis realuri piri hyavs, ro-

260

melsac icnobda saymo piradad an gadmocemiT. saymo ag-reTve informirebulia momxdari ambis detalebiT. manicis an SeiZleba icodes imaze meti, ramac leqsSi pova asax-va. leqsis codnas Tan axlavs momxdari ambis codna andre-zis saxiT, uromlisodac gareSeTaTvis leqsis Sinaarsibundovani xdeba da, SeiZleba, simZafresac kargavdes. sxvakuTxeSi leqsis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba misi mik-rosamyaros codna, leqsis daRupuli gmiri kargavs rea-lurobas da mis saxelsac xSirad sxva, ufro gasagebi da kar-gad nacnobi saxeli enacvleba. aRar vlaparakobT im sof-lis metyvelebis Taviseburebebze, sadac Seiqmna leqsi.cxadia, cudad gagebul sityvas mimgvanebuli sityvacvlis. anu, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT aris amoqmedebu-li xalxuri Semoqmedebis variantulobis gardauvali ka-noni.

sagmiro leqsi, romelsac Cven SegviZlia balada vuwo-doT, rogorc wesi, orTabrZolazea agebuli. vin aris misimTavari gmiri? mTavari gmiria is, vinc iRupeba orTabrZo-laSi. gmiri iRupeba, kargavs sicocxles, magram ixveWs sa-xels. misi da sazogadoebis principia `sjobs saxelisa mox-veWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~.

sikvdili da saxeli – sikvdili is zRvaria, romlis iqiTgmiri gadadis saxelis saufloSi. mxolod sikvdilSi ga-marjvebas SeuZlia moutanos mas saxeli. cocxali gmiri wi-naaRmdegobrivi cnebaa da swored amitom aris, rom ukleb-liv yvela sagmiro simRere-balada mebrZolis sikvdiliTmTavrdeba da es sikvdili saxeliania.

amrigad, sagmiro baladaSi gadmocemulia gmiris uka-naskneli Jami, igi Cayenebulia sikvdil-sicocxlis mijna-ze, sazRurblo situaciaSi, roca unda gadawydes misi be-di, romelsac is qmnis aq da axla, am wamebSi. am dros, aq gmi-ri ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, is batonobs dro-Jamze, marTavsmas. mas araferi darCenia, garda sakuTari sicocxlisa,romlis marTva da gawirva mas SeuZlia sxva, ufro maRali(mis da sazogadoebis TvalSi) RirebulebisTvis. sococx-le, romelic mieca, man icis, waerTmeva, magram is, rac mansicocxlis wil moipova, arasodes waerTmeva, `romeli ara-sada mieRos misgan~ (luka 10:42). es is wamebia, roca gmirisrulad avlens Tavis egzistencias, TiTqos aq jamdeba mi-si mTeli cxovreba. am dros gamoricxuli unda iyos Sem-

261

TxveviToba, rac mas SeuSlida xels sikvdiliT saxelis mo-povebaSi. Cven winaSea SiSveli adamiani Tavisi erTader-TiT, rac aris misi sicocxle, da arCevaniT. amitomac sim-Rere ukiduresad lakonuria da, rac mTavaria, yvelaferidanaxulia ara gareSe, aramed misi TvaliT.

simRere-baladis agebuleba martivia: eqspozicia – gmi-ris Semoyvana TxrobaSi; Tumca simRere SeiZleba daiwyosmowyvetiT (`fxoveli da Savaneli~); Sexvedra, SebrZole-ba, aRsasruli. SeiZleba mas axldes `daskvna~, eqstrasiu-Jeturi monakveTi, sadac gadmocemulia daRupuli gmiriserTgvari Sefaseba, Seqeba an datireba Tu gamoZaxili missikvdilze (ix. `ioneuri~). simReres personaJTa minimumiori piria, iSviaTad – erTi (`baRaTera~), Segvxvdeba samic(`Siola da mTrexeli~).

gavecnoT umokles baladas ara mxolod qarTul, ara-med msoflio baladebs Soris. es aris `fxoveli da Savane-li~, romelsac pirvelad vxvdebiT Tedo razikaSvilis Ca-nawerebSi (am variantSi igi Svidstriqoniania):

`erTi vaJkaci fxoveli, Savwyals saomrad dadgao,adga da Sin wamovida, gzas Savaneli Saxvdao.CaWres, Cakafes erTurTi, maSveli aRar SaSCao.ciTa movida yorani, magaT nakvalevs daxyvao.jera daiTvra sisxliTa, mere leS Wama, gaZRao.adga da isev wavida, magaT vaglaxi dascao:„orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao?!“

[qxp IV: 252].

Canawers axlavs Camweris SeniSvna: `me amaTi vera gavi-ge ra: vin iyo Savaneli an sadauri...~ yvelas, mis wamkiTx-vels es sityvebi aRmoxdeba. vin aris Savaneli? vin arisfxoveli? vis ucdida Savwyalze fxoveli – Savanels Tusxva vinmes? risTvis `CaWres-Cakafes erTurTi~? leqsibundovania, Tumca bundovaneba araTu rames aklebs mas,aramed SeiZleba aZlierebdes kidec STabeWdilebas. T. ra-zikaSvili sxva rames gulisxmobs, roca ambobs, `me amaTivera gavige rao~. Camwers veraviTari cnoba ver moupove-bia simReres personaJebze, andrezi ar SemorCenila im vi-Tarebis amsaxveli, Tu ra iyo mizezi maTi sabediswero Ser-kinebisa, Seurigeblobisa. Cans, imdenad mowyvetila Tavis

262

garemos es simRere, rom daviwyebas miscemia monawileTasakuTari saxelebi, maTi vinaobis aRmniSvnelad warmomav-lobis saxelebiRa SemorCenila (fxoveli fxovidan, Sava-neli Savanidan, qistebis erT-erTi Temidan).

es balada, Tumca is sityvierad Zalze Zunwia, rogorcembrioni, moicavs sagmiro leqsis yvela elements, rac sxvaleqsebSi sxvadasxva variaciebiT iSleba. es exeba rogorcmis formalur mxares, ise arsebiTs, ideur Sinaarss. leqsigawyobilia erT riTmaze, rogorc xevsurulad ityvian,erT `yuvze~. yovel striqonSi TiTo kadria moqceuli,romlebic erTmaneTs elvis siswrafiT enacvlebian. zog-jer naxevar-naxevari striqonebi gadmogvcems TiTo su-raTs: `adga da Sin wamovida, // gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. esimitom xdeba, rom dro Wirs, drois deficits ganicdis gmi-ri. `adga da Sin wamovida~ ara mxolod erTi kadria, aramedis erT paToss gamoxatavs, imis sruliad sawinaaRmdegos,rasac gviCvenebs meore kadri: `gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. TupirvelSi sasowarkveTaa usaxelod (`uerTod~, anu uSede-god, rogorc kvlav xevsureTSi ityvian) Sin ukuqceuli-sa, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxlSi sasikvdilod (`sircxvil as~ ase-Ti aRsasruli!) ganwirulisa, meore kadrSi mas imedmoce-muls, albaT, pirquSad gaxalisebuls vxedavT. am Sexved-ris wami, romelmac zRvari unda daudos mis sicocxles,misi cxovrebis mizania. es aris misi ukanaskneli wami, ro-melsac TiTqos xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. erTi ram am bundo-vanebidan SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom es wami nam-dvilad misi mopovebulia – `erTi vaJkaci fxoveli~ TavadmarTavs dro-Jams, mis dinebas sakuTar dro-Jamad aqcevs.es misi monapovaria, misi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa, is erTa-derTi, rac mas abadia am qveyanaze am wamebSi. yoveli maSve-lis gamoCena gaacamtverebda mis imedebs am sanatreli wa-mis warTmeviT. am wamisTvis dadga is `Savwyals~ da amis uk-vdavsayofad SeiTxza simRerec. am wuTisoflis momxmare-beli Wkviani yornis gonivruli sityvebic, uneburad, am wa-mis gamarTlebas da gandidebas emsaxureba. baladis gmi-rebi erTmaneTs ar esityvebian. sityvisgebis Rirsad arTvlian erTmaneTs, Tu amis dro ara aqvT? albaT. erTa-derTi, vinc – es arseba aq namdvilad `vin~ kategorias ga-nekuTvneba – sityvas ambobs, es yorania. misi sityvebi sav-sea cinizmiT, romelic moymeobis sapirispiro ideologi-

263

is gamomxatvelia. magram simRere yornis, davuSvaT, cini-kuri SefasebiT kaiymobis kodeqsis erT punqts ayalibebs,imas, rac simReres avtors unda Camoeyalibebina. ase rom,es yorani Tavisda uneburad ganadidebs erTurTis damxoc-vel moymeT. fxovel-Savanelis mkicxveli da Wkuismaswav-lebeli yorani Rrmad individualuria, ar hgavs sxvebs, ro-melTac daRupuli kaiymis mimarT aRtacebis sityvebi aR-moxdomiaT, rogorc, magaliTad, am striqonebSi:

`yorano, Waris Relesa ar maavlie Tvalia,velguja ara Rnaxia, xuSaiSvili xaria?vnaxe da qvec mamewona: did-didn sxdomiyvnes Tvalia...~

[qxp IV 251].

Tumca, vikiTxoT, ra moewona yorans velgujas TvalebSi:misi kargi moymeobis niSani Tu kargi sadili? igi arc im TavianTTvistomebs hgavs, vinc maTTvis sadilis gamamzadebels loca-ven, rogorc am baladismagvar teqstSi vkiTxulobT:

`WimRis kldeT yefda yorani, erTi uZaxebs sxvasao,velT midis oCiauri, gavxyveT amagis kvalsao,Cveni misvlisad gaswiravs yoris wyalaze mkvdarsao.uSiSa ar dagvaklebda saxraod RilRvlis Zvalsao~

[qxp IV: 8].

kaimoymoba, rac Tavad moymisTvis da mTeli sazogado-ebisTvis upirvelesi zneobrivi Rirebulebaa, yornisTvispragmatulia: igi sazrdoobs moymeTa Tavganwiruli aqte-biT, maTi ukandauxevlobiT. isini locaven moymeebs, rom-lebic karg sadils gaumzadeben maT:

`..yomastos yorneb aZraxda, dabla dauSvnes m£arnia,jer ki CaiTrvnes sisxliTa, memre coma xres Zvalia.daloces Tofis damkravi, memr – mzirTa winamZRvaria~

[qxp IV: 119].

`daloces Tofis damkravi~ (an Tavad Tofis dalocva,Zvalis gamWreli xmlis qeba da sxva) – es sagmiro baladisdaskvnaa. ase rom, yornebis piridan uneburad gamodis uW-ko moymeTa qeba-dideba.

264

is, rac `fxovel da SavanelSi~ embrionalurad aris mo-cemuli, sxvagan meti sicxadiT aris gaSlili, Tumca maincrCeba erTgvari bundovaneba, romlis gafantva mxolod am-bis prozaul gadmocemas, andrezs, SeuZlia. aviRoT `io-neuris~ situacia. sityvebi, romliTac iwyeba variantTa ab-soluturi umravlesoba, `WimRaSi ivaneuri ras-ras Saaty-obs Tavsao~ an, ufro garkveviT: `ras-ras ufiqrobs Tav-sao~, an momdevno: `fSaoba gaubedavis~ (fSavSi wasvla gau-bedavs) gvamcnobs mis gadawyvetilebas, magram ar gveub-neba, ram gamoiwvia igi. wina baladaSi amis miniSnebac araris, imdenad cxadia, rom Savwyalze dadgomas win uZRvisgadawyvetileba, arCevani, magram es xdeba sadRac baladisfarglebs gareT da amas unda grZnobdes msmeneli. `ione-urSi~ gadawyvetilebis gardauvaloba da, SeiZleba iTqvas,tragizmic, gamoxatulia misi ojaxis wevrTa qmedebebiT,gansakuTrebiT mamisa, romelic mas, safSaod gamzadebuls,jRanebs ubandavs, rac gamoricxulia ordinarul pirobeb-Si, yoveldRiur yofaSi. msmeneli ukomentarodac igrZ-nobs, rom raRac uCveulo xdeba.

es uCveuloba, aseve ukomentaro, msWvalavs `fxovelida Savanelis~ msgavsad umokles leqss, romelsac, ar Sev-cdebiT, Tu baladis JanrSi ganvixilavT. es aris usaTau-ro simRere, romelic ramdenime variantad aris gavrce-lebuli fSavSi:

`Cavalis, Caeubneba, tunkiT ivane saRarsa:cxenav, getyoba, geSinis, guls me Cagideb, magarsa,Cagavlev terelozeda, Cagatanineb naRarsa,Senac iq mogklav, tialo, Tavsac iq davdeb, WaRarsa,cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi, iq ver gavwirav mamasa,cixes davungrev isriTa, wverze gadavdeb qamandsa~

[qxp IV: 266].

uCveuloba Cans cxenis SiSSi raRac gamoucnobis wina-Se – mxedars uxdeba misi gamxneveba, Tumca piriqiT ki SeiZ-leboda yofiliyo: mxedari gamxnevebuliyo cxenis Tanad-gomiT. uCveuloa am sasowarkveTil laSqrobaSi (`cocxalSin ver davbrundebi~) muqara cixis isriT dangrevisa. yve-la sityva, rasac mxedari warmoTqvams, intonacia, rogorcam sityvebs warmoTqvams, baladis tragikul dasasrulze

265

metyvelebs. msmenels ar eeWveba, rom mxedari ver daixsnismamas da Sin cocxalic ar dabrundeba... axdeba yvelaferi,rasac mxedari uwinaswarmetyvelebs Tavis Tavs da cxensac.

aRarafers vambobT am baladis formis araordinalu-robaze: mTeli misi Sinaarsi cxenTan gamarTul dialog-Sia moqceuli. siuJeturi dro jer ar amowurula, magramambavi damTavrebulia, igi virtualur drosa da sivrceSimTavrdeba. es ar ukargavs baladas eqspresiulobas.

qarTuli balada, gamonaklisis gareSe, gmiris sikvdi-liT mTavrdeba, anu es imas niSnavs, rom baladaSi, rogorcwesi, gmiris cxovrebis ukanaskneli wamebia gadmocemuli.misi cxovreba xom brZolaa, sicocxlis ukanaskneli wamebiki – brZolis kulminacia. am dros gmiris cxovrebis TiTqosSejameba xdeba. es iseTi wamebia, roca misi egzistenciamTlianad ixsneba, ukanasknel sabrZolo aqtSi – gmiroba-Si poulobs gamosavals. gmirma icis, rom mokvdavia da isSeguebulia amas, magram gmiri arasodes Seegueba iseT sik-vdils, romelic brZolis velze sisxliT ar aris kurTxeu-li. gmiris apoTeozi velze sisxliT ganaTvlaa. sxvagvari sik-vdili `sircxvil as“, rogoric xevsuri kai yma ityvis.

zemoT ganxilul baladaSi (`Cavalis, Caeubneba~) gmirisegzistencia jer ar gamonaTebula, is elis amas da msmene-lic imis molodinSia, rom es aucileblad moxdeba, magramgmiris gancda win uswrebs realizacias – misi egzistenciaukve gamosxivebulia mis warmosaxvaSi. da am warmosaxvisintensioba msmenels arwmunebs imaSi, rom tunkiT ivanesukan dabruneba ar uweria da rom swored es iqneba misi ga-marjveba da apoTeozi.

gmirebi sxvadasxvagvarad ecemian orTabrZolaSi, mag-ram aRsasruli erTia: isini bolomde gaiReben sicocxlissasyidels, safasurs im erTaderTi qonebisa, romelic maTgankargulebaSia. Tu hanzeli zRvaosani vaWrebi misdev-dnen devizs `zRvaosnoba aucilebelia, sicocxle ar arisaucilebeli~ (Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse), kaiymaT Tavisi sakuTari devizi aqvT, romelsac Tumca ara-sodes miuRia verbaluri gamoxatuleba: brZola aucile-belia, sicocxle ar aris aucilebelia. maSasadame, maTTvisarsebula iseTi ram, rasac sicocxleze upiratesi Rire-buleba aqvs, iseTi ram, raSic cxaddeba Tavad sicocxlisfasi da Rirebuleba, misi matareblis Rirseba. ras unda

266

hqondes imaze meti fasi da Rirebuleba, rac aqvs sicocx-les, romelic erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli? aris ada-mianSi (ara mis gareT) iseTi ram, risTvisac iwireba sicocxle.es ram gawirvis gadawyvetilebaSi iCens Tavs: es aris neba,romliTac adamians SeuZlia marTos Tavisi sicocxle,romlis wyalobiTac adamiani sicocxleze maRla dgeba.marTavs sicocxles da dro-Jamsac, es kargad Cans baladaSi.

adamiani icocxlebs ramdenime aTeul wels, magram mas,SesaZloa, arasodes daudges Tavisi egzistenciis gamos-xivebis Jami. es Jami wlebs ar moaqvs, es Jami SeiZleba dad-ges kai ymis mowifulobisTanave. Wabuki, sakargymod gam-zadebuli, baRaTera jabuSanuri (amave saxelwodebis ba-ladis gmiri) dedis Zmebisgan moiTxovs mamiseul CaCqans,romelic mamis sikvdilis Semdeg maT hqondaT mibarebuli. bi-Zebma ar misces CaCqani, ar CaTvales mowifulad, gajavre-buli gamoistumres baRaTera (`qva-rkinas amtvrevs kbili-Ta~). magram sul male baRaTeras SesaZlebloba eZleva da-amtkicos, rom is mowifulia CaCqnis satareblad (`CaCqani~aq sabrZolod mowifulobis metaforaa). baRaTeram moi-geria Casafrebuli mzirebi, sisxlmdinareni gaaqcia isini,magram arc Tavad gadarCenila uWrilobod, romelic sa-sikvdilo gamodga. meleqse Zunwia baRaTeras gmirobis ga-moxatvaSi. rasac is gamoxatavs, isev da isev egzistenciisgamovlenaa – aqedan vrwmundebiT, rom es wamebi baRaTeras si-cocxlis ukanaskneli wamebia. aseTi yofila baRaTera, mis-ma dedis Zmebma ki ar icodnen. dafaruli gacxadda aseTitragikuli aRsasruliT. baRaTeras gza karkuCidan mamissaxlamde arxotSi Tvisebrivad sxva aris, vidre gza, rome-lic man mamis saxlidan karkuCamde gaiara. is gzaSi izrdeba da,sabolood, ukan itovebs Tavis bavSvobas, igi uReltexil-ze mTavrdeba. balada Tavis kulminacias am or striqonSiaRwevs, romelTac komentari namdvilad ar esaWiroebaT:

`martuam baRaTerama mTa gardiara gminiTa,gadauCinda dedasa gacinebulis piriTa...~

[qxp IV: 275].

namdvilad, arc erTs mis dedis ZmaTagan, romelTac Se-laxes misi Rirseba, ar eqneboda Sansi sicocxlis fasad da-emtkicebina Tavisi Rirseba, am gziT moepovebina saxeli.

267

Tu mxolod sikvdiliT moipoveba saxeli da sxva gzamisken mimavali ar arsebobs, arc Selaxuli saxelisa da Rir-sebis aRsadgenad sxva gza, garda sikvdilisa, ar ipoveba.es aris Tema xevsuruli baladisa, romlis gmiri, saxeladivaneuri (var. ioneuri), gvarad gaburi, sofliT WimRioni,mieSureba fSavisken, raTa yvelaze ganTqmul vaJkacTanSebrZolebaSi sikvdiliT Camoirecxos sircxvili, razecbalada ar laparakobs, mxolod andrezuli gadmocemiT vi-ciT. ivaneurs raRac saqcieliT (`Tavisi siamayiT~) jvaris-Tvis uwyeninebia, jvari gaswyromia da `gauyrevav wveri~.balada, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli poetikisamebr, moulod-nelad iwyeba fSavSi wasasvlelad mzadebiT. Sinaurebi(ded-mama) da mTeli sofeli, jvaric ki (`waRm dahyev, Wim-Ris giorgiv, Sens patimarsa ymasao~), aseve mamidac (`yin-Cad daswerda jvarsao~), roca roSkaSi mis saxls Cauvlis,monawileobas iReben saboloo gzaze mis gastumrebaSi. ba-ladis intenciaSi devs misi ukan ardabruneba. ivaneurs sxvadanarCen vaJkacTagan, romlebic sofelSi datova, erTiupiratesoba aqvs da is sityvis uTqmelad igrZnoba simRe-reSi: is dro, rac mas WiRidan cabaurTamde misvlaSi da iqgamorCeul ymasTan Sexvedramde dasWirdeba, mas ekuTvnis,dro savsea misi egzistenciiT, veraviTari gareSe Zala verwaarTmevs mas am dros, veravin ukan ver daabrunebs ivane-urs, romlis suliskveTeba am or striqonSia moqceuli:`RmerTo, juTuas Samyare, an yartaulas, £arsao! maklul-sa juTuaisas RmerT aRar dasdebs bralsao~. es misi arCe-vania. es arCevani erT fragmentSi, romelic ar ekuTvnisbaladas, amgvarad aris gacxadebuli –

`xmals uTxra ivaneurma: xmalo gamiWer, tialo!mteri mamadga karzeda, iq unda gagaprialo!an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro~

[qxp: 97].

amis mTqmels SeeZlo ase eTqva: `Jami Cemia~. am ukanmo-uqcevel gzaze raime Seferxeba iseTive damaRonebeli dasasircxvilo iqneboda misTvis misive Tavis winaSe, ro-gorc fxovelisTvis SavwyalTan amaod dgoma im Svidstri-qonian baladaSi. es sanatreli Jamis gaSveba da samarcxvi-no xelmocarva iqneboda.

268

`sircxvil as sikvdil“, ambobs kai yma. magram rogorisikvdili? saxlSi sarecelze sikvdilia sircxvili. es nam-dvili tragediaa, imdenad mZime, rom misi Semcveli simRe-re sanTliT saZebaria. Tuki ipoveba, misi gamgrZelebelnicdiloben gamarTleba mouZebnon amgvar aRsasruls.

sanam am tipis, SeiZleba erTaderT, baladas ganvixilav-de, erT damaxasiaTebel ambavs movitan skandinaviel kaiy-maTa cxovrebidan: roca starkidi daberda da TiTqmis dab-rmavda, sul mudam imaze fiqri awuxebda, rom sawolSi armomkvdariyo. raki mxolod brZolaSi dacemulTa xvedriavalhala, `Calaze sikvdili~ ki – saZraxisi, sxva ra darCe-noda starkids, Tu ara kiserze Camoekida oqroTi savse qi-sa, mkvlelis mizidvis mizniT, da gasuliyo gareT. sabo-lood man Tavi moakvlevina paters, romlis mama mas hyavdamokluli [gureviCi: 23].

verafers vityvi, momxdara Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva kaiymaTa cxovrebaSi, magram is perspeqtiva, romelic skandi-naviel starkids eloda, `zen bacaligos~ simRereSi faq-tia. ai, es umoklesi balada:

`zen bacaligos Tovsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa,TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxi marjvena sqdebisa.Tavsa zis Savi yorani, libuSi gveli Zvrebisa,Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa...~

[qxp IV: 375-g].

ras niSnavs aq `gulsuwadinod~? imas xom ara, rom Tini-beqas saerTod ar surs sikvdili? ra Tqma unda, ara. gul-suwadinod aq erTaderT rasme unda niSnavdes: cixeSi, Ta-vis SinaSi sikvdili ar surs Tinibeqas. misi wadili velzesikvdili iqneboda. magram is sarecelze kvdeba. erT-er-Ti variantis `uziareblad kvdebao~ Sorsmimaval fiqrs davarauds aRgviZravs, Tu gavixsenebT fragments e.w. sagmi-ro-samgloviaro leqsidan: `omSi moklulsa vaJkacsa radunda ziarebao“? es asea, magram Tu Tinibeqa uziarebladkvdeba, iqneb amiT is aris naTqvami, rom igi brZolis veli-dan sasikvdilod daWrili ar dabrunebula, radgan brZo-laSi sisxlis gaReba ziarebis tolfasia (gavixsenoT sis-xliT naTlisReba). gana SemTxveviTia, rom ivaneuris aR-sasruls baladis erT variantSi msxverplSewirvis saxe

269

aqvs: `mauqnevs xoSurauli, gaagdebinebs Tavsao, Tavs mas-Wris batkaniviTa, Sahrevs jvar-jvaris karsao~?

ramdeni wlis sicocxles gaiRebda Tinibeqa, rom Suqi-auris gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. am leqsSixom Suqiauri Tavisi amgvari aRsasruliT saxelis sauflo-Si gadadis:

`axiels TeTrsa cixesa Cardaxi Camosdisao,Siga zis Suqiauri, Tavs cecxli gadasdisao,Suqiauris £irimi gulmwuxrad gamodisao...~

[qxp IV: 233].

aq erTaderTi sityva `gulmwuxrad~ yvelafers ambobs.`zen bacaligos~ ori gagrZeleba aqvs. erTSi mocemu-

lia cda Tinibeqais sikvdilis mizezis garkvevisa, radganautanelia, rogorc vTqviT, Sin sikvdili, rasac veraferigamoasworebs. variantSi cixeSi momakvdavs kvirika qvia sa-xelad da igi jixvebis devnas Seuwiravs, rac SeiZlebodabrZolaSi dacemis analogiur aRsasrulad mieCnia rome-lime mTqmels. `jixvebs nu Casdev, kvirikav,...~ ase iwyeba`bacaligos~ gasagrZeleblad gamoyenebuli leqsi, rom-lis damoukidebeli warmoSoba udavoa, magram is kontami-naciurad Seezarda `gulsuwadinod~ momakvdavi Tinibeqasleqss. mas, rogorc daRupuli monadiris ciklis damouki-debel baladas (ix. `jarji~), umjobesia, adgili samonadi-ro poeziaSi mivuCinoT.

`zen bacaligos~ aqvs meore, ufro bunebrivi gagrZe-leba, sadac gardacvalebuls saTiTaod dastirian axlob-lebi – ded-mama:

`Tinibeqais dedai, sawyal, sanTlebur dnebisa,Tinibeqais diaci dedaSi aRar jdebisa,gaoxrebuli lurjai samburSi aRar dgebisa...~

[qxp IV:375-g].

axla gavecnoT variants, romelic moicavs moymis sik-vdilze damwuxrebulTa maqsimalur Semadgenlobas:

`deda utiris beCavsa, gulze aRara sTbebao,dai ki kvirikaisa faragiT ixoSebao,

270

coli ki kvirikaisi sanTleburada dnebao,lurjai kvirikaisi samburCi aRar dgebao,mama ki kvirikaisi Tma-wveriT ixoSebao,franguli kvirikaisi qarqaSSi aRar dgebao~

[SaniZe 1931:516-g].

Tumca es stereotipad qceuli datirebani met-nakle-bi saxecvlilebebiT SeiZleba nebismieri sagmiro baladiserTgvar daskvnad gamodges. klasikuria am mxriv xogaismindis dasasruli, romelic mis TiTqmis yvela variants ax-lavs:

`cxeni imisi tiali lurja totebze dgeboda,coli imisi beCavi sul Savad imoseboda,dedas imisas sabralos tirils aRara hxdeboda,mama imisi sabralo Tma-wveriT ixoSeboda~

[qxp IV: 3].

niSandoblivia, cxenisa da mxedris (patronis) urTier-Tobis (gavixsenoT `Cavalis, Caeubnebis~) gaTvaliswinebiT,mgloviareTa Soris cxenis pirvel rigSi dasaxeleba.

aris tendencia, rom am kanonikur sias gamoeyos da da-moukidebeli leqsis saxe miiRos moymisgan daoblebulTayvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, mebrZolisTvis intimurma atri-butebma, romelTagan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xalxur rwme-na-warmodgenebs maT nawilianobaze, erTi – cxeni – ar Ca-iTvleba ugunur arsebad.

`Cava, Cahxvivis lurjai, mTibelav, Seni cxenia:vervin Samamxvda, mTibelav, mxedari Seni feria,vercvin mamiyvans omSia, verc vin maWmia qeria~ –

[qxp IV: 413].

meore ki – iaraRi – usulo nivTad. isini Tumca lakoni-uri, magram Tavisi paTosiT epikuri suraTis personaJebixdebian:

`mTibelav, Seni franguli, itirebs, gadaiqceva:avahme, Cemo patrono, Senfrad aravin meqceva.vervin Samitans omSia, Samitans, gamameqceva~

[qxp III: 02].

271

ukeTesad da ufro amomwuravad, da meti gulistkeniTverc erTi axlobeli ver daaxasiaTebda daRupul moymes.isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daoblebulTa Soris yvelazetragikulni cxeni da franguli Canan.

umxedrod darCenili `lurjas~ monologi TiTqos pa-suxia tunkiT ivanes gamamxnevebel sityvebze Tavisi Sem-drkali `cxenas~ mimarT. `guls me Cagideb magarsa~, ai, aseT,am sityvebis mTqmel mxedars mistiris cxeni.

`leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~

Tavdapirveli saxiT es balada, rogorc akaki SaniZem[SaniZe 1931: 559] gamoarkvia adgilobrivi informatorebisgamokiTxvis Sedegad, aTiode striqonze meti ar unda yo-filiyo. droTa viTarebaSi baladas emateboda striqonebi,romlebic TiTqos azustebdnen vefxvisa da moymis Sebmisdetalebs da, ase gasinjeT, bunebis suraTsac ki. arada,moymis gmirobis saCveneblad sruliad sakmarisia is minimumi,romelic aRwers mxolod da mxolod aucilebels. Sexvedravefxisa da moymisa, maTi Sebma danaxulia erT-erTi mona-wilis, cxadia, moymis TvaliT (`moymem Tqva, pirSiSvelama~),dinamikuri kadrebi iseTi katastrofuli siswrafiT enac-vleba erTmaneTs, rom statikuri peizaJisTvis dro aRarunda rCebodes. `dro aRar dasCa moymesa~, naTqvamia leq-sSive. drois ukmarisoba, rogorc vnaxeT, orTabrZolazeagebuli baladis uxilavi fonia, rogorc sasunTqi haeri.

ai, savaraudo Tavdapirveli teqsti:

`moymema pirSiSvelama, Sibn gaiarna kldisani,jixvsa Tof daxkra, ber£ensa, Walas jaxn iqnes rqisani.Sua gzas SamaaRamda, dron iyvnen SuRamisani.gzas vefxvi Sameeyara, Tvalni arisxna RvTisani,gaziT gaarTvna kalTani, jaWvisa javSanisani.moymemac xelSi iyarna vadani Tavis £mlisani,nel-nela gaWra frangulma, dron iyvnes waqcevisani,vefxvi kldeT gardaekida, CamaawiTlna qviSani,Taod kldis Tavzed Samowva moyme sulamomdinari.vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxen qadag-misanni,uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~

[SaniZe 1931: 519].

272

rogorc teqstidan Cans, moyme ar apirebda frangulismoSveliebas da maSinRa moimarjva igi, roca vefxvma jaW-vis perangi SemoafliTa mas. `maSin gauWra frangulma~, ga-uWra maSin, roca Tavadac sulamomdinari iyo. ratom eri-deboda vefxvis mokvlas moyme? TqmulebiT, vefxvis, ro-gorc arwivis, mokvla ikrZaleba. moyme ganwirulia, igi uka-nasknel, zRvrul situaciaSia Cayenebuli, mas sxva gza araaqvs. arsebobs azri, rom vefxvi, romelmac Tvalni arisxna xTi-sani~, mas damsjelad moevlina ber£eni jixvis mokvlisaT-vis. vefxvi RvTis risxvis gamomxatvelia (g. jafariZe).

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cansakaki SaniZis masalebis mixedviT, baladas gauCnda gagrZe-leba, romelmac mas saxeli gauTqva. mis gareSe, saeWvoa,rom `leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~ esoden popularuli gam-xdariyo. Tumca popularoba yovelTvis aRmatebuli Rir-sebis dasturi ar aris da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi erTgva-rad sentimentalur da arcTu xalxuri warmoSobis huma-nistur talRaze gamoikveba.

gavixsenoT, rogor mTvardeba xalxuri teqsti:

`vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni,uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~ .

dedis motivi aq Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, xevsurulitradiciis erTgulebiT aris gamoxatuli. Tavad balada kiTavdeba iq, sadac moymem da vefxvma daasrules sicocxle– kldis Tavze. aq wertili daesva dros, Camoicala wamebi,qviSis saaTis amwuTisofluri WurWeli dacarielda. ori-od striqonSi ixsenieba Wirisufali araglovis momentSida moymis ganzogadebuli (amas isris xseneba mowmobs) Rir-sebis da ara misi ukanaskneli gmirobis Sefaseba. es epilo-gia, sadac gmiri ukve moxveWili didebisa da saxelis ra-kursSia danaxuli.

dedis xseneba boloswina striqonSi misi imgvari gag-rZelebis biZgi unda yofiliyo, rogoradac gagrZeldaigi. vinc ar unda yofiliyo baladis `meore karis~ Semqmne-li, giorgi jabuSanuri, arcTu usaxelo meleqse, Tu sxvavinme, misi poeturi talanti eWvs ar iwvevs. leqsi, rome-lic eqvsgzis ametebs ZiriTad teqsts, TavisTavad dide-bulia, dedis motivi brwyinvaled aris damuSavebuli, mag-

273

ram Zneli iqneba misTvis xalxur, gansakuTrebiT xevsuru-li simReres tradiciaSi adgilis moZebna. darRveulia aramxolod baladis formaluri mxare – Secvlilia riTma (yu-vi, amaze qvemoT) da droisa da adgilis erTianobis, siuJe-tis ganuStoeblobis principi, aramed, rac mTavaria, mya-ri eTnografiuli tradicia. saqme is aris, rom dedas xev-suruli etiketiT ekrZaleba Svilze (da qmarze) sajarodtirili (amaze qvemoT, ix. xmiT natirlebi). `iareboda de-dai tiriliT, Tvalcremliani~ sruliad warmoudgeneliaxevsurul (fSauri ukve itans) tradiciul sinamdvileSi.amitom vfiqrob, rom es damateba garRvevaa tradiciaSi,rac SeiZleboda axali tradiciis dasabami yofiliyo, mag-ram ase ar moxda. dRemde xevsureTSi ar moipoveba dedisxmiT natirlebi, gansxvavebiT fSavisa, sadac am kdemamo-sil tradicias didi xnis winaT Seudga wyali.

Tu davukvirdebiT, meore kari baladisa xuTi met-nak-lebad dasrulebuli monakveTisgan Sedgeba. SegubebuliaTiTqos erTmaneTis Tanamimdevruli zRurblebiT bala-dis erTiani sunTqva. pirvel monakveTSi erTurTis daxoc-vis faqtia aRniSnuli (`imaT daxoces erTurTi~), momdev-no monakveTebSi avtori miubrundeba Serkinebis peripe-tiebs da sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocems maT. pirvelad dedaumisamarTod yveba ambavs: `Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sahyria...~ me-oreSi deda daWril(?) Svils, jerac cocxals, wylulebsuxvevs (es lafsusia Tu uCveulo metabole?); mesameSi: wi-na monakveTSi gacveTili xmali aq bolos uRebs vefxvs:`xmalma dakuwa Zvalia~. orTabrZola mTavrdeba da dedacamTavrebs tirils: `magis mets aRar gitireb...~ da moulod-nelad yovelgvari tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod gaismis: `Senar xar satiralia~. meoTxeSi kvlav Tavidan iwyeba Serkine-ba dedis sizmarSi: `xan vefxvi, xan Tavis Svili elandebodamZinarsa~; mexuTeSi moymis deda midis vefxvis dedasTanda dedam kvlav unda wamoiwyos Setakebis ambis moyola.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli monakveTi Ta-vis sakuTar yuvzea gawyobili ise, rom baladis yuvi arcerTSi ar meordeba. es bunebrivia, ramdenadac damoukide-beli monakveTi Tavis riTmas moiTxovs.

gagrZeleba mTlianad ar aris mowyvetili xalxur tra-dicias: aq gvxvdeba SesaniSnavi striqoni, romelic arcTuSoreulad epaeqreba yornis yofiT-saRazrovan, uaresic,

274

obivatelur daskvnas. Tu yornisTvis `orniv yofilan uW-koni~, `vefxisa da moymis~ meore mgosani dedis piriT saq-veynod acxadebs moymeTa kodeqsis upirveles WeSmaritebas:

`arc vefxvi iyo jabani, arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.

Wkviani aq jabanis sinonimia. amdenad, `Wkviani moyme~ wi-naaRmdegobrivi cnebaa. saxels da didebas mxolod saRi az-ris sawinaaRmdegod mavalni ipoveben. Wkvianni iseve vermiswvdebian didebas da saxels, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~saRvTo mijnurobas (`Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~). analogia,oRond mutatis mutandis, aSkaraa platonuri mantizmis (siS-magis) konteqstSi, roca dionisuri sawyisi adamianis aqti-vobis gansxvavebul sferoebze vrceldeba.

`Siola da mTrexeli~

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan,Tumca ar SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiroxasiaTisaa, ramdenadac orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas or-TabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema ar aris. balada mra-valmxriv aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is istoriulidokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT(xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil si-tuacias zurab erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebu-li gvaris warmomadgeneli, aragvis erisTavis partikula-ristuli mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi. hubrisi, ro-gorc wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulicamgvaria. tragediis arsia moulodneloba, mowinaaRmdegeZalis gauTvaliswinebloba. Siola im mxridan nasroli is-ris msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRu-peba gabudayebuli TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iT-qva, es motivi aq ar aris mTavari. mTavari Tema TiTqos imsamiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic erTgvari eq-strabaladuri sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT agvir-gvinebs baladis teqsts:

`amboben Camaqcevasa axalcixuris kldisasa,Tan Cayolasa amboben qerbeRelais Zisasa,ver Seinaxa stumari, vai vas dedas mtrisasa!~

[qxp XI: 27].

275

magram ara, `Siola da mTrexeli~ iseTi kompoziciur-ideuri mTlianobaa, rom saeWvoa, erTi romelime Tema do-minirebdes masSi. aq dgas, ra Tqma unda, Rirsebis proble-ma – Seuracxyofili vaJkacis Rirsebisa, romelsac Tavisimoymeobis ukanasknel (cxeni ukve gaiRo) atributs arTme-ven (`ar daiSala, gadaswvda mxarT nadebs mSvildsa rqisasa~, aqar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes yivCaRis moZaladuri moZraoba:`mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~), Seuracxyofili maspinZlisRirsebisa, romelsac stumari moukles (Tema, romelic vaJasgeniam poemad aqcia); tradiciiT Semagrebul-gamarTlebu-li Surisgebis dauokebeli Jini (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisa-sa~); mkvlelis, Tundac sakuTari sicocxlis aradCamgde-bis, pirveli reaqcia, Tavi Seafaros tradiciiT kurTxe-ul adgilebSi, eklesia iqneba Tu keria Tundac moklulisdis saxlSi (`dao, ver Saminaxavdi, cxonebas Seni Zmisasa~?);keriis mfarvelobiTi Zala, Surisgebis grZnobis mZleve-li (`wamodo, Sao da bnelo, Tu suls vaameb mkvdrisasa~)...

da mainc unda vTqvaT, rom am baladaSi TvalSi sacemiais ganaCeni, rac gamotanilia hubrisis winaaRmdeg: mas aqvsTavisi mwvervali, apogea, romlis Semdeg iwyeba SeumCne-veli dacema da uecari kraxi. amasve gadmogvcems TorRvaZaganis cxovreba, romelsac baladaSi aRzevebisa da dace-mis klasikuri saxe aqvs micemuli.

mainc ra aris mTavari? iqneb mTavari moqmedi aq droa,is dro-Jami, romelic gadis snoSi im sabediswero isris gas-rolidan ukanasknel TavSesaframde, romelmac mainc verSeifara mkvleli – dro, avsili egzistencialuri substan-ciiT, sadac erTni arian devnili (`daelnebas Rgav cisasa~)da mdevneli (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa~)? dros aqac ise-Tive elvis siswrafe aqvs, rogorc sxvagan, sadac baladisgmiri sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvars Suaa moqceuli.

`TorRva Zagani~

TorRvas tragedia, romelic hubriszea agebuli, erTibaladis sivrciT ar Semoifargleba. is arc epikur JanrSiar gadazrdila, ramdenadac eposi qarTuli folkloris-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris.

aq ar vsaubrobT TorRvas istoriulobaze. am proble-mas sagangebod ganixilavs t. maxauri [maxauri:182-230] da,

276

vfiqrob, damajerebel daskvnebamde midis. yovel SemTxve-vaSi, istoriuli TorRvas pirovneba, rogoradac is weri-lobiT wyaroebsa da zepirsityvier gadmocemebSi Cans, sav-sebiT akmayofilebs am tipis baladis moTxovnebs.

TorRvas Sesaxeb ramdenime baladuri teqstia Semona-xuli. erTi Tu mis warmoSobas gvamcnobs, meore – misi hub-risis (gabudayebis) niSnebs da gamoxatulebas saqcielSi,mesame – mis aRsasruls. am sami (Tu meti) teqstis ganlage-ba qronologiur xazze SeuZlebelia, radgan aq CamoTvli-li epizodebi TiToeul maTgans msWvalavs. TiTqos TiTo-euli maTgani dasrulebuli damoukidebeli baladaa, sxva-dasxva kuTxiT rom gadmogvcems misi arsebobis tragedi-as. TiToeuli maTgani mTlianobaSi gvimxels TorRvas sa-xels mis bediswerasTan erTad.

TorRvas jer Tavisi warmoSobiT da mere SobiT ori ise-Ti fundamenturi niSani aqvs, romelTagan erTic ki sakma-risi iqneboda mis gasabudayeblad. warmoSobiT is bagra-tionia, amdenad, nawiliani. mis beWebze `marjvniv mze we-rebuliyva, marcxniske – mTvaris nalio~. mesame niSania na-wilianobis mizeziT mopovebuli jaWvis perangi, `ZmobilisnaCuqari~ (es Zmobili xan qajebi arian, xan veSapia), raSicmisi nawilianobaa ganivTebuli da, sanam igi mas axlavs,mtris isrisa Tu tyviisagan saimedod aris daculi.

SeniSvna: italiel misionerTa gadmocemiT, imereTis mefeebs –aleqsandre III-s, bagrats dabadebidanve zurgis orive mxares jvarihqoniaT gamosaxuli [judiCi: 131; kasteli: 75, 76].

TorRva damatebiT begaras uwesebs fSavlebs (`mSavleb, uma-teT begarsa~): TiTo cxvars da TiTo nacrian tomaras (zamTar-Si sanadiro gzebis gasamSraleblad), da kidev `sakargymoT~ ar-wivis frTas (isris kudisTvis). es TiTqos araferia, magram uaz-nauro fSavlebis moTminebis fiala ivseba da TorRva misTvismoulodnelad, naavadari ConTas xeliT ecema.

– vinc Sen eg mogces, TorRvao, mama wauwydes mkvdario!amaiwvada ConTama isari mWvartlianio:– samjer mamixve, TorRvao, sami dagikal cxvario,meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai xario.gizave d’ ver dagizave, bagrationi xario.gulsa xkra, suksa uwia, daeca Zagnis gvario...~

[SaniZe 1931: 44; qxp IV: 222].

277

es misi daRupvis gare mxarea. Temi Surs iZiebs gabuda-yebulze, rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba legendebsa da yofa-Si. magram mis aseT aRsasruls `metafizikuri~ planic ax-lavs: gabudayebis kulminaciaSi TorRvas tovebs nawili.iorSi `amaCqvefisas~ ucxom Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tva-lio~) mis SiSvel beWebze nawilis niSnebs, romelTa arse-boba, dedis garda, aravis ar unda scodnoda, da `ZmobilisnaCuqari~ jadosnuri jaWvis perangic tovebs mas.

– jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, qajebis naCuqario?– ielovanze gavwire, gacurda, rogorc wyalio~.

cocxali gmiri

iTqva, rom cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobis Semcvelicnebaa im mizeziT, rom saxeli – gmirobis niSani, ZiriTa-dad da rogorc wesi, brZolaSi sikvdils moaqvs. amitom am-bobs ivaneuri: `an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm arunda viaro!~ gadarCenil kaiymas saxelis mopovebis nakle-bi Sansi aqvs. magram sagmiro poeziam icis sagmiro bala-disgan gansxvavebuli teqstebi, sadac saxeldebiT Seqebu-lia konkretuli moyme. qebani ar aris stereotipuli. moy-meobis poezias moymis sikeTis gadmocema-gamoxatvismravalferovani saSualebebi aqvs. gavecnoT zogierT maTgans.

`ar vici xando-WarTali, gudamayari sad ari.mTiuleTs gamigonia Tormeti cixe magari.samxreTiT wamogveweva veSagurT cxeni saRari,zeda zis mameswarai, welze artyia xanjali.aragvis piras SamoCnda, gaminaxevra laSqari,dabrunda, wyalze garecxa omSi naxmari far-xmali~

[xalxuri poezia 1992: 89].

erTaderTi, rac mameswara veSaguris saxelovan gamar-jvebas gvamcnobs, es oradori sityvaa: `gaminaxevra laS-qari~, sxva danarCeni mxolod fons uqmnis mas. `Tormeticixe magari~ mis saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi gmirobisTanadi. cxeni, xanjali, far-xmali – moymis es aqsesuarebiinkrustaciebiviT aris Casmuli am umoklesi leqsis mciresivrceSi. dasaxeleba veSagurT cxeni~ ukve mowmobs am cxe-

278

nis saxelze, romelic isev da isev misi mxedris saxels em-saxureba, rogorc misi moymeobis Sesatyvisi. xolo brZo-lis dasasruli apoTeozis nacvlad sruliad yofiTi saq-mianobiT aris gamoxatuli, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, romgarecxili far-xmali axali brZolis molodinSi iqneba.

ai, kidev leqsi, romelic fragmentis STabeWdilebastovebs, magram aramc da aramc fragmenti ar aris – igi da-moukidebeli samstriqonedia:

`meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,Tormetis SurismZebnelo, £elad momyvano tyvisao~

[Tsufa 24441].

meSvelas saxelisTvis, romelic imsaxurebs epiTets`niavi gergetisa~, sruliad sakmarisia darbazis (sakultonageboba) gatexa da iqidan sirmis, rogorc nadavlis, wa-moReba, rac mtruli Temis sruli ganadgurebis badalia,mere Tormetis Surismgebloba (rogorc viciT, Tormetidamasrulebeli ricxvia) da, bolos, tyvis moyvana sakuTa-ri xeliT – Warbic aris, es saqmeni sagmironi mTlianad ga-dafaravs mis momavals.

SeniSvna. gergeti RvTisSvilTa samyofelia, niavi gergetisa~ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxsnelis figuralur sinonimad. meSvelas qme-debani RvTisSvilTa mxsnel RvawlTan aris Sedarebuli. sirma~ –aq: sakulto Tasis saxelia.

zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epopeaSi varskvlaviviTbrwyinavs xevsuri mamuka qalundauri. man sicocxleSivemoipova gmiris statusi, magram usaxelod daasrula si-cocxle. rogorc leqsebi, ise prozauli gadmocema guro-el xevsurs nawilianad (jvar-xatTn wilnayarad) Tvlis.magram nawiliani iyo ara mxolod Tavad mamuka, aramed misixmalic. mosalodneli brZolis win xmali qarqaSidan amoi-wevda momavali gamarjvebis niSnad [gabuuri: 158]. sadagdReebSi igi sruliad prozaul cxovrebas misdevda. maga-liTad, yoveldRiuri sakvebis mosapoveblad xifxolas(erTgvari mcenare) Txrida xolme yanaSi. misi nawilianobaanu qarizma swored krizisis periodSi iCenda Tavs, ebra-

279

el winaswarmetyvelTa da msajulTa darad uflis suligadmodioda masze, ris Semdegac igi sruliad saxecvliliSedioda brZolaSi. es sxvebisTvisac TvalsaCino iyo. gad-mocemiT, salaSqrod mimaval mamukas win varskvlavi miuZR-oda, rogorc naTlis sveti. roca mTaze gadmomdgar zu-rab erisTavs mTis ZirSi momavali mamuka daunaxavs, TavisilaSqari auyria da ukan gabrunebula [gabuuri: 59]. ramde-nime fragmenti mamukas eposidan amgvarad gvixasiaTebs misaraordinalur pirovnebas.

`Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni mzisani,bekengorT Camoewiva, yman CaWrna zurabisani,amandiT amabrunvilma samann Caxyudna qvisani...~

[qxp XI: 47].

brZola aragvis riyeze moxda da gamarjvebis niSnad ma-mukam erTi mozrdili lodi bekengoris Tavze aitana da mi-waSi CaarWo. misi es qmedeba apoTeozis erTgvari niSani iyo,Tumca am dRidan daiwyo misma varskvlavma Casveneba. saqmeis iyo, rom man daarRvia sakraluri wesi, akrZalva: imazemeti mteri mokla ukanasknel brZolaSi, ramdenis atanacmis nawilian xmals SeeZlo. am sabediswero epizods amgva-rad gadmoscems besarion gabuuri:

`... Tormet erTbaSad mauklav. meTormetisad ro Sa-maukrav £mali mamuka qalundaurs, maSin es meTormetekac mokluli TaviT fe£-aRm dayudebulas wyalSi daRmerTs Saswdomiv imTven xalxis codvai da Caugav £malmamuka qalundaurs. SauZaxnebav xTisad: RmerTo, Sen nugamiwyrebiv! mets aRar mavxklavav. maSin Caugav £mal qa-lundaurs, uTqom damrCal zurabis jarTad: mSvidobiT,£el magimarTasT! RmerTm aRar mamc metis £ocis nebai, daamabrunvil~

[gabuuri:159].

amis Semdeg Cauyudebia is samani bekengorze. RmerTmametis xocvis nebac ar misca da arc apatia. mamuka qalunda-uri, bekengoris gmiri, usaxelod iRupeba RvTisgan gawi-ruli TorRvas msgavsad (ix. zemoT). magram samani, misi gmi-

280

robis niSnad misive xeliT aRmarTuli, darCa bekengorze.bekengori qalundauris kidev erTi saswaulebrivi siCau-qis mowme iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoxata leqsma:

`bekenTgor qalundauri yornis griloebs xyvebisa~

[qxp III: 50].

SeniSvnebi. mamukas, romlis gvari gogoWuri iyo, metsaxeli qa-lundauri~ misi matareblis askezis gamoxatulebaa: qal-undauri~unda miuTiTebdes qalebTan urTierTobisgan TavSekavebis aRTqma-ze (xevs. undauri – moZule), Tumca es Tema maincdamainc gaSliliar aris qalundauris eposSi.

bekengori (an begengori) maRali mTaa gudanis maxloblad. misiferdobi TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba aragvis riyeze, saidanac mamukamriyis qva iatana bekengorze.

samani Cveulebriv niSnavs mijnas, romelic gamoyofs erT nak-veTs meorisgan, amrigad, is samaxsovro niSania. qalundaurma aR-marTa igi: Tavisi gamarjvebis niSnad da kidev imis niSnad, rom amieri-dan iwyeboda misi cxovrebis axali etapi, romelic dekadansiT aRi-niSna. mamukas xeliT dayudebuli samani bolo dromde ixilvebodabekengorze. am striqonebis avtors, bacaligo-atabedan gudanisken mi-mavals, orgzis mouxilavs igi. amboben, viRac xevsur herostratesamouZirkvavs igi da aragvis riyisTvis daubrunebia. mamukas ki an-derZad hqonda datovebuli: vinac Cem sikvdiliTges amaze mgzavraivl-Caivlis da vinac am samanTan sam yanws arayians ar daRlocavs,am Cemis £mlis codva ekidas, rac Cem £mals codva uqnav da kac mauklav~[gabuuri:159-160].

`yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ anu mfrinavi yornebis dafenilCrdilebs misdevdao (grilo – Crdili).

monadire

monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, igi xSirad orTab-rZolis xasiaTs iRebs, ris magaliTad `leqsi vefxvisa damoymisa~ kmara. gareuli mxeci ucxoa, rogorc mteri, danadiroba TiTqos omia maT winaaRmdeg. swored amitom, romnadiroba Zaladobaa, misi neitralizaciis mizniT, garkve-ul sazogadoebebSi igi sagangebo ritualebiT aris gare-mosili. monadire sanadirod wasvlis win icavs akrZalve-

281

bis mTels wyebas, raTa misi nadiroba ara mxolod warmate-buli, aramed legitimuric iyos. nadirobasTan dakavSire-bulia gansacdeli, ucnobis samyaros xilva, Cveulebrio-bis sazRvrebis gadalaxva an im zRurblis miRweva, saida-nac iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. es garemoeba kiriskis winaSe ayenebs monadires. amitomac ar aris paradoq-si, rom warmatebuli monadire, iseve rogorc davlaTian-nawiliani meomari (TorRva Zagani, ioneur TeTrauli, ma-muka qalundauri da sxvani), mSvidobianad ar amTavrebs si-cocxles. samonadiro folklorisTvis arsebiTia daRu-puli monadiris cikli, romelsac sagangebo monografiamieZRvna [virsalaZe 1964].

monadire, rogorc wesi, isjeba zedmeti nadiris da-xocvisTvis. arsebobs wesi: asi jixvis mokvlis Semdeg To-fi miwaSi imarxeba. es is Tofia, romelmac azari Seasrulada misi gamoyeneba ekrZaleba monadires. monadire Corlaisjeba imisaTvis, rom man as oci jixvi da arCvi mokla, mxo-lod erTi koWli Txa gadaurCa [svanuri poezia: 291].

gadametebuli nanadirevi monadiris hubrisis gamoxa-tulebaa. es ar epatieba monadires, rogorc qalundaursar epatia im meTormetis mokvla. monadire isjeba ara im-denad zedmeti nadiris mokvlisTvis, aramed hubrisisTvis,imis daviwyebisTvis, rom nadirobaSi warmateba nadirT pat-ronzea damokidebuli da ara misi monadireobis xelovne-baze an davlaTze, romlis wyaro nadirT patronia. warma-teba davlaTia, romelic eZleva monadires da, rogorc eZ-leva, iseve waerTmeva. zedmeti an niSandebuli nadiris mok-vla qurdobis tolfasia: monadire qurdavs `nadirT pat-rons~. amisTvis is unda daisajos.

nadirT patronTan urTierToba, romelic aucilebe-lia nadirobaSi warmatebisaTvis, satrfialo kavSiris sa-xes iRebs. am dros nadirT patroni dedria. qarTul fol-klorSi ori tipi gamoikveTa am urTierTobisa, erTi sva-nur zepirsityvierebaSia dadasturebuli, meore – meg-rulSi. erTgan dalia, meoregan – `tyaSmafa~ (tyis mefe Tudedofali).

rCeuli monadireebi dalis an tyaSmafas sayvarlebi arian.am pirobiT isini aRweven warmatebas. Tumca monadire, Cveuleb-riv, gaurbis nadirT mwyemsis siyvaruls. niSandoblivia: Tu ar-

282

Cevani monadirezea, anu Tu monadires aqvs alternativa, igioridan – dalTan wola Tu cxra jixvi – am ukanasknels irCevs.ase iqceva dalis bavSvis gadamrCeni monadire: warmatebas ir-Cevs, magram dali pasuxs mkacrad agebinebs, Tu man cxras gada-aWarba an am cxraSi swored imas esrola, romlis mokvla akrZa-luli aqvs. es xSirad oqrosrqiani jixvia da misTvis nasrolityvia Tavad msrolels miubrundeba.

ufro xSirad monadires ara aqvs alternativa. igi iZu-lebulia dahyves dalis nebas: sayvarlad gauxdes mas dawarmateba uzrunvelyofilia, magram amieridan monadiremudmivi safrTxis winaSea.

am siyvaruls TiTqos kanonieri saxe aqvs, es erTgvariqorwinebaa, misi niSani mZivia an beWedi, romelsac monadi-re saidumlod unda inaxavdes. am mZivSi Tu beWedSia ganiv-Tebuli monadiris bedi. masze unda Semowmdes misi erTgu-leba dalisadmi. magram monadires `Sin~ kanonieri qalihyavs. amieridan misi cxovreba gaorebulia – cxovreba`Sin~ da `gareT~.

dalTan qorwineba Tumca efemerulia, magram misi Se-degi tragikulia. dali Rupavs, dalive daitirebs.

svanuri samonadireo teqstebi epikuria, sinkretizmisniSniT aris aRbeWdili – isini ferxulSi sruldeba, fer-xulis dinamikam da ritmma TiTqos unda gadmosces ganwi-ruli monadiris daRupvis gardauvali procesi.

bail yvela dailocos aq myofi, bail, ilba bail.bail, sabralo beTqil, sacodao beTqil, bail....bail, beTqil, dalis moRalatev, bail....bail, mulax-muJali ikribeba, bail...bail, ferxuliT uvlian JamuSis moedans, bail...bail, gadmomxtara TeTri Suni, bail...bail, gaZromia beTqils lajebSi, bail...bail, es beTqilis wera iqneba, bail...bail, amis mdevari vin iqneba, bail...bail, amis mdevari beTqili iqneba, bail...~

[xalxuri poezia 1992: 163].

sofeli grZnobs, rom es TeTri Suni, romelic sinam-dvileSi arc aris Suni, beTqilis bedisweraa. beTqili pa-suxismgebelia mis gamoCenaze, amitomac valdebulia gah-

283

yves mis kvals. Sunis saxiT movlenilma CaSala ferxuli,daarRvia sayovelTao mxiaruleba, zeimi. uaresic moxde-ba, Tu damnaSave ar gaica. amas acxadebs sofeli sityvebiT`amis mdevari beTqili iqneba~, sxva aravin. dali, romelicSunis saxiT gamoecxada sofels, sxvas aravis moiTxovs. so-feli grZnobs, rom es beTqilis ukanaskneli nadiroba iq-neba da aravin ecileba Sunis monadirebaSi. `Cemi mocemu-li mZivi ra uyavi?~ – kiTxva dasmulia miuval kldeze, sa-dac gaityua Sunma beTqili da saidanac Camosvla mas ar uwe-ria. mZivi ara mxolod sasiyvaruli saCuqaria, aramed sai-dumlos niSanic aris, romlis siwmide beTqilma ver Seina-xa, gaarioSa~ (`garioSeba~ – desakralizacia). amitomac igiunda daisajos. da dali mTeli sisastikiT sjis mas. sad un-da daisajos monadire, Tu ara isev da isev im sajixveebSi,sadac mas warmateba hqonda. rogorc ki dali miatovebs mas– gauCinardeba, beTqili ufskrulis Tavze dakidebuli aR-moCndeba. mTeli sofeli mis saSvelad moemarTeba, magramvidre kldis Zirs miaRwevdes, `manamde beTqili gadmovar-dnila, mis mZors daTvi Wams, mis Tvalebs yorani kortnis...~

svani beTqilis dramis tipologiuria raWveli ivane qvaci-xelis tragikuli ambavi. oRond qvacixelis TqmulebaSi teq-stSi ar Cans nadirT patronis monawileoba. magram sasjeli aS-karaa da is Zalze sastikia: kldeze SerCenil qvacixels ukidu-res gasaWirSi mouxdeba Tavisi monadireobis atributebze ua-ris Tqma Tu maTi SebRalva: klavs erTgul ZaRls yurSas dacecxls aCaRebs sanadiro iaraRebiT – isrebiT, mSvildiT dakaparWiT [virsalaZe: 191]. ufskrulSi gadaCexvamde igi sruli-ad gacamtverda rogorc monadire.

TiTqos paradoqsuli kanonzomierebaa: rac ufro sa-xelovania monadire, miT ufro gardauvalia misi tragiku-li aRsasruli. `jixvebis muqaraze~ mdgomni iqcevian ro-gorc ukandauxeveli meomrebi, radgan nadiroba brZolaa,rasac es samonadiro baladac mowmobs. aq jarji iziarebsbeTqilisa da ivane qvacixelis xvedrs, magram mis monadi-rul qcevas sxva niuansic axlavs, rac arsebiTia.

`jixvebis ganavali klde ro naxo, gagikvirdeba,imaT nawolsa, nadgomsa Toli ar maekideba.fex ro mausxltes tialsa, kldeze rqiT daekideba.imaT mimyolsa vaJkacsa ra kargi waekideba.

284

jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano.jarjiv, nu misdev jixvebsa, mogineleben tialni!ar daijera jarjima, sxvac bevr mamcdara Wkviani.Camauqadla vaJkacma xirimi spilos Zvliani,win jixvTa, ukan jarjima kldeze gadiRes griali,arxalos Walas Cacvivdnen, arxalos perangiani.Cabanos Walas gavarda moyme fexwriapiani.amaitanes mamkvdari, tiris qali da zalia.Samaawvines karzeda kldis dafleTili tania,gadaglejili Tav-piri, yornis daTxrilni Tvalnia,saxsovrad jarjis saflavze daakrnes jixvis rqania.erT gverdze Tofi siaTa, meore gverdze xmalia,zed daaweres werili: jarji jixvTagan mkvdaria~

[qxp IV: 374].

es namdvili orTabrZolaa da igi namdvilad uTanaswo-roa. magram ar arsebobs Zala, romelic uars aTqmevinebsmonadires, msgavsad omSi gasuli moymisa, am SebrZolebaze. ukandaxeva marcxis tolfasia. adamiani uWko unda iyos (rogorcvefxvTan mebrZoli moyme), rom brZola gaumarTos jixvsmissave `moedanze~ – pitalo kldeebze. jixvs rom fexi da-usxltes, Tavisi bunebrivi iaraRiT – rqiT daekideba, mag-ram moymes gadarCenis sxva saSualeba ara aqvs, garda wria-pisa, magram esec ver uSvelis. ai, xevsuri sindiurisZe Ca-safrebuli mebrZoliviT gzas uRobavs jixvebs WiuxebSi:

`ar eSobian Rurbelni maRlis Wiuxis wversao.Wiuxis kuWulazeda sindaurisZe wevsao,jixvebis muqarazeda Rames aTenebs bnelsao.ji£vTa rai qnes SamdgarTa, an im vefxvs ra iWersao?ji£vni Civian WiuxSi: veRar SeudiT kldesao,Cven gadasaval sartyelSi vefxvi mwkliani wevsao.ji£vn SaSCivian WiuxTa, Wiuxni kalmis wversao,kalami daswers qaRaldsa, miscems aragvi £evsao.SibuT maua pasuxi, wyali samayris persao,kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao.Teqvsmet ji£vSiiT narCevsa, kldezeiT Camamwvdelsao~

[qxp VII: 656].

285

SeniSvna. kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao~, anusindaurisZe moisaklisebs daxocili jixvebis damTvlels; amis nac-vlad sxva azrs iZleva varianti: `kacs natrobs monadirei, na£ocisCamamTrelsao~ [qxp VII: 656-g]. anu monadire natrobs mas, vinc Camoa-taninebs Wiuxebidan daxocil jixvebs. orive SemTxvevaSi aSkarad ga-moxatulia monadiris siamaye – hubrisi, rac misi daRupvis mizezixdeba.

Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, beTqilisa da jarjisgan gansxva-vebiT, sindaurisZe ar gadaCexila ufskrulebSi: misi sxe-uli samudamod SerCa Wiuxebs, risTvisac am adgils `sin-dauris marali~ daerqva. es iyo misi sasjelic da didebac.dRemde SesZaxian mas, rogorc adre, roca afrTxilebdnen:

`Camoxe, sindiurao, klde nu aavse mZoriTa,gvayruebs monadireTa yefa mag Savis yornisa...~

[qxp VII: 655].

magram warmatebiT gaTamamebulma (hubrisis niSani) ardatova Wiuxebi. moyme kidev imitomac ar daixevs ukan, rom,rogorc Tavad ambobs,

`jixvni miyvardes tialni, mec magaT miyves ziani,xelSiiT damadebies vintoka pirkvamliani~

[qxp IV: 374-e].

jixvebi uyvars moymes, rogorc mebrZols mteri, rom-lis arseboba saxelis moxveWis erTaderTi pirobaa. Tum-ca siyvarulis mizezi is sanaxaobac aris, romlis erTader-Ti mxilveli monadirea –

`jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano~.

rogor SeuZlia mas ukan daixios am angelozuri sila-mazis winaSe? magram, rogorc sxva, monaTesave baladidanCans, jixvebis angelozuroba moCvenebiTia da macTuri, misukan sxva Zala imaleba:

`ji£vTa nu misdev, kvirikav kurdRelaSvilo, kldisaTa!Tor Cagityuebs ji£vebi, fxas Cagaglejen kldisaTa.gagimaRleben eSmaksa, naqars dagcemen mTisas...~

[SaniZe 1931: 516].

286

SeniSvna. gagimaRleben eSmaksa~, anu eSmakis xelSi mogaqceve-no, SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. amboben: nadiri eSmakT saqonia damwyems-patroni eSmakio~ [baliauri: 112]. nadirobas aqvs mkveTri ne-gatiuri mxare, romelsac yofiTi azri ar Tvlis Wkvianis saqmed.`nu mixol...~ – mudam Tan sdevs gafrTxileba monadiris gzas. yofi-Ti TvalsazrisiT, romelic emTxveva epikurs, monadiris bolo tra-gikulia: arc dRiT (bunebrivi sikvdiliT, z.k.) mokvdeba, kldezegadmovardeba an zavi moiyolebso~. epikur JanrSic, romelic hero-ikulia da Wkuas gamoricxavs, gakrTeba es gafrTxileba: ji£vTa numisdev~. gana aseve ar fiqrobs yorani, roca fxovelisa da Savane-lis Tavganwiruli orTabrZolis Semswre gaxdeba – orniv yofilanuWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao~? magram vefxvTan mebrZolisdeda sxvagvarad fiqrobs siamayiT – arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.

svanuri epikuri samonadiro tradicia icnobs `kargmonadireebs~ (xoCa meTxv¡ar) – Corlas da qalas [svanuripoezia: 94-a, b, c], romlebic beTqilis beds gaiziarebdnen,rom wm. giorgi (jgrag) ar gamosarCleboda maT. dali Ra-latisTvis ar iZiebs Surs, aramed zedmeti nadiris daxoc-visTvis (`as oci ukve mogiklavs, jixvi da arCvi yvela Se-reulad, erTi koWli Txa dagrCa~). Cans, es kargi monadi-reebi wm. giorgis rCeulebi arian da wm. giorgive ajildo-ebs maT nadirobis davlaTiT:

`axla natvrasac mogcem:dReSi TiTo jixvi gqondes,wvrili arCvi uaruTqmelad gqondes.sanam gindodes, ase iyav,roca Sen sikvdili gerCios,manamde es natvra gqondes~

[svanuri poezia: 94-c, str. 93-98].

marTalia, jixvTmebrZolni Corla da qala nadiro-bis davlaTiT jildovdebian, magram amis mopoveba maT di-di riskis fasad uxdebaT. maT saqmianobas, rogorc yovelsabrZolo Setakebas, mudmivad Tan sdevs xifaTi. aravinicis, sanamdi gastans maTi warmatebuloba, rasac svanurileqsi `natvras~ uwodebs. jgragis piroba mtkicea, magramaseTive mtkicea mokvdavi?

287

baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n., masalebi aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTielTa sameur-neo yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~,Tb., 1989.

gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (qarTu-li saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis we-liwdeuli I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi).

gureviCi: Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß., “Ýääà è ñàãà”, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979.

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e., qarTuli samonadiro epo-si, daRupuli monadiris cikli, mec-niereba~, Tb., 1964.

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloru-li arqivi.

kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqar-Tvelos Sesaxeb, `mecniereba~, Tb.,1976.

maxauri: maxauri t., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada,`lomisi~, Tb., 2003.

svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes daqarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. To-furiam, m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939.

qxp III: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, mecniere-ba~, Tb., 1974.

qxp IV: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, mecnie-reba~, Tb., 1975.

qxp VII: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, mecnie-reba~, Tb., 1979.

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsuru-li, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf.[1931].

judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqar-Tveloze, XVI saukune, sabWoTa saqar-Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.

xalxuri poezia 1992: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, qresto-maTia Seadgines zurab kiknaZem datristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

288

satrfialo poezia

rodesac folkloruli Janrebis yofiTobaze, yofaSimaT met-nakleb Cafesvilobaze, vsaubrobT, ra SegviZliavTqvaT siyvarulis grZnobaze, romelic uSualo kavSir-Sia pirovnebis problemasTan, ramdenadac siyvaruli mxo-lod da mxolod pirovnebis ganzomilebaSi arsebobs. igiyvela adamianSi Cabudebulia, rogorc SesaZlebloba, ro-melic met-naklebi intensivobiT iCens Tavs? ar Sevcde-biT, Tu vityviT, rom es grZnoba, rogorc arc erTi moTx-ovnileba adamianisa, moicavs mTel pirovnebas. igi uaRre-sad adamianuria imdenad, rom adamianis gansazRvrebis (cne-bis) erTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.Tu adamiani imdenad aris adamiani, ramdenadac fiqrobs, az-rovnebs, Sromobs, ibrZvis, ocnebobs da sxva, romelTa er-TobliobiT igi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba cxovelis-gan, am rigSi gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs siyvaruls. Tuadamiani iaraRis mkeTebelia, an Tu adamianze vambobT, romigi azrovnebs, maSasadame, arsebobs, anu rom misi arsebo-bis piroba azrovnebaa, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: miyvars, ma-Sasadame, varsebob. Cven vlaparakobT ara instinqtze, ro-melic maiZulebeli faqtoria cxovelTa qcevisTvis da masar SeuZlia ar daemorCilos mas, uaryos igi, aramed imgrZnobaze, romelic adamians ara mxolod marTavs, aramedimarTeba kidec adamianis mier; siyvaruli Tu batonobs ada-mianze, adamiansac Seswevs Zala, batonobdes masze. cocxalarsebaTa samyaroSi adamiani erTaderTia, romlis cxovre-baSi siyvaruli problemaa, misi yofna-aryofnis ganmsazR-vrelia, is grZnobaa, romelsac SeuZlia tragizmiT gan-msWvalos misi arseboba. amitomac, siyvaruli rTuli fe-nomenia, Tuki SesaZlebelia igi fenomenad, movlenad, Ca-iTvalos. Tu fenomenia, is uTuod metafizikuri raRac re-alobis gamovlinebaa adamianur samyaroSi.

folklors mdumared ar auvlia gverdi am grZnobis-Tvis, mravalferovnad da mravali kuTxiT moaxdina misiverbalizacia dawyebuli misi spontanuri gamoxatviT, ro-ca mzera garegnobis aRqmiT kmayofildeba, damTavrebu-li eqspresiis faqizi da rTuli niuansebiT, TviT siyvaru-lis, rogorc sneulebis, gancdiT. namdvilad, xalxurierotikuli lirika amarTlebs `qebaTa qebis~ cnobil sity-

289

vebs, rom siyvaruli sikvdiliviT Zlieria (8: 6), sworediseTi, rogorsac `eTerianSi~ gavecaniT.

im siyvaruls, romelsac satrfialo lirika umReris,araferi aqvs saerTo saqorwino-sawesCveulebo teqsteb-Tan. qorwili ar aris is arxi, romelsac SeeZleboda sadi-nari mieca siyvarulis grZnobisTvis. lirikis Tema Tavi-suflad aRmocenebuli da Tavisuflad gaSvebuli siyvaru-lia, romlis mizani masSivea. qal-vaJis saqorwino kavSiriki ojaxis Seqmnas da gvaris gagrZelebas emsaxureba. siy-varuli pirovnulia, amdenad Tavisufali; ojaxi, Tumca isqal-vaJis intimur urTierTobas efuZneba, sazogadoebri-via da mas SeuZlia Caklas siyvaruli. tradiciul sazoga-doebaSi colqmruli urTierToba ar aris siyvarulze age-buli, amitomac satrfialo poeziis Tema arasodes gamxda-ra colqmruli urTierToba. saqorwino sawesCveuleboteqstebSi iSviaTi gamonaklisia siyvarulis xseneba, es po-ezia ar umReris siyvaruls, aramed Svilianobas, siuxves,bednierebas, simtkices, xangrZliv sicocxles (`RmerTmamag qals Segaberos, mogces xuTi vaJiSvili, ucvalebeliamyofos, mefeo, Seni gvirgvini~). es poezia usurvebs me-fe-patarZals yovelive amqveyniur sikeTes, Tanxmobas,yvelafers, rac emsaxureba ojaxis simtkices, keTildRe-obas, momavals, magram siyvaruli aravis axsendeba. qor-wilSi mowveuli mestvire amgvarad locavs wyvils:

Cemi stviri gevedrebaT, mismineT damlocvelsao!batonebo, gaumarjos Tqvens nefe-dedofalsao.angelozis guli misces ufalman patarZalsao,eyolos egeTi vaJi, hgavdes natvris Tvalsao.rom pativiT eqceodes dedamTil-mamamTilsaoda malamod edebodes Tavis qmarsa da Svilsao

[qxp V: 529].

Tu siyvarulis niSani mainc gamoCndeba saqorwino leq-sebSi, igi Tavs iCens rogorc akrZaluli xili.

karkuCiT wamaiyvanes qali maiko Tmiani,Svidi mayari gamoyva, Svidive cxenosniani.wyalT xidTan rom movediT, dadga xanjlebis briali.

290

ar maiSala maikom Savi Tvalebis briali,zamTris uyvarda buxari, zafxulis grili niavi

[qxp V: 497].

an es fragmenti

bevri minaxavs Wir-lxini, bevrsac var gadanayari,es ki ar gamigonia, dedufals xkocnis mayari

[qxp V: 498].

SesaZloa, paradoqsi iyos, magram faqtia, rom satrfi-alo poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebis Tema ganuxorcielebe-li siyvarulia, amitomac maT xSirad ocnebisa da natvrissaxe aqvT da msmeneli grZnobs, rom es ocneba auxdeneliada natvris sagani – miuRweveli. ormxriv swrafvas erTur-Tisadmi raRac uSlis xels, raRac abrkolebs, rogorc ismdinare, vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `aqeTken me var, iqiT Sen...~.iSviaTia idiliuri suraTi, roca siyvarulis Tasi araso-des icleba, sul mudam savsea, rogorc am leqsSi –

visia mwvane karavi, karvebSi ar ereoda? visia qali lamazi, qalebSi ar ereoda? gverds ejda kargi vaJkaci, hkocnis da zed eleoda. gverds edga saRviniT Rvino, svamda da ar eleoda. netavi magis dedasa, sxva raRad daeleoda!

[qxp VI: 275].

msmeneli ar moelis, rom am leqsis qal-vaJis urTier-Toba saqorwino kavSiriT dasruldeba. aseTi yofa Tavadaris qorwili, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo yofiT qor-wilTan, romelic warmavalia da mxolod da mxolod gva-ris interesebs emsaxureba. arc am vaJis dedas, romelic aqaris naxsenebi, ara aqvs dedamTilad, uares SemTxvevaSi,`rZal-dedamTilianis~ personaJad gaxdomis perspeqtiva.aseTi yofa, roca qali da vaJi mxolod da mxolod erTma-neTs ekuTvnian ganuyoflad, amasTan siyvaruls emsaxure-bian da ara ojaxs, realobaSi ganuxorcielebelia. maT So-ris xilulad Tu uxilavad mudam imyofeba `viRac mesame~`avsuli bebris~ Tu soflis saxiT. siyvaruli, romelic ma-radiulobis gancdas badebs, wuTisoflis warmavalobaze

291

imsxvreva. es aris saerTo mounelebeli naRveli, romelic,miuxedavad xalisiani striqonebisa, gamosWvivis am leq-sebSi.

amitomac aris, rom siyvaruli dramatizebuli ocnebisJanrSia gadatanili. siyvarulis gadasarCenad uariyofasaqorwino kavSiri. didebulia qmris ojaxSi Sesuli qalisideali, romelic am striqonebSia gamoxatuli

ase unda patarZali, erxeodes verxviviTa,mamamTilsa emsaxuros, dedamTilsa RmerTiviTa,mazl-mulebs moegargaros, Svilebs mihyves RvediviTa.imas isre Seinaxven, ugunuri trediviTa

[umikaSvili 1938: 185].

magram ojaxSi dabinavebuli da mis artaxebSi moqceu-li siyvarulis wil adamiani irCevs siyvaruls, romelsacveRar miekareba wuTisoflis yoveldRiurobis xeli, igiiseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric warmoiSva. am TemaseZRvneba cikli leqsebisa, romlebic xvaramzes saxeliTaris cnobili. isini arcTu Soreul warsulSia Seqmnili,maTi avtori, saxelad xvaramze (`samukaT xvaramze~), ro-gorc Tedo razikaSvili gvamcnobs, misi dedis `toli daamxanagi~ yofila [razikaSvili: 150]. es erTi im iSviaT Sem-TxvevaTagania, roca xalxuri leqsebis avtori ar aris da-viwyebuli. T. razikaSvilis SeniSvnam, romelic darTuliaqvs am leqsebs, ixsna maTi avtori anonimurobisgan, racfolkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT fundamentur niSnadiTvleba. magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs mis leqsebs xal-xurobas, Tumca isini Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdilebis Se-degia, iseve rogorc misi romantikuli saqcieli, SeniSvna-Sive rom aris gacxadebuli: `erT nawvim dReSi, wers T. ra-zikaSvili, vaJikam cxeniT maT sofelSi gaiara, imaT saxlisgverdze gzaze. xvaramzem imisi cxenis nafexurebs RobeTurme Semoavlo, rom ar waiSaloso~. rogorc am ciklisleqsebidan Cans, romelic Tavad xvaramzes mier aris SeTx-zuli, qals uari uTqvams Seyvarebuli vaJisTvis coloba-ze. qals gauwbilebia saqmaro vaJika, fSaveli vaJkaci, nak-veTurTa sagvareulodan, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili. uarismizezi TiTqos ar unda arsebuliyo: iyo siyvaruli da iyomomavali keTildReobis garantiac. iqmneba STabeWdileba,

292

rom qalma Segnebulad airCia siyvarulis rusTveluri ga-moxatuleba – `SoriT bneda, SoriT kvdoma, SoriT dagva,SoriT alva~. man daTmo siaxlove SorisTvis, raTa siyvarulimeti simZafriT ganecada. siyvaruli mis gamocdilebaSiaxal safexurs aRwevs, gadaizrdeba siSmageSi `ver mixvdo-misa wyeniTa~. am daTmobam poeziis Sedevrs misca dasabami.

xvaramze

– vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa?Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?

vaJika

– is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi!Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi,kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi.ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode.Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode,pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.

xvaramze

vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi.daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi.ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi.ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi.an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi.an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi.ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi.ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi.an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi.an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi.Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi

[qxp VI: 217].

magram xvaramzes arsebaSi erosi ganusazRvrelad arbatonobs, mas SeuZlia vaJis TvaliT Seafasos Tavisi mij-nurobis siSmage, romelmac SeiZleba Tavze xelaRebuli na-biji gadaadgmevinos. Tumca es virtualur drosa da siv-rceSi xdeba:

293

wuxel moida siskari, manaTobeli Ramisa,moida, dadga Cem Tana, mwunebel iyo qmarisa.mexvewna: gadamiyole, cxeni gyav niavqarisa.arc gavyev, arc gaviyole, – anderZi mqonda mamisa –ver vende – ra gaigebis gulgavardnili qalisa

[xvaramze: 22].

SeniSvna. Tu qal-vaJis urTierToba, erTi mxriv, saqorwino kav-Siris saxes iRebs, rac ijaxis Seqmnas, sameuneo-ekonomikur inte-resebs emsaxureba, meore mxriv, ori sqesis Tavisufal siyvarul-sac aseve aqvs Tavisi gamoxatuleba instituciis saxiT, romelicsworfrobis saxeliT aris cnobili xevsureTSi, fSavSi ki mas waw-loba ewodeba. marTalia, sworfruli siyvaruli mxolod wyvils exe-ba, maTi kerZo intimuri saqmea, masze mainc dawesebulia sazogado-ebrivi Cumi kontroli im dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebicawesrigebs sworfrebs Soris urTierTobas, raTa igi uwesobaSi argadaizardos. sworfruli urTierTobis kodeqsi ara mxolod xor-ciel kavSirs gamoricxavs Sesworferebul qal-vaJs Soris, aramederTmaneTTan daqorwinebasac krZalavs. sworfruli siyvaruli, ro-gorc wesi, wrfel grZnobebzea damyarebuli, rac colqmruli ur-TierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris. sworfroba ki amis gareSe Se-uZlebelia. `mere ra, rom ar mogwons, – eubnebian qals, romelsacar moswons misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, – gana sworferia, rom giyvar-des. Tu mowoneba da siyvaruli ginda, adeqi da sworfer gaTxovdi-o...~ [sworfroba:33]. ras miugebs qali am ironiul winadadebaze? qal-ma icis, rom es SeuZlebelia, rom isini TiTqos erTi sisxlisani ari-an, erTmaneTis uxvedrelni, rogorc da-Zmani. sworfroba TavisiSemzRudveli wesebiT inaxavs siyvaruls, ifaravs mas sqesis Zal-momreobisagan. igi sxvaa, siZva sxva...~ advili SesaZlebelia, aq iyosabesalomisa da eTeris tragikuli urTierTobis saTave. roca xal-xuri Tqmuleba ambobs, abesalom da eTeri RmerTma Sehyara erTfe-rio~, iqneb es erTferoba, Tu mas xevsuruli sworfrobis badladCavTvliT, maT uxvedrelobas gulisxmobda da maT Soris wuTisof-lis wesiT qorwinebas krZalavda.

SesaZloa, xvaramzes uari sayvarel vaJikasTan daqorwinebazeam sworfruli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

sayovelTaod cnobili balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi~,romlis variantTa rekorduli simravle (36 varianti) Tav-moyrilia qarTuli xalxuri poeziis IV tomSi [qxp IV: 197],

294

sagmirosa da satrfialos mijnazea. romeli Tematikaa ambaladaSi ganmsazRvreli: sagmiro, raki igi mainc orTab-rZoliT mTavrdeba? Tu samijnuro, raki qalia CarTuli amdramaSi? Tu Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samagieros mizRva?an iqneb stumar-maspinZlis wesi? arc erTi calke – yvela-feri erTad qmnis mis substancias. mainc amosavali grZno-ba am leqsSi gamijnurebaa, romelmac sabediswero Sedegigamoiwvia. mZime da Zneli gamodga akrZaluli siyvarulissafasuri. meore mxriv, am baladaSi qmars xelaxla uxdebaerTxel mopovebuli qalis mopoveba. amrigad, baladis Zi-riTadi Tema mainc qalisTvis brZolaa.

es aris tipuri balada, klasikuri ex abrupto dasawyisiT,`Semomeyara yivCaRi...~ vis Semoeyara? vin aris es `me~, mux-ranis sazRvarTan purad damjdari? vin aris yivCaRad sa-xeldebuli es adamiani? ar aris aucilebeli masSi daviTaRmaSeneblis Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri yivCaRi davinaxoTda amis safuZvelze davaTariRoT balada. yovel SemTxve-vaSi, Zalze gaZneldeba misi daTariReba `yivCaRebis Camo-saxlebis pirveli periodiT~ [Ciqovani 1956: 337]. xom arisvariantebi, sadac am moZalades sxva saxeli hqvia – xirCla,xirClas Ze, yibragi, jimSeri, gimSeli, jijibi, yaCaRi, qo-roRli, sameba?..

balada gvxiblavs jer imiT, rom misi enobrivi qsoviliwarmoadgens saerToqarTuli poeturi enis – koinesbrwyinvale realizacias; kidev dasawyisi striqonebis eTi-kuri (`mTxova da...~) da gramatikuli (vaWmie, vasmie) para-digmatulobiT; da kidev moTminebis zRvarze arcTu msu-buqi iumoriT, iqneb sarkazmiTac sakuTari Tavisa Tu Ca-movardnili situaciis mimarT – `coli mTxova da ver mi-vec, mimyavda sidedrisasa, an ki cols rogor mivcemdi,Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~. am sityvebidan gvesmis moymissicili, misi Savi iumori. skandinavieli moyme arasodes ga-icinebda, magram Tu gaicinebda, misi sicili moTminebis fi-alis avsebasaviT iyo. aseTia Cveni moymec: misi sicilifrangulis gacinebas hgavs. is icinis da misi sicilis saz-riss ver xvdeba yivCaRi. `xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna naw-navs Tmisasa~ – Rirs ki laparaki imaze, rom es adgili misimomdevno striqoniTurT – `Sestira sabralo qalma: vaicols cudis ymisasa~ – jer SemTxvevis da mere baladis kul-minaciaa? qalis xma, rogorc kacis sindisis Zaxili, gamo-

295

dis scenaze. ra iyo ukanaskneli wveTi, romelmac aavso fi-ala – yivCaRis saqcieli (`xeli moxvia, akoca...~) Tu qalisamoZaxili?

balada namdvilad imsaxurebs, rom mis garSemo didZa-li literatura Seqmniliyo, magram yuradReba gansakuT-rebiT gamaxvilda mis daboloebaze. variantebSi baladassami dasasruli aqvs, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad midis qali:roca orTabrZolaSi colis patroni (maspinZeli) imar-jvebs: `qali sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa~; ro-ca stumar-maspinZeli Tavs Seaklavs erTmaneTs, `me aqeTmovkvdi, iqiT is, qali wavida Zmisasa~ an `qali wavida sxvi-sasa~. romelia arqetipuli dasasruli? sidedrTan miyva-na, ZmasTan Tu sxvasTan wasvla? zepirsityvierebis bune-bidan amosvliT, Znelia arqetipze laparaki. TiToeulimaTgani im tradiciis gamoZaxilia, sadac moxvda es leqsi.yovel variants TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs: im dabolo-ebasac, sadac naTqvamia qalis sxvasTan wasvla, rac qarTve-li qalisTvis arasakadris saqcielad CaiTvala, TiTqos amorTabrZolis Semdeg es `wasvla sxvasTan~ dauyovneblivmomxdariyos. magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia amgvari da-sasrulis gatana zneobis samsjavroze da misi gansja imstereotipiT, romelmac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTveli qa-lis idealuri saxe daamkvidra, da amis safuZvelze bala-dis araxalxurobis mtkiceba? [SatberaSvili: 253, 270]. re-alobaSi rac xdeba, kanonzomieria, maT Soris, sxvasTan was-vla qvrivi qalisa, romelic mamis saxls ubrundeba, saida-nac man kvlav unda eZebos Tavisi bedi da momavali. kriti-kas ki mainc da mainc surs am `sxvaSi~ satrfo, sayvarelidainaxos [SatberaSvili: 257].

SeniSvna. sxvasTan wasvla~ yofiT metyvelebaSi sxva araferia,Tu ara sxva qmarTan wasvla da, SesaZloa, terminic meored gaTxo-vebis gamosaxatavad. xamurabis kanonebis (Zv. w. XVIII s.) iuridiulenaze `meoris saxlSi Sesvla~ qvrivi qalis meored gaTxovebis ba-dali gamoTqmaa: ukeTu kaci tyved Cavarda, saxlSi ki sarCo ar epo-veba, mis cols SeuZlia meoris saxlSi Sevides, brali ar eqneba~ [xa-murabi: §134].

qarTul samijnuro poeziaSi baladaTa ricxvi TiTeb-ze CamosaTvlelia. maT Soris brwyinavs balada Tavfarav-

296

neli Wabukisa da aspaneli qalis siyvarulze. siuJeti mar-tivia: vaJs satrfos sanaxavad uxdeba tbis (teqstSi: zRvis)meore mxares gadacurva, saidanac qali sanTliT unaTebsgzas, avsuli beberi ki uqrobs; curvisas qariSxali amovar-deba da Zlevs vaJs, romlis wiTel perangs diliT talRaafrialebs, mis cxedarze ki orbi `xarobs~.

dadasturebulia am fabulis uZvelesi damuSaveba jerkidev antikur xanaSi. igi ipoveba ovidiusis `metamorfo-zebSi~: leanderi, abidoseli vaJi, Tavis satrfosTan, af-rodites qalqurum herosTan Sesaxvedrad yoveldRiuradgadalaxavs helespontos abidosidan festomde; gzis ma-naTobel CiraRdans qariSxali aqrobs, leanderis cxedarsmebadurebi gamoitanen badiT, hero ki Tavs iklavs (qarTu-li baladis erT iSviaT variantSic asea). igive siuJeti ipo-veba virgiliusis georgikaSi~, III. arsebobs germanuli xal-xuri balada or ufliswulze (mefis vaJsa da mefis asul-ze), romelTa Sexvedras aseve boroti beberi uSlis xelssanTlebis CaqrobiT. es siuJeti fr. Silersac aqvs damu-Savebuli.

balada, rogorc wesi, araviTar damatebiT informaci-as ar iZleva qal-vaJis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT, amas iribadadasturebs abidosuri legenda, rom maT siyvarulze ta-bua dadebuli, rogorc festos qurumqalisa da abidose-li vaJis siyvarulze. vin aris `avsuli beberi~, romelicwin eRobeba maT siyvaruls? koSkSi datyvevebuli qalis da-rajia Tu qariSxlis gansaxiereba? avsuli beberi (qalia Tukaci?) kicxavs, krulavs qals, `winadac ega gyvarobdao~,magram arc qals, arc vaJs, arc meleqses da arc msmenelsar ainteresebT, ra iyo guSin, saidan daiwyo maTi siyvaru-li. dRes vaJs `zRva~ hqonda gadasalaxi da `qali anTebdasanTelsa~.

baladaSi erTxel momxdari ambavia gadmocemuli, mag-ram gamoyenebulia ara istoriuli warsuli an awmyo, ara-med uwyveteli warsuli, anu is gramatikuli forma, rome-lic, Cveulebriv, dausrulebeli moqmedebis gadmosace-mad gamoiyeneba. Tavfaravneli Wabukis siyvaruli qali-sadmi Seuwyveteli xangrZlivobaa, romelic sxvagvaradarc ki gamoiTqmoda, vidre am zmnuri formiT `hyvarobda~,magram balada mogviTxrobs mis ukanasknel gadalaxvaszRvisa da ara Cveulebriv ganmeorebad qmedebas, rom nam-

297

yo uwyvetliT gadmoeca ambavi. `zRva hqonda winad savali,gasvlas Sig ara zarobda~. ara zarobda anu ar uSindebodaam erTxel, am jerze, Tu yovelTvis, roca ki SeudgebodazRvis gadacurvas? cxadia, vaJi mudam mzad iyo am gansac-delisTvis da ara zarobda swored am mudmiv mzadyofnasgamoxatavs. aseTia am zmnuri formis azri da mainc mas er-Tjeradi moqmedebis gamoxatva daekisra.

iqmneba uwyvetelisa da erTjeradi moqmedebis sinTe-zi, rasac sxvadasxva zmnur formaTa monacvleoba gviCve-nebs. vaJis qmedeba ganuwyvetelia, mas TiTqos araferi arunda abrkolebdes Tavis winsvlaSi meore napirisken. TuzmnaTa erTi wyeba `hyvarobda~, `ara zarobda~, `Cqamobda~,`niavqarobda~, `kelaptarobda~, meore wyeba `avsa lamob-da~, `aqrobda~, `abezarobda~, `hgvanobda~, aseve ganuwyve-tel qmedebaTa gamomxatveli, mis winaaRmdeg aris mimar-Tuli, vaJi da stiqia (mis Tanxmob avsulTan erTad) erTiandialeqtikur proceSi arian Cabmulni. sadRac unda gaty-des vaJis SemarTeba da es xdeba teqstis im adgilas, sadacuwyvetlis formas wyvetilis forma enacvleba. am drosgardatexa xdeba, procesis Seyovneba, romlis Semdeg isveRar gagrZeldeba. ai, es sabediswero adgili: `dahkargafoni, SeSWirda (stiqia ki ganagrZobda Tavis Seuwyvetelsaqmes), morevi boboqarobda~, da bolos, `gaTenda (kvlavwyvetili!), dila lamazi, keklucis Tvalebs hgvanobda.wyalsa daeRrCo (wyvetili!) Wabuki, Woroxze egdo (stati-ka!), qanobda (uwyveteli – is ukve bunebis dinamikis nawi-lia)~ da ase Semdeg dasasrulamde: `leSs dasjdomoda zedorbi, guls uglejavda, xarobda~.

variantTa umravlesoba aRar interesdeba qalis bediT.es iqneboda stilistikis darRveva: balada vaJis niSniTaris warmarTuli da vaJis aRsasruliTve unda dasruldes.yivCaRis leqsSi qali aqtiuria, mas ekuTvnis gadamwyvetiSeZaxili Tu amonakvnesi `vai cols cudis ymisasa~ da sru-liadac ar aris sulerTi, rogor gadawydeba misi bedi ba-ladaSi. aq ki pasiuria – misma siyvarulma ver sZlia vercstiqias da verc avsulis wyevlas, an is veRar anTebs Cam-qral sanTels, romelic dasawyisSi kelaptariviT anaTeb-da. balada iwyeba vaJiT, mTavrdeba vaJiTve, rac sruliadkanonzomieria. im erTaderT variantSi, romelsac qalisbedi ainteresebs, vaJis gvamic ki saerTod aRar Cans sam-

298

zeoze, arc movis perangi, misi atributi, arc orbi. varian-ti amgvarad mTavrdeba: `moyme CaenTqa morevTa, qvesknel-Ta boboqarobda. qalmac daicna danani, sikvdils aRara za-robda~ [qxp VI: 608-i].

arsebobs cda baladis ganxilvisa miTologiuri skolismeTodiT, anu masSi, rogorc mTlianobaSi da zogierT re-aliaSi, gansakuTrebuli miTologiuri simboloebis amoc-nobisa da identifikaciisa [kotetiSvili 1961: 329-337]. ker-Zod, yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod movis perangis siwiTles,romelic bevri xalxis da, maT Soris, qarTvelTa msof-lgancdaSi sikvdilis feria da amdenad ar aris gamoricx-uli misi amgvari konotacia, aramed toponim Tavfaravansada, rac kuriozulia, dolabsac, romelic am baladaSi mzissimbolod aris miCneuli. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu saidanaqvs Wabuks mzis niSani da ratom miaqvs igi satrfosTan, arCans. rogorc gairkva, dolabi am leqsSi sruliad realursagans, xisgan gamoWril sacurao mowyobilobas niSnavs,romelic wisqvilis qvas mxolod formiT Camohgavs [mai-suraZe:211-214] da araviTari kavSiri mzesTan ara aqvs.

SeniSvna. baladis javaxuri warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs – Tav-faravnis (igive faravnis) tba xom javaxeTis zeganze mdebareobs.magram JamTa svlaSi miviwyebas mieca im adgilis saxeli, saiTkenacvaJi miiswrafis. romelia qalis sofeli – aspana, aspinZa, aSkareTi,CaSka, safara? arc erTi amaTgani (`aSkareTi~ saerTod ar arsebobs).Tavfaravnis tbis erT mxares Tu amave saxelwodebis sofeli – va-Jis samSoblo mdebareobs, meore, Crdilo mxares asfaraa, qalis sam-Soblo. Tavfaravneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa yvarobda~ – asea erTnaklebad cnobil CanawerSi [maisuraZe:209] da es aris erTaderTiswori saxelwodeba soflisa, romelic dResac arsebobs. kuriozu-lia variantSi vaJis moxsenieba amfaravnelad~, mTafaravnelad~,`zemoqarTlelad~, TamaraSnelad~ da qalisa aspanas qalad~, gas-paras qalad~, faSkunjis qalad~, erevnel qalad~. asea, rogorc kimowydeba teqsti mSobliur ares, masSi naxsenebi toponimebi nebis-mieri cvlilebis msxverpli xdeba.

axla ganvixiloT leqsi `manglisi ro aaSenes~, romlisbaladad miCnevas xels araferi uSlis: yvela niSani bala-disa axlavs mas – erTi yuvi da sworxazovani, ukanmouqce-veli siuJeturi xazi.

299

balada mecxvaris siyvarulze mravalmxriv aris sain-tereso. gansxvavebiT `Tavfaravneli Wabukisgan~, aq masa-laze Zaldautaneblad SeiZleba gamovavlinoT miTolo-giuri motivebi, Tumca baladaSi es ar aris arsebiTi.

leqss mainc baladebis rigSi ganvixilavT, Tumca SeiZ-leba mogveCvenos, rom Seucvleli yuvis garda, romelicbolomde gahyveba mas, baladis sxva niSnebs igi moklebu-lia. Tu davukvirdebiT Sinaarsis mdinarebas, Cven winaSeaRmoCndeba imave tipis teqsti, rogoric aris Cven mier ba-ladad miCneuli leqsi `Cavalis, Caeubneba~. ra niSniT vana-TesavebT am or teqsts erTmaneTTan? erTi saerTo mTava-ri niSani is aris, rom orivegan ambavi (fSaur leqsSi mTli-anad, manglisis leqsSi nawilobriv) jer ganuxorciele-bel, magram ganxorcielebad momavalSia gadatanili. meo-re niSania dialoguroba. Tumca fSaur baladaSi cxenis la-paraki ar gvesmis, magram mxedris mTeli nalaparakevi Se-iZleba pasuxi iyos lurjas mier utyvad gamoTqmul SiSzeZneli gzis gamo, romelic teqstis gareT aris darCenilida Cven mxolod mxedris pasuxs vismenT.

`manglisis~ Sinaarsi dialogzea agebuli: iwyeba vaJis(mecxvaris) mimarTviT – siyvarulis gamocxadebiT qali-sadmi da mTavrdeba misive sityvebiT, romlebic virtua-lurad gvamcnoben misgan uaryofili siyvarulis bednie-rad daboloebas.

`manglisi ro aaSenes...~ – balada gulisxmobs ara mTli-anad mangliss, qalaqs Tu dabas, arc eklesias, aramed erT,rogorc Cans, miudgomel koSks, romelic sagangebod qa-lisaTvis aSenda. ratom moaTavses qali am miudgomel koS-kSi, sadac `wyaro adines miliTa?~

ra SeiZleba iTqvas koSkze? aq koSki Tu cixe, rac aaSe-nes, cxadia, realuri nagebobaa, magram mas simboluri gan-zomilebac aqvs – qalis saxesTan, mis pirovnebasTan, misarsebasTan aris asocirebuli. CvenTvis cnobilia ramde-nime satrfialo leqsi, sadac koSki (cixe) an qalis samyo-felia, an qalis simboluri saxe, an misi miuwvdomlobis ga-momxatveli. erTgan qali ambobs: `Sen ro ggonivarT, vaJao,arca egeTa qalni varT, koSkni varT, kiriT nagebni, ekal-damais karni varT~. risi Tqma surs amiT qals? albaT, isTavis (da zogadad qalTa sqesis) miuwvdomlobas gulis-xmobs. erTi mxriv, koSki Seuvalia, meore mxriv, koSki Ta-

300

visi moxdenili aRnagobiT da siTeTriT lamazi qalis aso-ciacias iwvevs. sxva leqsSi sxva adamianis xeliT SeqmnilsaganTa (isari, wiTeli movis perangi) Tu bunebis movlena-Ta (varskvlaviani ca, mze, ukvdavebis wyaro) Soris pirve-lia koSki: `Sen, Cemo dido imedo, koSko nagebo kiriTa~.koSki kiriT nagebi simtkicisa da silamazis, damatebiT,zneobrivi sispetakis, niSania.

SeniSvna. solomonis qebaTa qebaSi~, romlis xalxuri warmoSo-ba eWvgareSea, Tu erTi mxriv, godoli (koSki) qalis silamazes gamo-xatavs: Seni yeli spilosZvlis godolia~ (7: 5), meore mxriv, fare-biT da isrebiT aRWurvili godoli, albaT, qalis miuwvdomlobisniSani unda iyos: Seni yeli daviTis godolia, saWurvelTaTvis age-buli, aTasi fari hkidia masze...~ (4: 4).

aris koSki, romelic sagangebod qalis Sig mosaTavseb-lad Sendeba. amisTvis aaSenes `manglisi~, amisTvis aSene-ben cixes erT dialogur satrfialo leqsSi, sadad vaJihpirdeba qals:

`Caval, Cavageb cixesa, brol-margalitis qvisasa,zeiT davxurav ficarsa abanozisa xisasa.Sig davdgam Wiqa-WurWlebsa, savsesa survilisasa,yaW-abreSumebs Cavkideb, saCrdilobelsa mzisasa.Sig Cagsvam, Cemo lamazo, niavs ar gaxleb mTisasa...~

aseT cixeSi Casmulia mzeTunaxavi, anu is, visac mzisTvals ara akareben. is daculi iqneba saimedod `mzis saC-rdilobeliT da arc mTis niavi ar miekareba. sasaxle nam-dvilad zRaprulia, Zvirfasi masaliT nagebi, swored ise-Ti, rogorsac gilgameSze Seyvarebuli iSTari sTavazob-da Tavis satrfos. magram mokvdavma uaryo qalRmerTis siy-varulic da misi aSenebuli sasaxlec, raki masSi cbierebada muxanaToba dainaxa [gilgameSiani: 66]. aseve, Cvens leqsSi qa-li maincdamainc ndobiT (Tu misi sityvebi SefarviT ga-moTqmuli Tanxmoba ar aris) ar ekideba vaJis SeTavazebas:

`vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao,oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosartymelo welTao,maskvlavo, Saravandedo, mTvaris naWero xelTao,nuras cbierob eniTa, yelze nu maxvev gvelTao~.

301

asea Tu ise, vaJs qalis datyvevebis survili aqvs – amis-Tvis aris mowodebuli es mSvenieri warmtaci cixe, magrammainc cixe, sapyrobile, sadac qali sxva nivTebTan erTadiqneba gamomwyvdeuli vaJis siyvarulis amara, romelic`surviliT savse~ WurWlebSia gasimbolurebuli. es is ci-xea, saidanac misi gamoxsna gaxdeba aucilebeli, rogorcmurmanis aSenebuli brolis cixe, sadac datyvevebuli qa-li sul mudam elis Tavis gamomxsnels.

`manglisSic~ aseve mzeTunaxavad Casves qali – vin? leq-si arafers gveubneba, Tu vin aaSena cixe da saidan moiyva-nes qali. amgvari anonimuroba mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs,rom myaria qalisa da koSkis motivi. `Tma SeuRebes iniTa~,SesaZlebelia, qalis patronTa warmomavlobaze miuTiTeb-des: SeiZleba qali TaTrebis motacebulic iyos, magram aqes ar aris arsebiTi. mTavari is aris, rom qali mosatacebe-lia swored iqidan, sadac Casves. momtaceblis rolSi mecx-vare gamodis, sruliad Seuferebeli am aqtisTvis. mecxva-ris mSvidobiani saqmianoba TiTqos gamoricxavs amgvarmoqmedebas. amasTanave, qali mecxvaris tradiciuli dam-wunebelia: `nu mimcem mecxvaresao, Tu mimcem, iseT kacsmimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao~, exveweba gasaTxovari qalidedas. am striqons miTosSi gadavyavarT, gagvaxsenebs Su-mereli inanas Tavdapirvel arCevans, romelic sworedguTnisdedaze SeCerda da ara mwyemsze, Tumca saboloodmainc mwyemsi dumuzi gaxda misi rCeuli [Suamd: 7-11].

Cvens mecxvares, romelic qals Tavis produqts –yvels miarTmevda xolme da qalic xalisiT iRebda saCu-qars da RviniT (samiwaTmoqmedo produqtiT) umaspinZlde-boda, Seuyvarda qali da gabeda aseTi sityvebiT miemarTamisTvis: `netavi, qalo lamazo, SenTan gamaZRo ZiliTa~, ra-mac qalis guliswyroma gamoiwvia – `Sewyevla mecxvare Ta-vis lamazis piriTa~. qali iwunebs mecxvares, romelic sa-magierod iseT perspeqtivas saxavs, rom mas Tavisi Sela-xuli Rirsebis reabilitaciis SesaZlebloba mieces. misimimarTva qalisadmi SeiZleba ocnebad miviCnioT, Tumca isiqneb arcTu ise Sors aRmoCndes realobisgan.

`manglisic amovardeba, qva aRar edos ZiriTa,Sen, qalo, lekebs mihyavde, vai-vaglaxiT WiriTa,ukan mogdevdes saqmaro Tavisi dambla viriTa,

302

me mTidan Camoviaro Cemi cxeniT da biniTa,dagixsna, wamogiyvano qamanCiTa da stviriTa.erTad vicxovroT bolomde, dro gavataroT lxiniTa~.

rac aq ocnebad aris warmodgenili, sakmaod gavrcele-buli motivia, romelic SeiZleba damoukidebel JanradacCaiTvalos. es aris gatacebuli qalis gamoxsna moymis mi-er. ganvixiloT ori maTgani.

giglia, TuSi, saxelis maZiebeli moymea, `gulWiriania~,rogorc leqsSia naTqvami. is eZebs mters. saxlSi ar udge-ba guli – `diklos vin brunav banzeda?~ kaxeT-TuSeTobisWapnis gamwevia. zafxulidan Semodgomamde igi cxvars ata-rebs TuSeTsa da kaxeTs Soris.

giglias sagmiro saqmis Txroba originalurad aris age-buli. mTeli teqsti SeiZleba pirobiTad eqvs monakveTaddavyoT. TiToeuli maTgani giglias sxvadasxva Rirsebebsavlens. pirvel monakveTSi, romelsac eqspozicias davar-qmevT, simbolurad (swored simbolurad!) aris miniSnebu-li momxdari:

`farsmis Tavs maswyda maskvlavi, girevs deeca Tavzeda~.

baladis konteqstidan gamomdinare, es amgvarad undawavikiTxoT: farsmis gziT girevs qistebi daesxnen da qa-li moitaces. gamoCndeba vaJi, magram jer misi saxeli arviciT. soflis anonimuri xma gaismis, amave dros aq vaJiserTgvari portretia daxatuli:

– vina xar gulWiriani, diklos vin brunav banzeda?zafxuls Camahlev WiriTa, sTvels kaxeTs waxval cxvarzeda~.

vxvdebiT, mTavari gmiri dikloelia. imasac vigebT,rom misi saWiroebis dRe dgeba. mesame monakveTSi gigliamisdevs gamtacebelTa kvals. mas informatori esaWiroe-ba, magram sabuelebi ar aZleven swor misamarTs:

`– hkiTxavdi sabuelebsa: mteri sada dis gzazeda?sabuelebis Svilebma sityva ar giTxres warzeda~.

meoTxe monakveTSi, rogorc Cans, giglias swor gzazeayeneben. mteri lopotis xeobas misdevs:

303

`– Tu gvkiTxav, vaJo, giambobT, lopots Cauje wyalzeda.qarTliT maudis tyveebi, qali motiris Zalzeda.– qalo, nu stiri, qarTlelo, giglia gizis gzazeda.Tu lekebs wagayvaninos, wverimc nu sxmia ybazeda.numc miuSveben saxSia, swornimc nu dahsmen jarzeda!Tu tyvia gauTavdeba, Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~

vin ambobs sityvebs – `qalo, nu stiri~? es gigliaa. mag-ram misi es gamxnevebis sityvebi, motacebulisadmi mimar-Tuli, virtualuria. is jer ar dasxmia gamtaceblebs, ro-gorRa mimarTavs qals? iqneb amxnevebs sakuTar Tavs? po-eti amrigad xatavs mis moralur saxes, mis moymeobas. ammonakveTis kulminaciaa sityvebi `Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~raki giglia amas qals eubneba, visi Rirsebac man unda ix-snas, es ukve imas niSnavs, rom giglias tyvia ar gauTavdebada qals ar dasWirdeba tanze Rilebis SeWra~, rac SeiZleba Ri-lebis Sexsnis~ badali yofiliyo. magram es ar moxdeba.

mexuTe monakveTi baladis ZiriTadi epizodia – winama-valni misi Semzadeba iyo. aq ukve vxedavT giglias fiziku-rad, Tavisi ocnebis aRsrulebaSi, Tavis stiqiaSi.

`lekebs daenToT cecxlebi, ro maskvlavebi cazeda.giglia Sameetia, rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda.Tofi hkra Zmisa mamklavsa, ali dahxvia tanzeda.axla xmliT gadaufrinda, mkvdari Sayara mkvdarzeda.

giglia daeca gamtacebelTa banaks, romelTa Sorismisi Zmis mkvlelicaa, `rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda~ – ga-vixsenoT, rom giglia mecxvarea, mwyemsia, romelic mgelsunda ugeriebdes cxvrebs. axla giglia Tavad aris mgeli,gamtaceblebi ki cxvrebi arian. mgeli moymis, kai ymis, aramxolod erT-erTi ZiriTadi epiTetia (`mglis muxli~,`mglisa fera~), kai yma Tavad unda iyos mgeli, ara ubra-lod mgeli, rogorc magari muxlis patroni, aramed cxvrismWameli:

`cixe zen-uban daiqca, kuTxi gamasqda qvisao,mamkvdaras oCiauri, mgeli mWameli cxvrisao~

[qxp IV: 109].

304

SeniSvna. am xalxuri kaiymuri idealis sapirispirod, gavixse-noT, rogori epiTetiT amkobs SuSanikis martvilobis~ avtori var-sqen pitiaxSs: da Semdgomad orisa dRisa movida mgeli igi varsqen...~`viTarca kravi mgelsa gamouRo xelTa misTa~. es kravi SuSanikia,mgeli – igive varsqeni, qristianobidan gamdgari. sazogadod, cxvri-sa da mglis dapirispireba, pirvelis upiratesobiT, qrestomaTiu-lia qristianul literaturaSi. kravi qristes saxea, xolo mgeli –satanisa, romelic dadarajebulia qristes farexis dasarbevad. sa-bolood ki, kravi Zlevs mgels: qriste-kravma mgeli igi macTuriganxada da kaci igi viTarca cxovari mkvdari aRadgina~ [Satberdiskr. 246, 23]. gamocxadebaSi~ kravi-qriste triumfatoria: da vixi-le, aha, kravi igi mdgomare mTasa zeda sionsa~ (gam. 14: 1), eseni krav-sa mas ebrZolnes da kravman sZlos maT~ (gam. 17: 14).

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa, rom kaiymobis Rirebule-bebze aRzrdili vaJa-fSavela erT leqsSi acxadebs:

`balaxi viyo, saTibi, ara mwadia celoba,cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~

rogorc Cans, poetis SegnebaSi kai ymis mglobis xal-xur ideals Zlevs qristianuli kravobis ideali.

meeqvse, damasrulebeli epizodi, amxels baladis saz-riss. rogorc yoveli baladis dasasruli, esec uaRresadlakoniuria – arc qeba-dideba, arc Sesxma gmirisa, vinc qa-liSvili gadaurCina mamas, arc madlobis sityvebi, rom-lebic mamas spontanurad unda aRmoeTqva gulidan, xom arunda vifiqroT, rom misi `aq rad mogyvanda~ madlobis ga-moxatulebaa? an iqneb gamocdaa, gansacdels miaxloebuli?

gigliam sufTad, usayvedurod gamoarida Tavi am gan-sacdels.

`qal ukven gamaabruna, mamas mihgvara karzeda.– aq rad mogyvanda, gigliav, rad ar igorve mklavzeda?– me magas rogor vigoreb, doba davaswar wamzeda!~

[razikaSvili: 109].

iqneb balada swored am bolo striqonebSi gamoTqmu-li pasuxisTvis SeiTxza, an iqneb am pasuxisTvis Caifiqragigliam qalis gamoxsna? sxvanairi pasuxi, sxvanairi moq-ceva, fass daukargavda mis namoqmedars. iqneb giglias arc

305

saxeli unda, rogorc `Txistyavians~ sxva, analogiuri, ba-ladidan, romelic sruli gulwrfelobiT eubneba Tavisgamoxsnil qals: `Cems naqnar saxels nu ityvi, viynodeT da-Zmobazeda~?

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poe-

zia, sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.maisuraZe: ilia maisuraZe, Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ zogi

sityvis ganmartebisaTvis, qarTulifolklori~ III, mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, xalxuri leqsebiTedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix.Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saqarTvelosssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, Tb.,1953.

sworfroba: baliaSvili n., sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tsu,1991.

qxp VI: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VI, mecnie-reba~, Tb., 1978.

SatberaSvili: SatberaSvili g., WaSniki, sabWoTa saqar-Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, merani~, Tb., 1987.xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduridan Targmna da ko-

mentarebi daurTo zurab kiknaZem,`mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.

xvaramze: xvaramze. vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, Seadginai. gogolaurma, sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,Tb., 1976.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

306

samgloviaro poezia

samgloviaro poezia, Tu mas funqciuri daniSnulebismixedviT ganvixilavT, ori tipisaa: arakanonikuri da sa-ritualo anu wesCveulebiTi. maTi aRreva da erT rubrika-Si moqceva ar aris marTebuli.

arakanonikuria, am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili leqsi `xo-gais mindi kvdeboda~, sadac Tumca gmiris sikvdili da mas-ze glovaa aRwerili, magram is ar aris samgloviaro ritu-alis nawili, ar aris gamoyenebuli micvalebulis datire-bis teqstad. ra Zlieri gancdac ar unda iyos masSi gamoxa-tuli, arc erT damtirebels tradiciul sazogadoebaSi armouva azrad, rom amgvari leqsebi micvalebulis datire-bis mizniT Seasrulos. erTia gancdis gamoxatva, sxvaa amgancdis moqceva ritualSi, misi qceva datirebis ritua-lur teqstad. arsebobs ori arxi, romlebic am mizniT arisgamoyenebuli. Sesabamisad, saritualo samgloviaro poe-zia ori tipisaa, romlebic, erTi mxriv, TuSuri `dalais~,meore mxriv, fSav-xevsuruli (nawilobriv TuSuri) xmiTnatirlebis saxelwodebaSi erTiandebian. maT Soris arse-biTi gansxvavebaa.

dalai

`dalai~, romelic mxolod TuSeTSia gavrcelebuli,warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts Tavisi mkacri, SeucvlelistruqturiT. ganvixilavT mas am struqturisa da Sesru-lebis wesis TvalsazrisiT, rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebsxmiT natirlebisgan. es aris erTi teqsti, romelsac arahyavs mxedvelobaSi romelime konkretuli micvalebuli.amaod daviwyebT masSi raime Taviseburis, ganumeoreblisZebnas. is Seexeba yvelas, yvela moymes, vinc ki odnav maincuaxlovdeba an Tvlian, rom uaxlovdeba (an surT, rom uax-lovdebodes) kai ymis ideals.

dalai, rogorc xmiT natirali, sruldeba micvalebu-lis ara dakrZalvis dRes, aramed wlisTavze, roca mis pa-tivsacemad imarTeba doRi, romelSic sagangebod Sekaz-mul-morTuli misi cxenic monawileobs.

307

dalais struqtura aseTia: igi eqvsi monakveTisgan Sed-geba:

I. SeZaxili anu mowodeba dalais saTqmelad: `dalaiTqviT, dalai, mxedrebo~.

II. im moymis saxelis gamocxadeba, visTvisac imarTeba`dalaoba~ da imRereba `dalai~. Tu erT CanawerSi boselai-Zea (`brali xar, boselaiZev...~) moxsenebuli, meoreSi iCu-kaisZea, mesameSi – sulakauri da a. S. erTi Canaweris mixed-viT, TiTqos es konkretuli `dalai~ mefe ereklesadmiamiZRvnili: `Cven nuvis SevatyobinebT lomis erekles sik-vdilsa, dala¡...~ [qxp V: 60].

III. gaxseneba moymis mier Cadenili aqtebisa da sinanu-li, rom isini aRar ganmeordeba. rogori iyo igi: mterTanmebrZoli (`mterTan xmalamoRebuli~), `sworSi Tavgamo-debuli~, mosamarTle da gamrige, maspinZeli (`stumarTadReo mziano~, `pirwyalo TuSeTisao~).

IV. vin glovobs moymes: deda, coli, qal-rZalni da ramosdis mis naqons: tanisamoss, cxensa da abjars, mis nawollogins, mis wver-ulvaSs. rogorc viciT, es CamonaTvali,romelic SeiZleba ivsebodes variantidan variantSi, axlavszogierT sagmiro baladas an leqss, romelic, rogorc we-si, gmiris daRupviT mTavrdeba (klasikuri magaliTi `xo-gais mindi kvdeboda~, `zen bacaligos~ da sxva). zogierTimotivi, rogoric aris `ulvaSis mwvaned amosvla~, gansa-kuTrebuli saxis glovis leqsebis Semadgeneli nawilia.

V. ra saxiT Sedis saiqioSi da rogor egebebian (ver-cxlis WurWliT gawyobili sufra, meRvineebi, xuc-diak-vnebi). `netav Sen, saiqiosa, Sig Sexval mtredis ferado~efuZneba micvalebulis sulis mtredis saxiT warmodge-nas, rasac xucobis enaze (`jvarT-enaze~) suliwmida ewo-deba. `netav Sen~ xom ar gulisxmobs, rom mtredis feradanu suliwmidis saxiT saiqioSi mxolod kai ymebi Sedian. zo-gadad unda iTqvas, rom wuTisofelSi `dagrovili~ Rirse-bebi saiqioSi sagzlad mihyveba adamians da gansazRvravsmis mdgomareobas.

VI. Sendoba saxeldebiT.SairiT (Teqvsmetmarcvliani sazomiT) Sesrulebuli

yoveli fraza am eqvsmonakveTiani teqstisa mTavrdeba Se-ZaxiliT – dalai!

308

ras niSnavs dalai? fiqroben, rom igi vainaxuri warmo-Sobisaa da niSnavs RmerTs, Tumca Zneli dasaSvebia, rom do-Ris dros mxedrebi RmerTs mimarTavdnen (romel RmerTs,romel RvTaebas?). es termini, SesaZloa, marTlac vaina-xuri warmoSobis iyos, glovis semantikas unda Seicavdesda mxolod fonetikurad emTxveva sityvas dal (RmerTi).qistebis samgloviaro moZaxili amgvarad JRers: `dala¡,dala¡, va¡ dala¡, dala¡...~ [kotetiSvili 1961: 414]. yovelSemTxvevaSi, TuSuri dalaoba amJamad mTeli am ceremoni-alis – Semamzadebeli ritualiT, doRiTa da simReriTurT– saxelwodebaa.

dalaoba mxolod TuSeTis sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaada igi ar gascilebia mis farglebs.

xmiT natirali

am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiTfSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT natirlis saxeliT cnobi-li leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise tradiciulitropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavismxriv, ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTis-gan xevsuruli da fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.

termini xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tuara sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma~ aq sityvis sino-nimia, rogorc gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anusamgloviaro Janris am saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carie-li bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis warmoTqma. radgan ar-sebobs sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo tirili, ro-goric aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia,`xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac ar-sebobs sxvagvari tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic re-CitativiT sruldeba, anu melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ war-moiTqmis.

xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, rom-lis yoveli striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Tibolovdeba. motirali amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (To-To bavSvze natirali):

`gagordi, oqros akavanoo,me gxedav – daixare pirqvao,

309

gafrindi qoris wiwilaoo,cixeSi SaiWuWken m–arnio...~

[qxp V: 136].

SeniSvna. sityvebSi akavan-o-o, wiwila-o-o pirveli o wodebi-Tisaa, meore – sxvaTa sityvis.

am tipis leqsi mTibluris saxelwodebiT aris cnobi-li. es saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTader-Ti adgili, sadac, micvalebulis cxedris garda, kidev(xelmeored) SeiZleba Sesruldes da sruldeba xmiT nati-rali, es saTibia, anu igi Tibvis simRerebis repertuarSiSedis, ufro sworad, misi repertuaris erTaderTi Semad-genelia. sxva warmoSobis Tibvis leqsebs, garda xmiT na-tirlebisa, Sromis poezia ar icnobs.

xmiT natirlis avtori da Semsrulebeli erTi da igivepiria, da igi, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dedakacia.anu mTibluri mTlianad qalTa Semoqmedebaa. ukve warmoT-qmuli xmiT natirlis teqstis ganmeoreba sxva micvalebu-lis dasatireblad yovlad warmoudgenelia. Tu moxda daerTxel warmoTqmuli teqsti sxva micvalebulis datire-bis ceremonialze ganmeorda, es imis niSania, rom tradi-cias bzari gauCnda, xmiT natirlis Semoqmedeba Sewyda. esimis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi axali xmiT natirali, amkonkretuli micvalebulis dasatireblad, veRar iqmneba,qalTa Soris xmiT motirali aRar moiZebneba.

yovel xmiT natirals Tavisi konkretuli adresatihyavs gardacvlilis pirovnebis saxiT anu, piruku, yovelgardacvlils Tavisi sakuTari xmiT natirali aqvs, romel-Sic sxva gardacvlili ver Seeziareba. amitomac, dalaisteqstisgan gansxvavebiT, xmiT natirali Rrmad individu-aluria, mxolod ama da am micvalebulzea Seqmnili. es teq-sti misia samaradJamod, mis ukvdavyofas emsaxureba. anu,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni micvalebulic yofila, im-deni xmiT natirali unda arsebobdes (cxadia, Tu ukleb-liv yvela iqna datirebuli).

Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. xmiT natirali improvizaciu-lia. misi SeTxzvis da warmoTqmis pirobebi sxvagan ver Se-iqmneba, Tu ara micvalebulis win. STagonebis wyaro, im-

310

pulsi, micvalebulis pirovnebaa – misi Rirsebebi da ada-mianuri Tvisebebi da is mwuxarebisa da sinanulis atmos-fero, romelic aq da am adgilas sufevs. micvalebulis gar-Semo Sekrebili dedrovani, romelic qviTiniT (ara sity-viT: `ihio, hio, hio!~) exmaureba xmiT motiralis warmoT-qmul yovel fraza-striqons, am Semoqmedebis monawilea.saeWvoa, Sesruldeboda Tu ara xmiT natirali Wirisufal-Ta da damswreTa gareSe. rogorc yoveli folkloruliteqsti Sesrulebisas, isic moiTxovs msmenels, am SemTxve-vaSi metsac, gulSematkivars.

motirlis Semoqmedeba dionisuria, eqstaturi, is ima-ve bunebisaa, razec platoni wers `ionSi~. miuxedavad am Se-moqmedebis spontanuri xasiaTisa, sadac aracnobieri un-da Zlevdes cnobiers, Tavad motirali am garemoebas ac-nobierebs da arcTu iumoris gareSe Tavad natiralSiveacxadebs:

`ra kan rani-m varT matirlebio,davsxdebiT, davimwuxavT TvalTao,daviwyebT tanCi cxroobasao,ielnaWamsa vRgivarT Txasao...~

[qxp V: 114].

aq motirali laparakobs im SemoqmedebiT siSmageze,romelic eufleba mTels mis arsebas. Tvalis dawuxva~ (da-xuWva) ar aris SemTxveviTi: cnobilia, rom berZeni aedebida rafsodebi usinaTloni iyvnen da swored am fizikurisibrmavis wyalobiT maT gaxsnili hqondaT Sinagani Tvali.platonis azriT, es aris `RvTiuri siSmage~, romelic WeS-mariti poeziis pirobas warmoadgens: `didi epikosi poe-tebi sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTi-uri siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier poemebs.igive iTqmis lirikis poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiTcnobamixdilni...qmnian TavianT momxiblav leqsebs, rocamaT euflebaT harmonia da ritmi... mas [poets] ar ZaluZsraime Seqmnas manam, sanam zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmagecnobas ar mixdis da gons ar dauxSobs~ [platoni: 271-272].

xmiT tirilis SemoqmedebiTi Sinagani mxare ar aris sak-marisad Seswavlili, magram uSualo mxilvel-msmenelisdakvirvebidanac Cans misi buneba. Tu berZen mgosanTa STa-magonebelni muzebi iyvnen, xmiT motirali dedakacis STa-

311

magonebeli Tavad micvalebulia. `xmiT tirili yvelas arSeeZlo. qals rom xmiT tirili daewyo, unda `aetexa~ tiri-li ise, rom viTom mas Zalauneburad mkvdarni atirebdnen...visac xmiT tirilis `atexa~ undoda, daiwyebda caxcax-kan-kals, Tavs iqiT-aqeT aqnevda, iwyebda barbacs, xelebisfSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas; viTom sityvebs ver ambobda,ar undoda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda. roca motiraliqalebi amas SeamCnevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elod-nen, Tu ras aTqmevinebda motirals micvalebulis suli...[bolos] qali amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad micvalebulis eniTdaiwyebda laparaks. magaliTad: `aZraxdi, Cemo meeneo, nudamaRone suleTCiao, Camidev wili tirilCiao, me Sen min-dixar meenedao~ [masalebi 1940: 39].

struqtura

miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mize-ziT), xmiT natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struq-tura. misi arqiteqtonikis agebaSi xmiT motirali sruli-ad Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos micvalebulis pirov-nebis dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis xsenebiT,sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde~) an micvale-bulisadmi mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCimxoceli jixvebisao~), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`ge-uben, guros nu mixolao~) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sa-genacvleo, me imas raad matyuebdio: magiol giorgioba-sao~), momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex abrupto baladise-burad da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi xmiTnatirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavi-sebur aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. ammxriv, xmiT natirali Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia.magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis srul gaqanebas am Se-moqmedebiT procesSi.

tradiciuli mxatvruli arsenali

bunebrivia, xmiT motirali, rogorc xalxuri poeti,iyenebdes tradiciul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs – epiTe-tebs, Sedarebebs, alegoriebs, metonimiebs, gapirovnebebs,metaforebs, hiperbolebs, romlebic mogzauroben maTi

312

wyalobiT xmiT natirlis teqstebidan teqstebamde daqmnian xmiT natirlis, rogorc Janris, erTian mxatvrulmarags. SeiZleba imazec saubari, rom es maragi inarCunebsavtonomias saerTo-saxalxo poeziis konteqstSi.

Cven mainc yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod natirlebis-Tvis damaxasiaTebel tropebs, romelTagan bevri mxatvru-li azrovnebis Seudarebeli nimuSia. sazogadoeba ismen-da, Cven ki SegviZlia wavikiTxoT amgvari tropebi: `xiri-mis bartyi~ (tyvia), `miwis logini~ (saflavi), `miwis samose-li~ (saflavi), `cremlis Rilebi~, `cremlis Zafebi~ (`sama-res piri gaukereT Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTa~). motiralimimarTavs Rames, romelic masaviT cremls Rvris, oRondmisi cremlebi varskvlavebia (`varskvlavni cremlad da-giRvravis~), mimarTavs gaTenebas, romlis cremlebi cvar-namia (`cvar-nami cremlad dagiRvravis~)...

datirebis wesi

ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkac-rad aris reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motiraliSeiZleba iyos. rogori wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda arSeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT motirali, arc coli – qmrisa.`Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars, Svilebi andaerTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili: 80]. ra Tqma unda,dedas an cols ar SeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalosSvilze an qmarze tirili – es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea,magram is mainc moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yve-las gasagonad uaxloesi adamianis datirebas. principiaseTia: rac ufro axlobelia gardacvlili, miT ufro me-ti TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli Svili da in-timuri qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT da-tireba dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datire-bas wesis darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis.

`gitireb, damianis mzemao, agre miwas gasarevao,Sen SamaCvene sruyvelasao, diacma qmari dagitireo~

[qxp V: 190].

aseve bodiSobs qmari, romelic, raRac garemoebaTa ga-mo, iZulebuli xdeba, daitiros coli. maS, vin tiris vinmes

313

Svils da vinmes qmars? yvela naTesavi, garda dedisa daqmrisa, da aranaTesavi profesionali xmiT motirali? qa-li tiris Tavis Zmasa da daze, siZeze, mamaze, biZebze, biZaS-vilebze, nebismier naTesavze, oRond aramc da aramc Ta-vis Svilsa da qmarze? TiTqos es Seuvali wesia xevsureT-Si, magram tradicia mainc aseTi kategoriuli ar aris. Tuqmris datireba iSviaTi gamonaklisia, fSavSi da xevsureT-Sic mravlad SevxvdebiT dedisgan Svilis datirebas. xmiTnatirlis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Svilis datirebebia.gavecnobiT fSaur da xevsurul nimuSebs (fragmentebs).

fSauri

`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio,Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.miwis samoseli SeukereTo,sarCulad tiril daudeviTo.Rilad cremlebi daukereTo,samares pirio gaukereToCemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~

[qxp V: 64].

`mzeo, dadeg da dagviandio, mze dgexar ukenobisao,viyrebiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~

[qxp V: 184].

xevsuruli

`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao,axal talavar Caicvidio,e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio,suleT bibiniT iaridio,oblis oboli gazardidio,dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio,ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~

[qxp V: 222].

`deda genacvlos, baWyurao, dedis ferao, tuntulao,uenarao, uTavgziao...sikvdilo, qrTamsamc aitandio, Tu aitandi, mogcem qrTamsao:£arT mogcem, qora jorelaTao, niSasa Sagikazmav cxensao,

314

£mals mogcem CiqorTaulasao, qalT mogcem Zilasa, naTelasao,lelasa dagiyeneb winao, diacsa baWyuraisasao,ka mowonebiT moyvanilsao, siskarsa gadabrZanebulsao,Tu gamauSob baWyurasao...~

[qxp V: 195].

SeniSvnebi. tuntulas~ ToTo bavSvze ityvian, uenaras~ – uT-qmelze, uTavgzia~ umweos unda niSnavdes [WinWarauli]; Cans, xmiTnatirlis obieqti Cvili bavSvia. Tumca amboben, Cvil bavSvebze artiriano. qora xari~ – TeTri xari, jorela~ xaris sakuTari saxe-lia, CiqorTaula~ – xmlis sakuTari saxeli. Svilmkvdari deda mzadaris yvelaferi saukeTeso gasces qrTamad Svilis sanacvlod: aramxolod nivTebs, ojaxis wevrebsac ki imetebs, qaliSvilebs – Zilasda naTelas, daqvrivebul rZals – lelas, siyvaruliT moyvanils,romelsac dedamTili ciskars adarebs, oRond Casvenebuls (`gadab-rZanebuls~).

Tu qmars ver daitirebs coli, sacoles SeuZlia saq-mros datireba – mas ar ekrZaleba Tavisi grZnobebis (gar-dacvlilisadmi sinanulis, siyvarulis, erTgulebis) saja-rod gamoxatva:

`davberdi Sensa malodinsao, qali lamazi beqaurio.gadamiyole, gadmagyvebio, mamis imedo, wiklauroo.arada, sxvas vis gadavxyvebio, vaJi bevia gigaurio.guSinac kaci momilalao TamariSvilma Tangulamao...~

[qxp V: 161].

sxva daniSnuli sxvagvarad gamoTqvams Tavis sinanulsda guliswuxils. gardacvlilis sacole ase mimarTavs mismamas – samamamTilos – qals TiTqos saCuqrebi moaqvs, saq-mro ki karSic ar gamodis sacolis misagebeblad:

`Cemo mamao, mamamTiloo, Cemi aq mosvla rad gewyinao?Sen Svils miqebdes samefodao, wamovel imis sacnobladao,eg karCi aRar gamoCindao. aRar ikadra Cem naxvanio...Coxa movarTvi, orSianio, TaTi, baWiWi yaWisaio,ar iRebs gajavrebuliao...~

[qxp V: 179].

315

datirebulis zneobrivi saxe

aris Tu ara gatarebuli samgloviaro poeziaSi laTin-Ta principi: `mkvdrebze an kargi, an araferi~? rogorcCans, es universaluri principia da mas aSkarad misdevenCveni xmiT motiralni. Tu mkvdari datirebulia, masze mxo-lod kargi, saukeTeso, moymeobis optimumi, heroikulianaTqvami da misi cxedris garSemo SemokrebilTa Soris ara-vin iqneba iseTi, vinc eWvqveS daayenebda natiralSi Tqmu-lis WeSmaritebas. saiqio sxvagvari SuqiT anaTebs suliw-midas (mkvdars), misi sikvdili sicocxlis apoTeozad Cans.maradisobis cecxli adnobs mis yofiTobas, mis yovelnakls, is araTu kai ymad, aramed moymeobis idealad war-modgeba cocxalTa TvalSi. msmeneli ismens motirlisganimas, risi gagonebis mowadinec aris, rac surs mas gardac-vlilSi dainaxos; ismens im Soreuli molodiniT, rom Ta-vad maszec msgavs sityvebs moismens. axlac ki, roca nati-rals ismens, axdens Tavis ganyenebas `dRiuri prozidan~da moymeobis idealiT imoseba Tavis TvalSi.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom natirlebSi ima-ze met Seqebas ver movismenT, ramdenic baladis gmirsxvdeba wilad. Seqebis, Rvawlis gadmocemis, adamianis fi-zikur-sulieri portretis xatvis ena konvenciuria, masSiaravin gadaWarbebas ar xedavs. yvelaferi, rac maszea naT-qvami, swored ase, am eniT, unda Tqmuliyo. rac unda daci-lebuli iyos obieqtur realobas natiralSi CamoTvliliRirsebebi, gardacvlili Tavis simarTleSi sufevs, is na-tiralis gmiria. gitireb, agremc genacvlebio, Rirxar vaS-kaci satirladao~ [qxp V: 228], – aRmoxdeba motirals. mag-ram mainc natirali ar warmogvidgens glovis iseT gran-diozul, TiTqos qveynis daqcevis, suraTs, rogorsac `xo-gais mindi kvdebodaSi~ vxedavT. Tu mindis sikvdilze ar-wivebi frTebs iglejen, natirlis gmiri Tavad aris arwivi,oRond frTadalewili. is vefxvic aris, jixvic da iremic– yovel maTgans ganasaxierebs igi, radgan kai yma iTavsebsTavis TavSi yvela arsebisgan saukeTesos, sicocxleSic dasikvdilSic igi maTi sadarebelia:

`vefxvo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivma daiWuWken m£arnio,jixvo, sawoliT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio~

[qxp V: 158].

316

aq ganzogadebulad da xatovnad aris aRniSnuli daRup-vis faqti, araviTari konkretuli garemoeba, risi gadmo-cemac arcTu iSviaTia natirlebSi. zogierTi maTganimTlianad tragikuli SemTxvevis (swored asea warmodge-nili natiralSi gmiris daRupvis viTareba) aRweras eZRvne-ba da natirali TiTqos novelad gardaiqmneba. aRweriliaambavi, natirlebisaTvis specifikuri sinanulis (danane-bis) kiloTi, TanamimdevrobiT misi dawyebidan dasasru-lamde. aseTia erTi sakmaod vrceli, or aTeulze metstri-qoniani xevsuruli teqsti (dis natirali Zmaze), romelicim SemTxvevis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, rac adreve gadawyveti-li, ramdenadac saqme sisxlis aRebas exeba, kanonierimkvlelobis uSualo sababi gaxda:

`fasioraTamc daRlevs RmerTio,misces dvarbini imedasao,akuSos ReliT gamaxenao,Zmis maklav icna axosTavsao...~

[qxp V: 154].

SeniSvnebi: fasiorani – xevsurTa erT-erTi sagvareulos saxe-lia; akuSo – sofeli liqokis xeobaSi; axosTavi – adgili mis mopir-dapired aragvs gaRmiT; gamaxenao – gaxedao.

miviCnioT es oTxi striqoni eqspoziciad, romlis Sem-deg viTardeba sisxliani ambavi. sagulisxmo is aris, rommkvlelobis saqmeSi, romelic am `dvarbinis~ micemas moh-yva, misi gadamcemi fasiornic dadanaSaulebulni arian,rogorc monawileni. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi azri, ami-tomac durbindis gadacemis aqti imTaviTve motirlis fiq-rebis binadari Seiqna da is wyevlas uTvlis maT tirilisdawyebisTanave.

is, rac durbindSi gaxedvas mohyveba, anu Tofis gasrolaakuSos Reledan, rogorc gadmoscems mas motirali diaci,Tavisi Tumca mTibluris saleqso sazomiT Senelebuli,mdore da, amrigad, SinaganSi gadanacvlebuli, eqspresiiTac kiar CamorCeba, Tu ar Zlevs kidec baladis aCqarebul temps:

`maSin ra xqeni, da genacvalao,buCaseulm rom Camagxvivlao,

317

namxrevT saTaves nayudebio,gaRvardi namxrevT boloSiao,dagawyvetivna kafianio,namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao,cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao,namxrevT boloSi – salesvelio...~

[masalebi: 95].

SeniSvnebi: buCa – erTgvari Tofia, SesaZloa, Tofis sakuTarisaxelic iyos; namxrevi – moTibuli nawili saTibSi; kafiani – mTib-luri simRera (motirali sinanuliT ambobs, rom Tofis gasrolamsimRera Segawyvetinao).

motirali ganagrZobs da erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs imas,rac sazogadoebam kargad icis – rogor mouRes bolo sa-TibSi mSvidobian mosaqmes, mTibels, Tumca yvelam kargadicis, rom Surisgebis aRsrulebas Sromis procesi ver da-abrkolebda:

`axuraT sanaTisZiasao Svilnimc xyon Senis davlaTisnio! –Senze £mliT masvla rad undodao, buCaseulic geyofodao...~

[qxp V: 154].

SeniSvna: motirali wyevlas uTvlis sanaTisZes, romelmac To-fiT daWrils xmliT mouRo bolo: misi xeliT moklulis davlaTs –beds usurvebs mis Svilebs anu maTac imgvarsave sikvdilso.

motirali mihyveba movlenaTa ganviTarebas: rogorcSurisgebis gareSe ar Caivlida es ambavi, isic ar gamoto-vebda mas Tavis natiralSi:

`aca, ver waxol, guroeloo, aparekai gamagidgao,buCaseuls qve ras gvakvexebTo, xirimis bartyi Cvenic naxeTo...~

[qxp V: 154].

SeniSvnebi: guroeli – an Tofis msrolelia an xmliT mimsvle-li; apareka Tavs idebs sisxlis aRebis saqmes; xirimis bartyi – tyviismetafora, gvxvdeba mxolod am teqstSi, sxvagan arsad. skaldurpoeziaSi kenigis saxeliT cnobili tropis es saxe yovel striqonSigvxvdeba.

318

aris natirlebi, sadac adamianis aRsasrulis garemoe-ba mxolod dasaxelebulia, motirali ar misdevs brZolisaRweras, is ufro moklulis pirovnebiT aris dakavebuli.aris natirlebi, sadac verc sikvdilis mizezs vgebulobT(sazogadoebisTvis ki cnobilia), mxolod pirovnebis da-xasiaTebas vismenT. am tipis natiralTa klasikuri nimuSiaerTi Zveli xmiT natirali, romelic zurab erisTavis dro-indel gudamayrel vinme mixas sikvdilzea Sesrulebulidis mier, rogorc gadmocemiT amboben:

`Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo?mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodaodumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?bevrais ji£vis gamgoresaoTofsa £irimsa zidavRaeo?mtrisa bevrais gamjavresaowelze frangulsa ibamRaeo?stumris bevrisa masaxursaotyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesaoenasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?

[qxp V: 149].

SeniSvnebi: ziscvari – rZe; masaxuri – mosaxurebeli (sabani);qemxa – Zvirfasi da magari abreSumis Zafi~ [WinWarauli 2005]. qem-xiT gadakerilia erTmaneTze cxvris tyavebi, rom adamians eyos sab-nad. bevrais mtrisa – aq mtrebSi Sina moSuRarni, aragareSe mtrebiigulisxmebian; bWe – Temis sasamarTlo.

esaa iSviaTi nimuSi xmiT natirlisa, sadac mwyobrad da gan-zogadebulad, ara konkretuli saxiT, aris CamoTvlili mama-kacis mravalmxrivi funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, rogorc sazo-gadoebis, saymos wevrisa. teqsti iZleva moymis srulyofil sa-xes yovelgvari winaswari Seqebis gareSe. erTaderTi qebis sity-vaa – `Savardeni~, rogorc kai ymis epiTeti, romelic am kerZoSemTxvevaSi aliteraciulad eTanadeba Tavad datirebulis sa-xels – Sarmanauls. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos: Savardeni –amgvari bgerweris sityva – epiTetad, eWvi ar aris, saxelis ga-moxmobilia (ara arwivi, aramed swored Savardenia Sarmanauli),

319

Tumca misi moxmoba ar aris moulodneli kai ymis Sesamkobad,rogorc erT natiralSia: `TeTrisa qoris naSoboo, Savardni-sagan naqnaroo...~ moymis funqciebis CamoTvla gvxvdeba sxva-ganac, kerZod, dalaiSi, magram ara aqvs iseTi mwyobri saxe, ro-gorc Sarmanaulis datirebaSi, Tumca piruku iyo mosalodne-li, ramdenadac `dalai~ kanonikuria da ganzogadebuli. magramCven vxedavT, rom Sarmanaulis teqsts ganzogadebis meti xa-risxi aqvs. aq warmodgenilia saqmianobis xuTi sfero, sadac moy-mes uxdeba Tavisi sazogadoebrivi saxis gamovlena, Tavisi una-rebis da funqciebis realizacia. sabolood, Cven winaSea moy-meobis srulyofili kodeqsi:

1. Sroma. igi pirvel adgilze dgas; Tumca ver vityviT,rom am sazogadoebaSi RirsebiT sxvebze upiratesad iyosmiCneuli. araSemTxveviT, pirvel rigSia Tibva, mere mka.`mTibelni gixarianRaoe~? mTiblebis danaxva Sens saTibeb-Si kidev gixariao? ekiTxeba motirali da am SekiTxviT sursmsmenelTa (SekiTxva ufro maT mimarT aris) warmodgenaSigaaRviZos cocxali Sarmanauli, `mTibel-mamklis~ xilviTgaxarebuli, maTi Sromis damfasebeli, saukeTeso kerZiT– rZeSi moxarSuli dumiT rom umaspinZldeba da aravis da-unayrebels ar gauSvebs. Sromas eTmoba ori striqoni.

2. nadiroba. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sasaxelo saq-mianoba am sazogadoebaSi. SesaZloa, is ar iyos maincdama-inc Tavis gamosakvebi saqmianoba, magram is aris moymeTasporti, uromlisodac moymeobis kodeqsi nakluli iqne-boda. Tu brZolaSi xmalia moymis iaraRi, sanadiroSi – To-fi xirimi. Tumca orivegan orive iaraRis xmareba uwevs moy-mes: xirimi brZolaSi gasagebia, magram xmalic ar aris ga-mousadegari nadirobaSi, Tu iseTi nadiri Sexvdeba mas, ro-goric vefxvia (`maSinRa gaWra frangulma...~). nadirobaserTi taepi eTmoba.

3. brZola. brZola, nadirobasTan Sewyvilebuli, xSi-ria natirlebSi: `gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxo-celi jixvebisao, Walas miTxoelT vaJebisao...~ moyme mu-dam mzadyofnaSia mtris `gasajavreblad~, erT striqonSidawnexilad aris gamoxatuli misi mzaoba erTaderTi Jes-tiT: `welze frangulsa ibamRaeo~? amiT yvelaferia Tqmu-li. motirali ar Tvlis saWirod frangulis moymurad ga-moyenebis magaliTi dausaxelos msmenelebs. yvelam icis,rom igi amaod, `uerTod~ ar Seibamda franguls. `dalaiSi~

320

mebrZoloba prioritetulia, mas yvelaze pirvelad Seax-seneben mzegadasuls: `laSqars gikiTxven sworebi, win aRargauZRvebia, dalai, mterTan xmalamoRebuli~, mtrisaTvisrisxvis mimcemi, dalai...~

4. maspinZloba. Tu raime mSvidobiani saqmianoba fas-deba am sazogadoebaSi, es stumar-maspinZlobis wesia. igiaucilebeli muxlia moymeobis dauwerel rjulSi, Rrmadaris amokveTili ara qvis, aramed gulis ficarze. motiral-ma miagno erTaderT detals, romliTac SeZlo cocxladdaexata mravalstumriani maspinZlis saxe. vgrZnobT siT-bos da siyvaruls (ara mxolod movaleobas), romliTac isstumrebisTvis gudanurebs (erTmaneTze gadabmul cxvristyavebs) keravs Tavisi sakuTari xeliT. msmeneli imasac ig-rZnobs, rom es kaci mzad aris, Tu saWiro gaxda, Tavi gawi-ros stumrisTvis, romelsac RamiT mis saxlSi, misi xeliTgadakerili tyavebi exureba. `dalais~ teqsti ar gamoto-vebs am tradiciul atributs: `karze gidgenan stumrebi,Sinam ar SeuZRvebia, dalai...~ da aqac motirali erTi stri-qoniT kmayofildeba. natiralSi maspinZloba mis dasawy-isSivea naxsenebi, oRond SromasTan dakavSirebiT, mTibav-Ta da momkelTa dapurebis konteqstSi: `dumas ziscvarSixarSavRaeo~? orgzis stumarTmoyvareobis aRniSvna ar un-da iyos SemTxveviTi: xalxuri yofis zneobriv kodeqsSistumris rigianad gamaspinZleba omSi mamacobaze upirate-sia, rasac es striqoni mowmobs: `puradi kaci mamacze samisgafreniT metia~. am upiratesobas analogia SeiZleba eZeb-nebodes xatobaSi saRvTo sufris saxiT, sadac maspinZelijvaria, stumrebi ki – mTeli misi saymo. sxvaganac, erT Sem-RernebaSi~, aseve dawyvilebulia es ori saqmianoba da maTiharmoniuli SeTavseba ojaxis farglebSi, da pirvelad aqswored maspinZlobaa xsenebuli:

es saxli SaCveulia Sasmasa, SamRernebasa, am saxlis diasaxlisi – stumarTa maspinZlobasa, am saxlis mamasaxlisi – laSqarTa winamZRrobasa~.

sagulisxmoa, rom xmiT natiralSi stumarmaspinZlo-bis nimuSad aRebulia es komponenti – stumris mSvidi Zi-lis uzrunvelyofa – da ara sufris gaSla, `Sasma da Sam-Rerneba~.

321

5. gamrigeoba. gzianoba, sxvisi dajerebis unari ganasru-lebs moymeobis rjuls. `dalaiSi~ mkvidrad, mravalferovanigamoxatulebiT, zis moymis es aspeqti: `Wkviano, saqcivliano,dalai, gamWrelo mosamarTleo, dalai, ...gamrigev TuSeTisao,dalai...~ rac frangulia moymisaTvis brZolaSi da xirimi nadi-robaSi, is aris misTvis ena safixvnoze. amitom – `enasa bWeCi zi-davRaeo?~ franguli omis iaraRia, ena – mSvidobisa. rkina Wabu-kobis atributia, sityva – sibrZnisa, xandazmulobisa. ZvelTa-ganve orive Tanabrad fasobda sazogadoebaSi: uruqSi (Sumer-Si), rogorc gilgameSis eposidan da misi ciklis Sumeruli sim-Rerebidan Cans [gilgameSiani:], es ori unari, rom davakonkre-toT, Zala da azri, erTmaneTs epaeqreboda mniSvnelovan ga-dawyvetilebaTa gamotanisas. iyo krebuli moymeTa (guruS), ro-melic sabrZolo Zalas ganasaxierebda, da iyo krebuli uxuces-Ta (abba), romelic azris, gonivruli rCevis wyaros warmoad-genda. is, rac klasikur sazogadoebebSi instituciurad iyo ga-mijnuli erTmaneTisgan, Cvens safixvnoze erTi moymis arseba-Sia SeerTebuli. amis dadasturebaa aluda qeTelauris ormxri-vi daxasiaTeba: `safixvnos Tavze dajdebis, sityva maudis gzia-ni, bevr qists maaWra marjvena, scada franguli fxiani~. fxianisityva da fxiani franguli amSvenebes mas da ganasrulebs mismoymeobas. magram mainc asaki, romelic atarebs sibrZnes, upi-ratesobs siymeze, romelsac xmali upyria da mis imedzea. amasambobs es fragmenti:

`gudan ageben beRelsa, libod udeben sinasa.hkiTxvides geldiaursa andrezsa wina-winasa,urCevdis geldiauri jer Wkvasa, memre rkinasa~.

rogorc wesi, laTinuri Tqmis Tanaxmad – de mortuis aut bene,aut nihil – xmiT natiralSi dasatirebeli adamianis mxolod sauke-Teso Tvisebebia gaxsenebuli, an motirali ar amaxvilebs yu-radRebas mis sikeTeebze, mxolod zogadad gamoxatavs guliswuxils, an mxolod misi gardacvalebis viTarebas axsenebs Wi-risufalT. magram mainc xmiT motirali Tavisufalia da, SesaZ-loa, ar dagidevdeT am mdumare TanxmobiT miRebul sayovel-Tao wess. adamians gardacvaleba erTgvari SaravandiT mosavs,risi ZaliTac sicocxleSi arafriT gamorCeuli, metic, ubiri,yvelas yuradRebis centrSi eqceva da sikvdili TiTqos misigamakeTilSobilebeli sigelia.

322

`kaci mamkvdari gakargdebao: ZmaT ubirasa geZaxdiano,aStaRuai geqvinisao, sakvmis sateni dusTuraio...eexla gadaCinebulxaro, kacTan damdgarxar kacuradao,Co£a Cagcvam sklatisaio, Co£a sadidod dakerulio.wamogixurav maSTagurio, ZmaT uarias, beCavasao~

[qxp V: 227].

SeniSvnebi. aStaRuai – dacinviT Serqmeuli saxeli; dusTurai– Serqmeuli saxeli sityvidan dusTi – Zvelmani samosi, Cvari, ri-Tac boselSi RriWoebs tenian; sklati – maudi; maSTaguri – qurqi;ZmaT uaria – Zmebs Soris uaresi, uvargisi [WinWarauli 2005].

TuSuri xmiT natirali

TuSebSic igive terminologiaa, rac fSav-xevsureTSi:`xmiT tirili~, `xmiT motirali~. sainteresoa, rom `xma~ aqniSnavs melodias sityvasTan erTad, magram arsebobs`sityvebiT~ tirilic, romelsac melodia ar axlavs [azi-kuri:8].

TuSuri natirlebic improvizaciulia, isinic, rogorcfSav-xevsurulni, dedakacebis Semoqmedebaa, magram sag-rZnoblad gansxvavdebian fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisganrogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT, tropuli sistemiT. es arisuriTmo Tormetmarcvliani leqsi, striqonSi zogjer 13 an14 marcvalia, `oRond am SemTxvevaSi motirali teqsts isewarmoTqvams, rom Tormet marcvalze gaangariSebul me-lodiaSi Catios. gvxvdeba aTmarcvliani striqonic, amdros motirali melodias daqviTinebiT an amooxvriT avsebs~[azikuri:7]. natirlis teqstebis ganmeoreba arsad ar xdeba,TiTqos akrZalulic aris: `ar £am~. aqac coli ar tirisqmars; Tu itira, natiralSive Tamamad acxadebs: `qmariav,magramev me aras mcxvenisav~. xevsuruli Cveulebisgan gan-sxvavebiT, dedas ar ekrZaleba Svilis datireba, mxolodmcirewlovani Svilis datirebaa saZraxisi. gansakuTrebiTtirian uZeod gadagebul vaJkacs (visac `Ze-bolo~ ar darCa).natiralSi ixseneben micvalebulis `mgebrebs~, maT, vinc saiqi-oSi egebebian mas. eseni, rogorc wesi, misi dedis Zmebi arian.

aRsaniSnavia TuSuri natirlebis gamomsaxvelobiTimxare, is gansakuTrebiT mdidaria tropuli mravalferov-nebiT. mas aqvs sakuTari leqsika, romelic SeiZleba Seva-

323

daroT xevsurul `jvarTenas~, romlis leqsika mxolod sa-kulto gamoyenebisaa da arc yoveldRiur saubarSi, arcsaero poeziaSi ar ixmareba. aseve TuSuri natirlebis me-taforuli ena mxolod natirlebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv,TuSuri natirlebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsuru-li natirlebisgan. tradiciulia da meordeba natirlidannatiralSi tropuli gamoTqma `mzes velodebiTav, Rrub-liT (var. `budiT~) momavalsav~ – am sityvebiT motiralideda axsenebs daRupuli vaJis naSiers, romelsac misi fex-mZime coli atarebs. `gvirgvin-daSaulni~ ki isini arian,romlebic uqorwineblad gardaicvalnen. `mamis o£er~ an`o£ris saxli~ upatrono, gardacvlilisgan mitovebulisaxlia; `mindvris jeilebi~ – sasaflaoze damarxulni, `mi-wis kedeli~ damarxulsac niSnavs da Tavad saflavs; `wilisamoTra~ – wilis amoReba, anu gardacvaleba, sikvdiliswilxvdoma (`wil amasTareaav~? – mokvdi?), `aludis stum-rebi~ – Wiris sufraze msxdomni; darTlos sasaflaoze`Zvali RorRad xyriav, ulvaSs – mwvaniladav~, `sabnad ga-davxurev qvai da qviSaiv~, `qalo, dakargulo, dilis namsa-viTa~, `dedis Tavmoklulo~, `qaris moRebulo fuTulov,mteris waRebulov~, `saxls gikeTeben kar-usarkmlosa~(anu bnel saflavs), `soflis galavano, klite dadebulo~,`miwisferdebulni~ – damarxuli micvalebulni...

azikuri: azikuri n., mgosanni glovisani, mecniereba~, Tb., 1986.gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,

`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v., qarTuli xalxuri po-

ezia, 1961.masalebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III,

Tbilisi, 1940.platoni 1997: platoni, adreuli dialogebi, Zveli ber-

Znulidan Targmna, winaTqmebi da ko-mentarebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem,`nekeri~, 1997.

WinWarauli 2000: WinWarauli al., xevsuruli leqsikoni,`qarTuli ena~, Tb., 2005.

xizaniSvili: xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

324

sibrZnis poezia – andaza

andaza wmida folkloruli Janria. literaturaSi masanalogi ara aqvs. Tu kidev SesaZlebelia xalxuri leqsisSeqmnis Tu asparezze gamoCenis drois dadgena, andazisSemTxvevaSi amas ver SevZlebT, imdenad Cawnulia igi eniswiaRSi. igi enasTan erTad arsebobs, masTan aris sisxlxor-ceulad dakavSirebuli. yvela niSani folklorisa, rome-lic ki CamovTvaleT, Tavisi wmida saxiT axasiaTebs mas –absoluturi koleqtiuroba, romelic araviTar adgils arutovebs individualurs, absoluturi anonimuroba, rome-lic principulad gamoricxavs avtoris arsebobas, vari-antuloba, romlis diapazoni scildeba erovnul da, Sesa-bamisad, enobriv sazRvrebs... Tumca is enisa da folklo-ris zRvarzea da, amdenad, mxolod erovnul (eTnikur) ni-adagze arsebobs. is ibadeba da cocxlobs yoveldRiur yo-faSi enis, rogorc metyvelebis, aqtualizaciasTan erTad.

ra aris andaza? iqneb misi arsis gansazRvraSi Tavad essityva andaza dagvexmaros. mivmarTod, rogorc yovel-Tvis aseT SemTxvevebSi, sabas. leqsikografi gvagzavnissityvasTan magaliTi:

`ese magaliTi ganiyofebian orad: magaliTad da an-dazad. magaliTi ars ukve, romlisa saxe genebos, ginaqmnuleba saxlisa da karavTa, xatTa da yvavilTa da ege-viTarTa. xolo andaza samoselTa da sabuxarTa da xam-lTa da raodeni gamoikveTebian egeviTarni~. saba calkeganmartavs: saandazo – andazad dasadebeli, samagali-To – saandazo~.

rogorc vxedavT, andazas Tavdapirvelad Targis mniS-vneloba hqonia. xolo ra aris Targi, Tu ara arqetipi, rom-lis mixedviT iqmneba yvelaferi, iqneba es materialuri sa-gani ram Tu swavleba anda saqcieli. andaza nivTieri Tar-gis mniSvnelobidan adis sityvier-azrobrivi Targis mniS-vnelobamde. andaza, amrigad, misi Zveli semantikidan ga-momdinare, aris arqetipuli Tqma, erT winadadebaSi daw-nexili codna (sibrZne). sagulisxmoa, rom zogjer andazaanderZTan aris gaigivebuli. magaliTad, akaki `baSi-aCukSi~wers: `aRar gaxsovT Zveli anderZi: sircxvils sikvdili

325

sjobs da orive erTad ki – jojoxeTiao?~ ufro adre ar-Cil mefesTan vxvdebiT am gaigivebas: `asre daxvden orniZmani, viT mamisgan eandaza~ (nacvlad mosalodneli ean-derZa-si). anderZi akakisTan andazis mniSvnelobiTgamoiyeneba da andaza arCilTan – anderZis mniSvnelobiT.mas unda daematos samagaliTo striqoni `didmouravianidan~:

`Cemi saqme dReis ukan andazad da xidad deviT~.

am striqonis mniSvneloba ufro metia, vidre is konteq-sti, sadac naTqvamia igi. Tavad striqoni gvauwyebs, Tu ro-gor ibadeba andaza, ufro sworad, andrezi pirvelsaqcie-lidan, rogorc xidi, romlis wiaR erTmaneTSi gadadian Ta-obebi. `andaza-xidi~ mowodebulia warsulsa da awmyos So-ris kavSiris Sesakvrelad.

andaza unda Seicavdes iseT codnas, gamocdilebas, ro-melic eRireba Sesanaxad da TaobebSi gadasacemad. aseTiRirebulia swored yoveli andazis Sinaarsi, am Rirebule-bis ZaliT mimodis igi bagidan bagemde, Taobidan Taobam-de, xalxidan xalxamde, ganfenilia rogorc qseli mTel ka-cobriobaSi.andazas narTaulad, Sefarulad, igavurad mo-aqvs Cvenamde Tavisi saTqmeli. Tu anderZTan mas tradi-ciuloba anaTesavebs, igavi gamoTqmis saSualebaze, xer-xze miuTiTebs. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igavebiewodeba solomonis mier Sekrebil gamonaTqvamebs, rom-lebic sxva araferia, Tu ara andazebi (da asec aris Tar-gmnili sxva enebze. Proverbs of Solomon, Die Sprüche Salomos,Ïðèò÷è Ñîëîìîíîâû da sxva).

andazis, iseve rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqstis,Seswavlas sami mxare aqvs: 1) formaluri anu morfologi-ur-struqturuli, 2) Sinaarsobrivi da 3) funqciuri. am-gvarad, andaza SeiZleba ganvixiloT sam doneze: 1) teqstisdoneze, 2) mniSvnelobis doneze, 3) gamoyenebis doneze.

rogorc enaSi arsebobs sinonimebi (Tumca ara absolu-turi), aseve arsebobs sinonimuri andazebi, romlebic er-Tsa da imave Sinaarss, mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saSualebe-biT gamoxataven. amrigad, andazis gulisguli, riTac is Ta-vis funqcias asrulebs, mis meore doneze anu mis mniSvne-lobaSia saZiebeli. magaliTad, formalurad, teqstis do-neze es ori andaza erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba: 1) `Tu

326

mRvdeli mwyalobs, diakvani veras damaklebso~ da 2) `Tuguli gulobs, qada ori xeliT iWmevao~, magram maTi mniS-vnelobebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyeneba gansxvave-bulia. meore mxriv, sinonimuria andazebi, Tumca isini yo-fis gansxvavebuli sferoebidan aris aRebuli: `umoaxloqveyanaSi virs pirmTvarisa daarqveso~ da `uZaRlo qveya-naSi katas ayefebeno~.

ras warmoadgens andaza Tavisi formiT, rogorc sity-vieri teqsti? frazeologiuri erTeulisgan (gamoTqmis-gan) gansxvavebiT, andaza erTi dasrulebuli winadadebaa.mTeli misi Sinaarsi erT winadadebaSia moqceuli. andaziswinadadeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc proza, ise leqsi. mag-ram igi mainc poetur Janrs miekuTvneba, radgan misi Sina-gani forma poeturia. ritmi da riTma, rac arcTu iSviaTadaxlavs mas, Sinagani poeturobis mxolod garegani gamoxa-tulebaa. ritmisa da riTmis garda, andazas aqvs kidev sxvaarqauli saSualeba misTvis poeturi formis misacemad, esaris e.w. wevrTa paralelizmi (parallelismus membrorum), racsafuZvlad udevs andazaTa umravlesobas. es uZvelesi xer-xi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari struqturuli RerZia andazi-sa. es struqtura ar aris mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa –igi andazis mTavari konceptualuri momentia.

amrigad, andaza, rogorc wesi, ritmulad mowesrigebu-li striqonia, amiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi winada-debisgan. rogorc garkveulia, TiToeuli andaza calke sa-leqso striqons warmoadgens da zustad SeesatyvisebaqarTul xalxur poeziaSi gavrcelebul saleqso sazomebs[bardaveliZe]. upiratesobs Teqvsmetmarcvliani taepi,magram Segvxvdeba 9- da 10-marcvlianic.

Sairis sazomzea gawyobili Semdegi andazebi:

`sxvisTvis uReli nura gSurs, Sen rom yevari gyavdeso~;`aseTma furma damwixlos, Cemze mets iwvelideso~;`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.

Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT:

`kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia dResao~;`naadri Svili patronsa, nagvianebi – batonsa~;`aafrine alaliao, rac ar ari, ar ario~;`rac mogiva daviTao, yvela Seni TaviTao~ da sxva.

327

Sairis naxevartaepia:

`erTi dro Citsac ki aqvso~;`sxva sxvis omSi brZeniao~...

aTmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: viri sxvisao, saxre tyisao~.12-marcvliani aseve Sinagani riTmiT: `iaffasisao – wveni

ZaRlisao~.andazebis korpusis zerele gadaxedvac gviCvenebs,

rom riTma ar aris andazis arsebiTi da aucilebeli niSani,magram sadac igi Cndeba, damatebiT eqspresiulobas ani-Webs teqsts. igive iTqmis aliteraciaze, fonetikuradmsgavsi sityvebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebaze, rac ar-cTu iSviaTia andazebSi – `madli matlad iqcao~, `aznauriWadsac ar Wams, moSivdeba – Wirsac momWams~, `kaci kaci-Tao, Robe qacviTao~, `roca xorci gavao, gavac dumad ga-vao~ (var. `visic gava gavao, kanWic gavad gavao~), `rac armergeba, ar Semergeba~ da sxva mravali.

paralelizmi andazis arsebiTi niSania. andazis sazri-si swored cnebaTa Tu realiaTa harmoniul an kontrastulparalelizmSi mdgomareobs. andazaSi `ramac gagaCina, imandagarCina~ gamCenisa da mfarvelis paralelizmia. `kaci Tugonieria, sofeli Ronieria~ (kaci – sofeli, goniereba –Roniereba), `kaci zRvas gadaurCa da cvarma daaRrCoo~(zRva – cvari, gadarCena – daRupva), `mTisa mecxvareshkiTxe, barisa – guTnisdedasao~, `momxvdurs damxvduricundao~, `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~ (warsuli – momavali),`rkinas mWedeli sWeds, ara uroo~ (iaraRi – mkeTebeli), ka-ci bWobda, RmerTi icinodao~ (kaci – RmerTi, bWoba –sicili) da mravali sxva.

moyvanil magaliTebSi paralelizmi da dapirispirebu-li wyvilebi zedapirze Cans. magram arsebobs mTeli wyebaandazebisa, sadac es aSkarad ar Cans, Sefarul-SeniRbulia,siRrmisken aris wasuli, andazis qvemo SreSi Zevs – iq arissaZiebel-aRmosaCeni. bevri andazis Zala swored am aRmo-Cenis efeqtzea damyarebuli. rac ufro Rrmad Zevs da Se-farulia dapirispireba, miT ufro metia andazis Zala daefeqti. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom andazis Tviseba daZala mis SefarulobaSia, andaza cdilobs Sefarulad ga-moTqvas azri. andaza igavuria, amdenad igi amarTlebs imganmartebas, sabas leqsikonSi rom aris mocemuli.

328

andaza, klasikuri gansazRvrebiT, Seicavs sibrZnes – bune-baze, cxovrebaze, samyaroze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebulcodnas, yvelafers, rasac adamiani, sazogadoeba gamocdile-bis Sedegad ganazogadebs. magram es ar aris sakmarisi. aucile-belia, magram arasakmarisi. andazaSi mTavari da gadamwyvetia,Tu rogor aris daculi da miwodebuli es sibrZne. andaza sib-rZnes igavurad, metaforulad, CaSifrulad inaxavs. teqsti,romelic zedapirulad atarebs codnas da pirdapir, deklara-ciulad gadascems mas, ver iandazebs.

magram codnac aris da codnac. andaziseul codnas sa-fuZvlad udevs siRrmiseuli, arqetipuli codna. anu an-dazaSi aSkarad mocemuli dapirispirebis safuZveli arqe-tipuli dapirispirebaa. arqetipuli, fundamenturi opo-zicia zurgs umagrebs saaSkaraoze gamotanil fenomenurda yofiT dapirispirebebs [ruseiSvili]. yoveli andaza av-lens romelime fundamentur, safuZvlismier, universa-lur opozicias. `andazis Tema aris ara sityva an raime az-ri an, Tundac adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sfero, ara-med dapirispirebul kategoriaTa invariantuli (ucvle-li) wyvili~ [permiakovi:105]. amaSi SegviZlia davrwmundeTnebismieri andazis magaliTze.

es dapirispirebebia: kargi – cudi, boroti –keTili, ze-mo – qvemo, axlobeli – Soreuli, Cveni – sxvisi, sasargeb-lo – usargeblo, simarTle– tyuili, SeCveuli–SeuCveveli, mTeli – nawili, Tavi – bolo, didi – mcire, ma-Rali – dabali, Zlieri – susti, axali – Zveli, naTeli –bneli, savse – carieli, swrafi – neli, bevri – cota, sityva(Tqma) – saqme (moqmedeba), cocxali – mkvdari, moyvare –mteri, cxadi – dafaruli, Seneba – ngreva da a.S. nebismieriandaza, Tu is namdvilad andazaa, Tavis safuZvelSi rome-lime wyvils usaTuod unda Seicavdes, magaliTad:

Zlieri – susti:`dedakacma gaiwia da cxra uRelma xarma ver Seamagrao~;`marTali kaci qvaze magariao~;

`Cveni –sxvisi~:

`sadac mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo~;`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.

kargi – cudi~:

`erTi mglisken, meore Txiskeno~;

329

`sasargeblo – usargeblo (fuWi)~:

`kodalav, Sen sul egre akakuneb, magram Seni gakeTe-buli xaratulebi vera vnaxeo~.

`mosalodneli – moulodneli~:

`mWle Waki lamaz kvics igebso~.

`SesaZlebeli – SeuZlebeli~:

`erTi wixliskvriT cixe ver daingrevao~.

`namdvili – moCvenebiTi~:

`erTi mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ver moiyvanso~.

`mizezi – Sedegi~:

`moxuci imas moimkis, rac siyrmiT dauTesiao~;`mama naxe, deda naxe, Svili ise gamonaxe~.

`cxadi – dafaruli~:

`mRvdeli WilofSi icnobao~.

`xanmokle – xangrZlivi~:

`niorma Tavis simyrale Svid wels Seinaxao~.

`drouli – gviani~:

`sanam pavle movidoda, petres tyavi gaaZvreso~;`sanam Tone cxelia, lavaSi Caakario~.

`absoluturi – relatiuri~:

`TagvisTvis katac lomiao~.

realuri – ararealuri:

`zecas wero mifrinavda, Zirs Samfursa Tlidneno~;`bavSvi ar dabadebula da abrams arqmevdneno~ da sxva.

es fundamenturi dapirispirebebi andazaSi xorcSesxmuliamravalgvarad, Tavad samyaros mravalferovnebis kvalobaze.marTalia, andazas safuZvlad udevs samyaros Sinagani (siRrmi-seuli) zogadi kanonzomierebani, arqetipuli azrobrivistruqturebi, magram isini andazebSi xatovnad, adamianuri yo-fis enazea gadaTargmnili. andaza aris arqetipul dapirispi-rebaTa verbaluri gamoxatulebis forma [ruseiSvili], an imave

330

avtoris ganmartebiT, `andaza gamoxatavs siRrmiseul arqeti-pul sibrZnes, romelic, Tavis mxriv, opoziciuri azrobrivistruqturis saxiT gamoixateba~. aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom Ta-vad samyaroa opoziciuri struqturis, ramac religiur sis-temaSic pova gamoZaxili (magaliTad, zoroastrizmi keTilisada borotisa, kargisa da cudis fundamentur opoziciazea da-fuZnebuli).

andaza, Tundac erTi winanadeba, erTi taepi, mxatvruli na-warmoebia. rogor arsebobs is, sad aris misi realizaciis sfe-ro? sxvagan arsad, Tu ara ama Tu im Seqmnil situaciaSi, rome-lic adamianisgan moiTxovs pasuxs. situacia, raime kolizia, iw-vevs andazas, romelic adamianis mexsierebaSia daculi. igi zus-tad da logikurad pasuxobs situacias, ar eqvemdebareba mtki-cebas, radgan Tavad aris raRacis mtkiceba. is aqsiomaa, mza lo-gikuri daskvnaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daskvna imdenia, ram-deni situaciis warmodgenac SeiZleba. TiToeul yofiT situa-cias Tavisi andaza aqvs momarjvebuli da yoveli andaza poten-ciurad Tavis Sesatyvis situacias gulisxmobs. situacias Ta-visi Sesatyvisi andazis molodini aqvs.

roca folkloris arsebiT niSnebze vlaparakobdiT, dava-saxeleT yofiToba, rogorc literaturisgan folkloris gan-masxvavebeli niSani. folklori yofaSi da yofisTvis Seiqmna.Sromis poezia Seiqmna SromiT yofaSi da sxvagan arsad srul-deba, Tu ara isev Sromis procesSi. andaza, romelic atarebsraRac sibrZnes, gamocdilebas, situaciam warmoSva da mxolodanalogiur situaciaSi amotivtivdeba, raTa misi Sefasebis, ver-diqtis dasmis, mxilebis Semdeg kvlav mexsierebis gamoucnobxveulebSi daibudos. da `sZinavs~ mas, vidre Sesaferi situaciakvlav ar gamoixmobs.

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., andazebis ritmuli wyoba(folkloris Teoria da istoria, qar-Tuli foklori VIII, 1979).

permiakovi: Ïåðìÿêîâ Ã.Ë., Î ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðå è ñîîòâåòñ-

òâóþùåé êëàññèôèêàöèè ïîñëîâè÷íûõ

èçðå÷åíèé (Ïàðåìèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñáîðíèê,

“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1978).

ruseiSvili: ruseiSvili m., andazis zogadi semantikurimodeli (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1999).

li

te

ra

tu

ra

folkloristikis

istoriidan

333

Znelia, folkloris Semswavleli disciplinis – fol-kloristikis warmoSobis zusti TariRis dadgena. ras da-vukavSiroT igi: terminis – folkloris Seqmnas (1846 w.)Tu ufro adreul xanas, roca Sotlandielma poetma, sko-lis maswavlebelma jeims makfersonma (1736-1796) 1765 welsgamoaqveyna leqsebi, romlebic me-3 saukunis irlandielbards (mgosans) osians miawera? makfersoni irwmuneboda,rom es simRerebi man geluridan (kelturi jgufis ena, ir-landiuris monaTesave) Targmna. teqstebma, romlebicxalxuri Semoqmedebis saxeliT iyo mowodebuli, didi STa-beWdileba datova inglisurenovan auditoriaze did bri-taneTsa da amerikaSi. osianis saxeli xalxuri poeziis sim-bolod iqca. mas gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen da Targmnid-nen evropul enebze. goeTem imdenad gaiTavisa osianis sim-Rerebi, rom germanul enaze Targmna isini da `axalgazrdaverTeris vnebanSi~ CarTo. ruseTSi osians Targmnidnen damis Temebze originalur leqs-simRerebs qmnidnen karam-zini, Jukovski, puSkini. osianis italiuri Targmani napo-leonis erT-erTi sayvareli wigni iyo, romelsac igi laS-qrobebSi Tan daatarebda.

osianis simRerebis gamoCena daemTxva evropaSi roman-tizmis aRmocenebis xanas. da Tumca maTi namdviloba mak-fersonis sicocxleSive eWvis qveS dadga, momdevno sau-kuneSi ki mistifikacia sabolood dadasturda, maT mniS-vnelovani roli Seasrules xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi in-teresis gaRvivebaSi: swored am mistifikaciam misca impul-si folkloruli teqstebis Sekrebas mTeli evropis mas-StabiT, ramac Tavis mxriv safuZveli daudo axal discip-linas – folkloristikas, romelic Tavdapirvelad `xal-xur siZveleebad~ (Popular antiquities) iwodeboda. miCneuliiyo, rom xalxuri leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi da sxvauxsovar warsulSi Seiqmna da xalxis xsovnam Tanamedro-veobamde Semoinaxa. romantizmma, romelic im epoqaSi fexsidgamda, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi noyieri sakvebi pova. war-

334

sulis idealizacia, bunebrioba, civilizaciisgan Seuxe-beli adamianis ideali – romantizmis am moTxovnebs savse-biT akmayofilebda xalxuri Semoqmedeba, romelic Tavi-sufali sulis gamovlinebad iqna aRqmuli. XVIII-XIX sauku-neTa mijnis SemoqmedTa TvalSi zepirsityviereba TavisiSeuzRudveli TavisuflebiT samwerlo (literaturul)Semoqmedebas daupirispirda, ufro metic: zepirsityvie-reba poeziis etaloni gaxda. germanel romantikosTaTvalsazrisiT, xalxuri poezia RvTivSTagonebulia. iakobgrimi (1785-1863), folkloristikis mamamTavari, wers:`xalxuri poezia ara mxolod anonimuria, aramed RvTaeb-rivi warmoSobis aris, rogorc ena da miTologia~. isiniimowmebdnen homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebs, sa-dac rafsodi (Zveli berZeni mgosani) STagonebisTvis mu-zas mimarTavs (`im kacze miambe, muzav...~; `mimRere, qal-RmerTo...~). maTi azriT, xalxuri poezia ibadeba aracno-bierad, riTac igi mistikur gamocxadebas uaxlovdeba; igiaris RvTaebrivis gamovlena adamianSi. iakob grimi werdaromantikos poets arnims: `Tu Sen gwams CemsaviT, rom re-ligia RvTebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegia da rom enis warmo-Sobac iseTive saswaulia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adami-anis gamonagons, isic unda iwamo da igrZno, rom Zveli po-eziac msgavsi warmoSobisaa~ [kokiara:241]. maT TvalSi siZ-vele xalxuri poeziis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli da prio-ritetuli niSania anonimurobasTan erTad: is, rac anoni-muria, mas wyarod RvTiuri STagoneba aqvs. yvelaze mniS-vnelovani iqmneba ara axla, TanamedroveobaSi, aramed Se-iqmna uSores warsulSi, kacobriobis siWabukeSi; warsul-Sia srulyofileba, iq aris samoTxe, edemis baRi, SeubRa-lavi buneba. germanel romantikos filosofoss iohan her-ders (1749-1803) xiblavda yvelaferi, rac iwyeboda pre-fiqsiT Ur (`winare~). xalxurSi igi xedavda yvelafers mSve-niers da gulwrfels, yvelafers `qalwulebrivs da WeSma-rits~. xalxuri poezia bunebis Svilia; romantikosebi gar-bodnen bunebisken da ewafebodnen xalxur poezias, ro-gorc daviwyebul da usamarTlod mitovebul wya-rosTvals. folkis arseboba warsulSia nagulvebi. herde-ris rwmeniT, `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi da Seuryvneli na-wili erisa, amitomac igi mowodebulia erovnuli sulis ga-mosaxatavad~. xalxuri poezia iseve bunebrivad, raime

335

Zaldatanebis gareSe amoizrdeba xalxis wiaRidan, rogorc,magaliTisTvis, askili, romelic, vardisgan gansxvavebiT,ar saWiroebs movla-patronobas, adamianis Carevas. xalxurleqss isini udarebdnen frinvels, romelic Tavisufle-bisTvis da ara galiisTvis aris Sobili. literatura tyvea,xalxuri Semoqmedeba Tavisufalia, yvaviliviT Tavisuf-lad ifurCqneba. iakob grimi xalxur simRerebs `CitebissimReras~ adarebs. xalxuri poezia aris bunebis xma da, ra-ki buneba erTia, amiT aixsneba xalxuri Semoqmedebis prin-cipuli erTgvaroba yvela xalxSi. iakobis Zma vilhelm gri-mi (1787-1859) werda: `poeziis RvTiuri suli erTnairia yve-la xalxSi da erTi wyaro aqvs yvelgan. amitomac aris, romCven yvelgan vawydebiT msgavsebas... idumali naTesaoba,romlis saerTo sawyisi dakargulia, gvafiqrebinebs maT sa-erTo warmomavlobaze...~

germaneli romantikosebi maT TanamedroveobaSi da-qucmacebuli germaniis erTianobas, saerTo germanulsuls, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi eZebdnen da poulobdnen. ami-tomac xalxuri leqs-simRerebis, Tqmulebebis (sagebis), mi-Tebisa Tu zRaprebis Segroveba mTeli germaniis masSta-biT erovnul movaleobad iqca. germanelma fokloristeb-ma xalxuri sityvierebis saxiT aRmoaCines saerTo-germanuli `CaZiruli~ kultura, romelsac fesvebi yvelagermanuli tomis saerTo warsulSi hqonda. germanuli to-mebi, garda sakuTriv germanelebisa (die Deutschen), mTelskandinavias (norvegielebi, danielebi, Svedebi) moicavs.germaneli folkloristebis ideam am erTianobis SesaxebgamoZaxili pova skandinaviur samyaroSi, sadac mniSvnelo-vani folkloristuli skola Camoyalibda, romelic gan-sakuTrebiT zRapris SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am proces-Si Caeba fineTic, romelmac aRmoaCina fineli sazogadoe-bisTvis eposi `kalevala~. `kalevalam~ fineli xalxi finu-ri sulisken miaxeda, am eposis didebulebam win wamoswiafinuri ena, romelsac ukiduresi daknineba emuqreboda; Tumanamde ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena Sveduri iyo, `kale-valas~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg finurma enam saerTo-saxalxostatusi moipova. amrigad, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xal-xuri kulturisadmi interesi erovnul interesebs gadae-jaWva. ara mxolod fineli xalxisTvis, romelmac, SeiZlebaiTqvas, xalxuri eposi `kalevala~ ZRvnad miiRo eqim elias

336

lenrotisgan, aramed kulturulad iseTi dawinaurebulixalxisTvisac, rogoric germanelebi arian, xalxuri sity-vierebis Zeglebis gamoqveyneba udidesi erovnuli mniS-vnelobis movlena iyo. Zmebma grimebma TavianTi publika-ciebiT magaliTi misces mTels evropas, SesZines ra xal-xur Semoqmedebas Rirseba, romelic manamde ugulebel-yofili iyo. ai maTi publikaciebi:

sabavSvo da saojaxo zRaprebi (1812);germanuli Tqmulebebi (1816);germanuli sagmiro Tqmulebebi (1829);germanuli miTologiis 2 tomi (1835, 1844).amave epoqaSi aRmoCnda, rom germanuli samyaro mona-

Tesavea induri samyarosi. indogermanulma Teoriam, ro-melsac mxedvelobaSi hqonda germanuli da Zveli induri(sanskriti, vedebis ena) enebis geneturi naTesaoba, axalihorizonti gadaSala fokloristikis winaSe. iseve ro-gorc erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan warmoiSvnen da gantot-dnen dedamiwis zurgze indogermanuli (Semdgom indoev-ropulis saxelwodebiT) dialeqtebi, aseve erTiani fol-kloridan warmoiSva am enebze molaparake xalxebis sity-viereba. dadgenil iqna bevri saerTo warmomavlobis siu-Jeti, motivi Tu miTologema. kerZod, Zmebi grimebi da sxvaromantikosi folkloristebi fiqrobdnen, rom sxvadas-xva indogermaneli xalxebis folklori – zRaprebi TuTqmulebebi – erTiani miTosis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva.Tumca es Teoria dRes gaziarebuli aRar aris (zRaparizRaparia, miTosi – miTosi da, Tumca maT saerTo motivebiaqvT, maTi warmoSoba da funqcia diametrulad gansxvave-bulia), mainc man stimuli misca zRapris, miTosisa da sxvaepikuri Janrebis Seswavlas.

SeniSvna. amomwurav cnobebs evropuli folkloristikis isto-riidan mkiTxveli ipovis kokiaras wignSi [kokiara 1960].

mivxedoT saqarTvelos, ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxrivim qveyanaSi, romelic Zvelis nangrevebze axal kulturasaSenebda: axali ena, axali literatura da, bolos, axalieri. gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropisa, saqarTveloSi xal-xuri SemoqmedebiT daintereseba romantizms an romanti-kul ganwyobilebebs ar dakavSirebia. verc aleqsandre Wa-vWavaZis, verc grigol orbelianis, verc nikoloz bara-TaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ver aRmovaCenT raime kvals, ro-

337

melic migvaniSnebda folklorTan kavSirze an misadmi in-teresze. SemkreblobiT saqmianobaze maTi mxriv xom zed-metia laparaki. arc erovnuli idea yofila stimuli imi-saTvis, rom XIX s-is pirveli naxevris moRvaweebs xalxurikulturisken gaexedaT, raTa sazrdo miecaT TavianTi Se-moqmedebisTvis. qarTulma romantizmma gverdi auara xal-xur stiqias, veraviTari gemo ver pova masSi. am anomaliis(Tu es anomaliaa) axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT – es Cveni kul-turuli politikis Taviseburebaa.

qarTuli folkloristikis saTaveebTan dganan ara roman-tikosebi, arc poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, ara-med iseTi eruditebi (filosofosi, meistorie, RvTismetyve-li, eTnografi...), rogorebic iyvnen platon ioseliani (1809-1875), mravalmxrivi interesebis mecnieri, ruseTis akademiiswevri Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), mwerali Tu publicis-ti aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani (1802-1869). maTi ricxvi,vinc sagangebod interesdeboda xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, ZalzeSezRudulia. arc maTi folkloristuli memkvidreobaa uxvi.Teimuraz bagrationis arqivSi daculia `imeruli zRapari~ da`saero leqsebi~ (`saero~ aq, rogorc Cans, xalxurs niSnavs). esaris da es. platon ioselians darCa xelnawerebad `gamocanebiqarTulni~ da `andazebi da gamocanebi~. rac Seexeba aleqsan-dre orbelians, mas ekuTvnis pirveli cda xalxuri leqs-simRe-rebis Janruli klasifikaciisa, rasac sagangebo narkvevi miuZR-vna saTauriT `iverianelebis galoba, simRera, RiRini~, rome-lic, T. jagodniSvilis TvalsazrisiT, `qarTuli romantikulifolkloristikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samecniero gamok-vlevaa~ [jagodniSvili: 326]. es marTlac asea, Tumca eWvs iwvevssityva `yvelaze~, ramdenadac romantikosTa sxva gamokvleva,Tundac masze nakleb mniSvnelovanic ki CvenTvis ucnobia. mag-ram namdvilad romantikulia al. orbelianis erTi fraza, ro-melic dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: `im uwindels Cvens ba-tonymobas... axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed romdaerTos da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai, zeciuricxovreba qveyanaze gadmovlenilio~. am sityvebis qveS dRevan-del ideologs xelis mowera ar gauWirdeboda.

momdevno epoqaSi folklorisadmi interesi da fol-kloristuli saqmianobis nayofierebac da tempic sag-rZnoblad momatebulia. iwyeba gaazrebuli intensiuri Sem-kreblobiTi saqmianoba, Sekrebili masalebi ibeWdeba pe-

338

riodul gamocemebSi, romelTa saTaveSi dgas Jurnali`ciskari~ (1852-1853, 1857-1875) da rusulenovani Jurnali“Êàâêàç” (1846-1918), sadac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoqveynda ami-ranis eposis pirveli Canaweri. fasdaudebeli samsaxurigauwia folkloristikas gazeTebma `iveriam~ (1877-1885),`droebam (1866-1885), `mwyemsma~ (1883-1910), romlebic sis-tematurad beWdavdnen mopovebul xalxur teqstebs dapropagandasac uwevdnen am saqmianobas. akaki wereTlis da-arsebul `akakis krebulSi~ (1897-1900) sagangebo rubrikaiyo daTmobili zepirsityvieri teqstebisTvis. XIX s-isTiTqmis yvela Jurnali Tu gazeTi Tavis adgils uTmobdazepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. arsebobs maTi anotirebulibibliografia [virsalaZe 1973]. yvela Janris uxvi fol-kloruli masala dagrovda wlebis ganmavlobaSi ÑÌÎÌÏÊ-is (“Ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ìåñòíîñòåé è ïëåìåíÊàâêàçà”, Òèôëèñ, 1881-1915) furclebze. Tu raoden mdidarda unikalur masalas Seicavs es krebulebi, kargad Cans ano-tirebul bibliografiaSi [arjevaniZe].

miuxedavad publikaciebis siuxvisa, XIX s-is bolosTvis xal-xuri poeziis erTaderTi krebuli (xizaniSvili 1889) arsebob-da. iseT daucxromel moRvawes da profesionals folkorissferoSi, rogoric petre umikaSvili (1838-1804) iyo, arc ki uc-dia im zRva masalis calke wignad gamoqveyneba, romelsac igikrebda mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, zogs Tavisi xeliT, zogskorespondentebis meSveobiT (erT-erTi maTgani Tavad iliaWavWavaZe iyo). umikaSvilis folkloristuli memkvidreoba,isic mxolod poeturi nawili, misi sikvdilidan 35 wlis Semdeggamoaqveyna misma umcrosma megobarma filipe gogiCaiSvilma[umikaSvili 1938], xolo 1964 wels m. Ciqovanma oTx wignad ga-mosca ukve prozaul teqstebsa da mis folkoristul nawereb-Tan erTad [umikaSvili 1964]. rac p. umikaSvilma Tavis sicocx-leSi gamoaqveyna, es aris `eTeriani~, `arsenas leqsi~ da `anda-zebi~ (1876). rogorc Tavis adgilze aRiniSna, imxanad p. umikaS-vili erTaderTi iyo, romelic flobda folkloruli masalisCaweris teqnikas da, amave dros, gaazrebuli hqonda xalxurisityvierebis specifika, rac kargad Cans misi am sityvebidan:

`poezia ukvdavia, Tumca imisi nawarmoebi dRes erTiferisaa, xval meore feris; dro scvlis am fers da ami-tom ramdenadac male moeswreba Sekreba poeziis nawar-

339

moebisa, imdenad Zvirfasi iqneba es masala mecnierebisada mwerlobisaTvis, magram moswreba imas ki ara niSnavs,rom viTomda sul rac xalxSi poeziis nawarmoebia, imisierTxel Sekreba SeiZlebodes damTavrebiT da gasaTaveb-lad, rom imaze metis Sekreba aRar SeiZlebodes. ara, mos-wrebas is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom rac dRes xalxSi tri-alebs, dResve sisruliT iyos Sekrebili, amitom, romxval an Seicvleba, an sxva axali gamoCndeba da Zveli ga-davardeba, daviwyebuli iqneba~ [umikaSvili IV: 236].

nayofieri iyo Tedo razikaSvilis SemkreblobiTi aq-tivoba, igi folklorul teqstebs ZiriTadad qarTl-ka-xeTSi, TuSeTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi krebda. mis mier mopo-vebuli poeturi teqstebis didi nawili (1306 erTeuli)krebul `Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (1914) daibeWda, ganmeorebiT1953 wels [razikaSvili 1953], oRond mxolod fSauri leq-sebi, xevsuruli poeturi masala akaki SaniZem Tavis kre-bulSi dabeWda [SaniZe 1931]. samwuxarod, mis Canawerebs araxlavs pasporti (Camweris vinaoba, adgili, dro), samagie-rod aRWurvilia metad mniSvnelovani leqsikuri da eT-nografiuli xasiaTis komentarebiT. Tavis sicocxleSi,1909 wels razikaSvilma zRaprebis ori tomi gamosca, ro-melic 1951-1952 wlebSi meored gamoica.

maT Soris, visac XIX s-Si, roca folkloristika axalfexad-gmuli iyo, qarTuli folkloris Sesaxeb Teoriuli azri gamo-uTqvams, iyo literaturis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari aleq-sandre xaxanaSvili, romelmac Tavis wignSi `qarTuli sityvie-rebis istoria~ [xaxanaSvili 1904] didi adgili dauTmo xalxurisityvierebis mimoxilvas da analizs.

pirveli, vinc scada Seeqmna xalxuri sityvierebis kur-si, vasil barnovi iyo. 1919 wels man calke wignad gamoaq-veyna `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, ro-melic mogvianebiT mis aTtomeulSi daibeWda [barnovi X:168-278]. mas mkafiod da lakoniurad aqvs Camoyalibebulifokloruli Semoqmedebis dedaarsi:

`zepirgadmocemul ubir nawarmoebSi mTeli xalxiiRebs monawileobas: eris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoT-qvams romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdebamsmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba erTi adgilidanmeore adgils, erTi Temidan meore TemSi, moefineba mTel

340

xalxs da SemdegSi gadadis erTi Taobidan meore Taoba-ze. pirvelad naTqvams Semdeg mTqmelTagan TandaTanemateba axali sityva, axali saxe Tu ambavi, adgilisa dagaremoebaTa mixedviT fers icvlis da ifurCqneba. de-daazri da umTavresi saxeebi ki winandelebive rCebian.amnairad, saxalxo nawarmoebi mTeli eris RvawliT arisSeqmnili. pirveli mTqmelis pirovneba aRara sCans imaSi,is SeerTebulia xalxis pirovnebasTan, STanTqmulia imaSi~

[barnovi X: 169].

XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi vaxtang kotetiSvilis (1893-1938)meoxebiT folkloris Semswavleli mecniereba axal do-neze adis. Tumca mas ar dascalda Tavisi Semoqmedebis gaS-la am dargSi, mis mier Sedgenilma masStaburma programamver Seisxa xorci, magram mis Semdeg sauniversiteto ga-naTlebaSi xalxuri sityviereba myar adgils iWers. v. ko-tetiSvilis gamokvlevebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis xan-mokle manZilze Seiqmna, folkloris bevr sferos moicavs(poezia, dReobebi, eposi, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi, mwer-loba da folklori...). tragikul daRupvamde samiodewliT adre man gamosca xalxuri poeziis krebuli eqskur-sebiTa da saZieblebiTurT [kotetiSvili 1934]. iyo imedi,rom es `eqskursebi~ monografiebSi gadaizrdeboda, magram esar moxda. misma folkloristulma memkvidreobam mzis si-naTle ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg ixila [kotetiSvili 1967].

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetissistemaSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna folkloristikis Sem-dgomi ganviTarebisTvis. SemkreblobiT saqmianobasTan Sexa-mebiT, romelic tradiciulad prioritetuli iyo CvenSi, mim-dinareobda intensiuri kvleviTi muSaoba fokloristikis sxva-dasxva ubanze da sxvadasxva problemebze, monografiulad Se-iswavleboda calkeuli folkloruli Janrebi. mixeil Ciqovan-ma (1909-1983), romlis kvleva-ZiebiTi diapazoni Zalze farToiyo, mTavar Temad xalxuri epikuri Zeglebi airCia. mas ekuT-vnis `amiranianis~ [Ciqovani 1947], `eTerianis~ [eTeriani 1954],`tarielianis~ [Ciqovani 1937] CanawerTa korpusis gamocemebi.elene virsalaZis (1911-1977) mravalwliani kvleva samonadireofolkloris sferoSi monografiiT dagvirgvinda [virsalaZe1964]. qsenia sixaruliZem (1909-1976) Tavisi folkloristulikvleva-Ziebis prioritetad sagmiro da saistorio poezia gaixa-

341

da [sixaruliZe 1949, sixaruliZe 1961], Tamar oqroSiZem (1909-1979)– Sromis poezia [oqroSiZe 1963], aleqsandre Rlontma (1912-1999) – xalxuri novela [Rlonti 1989].

folkloristTa am da momdevno Taobis monawileobiTgasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamodis Tematuri Jur-nali `qarTuli folklori~ (bolo, me-17 tomi, 2002 welsdaibeWda). maTive saerTo ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxdagamocemuliyo xalxuri poeziis Tormettomeuli [qxp], ro-melmac poeturi folkloruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelo-vani nawili moicva.

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia“ÑÌÎÌÏÊ”-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTu-li xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa,`mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.

barnovi X: barnovi v., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT to-mad, t. 10, `literatura da xelovne-ba~, Tb., 1964.

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meoreseria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia daSeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelosssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb. 1954.

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe el., qarTuli samonadiro epo-si, mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.

virsalaZe 1973: virsalaZe el., zandukeli f., gogiCaiSvi-li m. qarTuli folkloris mokledanotirebuli bibliografia (1829-1901), wigni 1, mecniereba~, 1973.

kokiara 1960: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ. Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå,

Èçäàòåëüñòâî èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû,

Ìîñêâà, 1960.

kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, quTaisi,1934; me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi, 1961.

kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v., rCeuli nawerebi, sab-WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1967.

oqroSiZe: oqroSiZe T., qarTuli xalxuri Sromis poezia,saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis ga-momc., Tb, 1963.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

342

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, pirveli seria II,xalxuri leqsebi Tedo razikaSvilismier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaq-ciiT, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademi-is gamomc., Tb., 1953.

sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio sityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1949.

sixaruliZe 1961: qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityvie-reba, teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia,Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaru-liZisa, t. I-III, 1961-1964.

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, na-wili pirveli, leqsebi, andazebi, ga-mocanebi, redaqcia, biografia, wina-sityvaoba da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiS-vilisa, federacia, 1937.

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba I-IV,`literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.

umikaSvili IV: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV, li-teratura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.

Rlonti 1989: Rlonti al., qarTuli xalxuri novela, Tsu,Tb., 1989.

qxp: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, mecniereba~.SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsu-

ruli, `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~,tfilisi [1931].

Ciqovani 1937: Ciqovani m. xalxuri vefxis tyaosani, Tb., 1937.Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamo-

mcemloba, 1947.jagodniSvili: jagodniSvili T., qarTuli folkloris-

tikis istoria, Tsu, Tb., 2004.xaxanaSvili: xaxanaSvili a., qarTuli sityvierebis isto-

ria (uZvelesi droidgan me-XVII sauku-nis gasvlamde), tfilisi, 1904; ufrovrclad xalxuri masalis analizi war-modgenilia am wignis rusul dedanSi:Õàõàíîâ À. Î÷åðêè ïî èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé

ñëîâåñòíîñòè, âûï. 1, Ìîñêâà, 1895.

xizaniSvili 1889: xizaniSvili d., fSauri leqsebi, ive-riis~ redaqciis gamocema, 1889.

folkloris

bedi TanamedroveobaSi

345

rac unda vilaparakoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis calke-ul RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebze, romlebic Cvens droSi CvenTvalwin Seqmnila da iqmneba, es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas,rom imedianad SevxedoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis momavals.`calkeuli nimuSebi~ – ras niSnavs es? sityvasityviT imas,rasac Tavad es sityva `calkeuli~ niSnavs. misi Sinaarsisruliad ewinaaRmdegeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis im ga-gebas, razec zemoT iyo laparaki. poeziis (ara mxolod xal-xuris) mkiTxvel da damfasebel sazogadoebas kargad ax-sovs, rogori aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia ivane wiklaurisleqsis `ram damaberas~ gamoCenam estradaze da beWdurad.es leqsi iyo da aris didi niWis dasturi, romelic yovel-Tvis arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs xalxSi. magram ram-denad aris igi im xalxuri, `folkuri~ wiaRidan gamomava-li, saidanac yvela epoqaSi ikvebeboda xalxuri poezia? yve-laferi am leqsTan dakavSirebiT uflebas gvaZlevs vamtki-coT, rom is individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia. is rCe-ba calkeul nimuSad. magram folkloruli Semoqmedeba arSedgeba calkeul nimuSTagan, is erTiania da mTliani, ismTeli sistemaa. zemoT vaxseneT zepirsityvierebis niSnebsSoris yofiToba, romelic gulisxmobs folkloris wiaRadxalxis integralur yofas, saidanac amoizrdeba yoveli sa-xe da sfero misi Semoqmedebisa – saxlis Senebidan dawye-buli leqsis warmoTqmamde. am yofis Sesusteba da, bevrkuTxeSi, saerTod ararseboba, eWvqveS ayenebs folklo-rul Semoqmedebas, Tumca calkeuli gamovlinebebi cal-keul (am SemTxvevaSi, poeziis) sferoSi yovelTvis iqneba.leqsi Tu sxva ram unda trialebdes integralur yofaSi,sadac Seiqmna. am trials, rogorc wesi, variantebi mohyve-ba. saeWvoa, iseTi individualobiT aRbeWdil leqss, TiT-qmis poemas, rafsodias, rogoric aris `ram damabera~, va-riantebi gauCndes da im zomamde gaxalxurdes, rom misi av-toris saxeli daviwyebas mieces. es saxeli ukve qaRaldzeasaimedod dabeWdili.

346

ra niSnebia folkloruli Semoqmedebis rRvevis mauwy-ebeli?

pirvel rigSi, tradiciuli yofis moSla, roca sulie-ri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba ara naturalu-ri meurneobis principiT anu adgilze sakuTari SesaZleb-lobebiT, `soflidan~ gausvlelad, aramed soflis mimarTheterogenuli wyaros meSveobiT (presa, radio, televi-zia). sofelSi ara mxolod mWedlis (roca mWedlobis pro-duqtebi garedan Semodis), aramed mTqmelis arsebobaczedmeti xdeba. struqturis erTi romelime elementis ga-uqmebas meoris gauqmeba mosdevs, radgan xalxur tradi-ciul yofaSi yvela elementi erTmaneTTan organul kav-SirSia; roca soflis Sesakrebeli adgilebi (safixvno, sa-naxSo) `birJebad~ aris gadaqceuli da aRar xdeba tradi-ciuli codnis (sibrZnis lore-is) `lesva~, generireba da ga-dacema... roca gauqmebulia Tavad cneba tradiciuli cod-nisa, romelic Seadgens folkloris Sinaarss... roca mTli-anoba gafermkrTalebulia, misi nawilebis sisxlsavseobasaRar unda movelodeT.

tradiciuli folklori JanrTa sistemis saxiT arse-bobs, romelic ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo im droisTvis, ro-ca daiwyo misiT daintereseba da Cawera. da roca fol-klorze vlaparakobT, swored am sistemur erTianobasvgulisxmobT. ismis kiTxva: inaxavs Tu ara dRes, an SeuZ-lia Tu ara Seinaxos koleqtiur mexsierebas tradiciulifolklori mTeli misi Janruli mTlianobiT? folklorisfunqcionaluri poziciidan dRevandeli zepirsityviere-bis matrica sakmaod gaRaribebuli da, metic, alag-alag`gadRabnili~ Cans, bevri ujredi (Sromis, saqorwino poe-zia, xalxuri sanaxaobebi) carielia da arc aris imis mo-lodini, rom odesme Seivseba isini, an axlebi gaCndeba. arisTu ara amis SemZle xalxis yofa da mentaliteti? folklo-ris arsebobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi xalxis wiaRidan ga-mosuli niWieri adamianebi, aucilebelia xalxis iseTi wia-Ri (auditoria), romelsac SeeZleba mosmena, mosmenilisaRqma, misi ganmeoreba da gadacema Taobidan Taobamde.sxvagvarad, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rasac `niWieri Svili xalxi-sa~ (vasil barnovi) gamoTqvams, rogorc individualuriSemoqmedi, es misi eqskluziuri sakuTreba iqneba, es naT-qvami ganuyofeli iqneba misi pirovnebisgan, romelic rCe-

347

ba mis samudamo da erTaderT avtorad. avtoroba da avto-robis Segneba ki SeuTavsebelia folkloruli Semoqmede-bis principebTan.

SeniSvna. niSandoblivia, rom vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folklo-ruli rveulebis~ pirveli krebulis avtori ioseb baiaSvili, rome-lic xalxis wiaRidan gamosul araprofesional poetad aris CaT-vlili, Tavis Semoqmedebas swored profesionali individualuriSemoqmedis poziciebidan aRiqvams da afasebs. ai, ras wers igi Tavismokle avtobiografiaSi: gavida dro. mere TandaTan fanqari da qa-Raldi viSove da daviwye sakuTari leqsebis wera, magram esec Cem-Tvis saxifaTo gamodga. erTxel Zaan magrad mcemes leqsis gamoT-qmis gamo. erTxelac miCivles, leqsiT cili dagvwamao. winaaRmde-goba leqsebis gamo imTavidan amTavamdis Zalian bevri Semxvedria,magram Cemi erTad-erTi sisxlxorceuli saqme mainc leqsia~ [baiaS-vili: 20]. folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani sayo-velTao mowoneba da aRiarebaa. es amonaweri ki sawinaaRmdegos mow-mobs. amas garda, baiaSvili ara mxolod Tavisi xeliT wers Tavis leq-sebs, aramed saguldagulod aTariRebs TiToeul maTgans, gulmod-gined asrulebs ra poetis devizs: dro, dro aRniSne, moawere leqss,es weliwadi, dRe da saaTi!~

baiaSvili: vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveule-bi, krebuli I, ioseb baiaSvili, `mari-xi~, Tb., 1991.

li

te

ra

tu

ra

348

a

aarne anti amatus 111akaki wereTeli 22, 256, 324,

325, 338abaSiZe beJan 183, 195, 201`amirandarejaniani~ 67, 75,

117, 125, 127, 135, 183, 233aragvispireli Sio 256arnimi ldvig axim fon 17, 332

b

baiaSvili ioseb 347baraTaSvili nikoloz 336barnovi guram 177barnovi vasil 25, 188, 339,

346`baSi-aCuki~ 324benfei Teodor 113berdiaevi nikolai 139`beJaniani~ 155`bilinebi~ 75, 77biuxeri karl 247, 256, 258

g

gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe)223.

gadameri hans georg 121, 150`gilgameSiani~ 167gogiCaiSvili filipe 40, 342

goeTe iohan volfgang 333grimi vilhelm 18, 335grimi iakob 17, 334, 335

d

`daviT sasuneli~ 149, 151dastanebi 44, 75digenis akritasi 75, 119

e

evdoSvili irodion 256

v

vaJa-fSavela 32, 36, 57, 72,139, 290, 304

vergiliusi 296veselovski aleqsandr 218`vefxistyaosani~ 155, 174,

175, 233virsalaZe elene 340`visramiani~ 154vitgenStaini ludvig 24

z

zurabiSvili ilia 257

T

Teimuraz batoniSvili 337Tomsi uiliam 14, 37, 122, 259,

293

avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli

349

i`iakobis pirvelsaxareba~ 222ioseliani platon 337`irlandiuri sagebi~ 75`islandiuri sagebi~ 77`istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani~ 63, 64

k

`kako yaCaRi~ 180`kalevala~ 77, 335karamzini nikolai 333kotetiSvili vaxtang 340kotetiSvili vaxuSti 347krilovi ivan 97

l

leoniZe giorgi 256lamberti arqanjelo 243

m

makfersoni jeims 333mansika v.i. 217maCabeli n. 256`metamorfozebi~ 296

n

nati alfred 119naumani hans 39

o

ovidiusi 217orbeliani grigol 336osiani 333oqroSiZe Tamar 341

p

`panCatantra~ 113

paskali blez 143platoni 7, 150, 274, 310, 323, 337propi vladimir 23, 27, 43, 83,

85, 86, 90, 98, 118putilovi boris 27puSkini aleqsandr 333

J

Jukovski vasili 333

r

raglani ficroi riCardsomerset 119, 120, 124, 151

razikaSvili Tedo 261, 291,339

robaqiZe grigol 22, 99`rostomiani~ 155`rusudaniani~ 155

s

`sibrZne sicruisa~ 233sixaruliZe qsenia 61, 72, 341,

342sokrate 7, 8, 55solomon mefe 171, 300, 325

t

`tarieliani~ 155, 218`tristan da izolda~ 75

u

uTer hans iorg 111umikaSvili petre 35, 36, 157,

175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 192, 338

f

`fedrosi~ 9frizi ian de 119

350

q

`qebaTa qeba~ 168,172, 300`qilila da damana~ 113

R

Rlonti aleqsandre 341

y

`yaramaniani~ 75yifiani nikoloz 176

S

SaniZe akaki 271, 339SaraSiZe JorJ (giorgi) 137`SuSanikis martviloba~ 304

C

`Cemi sidi~ 76Ciqovani mixeil 116, 156, 340

w

wiklauri ivane 345

W

WavWavaZe aleqsandre 336WavWavaZe ilia 338

j

jagodniSvili Teimuraz 337jambakur-orbeliani

aleqsandre 49, 337

x

xaxanaSvili aleqsandre 339xenepi arnold van 39, 121xinTibiZe anton 179

h

hani georg fon 119haqsthauzeni avgust fon 176herderi iohan gotfrid 17homerosi 18, 22, 55, 167, 334hofman-kraieri eduard 38

gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani

maketi, dizaini da garekani Tina CirinaSvili

komp. uzrunvelyofa lali kurdRelaSvili

0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av.

www.press.tsu.ge (25-14-32)