i saertasoriso simpoziumi qartuli xelnaweri

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

qarTuli xelnaweri

I saerTaSoriso simpoziumi

moxsenebaTa Tezisebi

Tbilisi 2009

NatioNal CeNtre of MaNusCripts

1st international symposium

Georgian Manuscripts

abstracts of papers

tbilisi 2009

redaqtori

buba kudava

saredaqcio kolegia

zaza aleqsiZe, liana axobaZe, Tamar gegia, Salva gloveli,

Tamar oTxmezuri, Mmaia rafava, goCa saiTiZe, mzia surgulaZe,

mixeil qavTaria, lamara qajaia, mzeqala SaniZe, dali CitunaSvili,

nestan CxikvaZe, ariane Wanturia, lili xevsuriani, Temo jojua

I saerTaSoriso simpoziumi `qarTuli xelnaweri~ tardeba

saqarTvelos parlamentis patronaJiTa da

qarTvelologiis, humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis

fondis (rusTAavelis fondis) finansuri mxardaWeriT

ISBN 978-9941-9091-4-6© xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, 2009.

5

s a r C e v i

kodikologia-teqstologia

Tamar abulaZe

samecniero Sinaarsis qarTuli xelnawerebi da aRmosavluri kulturuli tradicia 23

cisana abulaZe

aRmosavleTmcodneTa kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi 25

xaTuna bainduraSvili

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi erTi muslimuri katexizmos Sesaxeb [P-387] 27

naira bepievi

osuri xelnawerebi da qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze Seqmnili osuri damwerloba 28

rusudan gvaramia, nana yanCaveli

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Sua aziis arabul xelnawerTa koleqcia (zogadi mimoxilva) 30

darejan gogaSvili

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi papirusebi (kodikologiuri analizi) 32

timoTi gruvi

sarke, romelic ar ireklavs (XVII saukunis qarTuli astronomiuli xelnaweri `saetlo xiromantia~ da otavio beltranos Almanacco Perpetuo, 1639) 34

nino doborjginiZe

„winabWe~ (prooivmion) da teqstis istoriis kvlevissakiTxebi Zvel qarTul filologiaSi 35

eka duRaSvili

iadgari – adrebizantiuri himnografiis amsaxveli Zegli 36

Tamaz (eqvTime) koWlamazaSvili

mravalTavis tipologiisaTvis 38

EdItor

Buba Kudava

EdItorIal Board

liana akhobadze, Zaza alexidze, dali Chitunashvili, Nestan Chkhikvadze, tamar Gegia, Shalva Gloveli, temo Jojua, lamara Kajaia, Mikheil Kavtaria, lili Khevsuriani, tamar otkhmezuri, Maia rapava, Gocha Saitidze, Mzekala Shanidze, Mzia Surguladze

1st International symposium GEorGIaN MaNUSCrIPtS will be held

UNdEr thE PatroNaGE of the georgian parliament aNd

thE fINaNCIal SUPPort of thE fUNd for KartvEloloGy, hUMaNItarIaN aNd SoCIal SCIENCES (rustaveli Foundation)

6 7

pol krego

wminda ninos xeldasxma da deda-diakonTa kurTxevis locvebi a-86 xelnaweris arqieretikonis mixedviT 39

irma makaraZe

arsen bulmaisimisZis iambikuri svinaqsari (struqtura, versifikacia, stili) 40

damana meliqiSvili

gelaTis skolis xelnawerebi da gelaTel mwignobarTa muSaobis stili 42

nino meliqiSvili

ioane oqropiris TxzulebaTa Semcveli krebuli `margaliti~ 43

nana mrevliSvili

eklesiastes mitrofane smirnelisa da olimpiodore aleqsandrielis ganmartebaTa wyaroebi da avtorobis versia 44

avTandil nikoleiSvili

galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri variantebi, rogorc masala avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa da poeturi stilis Sesaswavlad 45

Tamar oTxmezuri, qeTevan bezaraSvili

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris berZnuli koleqcia 47

maia rafava

legenduri gadmocemebi grigol nazianzelis Sesaxeb („vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebisa~ da ioane oqropiris „maTes Tavis saxarebis Targmanebis~ mixedviT) 49

liana samyuraSvili

X-XIII ss. qarTuli samedicino wignebi da maTi arabuli wyaroebi 50

sofio sarjvelaZe

axali masalebi xelnawerTa erovnuli centris hkoleqciaSi daculi oTxTavis nusxebis Sesaxeb 52

qeTevan tatiSvili

anton I kaTalikosiseuli sadResaswaulo 54

bernar utie

liturgikuli xasiaTis miTiTebebi ramdenime qarTul bibliur Zvel xelnawerSi 55

giorgi qavTaraZe

tore del grekos qarTuli xelnawerebi 57

lamara qajaia

xanmeti palimfsestebis Seswavlis istoria 58

Aalbert Ten-qeiTi

ioanes saxarebis teqstualuri mimarTeba qarTul leqcionarTan 60

nino qimeriZe, Tamar WumburiZe

germanuli xelnawerebi saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi 65

ciala qurcikiZe

Zveli aRTqmis wignTa qarTuli Targmanebis gamocemisa da Seswavlis istoriisTvis 66

irma yaraulaSvili

ratom Cndeba N/Sin-50-is siriel mamaTa cxovrebis uZveles redaqciaSi Taviseburi cnobebi edesis mandilionisa dahierapolisis keramidionis Sesaxeb? 68

lela SaTiriSvili, Tea qarTveliSvili

polemikuri Txzuleba `£seneba¡ sity¢sgebisa¡ da sasjelisa¡ SjulisaT¢s qristianeTa¡sa da sarkinozTa~ (istoriul-filologiuri analizi) 70

ramaz Sengelia, nani xelaia

medicinis istoriisa da bioeTikis departamenti 72

gaga SurRaia

tore del grekos bernarde neapoleliseuli xelnawerebi 74

dali CitunaSvili

venur xelnawerSi daculi `qeba¡Y qebaTa¡Y~ (teqstologiuri kvleva) 77

elene cagareiSvili

qarTuli armenologiis istoriidan 78

8 9

Tina ceraZe, lela xoferia

vaxuSti bagrationis galeqsili biblia (sankt-peterburgSi daculi avtografuli nusxis mixedviT) 80

zurab WumburiZe

svanuri umlautis kvali Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi 81

ana xaranauli

xelnaweris tipi da gamocemis forma (avtografisa da avtorizebuli xelnaweris gamocemis principebi gelaTis katenebiani bibliis xelnawerebis magaliTze) 83

lela xaCiZeLELLA LALLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

mcire formis sagaloblebi VIII-X saukuneebis bizantiur, qarTul da slavur himnografiaSi (`marxvanebis~ mixedviT)LA 85

viqtoria juReli

svimeon metafrastis svimeon mesvetis cxovrebis qarTuli teqstis mTargmnelis identifikaciisaTvis (efrem mciris kidev erTi Targmani) 86

wyaroTmcodneoba-diplomatika/ arqivTmcodneoba

bahram amirahmadiani

iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi dokumentebis safuZvelze 90

lia axalaZe

afxazeTis Weduri warwerebis paleografiuli Taviseburebani 92

hosein ahmadi

saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba saqarTvelos respublikis periodSi (1917-1922 ww.) 94

mixeil baxtaZe

`istoriani da azmanis~ teqstis erTi adgilis aRdgenis Sesaxeb 95

Tamar gogolaZe

oqonis jvarcmis istoriis xelnaweri wyaroebi 96

ia grigalaSvili

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi CanarTis teqstologiuri analizi 97

xaTuna TodaZe

ori monasteri – ori samyaro (msgavseba-gansxvavebani) 100

vladimer kekelia

ioane varZielis anderZis daTariRebisaTvis 102

buba kudava

kidev erTxel daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZis nayalbevobis Sesaxeb 103

hirotake maeda

giorgi saakaZis ajanyeba axali sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT 105

Tamar mesxi

`petriwonis wesdebis~ erTi bundovani monakveTis ganmartebisaTvis 106

paruir muradiani

daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriis qarTuli redaqciisa da misi somxuri Targmanis CanarTebis gagebisaTvis 108

irina nacvliSvili

biblia – xelnawerTa teqstis gamarTvisa da Sesworebis mniSvnelovani wyaro (`aswlovani matianis~ erTi epizodis gagebisaTvis) 109

pa a ta nac vliS vi li

ar gen ti nis qar Tu li emig ra ci is sa ar qi vo mem kvid re o ba 112

nikoloz oTinaSvili

qsnis saerisTavos eTnoistoriidan 114

qeTevan pavliaSvili

cnobebi ierusalimis rusul sasuliero misiaSi qarTveli samRvdeloebis monawileobis Sesaxeb (XIX s-is II naxevari) 116

goCa saiTiZe, eTer qavTaraZe

arqivTmcodneoba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (xelnawerTa institutSi) 118

10 11

valeri silogava

erTianobis xanis saqarTvelos kaTalikos- patriarqebis avtografuli xelrTvebi (XI-XV ss.) 120

mzia surgulaZe

qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (1959-2009 ww.) 121

tariel futkaraZe

bun Turqni: paleografiuli Secdoma, Turqulenovani xalxis aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi eTnonimi, kompaqturad dasaxlebuli ltolvili `Turqebi~ Tu `sastik warmarTTa~ aRmniSvneli metafora? 123

Tamar qoriZe

`mcneba¡ sasjulo¡~ da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos or – dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad gayofa (XV s-is 70-iani wlebi) 126

nodar Sengelia

saciciano 1728 wlis `Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTris~ mixedviT 128

Mmariam CxartiSvili, qeTevan mania

wm. ninos cxovrebis teqstis istoriisaTvis(epizodi `saswaulebi wyarosTan~) 129

marko jiolito

qarTveli politikosis irakli ciciSvilis portreti misi werilebisa da gamouqveynebeli naSromebis mixedviT 131

Temo jojua

qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebis siTarxnis gujris Tavdapirveli teqstis dadgenisaTvis (sabuTis gamcemisa da mimRebis vinaoba; dokumentis Sedgenis TariRi) 132

RvTismetyveleba/filosofia

TinaTin bolqvaZe aRmosavlur-qristianuli enobrivi tradiciis asaxva qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobasa da ilia WavWavaZis `sami RvTaebrivi saunjis~ TeoriaSi 136

nestan sulava

`samoseli pirveli~ da `tyavisa samoseli~ saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi 137

merab RaRaniZe

dava aTonisaTvis: qarTul-berZnuli dapirispireba (XIX-XX ss.) sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsawierSi 140

eka WyoiZe

xelisuflebasa da eklesias Soris brZolis anarekli qarTul da bizantiur hagiografiaSi 142

ramaz xalvaSi

wm. andria pirvelwodebulis misioneruli mogzaurobebi saqarTveloSi 144

kulturis kvlevebi

nino abakelia

zogierTi vegetaciuri da zoomorfuli gamosaxulebisa da simbolos mniSvnelobisaTvis qarTul uZveles xelnawerebSi 147

Mmaka elbaqiZe

Sua saukuneebis rainduli romani, rogorc kulturologiuri fenomeni 151

malxaz Toria

istoriuli narativis tipebi da Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba (paralelebi bizantiasa da medievalur evropasTan) 153

qeTevan kakitelaSvili

kulturis politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi: identobis formireba 155

marine cincabaZe

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi wm. qeTevan dedoflis saxelze Seqmnili miniatiurebi, Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ da qeTevan dedoflis `anbanTqeba~. 157

12 13

wignis xelovneba

nana beruCaSvili

mefe demetre II-is oqros kodeqsi 158

nana burWulaZe

XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTeba da xatwera bizantiuri xelovnebis konteqstSi 162

mMark Gguskini

edesis gamosaxuleba aTonis mTis xelnawerebSi 164

eTer ediSeraSvili

XVI-XVII saukuneebis mxatvrobis tendenciebi TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosnis~ miniatiurebSi 164

nana TargamaZe

sabiblioTeko saqme xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi 165

darejan kldiaSvili

ruseTis imperatrica ekaterine I-is da petre I-is feradi graviura xelnawerTaA erovnuli centris istoriuli dokumentebis fondidan 167

elene maWavariani

qarTul moxatul xelnawerTa Seswavlis istoria 169

lali osefaSvili

galobaTa ilustrirebis sakiTxi jruWis daviTnis miniatiurebSi 171

nikoloz JRenti, mixeil darjania

Zveli qarTuli xelnaweris SeqmnaSi saWiro iaraR-danadgarebis samganzomilebiani vizualizacia-rekonstruqcia sxvadasxva Zvel qarTul xelnawerze Sesrulebuli maxarebelTa miniatiurebis mixedviT 173

nino qavTaria

aTabagTa karis skriptoriumi XV-XVI saukuneebSi 174

Nlela qurdaZe

sagamofeno saqme xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (istoriuli aspeqti da Tanamedrove procesebi) 176

Nnana Cikvatia

Aanastasi sinelis `winamZRuarSi~ daculi erTi ikonografiuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb 177

nestan CxikvaZe, maia karanaZe

uZvelesi qarTuli ydebi svanuri koleqciidan 179

izolda WiWinaZe

vaSingtonis kongresis biblioTekis oTxTavis Sin.Ms.Gr 165-isa da moqvis saxarebis (Q-902)miniatiurebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis 181

digitalizacia/restavracia-konservacia

iost giperti

Zveli qarTuli palimfsestebis krebuli Codex vindobonensis georg. 2 da kavkasiuri albaneTis palimfsestebi sinasmTidan 182

ulrih zdeneki

cifruli biblioTeka `manuskriptoriumi~: evropuli da msoflios xelnawerebis erTianobisaken 182

vasil TargamaZe

digitalizaciis laborataria xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi 193

Jak sikri

safrangeTis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi qarTuli xelnaweris (Georg. 3) restavracia 200

lia sixaruliZe

xelnaweri wignis aRdgena-restavraciis irgvliv 203

maikl felfsi

palimfsestebis digitalizebis gamovlenili meTodebi 204

14 15

C o n t e n t

CodiCology-textual study

tamar abuladze Georgian Manuscripts of Scholarly Content and the oriental Cultural

tradition 21

tsisana abuladze the Main trends of research Conducted by orientalists at the National

Centre of Manuscripts 25

Khatuna baindurashvili on one Muslim Catechism Preserved at the National Centre of

Manuscripts 27

naira bepievi ossetic Manuscripts and ossetic Written language on the Basis of Georgian

alphabet 28

rusudan gvaramia, nana QanChaveli Middle asian Collection of arabic Manuscripts 30

darejan gogashvili Papyri Kept at the National Centre of Manuscripts 32

timothy p. grove TheMirrorThatDoesNotReflect:Saet’lo Xiromant’ia (a 17th Century

Georgian astronomical Manuscript) and the Almanacco Perpetuo ofottavio Beltrano (1639) 34

nino doborjginidze Tsinabche (“Introduction”) and Questions of historical Study in

old Georgian Philology 35

eKa dughashvili Iadgari–SourceReflectiveofEarlyByzantineHymnography 36

tamaz KoChlamazashvili toward the typology of the Mravaltavi 38

paul Crego the “ordination” of St. Nino, with reference to the Prayers for

Women deacons in the archieratikon of Manuscript a-86 39

irma maKaradze Iambic Synaxary of arsen Bulmaisimisdze 40

damana meliKishvili Manuscripts of the Gelati School and the Work Style of Gelati Scholars 42

nino meliKishvili the Collection Margaliti (“Pearl”) Containing Works of John Chrysostom 43

nana mrevlishvili the Sources and version of authorship of the Commentaries on Ecclesiastes

by Metrophanes of Smyrna and olympiodorus of alexandria 44

avtandil niKoleishvili textual analysis of Galaktion tabidze’s Works 45

tamar otKhmezuri, Ketevan bezarashvili the Greek Collection of the National Centre of Manuscripts 47

maia rapava legendary tradition about Gregory of Nazianzus (according to two Georgian

Manuscripts) 49

liana samQurashvili 10th-13th centuries Georgian Medical Books and their arabic Sources 50

sopio sarjveladze New Materials on the four Gospels Manuscripts Preserved in

Collection h of the National Centre of Manuscripts 52

Ketevan tatishvili Book of holy day readings of anton Catholicos 54

bernard outtier liturgical Indications in Some old Biblical Georgian Manuscripts 56

16 17

giorgi Kavtaradze Manuscripts of Bernardo of Naples 57

lamara Kajaia a history of research into the Khanmeti Palimpsests 58

albert tan-Kate TheTextualAffiliationoftheGospelofJohninaGeorgianLectionary 60

nino Kimeridze, tamar Chumburidze German Manuscripts at the National Centre of Manuscripts 65

tsiala KurtsiKidze towards the history of the Edition and Study of Georgian

translations of Books of the old testament 66

irma Qaraulashvili WhyDoSpecificReportsAppearinSin.Geo.N.50OldestRecensionof

Syrian fathers about the Mandylion of Edessa and the Ceramydion of hierapolis 68

lela shatirishvili, tea Kartvelishvili PolemicTreatise:“ConcerningtheDialogueandJudgmentInvolving

the faiths of the Christians and Saracens” (historical-Philological analysis) 70

ramaz shengelia, nana Khelaia Georgian Medical Manuscripts Cataloguization 72

gaga shurghaia torre del Greco’s Manuscripts of Bernardo of Naples 74

dali Chitunashvili “Song of Songs”, Preserved in a viennese Manuscript (textual Study) 77

elene tsagareishvili on the history of Georgian armenology 78

tina tseradze, lela Khoperia VakhushtiBagrationi’sVersifiedBible(accordingtotheautographic

manuscript preserved in St. Petersburg) 80

zurab Chumburidze a trace of Svan Umlaut in old Georgian Written literary texts 81

ana Kharanauli the type of Manuscript and the form of Edition 83

lela KhaChidze Small-Size hymns in 10th-11th cc. hymnography 85

viKtoria jugheli TowardstheIdentificationoftheTranslatoroftheGeorgianTextof

the “life of Symeon the Stylite” by Symeon Metaphrastes (one More translation by Eprem Mtsire) 86

sourCe study-diplomatiCs/ arChival studies

bahram amirahmadian Iranian-Georgian relations on the Basis of documents 90

lia aKhaladze Paleographic Peculiarities of abkhazian Chased Inscriptions 92

hossein ahmadi Political Conditions of Georgia under the Georgian republic

from 1917 to 1922 94

miKheil baKhtadze on the reconstruction of one Passage in the text of the Istoriani da Azmani

(“histories and Eulogies”) 95

tamar gogoladze ManuscriptSourcesoftheHistoryoftheOkonaIconandCrucifix 96

ia grigalashvili textual analysis of one Interpolation of the Kartlis Tskhovreba 97

Khatuna todadze two Monasteries – two Universes (likeness and differences) 100

vladimer KeKelia the testament of Ioane vardzieli 102

buba Kudava once again about the Spuriousness of david the Builder’s testament 103

18 19

hirotaKe maeda TheRevoltofGiorgiSaakadze:Fromtheaccountofanewlydiscovered

Persian source 105

tamar mesKhi towards the Interpretatioan of one obscure Section of

the “Petritsoni typicon” 106

paruir muradyan towards Understanding the Interpolations of the Georgian recension and its

armenian translation of the history of david the Builder 108

irina natsvlishvili TheBible:anImportantSourceforRepairingand

Correcting Manuscript texts 109

paata natsvlishvili the archival legacy of the Georgian Emigration in the argentine 112

niKoloz otinashvili on the Ethnohistory of the Eristavate of Ksani 114

Ketevan pavliashvili Information about the Participation of Georgian Clergy in the Jerusalem

russian Ecclesiastic Mission (second half of the 19th c.) 116

goCha saitidze, eter Kavtaradze archival Studies at the National Centre of Manuscripts 118

valeri silogava the autographic Signatures of the Georgian Catholicos-Patriarchs of

the Period of Unity (11th-15th cc.) 120

mzia surguladze Georgian Source Study at the National Centre of Manuscripts in 1959-2009 121

tariel putKaradze Bun-Türks:PaleographicError,OneoftheOldestEthnonymsDesignating

a turkish-language People, Compactly Settled refugee “turks” or a Metaphor denoting “ruthless heathens” 123

tamar Koridze

Mtsnebai Sasjuloi and the Splitting of the Georgian Patriarchate intoTwoParts:WesternandEastern(the1470s) 126

nodar shengelia Satsitsiano according to the 1728 Grand defter of tbilisi vilayet 128

mariam ChKhartishvili, Ketevan mania towards the history of the life of St. Nino (an episode –

“miracles near spring”) 129

marCo giolitto a Portrait of the Georgian Politician Irakli tsitsishvili through his letters

and his (Unpublished) Papers 131

temo jojua towards Establishing the original text of the deed Exempting the Catholicos

Estates of Kartli and Kakheti from taxes (the Identities of the Issuer and receiver of the deed; the date of the drawing up of the document) 132

theology/philosophy

tinatin bolKvadze ReflectionoftheEasternChristianLanguageTraditioninGeorgian

hagiographic Writings and in Ilia Chavchavadze’s theory of “three divine treasures” 136

nestan sulava Samoseli Pirveli (“first Garment”) and Tqavisa Samoseli

(“leather Garment”) in theological literature 137

merab ghaghanidze TheDisputeoverAthos:Georgian-GreekConfrontation(19th-20th cc.)

in Public awareness 140

eKa ChQoidze AReflectionoftheStruggleBetweentheAuthoritiesand

the Church in Georgian and Byzantine hagiography 142

ramaz Khalvashi Missionary travels of St. andrew the first-Called in Georgia 144

20 21

Cultural studies

nino abaKelia on the Meaning of Some vegetation and Zoomorphic Images and Symbols

in old Georgian Manuscripts 147

maKa elbaKidze the Medieval romance of Chivalry as a Culturological Phenomenon 151

malKhaz toria types of historical Narrative and Georgian historical thought of

the Middle ages (Parallels with Byzantium and Medieval Europe) 153

Ketevan KaKitelashvili CulturePolicyinMedievalGeorgia:FormulationofIdentity 155

marine tsintsabadze Miniatures Created on Behalf of the holy Queen Ketevan, teimuraz I’s

“Martyrdom of Queen Ketevan” and “acrostic on Queen Ketevan” – all preserved at the National Centre of Manuscripts 157

booK art

nana beruChashivi the Gold Codex of King demetre II 158

nana burChuladze the Illustration and Icon-painting of 11th-13th cc. Georgian Manuscripts

in the Context of Byzantine art 162

marK gusCin the Image of Edessa in Manuscripts on Mount athos 164

eter edisherashvili trends of 16th-17th Centuries Paintings in tavakarashvili’s Miniatures of

“the Man in the Panther’s Skin” 164

nana targamadze librarianship at the National Centre of Manuscripts 165

darejan Kldiashvili Colour Engraving of Peter the Great and the Empress Catherine (from

the fonds of historical documents of the National Centre of Manuscripts) 167

elene maChavariani history of the Study of Georgian Illumined Manuscripts 169

lali osepashvili the Question of Illustrating the hymns of the Miniatures of

the Jruchi Psalter 171

niKoloz zhgenti, miKheil darjania three-dimensional visualization-reconstruction of tools of

old Georgian Manuscript (according to manuscripts miniatures) 173

nino Kavtaria the Scriptorium of the atabag Court in 15th-16th Centuries 174

lela Kurdadze Exhibition Work at the National Centre of Manuscripts (historical aspect

and current processes) 176

nana ChiKvatia about one Iconographic Image found in the Tsinamdzghvari (“abbot”)

of anastasius of Sinai 177

nestan ChKhiKvadze, maia Karanadze oldest Georgian Covers from the Svan Collection 179

izolda ChiChinadze towards the Interrelationship of the Miniatures of the Washington library of

Congress four Gospels Sin. Ms.Gr 165 and the Mokvi Gospel (Q-902) 181

digitalization/ restoration-Conservation

jost gippert New Prospects in the Study of old Georgian Palimpsests 182

Zdeněk Uhlíř ManuscriptoriumDigitalLibrary:anAggregatoroftheEuropeanandWorld

Manuscripts 172

vasil targamadze digitalization laboratory at the National Centre of Manuscripts 193

23

jaCQues siCre restoration of a Georgian Manuscript (Georg. 3) Preserved

at the Bibliothece Nationale of France 195

lia siKharulidze around the reconstruction-restoration of Manuscript Books 203

miChael phelps Emerging Methods for the digitalization of Palimpsests 204 Tamar abulaZe

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

samecniero Sinaarsis qarTuli xelnawerebi da aRmosavluri kulturuli tradicia

1. Sua saukuneebis mecniereba am periodSi Seqmnili `kompleq-

suri civilizaciis~ ganuyofeli, progresuli da dinamikuri

nawilia. am periodSi mecnieruli azris mTavari biZgi da um-

Tavresi miRwevac empirizmisa da eqsperimentuli sulis damkvi-

drebaa, rac upirvelesad muslimuri aRmosavleTis `oqros xa-

nas~, muslimi mecnierebis fuZemdeblur naSromebs ukavSirdeba.

2. Sua saukuneebis periodis qarTuli mecniereba emyare-

boda mravalsaukunovan erovnul tradicias da Semoqmedebi-

Tad iTvisebda elinur-bizantiur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa

miRwevebs. man moicva, SeiTvisa da Semoinaxa mecnieruli azris

ganviTarebis yvela ZiriTadi, saetapo mniSvnelobis faqti da

asaxa dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa Serwymisa da urT-

ierTgamdidrebis Sedegebi.

3. am periodis qarTuli Targmanebi da gadamuSavebebi gane-

kuTvneba mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

sparsul wyaroebs, cnobili aRmosavleli swavlulebis Sromebs,

im periodSi miRebul aRmosavlur sqemebs ukavSirdeba. isini

Semdeg dargebs ganekuTvnebian: astronomia/astrologia, kos-

mogonia da kalendaruli masala; medicina/biologia/farmacev-

tika; qimia, fizika, maTematika; mineralogia, geologia; geogra-

fia.

4. samecniero Sinaarsis Txzulebebis Semcveli qarTuli

xelnaweri krebulebi tipologiurad ase davajgufeT: samec-

kodikologia-teqstologia

24 25

niero cnobaTa krebulebi: Tematurad mravalferovani, gaer-

Tianebuli krebulebi – e.w. `samagido wignebi~, romlebic Sei-

cavs, erTi SexedviT, SeuTavsebad masalas rogorc Sinaarsobri-

vi TvalsazrisiT, ise warmomavlobis mxriv (amvrosi nekreselis

krebuli, yanCaeTis Jamn-gulani, kurTxevani) da sxvadasxva saxis

saxelmZRvaneloebi.

5. qarTuli da sparsuli samecniero Sinaarsis krebulebisa

da calkeuli Txzulebebis paralelurma Seswavlam enobrivi

TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebeli gaxada Sua saukuneebSi Sesrulebu-

li qarTuli Targmanebisa da gadamuSavebebis sparsul wyaroe-

bTan uSualo mimarTebis dadgena: gamovlinda asadi tuselis

`strolabis~, uluR-begis `zijis~ vaxtang VI-is mier Sesrule-

buli Targmanebis, mis stambaSi gamocemuli `qmnulebis cod-

nis~, daviT bagrationis `iadigar daudis~ sparsuli origina-

lebi; agreTve qarTuli mineralogiuri Sinaarsis Txzulebis

`TualTa¡s~ pirveladi aRmosavluri sqema, romelic fsevdo-

aristoteles `qvaTa wigns~ ukavSirdeba.

6. qarTuli samecniero Targmanebi da gadamuSavebebi Sei-

cavs mdidar masalas qarTul-aRmosavluri enobrivi urTier-

Tobebis, leqsikur-terminologiur mimarTebaTa kvlevis kuTx-

iT. qarTveli mwignobrebi samecniero Targmanebsa da krebu-

lebs urTaven specialur leqsikonebs, ganmartebebs, romlebsac

mkveTrad gamoxatuli praqtikul-saganmanaTleblo mizandasax-

uloba aqvs. isini asaxaven konkretuli periodis saliteraturo

enis suraTsa da aRmosavlurenovani masalis mTargmnelTa da

gardamTqmelTa wvlils qarTuli samecniero enis Seqmnisa da

gamdidrebis saqmeSi.

cisana abulaZe


aRmosavleTmcodneTa kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia 1500-mde arabuli,

773 sparsuli, 350 Txzulebis Semcveli 275 Turqulenovani, 38

ebrauli, 4 siriuli, erTi eTiopuri da erTic monRoluri xel-

naweri wigni. aqvea 510 sparsuli, 319 arabuli da 300 osmaluri

sabuTi. institutis ZiriTadi Tematikis Sesabamisad, aq daculi

masalebis gamovlenisa da samecniero brunvaSi Setanis mizniT

institutis daarsebisTanave daiwyes muSaoba c. abulaZem, r.

gvaramiam, m. mamacaSvilma, l. mamuliam da n. yanCavelma; 80-iani

wlebidan maT SeuerTdnen m. maisuraZe, l. samyuraSvili da m.

iluriZe.

1. xelnawerTa aRwerisa da katalogizaciis sagangebod aR-

mosavluri xelnawerebisaTvis SemuSavebuli meTodebiT Seudga

pirveli Taoba aRmosavluri xelnawerebis aRwerasa da kata-

logebis Sedgenas. amis Sedegad 1969 wels gamovida K koleqciis

arabuli, Turquli da sparsuli xelnawerebis katalogi, 1977

wels – Sua aziis sparsuli xelnawerebis, 1978 wels – adgilo-

brivi koleqciis arabuli xelnawerebisa, nakv. I da 2002 wels II

nakveTi – daRestnuri qvekoleqcia. 2004 wels gamovida samive

koleqciis Turqulenovan xelnawerTa erTiani katalogi. gamo-

sacemad mzadaa adgilobrivi koleqciis sparsuli xelnawerebi-

sa da Suaaziuri koleqciis arabuli xelnawerebis katalogebic.

Sedgenilia dokumentebis katalogebi, romlebsac msurveli

gaecnoba xelnawerTa erovnuli centris samkiTxvelo darbazSi.

2. samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semosulia saqarTvelos istoriis

aRmosavluri wyaroebi, kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qvey-

nebTan saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri urTierTobis am-

saxveli dokumenturi da naratiuli Zeglebi. masala sruladaa

gamovlenili adgilze da moZiebulia evropisa Tu aziis siZve-

leTsacavebSi. gamocemulia originalis teqsti, nusxebis gaT-

26 27

valiswinebiT, qarTuli TargmaniTa da komentarebiT; gansaz-

Rvrulia masalis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Rirebuleba. dokumentur

wyaros erTvis faqsimilec.

3. mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa arabul-siriuli da sparsu-

li enebidan qarTulad Targmnili sasuliero da saero mwer-

lobis nimuSebis Seswavla: wyaros dadgena, originalTan Targ-

manis identuroba, Targmanis mxatvruli Rirebuleba, dednis

aRdgenisa da Seswavlis saqmeSi qarTuli versiis mniSvneloba,

Targmanis Seqmnis adgilis – skriptoriumebisa Tu samwignobro

kerebis roli saqarTvelos kulturul-istoriul yofaSi; qar-

Tul TargmanTan erTad originalis publikacia.

4. axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis sabunebismetyvelo da sa-

medicino dargebisadmi qarTvelTa interesi dadasturda XIII-

XVIII ss-is TargmanebiT: astronomiaSi, astrologiaSi, maTema-

tikasa da qimiaSi sparsulidan, samedicino wignebisa da karaba-

dinebisa ki – arabulidan.

5. calke kvleviT mimarTulebad warmoCnda qarTul-aRmosav-

luri enobrivi kontaqtebi, kerZod, gamovlena da dadgena qa-

rTulSi sparsuli leqsikuri erTeulebis saero literaturis

ZeglebSi, arabizmebisa samedicino wignebSi, sakuTriv Turquli

da Turquli enis gziT arabul-sparsuli sityvebis damkvidreba

qarTul saliteraturo da sasaubro enaSi.

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris aRmosavleTmcodneebi, Ziri-

Tad problematikasTan erTad, TanamedroveT acnoben TavianTi

maswavleblebis – Pel. metrevelis, qr. SaraSiZis, il. abulaZis,

s. jiqias, g. wereTlis da a. S. pirovnul xibls, samecniero da

sazogadoebriv-pedagogiuri moRvaweobis faqtebs. amuSaveben

cnobil mecnierTa da sazogado moRvaweTa xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi dacul pirad arqivebs.

xaTuna bainduraSvili


xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi erTi muslimuri katexizmos Sesaxeb [P-387]

islamis mimdinareobebisa da muslimuri mazhabebis arsebo-

bas saqarTveloSi mravali saukunis istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTSi

Tbilisi iTvleboda erT-erT TvalsaCino muslimur-Teologiur

centrad, rasac adasturebs aT-Tiflisis nisbiT cnobili mus-

limi RvTismetyvelebis arseboba da maTi avtoriteti islamuri

samyarosaTvis.

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi SifriT P-387 daculia xel-

naweri, romelic islamis Siitur moZRvrebas ekuTvnis. misi da-

werisa da saxelmZRvanelod Camoyalibebis dro emTxveva iranSi

ismail I-is (1501-1524 ww.) mier Siizmis saxelmwifo religiad

gamocxadebas. ismails daekisra Seixis religiuri misia, rac

dapyrobil teritoriebze islamis gavrcelebas gulisxmobda.

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris sparsul fondSi daculi

muslimuri (aq: sparsuli) katexizmoebis urTierTSedarebisas

irkveva, rom maTi dasawyisi da mTlianad TxzulebaTa struqtu-

ra erTmaneTs emTxveva.

xelnaweri P-387 Sedgeba 12 gverdisagan. rogorc xelnaweris

aRwerilobidan vigebT (k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa in-

stitutis sparsul xelnawerTa katalogi (AaC koleqcia), Sead-

gina m. mamacaSvilma, Tb., 1977, gv. 72), igi unda warmoadgendes

XVI-XVII saukuneebis didi muslimuri xelnaweris fragments.

aRniSnuli xelnaweri xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul

muslimur katexizmoTa Soris yvelaze adreuli Cans.

P-387 xelnawers (da aramarto mas) aRwerilobaSi ewodeba

`muslimuri katexizmo~, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom katexizmos

– am qristianuli terminis – arabuli Sesatyvisia `Ta’ lim Se-

fahi~. xolo sparsulad am kategoriis muslimur xelnawerebs

xSir SemTxvevaSi `Cahar fasl~-i (sityvasityviT `weliwadis

28 29

oTxi dro~) an `mohemaT-e al moslemin~-i (muslimisaTvis au-

cilebeli, ZiriTadi) ewodeba.

aRniSnuli sparsuli xelnaweri sainteresoa Semdegi Tval-

sazrisiT: igi iZleva SeZlebisdagvarad detalur informacias

muslimuri moZRvrebis Sesaxeb; axsnilia imanis, namazis, moha-

ramis, dasunaTebis, haramisa da halalis, SariaTisa da a.S. arsi

da mniSvneloba; mTeli wlis manZilze muslimis movaleoba re-

ligiuri ritualebisadmi.

katexizmoSi dasmulia yvela is SekiTxva, rac SeiZleba

gauCndes rogorc muslims, ise aramuslims, da aqvea am SekiTx-

vebze pasuxebic. Cndeba varaudi, rom xelnaweri warmoadgens

religiuri polemikisaTvis da agreTve islamis qadagebisaTvis

gankuTvnil saxelmZRvanelos. savaraudoa, rom am tipis xelna-

werebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze moxvedra iran-saqarTvelos

religiuri konfrontaciis pirobebSi xdeboda.

naira bepievi

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.

saqarTvelo

osuri xelnawerebi da qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze Seqmnili osuri damwerloba

cnobilia, rom osebs umdidresi zepirsityvierebis sa-

ganZuri SeuqmniaT. narTebi saucxoo legendaruli samyaroa,

romelic ueWvelad metyvelia misi Semqmneli xalxis geniisa,

misi sibrZnisa. esaa umdidresi samyaro Tavisi Rrma SinaarsiTa

da idealebiT.

aseTi mdidari zepirsityvierebis mqone xalxs, rasakvirvelia,

damwerlobac adreve eqneboda, magram uZvelesi pirdapiri

wyaroebi amis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, rac mravali mizeziTaa

ganpirobebuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom osuri damwerloba sxvadasxva etapze

sxvadasxva xalxis anbanze iqmneboda da gamoiyeneboda.

Tavdapirvelad berZnul, Semdeg qarTul, laTinur da rusul

Sriftebs osuri teqstebis dasafiqsireblad iyenebdnen XVII

saukunidan dRemde. qarTul anbanze osuri damwerloba orjer

gadavida.

Tbilisis stambaSi 1778 wels daibeWda „osur-qarTuli

locvis wigni“ nusxuri asoebiT. xolo 1794 wels osur enaze

nusxuri SriftiT gamovida `fsalmuni~. 1786 wels mozdokis

stambaSi daibeWda osur-qarTuli locvis wigni, xolo moskovis

stambaSi – „osuri anbani qarTuli asoebiT“.

Semdegi etapi osuri anbanis ganviTarebisa aseTia: ioane

ialRuziZem qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze Seqmna osuri anbani

1802 wels. am anbans iyenebdnen rogorc samxreT, ise CrdiloeT

oseTSi. ioane ialRuziZe-gabaraevi (1770-1830) XIX saukunis

cnobili sazogado moRvawe iyo. man SesaniSnavi sasuliero

ganaTleba miiRi erekle II-isa da giorgi XII-is karze. is iyo

SesaniSnavi mcodne qarTuli, osuri da rusuli enebisa. igi

eweoda pedagogiur da misionerul saqmianobas. 1820 wlidan

igi Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi muSaobs qarTuli da

osuri enebis maswavleblad. mas mravali wigni gadauweria,

maT Soris – `vefxistyaosani~ da sulxan-sabas `sityvis kona~.

ioane ialRuziZes 1802 wels uTargmnia qarTulidan osur

enaze sasamarTlos wesdeba. es xelnaweri daculia xelnawerTa

erovnul centrSi, xelnaweri Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna akad.

g. axvledianma.

osuri xelnawerebi, romlebic qarTuli anbanis safuZvelzea

Seqmnili, ZiriTadad sasuliero teqstebs Seicavs.

osuri xelnawerebisa da osuri wignebis SeqmnaSi didi

roli iTamaSa Tbilisis sasuliero seminariam, sadac wlebis

ganmavlobaSi iswavleboda osuri ena, meore mxriv ki, sasuliero

seminariaSi mravali osi axalgazrda iRebda swavla-ganaTlebas.

30 31

rusudan gvaramia, nana yanCaveli


xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Sua aziis arabul xelnawerTa koleqcia (zogadi mimoxilva)

1. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul Sua aziis aRmosav-

lur xelnawerTa koleqciebs Soris erT-erTi mravalricxova-

nia arabul xelnawerTa koleqcia. am koleqciis xelnawerebi,

sparsul da Turqul xelnawerebTan erTad, 1935 wels Sua

aziaSi SeiZines da TbilisSi gadmogzavnes cnobilma arabistma

akademikosma giorgi wereTelma da enaTmecnierma stefane Cxen-

kelma maTi iq samecniero mivlinebiT yofnis dros.

xelnawerebi Tavdapirvelad akad. simon janaSias saxelo-

bis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi inaxeboda, Semdeg isini

muzeumis xelnawerTa ganyofilebis bazaze gaxsnili xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris sakuTrebaSi gadavida, sadac daiwyo maTi

Seswavla da katalogizacia. upirveles yovlisa, moxda meore

msoflio omis dros xelnawerTa evakuaciis Sedegad erTmaneT-

Si areuli nusxebis enebis mixedviT dalageba da koleqciebis

gamoyofa. Sua aziis aRmosavluri xelnawerebi aC SriftiT

gamocalkevda.

2. Sua aziis arabuli xelnawerebis koleqcia 665 xelnawers

Seicavs. maTi didi nawili warmoadgens erTi ZiriTadi

TxzulebisTvis daweril komentarebs, komentaris komentarebs,

maT glosebsa da superglosebs, Semoklebebs, rac arabuli

sqolastikuri literaturis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa.

koleqciis qronologiuri sazRvrebi XII-XIII saukuneebs moicavs.

adreuli xelnawerebi mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba. didi

raodenobiTaa warmodgenili gviandeli, XVII-XIX saukuneebis

nusxebi. gadaweris adgilad saxeldeba samaryandi, buxara

Tavisi SemogareniT, xvarazmi, balxi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT

xSirad saxeldeba buxara, rac bunebrivi unda iyos, vinaidan

buxara saukuneebis manZilze, miT ufro gviandel saukuneebSi,

Sua aziis kulturis centrs warmoadgenda.

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT mdidrulad gaformebuli xelna-werebi, faqtobrivad, ar gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia mxolod erTi xelnaweri krebuli, arac 196, mravali unvaniTa (Tavsamkau liT) da moxatuli CarCoebiT.

3. Tavisi SedgenilobiTa da xasiaTiT xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Suaaziuri arabuli xelnawerebis koleqcia msgavsebas amJRavnebs buxaris arabul xelnawerTa koleqciasTan, romelic daculia sankt-peterburgSi, aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi. dasaxelebuli koleqciis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli xdeba msjeloba im tradiciul saswavlo-sqolastikur dargebze, romlebiTac mmarTveli wreebi iyvnen dainteresebulni da romlebic garkveul warmodgenas qmnian im saerTo sulier ganwyobaze, romelic ganapirobebda uamravi raodenobiT xelnawerTa Seqmnasa da gavrcelebas.

Cvens koleqciaSi Warbad aris warmodgenili saRvTisme-tyvelo da samarTlebrivi xasiaTis dargebi: yurani da misi komentarebi, locvebi, hadisebi, dogmatika, filosofia, samar-

Tali. saero dargebidan didi raodenobiTaa logika, gramatika, ritorika, gansakuTrebiT gramatika. naklebad aris warmoCenili sxva dargebi: maTematika, astronomia, medicina, leqsikografia, pedagogika, mxatvruli proza, poezia. istoria mxolod erT xelnawerSia. koleqcia ZiriTadad Seicavs muslimur samyaroSi cnobil da popularul Txzulebebs, romelTagan araerTi Zalze mniSvnelovani Txzuleba gamoiyofa. amasTanave, sayuradReboa is faqti, rom xelnawerebSi adgilobrivi avtorebic gvxvdeba. aris iseTi xelnawerebic, romelTac paraleli ar eZebnebaT CvenTvis xelmisawvdom cnobil katalogebsa da sacnobaro literaturaSi, an romlebic mxolod erT an or Suaaziur xelnawerTa katalogSia dafiqsirebuli. aseTi xelnawerebi, specialistTa azriT, zogjer SesaZlebelia unikumebad Cai-Tva los. isini, rogorc Cans, adgilobriv pirobebs arian misadagebulni. aSkarad aseTi xasiaTisaa, rogorc saTauridan Cans, buxaris mosaxleobisTvis gankuTvnili feTvebis – samar-Tlebrivi daskvnebis – Sesavali (arac 502 | III). yovelive es aRniSnul koleqcias faseuls xdis. igi Sua aziis mosaxleobis kulturis dones warmoaCens da saintereso da mniSvnelovania maTi literaturisa da istoriis SemswavlelTaTvis.

32 33

darejan gogaSvili

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi papirusebi (kodikologiuri analizi)

werilobiTi ZeglebisTvis sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebuli

saxis saweri masala gamoiyeneboda: qva, liToni, xe, papirusi,

pergamenti, qaRaldi da sxv. papirusis furcels mcenare

papirusisagan (Cyperus papyrus l.) amzadebdnen. igi iseve, rogorc

qaRaldi, mcenareuli boWkoa, qaRaldisagan gansxvavebiT, nakle-

bad elastikuria, aqvs fenovani struqtura da Sedgeba erTma-

neTis perpendikularulad ganlagebuli zolebisagan. papiru-

sisagan damzadebul werilobiT Zegls orgvari forma SeiZleba

Hhqonoda – gragnilisa da kodeqsis.

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia Zv. w. III – ax. w.

VIII ss. daTariRebuli 160-mde papirusi. artefaqtebi moica-

ven berZnul enaze Sesrulebul astrologiur da samedicino

traqtatebs, iuridiul dokumentebs, sxvadasxva xasiaTis qvi-

Trebs, fsalmunis, epistolaruli da mxatvruli teqstebis

fragmentebs da sxv. (papirusze Sesrulebuli teqstebi mcire

kodikologiur aRwerilobasTan erTad gamoqveynebuli aqvs gr.

wereTels). aqvea daculi IX saukuniT daTariRebuli papirusze

Sesrulebuli xelnaweri sagalobelTa krebuli (h-2123), e. w.

„Wil-etratis iadgari~. h-2123 gamorCeulia imiTac, rom aqvs

kodeqsis forma. es unikaluri Zegli akinZulia sam wignad.

xelnaweri Tavdapirvelad 340 furcels Seicavda, dReisa-

Tvis SemorCelilia 313 – papirusis 194 da etratis 129 fur-

celi (xelnaweri sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT ganxilulia a. cagar-

lis, k. kekeliZis, a. SaniZis, r. Smerlingis naSromebSi. teqstis

enobrivi mimoxilva warmodgenilia a. martirosovisa da a. ji-

SiaSvilis mier ak. SaniZis redaqciiT gamocemul wignSi. teqstis

akademiuri gamocema ekuTvnis el. metrevels, c. Wankievsa da

l. xevsurians).

moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia papirusze Sesrulebuli weri-

lobiTi Zeglebis kodikologiuri analizi, gaTvaliswinebulia

saweri masalisa da sawer-saRebavebis urTierTmimarTeba.

Seswavlam gviCvena, rom sxvadasxva zomis fragmentebis saxiT

SemorCenili papirusebi (Zv. w. III – ax. w. VIII ss.) ZiriTadad nawe-

ria furclis erT mxares (r-ze an v-ze). gvxvdeba Zvelad resta-

vrirebuli, papirusis fragmentiTve gamagrebuli an gadabmuli

adgilebi. zogjer pirvandeli teqsti gadarecxilia da fur-

celi, savaraudod, xelmeored aris gamoyenebuli. rig SemTxve-

vebSi teqsti Sesrulebulia papirusis furclis Semadgeneli

horizontaluri zolebis gaswvriv (r) da dayofilia svetebad,

aseTi saxis papirusis gragnils axvevdnen marcxnidan marjvniv,

horizontaluri boWkoebis mimarTulebiT. zogjer teqsti nawe-

ria erT svetad, horizontaluri zolebis perpendikularulad

(v). aseTi saxis werilobiT Zegls, Sesabamisad, axvevdnen ver-

tikaluri mimarTulebiT. papirusebis ZiriTadi nawili naweria

karbonuli melniT, romelsac amzadebdnen naxSiris an kandelis

Wvartlisagan. iSviaTad SeiniSneba rkina-galuri melani, romlis

dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda mTrimlavi nivTierebis Semcveli

mcenaris eqstraqti da rkinis sulfati.

h-2123 xelnaweri Seicavs erTmaneTis monacvleobiT gan-

lagebul papirusisa da etratis furclebs, teqsti naweria erT

svetad, furclis orive mxares (r, v), Savi melniT, gamoyenebu-

lia singuric – sulfidebis klasis minerali. gvxvdeba papiru-

sis furcliTve gamagrebuli adgilebi. xelnaweri dayofilia

rveulebad, TiToeuli rveuli Sedgeba etratis oTxi da papi-

rusis eqvsi furclisagan. TiTqmis yovelTvis daculia etra-

tis dakecvisa da dawyobis wesi. papirusi dakecilia vertika-

luri mimarTulebiT da dawyobilia ise, rom recto yovelTvis win

uswrebs verso-s rveulis pirvel naxevarSi, xolo verso – recto-s

rveulis meore naxevarSi, anu darRveulia simetria da gaSlil

xelnawerSi ar xdeba papirusis furclis Semadgeneli horizon-

taluri da vertikaluri zolebis Tanxvedra.

34 35

timothy p. groveBiola University

THEMIRRORTHATDOESNOTREFLECT:SAeT’lo XIroMANT’IA(a 17th-CENtUry GEorGIaN aStroNoMICal MaNUSCrIPt) aNd thE AlMANAcco PerPeTuo of ottavIo BEltraNo (1639)

Saet’lo Xiromant’ia is a unique astronomical manuscript preserved at the National Centre of Manuscripts in tbilisi. the manuscript [Q 867] comprises 126 quarto leaves, and contains numerous hand-drawn illustrations. No title appears either on the binding or at the beginning of the text—the title Saet’lo Xiromant’ia (“zodiacalchiromancy”)wasapparentlysuggestedbythefirstillustration(10v)ofa human hand labeled with the principal lines used in palmistry, along with their planetary assocations.

Much of this manuscript is clearly original, including its extremely interesting preface. however, a careful study of this text reveals that its writer drew material from a number of different sources.

one of the more interesting features of Saet’lo Xiromant’ia is its cryptic reference to a western philosopher named “Beltrano,” whom the author compares to aristotle and praises in the highest terms. I have succeeded in identifying this person as Ottavio Beltrano (fl. ca.1620-1671), a printer, bookseller, andmiscellaneous writer who worked in Cosenza, Naples, terranova, and ancona. Beltrano’s Almanacco Perpetuo(“perpetualalmanac”)wasfirstpublishedin1639,and proved to be an extremely popular work in Italy, where it appeared in numerous editions throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.

a careful comparison of the two texts has established that several sections of Saet’lo Xiromant’ia incorporate both text and illustrations drawn from an early edition of the Almanacco Perpetuo. these include page 30r, the series of eclipses (31r-35r), pages 36v and 46r-47v, the tables of houses beginning on page 48v, the horoscope for 21 June 1635 (58v-59r), the Perpetual almanac (60v-74r), and additional material on pages 76v and 99v.

Another source, as yet unidentified, provided the basis of the planetarydescriptions found on pages 5r-9r.

In its original form, Saet’lo Xiromant’ia presented a 28-year “perpetual almanac” covering the years 1652 through 1679, along with three further 28-

year cycles (1680-1707, 1708-1735, 1736-1763). at some point, strips of paper were glued over the original dates, in order to update the almanac by 84 years. It appears that the latest date listed (74r) corresponds to the year 1847. thus, Saet’lo Xiromant’ia remained in constant use throughout the entire 18th century and probably into the 19th.

It appears probable that the manuscript was written during the second half of the 17th century and that its writer made use of an early edition of Beltrano’s almanac which began with the 1652-1679 series. the eclipses illustrated on pages 31r-35r are those of 1652-1664, and the same series of eclipses is described by Beltrano.

the Georgian writer’s adaptations of Beltrano’s illustrations are extremely interesting, involving numerous mirror-reversals and other mysterious changes. Some of the illustrations found in Saet’lo Xiromant’ia demonstrate remarkable innovations in the iconography of astrological representations-innovations which may be unique to this manuscript.

When viewed alongside vakht’ang vI’s Georgian translation of a work by ‘ali Qushji of Samarqand (Kmnulebis codnis c’igni, 1721), this use of an Italian source by the writer of Saet’lo Xiromant’ia reveals that Georgian intellectuals of thisperiodwereopentoacomplexnetworkofculturalandscientificinfluencesfrom both the East and the West.

nino doborjginiZe

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

„winabWe~ (prooivmion) da teqstis istoriis kvlevis sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul filologiaSi

moxsenebaSi gaanalizebuli iqneba Zvel qarTul filologia-

Si SemuSavebuli kritikuli aparati, romelic teqstis istori-

is kvlevis berZnul-laTinur da siriul tradiciebs eyrdnoba;

warmodgenili iqneba tipologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi, romelTac

aCvenes, rom antioqiis samwerlobo-mTargmnelobiTi skolis xe-

36 37

lnawerebSi teqstis istoriis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT damuSa-

vebuli sakiTxebi Sua saukuneebis filologiuri mecnierebis

kardinalur problemebs ukavSirdeba da am problemaTa gadawy-

vetis saintereso gzebs gvTavazobs.

teqstis, gansakuTrebiT, Targmanis, komentirebisa da Tavda-

pirveli teqstis (e. w. Codex archetypus ad cuius exemplaria sunt ce-teri corrigendi) dadgenis is principebi, romlebic efrem mciris

„fsalmunTa Targmanebis` Sesavalsa da mis sxva kolofonebSia

warmodgenili, ganxiluli iqneba teqstis arqetipis kvlevis

sxva dasxva tradiciasTan Sedarebis safuZvelze:

1) Toma harkelisa da filoqsene mabugelis vrcelkomenta-

rebiani xelnawerebi (siriuli tradicia),

2) e. w. `ajnteblhvqh prov~~ tipis kolofonebis mqone xelnawerebi

(berZnul-bizantiuri tradicia),

3) kasiodores mier SemuSavebuli principebiT gamarTuli

xelnawerebi (laTinuri tradicia).

tipologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom berZnul-laTinur da si-

riul tradiciebTan erTad efremis mier SemuSavebuli princi-

pebi qmnis Tavdapirveli teqstis dadgenis im models, romelic

sayovelTaod batonobda filologiaSi karl laxmanamde, anu

XIX saukunis axali filologiuri skolis principebis damkvi-

drebamde.

eka duRaSvili


iadgari – adrebizantiuri himnografiis amsaxveli Zegli

adrebizantiuri himnografiis uZvelesi qarTuli Targma-

nebi (troparebi) pirvelad dasturdeba ierusalimuri saekle-

sio praqtikis amsaxvel ZeglSi, ierusalimur kanonarSi (VII s.),

Semdgom uZveles iadgarsa da did iadgarSi (X s). sabawminduri

skolis warmomadgenelTa VIII-IX ss. cnobili himnografebis –

ioane damaskelis, kozma ierusalimelis, stefane sabawmindelis

– himnografiuli kanonebisa da stiqaronebis ufro meti Targ-

manebi gvxvdeba X s-is did iadgarSi (miqael modrekilis iadgar-

sa da sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastris nusxebSi).

iadgarSi warmodgenili sagalobeli repertuari struqtu-

riT (serobis, mwuxris stiqaronebi, ciskris kanoni, RvTismSob-

lis tropari) dgeba VIII-IX ss. berZnul tropologionebTan.

iadgaris Targmanebi, romelTa berZnuli dednebi dadgenil-

ia, mravalmxriv Taviseburebas avlens.

sauflo dResaswaulebisa da RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili

sagaloblebis Targmanebi originalTan meti teqstobrivi sa-

zustiT gamoirCeva.

berZnuli dednis formac (Zlispir- troparis marcvalTra-

odenoba) SeZlebisdagvarad daculia.

wmindanebisadmi miZRvnili kanonebis TargmanebSi metia te-

qstobrivi Tavisufleba.

gvxvdeba ramdenime avtoris sagalobelTa kompilaciuri

Targmani, dednisgan gansxvavebuli Zlispiri da sxv.

iadgaris stiqaronebi( dednisgan gansxvavebiT) Zlispirebzea

gamarTuli. saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsis sityvebi adekvaturad

aris Targmnili, azrobrivad rTulad gasagebi frazebi (kom-

pozitebi, mimReobebi) gamartivebulia da qarTuli enisTvis

bunebrivi formebiTaa Targmnili.

berZnulis akrostiqiani sagalobeli qarTulad zogjer

akrostiqiT aris Targmnili, zogjer – uakrostiqod.

am TaviseburebebiT qarTuli iadgari unikaluri Zeglia da

adrebizantiur himnografias Taviseburad warmoadgens.

38 39

Tamaz (eqvTime) koWlamazaSvili

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

mravalTavis tipologiisaTvis

mravalTavis saxeliT samecniero literaturaSi moixsenieba

IX-XI ss-is ramdenime liturgikul-homiletikuri krebuli,

romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs sadResaswaulo homiliebisa da

hagiografiuli sakiTxavebis did koleqcias. erT-erTi sakiTxi,

romelsac mravalTavis mkvlevarTagan TiTqmis yvela Seexo, esaa

am krebulis tipologia: ratom ewoda mas aseTi saxeli; riTi

gansxvavdeba igi homiletikur sakiTxavTa sxva krebulebisagan?

_ am kiTxvaze mkvlevarT daaxloebiT erTnairi pasuxebi aqvT:

mravalTavs aseTi saxeli mieca oTxTavis analogiiT; mas ase

unda Serqmeoda imitom, rom mravali Tavisagan, e. i. mravali

Txzulebisagan, aris Semdgari.

radganac `mravalTav~ kompozitis nawilebi (`mravali~

da `Tavi~) araviTar bundovanebas ar Seicavs, amitomac

zemoaRniSnuli ganmarteba Zalze gamWvirvalea da TiTqos kamaTs

ar unda iwvevdes. magram upasuxod rCeba kiTxva: mravalTavis

saxeliT cnobil homiletikur krebulTa garda sxva mravali

masStaburi krebulic arsebobs, romlebic aseve mraval

Txzulebas (`mraval Tavs~) Seicaven; maS, Tu esaa `mravalTavad~

saxeldebis safuZveli, ratom isinic aseve ar moixseniebian?

Cveni azriT, mravalTavis ganmartebis amosaval wertilad

oTxTavTan misi analogia unda miviCnioT, magram, amasTan,

mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes ara Semadgenel TavTa meqanikuri

ricxobrivi Tanafardoba [e. i. ara is, rom oTxTavi oTxi Tavisagan

(oTxi Txzulebisagan) Sedgeba, xolo mravalTavi _ mravali

Tavisagan (mravali Txzulebisagan)], aramed is, rom oTxTavis

msgavsad, romelic nebismieri xasiaTisa da saxelwodebis oTxi

Txzulebis krebuli ki araa, aramed _ oTxi `saxarebisa~ (e. i.

erTsa da imave Temaze daweril, erTisa da imave saTauris mqone

oTxi Txzulebisa), mravalTavic TiToeuli dResaswaulis Temaze

warmoTqmuli (maSasadame, saerTo saTauris mqone) mravali

sakiTxavis krebulia. marTlac, sxva homiletikur krebulTagan

gansxvavebiT, sadac TiTo dResaswaulze TiTo sakiTxavia

dadebuli, mravalTavSi TiToeuli dResaswaulis Temaze

ramdenime sakiTxavi gvxvdeba. amrigad, `oTxTav~ da `mravalTav~

terminebSi `Tavi~ arc erTiani Txzulebis Semadgenel nakveTs

unda niSnavdes, arc krebulSi Setanil nebismieri xasiaTisa da

Sinaarsis Txzulebebs, aramed _ erTsa da imave Temaze daweril,

saerTo saTauris mqone qmnilebebs. erTi da igive sakiTxi (erTi

da imave saTauriT) sxvadasxva avtoris mier mraval Tavad

miewodeba mkiTxvels.

aseTi ganmartebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

mravalTavis tipis homiletikur krebulTa evolucia sulac

ar damTavrebula aTonis mravalTaviT (X s.), rogorc bolo

xans ivaraudes, aramed analogiuri principiT Sedgenili

literaturuli krebulebis saxiT momdevno saukuneebSic iCenda

Tavs (h-2258, Jer. 17, Jer. 23, S-1276, a-1170 da sxv.).

dr. paul Cregolibrary of Congress. Washington, U.S.a

“thE “ordINatIoN” of St. NINo, WIth rEfErENCE to thE PrayErS for WoMEN dEaCoNS IN thE arChIEratIKoN of MS. 86 of thE forMEr ChUrCh-arChEoloGICal MUSEUM of tBIlISI.”

In one of the texts associated with St. Nino’s conversion of the Geor-gians to Christianity there is a scene that resembles an ordination. Juvenal, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, calls St. Nino to the sanctuary of the church, lays hands upon her, and prays to God. St. Nino’s subsequent ministry includes healing, preaching, and most importantly, but unusually for women in the fourth century, the administration of the sacrament of baptism. the inclusion of an ordination scene is essential in the context of St. Nino’s ministry.

40 41

the appearance of Juvenal, named as St. Nino’s uncle, is an anachronism. he lived a century after St. Nino. he is, however, an important symbol of the Georgian Church’s reception of the Council of Chalcedon. More impor-tantly for this paper, St. Nino’s ordination is described in conjunction with her tutor Sarah’s extraordinary speech, in which the young woman’s strength is compared with the female orbi and the lioness, described as superlative characters in the animal kingdom. There is, then, first of all, a strong self-consciousness within the text of St. Nino playing a role that would not ordinarily be expected.

on the other hand, the manuscript of an archieratikon from ca. 1000 includes prayers for women deacons, that include language much stronger than Byzantine Greek prayers that, by the turn of the millennium, had fal-len out of use. It is important when considering the narratives of St. Nino’s ministry that we understand what the writers would have thought possible in the setting of the Georgian Church. these deacon ordination prayers help us provide that context.

irma makaraZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.

saqarTvelo

arsen bulmaisimisZis iambikuri svinaqsari (struqtura, versifikacia, stili)

Zvelma qarTulma xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa liturgikuli

mwerlobis erTi metad saintereso Zegli – `aT or TTueTa pro-

loRia~. masTan dakavSirebulia qarTuli sulieri kulturis

sami udidesi moRvawis – ioane petriwis, arsen bulmaisimisZisa

da anton kaTalikosis – saxeli.

naSromSi mocemulia prolog-svinaqsaris arsen bulmaisi-

misZiseuli monakveTis versifikaciuli, struqturuli da sti-

luri analizi, rasac safuZvlad davudeT am teqstis gacnoba

xelnaweris a-85 (1233 w.) meSveobiT. kvlevis ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebebi da daskvnebia:

a) teqstis arsen bulmaisimisZiseuli monakveTi, romelic

moTavsebulia a-85 xelnaweris 224r-236r gverdebze, gadawerilia

nusxuriT, xolo saTaurebi – asomTavruliT. asomTavruli an-

baniTve iwyeba yoveli axali muxli, romelic danomrilia, xolo

Sesabamisi numeracia erTvis arSias.

b) teqsti iambikuri sazomiT aris dawerili. Sesabamisad,

taepSi Tormeti marcvalia, romelsac cezura moudis, ZiriTa-

dad, xuTi marcvlis Semdeg. xelnawerSi cezuras aRniSnavs

mZime, xolo taepebs erTmaneTisgan wertilebi yofs. yoveli

muxli sruldeba orwertiliTa da mZimiT. iambikuri sazomi

qarTuli leqsis bunebrivi intonaciisa da kilosTvis mZimea,

Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, arsen bulmaisimisZe araiSviaTad

axerxebs iambikuri sazomis qarTul leqsTan efeqtur Sexamebas,

rac gvaZlevs ritmulad organizebul, mxatvrulad srulqmnil

striqonebs.

g) arsen bulmaisimisZe strofebs alagebs wmindanTa xsenebis

dReebis mixedviT. TiTo muxli Seicavs erT dRes mosaxsenebel

wmindanTa saxelze daweril teqsts. Sesabamisad, erT TveSi im-

deni muxlia, ramdeni dRec aris. muxlebSi striqonebis raode-

noba sxvadasxvaa.

d) qarTul naTargmn ZglebSi XI s-is meore naxevarSi daw-

yebuli elinizaciis procesi gavlenas axdens originalur

literaturazedac. elinuri stilis tradiciebis erTguleba

gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda `proloRiaSi~, sadac uxvad

gvxvdeba gelaTuri stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gramatiku-

li formebi Tu leqsikuri erTeulebi. `proloRiis~ formati

iTxovda maqsimalur lakoniurobas, Sesabamisad, avtoric TiTo

an ori striqoniT exmianeba wmindanis cxovrebidan ama Tu im

vrcel epizods, zog SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod erTi an ori si-

tyviT migvaniSnebs masze. miuxedavad amisa, teqsti ar aris

faqtebis oden mSrali aRwera, avtori araiSviaTad arCevs xato-

van formebs mkiTxvelze emociuri zemoqmedebisTvis.

42 43

damana meliqiSvili


saqarTvelo

gelaTis skolis xelnawerebi da gelaTel mwignobarTa muSaobis stili

1. A1108 xelnaweri unikaluri avtografuli nusxaa, romelic

mTargmneli-redaqtoris xelidan Cans gamosuli (lamazi, gakru-

li xeli, odnav marjvniv daxrili asoebiT, `swavlulis xeli~ da

ara kaligrafisa). teqsti nasworebia melniTa da imave lamazi

gakruli xeliT, romliTac Sesrulebulia nusxa `levitelebi-

dan~ `ruTamde~. nasworebia igi gzadagza, muSaobis procesSi da

ara Semdeg, rac iqidanac Cans, rom koreqtura xSirad zemodan

ki ar aris gakeTebuli, aramed mosdevs gadaSlil sityvas (an mis

daumTavrebel nawils) anda mTel Sesityvebas imave striqonze.

Casworebani sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa da maTze dakvirveba warmod-

genas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra principebiT xelmZRvanelobda muSa-

obis procesSi mTargmneli-redaqtori, ra tendenciebi amoZra-

vebda mas, rogor xvewda stilisturad frazas (erideboda ta-

vtologias, leqsikuri Tu gramatikuli sinonimebidan romels

irCevda, ras Slida da ras tovebda, rogor aRwevda sizustes

dedanTan mimarTebiT da sxv.)

2. es xelnaweri uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovan ma-

salas Seicavs teqstualuri kritikis TvalsazrisiT, qarTu-

li saliteraturo enis istoriis, qarTuli Teologiuri ter-

minologiis istoriis, istoriuli stilistikis kvlevisaTvis,

mTargmnelebisa (Cans, rom am katenuri krebulis Targmnaze mTe-

li jgufi muSaobda) da redaqtoris muSaobis procesze dakvir-

vebisa da, saerTod, gelaTis skolis mTargmnelobiTi meTodis

SeswavlisaTvis, radganac am unikalur ZeglSi Tavmoyrilia is

ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobriv- Teoriuli Tu enobriv-stilis-

turi tendenciebi da ganxorcielebulia is praqtikul-mTarg-

mnelobiTi principebi, romlebic sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia

gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo-filologiuri skolisaTvis da mis

saxes gansazRvravs. es Zegli, gelaTSi Sesrulebul eg ze ge-

tikur-komentaruli Janris sxva SromebTan erTad, am sko lis

moRvaweTa saqmianobis damagvirgvinebelia.

nino meliqiSvili


ioane oqropiris TxzulebaTa Semcveli krebuli `margaliti~

I. krebul `margalitis~ raoba da mniSvneloba;

II. krebul `margalitis~ qarTuli Targmanis Semcveli ad-

reuli xelnawerebi (XI-XVI ss.); krebulis Sedgeniloba da masSi

warmodgenili redaqcia.

III. krebul `margalitis~ qarTuli Targmanis Semcveli gvian-

deli xelnawerebi (XVIII-XIX ss.); krebulis Sedgeniloba da masSi

warmodgenili redaqcia.

IV. `margalitis~ teqstis Semcveli nusxebis urTierT-

mimarTeba;

V. `margalitis~ gviandel nusxebSi (XVIII-XIX ss.) arsebuli

Targmanis mimarTeba adrindel (XI-XVI ss.) nusxebSi arsebul

teqstTan;

VI. krebul `margalitis~ struqturis dadgena adrindel (XI-

XVI ss.) da gviandel (XVIII-XIX ss.) nusxebze dayrdnobiT.

44 45

nana mrevliSvili

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis instituti.

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

eklesiastes mitrofane smirnelisa da olimpio-dore aleqsandrielis ganmartebaTa wyaroebi da avtorobis versia

miTiTebuli ori avtoris eklesiastes ganmartebaTa qar-

Tuli Targmani, Sesrulebuli gelaTis saliteraturo skolis

normebiT, SemorCenilia erTaderTi, a 61 xelnaweriT. Zegli ka-

tenuri tipis Txzulebas warmoadgens da sainteresoa rogorc

literaturuli, ise saRvTismetyvelo-Teologiuri aspeqtiT.

Txzulebis, romlis qarTuli Targmani struqturul-kom-

poziciuri mTlianobiT xasiaTdeba, erTi, mitrofane smirneli-

seuli nawili gamosca k. kekeliZem 1920 wels vrceli gamokvlev-

iT (Cveni kvlevis sagans orive avtoris Txzuleba warmoadgens).

Zeglis am nawilis avtorobis sakiTxze samecniero literatur-

aSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo. minis gamocemis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Zeglis avtorad grigol akrakanteli miiCneoda. 2005 wels ge-

laTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnal `inteleqtSi~ gamoqvey-

nebul statiaSi (eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri Targmane-bi) SevniSnavdiT: `qarTuli Targmanis siZvelisa da PG-s arakri-

tikuli gamocemebis gaTvaliswineba imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom,

SesaZloa, eklesiastes ganmartebis es teqsti swored mitrofane

smirnel mitropolits ekuTvnodes da swori versia Zeglis av-

torobis Sesaxeb qarTul xelnawerSi iyos Semonaxuli.~

xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad da qarTul xelnawerSi miTi-

Tebuli avtorobis versiis daxmarebiT belgieli mecnierebi

mividnen daskvnamde, rom Zeglis miTiTebuli nawili ekuTvnis

swored mitrofane smirnel mitropolits. qarTul samecniero

sivrceSi belgieli mecnierebis es Tvalsazrisi pirvelad Cvens

moxsenebaSi iqneba warmodgenili.

ramdenadac Zegli katenuri tipisaa, igi, garda mitrofa-

nesi da olimpiodores ganmartebebisa, sxvadasxva avtoris ko-

mentarebsac Seicavs. gvxvdeba citatebi saxarebidan, pavles

epistoleebidan, fsalmunebidan... klasikuri filosofiuri

memkvidreobidanac. komentarebis didi nawilis avtorTa vinao-

ba ucnobia da, nacvlad avtorTa saxelebisa, amgvar monakveTebs

wamZRvarebuli aqvs miTiTebebi: gonebisa mimarT, sxua¡, sxuaTa

momTxrobelobiTi, gonebisa mimarT esreT gulis£misa¡...

moxsenebaSi vmsjelobT im wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac

rig SemTxvevebSi iyeneben mitrofane smirneli da olimpiodore

aleqsandrieli.

amdenad, warmodgenili moxseneba Seicavs or saintereso

siaxles – a) a-61 xelnawerSi daculi erT-erTi teqstis avto-

robis sakiTxis axlebur gaSuqebas da b) amave Zeglis wyaroTa

kvlevas. am ukanaskneli TvalsazrisiT Zegli TiTqmis Seuswa-

vlelia, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs kvlevis aqtualurobas.

vfiqrobT, aranakleb aqtualuria Zeglis avtorobis sakiTxic,

miT ufro, rom mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi wili sakiTxis garkve-

visas qarTul Targmanze modis.

avTandil nikoleiSvili

quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti.

quTaisi, saqarTvelo

galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri variantebi, rogorc masala avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa da poeturi stilis Sesaswavlad

rogorc galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri

variantebis SeswavliT irkveva, misi poeturi Sedevrebis bevri

nimuSi sakmaod didi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa da Sromis Sedegad

Rebulobda sabolood srulyofil saxes. swo red am „di di da

da u Ra la vi Sro mis` (poetis sityvebia) dadastu re baa is uam ra-

vi va ri an tu li saxes xvaoba, galaktionis cal ke ul nawarmoe b e bs

46 47

rom moep ove baT. am variant e bidan naT lad Cans, ra o de ni Rvwi sa

da rudune bis Se degad aR wev da avtori im srul qmnil har mo ni as,

ri Tac mi si Se dev re bi gvaoce b en.

ZiriTadi teqstisagan ritmul-versifikaciuladac da azro-

brivi pasaJebiTac zogjer mkveTrad gansxvavebuli am variante-

bis erTi nawili poeturi ostatobis mxriv calkeul SemTxveve-

bSi imdenad srulyofilia da daxvewili, rom romelime maTgans

mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba mivaniWoT upiratesoba.

Tavisi Semoqmedebis calkeuli nimuSebis dasaxvewad da

srulyofisaTvis muSaobas galaktioni ramdenime ZiriTadi mi-

marTulebiT warmarTavda; kerZod: 1) poeturi warmosaxvis sag-

nad qceuli movlenisaTvis yvelaze metad Sesatyvisi ritmul-

versifikaciuli formis SesarCevad; 2) nawarmoebis poeturi

mxaris kidev ufro metad dasaxvewad; 3) cenzuris Tvalis asa-

xvevad samoqmedo droisa da adgilis mizanmimarTulad SesaniR-

bavad da gasaucxoeblad da a. S.

yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad naSromSi mravladaa

moSveliebuli konkretuli magaliTebi galaktionis poetur

qmnilebaTa ZiriTad teqstebSi Seutaneli maTi variantebidan.

maTdami interess mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis is faqti, rom isi-

ni metad saintereso masalas gvawvdian maT ZiriTad teqstebSi

gamoxatuli avtoriseuli erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis kidev

ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad gasaazreblad.

mu si ka lu ri srul qmni lebisa da rit mul-me lo di u ri har mo-

ni is mi saR we vad ga lak ti o ni im den xilul Tu uxilav xerxsa da

sa Su a lebas iyenebs, rom ma Ti srulyofi li gac nobie reba, faq-

tobri vad, Se uZ lebeli a. da Tu ma inc Se vec debiT am Tval saz ri-

siT zo gi er Ti ar sebiTi faq to ri ga movyoT, am SemTxve va Si usa Tu-

od un da aRi niS nos ise Ti mkveT rad ga mor Ce u li Ta vi seburebani,

ro mel nic, ver si fi ka ci ul sa zom Ta mra val fe rov nebis gar da,

rit mul va ri a ci a Ta da in to na ci a Ta sa o car sim rav les, riT ma-

Ta uki du res daxve wi lobasa da mu si ka lobas, bge ra Ta uC ve u lo

ev fo ni as, po e tu ri ref re ni sa da gan me o rebis efeqts, stri qon-

Ta da wi na da debaTa ori gi na lur kon struq ciebsa da sxva mra val

ni San-Tvi sebasa da sti lur ga mor Ce u lobas gu lisxmobs.

imis naTel sayofad, poeturi nawarmoebis rit mul-ver-

sifikaciul for ma Ta mravalf er ovne bas poeti gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas rom aniWebda, naSromSi mi si po e zi i saT vis far-

Tod da maxasiaTe b el iseT ten denciasac aqvs yuradRe ba mi-

qceuli, rogoricaa mkiTxve li saT vis kar gad cnobili zo gi er Ti

nawarmoe bisaTvis erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvave bul rit-

mul-versifikaciul formaTa misadagebis aqtiuri mcdeloba.

g. tabiZis nawarmoebTa teqstologiur variantebSi sakmaod

xSirad gvxvdeba farTod cnobili ama Tu im poeturi fragmen-

tis pirdapiri an odnav saxecvlili formiT ganmeorebis Se-

mTxvevebic misive Semoqmedebis calkeuli nimuSebidan.

galaktionis po e zi a Si sak ma od mravlad gvxvde ba ise Ti

nawarmoe b e bic, ro mel nic av tors jer pro zis saxiT da u we ria

da Sem deg mi u cia maT Tvis poe turi qmnile bis for ma.

vfiqrob, yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze kidev erTxel

unda gaesvas xazi im garemoebas, rom g. tabiZis grZneuli po-

eturi samyaros idumali bunebis srulyofilad Secnoba misi

Semoqmedebis xelnaweri variantebisa da umdidresi saarqivo

Canawerebis safuZvliani gansja-gaanalizebis gareSe yovlad

SeuZlebeli iqneba.

Tamar oTxmezuri, qeTevan bezaraSvili


xelnawerTa erovnuli centris berZnuli koleqcia

saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi ber-

Znuli xelnawerebis koleqcia sul 34 erTeuls Seicavs, Tumca

Tavisi Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiTa (bibliuri wignebi, homi-

letika, himnografia, egzegetika da a. S.) da farTo qronologi-

uri CarCoTi (V-XVIII ss.) saintereso masalas iZleva bizantiuri

da postbizantiuri xelnaweri wignisa da, zogadad, berZnuli

mwignobrobis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.

48 49

moxsenebaSi zogadad mimoxilulia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogori-

caa: (1) xelnawerTa erovnuli centris berZnul xelnawerTa war-

momavlobisa da koleqciaSi moxvedris istoria (basili didis

`iTika~, korideTis saxareba, himnogafiuli krebulebi daviT

batoniSvilis koleqciidan); (2) paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebiT RirsSesaniSnavi nusxebi da maTi daweriloba

(berZnuli maiuskulis qarTuli da slavuri duqtusi, maiusco-la biblica, maiuscola liturgica, tipo anastasio da sxv.); (3) bizantiuri

mwignobruli tradiciis ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT sayuradRebo xelnawerebi (Gr. 33/48); (4) postbizanti-

uri epoqis samarTlis istoriis, aseve saeklesio musikis isto-

riisaTvis saintereso masala (kanonikuri krebulebi – Gr.: 6-7,

8, 10 da sagalobelTa nevmirebuli nusxebi – Gr.: 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 19,20, 21); (5) teqstualuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo

teqstebi (korideTis saxarebis markozis Tavi, rogorc uZvele-

si teqstualuri tradiciis e. w. kesariuli tipis teqsti); (6)

berZnuli koleqciis mniSvneloba qarTul-berZnuli urTierTo-

bebis kvlevisaTvis (korideTis saxarebis arSiebze moTavsebuli

X-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli da berZnuli minawerebi, rogorc wy-

aro samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis SeswavlisaTvis;

kanonikuri krebuli Gr. 10 antioqiis patriarqis, makar III-is

sakuTreba da vaxtang VI-is `samarTlis wigni~); (7) xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris berZnuli koleqciis xelnawerTa mxatvruli

Rirebuleba (Gr. 33/48-is inicialebi, ramdenime miniatiura – Gr. 33/48, Gr. 26, Gr. 27).

moxsenebaSi yuraReba aris gamaxvilebuli bolo dros mikv-

leul ramdenime fragmentze (palimfsesturi furceli Wil-

etratis iadgaridan – Gr. 31, V s. da somxur saxarebaSi damcav

gverdebad CarTuli furceli Gr. 32, X s.), maT identifikaciasa

da daTariRebaze.

maia rafava


legenduri gadmocemebi grigol nazianzelis Sesaxeb („vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebisa~ da ioane oqropiris „maTes Tavis saxarebis Targmanebis~ mixedviT)

qarTul mwerlobaSi hagiografiuli legendebis saxiT Se-

monaxulia gadmocemebi grigol RvTismetyvelis Sesaxeb.

I. vaxtang „gorgaslis cxovreba` („qarTlis cxovreba~).

1. TxzulebaSi ramdenimejer aris dasaxelebuli toponimebi

anZianZori, anZoreTi. mkvlevarTa mier es toponimebi sxvada sxva

geografiul punqtTan aris identificirebuli. sinamdvileSi

„anZianZori~ bgeraTa metaTezisis safuZvelze miRebuli „nazi-

anzis~ Sesatyvisia, rac araerTgzis aris damowmebuli grigol

nazianzelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis Semcvel qar-

Tul xelnawerebSi.. A`arianzic~, sadac, rogorc cnobilia, aris

grigol RvTismetyvelis saflavi, imave qarTuli Targmanebis

mixedviT, xSirad gadmocemulia „anZianZo~, „anZianZori~ forme-

biT. „vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis~ „anZianZori~ SeiZleba gai-

givebul iqnes grigol nazianzelis „nazianzTan~ da „arianzTan~.

2. TxzulebaSi grigoli moxsenebulia, rogorc „didi moZ-

Rvari~, „RmrTivgamometyueli~ da „RmrTismetyueli~. Ggrigol

nazianzeli aris erT-erTi im samTagani (ioane RvTismetyvelTan

da simeon axal RvTismetyvelTan erTad), romlebic, sxvebisgan

gamorCeviT, RvTismetyvelad iwodebian.

3. vaxtang gorgaslis saberZneTSi laSqrobis peripetiebSi

ivliane mekerpisa (gandgomilis) da berZenTa mefis, ivbimiano-

sis, xSiri xseneba grigol RvTismetyvelis TanamedroveobasTan

asocirdeba.

aRreva da Seusabamoba droisa (erTi saukunea sxvaoba) da

sivrcis (kapadokia-ponto) TvalsazrisiT, rasac adgili aqvs

„vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis` epizodebis grigol nazianzel-

Tan dakavSirebis gamo, aixsneba hagiografiuli legendebis spe-

50 51

cifikiTa da ideuri mizandasaxulobiT, ris gavlenasac uTuod

ganicdis `cxovrebis~ avtori.

II. „maTes Tavis saxarebis Targmaneba~.

Nnawarmoebis winasityvaoba, romelic dasturdeba ioane

oqropiris „maTes Tavis saxarebis Targmanebis` Semcvel qar-

Tul xelnawerebSi da romlis avtorad ioane qarTveli (efT-

vime mTawmidlis mama) miaCniaT, Seicavs legendur gadmocemas

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seityo Tavis xilvaSi grigol RvTis-

metyvelma saRvTo neba, rom maTes saxarebis Targmaneba unda

Seesrulebina ara mas, aramed ioane oqropirs.

liana samyuraSvili


X-XIII ss. qarTuli samedicino wignebi da maTi arabuli wyaroebi

1. adreuli samedicino Zeglebis sistematur mecnierul Ses-

wavlas gasuli saukunis 30-ani wlebidan Cauyara safuZveli am

Zeglebis pirvelmkvlevarma da gamomcemelma, eqimma lado ko-

tetiSvilma.

2. dReisaTvis cnobili wminda samedicino Txzulebebidan

pirveli aris qananelis avtorobiT cnobili@`usworo karaba-

dini~, gamocemuli l. kotetiSvilis mier 1940 wels ori nusxis

safuZvelze (xeln. erovn. centris Q-26, XIII s. da sankt-peter-

burgis aRm/mc. inst.-is K-13(23), XvIIs.). usworo karabadini sami

damoukidebeli nawilisgan Sedgenil samedicino krebuls war-

moadgens. pirvel ganyofilebaSi mocemulia zogadi anatomiur-

fiziologiuri, biologiuri, embriologiuri xasiaTis cnobebi,

agreTve cnobebi sicxiani sneulebebis Sesaxeb. meoreSi gad-

mocemulia kerZo paTologiisa da Terapiis mokle aRwera da

mkurnaloba. mesameSi aris cnobebi garegani sneulebebis Ses-

axeb, higienur-dietetikuri rCevebi da bolos erTvis martivi

wamlebi.

enobrivi analizis Sedegad gamovlenili uxvi arabuli

leqsika, teqstis stiluri Taviseburebani, aseve masSi moxse-

niebuli arabi avtorebi da maTi Sromebi, arabizebuli formiT

mocemuli berZen avtorTa saxelebi Zeglis arabul wyaroze

damokidebulebis maCvenebelia. teqstSi moxseniebul avtorTa

moRvaweobis zeda zRvari X-XI ss-ia, rac SeiZleba Txzulebis

Seqmnis TariRad CaiTvalos. aseT daTariRebas mxars uWers te-

qstSi gamovlenili arqauli qarTuli leqsika da gramatikuli

formebic.

3. am periodis momdevno samedicino Zeglia `xuarazmSahis

saunjis qarTuli versia~, romelic erTaderTi xelnaweriT aris

Semonaxuli (maten. `ucxo fondi~ #18). teqsti momzadebulia ga-

mosacemad gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT l. samyuraSvilis mier.

Txzuleba medicinis sistematur kurss warmoadgens. Sedgeba

ori erTnairi arqiteqtonikiT agebuli wignisagan. I wigni eqvs

`naTqoms~ Seicavs da ganxilulia anatomiuri cnobebi da or-

ganizmSi moqmedi Zalebi. II wignSi cxra `naTqomia~, gadmoce-

mulia sneulebebi da diagnostika vrclad. III nawilad erTvis

farmakologiuri nawyveti. Txzulebis II wignis Tavsa da bolos

motanili cnobis Tanaxmad, igi momdinareobs `xuarazmSahisa

daxirasagan~, romelic aris sparsi avtoris ismail jurjanis

(+1136 w.) samedicino Sroma `zaxirai xuarizmSahi~ – `xuarazm-

Sahis saunje~. Zeglis enobrivi analizis Sedegad gamovlenili

arabizmebi – leqsika da gramatikul-stiluri Taviseburebani

adasturebs qarTuli versiis literaturul wyarod arabuli

Targmanis – `zaxiraT xuarizmSahis~ gamoyenebas. istoriul-

kulturuli kontaqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli versia

XII saukunis dasasruliT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

4. mesame Zeglia xojayofilis Targmnili `wigni saaqimoi~,

gamocemuli l. kotetiSvilis mier 1936 w. erTaderTi nusxis

(xeln. erovn. centris S-1274, Xv s.) safuZvelze. Txzulebis da-

sawyisSi naTqvamia, rom es wigni qarTulad Targmna xojayofil-

ma basianis brZolis dros nadavlad mopovebuli wignidan. igi

erTi mTliani, enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzulebaa, gamoirCeva

52 53

avtorTa simravliT (22 avtori) da ori ZiriTadi nakveTisagan

Sedgeba: I. zogadi filosofiur-eqimuri Terapia da II. nervu-

li, Sinagani da garegani sneulebani. teqstologiuri kvlevis

Sedegad gamovlenilma argumentebma daadastura mkvlevarTa

adre gamoTqmuli varaudi misi arabuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

(e.TayaiSvili, l. kotetiSvili), sapirispirod somxuridan mom-

dinareobis Sesaxeb (n. mari).

5. miuxedavad Sesabamisi arabuli teqstebis uqonlobisa, sa-

mive Zeglis kvlevam reliefurad gamoavlina maTSi dadasture-

buli arabuli enobrivi Taviseburebebi da cxadi gaxada maTi

Seqmna arabuli wyaroebis niadagze. amas ganapirobebda imdroin-

del saqarTveloSi arsebuli istoriul-kulturuli viTareba

da arabuli enis saerTaSoriso statusi. @

sofio sarjvelaZe


saqarTvelo

axali masalebi xelnawerTa erovnuli centris

h koleqciaSi daculi oTxTavis nusxebis Sesaxeb

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris saarqivo fondSi daculia

gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis, eqvTime

TayaiSvilis arqivi. e. TayaiSvilis arqivSi daculia mecnieris

umdidresi memkvidreoba, maT Sorisaa 1910 wels leCxumsa

da svaneTSi ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri eqspediciis

Canawerebi da fotosuraTebi. arqivis 398 erTeulSi inaxeba

mecnieris svaneTSi mogzaurobis dros d. ermakovis mier

gadaRebuli fotoebi. aq, # 16 fotoze aRbeWdilia mestiaSi

„blaRoCin“ besarion niJaraZis saxlSi nanaxi xelnaweris 6

gverdi. Cven SevZeliT fotoze gamosaxuli xelnawerTa am

gverdebidan oTxis identifikacia. aqedan 3 gverdi ekuTvnis dRes

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris h fondis # 1870 oTxTavis giorgi

mTawmidliseuli redaqciis teqstis Semcvel xelnawers, amaTgan

pirvel gverdze gamosaxulia ioane maxareblis miniatiura (62v),

meore gverdze - lukas saxarebis 24-e Tavis 21-32 muxlebi (59r), mesame gverdze ki aRbeWdilia XVI saukunis svanuri sabuTi (61v)

– dawerili erTobilTa lahelTa – romelic gamoqveynebuli aqvs

valeri silogavas svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi1.

CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso aRmoCnda fotosuraTze

aRbeWdili palimfsesturi xelnaweris erTi gverdi, romlis

zeda fena warmoadgens lukas saxarebis pirveli Tavis dasawyis

muxlebs, xolo qveda fena asomTavruliTaa naweri da is ioanes

saxarebis meoce Tavis 15-20 muxlebis teqsts Seicavs. xelnaweris

am gverdebis Sedarebis Sedegad oTxTavis sxva xelnawerebTan

CvenTvis cxadi gaxada, rom fotoze gamosaxuli es gverdi aris

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris h fondSi daculi # 1871 xelnaweris

22r. es aris oTxTavis teqstis Semcveli xelnaweri, romelic dRes

101 furclisagan Sedgeba. xelnaweris zeda fena XVI-XVII saukuneebs

ganekuTvneba. teqsti naweria nusxuriT. palimfsestis qveda fena

ori sxvadasxva xelnaweria, pirveli asomTavruliTaa naweri,

meore ki - nusxuriT. orive Tavdapirveli xelnaweri oTxTavis

teqstebs Seicavs da isini X saukuniT SeiZleba davaTariRoT.

palimfsestis qveda fenis orive xelnaweris fragmentebis

amokiTxvis nawilobriv Sedegad dadginda, rom isini Seicaven

oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis protovulgatis redaqciis teqsts.

palimfsestis zeda fena Seicavs oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis

narev redaqcias. es redaqcia daculia X s. qsnis oTxTavis

markozis saxarebis teqstSi da gamovlenilia ivane imnaiSvilis

mier.2 redaqcia warmoadgens oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis

adiSuri da protovulgatis redaqciebis narev teqsts. maTes

1 valeri silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 136-137.

2 iv. imnaiSvili, qsnis oTxTavis redaqcia, literaturuli Ziebani, t. v, Tbilisi, 1949.

54 55

saxarebis amgvari redaqciis teqsti dasturdeba oTxTavis or

sxva xelnawerSi.3

h-1870 da h-1871 xelnawerebi muJalis Temis sakuTreba

iyo. Semdgom isini inaxeboda mestiaSi, besarion niJaraZis

saxlSi. es xelnawerebi svaneTSi sxvadasxva dros naxes da maTi

mcire aRweriloba gamoaqveynes d.baqraZem, al.xaxanaSvilma

da w.TayaiSvilma.4 al. xaxanaSvilisa da b.niJaraZis cnobiT,

h-1871 xelnaweri im dros 116 furcels Seicavda.5 dRes igi 101-

furcliania. xelnaweris Seswavlis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom misi

3 furceli dRes daculia xelnawerTa erovnuli centris h koleqciis fondSi, oRond sxva nomriT (h-1395).

qeTevan tatiSvili


anton I kaTalikosiseuli sadResaswaulo

1. Aanton I kaTalikosis sadResaswaulo aris mniSvnelovani

liturgikuli krebuli. misi Sedgenisas gamoyenebulia sla-

vur–rusuli tipikonic. gamorCeulia kalendris sisruliT.

ayvanilia Tvenis principamde. masSi TiTqmis yvela dRis gange-

baa mocemuli. Aamave dros, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, sru-

ladaa warmodgenili qarTveli wmindanebis gangebebi. Aantonma

zogi sagalobeli Tu sagalobelTa pasaJebi da Zlispirebic ki

3 S. Sarjveladze, Problem of Establishing of the recensions of Georgian version of Matthew’sGospel:Severalexamples(ibeWdeba).

4 А.С.Хаханов,ОСванетскихрукописныхевангелиях,Материалыпоархеоло-гииКавказа,X,1904,Приложение,стр.18-19;Д.Бакрадзе,Сванетия,ЗапискиКавказскогоотделаИмператорскогоРусскогогеографическогообщества,кн.VI,1864; eqvTime TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneT-Si 1910 wels, parizi, 1937, gv. 306-307.

5 А.С.Хаханов,iqve; b.niJaraZe, svaneTis xelTnawerebi, “moambe”, 1904, #9, gv.65.

xelaxla Targmna rusulidan da Zveli Targmanebisgan gansasx-

vaveblad gverdiT arSiaze dausva rgoli A(anton kaTalikosis

liturgikul moRvaweobas sxvadasxva dros ikvlevdnen k. kekel-

iZe da m. qavTaria).

2. Aantonma saeklesio kalendarSi daamata erTi wmindanis,

kerZod, neofite urbnelis xseneba. igi iyo pirveli himnografi,

romelmac Seadgina daviT aRmaSeneblis, grigol xanZTelisa da

neofite urbnelis gangebebi. Mmanamde ar arsebobda am wmind-

anebis 9-odiani kanonebi mcire formis sagaloblebiTurT.

3. Cvenamde moRweulia sadResaswaulos kidev erTi redaq-

cia, romlis Sedgenisasac aseve gamoyenebulia rusuli sadRe-

saswauloebisa da Tvenebis masala. Eigi ekuTvnis aleqsi mesx-

iSvils. aleqsi mesxiSviliseuli da antoniseuli sadResas-

wauloebis Sedarebam gviCvena, rom krebulebi garkveulwilad

hgavs erTmaneTs, magaliTad,Aaleqsi mesxiSvilmac gangebebs bo-

los daurTo tipikaluri SeniSvnebi. Aam TvalsazrisiT, orive

krebuli gamorCeulia adrindeli redaqciebisgan. Ggansxvavebas

maT Soris ZiriTadad iwvevs antonis mier xelaxla Targmnili

masala da qarTveli wmindanebisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblebis

nawili. Tanac antoni SeZlebisdagvarad uTiTebs sagalobelTa

avtorebis vinaobas, agreTve – sxvaobas Zlispirebis qarTul

Targmanebsa da rusuli sadResaswaulos Sesabamis Zlispirebs

Soris, aleqsi mesxiSvili ki aseTi Tanamimdevruli ar aris.

bernar utie

parizi, safrangeTi

liturgikuli xasiaTis miTiTebebi ramdenime qarTul bibliur Zvel xelnawerSi

1950 wels b-nma ilia abulaZem gamosca ”saqme mociqulTas~

teqsti Zveli xelnawerebis mixedviT. am gamocemis mizani iyo,

warmoedgina bibliis uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanis teqsti, misi

56 57

uZvelesi redaqcia da Semdegi reviziebic, da es SesaniSnavad

gaakeTa b-nma iliam.

gamouqveynebeli darCa liturgikuli sakiTxavebis miTiTe-

bebi, romlebic moTavsebulia S-407 nusxis arSiebze da ganyofis

mniSvneloba, rogorc es aris aTonis 42 nusxaSi.

rogorc Cans, Zvelad arsebobda ganyofis ori didi sistema:

S-407, S-1398 da S-176 nusxebi icnobs 58 ganyofas, aTonuri da

sinuri xelnawerebi ki – 48 ganyofas.

rasakvirvelia, aseT ganyofebs kavSiri aqvs wminda miwis

Zvel liturgikul wesebTan. es masala sainteresoa imisaTvis,

rom ukeTesad gavigoT ierusalimis qarTuli liturgiis isto-

ria. amitom saWiroa, SevadaroT es ganyofebi kanonis sakiTx-

avebs.

bernard outtier

Paris, France

lItUrGICal INdICatIoNS IN SoME old BIBlICal GEorGIaN MaNUSCrIPtS

as early as 1950, I. abuladze gave an edition of the acts of the apos-tles according to old manuscripts. It is clear that the main goal of the editor was to present the older Georgian translation of this biblical text and the subsequent revisions, and I. abuladze did this wonderfully.

But some liturgical indications were not published: these are either in themargin, as in ms. tbilisi S-407, and related to liturgical readings, or readings’ divisions, as in ms. Iviron Georgian 42.

There seems to have been two main systems for the division of the text:either 58 lessons, as in mss tbilisi S-407, S-1398 and Kutaisi 176, or 48 lessons, as in the Iviron and Sinai manuscripts.

Of course, these divisions are related with liturgical readings, first ofall the ones in the holy land. that is why they are useful to know better the reception of the liturgical practice of Jerusalem in the Georgian liturgy.

for this, we shall have to compare these systems with the readings of the lectionary of Jerusalem.

giorgi qavTaraZe


saqarTvelo

tore del grekos qarTuli xelnawerebi

aRmosavlur qveynebTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gaaq-

tiurebaSi erT-erTi mTavari roli misionerulma moZraobam

Seasrula. kaTolikuri eklesiis misioneruli moRvaweoba aR-

mosavleTis mimarTulebiT saTaves jvarosnuli laSqrobebidan

iRebs da XIX saukunemde grZeldeba. amjerad Cveni interesis

sagans XVII saukunis meore naxevari warmoadgens, maSin, roca

romis papma aleqsandre VII-m (1655-1667 ww.) 1661 wlis 13 ivnisis

dekretiT saqarTveloSi gamogzavna kapuCinTa (ital. Cappuccino (kapuCini), laT. Capucino (kapucini) rvakaciani misioni. swored

kapuCinTa ordenis warmomadgeneli iyo CvenTvis saintereso

pirovneba – bernarde-mariam neapoleli (ital. Bernardo-Maria da Napoli; laT. Bernardus maria Neapolensis; 1629-1707 ww.). qarTul is-

toriografiaSi misi saxeli damkvidrda `bernarde neapoleli~-s

saxiT.

bagrationi mefeebis – vaxtagn V `Sahnavazi~-sa (1658-1676 ww.)

da giorgi XI-is (1676-1688 ww.) dros saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda

italieli mosioneri bernarde neapoleli, romelmac saqarT-

velodan waiRo uamravi xelnaweri – rogorc mis mier Sedge-

nili da gadawerili, aseve qarTul biblioTekebSi daculi da

mis mier moZiebuli. bernarde neapolelis mier saqarTvelodan

waRebul xelnawerebs XIX saukunis miwuruls miakvlies avstri-

elma qarTvelologma hugo Suxardtma (germ. hugo Schuchardt) da qarTvelma istorikosma mixeil TamaraSvilma (laT. Michel tamarati). es xelnawerebi inaxeboda neapolis regionSi mdebare

58 59

sofel tore del grekoSi (ital. torre del Greco – sityvasity-

viT – berZnuli koSki), vulkan vezuvis maxloblad. aRniSnul

xelnawerTa aRmomCenis wvlilsa da saxels Tanabrad inawile-

ben rogorc hugo Suxardti, ise mixeil TamaraSvili, radgan XIX

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi maT damoukideblad miakvlies am xel-

nawerebs.

hugo Suxardtisa da mixeil TamaraSvilis mier mikvleuli

xelnawerebis safuZvelze Cven SevecadeT, Segveswavla ber-

narde neapolelis misioneruli moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi. ra

Tqma unda, tore del grekos qarTuli xelnawerebis aRwerasa

da daxasiaTebas qarTveli mecnieri ufro safuZvlianad gad-

mogvcems, vidre avstrieli. Tumca maT mier Sedgenili bernarde

neapolelis xelnawerebis katalogebidan irkveva, rom maT mier

Catarebuli kvleva bolomde safuZvliani ar aris.

lamara qajaia


xanmeti palimfsestebis Seswavlis istoria

1. xanmeti palimfsestebis aRmoCena da kvleva ukavSirdeba

iv. javaxiSvilis saxels da saTaves iRebs gasuli saukunis ociani

wlebidan. mkvlevari palimfsestebTan oqsfordis palimfsestma

miiyvana, romelic cnobilma ebraistma p. kokovcovma miawoda mas

gasarkvevad. es iyo orenovani fotoasli, romlis zeda teqsti,

XI saukuniT daTariRebuli, warmoadgenda ebrauli Talmudis

fragments, xolo qveda Seicavda ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis

qarTul teqsts, V-VI ss.

2. iv. javaxiSvilma palimfsestebis gamosavlenad Seiswavla

qarTuli xelnawerebi. man miakvlia ramdenime xelnawer-

palimfsests (a-89, 737, 844, h-999) da gaarkvia, rom isini Seicavdnen

fragmentebs Zveli da axali aRTqmidan da warmoadgendnen xanmet

teqstebs, V-VI ss.

3. xanmeti teqstebis aRmoCenam ganmarta termini `xanmeti~,

romelsac Seicavda giorgi mTawmidelis redaqciiT gamarTuli

oTxTavis anderZi (XI s.). terminis marTebuli interpretacia

mogvca ak. SaniZem.

4. akaki SaniZis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli ,,xanmeti” da

,,haemeti” Zeglebis Semdgomi aRmoCena da Seswavla. esenia

,,xanmeti mravalTavi“ da ,,ierusalimis ganCineba”. mkvlevarma

am ukanasknels ,,haemeti” uwoda, vinaidan teqsts ,,x”-s nacvlad

,,h”-s xmareba axasiaTebda, orive Zegli VIII saukuniT daaTariRa

da gamosca. ak. SaniZes ekuTvnis agreTve kembrijis xanmeti

fragmentebis gamocemac.

5. SemdgomSi xanmet teqstebze muSaobas agrZelebs il.

abulaZe. mas ganzraxuli hqonda, iv. javaxiSvilis amokiTxuli

masala Seevso da xelaxla gamoeca. muSaobis procesSi mkvlevarma

miakvlia ,,qristinas wamebis” ucnob teqsts. man ver moaswro misi

Seswavla.

6. xanmeti teqstebis mimarT interesi ar Sewyvetila. il.

abulaZis dawyebuli saqme Cven gavagrZeleT. Cven mier Seswavlilia

yvela xanmeti teqsti saqarTvelosa da venis nacionaluri

biblioTekisa, gamovlenilia axali masala. axleburadaa

gaSuqebuli xanmet palimfsestTa urTierTobisa da Sedgenilobis

sakiTxebi da sxv.

7. xanmet teqstebze muSaoba mimdinareobda sazRvargareTac.

birmingemis universitetis profesorma j. n. berZolma Seiswavla

venis nacionaluri biblioTekis qarTuli palimfsesti. am

xelnaweridan man gamosca iakobis pirvelsaxareba, ezras I wignisa

da oTxTavis fragmentebi.

mainis frankfurtis universitetis profesorma iost

gipertma Cveni da z. sarjvelaZis monawileobiT gamosca venis

nacionaluri biblioTekis xelnawer-palimfsestidan xanmeti

teqstebi.

amJamad Cven gamosacemad vamzadebT xanmeti teqstebis

korpuss.

60 61

a.a.s. ten KateBergen op Zoom. Netherlands

thE tEXtUal affIlIatIoN of thE GoSPEl of JohN IN a GEorGIaN lECtIoNary

the Paris-lectionary is is very well edited in tbilisi in 1997. It contains a very large part of all the lessons of the Church-year. We have looked to the parts of the Gospel of John occurring in it and have compared them with the old Georgian Bible Manuscripts edited by Blake and Brière in Patrologia orientalis. So we hope to make this lectionary available to a broader range of specialists. this research is very fruitfull. In almost every verse of the Gospel, there are variants that have affinities with different textual witnesses of the New Testament. Mostly theyside with the Georgian tradition known from the opiza and tbeti-manuscripts; and inside this one, mostly with the opza-manuscript. But there are also many examples where it sides just with the tbeti-manuscript.

to make it even more complicated, there are also many variants shared only with the adish-manuscript. Even in one and the same verse, appear different textual affiliations.Apartfromthis,therearealsoverymanyuniquereadings,somesharedwith one or more Greek traditions, but some also only with one other version. So thepictureofthetextualaffiliationisrathercomplicatedforthismanuscript.

We shall try to give you an impression of this textual diversity by taking examples from different verses of the Gospel of John. to avoid confusion we shall translate all the texts concerned as literally as possible.

1:ExampleofuniquenessofthewholeGeorgiantradition:John1,1:Greek:«InbeginningwasthewordandthewordwasnearGod,andGodwas

the word».lgeolt:«1Fromfirstwas2a word and 3the word was 4with God, God5 was the

word».

1 «pirvelitgan»:id.geo; EthQ4.1:«first»;armCarm1Jn aphrarm:«frombeginning»;itvgorJer Jn:«inprinciple»;eth:«itsbeginning»;Diatv:«always».

2 id. it vg sy geo(«sit’q’ay») lGr; diatlmg v t:«sonofGod»;EthAphrarm(pt):«avoice».3 «sit’q’ay igi»:id.gr;syc p diatl h C lGr aphrarm Nst44:«thatword»;eth:«thatvoice».

4 id. it vg sy arm eth diatl; Clalmin.:«inGod».5 id.itvgsybo;grL:«theGod»;geooc lgeolt:«ġmerti»; geoa t:«ġmert».

2:Differencebetweengeoa and the geoo t + lgeolt:John1,2:Greek:«thisonewasinbeginningneartheGod».lgeolt:«1this one was 2fromfirst3with God».

1 sa:«thisinbeginning»;eth:«andlikeit».2 id. geoo t(«pirvelitgan»); etha diatP:«itsbeginning»;armgeoa(«dasabamitgan»)

ethCc d lpal Nhvii2.5 aphrsy arm:«frombeginning»;itvgAug:«inprinciple».3 id. sa bo geo(«ġmertisa tana») lGr am;itvgsyarm:«nearGod».

3:Uniquevariant,togetherwithdifferencefromgeoa and geoo t in one and thesameverse:

John1,3:

Greek:«allthingshappenedthroughhim,andwithouthimnotevenonethinghappened, that has happened».

lgeolt:«1all whatever was made through him2, 3without him 4not even one thing 5was made, 6which were ever made».

1 id. arm geoa o(«q’ovelive»); geot:«all»(«q’oveli»).2 gr(incl. geoa o t)add:«and».3 geoa:«outsidehim»(«missa gareše»).4 gr P66 א d 1 1071 1585* f1 it vg geoa(«ara ray») Clalmin. orJn13.118(pt):«nothing».5 geoo t:«wascreated»(«šeikmna»).6 id. geoo t («ravdeni-ray ikmna»); geoa: «which ever was made» («romel ray

ikmna»).

4:UniquevarianttowardsGreek:21,23:Greek:«Thuswentoutthiswordtothebrothersthatthatdiscipledoesnotdie;

andJesussaidhimnot,thathedoesnotdie,but:ifIwanthimtostaytillIcome,what is to you?».

lgeoP:«And1 went out this word among2 the brothers, that 3the disciple 4would not die, and5 not said Jesus him that6hewouldnotdie,but:If7I may want 8that one to be, till 9I, for me, shall come10».

62 63

1 id. ita min. sys p arm geo(«da») diatP a lGr am thMsy; sa132 boBodmbo:«however»;saM bot diatt:om.

2 id. itmaj. vgmin. sys p sa boBodm bo geoo t(«šoris») diath C v t P a thMsy aug; geoa:«mimart».

3 id. sys geo(«moc’apey igi»);arm:«thisdisciple»;grP122:«thediscipleofthatone».4 id. ita b arm geo(«mok’udes») diatl h C t P ac lGr am; itc sa boBodm bo datv am:«willnot

die».5 id.grADKMUΔΘΛΠsΨf1 M 2 69 118 124 157 565 700 1071 1346 1424 ita

e maj. vg syh arm geo(«da») diath C v t a lGr am geoP aug; diatl:«andhowever»;gr69124 1346 ita aur romit:«him»;samaj. bomin. diatP:om.

6 sy geoa:omit.7 id. eth geo(«mindes»); sa boBodmbo:«Ishouldwish»;itff diath C tomit:«if»;ita min.

vgM G diatl v lGr amAug:«soIwish»;armadds:«forme».8 id. arm geo(«magisi»); lgeopomits:«that»(«vitarmed»).9 geoa:«tillmyarrival»(«čemda moslvadmde»); geoo t:«thearrivalofme»(«moslvad

čemdamde»); lgeopadds:«forme»(«me»).10 gr א* C2 1 565 1582* ita e maj. sys arm boBodmboadd:«whatisforyou?»;saadds:«whoareyou?»;syp h thMsyadd:«whatdoyouhave?»;itcAugadd:«you,foryou,follow me!».

5:Affinitymainlywithgeoa:21,24:Greek:«Thisisthedisciplewhitnessingaboutthesethingsandhavingwritten

these things, and we know that true is his witness.lgeoP:«Thisisthedisciple1, who witnesses about him2 3and who wrote this; 4we

know that true is his witness».

1 id. geoa(«moc’apey»); geoo t:(«moc’ape»).2 id. geoa(«mis»); geoo diatl h C:«thisone»(«amis»); syh arm geot:«these»(«amat»);

samin. eth diatv t acomit:«about»;itff:«me»;ite:«Jesus».3 id. gr B W syp geoo t lgeop(«da romelman») thMsy; gr א*ABCDKMUWΔΛΠs ΨfM 2 157 565 700 1071 1424 itaur f vg sys sa boBodm bo diatl h C t lamAug:«and»;gr 1אΘ33691241346syp h saM boBodm bomin. arm geoa(«romelmanca») orJn32.261:«whoalso»;Diatv P lGr:omitthisclause.

4 lgeop omits:«and»;grP122:«all»;LgeoP:«vicit»; geoa:«weunderstand»(uc’q’it»); geoo:«Iknow»(«vici»); geot:«heunderstands»(«uc’q’is»); diatab:«youknow»;diatl:omitslastpart.

6:Affinitywithgeoo,mainly:Jn21,25:Greek:«Thereare,however,manyother things, thatJesusdid, that, if they

would be written one by one, I think, the world even not would contain the written books».

lgeoP:«And1 2even many other signs, which3 Jesus did, 4which, if even they would be written down one by one, 5not yet, 6I think, that7 this8 world 9would contain 10upwritten writings11».

1 id. sys geoo t(«da») etha diatP a; gr: «however»; ita maj. bomin.: «and however»;orJn13.27:«for»;sa104 diatl v t:om.

2 id. itb r c geoo(«sxuanica»); etha diath C:«muchother»;sa132:«otherthings»;geot:«much other miracle»(«scuaca mraval sasc’aul»); diatP: «very many othermiracles».

3 gr a C3DKMUWΔΘΛΠs f1 M 2 69 124 157 565 700 1071 1424 geoa:«somany that»; ita e maj.:om.;itb diatladd:«thatarenotwritteninthisbook».

4 («romelni, uk’uetumca»);gr:«which»;geo:«ifwhenever»(«romeli tumca»);eth:«andwhen»;sabo:«these»;Diath C:«for,who»;Diatl:«for,if»;DiatP:«if».

5 («arġa»); gr: om.; arm geoa(«vermeca»): «not also»; geoo t: «neveryet»(«arcaġa»).

6 id. gr (incl. geoo)(«vegoneb»); sys geoa t:om.7 id. geoo(«vitarmca»);gr:om.8 id. syp h arm geo(«ese») thMsy;gr:«the».9 id. geo(«dait’a»);grאcBC*:«willcontain»;ita e maj.vgAug:«contains»;sys p

(arm) thMsy:«wouldbesufficienttocontain(bear)»;ita q boBodmbo:«wouldnotbe able to contain»; diatl h C:«shouldnotberefrainedfromtheworld»;sys:«..contain these».

10 id. armM* geoo t(«aġc’erili c’ignebi»); armE M geoa:«thewrittenbooks»(«dacerili c’ignebi»); sys:omitsthismention.

11 grKMUΔΘΛΠsΨM 2 69 124 157 565 700 1071 1424 itmin. vgmaj.(≠Aug)geoo ethCb Eadd:«amen».

7:Liturgicalvariant:Jn17,1:Greek:«ThesethingsspokeJesus»lgeoP:«This1 spoke the lord ..».

1 id. arm geo(«ese») diatl h C t a.

64 65

8:Simplifyingvariant:

Greek:«Letyourheartnotbeshocked;believeinGodandbelieveinme!».lgeoP:«Yourhearts1 2are not shocked; believe in me !».

1 id. arm geoa(«gulni») diath v a.2 «šedzrc’undebian»; itmin. vg syp thMsyAug:«willnotbe troubled»; saboBodm bo

diatl a:«letnotbetroubled»;LGr:«maynotbesad»;sys:«shouldnothaste»;gr1071 ite lamadd:«norfearing».

9:Theologicalremarkablevariants:Jn1,18:Greek:«NoonesaweverGod;anonlybornGod,whoisintothebosomofthe

father, that one explained him ».lgeoP*: «Never someone saw God, except1 2the only-born, who was at the

breasts of the father, he announced».

1 id. gr Ws ita e maj. arm geoa(«garna») diatl C P armKh53add:«unless»;geoo t:«but»(«aramed»).

2 («mxolod- šobilman»); id. orJer15 CyrJer; gr P66 75 א B C* l Ws syp boBodm bo geot(«mxolod-šobilman ġmertman») etha diata Nhviii.1.39 Clalmaj. orJer32.364: «theonly begotten God»; gr a C3ΘΨfM 2 28 157 565 579 700 1071 1424 itmaj. vg syc h arm geoa o(«mxolod- šobilman dzeman») diatl C h t P Ephr lGr am [geop] Cthh Clalmin. thMsy gr Nst208 Nhi.5 armKh53:«theonlybegottenson»;sa:«Godtheonlyson»;ita:«hisonlyson»;itq:«theonlybegottensonofGod».

ConclusionThetextualcharacterofthisremarkablemanuscriptisdifficulttoassign.The

great number of variants points to a stage where no more the majority of Georgian Bible-manuscripts was followed, but for the sake of clarity, it went its own way. When the Georgian text was not clear enough, there is a tendency to approach the Greek text. Many simplifying variants point in the direction of the liturgical use of the text as the origin of this manuscript. the variant in nr. 9 shows a stage of not-deciding in the discussion of christology in the Early Church.

nino qimeriZe, Tamar WumburiZe


saqarTvelo

germanuli xelnawerebi saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi

saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondSi `var-

ia~ Tavmoyrili germanuli xelnawerebis enobrivi principiT

dalagebam dRis wesrigSi daayena dacul germanul xelnawerTa

gadaxedva da Sesabamisi kriteriumebis mixedviT maTi sistem-

atizacia-dalageba.

zemoxsenebuli koleqcia mcirericxovania (18 erTeuli),

magram teqstobrivi monacemebis mixedviT, is sainteresoa ro-

gorc germanuli filologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarTaT-

vis, aseve istorikosTa da wyaroTmcodneTaTvis.

aRniSnuli xelnawerebi am etapze, faqtobrivad, ar aris de-

talurad Seswavlili da dRemde ucnobia rogorc qarTuli, ise

ucxouri samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.

xelnawerTa Seswavlis pirvel etapze warmarTulma samuSaoe-

bma aCvena, rom maTSi mocemuli faqtobrivi masalis gamo gan-

sakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs: doqt. gustav rades mog-

zaurobis Canawerebi, liturgikuli teqstebi (maT Soris – erTi

palimfsesti), avstriuli da prusiuli sigelebi, g. Smidtis naS-

romi kavkasiuri enebis Sesaxeb, oficialuri mimarTva kavkasiis

mefisnacvlisadmi da misT.

amJamad Catarebulia zemoxsenebuli xelnawerebis winaswari

sistematizacia-aRwera. xelnawerebs gaukeTda paginacia.

Semdgom etapze, rac iTvaliswinebs zemoxsenebuli koleq-

ciis akademiur aRweras, igegmeba:

konkretul xelnawerTa komentireba: teqstSi mocemul pir-

Ta da saganTa registri. teqstobrivi monacemebis mokvlevis

safuZvelze Sejerdeba da dazustdeba registris Semadgeneli

TiToeuli ganmarteba;

66 67

miznobrivad SerCeuli, Seswavlili da komentirebuli xel-

nawerebis transliterirebuli versiebi iTargmneba, raTa Sem-

dgomSi isini mkvlevarTaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes, rogorc

wyaro;

konsultaciebi germanel kolegebTan teqstobriv da enobriv

monacemTa Seswavlis Semdgom zogierTi xelnaweris TariRis da-

zustebis mizniT;

Seswavlili da komentirebuli xelnawerebi momzaddeba ga-

mosacemad.

ciala qurcikiZe


Zveli aRTqmis wignTa qarTuli Targmanebis gamocemisa da Seswavlis istoriisTvis

qarTul enaze Zveli aRTqmis wignebis uZvelesi Targmanebia

daculi. calkeuli xelnawerebis mixedviT maTi gamocema da

Seswavla adrec xorcieldeboda (n.mari, briuri, r.bleiki, a.

SaniZe, st. Cxenkeli).

1. xelnawerTa institutis gaxsnasTan erTad ilia abula-

Zem miznad daisaxa am wignebis yvela arsebuli nusxis mixedviT

gamocema. man 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi institutis mecnier

TanamSromelTagan Seadgina jgufi, romelic am TemiT iqneboda

dakavebuli. jgufSi Sediodnen: TviTon ilia abulaZe, baqar

gigineiSvili, nargiza goguaZe, cotne kikviZe, gulnaz kiknaZe,

ciala qurcikiZe, uCa cindeliani. amave Temaze institutis ga-

reT muSaobdnen: korneli danelia, elene doCanaSvili, zurab

sarjvelaZe, mzeqala SaniZe, Tina cqitiSvili.

2. teqstis gamosacemad momzadebaze muSaoba ZiriTadad 1969

wlisTvis damTavrda. daiwyo gamocemaze zrunvac. am droisT-

vis mzeqala SaniZes ukve hqonda gmocemuli fsalmuni (1960w.),

1970 wels Cven gamovaqveyneT Zveli aRTqmis eqvsi arakanonikuri

wigni, T. cqitiSvilma 1978 wels gamosca ezekielis wigni, elene

doCanaSvilma 1981-86 wlebSi – sulxan-saba orbelianis biblia

(a-51), korneli daneliam 1995 wels ieremias wigni. teqstebi

gamoqveynda saTanado gamokvlevebiTurT. 1989-91 wlebSi mox-

erxda pirveli rva wigneulis gamocema. amis Semdeg gamocema

aRar gagrZelebula.

3. teqstebis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Zveli aRTqma

qarTul enaze samjer uTargmniaT. uZvelesi, V-VI saukuneebSi

Targmnili, teqsti ase Tu ise sruli saxiT daculia oSkis bib-

liaSi (ath.1) da mis mimyol xelnawerebSi, XII s-is e.w. gelaTuri

Targmani 27 wignisa Semogvenaxa a-179, a-1108 da Q-1152 xel-

nawerebSi, xolo sxva 22 wignis XVIII saukunis Targmani slavu-

ridan – baqaris bibliaSi.

4. redaqcia ZiriTadad ori gamoikveTa: xsenebul 27 wignSi

erTmaneTis paralelurad dadga oSkisa da gelaTis redaqciebi,

danarCen 22 wignSi ki oSkisa da baqariseuli redaqciebi.

arsebobs sami redaqcia: ori uZvelesi, erTmaneTze damokide-

buli da mesame – giorgi aTonelis Targmani. ramdenime wignSi

gamoiyo 3 (Sesaqme) da 4 (gamosvlaTa, ricxvTa, mefeTa oTxive

wigni) redaqciac. mesame da meoTxe redaqciebSi oSkuri teqstis

Semdgomi gadamuSavebis Sedegad aris miRebuli.

fsalmunTa wigni arc erT zemoT CamoTvlil xelnawerSi ar

dasturdeba, rogorc damoukidebeli moxmarebis wigni, igi da-

moukideblad Cans Targmnili.

5. teqstebze muSaobam gviCvena, rom Zveli aRTqmis wignTa

umravlesoba qarTul enaze berZnulidan momdinareobs. mMxolod

ramdenime wignis warmomavlobaa gaurkveveli, radgan isini am

TvalsazrisiT jerjerobiT Seswavlili ar aris.

dReisaTvis xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi gamosacemad mza-

daa Zveli aRTqmis wignebis sruli teqsti.

68 69

irma yaraulaSvili


saqarTvelo

ratom Cndeba N/Sin-50-is siriel mamaTa

cxovrebis uZveles redaqciaSi Taviseburi

cnobebi edesis mandilionisa da hierapolisis

keramidionis Sesaxeb?

moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iqneba N/Sin-50-Si, siriel mamaTa

cxovrebis uZveles redaqciaSi (ioane zedaznelisa da mowafeTa saqmeni) motanili cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac ezderioz

samTaviselma da Teodosios mrexelma, romlebic dasaxelebuli

arian saqarTveloSi VI saukunis I naxevarSi mosul 12 siriel

mamaTa Soris, `ganiZraxes, ra¡Tamca xatisa mis wil macxovrisa

xatebi gaweres sasurvelad. da Tevdosios Semzada kedeli,

xolo ezderioz Seqmna ficari...~ moxsenebaSi gaSuqebuli iqneba

is paralelebi, romlebic qarTul teqsts, romelsac misi

gamomcemeli, b-ni zaza aleqsiZe, X saukuniT aTariRebs (xolo

mis prototips ki ufro adreulad miiCnevs) eZebneba rogorc

adreul siriul literaturaSi, agreTve bizantiur da laTinur

werilobiT tradiciebSi.

mecnierTa azriT, edesaSi arsebuli realuri xati legen-

darul aRwerilobas ar Seesabameboda. kristofer valteris

varaudiT, es iyo mxatvruli gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tavad

edesis xatTan saerTo araferi hqonda. herbert kesleris

Tanaxmad, edesis xatis mxatvrul modelad aRebuli iyo clipeata portreti, romelic popularuli iyo jer kidev antikur

periodSi da agreTve kargad iyo cnobili xatmebrZolobis

Semdgom periodSic, rogorc WeSmariti xatis amsaxveli simbolo.

adreuli aRmosavlur-qristianuli (siriuli da arabuli)

wyaroebis mixedviT, qristes edesis xati daxatuli iyo, Tanac,

savaraudod, ficarze. rogorc averil kameronma (runsimanis

Semdeg) aRniSna, safiqrebelia, rom Tavdapirvelad edesis xati

arasodes yofila tiloze aRbeWdili da igi, albaT, arasodes

gansxvavdeboda qristes sxva Zvirfasi xatebisagan.

rac Seexeba cnobas qristes sruli figuris xelTuqmneli

gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb, qarTveli avtoris mier gadmocemuli

ambis tipologiurad msgavsi Txrobani dasturdeba rogorc

bizantiur tradiciaSi (egnate beris avtorobiT cnobili Txroba

salonikSi hosios daviTis eklesiaSi qristes gamosaxulebis

gamoCenis Sesaxeb, romelsac mkvlevarni XII saukuniT aTari-

Reben), agreTve laTinurenovan samyaroSic (lateranis

Sancta Sanctorum acheropita-d cnobili xatis irgvliv Seqmnili

Txzulebani). katarina kavanis Tanaxmad, berZnul tradiciaSi

msgavsi gadmocemis Semcveli teqstis avtorebs Tvalwin hqondaT

raRac gansakuTrebuli gamosaxuleba, romelzec/romelsac

maT Txroba SeTxzes/moarges. me ki, qarTveli istorikosis

cnobebisa da lateranis xatis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturuli

tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamovTqvam mosazrebas, rom VIII-IX

saukuneebisaTvis (an, SesaZloa, ufro adrec) arsebobda gar-

kveuli tradicia qristes srultaniani xelTuqmneli gamo-

saxulebis Sesaxeb.

amdenad, SeiZleba gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom asurel mamaTa

cxovrebis uZvelesi redaqciis avtori, SesaZloa, ar icnobs

bizantiur tradicias edesis xatis tiloze aRbeWdvis Sesaxeb,

magram icnobs da iyenebs qristianul samyaroSi arsebul sxva

gadmocemebs qristes xelTuqmneli gamosaxulebebis Sesaxeb.

savaraudod, avtori Segnebulad mimarTavs am modelebs,

vinai dan, misi nawarmoebis Tanaxmad, xelTuqmneli xati da

fres ka arc siriidan iyo saqarTveloSi Camotanili da arc

originalTan uSualo kontaqtis Sedegad warmoqmnili; isini

adgilze saswaulebrivad iqna gamosaxuli.

70 71

lela SaTiriSvili, Tea qarTveliSvili


polemikuri Txzuleba `£seneba¡ sity¢sgebisa¡ da sasjelisa¡ SjulisaT¢s qristianeTa¡sa da sarki-nozTa~ (istoriul-filologiuri analizi)

1. XII saukuneSi saqarTvelom Tavi daaRwia islamuri sax-

elmwifoebis agresias da Tavad gadavida Setevaze, Tumca Ta-

visTavad samxedro konfrontaciis arseboba or mxares Soris

antagonistur damokidebulebas ar anelebda. samxedro kon-

frontacias, Tavis mxriv, ideologiuri konfrontacia asazr-

doebda, rac ZiriTadad religiuri niSniT mimdinareobda.

aRniSnuli periodis qarTul saistorio Tu mxatvrul mw-

erlobaSi islami odiozuradaa Sefasebuli da, cxadia, xdeba

mahmadianTa rjulis diskreditacia. muslimanuri qveynebis wi-

naaRmdeg mebrZoli da gamarjvebuli qveyana saWiroebda saku-

Tari religiuri upiratesobebis warmoCenasa da mowinaaRmde-

gis sarwmunoebis damcirebas. saerTo viTarebidan gamomdinare,

bunebrivia, rom am dros gaCnda saWiroeba, qarTulad eTargm-

naT antimahmadianuri polemikuri Txzulebebi, amasTan, iqmneba

originaluri polemikuri nawarmoebic.

2. Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi XII-XIII ss-is sayovelTaod cno-

bil krebul `dogmatikonSi~ Tavmoyril TargamanebSi, romlebic

arsen vaCesZes, anu arsen iyalToels, ekuTvnis, ukanasknel, sa-

mocdameTormete, sakiTxavad warmodgenilia antimahmadianuri

polemikuri Txzuleba `£seneba¡ sity¢sgebisa¡ da sasjelisa¡

SjulisaT¢s qristianeTa da sarkinozTa~, romelSic kiTxva-mi-

gebis formiT aRwerilia sarkinoz iamame xelmwifesa da qarTv-

el marTlmadidebel bers Soris gamarTuli kamaTi dogmatikur

sakiTxebze. Txzuleba krebulSi anonimuradaa daculi; masTan

dakavSirebiT ismis ori sakiTxi: a) Txzuleba originaluria; b)

avtori SeiZleba iyos Tavad arsen iyalToeli da masve dama-

mTavrebel sakiTxavad Seutania aRniSnuli sakiTxavi `dogma-

tikonSi~.

3. Txzuleba, rogorc Cans, didi mowonebiT sargeblobda.

igi, arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikonis~ garda, Sesulia sxvadasxva

dogmatikur-polemikur krebulSi, romlebic gamokrebilia gad-

amwerTa mier damkveTTa miTiTebebis mixedviT. dResdReobiT

cnobilia XII- XVIII ss. gadawerili rva nusxa (S-1463, K-23, Q-50, h-1000, h-137, S-248, S-312, a-1132), romlebic Seicavs zemoaRniS-

nul traqtats. kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa nusxaTa amgvari

urTierTmimarTeba:

a) moRweul nusxaTa arqetips unda warmoadgendes S-1463 an

is xelnaweri, saidanac gadaiwera Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze

adreuli xelnaweri.

b) moRweul nusxaTa ikiTxvisebi, variantuli cvlilebebi

SeiZleba momdinareobdes teqstis im dednebidan, romlebiTac

isini sargeblobdnen, an gadamwerTa Segnebuli Tu meqanikuri

sworebis Sedegi.

g) nusxebSi mravladaa orTografiuli sxvaobani, rac um-

Tavresad ganapirobebs kidec maT gansxvavebulobas.

4. avtori kargad icnobs antimahmadianur polemikur lit-

eraturas. nawarmoebSi dasmulia is sadavo sakiTxebi, romle-

bzec polemika mimdinareobda qristianTa da muslimanTa Soris,

magram argumentebi Tavisi originalobiT gamoirCeva. mopaeqre

qristiani amJRavnebs ara mxolod Rrma qristianul Teologiur

ganswavlulobas, aramed SesaniSnavad icnobs yurans. dava mim-

dinareobs samebis dogmatze, ieso qristes RvTaebrivi bunebis

Sesaxeb, qalwul mariamis RvTismSoblobaze, muhamedis crumo-

ciqulobis Taobaze da a. S. nawarmoebi agebulia qristianuli

da islamuri moZRvrebebis Sepirispirebis qargaze. aRsanaSnavia,

rom polemika mimdinareobs muslimanTan erTad mogvi varskv-

lavTmricxvelis winaaRmdegac, rac, rogorc irkveva, damaxasi-

aTebeli iyo aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli literaturisTvis,

amasTan, avtori xazs usvams qristianobis erovnul xasiaTs.

TxzulebaSi naklebadaa damowmebuli citatebi Zveli da

axali aRTqmidan. analogiebis moxmobis safuZvelze, kiTxva-mi-

gebiT, logikuri msjelobis gziT mowinaaRmdege CixSi emwyvdeva

da aRiarebs qristianobis WeSmaritebas.

72 73

ramaz Sengelia, nani xelaia

Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti.

saqarTvelo

medicinis istoriisa da bioeTikis departamenti

informaciam tradiciuli medicinis (tm) Sesaxeb moaRwia um-

niSvnelovanesi wyaros meSveobiT – werilobiTi Zeglebis gziT.

Zveli samedicino xelnawerebi gvevlineba Tavisi epoqis mec-

nierul medicinad, romelmac gauZlo mraval saukunes da miC-

neulia e.w. `dadasturebul medicinad~ (“Evidence Based Medicine”). maT umetes SemTxvevaSi hyavT avtorebi. bevri qveyana, romelTac

ar aqvT Zveli samedicino xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi wignebi, mimar-

Taven e.w. `xalxur mkurnalebs~, an iyeneben xalxis mexsierebaSi

SemorCenil samkurnalo meTodebsa da saSualebebs.

saqarTvelos tm moicavs uZveles mecnierul medicinas. am

fenomenis kultu ruli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobis Seswavla

daiwyo jer kidev XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi. qarTuli samedicino Si-

naarsis xelnawerTagan Seswavlili da gamoqveyne bulia l. kote-

tiSvilis mier X s. qananelis ùsworo karabadini~ (1940), XIII s.

xojayofilis `wigni saaqimo¡~ (1936), XVI s. daviT bagrationis

ìadigar daudi~ (1938), jer m. saakaSvilisa da i. abulaZis (1950),

xolo Semdeg m. Sengelias mier (1959, 1978) iqna gamoqveynebu-

li XVs. moRvawis zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis `sam kurnalo

wigni – karabadini~. es Zeglebi gvevlinebian Tavisi drois

Sedevrebad. isini saintereso arian rogorc kulturologiuri

fenomeni, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ki aqvT gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba, rac ganpirobebulia: a) ana to miur-fiziologiuri

codnis maRali doniT, b) daavadebaTa klinikuri sura Tis aR-

weris sisruliT, g) daxvewili da zusti recepturiT, d) sam-

kurnalo mce nareTa gamoyenebis farTo speqtriT, maT Soris

-endemuri saxeobebis, e) cxove luri da mineraluri warmoSobis

mravalferovani resursebis gamoyenebiT.

1997 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universite-

tis (Tssu) mecnierTa jgufma r. Sengelias xelmZRvanelobiT

rubrikiT `qarTuli samedicino saunje~ xelaxla gamosca X s.

qananelis ùsworo karabadini~ (tomi I), romlis teqsti gamo-

sacemad moamzada d. kuxianiZem, xolo leqsikoni gadaamuSava n.

xelaiam. maTive iniciativiT ganaxlebuli gamocemisaTvis momza-

debulia XIII s. xojayofilis `wigni saaqimo¡~ (tomi II).

1975-1980 ww. Cven mier m. Sengelias xelmZRvanelobiT aRi-

nusxa 500-ze meti qarTuli samedicino xelnaweri (qsx), romle-

bic daculia saqarTvelos sxvada sxva qalaqis wignsacavebSi da

romelTa mixedviTac Seswavlil iqna medicinis sxvadasxva dar-

gis ganviTarebis istoria.

1980-1984 ww. qsx-Tagan n. xelaiam SearCia da Seiswavla iqna

origi naluri nimuSebi: XVI-XVII ss. `karabadini kargi da marge-

beli~, XVII s. àbram mwerlis karabadini~, XVIII s. `saeqimo wigni~

(xelnawerTa erovnuli fondi h-414, h-916, h-3045), XVIII s. àzru-

melis cnobari~ (medicinis istoriis muzeumi 46 – 6).

qsx-Si mocemuli masalis gamoyenebiT Cven mier ganxor-

cielebul iqna ramdenime proeqti: `saqarTvelos tm-Si gamoy-

enebul bss-Ta kartografireba~ (1993-1995); `tradiciuli medi-

cinis sainformacio baza da analizi~ (1997-1998); `sicocxlis

gaxangrZliveba da misi xarisxis gaumjobeseba kavkasiuri dRe-

grZelobisa da saqarTvelos tm-is safuZvelze~ (2004-2007).

Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

1998-2004 ww. Seiqmna qsx-Ta unikaluri, aRwerilobiTi xasi-

aTis katalogis eleqtronuli versia, sadac, teqnikuri mona-

cemebis garda, aris informacia Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, kerZod, mo-

wodebulia, daavadebaTa saZiebeli, rac xels Seuwyobs medici-

nis sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevrebs maTTvis saintereso masalis

mizanmimarTul moZiebaSi. katalogi arasrulia, radgan Sesas-

wavlia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivebi da fondebi, sx-

vadasxva muzeumsa da kerZo koleqciebSi daculi nimuSebi da

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi 1980 wlidan Sesuli xelnawerebi;

gaSifrulia uZvelesi receptebi, dadgenilia bunebriv sam-

kurnalo saSua lebaTa (bss) dasaxelebebi maTi identificirebis

mizniT, mowodebulia maTi Tanamedrove dasaxeleba;

iqmneba n. xelaias mier Seswavlili XVI – XVIII ss-is qsx-Ta

teqstebis, komentare bisa da erTiani leqsikonis eleqtronuli

74 75

versia, momavalSi vgegmavT maT gamoqveynebas, romlebic Sevlen

`qarTuli samedicino saunjis~ tomeulebSi erT-erT wignad, sa-

TauriT `XVI – XVIII saukuneebis oTxi qarTuli samedicino xel-

naweri~;

qsx-Si moxseniebul bss-Ta aprioruli Sefasebisa da Seswav-

lisaTvis r. Sen gelias mier Seiqmna specialuri kompiuteruli

programa – remedies Estimating Program, romlis daxmarebiT dadg-

inda, zogadad, bss da konkre tuli daavadebebis mimarT maTi

e. w. `sandoobis koeficienti~, romlis gaTvaliswineba aucile-

belia monacemTa bazis SeqmnisaTvis da momavalSi saimedo bss-

Ta samedicino praqtikaSi gamosayeneblad.

gaga SurRaia

veneciis saxelmwifo universiteti „ka’ foskari~

tore del grekos bernarde neapoleliseuli xelnawerebi

naSromSi Seswavlilia neapolis axlos, vezuvis mTis Ziras

mdebare daba tore del grekos franciskanel kapucinel berTa

dRes ukve gauqmebul monasterSi 1936 wlamde dacul da Sem-

deg neapolis erovnul biblioTekaSi gadatanil bernarde ne-

apoleliseul xelnawerTa istoria da gaanalizebulia maTi

Sedgeniloba.1. tore del greko pirvelad 1019 wlis 23 maisiT daTari-

Rebul etratSi ixsenieba. 1560 wels tore del grekos uni-

versitetma tomazo kuCinielosa da ferdinando brankaCosagan

SeiZina miwis nakveTi da saCuqrad gadasca kapucinel berebs,

romlebmac 1574 wels aaSenes monasteri da xarebis eklesia. am savanem mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ara marto tore

del grekos, aramed, sazogadod, samxreT italiis kulturul

cxovrebasa da kaTolikuri eklesiis samisionero moRvaweobaSi.

1861 wels italiis gaerTianebis Semdeg, monastrebis daxurvis

Sesaxeb gamocemuli kanonis Tanaxmad, monasteri oficialurad

gauqmda. 1867 wels misi Senoba gadavida tore del grekos me-

riis gamgeblobaSi, romelmac igi imave wels sargeblobaSi ga-

dasca wminda francisk asizelis stigmatebis saxelobis orde-

nis franciskaneli monazvnebis mier mowyobil uwmindesi samebis

saxelobis upatrono bavSvTa TavSesafars. 1879 wlis 13 seqtem-

bers es monazvnebi alkantarelma franciskanelma monazvnebma

Secvales, romlebic aq 1977 wlamde imyofebodnen;2. tore del grekos monasterSi moRvaweobda qarTveli

sazogadoebisaTvis kargad cnobili kapucineli beri bernarde

maria neapoleli (1628-2.02.1797), eriskacobaSi antonio Cofi

an Cofo, romelic 1670-1677 wlebSi imyofeboda saqarTveloSi.

man saucxood Seiswavla qarTuli ena da imdroindeli saqa-

rTvelos Sesaxeb unikaluri masalebi dagvitova qarTul da

italiur enebze. rogorc saqarTveloSi mis sulier SvilebTan

da axlobel-megobrebTan mimowera mowmobs, mas arc 1677 wels

neapolSi dabrunebisa da 1686 wels ordenis neapolis provinci-

is winamZRolad arCevis Semdegac gauwyvetia Cvens qveyanasTan

kontaqti. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi qarTuli xelnawerebi, rogorc

kapucinelTa wignsacavis yvelaze Zvirfasi nawili, alkantarel

dedaTa iRumenis zedamxedvelobis qveS datoves maSin, rodesac

1896 wels, monasterSi im dros daculi toreli istorikosis

franCesko kastaldoseuli katalogis mixedviT 2.649 nabeWdi

wigni gadaitanes jer tore del grekos meriaSi, xolo Semdeg –

tore del grekos komunalur biblioTekaSi. italiis erovnuli

ganaTlebis saministros 1935 wlis 20 noembris gadawyvetilebiT,

meriam 1936 wlis 7 Tebervals es xelnawerebi Sesanaxad gadasca

neapolis erovnul samefo biblioTekas (dRevandeli neapolis

erovnuli biblioTeka), sadac dRemde inaxeba SifriT “XX.122”;3. qarTvelma sazogadoebam tore del grekos xelnawerTa

arsebobis Sesaxeb Seityo 1896 wels, rodesac cnobilma avs-

trielma qarTvelologma, hugo Suxardtma Jurnal „iveriaSi` gamoaqveyna mis mier imave wels germanul gazeT “Beilage zur allge-meinen Zeitung”-Si (zogadi gazeTis damateba) dastambuli mokle

angariSis qarTuli redaqcia. qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis,

76 77

aseve, cnobilia zemoaRniSnul xelnawerTa mixeil TamaraSvili-

seuli CamonaTvalic, romelic mogvianebiT Sesrulda. sinamd-

vileSi arsebobs am xelnawerTa rogorc Suxardtamdeli, ise

mixeil TamaraSvilis Semdgom Sedgenili pirveladi aRwerilo-

bani, romelTac didi mniSvneloba aqvs bernarde neapoleliseu-

li xelnawerebis istoriis bundovani sakiTxebis garkvevisaTvis;4. tore del grekos bernarde neapoleliseuli xelnawerebis

Sesaxeb pirvel, metad sayuradRebo kodikologiur monacemebs

Seicavs kapucineli beris apolinare valenselis 1886 wels

dastambuli tomi „neapolis provinciis kapucinel ZmaTa bib-

lioTeka`, sadac miTiTebulia bernarde neapolelis xelnawerTa

TerTmeti saarqivo erTeuli. aq CamoTvlilia ara marto xel-

nawerebi, aramed – nabeWdi wignebic. isini dawerilia qarTul

da italiur enebze;5. mogvianebiT sakvlevi xelnawerebis CamonaTvali Seadgines:

hugo Suxardtma – 1896 wels (11 dasaxeleba), mixeil TamaraS-

vilma – 1902 wels (13 dasaxeleba), gaetis eparqiis mRvdelma vin-

Cenco di donam – 1912 wels (15 dasaxeleba), agreTve, ucnobma

italielma arqivistma (15 dasaxeleba), romlis mokle aRweri-

lobis asli inaxeba TbilisSi, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris

aleqsandre cagarlis fondSi. zemoaRniSnuli xelnawerebi (15 saarqivo erTeuli) uwmindesi samebis saxelobis upatrono bavS-

vTa TavSesafris prezidentma vinCenco balcanom da TavSesaf-

ris mdivanma vinCenco aveniam 1936 wlis 7 TebervliT daTariRe-

buli aqtiT gadasces neapolis erovnuli samefo biblioTekis

bibliografiuli ganyofilebis ufross, profesor rafaele

kantarelas;6. sxvadasxva CamonaTvalSi gansxvaveba xelnawerTa raode-

nobaSi calkeul SemTxvevaSi gamowveulia imiT, rom zogierTi

mecnieri yuradRebas mxolod qarTul xelnawerebze amaxvilebs,

zogierTi ki – sxvaenovan xelnawerebzedac. zogjer gansxvavebas

ganapirobebs is, rom cal-calkea dasaxelebuli erT xelnawer-

Si, maSasadame, erT saarqivo erTeulSi, moTavsebuli Txzulebe-

bi. magaliTad, rogorc mixeil TamaraSvilis Semdegdroindeli

aRwerilobebi gvarwmunebs, mis mier Sedgenil CamonaTvalSi II, III da XIII nomrebad miTiTebuli `romanci an qarTuli zRapari

baama~, „qarTlis cxovreba~ da „ganTqmuli patara poema res-

karianisa~ erT xelnawerSia moTavsebuli;

7. zogierTi uzustobis miuxedavad, 1936 wels sakvlev xel-

nawerTa neapolis erovnuli samefo biblioTekisaTvis gadace-

mis aqtSi arsebuli CamonaTvali Seesabameba xelnawerTa dRevan-

del viTarebas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, zustad davadginoT,

Tu romeli xelnawerebi daikarga 1886-1936 wlebSi. dakargulia

mxolod erTi qarTuli xelnaweri;8. neapolis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi saarqivo masa-

lebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vicodeT im mecnierTa vinaoba, rom-

lebic dainteresdnen sakvlevi fondiT;9. Cven mier italiur enaze ukve Sedgenilia sakvlev xel-

nawerTa detaluri aRweriloba, romelic daistambeba italiaSi.

dali CitunaSvili


venur xelnawerSi daculi `qeba¡Y qebaTa¡Y~ (teqstologiuri kvleva)

1. venis nacionalur biblioTekaSi sxva qarTulenovan

xelnawerebTan erTad inaxeba 1160 wels daviT garejSi niko-

loz nikra¡s mier gadawerili xelnaweri. xelnaweri Tavisi

SedgenilobiT mravalferovania, masSi warmodgenilia egze ge-

tikuri (grigol noselis `Targmaneba¡Y momi£seneTa~), homi le-

tikuri (anastasi sinelis `SemosvlisaT¢s marxvaTa¡sa~) apo-

krifuli (`cxoreba¡ SiSuelmarTalTa¡Y~, `sakiTxavi dionisios

ario pagelisa~), polemikuri (mwvalebelTa SeCvenebani) da bib-

liuri (`qeba¡Y qebaTa¡Y~) teqstebi.

2. ven. 4-Si daculi qebaTa qeba Seswavlili da gamoqveynebuli

aqvs zurab sarjvelaZes. man dawvrilebiT Seiswvala Txzulebis

teqsti da Seudara `qeba¡Y qebaTa¡Ys~ sxva qarTul Targmanebs da

mivida im daskvnamde, rom venur xelnawerSi daculi teqsti

78 79

berZnulidan damoukidebel Targmans warmoadgens, Tumca is

xSirad Tavad cnobili berZnuli teqstisaganac gansxvavebul

wakiTxvebs gviCvenebs.

3. venur xelnawerSi daculi `qeba¡ qebaTa¡~ dawerilia,

rogorc himnografiuli teqsti. rogorc amas xelnaweris

gviandeli zandukic gvamcnobs, is iambikos formiTaa

warmodgenili (is , rom teqsti iambikoa, aRniSnuli aqvs,

rogorc xelnaweris pirvel aRmwerels, gr. feraZes, aseve T.

jojuasac, romelic bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs

ven. 4-is minawerebze). moxsenebaSi ganxilulia venuri teqstis

gansxvavebebi sxva teqstebTan mimarTebiT, swored iambikos

formisaTvis angariSis gawevis konteqstSi.

4. teqstebis Sedarebam gviCvena, rom `qeba¡ qebaTa¡s~

iambikuri teqstis avtori akeTebs ara axal Targmans, aramed

iyenebs Zvel Targmanebs ise, rom 12 – marcvliani strofi

miiRos. mis wyaroebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc `qeba¡

qebaTa¡s~ uZvelesi Targmanebi, aseve giorgi mTawmidliseuli

qebaTa qebis Targmanebac.

5. venuri teqstis avtori krgad icnobda aseve a-65-Si (1188

w.) warmodgenili qebaTa qebis Targmanebis teqstsac, rasac

cxadyofs saerTo leqsika, romliTac es ori teqsti qebaTa

qebis yvela sxva teqsts upirispirdeba.

elene cagareiSvili


qarTuli armenologiis istoriidan

saqarTveloSi armenologiur kvleva-Ziebas xangrZlivi isto-

ria aqvs. somxurma saistorio mwerlobam jer kidev XIX saukuneSi

miipyro saqarTvelos istoriis specialist mkvlevarTa yurad-

Reba. rogorc qarTvelologiis, aseve armenologiis mTeli ri gi

problemebis mecnieruli Seswavlisa da farTo masStabiT kvle-

vis saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT didi wvlili Seitanes qarTuli arme-

nologiis problemebis TvalsaCino mkvlevrebma – m. brosem, iv.

javaxiSilma, n. marma, a. SaniZem, l. meliqseT-begma, il. abulaZem.

akad. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelTan dakavSirebulia qarTul ar-

menologiaSi axali mecnieruli kvlevis etapis damkvidreba.

prof. il. abulaZe ki qarTul-somxur filologiaSi axali

etapis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. man ganagrZo qarTul-somxuri

filologiuri Ziebis Zveli tradiciebi. Tavis naSromebSi naTe-

lyo qarTul-somxuri literaturuli, enobrivi, istoriuli ka-

vSirebisa da urTierTobaTa arseboba, daarRvia am sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mravali mcdari mosazreba da marTe-

buli, swori axsna-ganmarteba mouZebna maT.

il. abulaZis TaosnobiT saqarTvelos istoriis muzeumis

xelnawerTa ganyofilebis bazaze 1958 wlis zafxulSi mec-

nierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi Seiqmna axali instituti, Tavda-

pirvelad paleografiis institutis saxelwodebiT, romelsac

Semdeg ewoda k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa instituti (dRevan-

deli xelnawerTa erovnuli centri). aq il. abulaZem Seqmna

rogorc qarTvelologTa, ise armenologTa skola, sadac ar-

menologiuri muSaoba warimarTeboda (da dResac mimdinareobs)

teqstologiisa (m. rafava, d. CitunaSvili) da wyaroTmcodneo-

bis (z. aleqsiZe, l. janaSia, m. diasamiZe, e. cagareiSvili) mimar-

TulebiT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom somxuri saistorio mwerlobis calkeul

Zeglebs farTod gaecno qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba XX

saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, rodesac saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiasTan Seiqmna `saqarTvelos Sesaxeb arsebuli ucxouri

wyaroebis komisia~, romlis somxuri wyaroebis seriis redaqto-

ri iyo ili a abulaZe, mis Semdeg – laSa janaSia, xolo amJamad

mas xelmZRvanelobs zaza aleqsiZe.

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi moRvawe armenologebs mec-

nieruli kontaqtebi aqvT damyarebuli rogorc Cveni qveynis,

ise ucxoel armenologebTan. isini aqtiurad monawileoben ar-

menologiuri problemebis kvlevisadmi miZRvnil rogorc ad-

gilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso konferenciebisa da simpoziumebis

muSaobaSi.

80 81

Tina ceraZe, lela xoferia


vaxuSti bagrationis galeqsili biblia (sankt-peterburgSi daculi avtografuli nusxis mixedviT)

ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis

institutis sankt-peterburgis filialis koleqciaSi daculia

unikaluri nusxa – xelnaweri E-99, romelic Seicavs Zveli da

axali aRTqmis Sairad gawyobil teqsts, romelic dResdReobiT

mxolod am nusxis mixedviT aris cnobili. teqsti naweria XVIII

saukunis mxedruliT, gakruli, Znelad sakiTxavi xelweriT.

xelnaweris ZiriTad teqstze darTul anderZze dayrdno-

biT, agreTve paleografiuli da sxva istoriul-filologiuri

monacemebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom aRniSnuli nusxis saxiT

saqme gvaqvs vaxuSti bagrationis avtograful xelnawerTan.

vaxuStiseul teqstSi warmodgenilia 257 oTxtaepiani stro-

fi, romlebic aerTianebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis calkeul

adgilebs (dawyebuls `dabadebidan~ `ioanes gamocxadebis~ Ca-

TvliT), galeqsils qarTuli klasikuri Teqvsmetmarcvlovani

SairiT. teqstSi metruli erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad

vaxuSti teqstSi erTmaneTs unacvlebs e.w. maRal da dabal

Sairs, rac, sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli tradiciu-

li SairisaTvis.

galeqsili bibliis teqstis bolos darTuli anderZidan

irkveva, rom qarTuli galeqsili bibliis Sesaqmnelad vaxuSti-

saTvis erTgvar biZgs warmoadgenda `laTinTa~ mier galeqsili

biblia (galeqsili bibliis teqstis gacnoba). qarTveli batoni-

Svilis sityvebiT, mas imdenad moswonebia / gulze moxvedria es

teqsti, rom gadauwyvetia, aseve gaeleqsa – `gaewyo~ qarTuli

Bbiblia.

anderZSi vaxuSti agreTve gvauwyebs, rom man zogierT Sem-

TxvevaSi naTeli mohfina bibliis ama Tu im teqstSi Cadebul

farul azrs. xelnaweris teqstis Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom

vaxuStis marTlac sakmaod didi samuSao Cautarebia am mimar-

TulebiT. xSir SemTxvevaSi strofis meoTxe (an mesame-meoTxe)

taepi warmoadgens avtoriseul CanarTebs, romlebic sxvadasxva

kuTxiT wamogvidgens winamaval taepebSi gadmocemul Txrobas,

Semoaqvs gansakuTrebuli emociuri muxti, imowmebs paralelebs

(simbolur-alegoriulsa Tu teqstobrivs) wminda werilis sxva

wignebidan. yvelaferi es, avtoriseuli CanafiqriT, xels uw-

yobda wminda werilis teqstis ukeT aRqmasa da gaazrebas. aR-

niSnuli CanarTebi Sinaarsis mixedviT Semdegnairad SeiZleba

dajgufdes: zneobriv-eTikuri / moraluri xasiaTis; alego-

riuli, egzegetikuri, anagogiuri, istoriuli saxis CanarTebi;

sakmaod mravlad vxvdebiT agreTve ritorikul SekiTxvebsa da

mimarTvebs.

faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am Txzulebis wyalobiT

qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi mkafiod warmoCnda mimarTu-

leba, romelic wminda werilis metruli parafrazebis Seqmnas

moiazrebs da romlis meSveobiTac qarTuli literatura mso-

flios umdidresi tradiciebis mqone qristianuli kulturebis

rigSi dgeba.

zurab WumburiZe


saqarTvelo

svanuri umlautis kvali Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi

1. umlautiani xmovnebi qarTveluri enebidan mxolod

svanurs axasiaTebs, rasac pirvelad miaqcia yuradReba svanuri

enisa da kulturis TvalsaCino mkvlevarma besarion niJaraZem

(1888 w.), svanuri umlautis damajerebeli analizi ki mogvca

akad. akaki SaniZem (1925 w.)

82 83

2. a. SaniZem daadgina, rom umlauti svanurSi e da i xmovan-

Ta gavlenis Sedegia. es viwro xmovnebi nawilobriv imsgavseben

(aviwroeben) winamaval farTo xmovnebs – a-s, o-sa da u-s (bal-

szemourSi agreTve grZel xmovnebs: ó-s, o-sa da ð-s). asimilaci-

is aucilebeli pirobaa, rom ama Tu im farTo xmovnis Semcvel

marcvals uSualod mosdevdes e-s an i-s Semcveli marcvali.

3. Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebiT dadginda, rom viwro (umlautiani)

xmovnebi svanurSi mxolod farTo xmovanTa daviwroebiT ki ar

aris miRebuli, aramed araiSviaTad viwro xmovanTa gafarToebis

Sedegia: dideba > didòb, ezo > hòzñ, saTiTur-i > saTòTñr... am

saxis umlauts, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT, ukana mimarTulebis

umlauti ewoda (prof. maqsime qaldani, 1967 w.).

zemoxsenebuli orive saxis umlautis nimuSebi – ara siste-

maturad, magram arcTu iSviaTad – dasturdeba X-XVIII ss. svane-

Tis werilobiT ZeglebSi, romelTa ZiriTadi nawilic Tavmoy-

rilia da vrceli gamokvlevebiTa da samecniero aparatiT ga-

mocemulia or tomad prof. valeri silogavas mier (`svaneTis

werilobiTi Zeglebi~, t. I, istoriuli sabuTebi da sulTa ma-

tianeebi, 1986; t. II. epigrafikuli Zeglebi. 1988 w.). moviyvanT

mcire sailustracio masalas am Zeglebidan.

ukana mimarTulebis umlauti

aznaur-i: aznañir||azna¢r||azanñir||anzañir

pasux-i: pasñix|| pasñixñ

suf-i: sñif (`moedani)

wurem-i (soflis saxeli): wñirm|| w¢rm

wina mimarTulebis umlauti

azarfeSa > azarfaSa

deda > dada|| dad; baba-dada (`mama-deda~)

bela (mTis saxeli) > bal (=bòl).

faTerak-i: faTarak || faTrak (bz.), faTrek (bq, qs.)

zedaSe: zadòS

samreklo: samrekñ > samrakñ

TevareSo (top.) > TavraSo

qorepiskopos-i: qñerebiskopos

ana xaranauli

g. wereTlis saxelobis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti,


saqarTvelo

xelnaweris tipi da gamocemis forma (avtografisa da avtorizebuli xelnaweris gamocemis principebi gelaTis katenebiani bibliis xelnawerebis magaliTze)

Cvenamde moRweuli xelnawerebi Tavis originals sxvadasxva droiT arian daSorebuli: umetes SemTxvevaSi – saukuneebiT, aTwleulobiT, ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi ki avtoris sicocxle-Sive arian gadawerili, misi meTvalyureobis qveS anda sulac mi-sive xeliT – avtografebs warmoadgenen. rogor unda gamoices yvela es xelnaweri: erTi da imave Tu sxvadasxva meTodiT, ra prioritetebiTa da principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos gamom-cemelma, raze unda iyos damokidebuli am principebis SerCeva da, saerTod, ramdenad iZleva masala da misi xasiaTi teqstis gamocemisadmi diferencirebuli midgomis saSualebas – yvela es kiTxva TandaTan ufro aqtualuri xdeba, radganac paleo-grafiis ganviTarebisa, erTi mxriv da, meore mxriv, Sua saukune-ebis moRvaweTa Sesaxeb Cveni codnis zrdis kvaldakval izrdeba xelnawerebis gadamwerTa identifikaciis saSualeba da, Sesaba-misad, avtografebisa Tu avtorizebuli xelnawerebis ricxvi.

avtografi Tu avtorizebuli xelnaweri avtoris (// teqstis recenzentis) nebis gamoxatulebaa da igi sporadulad ki ar asaxavs mis individualur Tu im mwignobruli skolis maxasia-Teblebs, romelsac es avtori miekuTvneba, aramed asaxavs sabo-loo saxes, rac teqstis werisa da gaformebis erTian sistemaSi gamoixateba da, zog SemTxvevaSi, teqstis Seqmnis istoriasac. amdenad, cxadia, amgvari xelnaweris gamocema unda gansxvavde-bodes im xelnaweris gamocemisagan, romelic Tavis arqetips saukuneebiTaa dacilebuli da sxvadasxva epoqis, enobrivi ga-remosa Tu stilis, sxvadasxva ganaTlebisa da monacemebis ga-damwerTa – gamomcemelTa produqts warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra xarisxiT cvlian isini teqsts.

84 85

sxva saqmea, Tu rogor unda moxdes avtografSi avTenturad

asaxuli Sua saukuneebis mwignobruli standartis (orTografi-

is, gramatikuli normebis, sityvaTa ganyofis, punqtuaciis, si-

tyvaTa Semoklebisa da daqaragmebis sistema, prosodiis niSnebi

da a.S.). gamocemaSi asaxva – rogor unda Sejerdes gamocemaSi

xelnaweris avtorisa da mkiTxvelis interesebi. meTodika amgva-

ri gamocemebisa jer damuSavebuli ar aris da yoveli axali

avtografuli nusxis gamocema axali, eqsperimentuli nabijia

teqstologiis istoriaSi.

moxsenebaSi gelaTuri katenebiani xelnawerebis magaliTze

xdeba am meTodikis aprobacia.

gelaTuri katenebiani xelnawerebi (a-1108 da Q-1125) gamo-

cemis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris saintere-

so da niSandoblivi:

1. kimen-kateni, rogorc wignis forma, rasTanac dakavSire-

bulia gansamartavi teqstisa da misi komentaris erT gverdze

ganawileba, numeraciis sistema, pirobiTi niSnebi, avtorTa da-

saxeleba;

2. teqstis Sedgenis procesi: Zveli Targmanis gamoyenebiT

berZnulidan axlad Targmna, Sesworebebis Setana ukve naTargm-

ni teqstis gadaweris procesSi, avtografis gadaTeTreba da

masSi Secdomebis gasworeba;

3. punqtuaciis sistema, sityvaTa Semoklebisa da daqarag-

mebis sistema;

4. ena da enis normalizacia: dialeqturi formebi, garda-

mavali gramatikuli (fonetikuri da morfologiuri) formebi;

5. orTografia – orTografiuli sistema, Secdomebi da maTi

tipebi.

gelaTis katenebiani bibliis xelnawerTa gamocemis mizania,

moZebnos gza, rom asaxos yvela es niuansi, rogorc Semadgene-

li nawili qarTveli mwignobrisa (a-1108) da gadamweris (Q-1125)

mier SemuSavebuli sistemisa, asaxos agreTve mTeli xazi teq-

stis Seqmnisa – Savi Targmanidan mis aslamde. amave dros, mo-

Zebnos meTodi, romelic am niuansebs mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi

formiT warmoadgens gamocemaSi.

lela xaCiZeLELLA LALLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL


saqarTveloE

mcire formis sagaloblebi VIII-X saukuneebis bizantiur, qarTul da slavur himnografiaSi (`marxvanebis~ mixedviT)LA

LELLmcire formis sagaloblebi liturgiis erT-erT mniSvnelo-

van elements warmoadgens. analogiuri viTarebaa liturgikul

– himnografiul krebulebSi, maT Soris – `marxvanebSi~.

vrceli formis sagaloblis – kanonisgan gansxvavebiT,

mcire formis sagaloblebi naklebadaa Seswavlili. qarTuli

xelnawerebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs am vrceli

repertuaris kvlevisaTvis.

X saukunis pirvel naxevarSi universaluri ìadgaridan~

calke krebulad iqna gamoyofili I qarTuli `marxvani~. rogorc

irkveva, `marxvani~ gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT sargeblobda

rogorc qarTul, ise bizantiur da slavur himnografiaSi.

im avtorTagan, visac sagangebod umuSavia `marxvanebis~

stiqaronul repertuarze, gamoiyofa SesaniSnavi himnografis

– andrea pirosis ìdumalebiT moculi pirovneba~. mas ekuTv-

nis `marxvanisaTvis~ gankuTvnili 85 mcire formis sagalobeli,

romelTagan yvela `TviTZlispiria~.

andrea pirosis sagaloblebi moicavs didmarxvis vrcel pe-

riods – xorcielis kviriakidan dawyebuli bzobis paraskevis

CaTvliT. es sagaloblebi bizantiuri himnografiis Sedevrebad

iTvleba.

analogiuri mdgomareobaa qarTul himnografiaSic – ìad-

garidan~ calke krebulad gamoyofili I qarTuli `marxvani~

Seudgenia did qarTvel himnografs – ioane minCxs. minCxis es

sagaloblebic qristianuli poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebs war-

moadgens da gankuTvnilia didmarxvis mTeli periodisaTvis.

I qarTuli `marxvanisaTvis~ stiqaronuli nawilis (88 mcire

formis sagalobeli) Sedgena iyo iSviaTi da warmatebuli cda

86 87

berZnulidan Targmnili am umniSvnelovanesi krebulis `gaqar-

Tulebisa~.

aseTive iSviaTi da sagulisxmo movlena dasturdeba X s-is

slavur himnografiaSic, e.w. `bitolis triodionSi~ ( XI s.), ro-

melic gadawerilia bulgareTSi. am krebulSi, cnobili bizan-

tieli himnografebis vrceli formis sagaloblebTan erTad,

Sesulia mTeli cikli X saukuneSi moRvawe SesaniSnavi slavi

himnografis – konstantine preslavelis stiqaronebisa. es saga-

loblebic himnografiis saukeTeso nimuSebadaa miCneuli.

sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs berZnulidan

YTargmnili krebulis `nacionalizaciasTan~. aqac iseve, rogorc

ioane minCxis SemTxvevaSi, areklilia Sesabamisi epoqebisa da

garemos suliskveTeba.

naSromSi, SedarebiTi analizis meTodiT, ganxilulia samive

avtoris TiTo sagalobeli, gankuTvnili didmarxvis erTi (bzo-

bis samSabaTi) dRisaTvis.

viqtoria juReli


saqarTvelo

svimeon metafrastis svimeon mesvetiscxovrebis qarTuli teqstis mTargmnelisidentifikaciisaTvis (efrem mciris kidev erTi Targmani)

svimeon metafrastis svimeonis cxovreba (X s.) warmoadgens

ramdenime wyaros kompilacias. Tavisi teqstisaTvis metafra-

stma redaqtireba gaukeTa Teodorite kvirelis filoTeon is-toriis XXVI Tavs, magram dednis ZiriTadi nawili met-naklebad

xeluxleblad datova. man sxva avtorTa gadmocemebic gaiTval-

iswina, Tumca misi da Teodorites Sesabamisi teqstebis Sejere-

ba aaSkaravebs, rom filoTeon istoria metafrastis naSromis

ZiriTadi wyaroa.

qarTul enaze arsebobs metafrastis svimeonis cxovrebis ori Targmani: erTi – Teofile xucesmonazvnisa (ath. 20/29),

meore ki – gadmoRebuli XI-XII ss-is ucnobi mTargmnelis mier,

romelic, rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, efrem mcire unda yofili-

yo. meore Targmanis kritikuli gamocema ekuTvnis nargiza

goguaZes (Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi. Tb., 1986 w., gv. 26-

58). gamocema eyrdnoba Semdeg nusxebs: h-1347, a-70, K-4, a-179, romelTa anderZ-minawerebsa da aRwerilobebSi, arc im mkvlev-

arTa cnobebSi, romlebic efremis Sromebs CamoTvlian, efremi,

rogorc am Sromis mTargmneli, naxsenebi ar aris. metafrastis svimeonis cxovrebis qarTuli teqsti

berZnulidan sityvasityviT aris Targmnili. misi leqsika da

Targmnis meTodi efrem mciris filoTeon istoriis XXVI Tavis

Targmans mogvagonebs. aris monakveTebi, sadac efrem mciris

mier gadmoRebuli filoTeon istoriis XXVI Tavisa da meta-

frastis svimeonis cxovrebis teqstebi erTmaneTs TiTqmis

zedmiwevniT emTxveva. magaliTad, am ori teqstis dasawyisebi

TiTqmis identuria: `s¢meon yovlad (+ ganTqumuli fil.ist.) didi sak¢rveleba¡ yovlisa soflisa¡, Seiswaves ukue yovelTa

morCilTa berZenTa samTavro¡saTa~ (Sdr. Teofiles Targmani:`s¢meons sanatrelsa, didsa mas sak¢rvelsa soflisasa, iqmnnes

mecnier yovelnive samTavroni hromTa da berZenTani~, ath. 20/29,

4r). axlos dgas erTmaneTTan sxva monakveTebic:

K 4 a 689

`xolo iqmna odesme w¢ma¡

mZafri da cxovarni misni Sina

dawyudeul iqmnnes, vina¡ca

mieca mas mocaleba¡ da warvida

igi mSobelTa T¢sTa Tana

eklesiad~ (goguaZe, T. 3, gv. 27).

`xolo iqmna odesme w¢ma¡

mZafri, romlisa mier iiZulnes

cxovarni Sina dawyudevad da

mocaleba eca didsa s¢meons,

vina¡ca Tana warhyva mSobelTa

wmidad eklesiad mimavalTa~

(26.2).

amgvari damTxvevebi svimeonis cxovrebisa da filoTeon is-toriis XXVI Tavis qarTul Targmanebs Soris SeiniSneba Tavi-

88 89

dan bolomde, Tumca maTi berZnuli teqstebi garkveulwilad

sxvaoben erTmaneTisagan.

filoTeon istoriis TargmanSi naxsenebia anTroponimi vla-sosi (26.8), romelic ar Seesabameba berZnul nusxaTa ikiTxvisebs

da misi mcdari gamoyeneba metafrastis Sromis gavleniT Cans

gamowveuli, sadac svimeonis megobars swored es saxeli hqvia

(T.10, PG 114, sv. 341B). SeiniSneba erTi saintereso frazeolo-

giuri damTxvevac: filoTeon istoriaSi gvxvdeba ori mimReoba

– `aRmzrdeli da mpoxeli~ (9.10), romelsac berZnul teqstSi

mxolod erTi – titqhv Seesabameba. aseT frazas metafrastTanac

vxvdebiT: `zrdida da ganapoxebda~ (T. 14), romelsac Seesa-

tyviseba ori zmna: trevfein…kai; katapiaivnein.

filoTeon istoriis XXVI Tavisa da metafrastis svime-onis cxovrebis qarTuli Targmanebis siaxlove ar unda iyos

SemTxveviTi. vfiqrobT, rom es teqsti efremma filoTeon isto-riaze adre gadmoiRo da gaiTvaliswina metafrastis naSromis

sakuTari Targmanic. igulisxmeba, rom efremi ar mohkidebda

xels da ase ar daeyrdnoboda metafrastis am Targmans, igi

sxvisi gadmoRebuli rom yofiliyo. amas garda, efrems ainter-

esebda svimeon metafrasti da misi Sromebi. efrems Seukrebia

cnobebi misi moRvaweobisa da metafrasebis Sesaxeb Txzule-

baSi mosa£senebeli mcire s¢meonisT¢s loRoTetisa, romelSic

SeniSnavs, rom uTargmnia `raodennime sakiTxavni loRoTetisa

metafrasTagan~.

efremisaTvis svimeonis cxovrebis Targmanis mikuTvnebis

sawinaaRmdego argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom teqsts

ar erTvis misi naSromebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kritikuli

aparati. meore mxriv, igi arc im teqstebs erTvis, romle-

bic am nusxebSivea daculi da romelTa mTargmnelic efremia.

vfiqrobT, es faqti aixsneba imiT, rom Targmani efremis moR-

vaweobis adreul periodSia Sesrulebuli, rodesac mas jer

ar hqonda mTargmnelobiTi meTodi srulad Camoyalibebuli.

amazeve unda metyvelebdes isic, rom svimeonis cxovrebis qar-

Tuli Targmani ar aris Zalze kalkirebuli da rom masSi xSiria

teqstis Sinaarsobrivi, Tumca ara Tavisufali Targmani.

mTlianobaSi ki, svimeon metafrastis svimeonis cxovrebis qarTuli Targmanis leqsikuri, enobrivi da frazeologiuri

damTxvevebi efrem mciris Targmnili filoTeon istoriis XXVI

TavTan gvafiqrebineben, rom gansaxilveli naSromis saxiT xelT

unda gvqondes svimeon metafrastis sakiTxavebis kidev erTi

efremiseuli Targmani.

90 91

wyaroTmcodneoba-diplomatika/ arqivTmcodneoba

dr. bahram amirahmadianTehran, Iran

IraNIaN-GEorGIaN rElatIoNS oN thE BaSIS of doCUMENtS

about Iran-Georgia relations from the beginning of the 19th century to the independence of Georgia in 1918-20, and from 1920-1991 in the Soviet period, during which Georgia was under Soviet rule, there are some information in Iranian historiography. among valuable works that have significant information about Iran-Georgia relations, the “History ofGeorgia” translated by Brosset in to french should be mentioned. this work has valuable information about the campaign of agha Mohammad Khan Ghajar (Iranian King) to tbilisi which happened at the end of the 18th century. Certain part of this book has been translated from french into Persian by Sa’eedNafisi(Iranianscholar)inhisworkentitled“Socio-politicalhistoryof Iran”.

there are some centres and organizations in Iran that are interested in thisfield tohavecooperationwithGeorgianNationalDocument Institute.among them stands the center for documents and diplomatic history of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Iran (Mfa). “National library and archive of Iran” is the second one. they have gained valuable experience on cooperation with neighbouring countries national archives on protection and repair of documents. Publishing of the “history of Karabagh”(Ghrabagh Nameh) and the “history of daghistan”, “akhbar Nameh”, “Golistan-e Eram”(of Bakikhanov) and some others in this centre in tehran, can be mentioned which are about the history of the Caucasus. Unfortunately the history of the Caucasus has not been studied in Iran so well as Georgian history. however, the short history of Georgia by roin Metreveli (translated by the author of

this paper into Persian) was published in tehran in 1997. But more useful and interesting is the comprehensive history of Iranian–Georgia relations in the 16th. to 19th. centuries.

as we know the valuable works of the Institute of history of the academy of Sciences of Georgia in publishing two volumes “farmans of Iranian kings” in tbilisi is amongst the best sources for the study of bilateral historical relations. republishing of these works in the Persian language in betterconditionwithqualifiedprintinginTehraninMFAofIrancanhelpinthisfield.For thispurpose,negotiationswithIranianauthoritiesshouldbecarriedon.Wearesurethattherearemanycommoninterestsinthisfieldonbothsides.Becauseofexistingtechnicalfacilitiesandfinancialpossibilityin tehran better than tbilisi, we will be able to do that. We offer it to be published in tehran. for this purpose a common committee consisting of both organizations with the participation of skilled experts and specialists from both sides should be arranged. In this case, with using printed materials and documents, Iranian historiography will be able to present Iranian history in mentioned periods.

there are some old and modern documents that they are more important for historical research in the mentioned period. there are also some spread documents inRussianRegent inCaucasusandsomeotheraffiliatedfundsand authorities organs. By studying them, we will be able to get familiar with different problems, specially the multilateral relations between russia, Georgia and Iran in the 19th. and early 20th. centuries, russia-Iran wars and Iranian Constitutional revolution in 1905-11. We know that many Georgian revolutionary forces helped Iranian revolutionary leaders in that period, but unfortunately there is some information about them in Iranian historical works such as “Enghelab-e Mashrutiat” (Constitutional revolution of Iran) by ahmad Kasravi, a well-known Iranian historian.

We know that there are different documents about 19th.andfirstquarterof 20th. century in several organizations and funds in Georgia. researchers interested in these documents will be able to study several problems of political and diplomatic history, social and economic problems, especially about neighboring countries, such as Georgia. there are three books interestingfortheabovementionedsubject.Theyareasfollow:

- Fehrest-e Tafsili-ye Nosakh-e Khati-ye Farsi-ye Anstitu Kekelidze Teflis(the list of farsi detailed handwritten manuscript documents in tibilisi

92 93

KekelidzeInstitute,By:SeifollahModabberChaharBorji,Vol.I,TheCentrefor documents and research services, Mfa. Iran Summer 2004

- Fehrest-e Asnad-e Arshiviha-ye Gorjestan Dar Bare-ye Tarikh-e Iran, Jeld-e Dovvom(Asnad-eFarsi) (the list of documents in Georgian archives abouthistoryofIran.Vol.II(Persiandocuments),)by:GoodarzRashtiani.the Centre for documents and diplomatic history, tehran 2005

- Fehrest-e Asnad-e Arshivha-ye Gorjestan Piramun-e Tarikh-e Iran (the list of documents in Georgian archives about the history of Iran. Vol. I(Persian documents)), by :Alexandre Chelokhadze, The Centre fordocuments and diplomatic history, tehran 2005

lia axalaZe

soxumis universiteti, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

afxazeTis Weduri warwerebis paleografiuli Taviseburebani

afxazeTis epigrafikul fondSi lapidarul da freskul

warwerebTan erTad Weduri warwerebis mniSvnelovani nawilia

aris daculi. aRniSnul Zeglebs ara marto saistorio wyaros

Rirebuleba, aramed paleografiuli mniSvnelobac aqvs.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis Wedur warwerebSi kargad

Cans qarTuli epigrafikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani,

maT paleografiaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa, rogorc saocari msgav-

seba saqarTvelos sxva regionebis am tipis warwerebTan, aseve is

Taviseburebani, romlebic, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia am re-

gionis lapidaruli warwerebisaTvis. Aam mxriv, gansakuTrebuli

aRniSvnis Rirsia xelovnebiTi damwerlobebis xSiri gamoyeneba

grafemebis amokveTis dros, sityvaTa daqaragmebis wesebSi mra-

valferovneba, grafemebis moxazulobaTa Taviseburebani, punq-

tuacia da a. S.

erT-erT Taviseburebad unda CaiTavlos isic, rom Cven mier

ganxilul 15-ze met Wedur warweraSi umTavresad gamoyenebulia

asomTavruli anbani, iSviaTad - mxedruli, xolo nusxuri saer-

Tod ar gvxvdeba. aRniSnuli movlena unda aixsnas ara marto

asomTavrulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli monumenturobiT, aramed

im TaviseburebiTac, romlebic zogadad axasiaTebs afxazeTis

epigrafikuli Zeglebis yvela jgufs. msgavsi SemTxvevebi gvaqvs

xelovnebiTi damwerlobis nimuSebSic, sadac, ZiriTadad, asom-

Tavruli anbani aris gamoyenebuli, rac damaxasiaTebelia, zoga-

dad, qarTuli epigrafikuli fondisaTvis. Weduri warwerebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebiTi damwerlobis iseTi sax-

eebi, rogoricaa kidurwaisruloba da kidurwertilovneba.

yuradRebas iqcevs daqaragmebisa da punqtuaciis sakiTxebi

afxazeTis Wedur warwerebSi, romlebSic gamovlinda daqarag-

mebisa da punqtuaciis zogierTi Tavisebureba. qaragma gamoiy-

eneboda Zvel qarTul xelnawerebsa da epigrafikul ZeglebSi.

rbil masalaze Sesrulebuli xelnawerebisagan gansxvavebiT,

epigrafikul ZeglebSi qaragmas Taviseburebani hqonda. kerZod,

qvis kveTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zneli samuSao da warwerisaT-

vis gankuTvnili adgilis SezRuduloba warmwerels saSualebas

ar aZlevda qarTuli damwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qarag-

mis wesebis srulyofili gamoyenebis saSualebas. M

daqaragmebis wesebis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs daqa-

ragmebuli sityvis swori gaxsnisa da wakiTxvisaTvis. Ddaqarag-

mebis mravalferovneba xSirad iwvevs araswor interpretaciasa

da qaragmis araswor gaxsnas, an saerTod argaxsnas.

afxazeTis epigrafikul Zeglebze (lapidaruli, freskuli

da Weduri warwerebi) dakvirvebam cxadyo rom daqaragmebis

problema Zvel qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi gacilebiT ufro

rTuli iyo, vidre xelnawerebSi. maTSi xSirad darRveulia qa-

ragmis tradiciebi da wesebi. garda amisa, gamoikveTa qaragmis

gamoyenebis sxvadasxva wesi IX-XIII saukuneebis warwerebsa da

gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTul warwerebSi. sxvaoba ufro mkve-

Trad Cans Weduri warwerebis qaragmebSi – Cven mier Seswav-

lili Weduri warwerebis Sedarebam cxadyo, rom gviani peri-

odis sityvaTa daqaragmebis wesebSi cvlilebebi mkveTrad Cans.

Gzogjer gansxvavebulia ara marto sityvis daqaragmebis wesi,

aramed TviT qaragmis niSnebic ki.

94 95

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel qarTulSi daqaragmebul sity-

vaTa formebis wasakiTxad arsebobs arasruli, magram sagrZno-

blad vrceli sacnobaro Sromebi, afxazeTis epigrafikul

ZeglebSi mainc gamoikveTa qaragmis gaxsnis gansxvavebuli (ara-

tradiciuli) formebi.

afxazeTis Weduri warwerebis paleografiuli Tavisebure-

bebi argumentirebulad adasturebs, rom xelovnebis es nimuSe-

bi adgilobrivi ostatebis mier aris Sesrulebuli da rom saqa-

rTvelos es istoriuli regioni erTiani qarTuli kulturuli

sivrcis nawili iyo da Sua saukuneebis afxazeTi sxva sadamw-

erlobo kulturas ar icnobda.

hossein ahmadiIslamic azad University. tehran, Iran

PolItICal CoNdItIoNS of GEorGIa UNdEr thE GEorGIaN rEPUBlIC froM 1917 to 1922.

In the documentation Center of the Iranian Ministry of foreign affairs there are 4000 documents of a certain period of (1917-1922).

Themajorityofthesedocumentsconerns:- the establishment of the national state of Georgia.- relationship with the neighbours, especially with azerbaijan.-ConflictbetweentheGeorgiansandthebolsheviks.- relationship between armenians and Georgians.- the Iranian residents in tiblisi.- the Iranian democratic community in tiblisi.- Satisfaction of Iranian with Georgian behavior.- Willingness of the Georgian state to buy alimentry material from Iran.- Independence of Georgia from russians. - Iranian help to the victims of the earthquake of Gori city.- Iranian’s school in tiblisi.

mixeil baxtaZe


saqarTvelo

ìstoriani da azmanis~ teqstis erTi adgilis aRdgenis Sesaxeb

1. mariamiseuli nusxis teqstSi, im adgilze, sadac xdeba pi-

rovnebaTa saxelis aRdgena, araferi weria. ar aris araviTari

miniSnebac ki imaze, Tu romeli saxelis aRdgena SeiZleba. ar

Cans arc gadafxekisa da arc zemodan gadaweris kvali (rogorc,

magaliTad, anton glonsTavisZesTan dakavSirebiT).

2. rCeba saxelis arapirdapiri gziT aRdgenis gza da im pi-

rovnebaTa saxelebi, romlebic CvenTvis saintereso periodSi

moRvaweobdnen. es TavisTavad ukve garkveul pirobiTobas Sei-

cavs.

3. gamrekel Torelis aRdgena ar SeiZleba, radgan imave

ìstoriani da azmanis~ mixedviT vigebT, rom gamrekel Torels

amilaxoroba eboZa (amis gamo iv.javaxiSvili kiTxvasac ki svam-

da, ori gamrekel Toreli xom ar iyoo?).

4. ver aRvadgenT verc miqael mirianis Zes, radgan, basili

ezosmoZRvris mixedviT, miriani, Tamaris daviT soslanze da-

qorwinebamde cota xniT adre gardaicvala, ìstoriani da az-

mani~ ki òrTa~ gardacvalebaze jer kidev giorgi rusis moyva-

namde saubrobs.

5. ver aRvadgenT verc yubasars, rogorc amas S.mesxia varau-

dobs, radgan mas gardacvalebamde CamoerTva Tanamdebobebi.

6. SeiZleba gvenaxa, Tamar mefis gamefebamde moRvawe pire-

bidan romeli aRar moixsenieba 1184 wlis Semdeg da gvefiqra,

rom swored is gardaicvla (ase SeiZleba afridonic aRvadgi-

noT), magram esec Zalian pirobiTia.

7. nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelis aRdgena iqneba Zalian subi-

eqturi, naklebad argumentirebuli da pirobiTi.

96 97

8. radgan verc pirdapiri da verc arapirdapiri gziT sax-

elebis aRdgena am etapze ver xerxdeba, jobia, teqsti ise dav-

tovoT, rogorc aris (k. kekeliZiseulad).

Tamar gogolaZe

goris universiteti. saqarTvelo

oqonis jvarcmis istoriis xelnaweri wyaroebi

X saukunidan dRemde qarTvelTaTvis saTayvano da sasoeba –

oqonis xati, romelic Tavis warmoSobas bizantiis qalaq ikoni-

idan iRebs, legendebiTa da saidumloebiTaa moculi. sakvlevia

TviT xatisa da masTan dakavSirebuli jvarcmis `mogzauroba-

Ta~ istoria da, Tumca sxvadasxva epoqaSi maTze Sesrulebuli

warwerebi gaSifrulia da Seswavlilia, urTierTdakavSireba,

saerTo daskvnebis gamotana jer kidev ar momxdara, rac kidev

ufro abundovanebs xatisa da jvarcmis istorias. gaurkvevelia

cnebis – òqonis xati da jvarcma~ – Sinaarsi da igi Tu sauku-

neTa manZilze jer òqonis xatis~ gagebiT ixmareboda, araerT

sigel-gujarSi (gsiem 162, 190a 191), vaxtang VI mier 1725 wlis

13 ianvriT daTariRebul sigelSi (gsiem 169) mxolod jvarcmaa

naxsenebi, Semdeg calke ixmareba òqonis xati~ (1800-1919 ww.),

amJamad ki òqonis xati~ aRniSnavs òqonis triptiqons~, oqonis

jvarcma ki moixsenieba, rogorc `garsevaniSvilebis sawinamZ-

Rvro jvarcma~ da asedac aris formulirebuli saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis fondebis aRwerilobaSi. òqonis jvarcma~

moixsenieba mxolod mkvlevar g. WaniSvilis naSromSi `samTav-

ros dedaTa monasteri~.

aRniSnuli gaugebrobani gamowveuli iyo: a) oqonis trip-

tiqonTan erTad CamobrZanebuli ramdenime siwmindisaTvis

daaxl. XIV saukuneSi calke jvarcmisa da sanawilis SeqmniT;

b) oqonis triptiqonisa da jvarcmis (romlebic ganuyrelad,

erTobliobaSi unda yofiliyo) perioduli daSorebiTa da e.

w. `mogzaurobebiT~. yovelive amis Sesaxeb saintereso masalas

gvawvdis rogorc cnobili fotografis, ermakovis koleqci-

idan `12833 (Оконская икона. Грузинская надпись на обороте киота. 51) Semonaxuli foto, ise Tavad jvarcmis kubos vercxlis fir-

fitaze levan II dadianis (1611-1657 ww.) dakveTiT Sesrulebuli

warweris analizi, goris saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli

muzeumis fondebSi daculi garsevaniSvilebis sagvareulo ge-

nealogiuri nusxa (gsiem 162-1937 w.) da ramdenime xelnaweri

sigeli, mkvlevar s. alimbaraSvilis mier (goris saistorio-eT-

nografiul muzumSi, goris saxelmwifo arqivSi, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo istoriul arqivSi, saqarTvelos erovnul bib-

lioTekasa da xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi Seswavlili xel-

nawerebis safuZvelze) dadgenili oqonis jvarcmis istoria

1725-1919 ww. aRniSnuli masalis Seswavlam migviyvana oqonis

xatisa da jvarcmis istoriis `bneli adgilebis~ gaSuqebamde da

erTgvarad gamokveTa maTi erTobliobaSi definiciis aucile-

blobis idea.

aRniSnuli kulturologiuri kvleva dafuZnebulia, ZiriTa-

dad, xelnawer masalaze da warmoadgens siaxles òqonis xati-

sa da jvarcmis~ istoriisaTvis. kvlevis Sedegebi da daskvnebi

dRemde srulad gamoqveynebuli ar yofila. pirvelad iqneba

warmodgenili saerTaSoriso simpoziumze.

ia grigalaSvili


saqarTvelo

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi CanarTisteqstologiuri analizi

1. miiCneven, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erT-erT CanarTi,

sadac moTxrobilia wm. andria, wm. svimeon kananelisa da wm.

mataTa mociqulebis mier qarTvelTa gaqristianebis ambavi,

98 99

kerZod ki, wm. andrias moRvaweobis amsaxveli epizodebi efT-

vimes mier naTargmni Txzulebis teqstidan unda iyos Setanili.

vfiqrobT, CanarTis avtorebs erT-erT wyarod gamouyenebiaT

nikita paflaRonielis `mimosvla andria mociqulisa~, Tumca

usargebliaT sxva masalebiTac.

erTi SexedviT, CanarTisa da `mimosvlaTa~ teqstebis Tanax-

mad, wm. andria mociqulis moRvaweobis geografiuli areali

erTmaneTs emTxveva, Tumca, TxzulebaTa teqstologiuri anal-

izi sxva suraTs gviCvenebs. `mimosvlaTa~teqstis Tanaxmad, wm.

andria misula jer `trapezunds~, xolo ierusalimis paseqis

Semdeg qarTlSi wm. svimeon kananelTan da mataTasTan erTad

uqadagebia `vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa~, Semdeg `sosangelTa~

qveynis mcxovrebni mouqcevia. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis

mixedviT ki, wm. andria trapizonSi qadagebis Semdeg Sevida `qu-

eyanasa qarTlisasa, romelsa didaWara ewodebis~. im adgilas,

sadac RvTismSoblis xati daasvena, wyaro aRmocenda. wm. moci-

qulma monaTla adgilobrivi mcxovrebni. misi brZanebiT eklesia

aages. `didaWara~Daris sofeli xulos raionSi. mosaxleoba dRe-

sac miuTiTebs wminda wyaroze da agreTve maRal gorakze adg-

ils, romelsac `Tarangelis yels~ uwodeben. Zvelad aRniSnul

adgilas, marTlac, unda yofiliyo eklesia. bolo dros Catare-

buli arqeologiuri kvlevebiTac dasturdeba, rom wm. andria

mociqulis brZanebiT didaWaraSi unda Cahyroda safuZveli

Cvens qveyanaSi eklesiaTa mSeneblobas, rac uaRresad sayur-

adRebo faqtia qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis, vinaidan eklesiaTa

agebis uZvelesi tradicia Cvens qveyanas ukavSirdeba.

2.`mimosvlaTa~ teqstis avtori wm. andrias saqadageblad

qarTlSi mosvlis aRsaniSnavad zmnebTan iyenebs `mi~ zmniswins,

xolo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi xSirad vxvdebiT `mo~ zmnis-

wins, rac im faqtis dasturad migvaCnia, rom CanarTis avtorebs

gamouyenebiaT adgilobriv mcxovrebTa zepirgadmocemebi an

imJamindeli werilobiTi wyaroebi, romlebic CvenTvis xelmiu-

wvdomelia. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi uxvadaa warmodge-

nili qarTuli etimologiis mqone toponimebi: `didaWara~, mTa

`rkinis juari~, `xevi oZraxisa~, `samcxe~, sofeli `zaden-gora~,

`saqrisi~, `taosa~da `svaneTisa qveyana~, sadac martviliis dRe-

saswaulis Semdeg ierusalimidan dabrunebulma wm. mociqulma

andriam iqadaga. svaneTSi mas erTi dedakaci mouqcevia, aseve

`mTavris~ wodebis mqone. saqrisis velze gamarTuli kamaTi zus-

tad asaxavs qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel xanebSi arsebul

ideologiur dapirispirebas qristianTa da araqristianTa So-

ris. am konkretuli epizodis mixedviT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Ca-

narTis avtorebi yvebian artemisa da apolonis kerpebis Sesaxeb,

romelTa arseboba Cvens qveyanaSi naklebad savaraudod migvaC-

nia. `mimosvlaTa~teqstis Tanaxmad, wm. mociquls gaunadgurebia

aRniSnuli kerpebi nikeaSi da ara Cvens qveyanaSi. vvaraudobT,

rom `mimosvlaTa~ teqsti CanarTis avtorebisaTvis sakmaod

sando, avtoritetuli wyaro yofila, rac gamxdara imis mizezi,

rom zogierTi epizodi ukritikod gadmouRiaT. swored amitom

mniSvnelovania, momavalSi gagrZeldes aRniSnuli Txzulebis

wyaroTa dadgena da maTi kritikuli ganxilva. vfiqrobT, Cven

mier Catarebuli teqstologiuri analizi mokrZalebul wvlils

Seitans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstis mecnierul SeswavlaSi.

3. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis avtorebi, `mimosvlaTa~

teqstsa da sxva wyaroebze (adrebizantiuri wyaroebi, folklo-

ruli masala) dayrdnobiT, sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdian I-II

saukuneebis RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb. `mimosvlaTa~ teqstsa da

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi daculi cnobebi naTel warmod-

genas gviqmnian mociqulTa epoqaSi arsebul liturgikul praq-

tikaze. saTanado literaturaze dayrdnobiT Cven vasabuTebT

aRniSnul wyaroTa sandoobas. aRniSnul sakiTxTa kvleva moma-

valSic gauwevs samsaxurs qarTuli adreqristianuli kulturis

problemaTa analizsa da maRalmecnierul doneze Seswavlas.

100 101

xaTuna TodaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

ori monasteri – ori samyaro (msgavseba-gansxvavebani)

samonastro cxovrebis Seswavlas saqarTveloSi didi xnis is-

toria aqvs. Cveni mecnierebis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma bevri

ram axali warmoaCina. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedraze

daibada idea, gakeTebuliyo qarTul-berZnuli tipikonebis Se-

darebiTi analizi. am kuTxiT garkveuli samuSaoebi Catarebuli

gvaqvs da statiebic gamovaqveyneT. am wlebis manZilze wyaroT-

mcodneobiTi baza gaizarda. 2000 wels vaSingtonSi 50 berZnuli

tipikonis inglisuri Targmani gamoica. Cvens Txovnaze, moewo-

debinaT proeqti, avtorebi Tavazianad dagvTanxmdnen. aman sa-

Sualeba mogvca, qronologiuri principiT Segvedarebina qar-

Tul-berZnuli masala. winamdebare naSromi amis ilustraciaa.

petriwonis savane sevastosma da dasavleTis domestikosma,

gamoCenilma qarTvelma moRvawem, grigol bakurianis Zem 1083

wels daaarsa bizantiaSi, axlandeli bulgareTis teritoriaze,

qalaq filipopolis (respicite: plovdivi) maxloblad, sadac am-

Jamad sof. baCkovoa. 1084 wels grigol bakurianis Zem savanes

tipikoni Seudgina.

konstantinopolis yovladmowyale macxovris tipikonic

XI saukunisaa. monastris damaarsebelia miqael ataliate. igi,

savaraudod, 1020-1030 wlebSi daibada. RvTiTboZebuli niWis wy-

alobiT SemdgomSi senatori da msajuli gaxda. miqael ataliate

ufro cnobilia, rogorc 1034-1079 wlebis `istoriis~ avtori.

rogorc ganawesidan irkveva, is 1077 wels daiwera.

tipikonis teqstis inglisuri Targmani, TandarTuli gamokv-

leviTurT, cnobil amerikel bizantinist alis-meri TalboTs

ekuTvnis. qarTuli Targmani Cvens samecniero literaturaSi

pirvelad Semodis.

samonastro cxovrebis, anu monasticizmis (berZnuli zmni-

dan monazi `marto cxovreba~ Tanamedrove bizantinistikaSi dam-

kvidrebuli termini), erTnairi idealebis miuxedavad, qarTul

da bizantiur tipikonebs bevri ram ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan.

qarTuli tipikoni bevrad ufro axlosaa Tavdapirvel samo-

nastro idealebTan. am daskvnas orive tipikonis bevri muxli

adasturebs.

erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi arsebobisa da qronologiuri

Tanxvedris gamo, orive monasters erT makrostruqturasTan

uxdeba urTierToba. XI saukunis bolodan bizantiaSi monas-

trebis mepatroneni tipikonebiTa da sxva mniSvnelovani doku-

mentebiT cdiloben monastris keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis

dacvas. am niSniT qarTuli da bizantiuri tipikonebi msgavsia,

Tumc aris gansxvavebac: savaraudod, miqael ataliatem tipiko-

ni etapobrivad Seadgina, amdenad, saxelmwifosadmi damokideb-

uleba tipikonSi cvalebadia.

amerikeli mecnieri qarTul da bizantiur tipikonebs Soris

erT gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs: misi azriT, miqael ataliate, ro-

gorc mepatrone, misi Tanamedrove grigol bakurianis Zisagan

gansxvavebiT, novatori ar yofila. SepirispirebiTi analizi

adasturebs alis-meri TalboTis daskvnis marTebulobas.

qarTuli da berZnuli tipikonebis SepirispirebiTi anal-

izi naTels hfens ara marto qarTul da berZnul samonastro

cxovrebas, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis araerT aspeqts,

radgan, Tanamedrove bizantinistikaSi damkvidrebuli azris

Tanaxmad, nebismieri korporacia imeorebs ZiriTad sistemas.

102 103

vladimer kekelia


ioane varZielis anderZis daTariRebisaTvis

ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos qa-

rTul xelnawerTa fondSi #76 nomriT daculi xelnaweri Sinaar-

siT saweliwdo-samociquloa. dawerilia XIII-XIV ss-Si gavrcele-

buli msxvili nusxuriT.

xelnawerze Sesrulebuli minawerebidan yvelaze vrcelia

momgeblis anderZi (242v-243r). anderZi avTenturi wyaroa mus-

limebisa da uflis saflavis qristian moweseTa urTierTobis,

agreTve kompleqsSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaswavlad.

anderZs mecnierebi sxvadasxva droiT aTariReben.

Cven SeviswavleT xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fotoTe-

kaSi daculi xelnaweris fotopiri, SevadgineT anderZis teqni-

kuri aRweriloba.

xelnaweris 8r-ze Sesrulebuli XIV saukunis moRvawis, Te-

vdas minaweri miuTiTebs, rom xelnaweri XIV saukuneze gvian ar

aris Sesrulebuli.

xelnaweri daiwera uflis saflavis taZris muslimebis

(Turqebis) mier dakavebidan 32 (lb) wlis Semdeg. zusti TariRis

gamoTvla muslimTagan XIII an XIV saukuneSi uflis saflavis

taZris dakavebidan 32 wlis gadaTvliT aris SesaZlebeli. XIII-

XIV saukuneebSi muslimebma ierusalimi orjer daikaves: pirve-

lad 1244 wels, meored – 1300 wels.

1244 wlidan 32-e weli 1276 welze modis. cnoba imis Ses-

axeb, rom am droisaTvis uflis saflavis taZarSi qristiani

sasuliero pirebi mudmivi yofnis uflebiT sargeblobdnen, ar

moipoveba.

daaxloebiT 1299-1300 wlebSi monRolebma da maTma mokav-

Sire-qveSevrdomma qristianebma droebiT wminda miwa daikaves.

am faqtis Sesaxeb XIV saukunis sami wyaro (ori evropuli da

erTi somxuri) mogviTxrobs.

1300 wlidan 32 weli 1332 welze modis. XIV saukuneSi qa-

rTvelebis uflis saflavis taZarSi mudmivad yofna eWvs ar

iwvevs. evropeli piligrimebi XIV saukunis ocian wlebSi uflis

saflavis taZarSi mxolod qarTvelebis yofnas aRniSnaven. 1336

wels ierusalimSi Casuli germaneli piligrimis Canawerebi an-

derZSi asaxuli viTarebas analogiuria. amdenad, ioane varZie-

lis anderZSi dasaxelebuli – muslimebis mier saflavis dakave-

bidan 32 weli, 1300 wlidan unda iyos aTvlili. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, Jer.#76 xelnaweri 1332 wels aris dawerili. xelnaweris an-

derZi adasturebs da avsebs im evropeli piligrimebis cnobebs,

romlebic XIV saukuneSi uflis saflavis kompleqsSi arsebul

viTarebas aRweren.

buba kudava


kidev erTxel daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZis

nayalbevobis Sesaxeb

1. SiomRvimis monastrisadmi gacemuli anderZis garda Cve-

namde moaRwia daviT aRmaSeneblis meore anderZmac. es ukanaskne-

li karga xnis manZilze realur anderZad iyo miCneuli. `qarTu-

li istoriuli sabuTebis korpusis~ I tomis publikaciisas no-

dar SoSiaSvilma daasabuTa, rom sabuTi nayalbevia. miuxedavad

myari argumentaciisa, anderZis nayalbevoba sabolood mainc ar

aris gaziarebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi.

2. nodar SoSiaSvilis argumentebi mokled ase gamoiyureba:

a) sabuTis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom mefe gardacvlilia da misi

saxeliT sabuTs adgens vinme `mlocveli beri~; b) sabuTSi arse-

buli mimarTvis forma uCveuloa da ar eZebneba analogi am pe-

riodis dokumentebSi; g) daviTi anderZSi awesebs memkvidreobis

axal wess, romelic sakmaod bundovnad aris formulirebuli.

104 105

3. vfiqrobT, anderZis nayalbevobis dasamtkiceblad Ses-

aZlebelia rogorc warmodgenili mosazrebebis gamyareba,

ise damatebiTi argumentebis moxmobac, magaliTad: a) Tu da-

viTi marTla ubarebs ufros Svils demetres, rom mis Semdeg

gaamefos umcrosi Zma vaxtangi (romlis saxelic ki ar aris

sabuTSi moxseniebuli), gaurkveveli rCeba, romel memkvi-

dres unda gadaeces taxti vaxtangis gardacvalebis Semdeg;

b) anderZis bolo nawilSi mefe gascems garkveul Sewirulo-

bebs. aqac sakmaod bundovania bevri ram: anderZis aRmsrule-

blis ufleba-movaleobebi (`Tu eleodes mefe dimitri, yoveli

misces moZRuarsa Cemsa, Tu ara – naxevrisaT¢s ... vesajebi~),

Sewirulobis odenoba (`Cemni lalni da Tualmargalitni~), ad-

resati (`romelni monasterni mamulisa Cemisani ganmimwarebian~).

4. sabuTis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia amgvari mosazrebac: ander-

Zi namdvilia, memkvidreobis wesis Secvlis Sesaxeb informacia

ki mogvianebiT aris masSi Camatebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi pasuxi

unda gaeces zemoT warmodgenil sxva argumentebsac. garda ami-

sa, gaugebari xdeba, Tuki dedanSi taxtis memkvidreobis wesis

Sesaxeb ar iyo saubari, risTvisRa daiwera anderZi? mxolod im

gaurkveveli Sewirulobebis gasacemad?

5. marTalia, anderZis nayalbevobis damtkiceba bevr sakiTxs

xsnis, Tumca dRis wesrigSi ayenebs sxva kiTxvebs: vin da rodis

Seqmna igi? ra tipis sazogadoeba iyo yalbi sabuTis SinaarsiT

dainteresebuli? sabuTis nayalbevobis dadgena gacilebiT ad-

vili iqneboda XII saukuneSi, maS, ra azri hqonda mis gayalbe-

bas? sazogadoebis ra nawilze iyo gaTvlili yalbi anderZi?

sad iyo dokumenti daculi da rogor moxda, rom igi ara marto

SemogvrCa, aramed saukuneTa manZilze adgilic ki daimkvidra,

rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis realurma anderZma?

6. sakiTxis kvlevas Zalze arTulebs dokumentis pirebis

gviandeloba. dReisaTvis gvaqvs XIX saukunis 4 piri da sxvadasx-

va pirebze damyarebuli gamocemebi.

hirotaKe maedaosaka University. osaka, Japan

THEREVOLTOFGIORGISAAKADzE:FROMTHEACCOUNTOFa NEWly dISCovErEd PErSIaN SoUrCE

fol. 491b Sending a daughter of Isa Khan Qurchibashi rukn al-sultanat (of state) for Simon Khan with lalaship of Qarchaqay Khan, commander-in-chief of the army to Georgia and masccare of Kakhetinas.

fol. 494a with Mourav Beyg the Georgian (Giorgi Saakadze) from farahabad to the direction of Georgia.

fol. 496b

The Revolt of Giorgi Saakadze: From the account of a newly discovered Persian source

Hirotake Maeda (Osaka University)

Fol.491b Sending a daughter of Isa Khan Qurchibashi rukn al-sultanat (of state) for Simon Khan with

lalaship of Qarchaqay Khan, commander-in-chief of the army to Georgia and masccare of Kakhetinas

Fol.494a with Mourav Beyg the Georgian (Giorgi Saakadze) from Farahabad to the direction of Georgia

Fol.496b

491ب فرستادن صبيه رکن السلطنة عيسی خان قورچی باشی را جهته خلف السالطين سيمايون خان به هللا گی سپه ساالری قرچقای خان به گرجستان و قتل گرجيان کاخت

توجه سپهساالری به اتفاق مورو بيگ گرجی از فدح آباد به جانب گرجستان494آتان کارتيل و استقبال خلف السالطين سيمايون خان و جشن رفتن سپه ساالری از گنجه به جانب گرجس496ب

دامادی و تسليم عروس المشار اليه500ب مخالفت مورو نمکبحرام و قتل قرچقای خان و يوسف خان در دست مشار اليه و روگردونی گرجيان

گرجستانات504آ نوميد شدن مورو رو سياه از تصرف قلعه مذکور و . قلعه تفليس را مخافظت شاطر شاهی مازندرانی

سوانح حاالت 505آ رفتن مورو رو سياه به عزم تسخير قلعه قار ال نفوج بر سر پيکر خان ايکرمی دورت و سوانح حاالت

شتن به آمدن مورو رو سياه بر سر شهر گنجه به عزم تسخير قراباغ و بر هم خوردگی آن واليت و بر گ507ب گرجستان بعد خراب القصره

آمدن قورچی باشی به عزم دفع مورو رو سياه و محاربه با مشار اليه و شکست مورو در دست شاه بنده 509آ خان ترکمان و فرار مورو به جانب آلی کورام و رفتن امير گونه خان به ايران

106 107

Tamar mesxi

giorgi wereTlis saxelobis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti.

saqarTvelo

`petriwonis wesdebis~ erTi bundovani monakveTis ganmartebisaTvis

`petriwonis wesdebis~ 35-e TavSi warmodgenilia sia im

oqrobeWdebisa da sabuTebisa, romlebic grigol bakurianis

Zes bizantiis saimperatoro karze erTguli samsaxurisaTvis mi-

uRia. am CamonaTvalis erT-erTi muxlidan (qarT. teqst. 35a,12;

berZn. 35,10) vigebT, rom grigol bakurianis Zes bizantiis im-

perator mixeil VII-sagan miuRia simiosini (sigeli), magram ra

damsaxurebisaTvis, bolomde naTeli ar aris.

m. TarxniSvilis mier gamocemul sofiis xelnawerSi es mon-

akveTi ase ikiTxeba: `simiosini erTi mixael mefisaY pewinagisa

harbevisaT¢s~. s. yauxCiSvilma Sesatyvisi berZnuli teqsti («Ἡ σημείωσις τοῦ κυροῦ Μιχαὴλ περὶ τῆς κινηθεὶσης τότε ὑποθέσεως τοῦ Μπατζινάκου», 35,10) ase Targmna: `sigeli kir mixaelisa

Sesaxeb paWinakis maSin momxdari amoZravebuli Tavdasxmisa~.

ak. SaniZem yuradReba gaamaxvila sityvaze `harbevisaT¢s~ da im

daskvnamde mivida, rom m. TarxniSvilma sofiis xelnaweridan

mcdarad amoikiTxa aRniSnuli sityva (radganac S da b TiTq-

mis erTnairad iwereba). ak. SaniZis mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad,

.`petriwonis wesdebis~ qiosur xelnawerSi `harbevisaT¢s~ ki

ara, sityva `harSivisaT¢s~ weria. `harSivis~ mniSvneloba ki,

misive TqmiT, igive unda iyos, rac somxuri haSiv-isa, romelic

`angariSs~ niSnavs. am monakveTis s. yauxCiSviliseul Targman-

Tan dakavSirebiT ki aRniSna: `damokidebulia sofiis xelnawerSi

m. TarxniSvilis mier mcdarad amokiTxuli sityvisagan da misi

laTinuri Targmanisagan~. `wesdebis~ ak. SaniZiseul gamocemaSi

sadavo monakveTi ase ikiTxeba: `simiosini erTi mixael mefisaY

pewinagisa harSivisaT¢s~ (35,12).

vfiqrobT, sakiTxi verc ak. SaniZiseuli ganmartebiT gana-

Tda. Cveni azriT, es bundovaneba, zemoT ganxilul sityvebTan

(`harbevisaT¢s~// harSivisaT¢s~) erTad, sityva `pewinagi~–s

arasworma interpretaciam gamoiwvia.

sityva `pewinagi~ `tipikonis~ teqstSi, ukve moxmobilis gar-

da, sxva monakveTSic dasturdeba: `daam£ua Cven mier uSjuloY

da friad mZlavri mteri qristeaneTa da saberZneTisaY naTesavi

pewinagTa¡~ (2,18, ak. SaniZis gamoc.). e.i. am SemTxvevaSi `pewi-

nagi~ niSnavs pawanikebs, rusuli istoriografiiT – печенеги. `petriwonis wesdebis~ Zveli qarTuli teqsti ar iZleva imis

saSualebas, rom or sxvadasxva monakveTSi dafiqsirebuli ms-

gavsi JReradobisa da dawerilobis sityvebs (pewinagTa, 2,18 /

pewinagisa, 35a,12) Soris arsebuli semantikuri gansxvaveba amo-

vicnoT. berZnuli Sesatyvisebis dawerilobaSi ki es gansxvaveba

SesamCnevia. amitom s. yauxCiSvili Seecada, warmoeCina kidevac

es gansxvaveba. sityvas Πατζινάκους pawinakebi (2,12) Seusaty-

visa, xolo Μπατζινάκου paWinakad (35,10) Targmna; sakuTar

saxelTa saZiebelSi ki `paWinaki~ kiTxviTi niSniT warmoadgina.

g. litavrinis azriT, 35-e TavSi naxsenebi Μπατζινάκης an

anTroponimia an iseve, rogorc wina monakveTSi (2,18), kvlav

pawanikebis tomi igulisxmeba. am azrs iziareben `petriwonis

wesdebis~ bulgareli mkvlevarnic.

kvlevisas dadginda:

I. Μπατζανάκης gaberZnulebuli formaa Turquli sityvisa

Bacanak (bajanak), rac `qvisls~ niSnavs. amaSi moulodneli ara-

feria. axalberZnulSi sityvam Μπατζανάκης sruliad gandevna

imave mniSvnelobis tradiciuli σύγγαμβρος. Turqizmebi berZ-

nulSi XI saukunidan Cndeba. Sesabamisad, sadavo monakveTis Cve-

neuli Targmani aseTia: `sigeli kir mixailisa, qvislis mier

aRZrul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT~.

II. am gadasaxedidan `wesdebis~ sadavo monakveTi sakmaod

saintereso informaciis Semcveli aRmoCnda rogorc saqarTve-

los, ise bizantiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT:

1). sityvaSi Μπατζανάκης (`qvisli~) imperator aleqsi I

komnenosis ufrosi Zma, sevastokratori isaaki igulisxmeba.

2). dasturdeba is faqti, rom isaak komnenosi imperator

mixeil VII dukas winaaRmdeg mowyobili SeTqmulebis erT-erTi

iniciatori yofila.

108 109

3). grigol bakurianis Zes Tavisi wvlili Seutania

SeTqmulebis CaxSobaSi, rac imperators sagangebo sigeliT

aRuniSnavs.

III. istoriuli movlenebidan gamomdinare, m. TarxniSvilis

mier sofiis xelnaweridan amokiTxuli harbevisaT¢s, romelic

man pro incursione -d (`darbevad~) Targmna, ufro marTebuli Cans.

IV. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ratom moixsenieba isaak komne-

nosi naTesauri kavSiris mixedviT da ara Tavisi saxeliT?

im Semrigebluri politikis fonze, rasac aleqsi komnenosi

dukebis mimarT axorcielebda, isaakis SeTqmulebaSi monawile-

obis gaxseneba, cxadia, imperatoris guliswyromas gamoiwvevda.

sadavo winadadeba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom grigol bakurianis Ze

kargi diplomatic iyo.

V. aseTi sifrTxiliTa da diplomatiiT daweril `wesdebaSi~

eWvqveS dgeba avTenturoba 24-e Tavisa, romelSic berZenTa ve-

ragobazea saubari.

paruir muradiani

aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti. erevani, somxeTi

daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriis qarTuli redaqciisa da misi somxuri Targmanis CanarTebis gagebisaTvis

saistorio TxzulebaTa teqstebSi arsebuli CanarTebis aR-

mocenebis droisa da wyaros dadgena sakmaod Zneli wyaroTm-

codneobrivi amocanaa. `qarTlis cxovrebis” janaSviliseuli

nusxis (d) SemweobiT gamoirkva, rom igi vaxtang mefis swavlul

kacTaTvis axali periodis istoriis erT-erTi wyaroTagania.

mag ram TviT am redaqciaSic (e. i. d-Sic) aris istoriuli Si-

naarsis CanarTi, kerZod – daviT aRmaSeneblis mier 1123 w. qa-

laq anisis ganTavisuflebisa da mTavarsaydris axlad monaT-

vlis Sesaxeb. CanarTi gamoZaxils poulobs istorikos maTe

urhaelis `JamTaaRmwerlobaSi” da TviT monastris warweraSic,

Tumca aris saintereso gansxvavebac.

aranakleb mniSvnelovan monacemebs Seicavs agreTve daviTis

istorikosis somxuri Targmani. aq aRwerilia qarTvelTa mefisa

da somexTa moZRvar ioane sarkavagis urTierTdamokidebuleba.

am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi ganxilva

ara mxolod arsebuli CanarTis teqstisa, aramed fsalmunis im

muxlebisa, romelTa teqsti araa citirebuli, magram nomrebiT

miTiTebulia. usafuZvlo da SeTxzulia is debuleba, Tanaxmad

romlisa, daviT aRmaSenebeli, garkveuli politikuri mosazre-

biT mfarvelobda somxur mosaxleobas. es mfarveloba bunebri-

vi da kanonzomieri iyo.

irina nacvliSvili

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti.

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

biblia – xelnawerTa teqstis gamarTvisa da Sesworebis mniSvnelovani wyaro(`aswlovani matianis~ erTi epizodis gagebisaTvis)

B1. biblia medievaluri kulturis ara mxolod ideologi-

uri, aramed mxatvruli azrovnebis universaluri wyaroa. Ses-

abamisad, am periodis mwerlobis eTikur-esTetikuri samyaro

bibliur saxeobriv sistemas efuZneba. amgvar SemoqmedebiT-

saazrovno modelsve emorCileba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli

JamTaaRmwerlobac. amasTanave, is qristianuli msoflxedvis-

aTvis niSandobliv specifikur istorizms avlens. istoriis

Teologiuri filosofiis mixedviT, romelic saTaves netari

avgustinedan iRebs, kacobriobis cxovrebaSi RvTis Carevis

TiToeuli aqti qmnis istoriis konkretul etaps da, amdenad,

realuri faqtebi religiur faseulobas iZenen. miwier isto-

110 111

rias ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. is sakraluri istoriis

anareklia da sazrisi mxolod masSi CarTviT eZleva.

E2. erovnuli istoriis msoflio istoriis nawilad aRqma

sisxlxorceulia Sua saukuneTa qarTuli istoriografiisT-

visac, romelic qveynis cxovrebas saRvTismetyvelo tipolo-

giis kvalobaze warmoaCens. XIV saukunis ucnobi JamTaaRm-

werlis àswlovan matianeSic~ qarTveli eris cxovrebis

yoveli mniSvnelovani movlena zedroul ganzomilebas iZens

da bibliuri kategoriebis saSualebiT aixsneba. konkretuli

samyaro simbolurad gaorebulia bibliuri arqetipebis Ziebis

xarjze. saqarTvelos istoria mowodebulia, rogorc zedrouli

istoriis droSi gamovlena da masTan alegoriuli Sesatyvisoba.

Yyovelive es ganapirobebs Txzulebis teqstSi ara mxolod

bibliuri citatebis CarTvas, aramed saRvTo werilidan ux-

vad moxmobil Sedareba-paralelebsac, romelTa safuZvelze-

dac istorikosi cdilobs ama Tu im movlenis siRrmiseuli

aspeqtebis warmoCenasa da monaTxrobSi sakraluri Sinaarsis

Setanas.

3. àswlovani matianis~ erT-erTi amgvari pasaJia mefe

demetre II-is mxileba mTawmindidan RvTismSoblis CvenebiT

mosuli basili monazvnis mier. es epizodi sakmaod datvir-

Tulia bibliuri saxeebiT, romlebic avtoriseuli saTqmelisa

da saazrovno konteqstis amocnobaSi gvexmareba. dasasruls Ta-

visi moraluri poziciis gasamyareblad basili monazoni ambobs:

ùkeTu me CemebiT rasme vity¢, viTarca cru winaswarmetyveli,

SemacTunebeli kacisa RmrTisa, romeli miivlina roboamissa,

Zisa nabotianissa, da ara yovlad-wmindisa RvTismSobelisa mier

warmovlinebul var, viTar crud sjulisa gardamavali Semracx-

eT~.

4.A àswlovani matianis~ am pasaJSi yuradRebas iqcevs bib-

liuri Sedareba, romelic CarTulia basili monazvnis si-

tyvaSi da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ara msgavsebas, aramed

gansxvavebas warmoaCens. pirvelwyaros Ziebam gamoavlina Jam-

TaaRmwerlis Txzulebis erTi mcdari ikiTxvisi. kerZod, às-

wlovani matianis~ Tavdapirvel teqstSi roboamis nacvlad

unda yofiliyo ieroboami (an ierobuami, ioroboami, ioro-

buami). bibliuri personaJis saxelis amgvari saxecvlileba, al-

baT, unda aixsnas Zeglis gadamwerTa daukvirveblobiT, radgan

sruliad gamoricxulia avtoriseuli Secdoma. JamTaaRmwerels,

romelic saRvTo werilis SesaniSnav codnas avlens, ar SeeZlo,

miTiTebul konteqstSi roboami moexsenebina. Ees saxeli ocdaa-

Tze metjer gaiJRerebs sxvadasxva bibliur wignSi da yvel-

gan solomonis vaJs ukavSirdeba. istorikosis mier bibliidan

moxmobili Sedarebis wyarod unda miviCnioT mefeTa III wignSi

moTxrobili ieroboam israelis mefis cxovrebis erTi epizodi.

Ees ieroboami swored nabatis Zea – JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT,

nabatiani (-ian sufiqsi, rogorc warmomavlobis saxelTa mawar-

moebeli, qarTulSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia, rac dasturdeba

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semaval ZeglTa magaliTzec). sruliad

aSkaraa, rom basili monazvnis sityvebi aRniSnul bibliur epi-

zods exmianeba da Sedarebas, romelic amjerad uaryofiTi Si-

naarsisaa, savsebiT logikuri safuZveli aqvs. basili monazoni

ki ar emsgavseba, aramed emijneba bibliur personaJs sakuTari

simarTlis mis sicruesTan Sepirispirebis kvalobaze. swored

amis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba mematianis saTqmelis ideuri Si-

naarsis amocnoba. JamTaaRmwereli, romelic cdilobs, meti

damajerebloba Sematos basili monazvnis mxilebasa da swavlas,

daJinebiT amtkicebs misi RvTismSoblisagan movlinebis faqts

(Sesabamis konteqstSi igi oTxgzis aRniSnavs amas). swored

amisTvis dasWirda mas bibliidan beTeleli winaswarmetyvelis

saxis moxmobac.

5. aRniSnuli pasaJi cxadyofs, rom qarTuli mwerlobis

Zeglebis bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT Seswav-

la mxolod literaturaTmcodneobiTi da kulturologi-

uri rigis amocana rodia. xSir SemTxvevaSi is didad waadgeba

dazianebul an gviandeli nusxebiT moRweul xelnawerTa te-

qstis saTanado gamarTvasa da uzustobaTa Sesworebas, rac

metad saWiro da mniSvnelovani saqmea.

112 113

pa a ta nac vliS vi li

xel na wer Ta erov nu li cen tri. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

ar gen ti nis qar Tu li emig ra ci is sa ar qi vo mem kvid re o ba

1. ar gen ti na Si qar Tve le bi me o re msof lio omis Sem deg da-

sax ldnen. er Ti mxriv, ese ni iy vnen qar Tu li po li ti ku ri emig ra-

ci is pir ve li tal Ris war mo mad gen le bi, me o re mxriv ki, tyved-

yo fi li sab Wo Ta me om re bi, ro mel Tac sxva das xva mi ze zis ga mo

omis Sem dgom ev ro pa Si aRar da ed go me bo daT. ar gen ti na Si Ca su li

pir ve li qar Tve le bi bu e nos-ai re sis max lob lad mde ba re pa ta ra

da ba lo mas-de-sa mo ra Si da sax ldnen. 50-ia ni wle bis da saw yis Si

ar gen ti na Si uk ve 100-ka ci a ni qar Tu li ko lo nia ar se bob da, 1958

wels ki am qve ya na Si 260 qar Tu li oja xi cxov rob da. ar gen ti nis

qar Tve lo bis ga ma er Ti a ne bel cen trad im Ta viT ve Ta mar da aka ki

pa pa ve bis Zli e ri oja xi iq ca.

2. sa qar Tve los de mok ra ti u li res pub li kis par la men tis

wev ri, sa qar Tve los mwe ral Ta kav Si ris Tav mjdo ma ris mo ad gi le

aka ki pa pa va da mi si me uR le Ta mar go go laS vi li-pa pa va si uk ve

sa xel mox ve Wi li moR va we e bi iy vnen, ro ca sa qar Tve los ga sab-

Wo e bis Sem deg or mci rew lo van go go nas Tan er Tad emig ra ci a Si

aR moC ndnen da ger ma ni a Si, ham bur gSi da sax ldnen. aq maT uf ro

me ti Tav da de biT ga nag rZes sa qar Tve lo Si daw ye bu li aq ti u ri

sam wer lo Tu sa zo ga do moR va we o ba da ra ki, emig ran tTa di di

na wi li sa gan gan sxva ve biT, ma te ri a lu ri Tu fi nan su ri Zli e re-

bac mos dgam daT, ara erT erov nul saq mes da ad ges Ta vi da so-

li du ri qar Tve lo lo gi u ri bib li o Te kac Seq mnes, ro me lic yve-

la ze mdi da ria sa qar Tve los far glebs ga reT ar se bul qar Tul

bib li o Te kebs So ris. Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis oja xi erT-er Ti

pir ve li qar Tu li oja xi iyo, ro mel mac msof lio omis Sem deg

ar gen ti nas mi a Su ra.

3. 1950 wels ar gen ti na Si qar Tu li saT vi sto mo Ca mo ya lib da,

rom lis pir vel Tav mjdo ma red cno bi li qar Tve li mec ni e ri da

sa zo ga do moR va we viq tor no za Ze air Ci es, sa pa tio Tav mjdo ma-

re o ba ki aka ki pa pa vas sTxo ves. viq tor no za Zis me re saT vis to-

mos sa Ta ve Si Ta mar pa pa va ed ga, mis Sem deg ki am mo va le o bas

gar dac va le bam de aka ki pa pa va as ru leb da. ar gen ti nis qar Tu li

saT vis to mos mTe li Se mor Ce ni li ma sa la pa pa ve bis mdi dar ar qiv-

Sia Tav moy ri li, rom lis er Ti na wi li 1997 wels Ta mar da aka ki

pa pa ve bis qa liS vi leb ma – tur fa da mzia pa pa va-We iS vi leb ma –

ar gen ti ni dan sa qar Tve lo Si ga mog va ta nes da dRes sa qar Tve-

los xel na wer Ta erov nul cen trSia da cu li, Ta mar da aka ki pa-

pa ve bis ka bi net Si, ro me lic spe ci a lu rad am miz ni saT vis Se iq mna

2008 wels.

4. Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis sa xe le bi sa qar Tve los far To sa-

zo ga do e bam pir ve lad ga su li sa u ku nis 80-ia ni wle bis Sua xa neb-

Si ga ic no re zo Ta bu kaS vi lis fil mi sa (`So ri el Ta si ax lo ve~) da

mi xe il ka ka ba Zis sa ga ze To we ri lis (`glo bu sis me o re mxa res~)

meS ve o biT. swo red im xa neb Si Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis qa liS vi-

leb ma da si Ze eb ma sa qar Tve lo Si ga mo g zav nes uZ vir fa se si gan Zi

– si o nis sa kur Txev lis ga da sa fa re be li, ro me lic Ta vis dro ze

ger ma ni a Si Se u Ze ni aT. sa er Tod, pa pa ve bis ojax Si mra va li qar-

Tu li siZ ve lea da cu li, xo lo qar Tu li emig ra ci is ker Zo ar-

qiv Ta So ris Zne lad mo i Zeb ne ba ise Ti, Ta vi si is to ri u li, li te-

ra tu rul-kul tu ru li Tu zo ga de rov nu li mniS vne lo biT Ta mar

da aka ki pa pa ve bis ar qivs rom ga u tol des. am siZ ve leT sa cav Si

da cu lia mra va li uc no bi do ku men ti sa qar Tve los de mok ra ti u-

li res pub li ki sa Tu qar Tu li emig ra ci is is to ri i dan, qar Tvel

mwe ral Ta ga mo uq vey ne be li na we re bi, uc xo eT Si ga mo ce mu li qar-

Tu li wig ne bi Tu Jur nal-ga ze Te bi, ar gen ti na Si mcxov reb qar-

Tvel Ta ker Zo sa ar qi vo ma sa le bi, qar Tu li emig ra ci is mra va li

sa xe lo va ni war mo mad gen lis pi ra di we ri le bi Ta mar da aka ki pa-

pa ve bis sa xel ze. es ma sa la ge og ra fi u li Tval saz ri siT xu Ti ve

kon ti nents mo i cavs, mi si dro i Ti far gle bi ki na xe var sa u ku nes

swvde ba – ga su li sa u ku nis 20-ia ni wle bi dan 70-ian wle bam de.

5. ar gen ti nis qar Tu li sa ar qi vo mem kvid re o bis sa qar Tve lo-

Si da cu li na wi li, ro me lic Cve ni spe ci a lu ri Ses wav lis sa ga nia

da ro me lic ram de ni me ase ul sa ar qi vo er Te uls Se i cavs, uk ve

kar ga xa nia, mo eq ca spe ci a lis tTa yu rad Re bis cen trSi. am ma sa-

lis sa fuZ vel ze mom zad da ara er Ti sa mec ni e ro Tu Jur na lis tu-

114 115

ri pub li ka cia, Se iq mna ra dio- da te le ga da ce me bi, cal ke ga mo-

i ca gri gol ro ba qi Zis uc no bi no ve la da eq vTi me Ta ya iS vi lis

we ri le bi, da cu l iq na di ser ta cia, mom za de bu lia ga mo sa ce mad

gri gol ro ba qi Zis, viq tor no za Zis, mi xa ko we reT lis, sam son

fir cxa la vas da sxva moR va we Ta we ri le bi, mim di na re obs mu Sa o-

ba do ku men tur fil mze. 2009 wlis ma is Si xel na wer Ta erov nul

cen trSi ga i mar Ta Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis xsov nis dRe e bi, rom-

lis far gleb Si mo ew yo Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis ka bi ne ti sa da

uc xo e Tis qar Tvel Ta is to ri u li mem kvid re o bis Sem swav le li

prog ra ma `sam Sob los~ pre zen ta ci e bi. amas Tan da kav Si re biT ar-

gen ti ni dan sa gan ge bod Ca mo vid nen Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis Svi-

liS vi le bi – gul na ra, sa lo me, tur fa (pu si) da mzia We iS vi le bi,

ro mel Tac ki dev er Txel da a das tu res ma Ti mSob le bis sur vi li,

rom Ta mar da aka ki pa pa ve bis ar qi vi, bib li o Te ka da qar Tu li

emig ra ci is is to ri as Tan da kav Si re bu li ara er Ti me mo ri a lu ri

niv Ti sa qar Tve los gad mo e ces. am miz niT 2009 wlis no em ber-

Si ar gen ti nas ga em gzav re ba sa qar Tve los xel na wer Ta cen tris

mci re ric xo va ni jgu fi, ro me lic aR wers da Ca i ba rebs pa pa ve bis

oja xis mTel sa ar qi vo mem kvid re o bas. sa qar Tve lo Si Ca mo ta ni li

ma sa la sa qar Tve los xel na wer Ta cen trSi da i debs bi nas da mi-

si mra val mxri vi Ses wav li sa da sa mec ni e ro mi moq ce va Si Car Tvis

Sem deg sa qar Tve los emig ra ci is is to ri is ara erT dRem de uc nob

fur cels moh fens na Tels.

nikoloz oTinaSvili

goris universiteti. gori, saqarTvelo

qsnis saerisTavos eTnoistoriidan

1. qsnis saerisTavo erT-erTi uZlieresi safeodalo iyo

zemo qarTlSi, romelSic Sedioda qsnis, lexuris, mejudis, pa-

tara liaxvis xeobebi, gverdisZiri da Sida qarTlis mTeli rigi

soflebi.

mxare dawinaurebuli iyo ekonomikurad da kulturulad,

rasac mowmobs yvela epoqis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi,

mTeli rigi saistorio dokumentebi, sigel-gujrebi, davTrebi,

romlebic saWiro cnobebs Seicaven mosaxleobis socialuri,

wodebrivi, qonebrivi, ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

2. saistorio dokumentebidan aRsaniSnavia `1774-1781 wlebis

qsnis saerisTavos statistikuri aRwera~, romlis monacemebis

Sedarebam dRevandel viTarebasTan bevr saidumlos unda axa-

dos farda.

`saamilaxvros davTarSi~ CamoTvlilia lexuris xeobaSi da

tirifonis mindorze ganlagebuli soflebi da gvar-saxelebi

mosaxleobisa, romelsac iaraRiT xelSi gamosvla evaleboda

qarTlis mefe giorgi meTerTmetis mxareze meCvidmete sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi.

am droisaTvis am soflebSi mosaxleobis absoluturi um-

ravlesoba qarTvelia, Semdgom ki mxare daicala migraciis,

ucxotomelTa Semosevebis Sedegad, rac imisi Sedegia, rom

mTaSi da mTiswineTSi mosaxleoba eTnikurad Seicvala, Tumca

mTaSic aRar aris mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi

arian gadasulebi.

1822 wlis `Tornike erisTavis Semosavlis davTari~ mniS-

vnelovani dokumentia mxaris eTnikuri istoriis gasarkvevad.

davTarSi aRricxulia ocdaeqvsi sofeli, rogorc patara li-

axvis, ise lexuris xeobebSi, romelTa naxevari dRes aRar aris,

amotom maTi lokalizacia saSuri saqmea.

3. toponimTa da anTroponimTa gamZleobam Semogvinaxa bevri

gamqrali soflisa da gvaris saxeli. maT sawarmoeblad gamoy-

enebulia –ian, -anT sufiqsebi, magaliTad: zeviTl-ian-i, elo-

ian-i, pavl-ian-i, maT-ian-i, maTi-anT tye, kalo, vasiko-anT kalo,

rusita-anT ubani (rusitaSvilebi).

aseve didi intensivobiT gamoirCeva –eT, -ur, -enT mawarmoe-

blebi, romlebic aRniSnaven kuTvnilebas, afiqsireben Stogvar-

Ta saxelebs, magaliTad: ivr-eT-i, gor-eT-i, wyur-eT-i, qor-eT-

i, qaSu-eT-i...

116 117

dasturdeba aseve prefiqsuli da prefiqs-sufiqsuri war-

moeba: sa-frinavi Rele, sa-fqvil-eT-i axo, sa-wanaq-o saxnavi,

sa-maril-e qedi, sa-jol-e tye da sxv.

-ur sufiqsma SeiZleba adamianTa sadauroba-warmomavloba

aRniSnos, amasTan, gamoyenebulia toponimebis sawarmoebladac;

magaliTad: quba-ur-i, xoS-ur-i, goC-ur-i, elia-ur-i, gengi-ur-

i, Cxita-ur-i, gint-ur-i, salaj-ur-i da mravali sxva.

vfiqrobT, saistorio sabuTebis momarjvebiT zemo qarTlis

xeobebis srul onomastikur viTarebas aRvadgenT.

qeTevan pavliaSvili


saqarTvelo

cnobebi ierusalimis rusul sasuliero misiaSi qarTveli samRvdeloebis monawileobis Sesaxeb (XIX s-is II naxevari)

1. ierusalims – `wminda miwas~ gamorCeuli adgili ukavia

qristianuli kacobriobis istoriaSi. saukuneebis manZilze

wminda miwa msoflios saxelmwifoTa politikur-kulturuli

interesebis gadakveTis adgili iyo, ris gamoc gansxvavebuli

konfesiis eTnosebi odiTgan cdilobdnen TavianTi sulier-kul-

turuli wvlilis Setanasa da politikur-kulturuli niadagis

Seqmnas ierusalimSi. calkeuli erebis saxelmwifoebriobisa da

kulturis saqmeSi wminda miwaze maTi interesebis kvleva friad

aqtualuria Tanamedrove msoflio istoriografiisTvisac.

2. winamdebare naSromis kvlevis obieqtia ruseTis imperi-

is politikur-saeklesio interesebi ierusalimisadmi, romlis

kulminaciac XIX s-is II naxevaria. aRniSnul periodSi ruseTma

farTod gaSala saeklesio – diplomatiuri muSaoba wminda mi-

waze. imperiis mizani iyo msoflios qveynebis gverdiT marTl-

madideblobis niSniT samyaroSi hegemonobisaTvis brZola da

politikuri avtoritetis mopoveba axlo aRmosavleTSi.

3. ruseTis saerTaSoriso asparezze damkvidreba ukavSird-

eboda rusuli marTlmadideblobis gamarjvebas wminda miwaze.

am mizniT imperiis kuluarebSi muSavdeba politikur-saeklesio

kursi – `rusuli palestiniana~ – da Sesabamisi proeqtebi. wi-

namdebare naSromis kvlevis obieqtia erT-erTi maTgani, e. w.

àntonines proeqti~ (XIX s-is 60-70-iani ww.).

4. gamokvlevaSi axsnilia àntonines proeqtis~ winamorbedi

proeqtebisgan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: daxvewiloba, ostatoba,

sasuliero-humanuri da samecniero – kvleviTi xasiaTi. aRniS-

nuli proeqtiT ganxorcielda: palestinaSi rusuli eklesia-

monastrebis mSenebloba, miwis nakveTebis Sesyidva, rusuli

marTlmadideblobis propaganda, samecniero-arqeologiuri sa-

muSaoebi, rusuli migracia, rusuli axalSenebis damkvidreba

da a.S.

5. àntonines proeqtis~ monawileebad gvevlinebian qarTve-

li samRvdelo pirebi. winamdebare gamokvlevaSi dadgenilia

maTi vinaoba, proeqtSi monawileobis mizezebi, maTi wvlili

proeqtis muSaobaSi da maTi Semdgomi cxovreba-moRvaweobis

fragmentebi.

6. naSromi warmoadgens arqimandrit antonines (kapustini)

qarTvel samRvdeloebasTan urTierTobis istoriul eqskurss;

dadginda, rom ori qarTveli samRvdelo piri aqtiurad iyo

CarTuli `rusul palestinianaSi~. maT Soris – beri besarioni,

romelic imereTis episkopos gabrielis (qiqoZe) Zmaa, da mama

Tevdore, romlis gvari da vinaoba jerjerobiT bundovanebiT

aris moculi da Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

7. naSromSi gamokvleulia qarTveli berebis moRvaweobis

epizodebi: q.aTenis rusul saelCosTan arsebul eklesiaSi, aTo-

nis wminda mTaze ìvironsa~ da `rusikSi~, ierusalimSi; dadge-

nilia TiToeulis gardacvalebis TariRi da adgili.

8. gamokvelevaSi daxasiaTebulia qarTveli berebis ànto-

nines proeqtSi~ mimdinare mravalmimarTulebiani saqmianoba:

saeklesio, diplomatiuri, samecniero-kvleviTi, sameurneo-

ekonomikuri da saorganizacio.

9. winamdebare naSromSi axsnilia qarTveli samRvdeloebis

monawileobis mizezebi ruseTis imperiis farTo politikuri

118 119

kursis gatarebaSi. dadginda, rom maTi moRvaweoba rusul sa-

suliero misiebSi ukavSirdeba ucxoeTis qarTuli sulierebisa

da kulturis savaneTa gadarCenis saqmes.

10. naSromSi gamoikveTa, rom qarTveli samRvdeloebis saqmi-

anobis mizezebi `rusul palestinianaSi~ ukavSirdeba ruseTis

saeklesio politikas saqarTvelosa da misi eklesiis mimarT.

ruseTis saimperatoro kari sazRvargareT arsebul saqarT-

velos siwmindeebs iseTive sakuTrebad moiazrebda, rogorc

saqarTveloSi moqmedi eklesia-monastrebis qonebas. aqedan ga-

momdinare, bunebrivia, ruseTi ver Seegueboda ucxoeTis qar-

Tul savaneebze sxva qveynebis mxridan cilobas. ruseTi speku-

lirebda qarTveli samRvdeloebis represiebiTa da material-

uri siduxWiriT da daxmarebis pirobiT cdilobda qarTvelTa

Tanadgomis mopovebas berZnebisa da sxva qristianuli konfe-

siebis samRvdeloebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi. es vlindeboda

aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTveli berebis finansur daxmarebaSi,

`rusikSi~ TavSesafris micemaSi da sxv. bunebrivia, rom aTonis

mTidan wminda miwaze gadasul qarTvel berebs ruseTis saero

da sasuliero xelisuflebis imedi hqondaT, gadarCenis saqmeSi;

miT ufro, rom gausaZlisi politikuri viTarebis gamo, isini

saqarTvelodan daxmarebas veRar iRebdnen.

goCa saiTiZe, eTer qavTaraZe


arqivTmcodneoba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (xelnawerTa institutSi)

1. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia gamoCenili Tu

sazogadoebis farTo wreebisaTvis SedarebiT naklebad cno-

bili mwerlebis, mecnierebis, sasuliero pirebis, mxatvrebis,

sportsmenebis, politikuri da samxedro moRvaweebis, agreTve,

organizaciebis arqivebi. aRniSnuli saarqivo masalis gaTval-

iswinebis gareSe srulyofili ver iqneba qarTuli sazogadoe-

brivi azris ganviTarebis istoria. TiToeuli arqivi politi-

kuri, socialuri da kulturuli yofis sayuradRebo suraTs

iZleva qveynis istoriis calkeuli monakveTis Sesaxeb. amde-

nad, qarTuli kulturologiiT dainteresebuli mkvlevari mas

gverds ver auvlis.

2. saarqivo fondebze zrunva xelnawerTa institutis Seqm-

nisTanave daiwyo. pirvelad arqivebi gamocalkevda sxvadasxva

fondSi daculi dokumentebis mixedviT. Semdeg igi ivseboda

SemowirulobebiTa da SeZeniT. dReisaTvis xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi damuSavebuli, damuSavebis procesSi myofi da dasa-

muSavebeli 149 arqivia daculi, maT Soris, ilia WavWavaZis, aka-

ki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas, iakob gogebaSvilis, ivane javaxiS-

vilis, eqvTime TayaiSvilis, korneli kekeliZis, mixeil TamaraS-

vilis, grigol robaqiZis, arCil jorjaZis, grigol orbelianis,

mose janaSvilis, dimitri baqraZis, sergei mesxis, niko maris,

saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis arqivi da

sxv.

3. saarqivo fondebis damuSaveba imTaviTve sami mimarTule-

biT daiwyo: a) dokumentebis yovelmxrivi Seswavla, aRwera, kla-

sifikacia, saZieblebis Sedgena; b) arqivis aRwerilobis gamoce-

ma; g) saarqivo dokumentebis publikacia monografiuli kvlevis

SedegebTan erTad.

4. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi arqivTmcodneobis saer-

TaSoriso miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT intensiurad grZeldeba

saarqivo fondebze muSaoba. arqivTmcodneobis departamenti

zrunavs axali fondebis moZiebaze da cdilobs, amomwuravi, mo-

biluri, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis doneze mdgomi sainformacio

bazis Seqmnas, rac xels Seuwyobs am umdidresi saarqivo masalis

mecnierul mimoqcevaSi srulyofil Sesvlas.

120 121

valeri silogava


saqarTvelo

erTianobis xanis saqarTvelos kaTalikos- patriarqebis avtografuli xelrTvebi (XI-XV ss.)

Zvelma qarTulma werilobiTma Zeglebma – saistorio sab-

uTebma, monastris tipikonma da saaRape Canawerebma – Semogvi-

naxes saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqTa avtografuli

xelrTvebi. maTi calke, gamoyofilad Seswavla im werilobiTi

Zeglebisagan, romelTac isini axlavs, mravalmxriv saintere-

soa da mniSvnelovani. maTi Seswavlis am etapze ganvixilavT

kaTalikos-patriarqTa xelrTvebs, romlebic erTianobis xanis

saqarTvelos, anu XI-XV ss. qronologiur farglebSi Tavsdebi-

an. maT Soris uZvelesia giorgi qarTlis kaTalikosis xelrTva

mefe bagrat IV-is 1057 wlis sigelze mRvimis lavrisadmi, xolo

yvelaze gviandelia daviT qarTlis kaTalikosis xelrTva max-

arebel maRalaZisadmi 1470 wels gacemul wyalobis wignze.

kaTalikos-patriarqTa xelrTvebis Seswavlis Sedegad

ramdenime tendencia gamoiyofa: adreuli, XI-XIII saukuneebis

xelrTvebi ufro vrcelia, moculobiT bevrad aRemateba imave

sabuTebze moTavsebul amdroindel mefeTa xelrTvebs da, ro-

gorc wesi, sabuTis mokle Sinaarss Seicaven. samagierod, bev-

rad ufro moklea XIV-XV saukuneebis kaTalikosTa xelrTvebi

– zogjer erTi winadadebisagan Sedgeba. kaTalikosebi xels

aweren, an Canawerebs akeTeben rogorc mxedruli, ise nusxuri

da swori (gardamavali) mxedruli damwerlobiT; am mxriv raime

kanonzomiereba ar Cans.

kaTalikos-patriarqTa avtografuli xelrTvebi, rogorc

mtkiced daTariRebuli werilobiTi Zeglebi, metad mniS-

vnelovania qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad;

maT axasiaTebT daxvewili grafika da mkveTrad gamoxatuli

individualuri Taviseburebebi.

am xelrTvebis, rogorc calke aRebuli saistorio wyaros,

kidev erTxel Seswavlam da am mizniT maTma erTad Tavmoyram,

daazusta zogierTi qronologiuri monacemi _ sabuTis an

Canaweris daTariReba. isini erT-erTi utyuari wyaroa saqarT-

velos kaTalikos-patriarqTa titulis – misi cvlilebebisa

da Camoyalibebis Sesaswavlad. am mizniT, garda avtografuli

xelrTvebisa, moxmobilia iseTebic,romlebic pirebis saxiT

moRweul sabuTebzea moTavsebuli.

mzia surgulaZe


qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (1959-2009 ww.)

1959 wels axlad daarsebul xelnawerTa institutSi Tavmoy-

rili aRmoCnda qarTuli saistorio sabuTebis mdidari fond-

ebi. samecnero sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili iyo am fondebSi

daculi dokumenturi masalis mxolod mcire nawili XIX s-Si da

XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Sesrulebuli ramdenime publika-

ciis saSualebiT. amdenad, aTasobiT saistorio sabuTSi daculi

informacia miuwvdomeli iyo specialistebisaTvis. ucnobi iyo

maTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi Rirebuleba. xelnawerTa institutSi

saistorio sabuTebis mdidari koleqciebis arsebobam ganapiro-

ba specialuri ganyofilebis Camoyalibeba, romlis samecniero

profili ZiriTadad gansazRvruli iyo aq daculi dokumenturi

masalis katalogizaciasa da mis wyaroTmcodneobiT Seswavlas-

Tan dakavSirebuli problematikiT. am problematikis fargleb-

Si gamoikveTa ramdenime prioritetuli mimarTuleba, romlebic

dRemde inarCuneben TavianT mniSvnelobas. esenia: saistorio

sabuTebis, monacemTa bazebisa da eleqtronuli katalogebis,

saistorio sabuTebis sruli korpusis gamosacemad momzadeba,

genealogiur-qronologiuri da diplomatikuri gamokvlevebi.

122 123

saistorio sabuTebze muSaobis procesSi qarTul masalaze

dayrdnobiT pirvelad xelnawerTa institutSi Seiqmna mecnier-

uli gamokvlevebi istoriul qronologiasa da istoriul genea-

logiaSi, sfragistikasa da filigranologiaSi; axali Teoriuli

da praqtikuli ganzomilebebi SeiZina qarTulma paleografiam

da diplomatikam. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos sinamdv-

leSi pirvelad xelnawerTa institutSi daibada istoriis e. w.

damxmare da specialuri disciplinebi, riTac Seivso mravali

xarvezi qarTul wyaroTmcodneobaSi.

wyaroTmcodneobiTi saqmianoba xelnawerTa institutSi ar

Semoifargleboda martooden dokumenturi masalis damuSave-

biT. xelnawerTa institutis filologiurma skolam mis mier

ganxorcielebuli qarTuli hagiografiis sruli korpusis,

Sua saukuneebis dogmatikuri da polemikuri literaturis,

sakuTriv istoriografiuli Zeglebis, maT Soris, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ calkeuli Txzulebebis axali mecnieruli publika-

ciebiT udidesi samsaxuri gauwia Tanamedrove qarTul isto-

riografias.

xelnawerTa institutSi Camoyalibda kompleqsuri meTodo-

logia uaRresad specifikuri masalis – e.w. sulTa matianeebisa

da saaRape Canawerebis – SeswavlisaTvis. am meTodologiis gam-

oyenebam SesaZlebeli gaxada sruliad sando pirvelxarisxovani

istoriuli informaciis mopoveba, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo

xeli qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis gafarToebas.

xelnawerTa instituti wlebis ganmavlobaSi gegmavda saeqs-

pedicio muSaobebs. am eqspediciaTa Sedegad aRinusxa da dafiq-

sirda saqarTvelos calkeul regionebSi (svaneTi, Sida qarT-

li, javaxeTi, gareja) aseve sazRvargareT (ierusalimi, aToni,

sina), arsebuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli da epigrafikuli

Zeglebis, Wedurobis, xelnaweri wignebis amJamindeli daculo-

ba da mdgomareoba; am eqspediciaTa Sedegebi aisaxa solidur

monografiebsa da mravalricxovan samecniero statiebSi.

tariel futkaraZe

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

bun Turqni: paleografiuli Secdoma,Turqulenovani xalxis aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi eTnonimi, kompaqturad dasaxlebuli ltolvili ‘~Turqebi~ Tu `sastik warmarTTa~ aRmniSvneli metafora?

1. `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ gviandel

xelnawerebSi dadasturebuli Sesityveba `bun Turqni~ zogi

mkvlevris mier gamocxadebulia Turquli modgmis uZvelesi xa-

lxis aRmniSvnel eTnonimad; kerZod, termin `bunTurqis~ daus-

abuTebeli etimologiebis mixedviT varaudoben, rom `bunTur-

qebi~ arian is winare Turqebi, romlebic iyvnen amierkavkasiis

avtoqTonebi. sxva mosazrebis mixedviT, `bunTurqebi~ devnil

skviTebs aRniSnavs.

Cndeba ramdenime kiTxva:

- gvaqvs ki safuZveli damoukidebel eTnonimad gamovacxa-

doT `bunTurqni~? arsebobda ki es Sesityveba adreul xelnawe-

rebSi?

- ratom unda davuSvaT, VIII-IX saukuneebamde qarTvelTaTvis

ucnobi termini `Turqi~ qarTveli mematianisTvis Zv.w. pirveli

aTaswleulis Sua periodis `skviTebs~ aRniSnavda (Sdr.: poli-

tikuri gaerTianebis aRmniSvneli `Turqi~ pirvelad Cndeba V

saukunis Cinur wyaroebSi, VI saukuneSi dasturdeba sparsul-

Sic)?

- ramdenad argumentirebulia samecniero literaturaSi

arsebuli etimologiebi `bun~ formisa?

2. warmodgenil naSromSi SemoTavazebulia `bun~ msazRvre-

lis axleburi etimologia da gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

`bunTurqi~ ar aris damoukidebeli eTnonimi; amosaval qarTul

teqstSi igi velurobis sinonimadaa gamoyenebuli. teqstolo-

giuri kvlevis safuZvelze pirvelwyarod miCneulia `qarTlis

cxovreba~ da ara `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡~; kerZod:

124 125

3. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, `sparsTagan otebulma~

Turqebma qarTvelebs daxmareba aRuTqves sparselebTan br-

ZolaSi, amitom sxvadasxva qalaqis mflobelebma (`yovelTa

qarTvelTa~) devnili `Turqebis~ nawili jgufebad dayves da

TavianT qalaqebSi Caasaxles. ltolvilTa ZiriTadi nawili

mcxeTis mamasaxlisma kompaqturad (`mixveviT~) daasaxla sar-

kineSi (q.c. 15, 15-17). fraza: Turqebi, rogorc `msxdomareni

mdinaresa mas mtkvarsa mixveviT~ zustad meordeba `moqceva¡

qarTlisa¡s~ teqstSic, magram frazis semantika naTelia mxolod

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~. savaraudoa, rom `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~

`qronikebis~ dasawyisi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali nawilis

adaptirebuli variantia.

4. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ orjer moxseniebuli Sesityveba:

bun Turqni ar aris damoukidebeli eTnonimi (zogi mkvlevari

am formas paleografiul Secdomad Tvlis; Sdr., varianti: mun

Turqni):

vfiqrobT, termin Turqis msazRvrelad gamoyenebulia

msazRvreli buni (bun), romelic saS. sparsuli nasesxobaa da

qarTulad niSnavs `Zirs~, `ZiriTads~; Sesabamisad, Sesityveba

bun Turqi unda gaviazroT, rogorc ‘erTad, kompaqturad da-

saxlebuli `Turqebi~ – buni (/ZiriTadi) Turqebi, anu migranti

`Turqebis~ is ZiriTadi nawili, romelic erTad daasaxles sar-

kineSi. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aleqsandres `Semosvlis~ aRweri-

sas swored sarkines mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba kompo-

ziti: bun-Turqni (q.c. 18, 8). niSandoblivia isic, rom `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ somxur TargmanSi, romelic XII saukuneSia Sesrule-

buli, `bunTurqis~ nacvlad dasturdeba `Turqi~.

5. cnobilia, rom termini `Turqi~ veluris sinonimad gamoi-

yeneboda da eTnikuri mniSvneloba gvian miiRo (s. kliaStorni,

g. alasania). savaraudoa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~ qaixosros

ambebis Txrobisas `Turqi~ adrindel velur ltolvilebs aR-

niSnavs. aleqsandres mosvlis ambebis aRwerisas ki erTian cne-

bad gaazrebuli msazRvrel-sazRvruli: bunTurqni gamoiyene-

ba rogorc metafora, romelic aRniSnavs urwmuno, warmarT,

qristianobamdel qarTvelebs (q.c. 17, 12):

marTlmadidebeli avtorisTvis qristianobamdeli qarTve-

lebi (romlebic aleqsandrem naxa) iseTive barbarosebi arian,

rogorc sarkineSi jgufurad dasaxlebuli `Turqebi~ – kiaxsa-

risgan (qaixosrosgan) devnili velurebi.

Sdr.: `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ avtorma es mxatvruli saxe

(`qarTlis cxovrebis~ `bun Turqi~), rogorc velurebis sino-

nimi, ganazogada qristianobamdeli qarTvelebis aRsaniSnavadac

(marTlmadidebeli berisTvis warmarTi qarTvelic `bunTur-

qia~). Sdr.; am sityvis eTnonimad gaazrebis gamo TiTqmis mTe-

li saqarTvelos avtoqToni mosaxleoba (mtkvrisa da Woroxis

xeobebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi) yovlad dausabuTeblad ara-

qarTvelebad – bunTurqebad gamocxadda.

6. `bunTurqs~, rogorc eTnonims, ar icnobs msoflios arc

erTi wyaro (SemTxveviTi ar aris: qarTul xelnawerTa nawil-

Si `bunTuრqis~ nacvlad dasturdeba: `mun Turqi~, `naTurqi~,

`Turqi~; q.c. 18, 8). qarTul enobriv velSi sul mcire 11-12

saukunis win arsebobs termini Turqi. bunebrivia, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Sesavali nawilis siZvelis Sesabamisad unda gan-

vixiloT qarTuli wyaroebis `Turqis~ semantika: veluri xalxis

aRmniSvneli sityvaa, politikuri gaerTianebis aRmniSvnelia,

Tu eTnonimia. Sdr., `qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli nawilis erTi

epizodi (enebis CamonaTvali) gvavaraudebinebs, rom kiaxsaris-

gan (qaixosrosgan) gamodevnil `TurqTa~ dedaena da xazarTa ena

qarTvel mematianeTaTvis erTi da igivea; Tumca, aqve aRvniSna-

vT, rom adreuli qarTuli nasesxobani ufro sparsulenovani

(indoevropuli) samyaros kuTvnilebaa, vidre Turqulenovanisa.

7. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi kiaxsarisgan/qaixosrosgan

devnil `TurqTa~ (skviTTa?) Sesaxeb, aseve, bun-msazRvreliani

terminis (eTnonimis?) – Turqis – ganzogadeba `sastiki war-

marTis~’ aRsaniSnavad, asaxavs axali welTaRricxvis pirveli

aTaswleulis dasasrulis qarTvelTa siRrmiseul codnasa da

mkafio Tvalsazriss momxvdurTa mimarT.

126 127

Tamar qoriZe

saqarTvelos universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

`mcneba¡ sasjulo¡~ da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos or – dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad gayofa (XV s-is 70-iani wlebi)

MXV s-is meore naxevarSi, saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis

daSlis paralelurad, misi eklesiuri mTlianobac moiSala.

sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqom SeZlo separatizmis

aRkveTa samcxisa da ka xe Tis eklesiebSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi

ki – vera. XV s-is 70-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqo gaiyo

or damoukidebel – dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu afxazeTisa,

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu qarTlis, saeklesio

organizaciad.

aRniSnuli gayofa gulisxmobda dasavleT saqarTvelos

eklesiis mcxeTis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebisagan gaTavisuf-

lebas, ramac asaxva pova qarTuli eklesiis struqturul

cvlilebaSi. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso arsebobis bolomde darCa

qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesiad, orive eklesiis -- qarTlisa

da afxazeTis – saWeTmpyrobeli ki Tavis Tavs `sruliad

saqarTvelos makurTxevel~ kaTolikosad Tvlida.

qarTl-imereTis mefe bagrat VI-isa (1466-1478) da dadian-

gurieli Sama dav las iniciativiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi

Sesa wi ravis Sesag ro veb lad Camosuli antioqiisa da ieru-

salimis patriarq miqaelis (1470/74-1484) mier afxazeTis

kaTolikosad caiSel-be dieli mTavarepiskoposis, iovakimes,

kurTxeva saqarTvelos kaTo li kos-patriarqis mier afxazeTis

kaTolikosis kurTxevis manamde ar se buli wesis darRveva iyo.

qarTuli eklesiis or nawilad gayofasTan dakavSirebiT

Sedgenilma saeklesio samarTlis Zeglma -- `mcne ba¡ sasjulo¡m~

iuridiulad ganamtkica dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis

damoukidebloba aR mo sav leT saqarTvelos umaRlesi saeklesio

xelisuflebisagan.

`mcneba¡ sasjulo¡~ Tavad dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiuri

ga moyofis iniciatorebs Tavidanve qarTulad unda SeedginaT

patriarq miqaelis (masTan erTad an, dasaSvebia, mis gareSe)

saxeliT, raTa sabuTisaTvis kanonieri saxe miecaT.

dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamoyofis kanonierebis

damtkicebis mizniT, Mmisi iniciatorebis mier wamoyenebuli

argumentebi, rom TiTqos Tavidan afxazeTisa da qarTlis

kaTolikosebi antioqiis patriarqTa mier ikurTxebodnen da

TiTqos qarTlis (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) ganmanaTlebeli wm.

Nnino iyo, xolo afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) – wm. andria

mociquli, aramarTebuli iyo. afxazeTis arc erTi kaTolikosi

XV s-is 70-ian wlebamde antioqiis patriarqis mier ar kurTxeula;

wm. andria pirvel wo de bu li ki qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis,

saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Zveli droidanve cnobili

iyo, rogorc mTlianad sa qarT velos da ara misi mxolod erTi

nawilis – dasavleT sa qarT velos – ganmanaTlebeli.

antioqiis patriarqis mier afxazeTis ka To li ko sis

xeldasxmiT dasavleT saqarTvelos ek lesiis TviTmwysoba

Seilaxa, radgan es yovelive aRniSnuli sapatriarqosadmi

daqvemdebarebas niSnavda. Tumca movlenebis Semdgomma gan-

viTarebam cxadyo, rom patriarq miqaelis mier afxazeTis ka-

Tolikosis kurTxeva mxolod erTi konkretuli SemTxveva iyo.

`mcneba¡ sasjulo¡s~ mier dadgenil afxazeTis sakaTa-

likosos samwyso sazRvrebSi misi aRmosavleTis samwyso sa zRvris

mouxsenebloba qveyanaSi Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam,

kerZod ki, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT bagrat VI-is

politikurma interesebma ganapiroba. Cans, movlenebis Semdgom

ganviTarebamde man sakaTalikosos aRmosavleTis samwyso

sazRvris sakiTxi sagangebod Riad datova.

128 129

nodar Sengelia


saqarTvelo

saciciano 1728 wlis `Tbilisis vilaieTis

didi davTris~ mixedviT

1728 wlis `Tbilisis vilaieTis didi davTari~ erT-erTi

saukeTeso wyaroa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomi-

kuri istoriis araerTi sakiTxis Sesaswavlad. igi mravalmxrivi

Rirebulebis Zeglia istoriisa da lingvistikis, istoriuli

geografiis, paleografiisa da sxva sakiTxebis gasaTvaliswine-

blad. amjerad Cveni amocanaa, SeviswavloT Tbilisis vilai-

eTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli teritoriebis is nawili, romelic

moicavs sacicianos, ganvixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlis Sesaxebac

saubaria xsenebul davTarSi.

saciciano, igive ciciSvilebis samflobelo, sakmaod vr-

cel teritorias moicavs. masSi gaerTianebulia 130 sofeli.

am 130 soflis Sesaxeb Zalian farTodaa msjeloba davTarSi.

am davTris mixedviT, vrceli warmodgena iqmneba osmaluri

gadasaxadebisa da sagadasaxado sistemaze sacicianoSi. Cven

SevexebiT sacicianos regions, mis socialur-ekonomikur viTa-

rebas, mosaxleobis komlTa raodenobas, erovnul Semadgenlo-

basa da sxva sakiTxebs.

osmalTa mier aRwerili teritoriebi srulad asaxavs maTi

batonobis simZimes qarTlSi, kerZod, sacicianoSi. osmalebma

mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daamyares osmaluri socialur-

politikuri sistema. osmalebma mTel sacicianoSi gaauqmes qar-

Tuli sagadasaxado sistema da gaabatones mTlianad osmaluri

gadasaxadebi, adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli sazogadoeba dabegri-

li iyo mxolod osmaluri gadasaxadebiTa da valdebulebebiT.

osmalo ver arCevda glexs Tavadisa da aznaurisagan. yvela da

yvelaferi dabegrili iyo osmaluri gadasaxadebiTa da valde-

bulebebiT.

Tu 1595 wlis `gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi~ aR-

werilia samcxe-saaTabago, 1728 wlis `Tbilisis vilaieTis didi

davTari~ moicavs mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos. kerZod, am

davTarSi aRwerilia mTeli saciciano, saamilaxvro, borjomis

xeoba, muxrani, qsnisa da aragvis xeoba, TrialeTi, gomareTi,

yaiyuli da sxva regionebi.

Mmariam CxartiSvili, qeTevan mania


saqarTvelo

wm. ninos cxovrebis teqstis istoriisaTvis(epizodi `saswaulebi wyarosTan~)

Grogorc cnobilia, eTnikuri da nacionaluri erTobebi mne-

monikuri koleqtivebia. swored istoriuli maxsovrobis meSve-

obiT xdeba am erTobaTa identobrivi faseulobebis sistemis

Camoyalibeba da Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris maTi kultivire-

ba, koleqtivis sakraluri safuZvlebisa da unikaluri misiis

gansazRvra. sazogadod, eTnikur erTobaTa istoriografiul

repertuarSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT saswaulebs, Tumc

maTi wili gansakuTrebiT didia religiuri moqcevis amsaxvel

narativebSi.

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia qarTul saxelmwifoSi qristianobis

oficialurad damkvidrebis (IV saukunis 20-iani wlebi) istoria,

romelic dafiqsirebulia qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli qalisad-

mi miZRvnil avTentur ZeglSi `wm. ninos cxovreba~.

Aam Zeglis mixedviT irkveva, rom qarTuli erTobis ofici-

aluri moqcevis narativi efuZneboda saswaulTa oTx jgufs.

maTze, rogorc koleqtiur maxsovrobaSi aRsabeWd, gansakuT-

rebuli istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone fenomenebze, qarT-

velTa ganmanaTlebeli Tavad amaxvilebinebs yuradRebas misi

130 131

cxovrebis aRweris mosurneT. esaa saswaulebi, romelTac adgi-

li hqoniaT `mTaTa maT zeda~, `mayulovansa mas Sina~, `suetisa

aRmarTebasa~ da `wyarosa mas zeda~.

Ppirveli sami jgufis saswaulebis identificireba `wm.ninos

cxovrebis~ UuZvelesi redaqciis teqstis saSualebiT SedarebiT

iolad xerxdeba. rac Seexeba ukanasknel jgufs, anu saswaulebs

`wyarosa mas zeda~, maT Sesaxeb aq, faqtobrivad, araferia Tq-

muli. Ees garemoeba axsnas moiTxovs. Ppirveli sakiTxi, romelic

moxsenebaSia ganxiluli, swored esaa. wyaroTmcodneobiTi Zie-

bebis Sedegad aRdgenilia am saswaulis Sinaarsi (wm. nino loc-

viT rZes aniWebda ZuZugamSral dedebs) da miRebulia daskvna,

rom Tavdapirvel teqstSi aRniSnuli epizodi, rogorc moqce-

vis narativis erT-erTi umTavresi istoria, vrclad unda yo-

filiyo warmodgenili.

Aamis Semdeg moxsenebaSi dasmulia sakiTxi aRniSnuli saxis

redaqciuli Carevis mizezTan dakavSirebiT. kulturul-anTro-

pologiuri Ziebebis Sedegad SemoTavazebulia am faqtis Sem-

degi axsna: qristiani misioneri qali xangrZlivad moRvaweobda

mcxeTaSi warmarTuli kerpebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. Mmkafiod

gamoxatuli religiuri krizisis pirobebSi man miiRo warmar-

Tuli deda RvTaebis atributebi. Mmetic, igi iwodeboda zustad

iseve, rogorc es qalRvTaeba, da mefe mirianma mas qurumi qa-

lis, anu mawovnebelis, anu dedis, anu ninos socialurad metad

sapatio poziciis dakavebac ki SesTavaza.

wm. ninos saxes bevri ram akavSirebs warmarTul kultTan. am

rigis faqtebi saTanado sisruliT didi xania aRnusxulia spe-

cialur literaturaSi. sainteresoa, rom isini dRemde dastur-

deba wm. ninos `cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciaSi. magram rZis

miniWebis unari aris qalRvTaebasTan gansakuTrebulad mkafio

asociaciuri bmis mqone niSani. amitom misi maCvenebeli isto-

ria, romelic aucilebeli iyo religiuri moqcevis dros (axlis

miReba sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia), mouTmeneli unda gamxda-

riyo mogvianebiT, roca religiuri transformacia arsebiTad

dasrulda. am Strixis moSlis mizniT redaqtorebma Sesabamisi

epizodi amoiRes ganmanaTleblis `cxovrebidan~. samagierod,

igi Semoinaxa zepirsityvierebam, swored imitom, rom qristi-

ani misioneri qalis gaazreba rZis mimniWeblad warmoadgenda

warmarTobidan qristianobaze gardamavali epoqis qarTuli sa-

zogadoebis yvelaze Rrma STabeWdilebas, koleqtiuri maxsov-

robis waruSlel primordialur xats.

Aamgvarad, epizodis `saswaulebi wyarosTan~ `wm. ninos cxov-

rebaSi~ amJamad ararsebobis faqti, aris Sebrkolebis lodi,

romlis saSualebiT aRdgeba ara marto sakvlevi Txzulebis

teqstis, aramed religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi qarTuli sazoga-

doebis mentaluri transformaciis istoriis TvalsazrisiTac

metad niSandoblivi faqti.

marCo giolittoUniversity of Basle, Basle, Switzerland

a PortraIt of thE GEorGIaN PolItICIaN IraKlI tSItSIShvIlI throUGh hIS lEttErS aNd hIS (UNPUBlIShEd) PaPErS

Ourpaper has the aim to analyze theprofileof aGeorgianpolitician,whowas active in the Georgian political scene during the second half of the XX cen-tury, Irakli tsitsishvili. this person interests to us under more points of view.

First,wewouldliketodescribehismultiplesocialidentity:hewasanaris-tocratic (and he had therefore a direct connection with the elite who played a role in the Georgian history before the Soviet era), but he was also a part of the Soviet system, as representative in the Supreme Soviet and above all as minister of the culture of the Georgian government.

our attention was attracted above all by his actions as responsible for the res-toration of a certain amount of churches and historical monuments of medieval Georgia. We don’t aim a technical analysis of these restorations, but rather the identificationoftheirsymbolicvalue:whatdidtheyrepresentforGeorgiancultu-re? did they only have an artistic function or rather a function of cultural resistan-ce against the Soviet model?

132 133

Anotherfactoralsoisworthbeinganalyzed:IrakliTsitsishvilireachedacon-siderable popularity level among the people of his time (what is also witnessed by the fact that he was selected among the 100 most famous Georgians in the race for the best Georgian of the history). We would like to examine how this popularityformed,whichelementscontributedtocreatingit:didhisaristocraticorigin play a role in this, or perhaps is his military past (he was proclaimed hero of the Soviet Union because of his actions during the II World War) which had more weight, or was the architect and church restorer activity the decisive factor? It’s also possible that all these factors together contributed to the formation of this “heroic” image which he had during his life and which he still has, after his death, in the opinion of the people of his generation (every year takes place a conference which bears his name).

In order to study his action we based ourselves on witnesses of his friends and colleagues and on the books which he published, but also, and above all, on the unpublished manuscripts which he leaved, on the letters which he wrote to his friends and collaborators during his life, which give to us a more authentic por-trait of him.

Temo jojua

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,


qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebis siTarxnis gujris Tavdapirveli teqstis dadgenisaTvis (sabuTis gamcemisa da mimRebis vinaoba; dokumentis Sedgenis TariRi)

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis cen-

traluri saistorio arqivis 1448-e fondSi 5016-e nomriT da-

culia etratis gragnilze dawerili vrceli saistorio sabuTi,

romelic specialur literaturaSi qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTaliko-

so mamulebis siTarxnis gujris saxeliT aris cnobili.

aRniSnuli dokumenti Sedgenilia XV saukunis cnobili

qarTveli mdivan-mwignobris elioz eliozisZis mier. sabuTSi

warmodgenilia im mravalricxovani yma-mamulis CamonaTvali,

romelsac mcxeTis sakaTalikoso saydari qarTlisa da kaxeTis

teritoriaze flobda. gujari saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis is-

toriis uZvirfases wyaros warmoadgens, ris gamoc misi teqsti

XIX-XX saukuneebSi ramdenimejer iyo gamocemuli.

dokumentis teqstSi pirdapir aris naTqvami, rom igi gace-

mulia saqarTvelos mefis, giorgis mier qarTlis kaTalikos da-

viTisadmi. sabuTSi damatebiT aRniSnulia isic, rom dokumentis

gamcemi mefe giorgi iyo vaJi mefe aleqsandresi da Zmis Svi-

liSvili mefe giorgisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyo Tanamedro-

ve `usjulo Temurisa~. sabuTs uzis TariRi: qronikoni rle

(1447 w.).

aRniSnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli mosazreba, rom dokumenti

gacemulia saqarTvelos mefis, giorgi VIII-is (1446-1466 ww.) mier,

romelic iyo vaJi mefe aleqsandre I-isa (1412-1442 ww.) da Zmis

SviliSvili mefe giorgi VII-isa (1393-1407 ww.), romelic qveyanas

ganagebda monRoli sardlis, Temurlengis, laSqrobebis xanaSi.

amave mosazrebis Tanaxmad, gujari Sedgenilia rle qronikons

(1447 w.), anu qristeSobidan 1447 wels, da gacemulia qarTlis

kaTalikos daviT IV WavWavasZisadmi (1439, 1443/47-1459 ww.).

gujris daTariRebis Taobaze Cven sakmaod gansxvavebuli

mosazreba gvaqvs. Tumca vidre am mosazrebaze gadavidodeT,

gvsurs, sagangebod SevCerdeT erT saintereso detalze.

XX saukunis I meoTxedSi qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mam-

ulebis siTarxnis gujris erT-erTma gamomcemelma sargis kak-

abaZem yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom sabuTis teqstSi do-

kumentis gamcemi mefis saxelis, gi(or)gi-s, marcxniv garkveviT

ikiTxeboda amofxekili sityvis pirveli sami grafema vax. kidev

ufro mogvianebiT, 1927 wels, dokumentis am adgiliT axla ukve

sabuTis sxva gamomcemeli, gabriel CaCaniZe, dainteresda. mkvl-

evarma sargis kakabaZis mier dawyebuli saqme sagrZnoblad was-

wia win da daaskvna, rom dokumentis teqstSi sabuTis gamcemi

134 135

mefis saxelis, gi(or)gi-s, qveS Tavdapirvelad Sesrulebuli

iyo mogvianebiT amofxekili sityva vaxtang.

samwuxarod, arc sargis kakabaZem, arc gabriel CaCaniZem

da arc mogviano periodis sxva mkvlevrebma aRniSnuli mimar-

TulebiT muSaoba aRar ganagrZes da gujarTan dakavSirebuli

es uaRresad saintereso sakiTxic aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi

gadauwyveteli darCa.

1990-ian wlebSi Cven istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kuTxiT

SeviswavleT qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebis siTarxnis

gujari. am saqmeSi didi daxmareba gagviwia xelovnebaTmocodne

nana kupraSvilma, romelmac ultraiisferi sxivebis daxmarebiT

fotoze aRbeWda sabuTis yvela saintereso fragmenti.

Tavad gujris Seswavlis procesi sam ZiriTad etapad

warimarTa. pirvel etapze davadgineT, rom dokumentis teqstSi,

kaligrafiis, melnis ferisa da gankveTilobis niSnebis mixedviT

gamoiyofa ramdenime qronologiuri plasti: sabuTis Tavdapir-

veli teqsti da masSi mogvianebiT Setanili sxvadasxva CanarTi.

kvlevis momdevno etapze sabuTis ZiriTadi teqstisagan gamo-

vacalkeveT mogviano xanis CanarTebi da, praqtikulad, sruli

saxiT aRvadgineT dokumentis Tavdapirveli teqsti. sabuTis

Seswavlis sul bolo, mesame, etapze paraleluri saistorio

masalis daxmarebiT met-naklebi sizustiT davaTariReT mogvi-

ano xanis TiTqmis yvela CanarTi da, Sesabamisad, ganvsazRvreT

isic, Tu rodis da ra TanamimdevrobiT SehqondaT cvlilebebi

sabuTis Tavdapirvel teqstSi.

winamdebare moxsenebaSi Cven visaubrebT dokumentis mxo-

lod Tavdapirveli teqstis Sesaxeb da samecniero sazogadoe-

bas SevTavazebT Semdeg ZiriTad daskvnebs:

1. qarTl-kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebis siTarxnis gujris

Tavdapirvel teqstSi misi Sedgenis TariRad miTiTebuli iyo

qronikoni rl, anu 1442 weli. garda amisa, dokumentis Tavda-

pirvel teqstSi mis gamcemad dasaxelebuli iyo saqarTvelos

mefe vaxtangi (vaxtang), xolo sabuTis mimRebad – qarTlis

kaTalikosi Sio (Sio). aRniSnuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare,

savsebiT cxadia, rom gujris Tavdapirveli teqsti elioz el-

iozisZes Sedgenili hqonda ara qronikon rle-s, anu 1447 wels,

rogorc es aqamde iyo miRebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi, ar-

amed qronikon rl-s, anu 1442 wels. amasTan, dokumenti gace-

muli iyo ara saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII-is mier qarTlis

kaTalikos daviT IV WavWavasZisadmi, aramed saqarTvelos mefe

vaxtang IV-is (1443-1446 ww.) mier qarTlis kaTalikos Siosadmi

(1435-1438, 1440-1443/47 ww.).

2. 1447 wels elioz eliozisZem, savaraudod, mefe giorgi

VIII-is brZanebiT, gujris teqstSi sakuTari xeliT, oRond mci-

red gansxvavebuli melniT Seitana ramdenime cvlileba: a) 31-e

striqonidan amofxika dokumentis gamcemi mefis saxeli vax-tang da mis nacvlad Cawera saxeli gi(or)gi; b) 124-e striqoni-

dan amofxika sabuTis mimRebi kaTalikosis saxeli Sio da mis

nacvlad Cawera saxeli daviT; g) 142-e striqonze qronikoni

rl-s (1442 w.) Semdeg dasmul gankveTilobis samwertils zed

gadaawera grafema e da miiRo qronikoni rle (1447 w.); d) do-

kuments, savaraudod, CamoaWra bolo, VII kefi, sadac, rogorc

Cans, warmodgenili iyo mefe vaxtang IV-is damtkiceba da mis

nacvlad sabuTs miakera sxva, mcire zomis kefi, mefe giorgis

xveuli xelrTviT.

3. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Setanis Sedegad, gujris Tavda-

pirvelma teqstma mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada. do-

kumentidan, praqtikulad, ukvalod gaqra misi gamcemis, mefe

vaxtang IV-sa da mimRebis, kaTalikos Sios, saxelebi, agreTve –

sabuTis Sedgenis TariRi, 1442 weli. samagierod, maT nacvlad

teqstSi gaCnda sxva saxelebi da TariRi, romelTa Tanaxmadac,

gujari Sedgenili iyo 1447 wels da gacemuli saqarTvelos mefe

giorgi VIII-is mier qarTlis kaTalikos daviT IV WavWavasZisadmi.

136 137

RvTismetyveleba/filosofia

TinaTin bolqvaZe


saqarTvelo

aRmosavlur-qristianuli enobrivi tradiciis asaxva qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobasa da ilia WavWavaZis `sami RvTaebrivi saunjis~ TeoriaSi

ilia WavWavaZiseuli triadis Zirebi saTaves iRebs aRmosav-

lur-qristianul samyaroSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciidan, ro-

melic Tavidan erovnuli liturgiis uflebis mopovebisTvis

brZoliT daiwyo da Semdeg saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidaciis

safuZveli gaxda (am zogadtipologiuri niSnis Sesaxeb ix., mag-

aliTad, r. iakobsoni).

Cvens istoriul realobaSi es yvelaze kargad aisaxa gior-

gi merCuliseul definiciaSi (~qarTlad friadi queyana¡ aRi-

racxebis...~), romelSic Cans, rom orTodoqsuli qristianobis

(sarwmunoeba) liturgiis eniT (ena) xdeba miwebis qarTlad

(mamuli) saxeldeba, rac sabolood saqarTvelos CamoyalibebiT

sruldeba. amis axleburi gameorebaa iliaseuli `sami RvTaebri-

vi saunje~, romlis axleburobas ganapirobebs mecxramete sau-

kunis droindeli viTareba, xolo ganmeorebadoba ganpirobebu-

lia imiT, rom im periodSi aRmosavlur-qristianuli tradicia

kvlav cocxali da moqmedia.

moxsenebaSi ganixileba, rogor aisaxa RvTis winaSe enaTa

Tanasworobis idea, erTi mxriv, qarTul hagiografiul teqsteb-

Si da, meore mxriv, ra saxe miiRo man ilia WavWavaZis naazrevSi

da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas qarTuli nacionaluri identobis

wrTobisaTvis.

(aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda ssip–qarTvelologiis, humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis fondSi (rusTave-lis fondi) mopovebuli grantis meSveobiT (granti N G-02-08). winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri azri ekuTvnis avtors da, SesaZloa, ar asaxavdes ssip-qarTvelologiis, hu-manitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis fondis (rusTavelis fondi) Sexedulebebs).

nestan sulava


saqarTvelo

`samoseli pirveli~ da `tyavisa samoseli~ saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi

saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi samoslis simbolikas kon-

ceptualuri mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan swored mas ukavSird-

eba pirvelqmnil adamianTa sulieri arsi da mokvdavi bunebis

SeZena. samoslis simboluroba bibliis pirvelsave wignSia

miniSnebuli. RmerTis mier naTlis samosliT Semosili pir-

veli, ucodveli adamianebi, Tavisufali nebisa da Tavisufali

arCevanis uflebis gamoyenebis Sedegad, akrZaluli xis nayo-

fis `gemo¡sxilvis~ Semdeg naTlis samoslisagan ganiZarcvnen

da fizikuri siSiSvle SeigrZnes. RmerTma isini Tavdapirveli

samyoflidan, samoTxidan gamoaZeva da `uqmna ufalman RmerTman

adams da colsa missa samoselni tyavisani da Sehmosna maT~ (Ses. 3, 21), ramac maTSi aqamde ganucdeli siSiSvlisa da sircxvilis

SegrZneba warmoSva. mas danaSaulis SegrZnebac mohyva; Tavis

mxriv, danaSauls sasjeli mosdevs. RmerTis mier edemidan gan-

devna maTTvis RvTis risxvis Sedegi da sasjelia. swored bib-

liuri narativis simboluroba gaxda saRvTismetyvelo liter-

aturaSi samoslis RvTivsulieri gaazrebis safuZveli.

138 139

1. arsobrivi sazrisiT, tyavis samoseli codvis Cadenis,

codviliani bunebis SeZenis simboloa, igi pirvelcodvis Sede-

gad zesTasofelTan kavSiris dakargvas niSnavs. samoslis simbo-

likis problemis aqtualoba isaa, rom RmerTma adamisa da evas

tyavis samosliT SemosviT kacobriobas gulisTqmaTagan Tavis

mozRudvis aucilebloba aswavla. `samoseli naTlisa~, anu `sa-

moseli pirveli~ da `samoselni tyavisani~, rogorc simbolo,

erTi mxriv, gare samyarosTan adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis

mimarTebas, meore mxriv, adamianis mier gare samyaros siR-

rmiseul aRqmas miuTiTebs.

2. `tyavis samoslisagan~ ganZarcva aucilebelia adamianis

sulieri ganwmendisaTvis, ganRmrTobisaTvis, Sinagani sisru-

lis misaRwevad. adamianma unda moipovos `samoseli saqorwine~,

razedac saubroben maTe maxarebeli (mT. 22, 11-13) da wminda

mamebi. `samoseli saqorwine~ aris zesTasofelSi wasatani naT-

lis samoseli, `samoseli pirveli~, romelic adamianis pirvel-

saxesTan, codvadaucemeli pirveli adamianis xatebasTan dab-

runebas moaswavebs. wm. ioane oqropiri ganmartavs: `samoslad

saqorwined saqmeTa uwess da moqalaqobasa~ (wm. ioane oqropiri 1996: 252), anu `samoseli saqorwine~ hmosavs saRvTo moqalaqobis

mompovebels. esaa safuZveli `Zueli igi kacisagan~ ganZarcvisa

da àxali kacis~ sulierebiT SemosvisaTvis (ef. 4, 22-24; Sdr.: kolas. 3, 9-10).

3. wm. grigol noselma ganmarta àxali kaciT~ Semosvis

mniSvneloba: `ganiZarcueT kaci igi Zueli da SeimoseT kaci

igi axali, ganaxlebuli msgavsebiTa dambadebelisa TჳsisaჲTa~

(wm. grigol noseli 1964: 230). qristes gankacebam adamians Te-

ozisis SesaZlebloba misca, sulier saidumlos aziara: Zveli

kacisagan, e. i. adamiani adamis codvaTagan, pirvelcodvisagan

ganZarcva da axali kaciT Semosa, Sedegi isaa, rom igi sulierad

ganaxlda.

4. areopagituli moZRvrebiT, `samoseli pirveliT~ Semosva

sulierebiT aRWurvilTa xvedria; RvTismetyveli svams kiTxvas:

`romelsa emosa wmidaჲ igi samoseli?~ da Tavadve ganmartavs,

rom `samosliTa pirveliTa~ Semosva adamianis mier amqveynad ga-

tarebuli drois ùsrulesad cvalebazea~ damokidebuli (petre iberi 1961: 206).

5. saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi samoselma naTlisRebis

meoxebiT qristeSemosilobis mniSvneloba SeiZina: `raodenTa

qristes mier naTelviReT, qriste Segvimosies~, rac sulier

gardasaxvad, RvTisagan qmnili arqetipis, pirvelsaxis uku-

moRebad aRiqmeba. naTlis samoslisagan ganZarcvasa da tyavis

samosliT Semosvas arsobrivad xsnis wm. andria kriteli `did

kanonSi~: `ganvbZare me samoseli pirveli, romeli pirveliTgan

miqsova RmerTman, da vZe me SiSueli... mmosies me xeneSi kuarTi,

romeli moqsova guelman edems ganzraxviTa... Semikerna tyavi-

sa samoselni codvaman Cemman da RvTivqsovili samoseli gan-

mZarcua~. aq erTmaneTs upirispirdebian opoziciuri wyvilebi:

1. RvTivqsovili `samoseli pirveli~ da `samoselni tyavisani~;

2. `ganZarcva~ da `Semikerna~; isini samoslis RvTivsulier arss

warmoaCenen.

6. samoslis amgvari gaazrebaa safuZveli imisa, rom qris-

tianuli religia tyavis samosliT Semosil sasuliero pirs

sakurTxevelSi Sesvlas ukrZalavda, ris Sesaxebac cnoba dacu-

lia giorgi merCulis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi (Zeglebi I, 1963/1964: 266). samoslis bibliuri ipodigmur-paradigmuli

gaazrebis kvalobaze ganvixilavT hagiografiul da himno-

grafiul Txzulebebs, romlebSic `qristeSemosili~ da `Rmer-

TSemosili~ adamianis srulyofilebasa da RmerTTan miaxlebas

adasturebs; igi personaJis sulier saxes warmoaCens.

7. samoslis bibliuri ipodigmis kvalobaze ikiTxeba saero

literaturul TxzulebebSic samoslis mxatvruli funqcia,

rac gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens SoTa rusTvelis poemis

saTauris gasaazreblad.

yovelive zemoTqmuli mowmobs samoslis RvTivsulier sim-

bolur funqcias saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi, saidanac ga-

davida misi simboluri sazrisi saero mwerlobaSic personaJis

sulieri gardasaxvis, sulieri ganviTarebis Cvenebis mizniT.

140 141

merab RaRaniZe

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

dava aTonisaTvis: qarTul-berZnuli dapirispireba (XIX-XX ss.) sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsawierSi

1. aTonis monasteri bizantiuri samyaros sulieri cxovrebis

mniSvnelovani centri iyo, sadac am samyaros sxvadasxva xalxis

warmomadgenlebi qristianuli samonazvno cxovrebis idealebs

axorcielebdnen da amkvidrebdnen. maSin, rodesac iq pirvelma

qarTvelma monazvnebma daiwyes moRvaweoba, aTonze, aRmosav-

luri wesis savaneTa garda, romelTa Soris iyo ivironic, imy-

ofeboda dasavlur-laTinuri monasteri, sadac benediqteli

moweseni mkvidrobdnen. qarTveli aTonelebi imTaviTve da-

pirispirebuli aRmoCndnen berZnebTan, Tumca, roca SemTxveva

miecemodaT, megobrobas gamoxatavdnen dasavlel TanamoZmeTa

mimarT.

2. gviandel Sua saukuneebamde qarTul sazogadoebriv cno-

bierebaSi aSkarad iyo gaazrebuli aTonis samonastro centris

sulieri Rirebuleba da iq moRvawe qarTvel berTa sulieri da

inteleqtualuri Rvawli, magram, amave dros, nel-nela fer-

mkrTaldeba imis istoriuli da aqtualuri gancda, Tu ra mniS-

vneloba hqonda ivironSi gaRvivebul samwignobro-kulturul

saqmianobas. Tumca imJamadac ar cxreboda qarTul-berZnuli

dapirispirebis simwvave, rac daufaravad gamoixateboda ro-

gorc cxovrebiseul, ise sityvier asparezze.

3. XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sazogadoebis sekular-

izaciam da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi sekularuli faseulo-

bebis myarma damkvidrebam ganapiroba aToniseuli sulieri mo-

wodebis gacnobierebis daCrdilva. am garemoSi nel-nela Cndeba

Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri,

upirveles yovlisa, warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTuli erovnuli

TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisa da gamoxatulebis adgili. amgvari

aRqma bunebrivad upirispirdeba aTonuri samonazvno cxovrebis

mizandasaxulobis mimarT berZnul da, zogadad, bizantiur Tu

postbizantiur damokidebulebas.

5. Tu XIX saukunis sazogado TvalTaxedviTac, ivironi mniS-

vnelovanwilad `mecnierebisa da mwignobrobis lampris~ gasaR-

viveblad dafuZnda, komunisturi ideologiis pirobebSi kidev

ufro metad ugulebelyofdnen monastris sulier mniSvnelo-

bas, Tumca xazgasmiT gamoikveTeboda ivironis saganmanaTleblo

daniSnuleba, isic, iseve rogorc nebismieri qarTuli monasteri

saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli

mwignobrobisa da kulturuli saqmianobis kerad cxaddeboda.

6. imis warmosaCenad, Tu rogor aisaxa epoqis sazogadoe-

briv cnobierebaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis

dasawyisis qarTul-berZnuli dava ivironisaTvis an Tundac qa-

rTvelTa xelaxla dasamkvidreblad aTonze, upriani Cans, ganxi-

luli iqnes da erTmaneTs Seupirispirdes ori istoriul-pub-

licisturi narkvevi: ilia WavWavaZis àTonis qarTuli savanis

Sesaxeb~ da akaki baqraZis `qarTuli eklesiis istoriis erTi

furceli~.

6. ilia WavWavaZe, romelic ìveriis~ furclebze gamoexmau-

ra wminda miwisa da aTonis qarTul savaneTa sakuTrebis sakiTxs,

miiCnevs, rom upirvelesad mniSvnelovania maTi sulieri dan-

iSnuleba – `qristes aRsarebis ganmtkicebisa da gaZlierebis

saqmeSi~. ilias azriT, aTonze qarTvel moweseTa yofna iqneba

sawindari, raTa SenarCunebuli iqnes `simtkice qristianulis

grZnobisa~ `saxelovan sasuliero saqmeTaTvis~. ruseTis sax-

elmwifo Tu sulieri mmarTveloba ki am SemTxvevaSi, berZnebTan

davaSi, qarTul interesTa damcveladaa danaxuli.

7. akaki baqraZe, romelic dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs aTonel

qarTvelTa da berZenTa dapirispirebas (rus moxeleTa meTvaly-

ureobiT), miiCnevs, rom gadamwyveti iyo aTonis mniSvneloba

`qarTuli kulturisa da erovnuli TviTmyofobisaTvis~, misi

azriT, esaa ùmTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi~. misTvis ueWvelia,

rom qarTvelTa satkivris mimarT mtrulad arian ganwyobilni

bizantiis sulieri memkvidreni: rogorc berZnebi, ise rusebi.

Tundac am SemTxvevaSi erTni sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodnen qa-

rTvel moweseebs, meoreni ki mfarvelobdnen maT. es rusuli

142 143

mzrunvelobac, istorikosisa da publicistis azriT, mxolod

da mxolod imperiis saxelmwifo interesebs emyareboda.

eka WyoiZe

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

xelisuflebasa da eklesias Soris brZolis anarekli qarTul da bizantiur hagiografiaSi

`mieciT keisrisa¡ keisarsa da RmrTisa¡ RmerTsa~ (mark. 12,17)

– saxarebiseuli es debuleba erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs

adamianebis damokidebulebas ori, saero da sasuliero, xelisu-

flebis mimarT. garda amisa, am debulebaSi es ori instituti

erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gamijnulia, magram maTdami adamianis

damokidebuleba erTnairad aris gansazRvruli da pasuxismge-

blobac Tanabradaa gadanawilebuli. raoden paradoqsulic ar

unda gveCvenos, saeklesio xelisuflebas ara Tu araviTari

privilegia ara aqvs miniWebuli, aramed formulirebaSi meore

adgilze, anu saero xelisflebis mere, dgas. es, bunebrivia, ar

aris SemTxveviTi. am debulebis sicxadidan gamomdinare, saka-

maTo aRarc unda yofiliyo saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis

rolis garkveva qristianul sazogadoebaSi; magram faqtia, rom

am sakiTxis irgvliv dRidan qristianobis Casaxvisa dRemde mw-

vave kamaTi mimdinareobs. aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuria da saintereso, gavaanalizoT xelisuflebisa da

eklesiis urTierTdamokidebuleba Sua saukuneebis aRmosavle-

Tis or mniSvnelovan samyaroSi: zesaxelmwifo bizantiasa da mis

uSualo mezobel saqarTveloSi.

wyaroTa simravlisa da geografiuli arealis sididis

gamo am sakiTxis amowurva SeuZlebelia araTu erTi moxsenebis

an Tundac statiis, aramed monografiis farglebSic ki. ami-

tom gansaxilvel pirvelwyarod erTi periodis ori umniSvne-

lovanesi, qarTuli da berZnuli, teqsti avirCieT: giorgi

merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ da anonimi avtoris

`eqvTime patriarqis cxovreba~. Sua saukuneebis qarTul da

berZnul mwerlobaSi arc erTi teqsti ar gamoxatavs saero da

sasuliero xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebas ise mZafrad,

rogorc – es ori. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ detalebi

kargad aris cnobili qarTul samecniero wreebSi, magram misi

analizi bizantiur hagiografiul TxzulebasTan mimarTebaSi

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs.

`eqvTime patriarqis cxovreba~ unikaluri teqstia, radgan

is iseTi moRvawis cxovrebas aRwers, romelic wmindanad aras-

dros Seracxila. TxzulebaSi leon brZenis (886-912) mefobis

dros momxdari ambebia moTxrobili. patriarqi eqvTime konstan-

tinopolis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli sul raRac xuTi weli iyo

(907-912). is bizantiis imperatoris, zemoT moxseniebuli leo-

nis, moZRvari gaxldaT. aqedan gamomdinare, mas mWidro kavSiri

hqonda saimperatoro karTan da im periodis mmarTvel politi-

kur elitasTan. amasTanave, eqvTime iyo beri, anu Savi samRvde-

loebis warmomadgeneli, rac imas niSnavs, rom ideologiurad

upirispirdeboda saero xelisuflebas. am urTierTdapirisp-

irebis analizi, am faqtebis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~

monacemebTan Sedareba dagvanaxvebs im realur situacias, ro-

melic im periodis marTlmadideblur samyaroSi arsebobda. ra

mizezebi iwvevda eklesiis gaRizianebas, rogor axerxebda xe-

lisufleba eklesiis Sida politikur saqmeebSi Carevisgan Tavis

dacvas, ra formebiT gamoxatavda eklesia Tavis ukmayofilebas,

TviTon xelisufleba ratom da rogor cdilobda eklesiis kon-

trols, rogor inarCunebda es ori mxare gavlenas sazogadoeba-

Si – am konkretul sakiTxebze TiToeuli teqsti araCveulebriv

faqtobriv masalas iZleva, risi analizic bevri sagulisxmo

daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs im problematikasTan

mimarTebaSi, rac dResac aqtualuria mraval qveyanaSi da maT

Soris CvenTanac.

144 145

ramaz xalvaSi

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

wm. andria pirvelwodebulis misioneruli mogzaurobebi saqarTveloSi

1. nikita-daviT paflaRonielis (†890) àndria pirvelwode-

bu lis mimosvla~ qarTulad eqvTime aTonelma Targmna. `mimo-

svlis~ eqvTimeseuli Targmani m. kobiaSvilma Seiswavla monogra-

fiu lad da manve gamosca aka de miurad dadgenili teqsti. am Tx-

zulebis mixedviT, mociqulma ierusa limidan samjer imogzaura

SavizRvispira qveynebsa da saqarTveloSi:

pirveli mogzaurobis dros wm. andriam `mravalni qalaqni

da dabnebi pon to isani gananaT lna~, movida trapezundSi

(`sofelsa megrelTasa~), Semdeg – `queyanasa qarTlisasa~ da

bolos parTiis gziT dabrunda ierusalimSi.

meore mogzaurobis dros mociqulma moinaxula trapezundi

(megrelTa qveyana) da `maTca Seiwynares qadageba¡ mociqu-

lisa¡~.

bolo, mesame mogzaurobis dros wm. andria simon kananelsa

da mata TasTan erTad Semovida saqarTveloSi, mdinare Wo ro-

xis auzamde, sosan geTSi moaqcia dedakaci mTavari, iq mata-

Ta datova da simon kana nel Tan erTad gadavida oseTSi, fos-

taforsa da afxazeT Si. sevastiaSi (soxum Si) is daSorda si-

monsac da gadavida jiqeTSi, sadac saswa ulebrivad gadaurCa

sikvdils.

2. Semdgomi drois qarTuli literaturuli wyaroebi ufro

akon kre teben wm. andrias saqarTveloSi qadagebis marSruts. Se-

darebiTma ana liz ma daadastura, rom XI-XVIII saukuneebis qa-

rTveli avtorebisTvis amosava lia `mimosvlis~ eqvTimeseuli

Targmanis monacemebi.

3. `mimosvlis~ mixedviT, andria pirvelwodebuli saqarT-

veloSi mesa med mogzaurobis dros moadga `queyanasa qarTlisa-

sa da vidre mdina redmde Woroxisa~ (gv. 189). leonti mrov-

elma kargad icis, rom klarjeTi Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobs,

amitom akonkretebs: wm. andria `warvida gza sa klarjeTisasa~.

4. arsen berma mociqulis misionerul marSrutSi amave

logikiT Sei tana Woroxis xeobis kidev erTi provincia – ni-

gali.

5. ioane anCelma leonti mrovelis cnoba ufro daakonkre-

ta da aRniSna, rom mociqulma klarjeTSi Rados mTebi gadai-

ara da ierapo li dan wa mo yvanili macxovris xati anCis taZarSi

daabrZana. amgvari tradi ciis Camo ya li bebas `mimosvlis~ teqst-

Tan erTad xeli Seuwyo àvgarozis epistolis~ qarTulma re-

daqciebma.

6. ufro met konkretikas Seicavs `mimosvlis~ qarTuli re-

daqcia (XVI s.), romelic eqvTimeseul TargmanSi geografiuli

glosebis Setanis Sedegad Camoyalibda (geografiuli glosebis

nawili ukavSirdeba leon ti mrovelis, arsen berisa da ioane an-

Celis dasaxelebul Txzulebebs). `mimosvlis~ qarTuli redaq-

ciis mixedviT, wm. andriam iqadaga: taoSi, klar jeTSi, niga-

lis xeobasa (samive provincia Woroxis xeobaSi mdeba re obs)

da kola-artaanSi (mtkvris saTaveebi). `mimosvlis~ qarTuli

redaq ci is nusxebSi parTia SecdomiT aris gaigivebuli somxiT-

Tan, sosangeTis (`so san gelTa soflis~) nacvlad ki masSi, fon-

etikuri msgavsebis niadag ze, Cndeba `sivneTis queyana~ (a-161,

1738 w.) da `svaneTis queyana~ (qca I: 42).

7. 1466-1553 wlebSia literaturulad gaformebuli mesxuri

gadmo cema, romelsac mociqulis misionerul marSrutSi Seaqvs

samcxis adgilebi: didaWara, rkinis jvari, oZrxis xevi, za-

den-gora, awyveri da saqrisi. mesxuri gadmocema, `mimosvlis~

qarTuli redaqci isa gan gansxva vebiT, sosangeTs awyurTan ai-

givebs. masSi SeiniSneba mesxuri separatizmis kvali: RvTismSob-

lis wilxvdomilad samcxea gamocxa de bu li (saqarTvelos nacv-

lad), awyuris eparqiis daarseba da mawyvereli episkoposis xel-

dasxma ki dakavSi re bu lia andria pirvelwodebulis saxelTan

(amgvar faqts àndria pirvelwodebulis mimosvla~ ar icnobs.

awyuris eparqiis samociqulo xasia Tis aRiarebas safuZveli

unda Seeqmna samcxis saeklesio damouki deblobisTvis, riTac

mesx mTavrebs – yvaryvare aTabagsa (1445-1500) da mzeWabuks

146 147

(1500-1515), ganzraxuli hqondaT samcxe-saaTabagos sruli Camo-

Soreba erTiani saqarTvelosagan).

8. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi `swavlul kacTa~ komisi-

am mogvca `mimosvlis~ qarTuli redaqciisa da mesxuri gadmo-

cemis kompilacia, amitom masSi andria pirvelwodebulis saqa-

rTveloSi qadageba ukavSir deba rogorc Woroxis, ise mtkvris

auzis qarTul provinciebs (tao-klarjeTi, nigali, aWara, ko-

la-artaani, samcxe).

9. `axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ sosangeTis lokalizaciaze

erTdro u lad ori Tvalsazrisia ganviTarebuli: mesxuri gad-

mocemidan momdinare plastSi sosangeTi `ewodeboda~ awyurs,

`mimosvlis~ qarTuli redaqci i dan momdinare plastSi ki sos-

angeTi igive svaneTia. es faqti erTxel kidev miuTiTebs, rom

aRniSnuli plastebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad viTarde-

boda.

kulturis kvlevebi

nino abakelia


saqarTvelo

zogierTi vegetaciuri da zoomorfuli gamosaxulebisa da simbolos mniSvnelobisaTvis qarTul uZveles xelnawerebSi

ornamentuli motivebis ulevi replikebi, romlebiTac, zo-

gadad, religiuri xasiaTis xelnawerebia Sekazmuli, tradiciu-

lad daqvemdebarebul xelovnebad da ara arsebiTad iTvleboda.

qarTul xelnawerebSi fragmentulad SemorCenil ornamen-

tul xelovnebaSi (ramdenadac sruli suraTi ar gvaqvs orna-

mentuli xelovnebis ganviTarebisa) Cveni yuradReba miipyro

garkveuli saxis yvavilebisa da frinvelebis monawileobam saxa-

rebebisa da sxva religiuri xelnawerebis SekazmvaSi.

religiur simbolikaSi mcenareebi da frinvelebi farTod

gamoiyeneba da mraval tradiciaSi dasturdeba. vegetaciuri da

zoomorfuli simbolika rTulia, ramdenadac mas mniSvneloba

ecvleba, erTi mxriv, arCeuli saxeobis mixedviT da aseve reli-

giuri struqturis Sesabamisad, romelSic is xvdeba. simboloTa

simravleSi arCeulia yvavili da farSavangi, romlebic xSirad

meordeba qarTul uZveles xelnawerebSi.

ramdenadac Sekazmul xelnawerebSi (da aramarto xelnaw-

erebSi) mcenareebs, dekoratiulisa da simboluris garda, rea-

listuri ganzomilebac aqvT, imis amosacnobad, Tu ra gzavnils

unda gulisxmobdes esa Tu is mcenare, upirvelesad is unda

identificirebul iqnes.

148 149

amgvarad, naSromis erT-erT mizans mcenaris identifikacia

warmoadgens.

multivalenturi yvavilis simbolo, erTi mxriv, dakavSire-

bulia qalur (mdedrul) sawyisTan, anu pasiur sawyisTan da,

Sesabamisad, TasTan, rogorc saTavsTan, da amitom yvavilze

xSirad msjeloben, rogorc `barZimze~ an Tasze. aRniSnuli ms-

gavseba TasTan, TavisTavad graalis asociacias iwvevs dasavle-

Tis tradiciebSi. meore mxriv, gaSlili yvavili TviTon aris

gamovlena, Cena. es ormagi azri gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa

lotosis SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTSi, vardisa da SroSanis Sem-

TxvevebSi – dasavleTSi.

qarTul xelnawerebSi yvavilebi TiTqmis yvela dResaswau-

lis Tanamdevi atributia da sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobas iZens. mag.: ucvleli monawile xarebis scenisa is

xan buCqiT Tu xiTaa warmodgenili, xan – larnakSi moTavsebuli

yvavilebis saxiT da sxv.

magram sainteresoa, maTi ganmeorebadi monawileoba SemTx-

veviTi xasiaTisaa da, ubralod, dekoratiuli, Tu maT raime

funqcia aqvT.

is, rom maTi monawileoba SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ar aris,

amaze migviTiTebs bibliuri wignis esaias pasaJi, romelSic

metaforuladaa aRwerili mxsnelis miwieri warmomavloba:

`da gamovides kuerTxi Zirisagan iesessa da yuavili Zirisa-gan aRmoxdes~( esaia: 11.1)

qristianebi aRniSnul pasaJs ieso qristesTan akavSireben da

igi Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba.

magram mainc ras unda niSnavdes es pasaJi qristianisTvis?

maTes saxareba iwyeba ieso qristes genealogiiT: igi aris

RmerTis rCeuli xalxidan, abraamis STamomavali, ieses yvavili.

xelovnebaSi is `ieses xiTaa~ wamodgenili. am xis mniSvneloba

XII saukuneSi berma herveusma vulgatas teqstze dayrdnobiT

Semdegnairad axsna: `patriarqi iese miekuTvneba samefo ojaxs.

amitomacaa, rom ieses Ziri // fesvi aRniSnavs mefeebis warmo-

mavlobas, Sto – mariams, xolo yvavili – ieso qristes (mogvi-

anebiT aqedan ganviTarda sagvareulo genealogiuri xec).

xelovnebaSi da (es ufro damaxasiaTebelia da ganviTarebu-

lia Crdilo evropaSi) iese warmodgenilia mZinare an daxrili,

romlis fexebTan (an sxva gamosaxulebebSi – gverdidan an Wipi-

dan) izrdeba xe, romlis xviara pwkalebiT xis orive mxares med-

alionebSi iesedan qristemde 43 Taobaa warmodgenili srulad

(an SerCeviT).

sainteresoa, rom xe, romelic qarTul tradiciaSi ZiriTa-

dad moiazreboda, rogorc vazi, alvis xe, kviparosi, broweulis

xe, vaSlis xe da sxv., Cveni azriT, xelnawerebSi (da aseve xe-

lovnebis sxva nimuSebSi) daculi piqtografiuli gamosaxule-

bebi aRniSnul vegetaciur mwkrivSi kidev erT saxeobas amatebs,

kerZod, vazisebrTa ojaxSi Semaval xviara mcenares – vnebis

yvavils, pasifloras, romelic qristes vnebis, da jvarcmis mis-

tikis ideebTan aris dakavSirebuli yvavilis formis gamo (mra-

valsarTuliani yvavilis calkeul elements adareben Solts,

Subs, lursmnebs, eklian gvirgvins, Saravandeds da sxv.).

Cveni dakvirvebiT, xelnawerebSi vazs xSirad Caenacvleba

pasiflora (igive vnebis yvavili), romelTanac jvarcmisa da

aRdgomis simbolika asocirdeba. aRniSnuli identifikaciis

safuZvels gvaZlevs yvavilis forma, Seferiloba da kompozi-

cia, romelSic is monawileobs (am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa alaverdis oTxTavi (a-484), yvavilebiani TaRebiTa

da jvriT, romelic farSavangebiTaa flankirebuli; oTxTavi

(a-496), romelSic luka maxarebeli gamosaxulia yvavilebiT

Sekazmul CarCoSi da farSavangiT, romelic wiwknis yvavilebs;

xelnaweri a 496 markoz maxarebliT gamosaxuli yvavilebis mo-

CarCoebaSi. aq vnebis yvavili ukve ori farSavangiTaa flankire-

buli.

aRsaniSnavia xarebis scenis gamosaxvis tradicia qarTul

xelnawerebSi (Q-104, XVII, gurianTuli gulani, romelSic vnebis

yvavili isev figurirebs da gamosaxulia mTavarangelozis mx-

ares). rogorc zemoT naTqvamidan Cans, pasiflora qarTul xel-

nawerebSi xSirad warmodgenilia farSavangebTan erTad, romle-

bic warmodgenili arian simetriaSi pasifloras orive mxares

da kenkaven sakvebs mis ZirSi. an ufro rTul kompoziciaSi, ro-

goric aris zurgSeqceviT mdgomi farSavangebi, romlebic gada-

150 151

jaWvuli arian kisrebiT dominantur kverTxTan, am SemTxvevaSi

– pasiflorasTan, romelic amave dros samyaros RerZsac gana-

saxierebs (Sdr.: a-922 ioane oqropiris Jamiswirva, XIII, teqstis

gverdiT arSiaze gadajaWvuli farSavangebi; a-496 markoz max-

arebeli. vnebis yvavili flankirebuli ori farSavangiT; h-1667

jruWis oTxTavi (XII-XIII) kisrebiT gadaxlarTuli, gadajaWvuli

zurgSeqceviT mdgomi farSavangebi, romelTac niskartebiT

samyurebi (samebis simbolo) uWiravT. jruWis oTxTavSi, Sesa-

Zlebelia, ornamentis ganviTarebasac mivadevnoT Tvali: aq Mme-

80 gverdze yvavilebi da farSavangebi erTmaneTs erwymian da

stilizebuli farSavangebidan, romelTa identifikacia Tave-

biT, niskartebiTa da yvavilis Reros formiTaa mxolod Sesa-

Zlebeli, vnebis yvavilis formaa miRebuli).

gadajaWvuloba//Sekvra ki maTes sityvebiT SeiZleba aixsnas:

`da migcne Sen kliteni sasufevelisa caTisani, da romeli Sehkra queyanasa zeda, krul iyos igi caTa Sina; da romeli gahxsna queyanasa zeda, xsnil iyos igi caTa Sina~ (maTe, 16:19).

jruWis saxareba CvenTvis kidev imiTaa saintereso, rom

xarebis scena uCveulod aris warmodgenili. miniatiuris mar-

cxena mxares gamosaxulia mjdomare mariami doqisa da gobis

Tu Tasis (evqaristiuli simboloebis) win, romelTa ukan wiTe-

lfurclebiani (qristes sisxlis wveTebis simboloebi) vnebis

yvavilia.

xelnawerebSi gameorebuli elementebi – xe da farSavange-

bi qristianul xelovnebaSi sxvadasxva religiur kompleqsTan

asocirdeba: `farSavangi keknkavs yurZens~, `farSavangi wiwknis

pasifloras yvavilebs~, `kurdReli tkvers yurZens~, `irmebi

ewafebian wyaros~, `farSavangebi ewafebian Sadrevnis wyals~

(romelSic zoomorfuli personaJebi ganasaxiereben marTl-

morwmuneebs, romelnic eziarebian umaRles sibrZnes da gaer-

Tianebuli arian aRmdgar qristesTan).

es ori simbolo – farSavangi da vnebis yvavili – jruWis

oTxTavSi sxvadasxva kompoziciaSi gvxvdeba. aRniSnul oTxTavSi

(gv.9 ix.gv. 198) isev meordeba farSavangebi gadaxlarTuli (Tu

gadajaWvuli) kisrebiT, romelTac niskartebSi samyurebi uWi-

ravT. maT qvemoT vnebis yvavilia, ufro qvemoT – saidumlo se-

roba. Amgvarad, kompozicia Sekrulia da elementebis ganlageba

sruliad gaazrebuli.

amrigad, ganxiluli ganmeorebadi mcire zomis gamosaxule-

bebi qarTul xelnawerebSi garkveuli logikiTaa dalagebuli

da ufro didi erTianobis nawils warmoadgenen ( isini erTad

unda iqnan wakiTxulni).

yvavilis forma, feri da misi monawileoba garkveul sceneb-

Si SesaZlebels xdis mis identifikacias pasiflorasTan, ro-

melic saqarTveloSic iyo da aris kultivirebuli.

farSavangebi, rogorc simboloebi, TviTon asocirdebian

aRdgomis ideasTan da, Sesabamisad, pasiflorasTan, romelT-

anac vnebisa da aRdgomis mistikaa dakavSirebuli. garda amisa,

xelnawerebi saSualebas iZleva, Tvali mivadevnoT am ori simbo-

los ganviTarebas, Serwymasa da gaerTianebas erTi ideis – aR-

dgomis ideis – gamosaxatavad.

Mmaka elbaqiZe


saqarTvelo

Sua saukuneebis rainduli romani, rogorc kulturologiuri fenomeni

Sua saukuneebis rainduli romani (romance), rogorc kul-

turologiuri fenomeni, yovelTvis asocirdeba kurtuazuli

sazogadoebis ideologiasa da cxovrebis wesTan, vinaidan mas-

Si, gansxvavebiT eposisa da alegoriisagan, dominirebs roman-

tikul-heroikuli da avantiuruli elementebi. omi, siyvaruli

da Tavgadasavali aq warmodgenilia, rogorc qcevis rituali-

zebuli kodi, romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebs iracionalur

impulsebsa da gauTvaliswinebel qmedebebs da uSurvelad

sTavazobs mkiTxvels rogorc faseulobaTa sakuTar sistemas,

152 153

ise kompleqsur fsiqoanalizs, gadauSlis Tvalwin usasrulo-

bas, romelic, rogorc wesi, esazRvreba Sua saukuneebis ale-

goriis oTxsafexurian (bukvaluri, alegoriuli, tropolo-

giuri da anagogiuri) sistemaze Zaldautaneblad warmosaxul

samyaros.

Sua saukuneebis raindulma romanma Tavis literaturul wy-

arod antikuri literatura da folklori airCia, Sesabamisad,

mis siuJetebSi organulad Seerwya erTmaneTs berZnul-romauli

stilistika da keltur-anglosaqsuri Tu franguli kulturu-

li tradiciebi, magram Tu Janris ganviTarebis adreul etapze

aqtualuri iyo istoriuli Tematikis gadamuSaveba, mogviano

periodSi (XII saukunis 70-90-iani ww.) Camoyalibda mxatvruli

sinamdvilis asaxvis axali koncefcia, romelic gulisxmobda

narativis maqsimalur daSorebas realobasTan da amiT `axali

(idealuri) realobis~ Seqmnas.

nebismieri literaturuli Janri, maT Soris, cxadia, Sua sau-

kuneebis rainduli romanic, unda ganvixiloT, rogorc formis

TaviseburebaTa konkretuli erTianoba, romelic gulisxmobs

garkveul Taviseburebebs kompoziciis, saxeTa sistemis Tu mx-

atvruli enis TvalsazrisiT, Tanac misi specifikis gansazRvra

unda moxdes gradaciis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinaidan

ganviTarebis yovel calkeul etapze (msoflmxedvelobriv-ide-

ologiuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebis cvlilebis

kvaldakval) transformirdeboda romanis siuJetur-kompozici-

uri principebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi Tu xerxebi.

specifikuroba, upirveles yovlisa, vlindeba:

1. romanis struqturul-kompoziciur organizebaSi (kom-

poziciis wriuloba; moqmedebis metad farTo sivrculi are-

ali; specifikuri qronotopi; xetialis/Ziebis (avantiuris) mx-

atvruli funqcia); 2. personaJTa xatvis maneraSi (istorizmis

principis uaryofa; aqtantTa, anu moqmed pirTa, 6 funqciuri

kategoria; harmoniulobisken swrafva da a.S); 3. siyvarulis

koncefciaSi, romelic, rasakvirvelia, kurtuazulia (aq gasaT-

valiswinebelia siyvarulis wodebrivi xasiaTi; siyvarulis kod-

eqsis ori umTavresi principi – dumili da moTmineba; siyvaru-

lis miCneva vasalur samsaxurad da sxv.) da 4. konvenciur mo-

tivebSi (siSmage-sixele, sisxlis cremlebis Rvra, sasiyvarulo

tanjva, sikvdilis natvra, velad gaWra da a.S).

EzemoT moyvanili principebi niSandoblivia rogorc evro-

puli rainduli romanebisTvis, ise vefxistyaosnisTvis, ro-

melic, Cveni azriT, imave kulturologiur fenomens miekuT-

vneba, romelsac, vTqvaT, kretien de truasa Tu volfram fon

eSenbaxis romanebi. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi konvergenciulTan

erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia sakiTxis divergenciuli mxarec:

vefxistyaosani ar aris Sua saukuneebis rainduli roma-

nis (miT ufro, kurtuazuli literaturis) tipuri nimuSi,

aramed mTeli rigi specifikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT

(struqturul-kompoziciuri Taviseburebani; romanis mTavar

personaJTa urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli esTetikur-emociuri

faqtori; inovacia siyvarulis koncefciis kurtuazul model-

Si; konvenciebSi fsiqologiuri motivaciis Setana da tropis

funqciamde maTi dayvana; alegoriuli planis realuri planiT

Secvla; personaJTa individualizacia tradiciul masalaSi no-

vatoruli elementebis Setanis gziT da a.S) Janris ganviTarebis

gacilebiT maRal safexurze migvaniSnebs.

malxaz Toria

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo uniersiteti. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

istoriuli narativis tipebi da Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba (paralelebi bizantiasa da medievalur evropasTan)

warsulis movlenaTa dasamaxsovreblad aucilebelia maTi

gadmocema sxvadasxva Janris moTxrobebis/narativebis saxiT,

romelTa meSveobiT adamianebi aRiqvamen warsulis movlenebs

da axdenen maT interpretacias. Sua saukuneebis qristianul sa-

myaroSi istoriuli narativebi bibliuri SinaarsiTa da provi-

154 155

dencializmiT iyo gamsWvaluli da, ZiriTadad, droisa da isto-

riis iudeur-qristianul koncefcias Seesabameboda. Sua sauku-

neebis qarTul saistorio teqstebSi, iseve rogorc bizantiur

da evropul istoriografiaSi, movlenebi SeiZleba davinaxoT

garkveuli universaluri narativebis Suqze, romelic gaana-

lizebuli aqvs amerikel sociologs, e. zerubavels. naS ro mis

siaxle da aqtualuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Sua saukuneebis

qarTul teqstebSi am universaluri narativebis dafiqsireba

maSindel qarTul kulturaSi dro is aR qmi sa da is to ri is ga-

az re bis Taviseburebebs gamoavlens. drois aRqma da istoriis

gageba ki kulturis fundamenturi maxasiaTeblebia. misi anal-

izi, sxva kulturul tradicebTan (Sua saukuneebis evropa da

bizantia) Sedareba saintereso iqneba qarTuli kulturis rao-

bisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT.

e. zerubavelis mier SemoTavazebuli modelebis farglebSi

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstebi Zalian saintereso kuTxiT ga-

moCnda. maTSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba Semdegi tipis istoriuli

narativebi:

• aRmasvlis/progresi~ narativi – gamoxatavs progresis,

ganviTarebis, srulyofis process.

• daRmasvlis narativi – warsuli im didebul realobad

aris warmoCenili, romelic, `saubedurod, samudamod gavida~.

daRmasvlis narativis mixedviT, droTa ganmavlobaSi mdgo-

mareoba uaresobisaken midis.

• zigzagis narativi – progressa da daRmasvlas erTad gamox-

atavs. am konteqstSi moiazreba aRmasvlisa da daRmasvlis, da

daRmasvlisa da aRmasvlis narativebi. es narativebi istoriuli

procesis dramatul cvlilebas, misi mimarTulebis kritikul

Semobrunebas zemoT an qvemoT, xSirad mTlianad ukumiqcevasac

gulisxmobs. es xdeba gardatexis, Semobrunebis momentidan.

• mnemonikuri sisavsis narativi – istoria iyofa movle-

nebiT datvirTul da movlenebiT Rarib istoriul periodebad.

warsulis aseTi `optikuri~ xedva istoriuli fokusirebis

garkveuli normebis produqtia, romelic gvikarnaxebs, ra da-

vimaxsovroT da ra – ara.

• legato narativi – istoria aris uwyveti procesi.

• stakato narativi – istoriuli procesis wyveta, araTana-

mimdevruloba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriuli

azrovneba organulad Tavsdeba zogadqristianul konteqst-

Si. maSindeli qarTveli istorikosi acnobierebda, rom drois

meufe RmerTi iyo da istoriac RvTis Canafiqris droSi re-

alizaciis process warmoadgenda. yvela qristians Sua sauku-

neebis saqarTveloSi, bizantiasa Tu evropaSi, istoriis erT

dinebaSi rTavda saerTo sawyisis – adamis droisa da sasrulis

– RvTis samsjavros gancda. es Segneba ki ganapirobebda istori-

uli narativebis standartizacias Sua saukuneebis qristianul

samyaroSi.

qeTevan kakitelaSvili


saqarTvelo

kulturis politika Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi: identobis formireba

Tanamedrove kulturis mecnierebebSi kvlevis erT-erTi

saintereso sfero kulturis politikaa. is mniSvnelovania

rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. kul-

turis politika xorcieldeba mmarTveli institutebis mier

da moicavs kulturis ufarToesi sferos marTvis principebs.

politika aris saboloo Sedegebis, praqtikuli miznebisa da

xerxebis sistema, romelsac SeimuSavebs jgufi da axorcielebs

mmarTveli Zala. `politika moicavs saboloo (grZelvadian)

Sedegebs, saSualovadian da gazomvad miznebs, da saSualebebi-

sa da xerxebis erTobliobas, romlebic urTierTdakavSirebu-

lia eqspliciturad mTlian sistemaSi~ (Augustin Girard). ramde-

nadac kultura yovlismomcvelia da aerTianebs yvelafers,

156 157

dawyebuli genderuli da damTavrebuli religiuri sakiTxebiT,

kulturis politikac moicavs yvela im aspeqtis regulacias,

romelic dakavSirebulia am sferosTan. maT Soris erT-erTi

yvelaze aqtualuri centraluri problema kulturuli iden-

tobis sakiTxia.

winamdebare naSroms ori mizani aqvs: 1. aCvenos kulturis

kvlevis Tanamedrove koncefciebis (kerZod, kulturis politi-

kis) gamoyenebis efeqturoba saistorio kvlevaSi da 2. konkret-

uli magaliTis saxiT aCvenos, rogor mimdinareobda kulturis

politika Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi, kulturuli

identobis formirebis TvalsazrisiT.

kulturuli identoba aris jgufis wevrebis mier konkre-

tul kulturul erTobasTan mikuTvnebulobis TviTganc-

da, romelsac ganapirobebs saziaro RirebulebaTa sistema,

cxovrebis stili, ena, religia, koleqtiuli mexsiereba. naSro-

mis mizania, V-XI saukuneebis zogierTi hagiografiuli wyaros

safuZvelze warmoaCinos, Tu rogor xdeboda am periodis qa-

rTul sazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobis Camoyalibebis

mizanmimarTuli politika. unda aRiniSnos, rom ìdentobis

formirebas Tavisi istoria aqvs~ (Paul Gilroy), Sesabamisad, sx-

vadasxva periodSi gansxvavebulia identobis formirebisaTvis

gezis micemis, anu kulturis politikis, miznebi, meTodebi da

xerxebi. zog SemTxvevaSi identoba, misi formireba damokide-

bulia mis miRma arsebulze, kerZod, sxva identobaze, romelic

erTsa da imave dros gansxvavdeba am identobisagan da qmnis wina

pirobas misi arsebobisaTvis. zemoxsenebuli periodis qarTuli

kulturuli erTobisaTvis aseTi `sxva~ identoba, romelTan

opoziciaSic gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo qarTuli ùnikal-

uri~ kulturuli identobis arsebobis Cveneba, bizantiuri sa-

myaro iyo. aseTi kulturuli òpoziciis~ Seqmna gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuri iyo gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli kulturuli

saxis formireba mZlavri bizantiuri politikuri da kulturu-

li gavlenis pirobebSi mimdinareobda.

marine cincabaZe

g. wereTlis saxelobis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti.Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi wm. qeTevan dedoflis saxelze Seqmnili miniatiurebi, Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~ da qeTevan dedoflis ànbanTqeba~.

1) qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam XVII saukunis da-sawyisSi qeTevan dedofali qristianuli sarwmunoebis did-mowamed Seracxa. qristiani xalxis 11 enaze qeTevan dedofal-Tan dakavSirebiT Seqmnilia literaturuli Txzulebebi, xe-lovnebis nimuSebi da dokumenturi wyaroebi.

2) xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia qeTevan de-doflis sami miniatiura: h-2077, S-4978, da a-425. amaTgan h-2077 miRebulia moskovis centrarqividan da warmoadgens alboms, sadac 26 wmindans Soris moTavsebulia wm. qeTevan dedoflisa da wm. SuSanik dedoflis miniatiurebi. S-4978 xelnaweri Seicavs aseve alboms wmindanTa gamosaxulebebiTa da axali aRTqmis siuJetebiT – sul 109 miniatiura. mxatvari – diakvani aleqsi baqraZe. a-425 nomriT daculi xelnaweri warmoadgens domenti kaTalikosis `sadResaswaulos~, sadac wmindanTa xsenebis dReze Sesrulebuli teqstebi gamSvenebulia miniatiurebiT. maTgan wm. qeTevan dedoflis saxelze Seqmnil miniatiuraSi mxatvari gansakuTrebulobis xazgasasmelad mimarTavs simbolikis metad originalur xelrxs.

3) a-403 xelnaweri Seicavs Teimuraz pirvelis poemas `wame-ba qeTevan dedoflisa~. igi qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dasaxelebulia e. w. dacemis periodis Semdgom pirvel nawar-moebad, romelic asaxavs saqarTvelos realur sinamdviles da exmianeba qristianul kulturaSi danergil siaxleebs.

4) qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis didmowamem, mnaTo-bma Sirazis tyveobaSi Seqmna ànbanTqeba~. dRes igi daculia erovnul cenrtSi h-1193 xelnaweris saxiT. domenti kaTaliko-si ànbanTqebis~ Sesaxeb wers, rom qeTevan dedofalma `Sirazs

pyro bilebaSi mwuxareman hsTqva fistikaurad~.

158 159

wignis xelovneba

НаНа БеручашвилиНациональныймузей.Музейискусствим.Ш.Амиранашвили

ЗОлОтОйКОДеКСцАРяДеМетРе II

В начале ХХI века в научных изданиях Государственного Эрмитажа(Санкт-Петербург, Россия) были опубликованы тезисы и статья сотрудни-ка музея Ю.Пятницкого [Ю.А. Пятницкий Оклад Вардзийского Евангелия – новый памятник грузинской торевтики XII в. в собрании Эрмитажа. – тезисы докладов «Эрмитажные чтения памяти Б. Б. Пиотровского (14.II.1908-15. X.1990), СПб., 2002, стр. 56-61; Ю. А. Пятницкий Переплет Вардзийского Евангелия. – в книге «Museum книги», Санкт-Петербург, 2002, стр. 76-77], в связи с обнаруженным им драгоценного переплетаЧетвероглава (обтянутые светло-коричневого цвета кожей и украшенныеорнаментальными золотыми фрагментами доски) в Отделе редкой книгицентральной библиотеки музея. Им оказался считающийся утраченнымокладдревнего грузинскогоевангелияизГелатскогомонастыря.Наодномиз сохранившихся фотоотпечатков, сделанных известным фотографомД.ермаковым в 60-х годах XIX века во время съемки сокровищ ризницГелати, запечатлен прежний, первоначальный вид кодекса. Золотые пла-стины (XII век) обрамляли дробницы из перегородчатой эмали редчайшейиконографии: на верхней доске была помещена «Богоматерь на троне спредстоящими архангелами» (XII век, Грузия) и на нижней – «Св.вмч.Димитрий-Орант» (XI век, Фессалонники). Из-за упоминания в одной изего приписок Вардзийской Богоматери евангелие получило условное на-звание«Вардзийского»и датируетсяXII-XIII веками [Описание грузинских рукописей новой (Q) коллекции. – т. II, Тбилиси, 1958, стр. 307-308, на груз. яз.].

Находка золотого переплета только лишь дополнила картину с однойстороны весьма занимательного сюжета, а с другой – крайне возмути-тельных по своей сути реальных событий, связанных с историческимиперипетиями предмета древности.

Материальное состояние грузинских церквей и их имущества на про-тяжении всего XIX века оставляло желать лучшего. Полное прекращениевыделения средств из казны Священного Синода на содержание духо-венства уже в начале 60-х годов поставило грузинский экзархат переднеобходимостью принятия срочных мер. так в 1863 году в губернияхбыли учреждены «особые присутствия под председательством епархиаль-ных архиереев, с участием губернаторов и управляющих государственны-ми имуществами». Были открыты два присутствия: одно в г. тифлисе, адругое в г. Кутаиси, которые должны были «изыскивать преимущественночастные и местные средства к улучшению быта духовенства», привлекать«к непосредственному участию» прихожан. [Е.К. Краткий очерк исто-рии Грузинской церкви и экзархата за XIX столетие. – Тифлис, 1901, стр.248-249]. Результат «изыскания средств» и «участия прихожан» при-вел к непоправимым последствиям.

В фонде «Канцелярия Синода» Российского Государственного исто-рического архива хранятся документы [РГИА, фонд №796 «Канцелярия Синода» за 1876 г., инв. опись № 157, дело № 112 «По препровожден-ному Канцелярией Синодального Обер-Прокурора безымянному заявлению о неправильных будто действиях экзарха Грузии по производству след-ствия относительно злоупотреблений Имеретинского Преосвященного Гавриила церковным имуществом»], по которым можно проследить ходразвития событий в деле реставрации целого ряда предметов некоторыххрамов и монастырей. В 1869 году Имеретинскому епископу Гавриилу(Герасим Кикодзе, 1825-1896) графиней О. левашовой (женой военногогубернатора Кутаисской губернии графа В.левашова) была предложенапосильная помощь в деле обновления испорченных временем предметовризниц Кутаисского кафедрального собора и Гелатского монастыря. Былсоставлен акт передачи, согласно которому ей был отдан целый ряд пред-метов, средикоторых значилосьевангелие с «Айа-Софийскимикамнями».На самом деле эта рукопись была выдана брату графини О.левашовойграфу Вл.Панину настоятелем Гелатского монастыря епископом Висса-рионом, который посчитал, что монастырь должен был иметь более ему

160 161

приличествующее напрестольное евангелие. Спустя два года кодекс былвозвращен в новом серебряном окладе работы ювелирной фирмы Сази-кова, и в таком виде ныне хранится в Q фонде Народного Рукописногоцентра (тбилиси, Грузия). Замена переплета евангелия вызвала средиобщественности, которую поставили в известность возмущенные священ-нослужители монастыря, бурю негодования. Имеретинский епископ Гав-риилпыталсянайти следыисчезнувшего вместе с эмалевымидробницамидревнего переплета. Впоследствии ему стало известно, что новый окладбыл сделан проживавшим в г. Санкт-Петербурге камергером Император-ского двора И.Балашовым, который состоял в тесной дружбе с графомВл.Паниным [РГИА, фонд №892 Балашев Иван Петрович, оп. №3, дело № 497, «Письма Панина Вл. Балашеву Ивану Петровичу. 30 мая 1866; 24 дек 1871»].Имеретинский епископ Гавриил сразуже написалИ.Балашовус настоятельной просьбой вернуть эмалевые иконки обратно. Последнийчерез своего поверенного в весьма вежливой, но крайне возмутитель-ной по содержанию, форме отказался от возвращения дробниц законно-му владельцу – Гелатскому монастырю, под предлогом их «завещания»Русскому ПубличномуМузею, которому так и не подарил. Золотой окладон продал Музею центрального училища технического рисования баронаА.Штиглица (цУтР), в коллекции которого он пребывал вплоть до 1924года. Эмаль с изображением св.вмч. Димитрия, согласно официальнойверсии, была куплена на аукционе в Берлине в 1921 году и находитсядо сих пор в Музее прикладного искусства (Берлин, Германия). Иконка«Богоматерьна троне спредстоящимиархангелами», какпринято считать,попала в частный музей маркиза де Пидаль Адольфа Стоклé (Брюссель,Бельгия). Но местонахождение ее на сегодняшний день неизвестно.

Четвероглав из Гелатского монастыря – небольшого размера: 23см×18 см. Пергамент средней плотности, белый, мягкий, высокого ка-чества. текст написан по линовке в два столбца полууставным письмом(нусха), заголовки– уставнымписьмом.Важные абзацыЧетвероевангелиянаписаны творенным золотом и поэтому его можно именовать Золотымкодексом. Он иллюминирован: последняя страница каждого евангелияукрашена небольшим, заключенным в орнаментальную рамку на золотомфоне, портретом его автора. Исходя из общего колористического построе-ния кодекса, с учетом его кодикологических и палеографических особен-ностей можно с уверенностью сказать, что Четвероглав был написан в

XIII веке в царском скриптории (скорее всего в Гелатском монастыре), инепременно для кого-то из членов царской семьи. Страницы рукописи со-держат приписки, по которым можно проследить имена ее владельцев напротяжении нескольких веков. Сначала евангелие находилось в Гелатскоммонастыре (XIII век), затем попало к атабагу Агбуга в Самцхе-Саатабаго(XIV век). Потом кодекс оказался вМингрелии у ее правителяМамии IIIДадиани (первая половина XVI века). его жена – царевна елена (дочьимеретинского царя Баграта III; 1510-1565), отвезла евангелие в Джава-хети, где она в женском монастыре, палладуимом которого была Вард-зийская Богоматерь, приняла схиму. Оттуда, во время нападения шахатахмаспа на эту часть Грузии, рукопись вместе с другими сокровищамикрая увезена персами в Иран (серединаXVI века). Спустя некоторое вре-мя там она была обнаружена и выкуплена «из плена» царевичем Иéсе(третья четверть XVI века) и «возвращена «Вардзийской Богоматери». Сконца XVII – начала XVIII веков и до 1869 года евангелие находилосьв Гелатском монастыре. Затем оно отправлено в Россию и возвращенобез древнего оклада в начале 70-х годов XIX века. В 1921 году вме-сте с другими рукописями монастырей и храмов, а также экспонатамигрузинских музеев Четвероглав вывезен меньшевитским правительствомво Францию и вновь вернулся в Грузию в 1945 году. такова цепочкаисторико-географических хитросплетений судьбы Золотого кодекса.

Практика – иметь рядом с собой ангела хранителя в виде иконкис изображением тезоименного святого – древняя и сохранилась до на-ших дней в неизменном виде. С учетом уже имеющейся информациио евангелии из Гелатского монастыря (XIII век), золотых чеканныхпластинах (XII век), дробницах с изображениями Богоматери (XII век)и св.вмч. Димитрия (XI век), можно сделать следующее заключение:евангелие было написано для царевича по имени Дмитрий не ранеепервой половины XIII века и затем украшено имеющимися в наличиисоответствующими ему предметами. Им мог быть только Деметре(Дмитрий) II Самопожертвователь (1259-1289, царь Грузии (1270-1289).Этот вывод подтверждается также тем фактом, что после его гибелиженаНатела вместе с годовалым сыном (будущимцаремГрузииГеоргиемV Блистательным) отправилась к своему отцу – правителю Самцхе-Саатабаго Беки I Джакели (1285-1306), другой внук которого – атабагАгбуга, сделал на страницах евангелия приписку.

162 163

В наше время большой редкостью можно считать возможность про-следить историю какого-нибудь памятника на протяжении несколькихстолетий. Однако уже к концу XIX века судьба Золотого кодекса былапредана забвению. Но ее сюжет лег в основу официальной версии т.н.`грабежа~ другого известного памятника сокровищницы Грузии – вклад-ной иконы Хахульского триптиха. только лишь спустя многие годы, вначале ХХI века, удалось восстановить реальную картину злоключенийдвух памятников грузинской культуры.

nana burWulaZe

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. saqarTvelo

XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTul xelnawerTa dasuraTeba da xatwera bizantiuri xelovnebis konteqstSi

saqarTvelos istoriaSi XI-XIII saukuneebi politikuri si-

Zlierisa da kulturuli aRmavlobis xanaa, rasac Tan sdevs

saeklesio xelovnebis ayvavebac.

am dros saqarTvelos gansakuTrebiT mWidro kavSiri aqvs

bizantiasTan. qarTvelebi imperiis samefo karze, samxedro

samsaxurSi da sasuliero kerebSic mravlad da aqtiurad Canan.

maT moRvaweobas imperiisTvisac da saqarTvelosTvisac mniS-

vnelovani Sedegebi moaqvs.

gansakuTrebuli siaxlove qarTul da bizantiur saeklesio

xelovnebas Sorisac swored am periodSi myardeba. es siaxlove

yvelaze aSkarad xelnawer wignTa dasuraTebaSi vlindeba. ala-

verdis, labsyaldis, vanis, gelaTis, jruWi II-is oTxTavebis,

zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsaris, grigol RvTismetyvelis

homiliebis, zatikisa da sxva xelnawerTa miniatiurebis uax-

loesi analogebi Tanadroul, komnenosTa periodis bizantiur

xelnawerTa ilustraciebSi gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli qarTuli xelnawerebis nawili samarTlmadideb-

los wamyvan samxatvro centrebSi da maT Soris, pirvel rigSi,

konstantinopolis skriptoriumSia Seqmnili, romelSic kom-

nenosTa xanis saukeTeso berZnuli xelnawerebic mzaddeboda.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom konstantinopolis erT-erT, saimpera-

toro skriptoriums XII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTveli ostati

xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac mis Tanamedrove bizantiel mxat-

var-miniatiuristebs Soris mowinave adgili ekava. qarTvelebis

SemoqmedebiTi kvali imperiis dedaqalaqis samwignobro sax-

elosnoSi XII-XIII ss-is mijnaze Seqmnil xelnawerebSic moCans.

komnenosTa periodis bizantiur xelovnebaSi sruliad

garkveviT vlindeba miniatiuruli mxatvrobisa da xatweris

dargTa Soris didi stiluri msgavseba. amgvarive urTierT-

mimarTeba qarTul saeklesio ferweraSic SeiniSneba. amis na-

Teli magaliTebia gelaTisa da jruWi II-is oTxTavebis ilus-

traciebis ikonografiul-stiluri siaxlove. erTi mxriv, zemo

svaneTSi da, meore mxriv, sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monasterSi

dacul qarTveli ber-monazvnebis mier Seqmnil sauflo dResas-

waulebis amsaxvel ferwerul xatebTan.

am masalis Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom CvenTvis saintereso

xanaSi qarTuli miniatiurisa da xatweris Zeglebs marTlma-

didebeli samyaros xelovnebis saganZurSi gamorCeuli adgili

ekava. maTi avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi organulad iyo Serwymuli,

erTi mxriv, konstantinopolsa Tu imperiis sxva wamyvan sasu-

liero-samxatvro kerebSi SemuSavebuli uaxlesi stilur-iko-

nografiuli tendenciebi, meore mxriv ki, erovnuli xelovnebis

tradiciuli, TviTmyofadi niSnebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

mniSvnelovnad amdidrebda bizantiur xelovnebas.

164 165

marK gusCinMunicipality of la coruna. la Coruna, Spain

thE IMaGE of EdESSa IN MaNUSCrIPtS oN MoUNt athoS

the Image of Edessa, or the Mandylion as it was later known, enjoys a sig-nificantstatusinGeorgia,especiallyintheillustrationsintheso-calledAlaverdigospels. the abgar legend was even taken to canonical status in Georgia.

In 2000, 2002 and 2004 I spent various weeks in the archives on Mount athos (Greece) researching the history of the Image of Edessa, especially in the Georgian monastery of Iveron. the results were published in my book the Image of Edessa (Brill, leiden, 2009) and will now be taken to Phd level at the University of lon-don.

Previously unpublished texts discovered at Iveron and other monasteries (ho-siou Grigoriou, Megistes lavra, Koutloumousiou, vatopediou) and at other ar-chives in Europe (Milan, Madrid, El Escorial, Patmos) reveal new details in the history of the Image and more importantly, in its nature, discovering a belief in a full-body image and bloodstains.

the presentation will be complemented by preliminary results from a research trip to Cappadocia and Sanliurfa (the ancient Edessa) in May 2009.

eTer ediSeraSvili

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, giorgi CubinaSvilis saxelobis

qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis

erovnuli centri. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

XVI-XVII saukuneebis mxatvrobis tendenciebi Tavaqa-raSviliseuli `vefxistyaosnis~ miniatiurebSi

`TavaqaraSviliseulis~ saxeliT cnobili `vefxistyaosnis~

(xelnawerTa erovnuli centri; h 599) mxatvroba qarTuli xe-

lnaweri wignis miniatiuris erT-erTi gamorCeuli nimuSia. `ve-

fxistyaosanis~ nusxa, romelic poemis pirvel TariRian xelna-

wers warmoadgens, 1646 welsaa gadawerili mdivan mamuka Tava-

qaraSvilis mier, odiSis mTavris, levan (II) dadianis, dakveTiT,

misive karze.

xelnaweris mxatvrobas gamorCeulobasa da TavisTavado-

bas gansxvavebul mxatvrul mimarTulebaTa Serwyma-Sejereba

aniWebs. aq XVI s-Si gavrcelebul e.w. xalxuri nakadis niSneb-

Tan erTad profesiuli, tradiciuli mxatvrobis maxasiaTeble-

bi erTiandeba, rasac qarTul xelovnebaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki

saero miniatiuraSi moZalebuli aRmosavluri xelovnebis ten-

denciebi erTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom TavaqaraSviliseuli `ve-

fxistyaosnis~ mxatvrobis ZiriTadi niSnebi, didi xania, cnobi-

lia qarTul saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi (i. xuskivaZe,

`qarTuli saero miniatiura~, Tb., 1974 w.), miniatiurebis kavSiri

gviani Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebasTan, saxeldobr, XVI-

XVII ss-is mxatvrobis tendenciebTan, dRemde sagangebo kvlevis

sagani ar gamxdara.

TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosnis~ moxatulobis XVI-XVII

saukuneebis mxatvrobis tendenciebTan mimarTebis ganxilva gvi-

Cvenebs, rom miniatiurebi dasavleT saqarTvelos (samegrelo-

imereTi) saxviTi xelovnebis Zeglebis jgufSi erTiandeba, rac

ferweris regionuli skolis arebobas gamokveTs da gviani Sua

saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Soris kavSi-

ris sakiTxsac ayenebs.

nana TargamaZe

xelawerTa erovnuli centri. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

sabiblioTeko saqme xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris samecniero biblioTekis Ca-

moyalibeba ganapiroba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis xel-

nawerTa ganyofilebis bazaze axali samecniero centris – xe-

166 167

lnawerTa institutis – daarsebam. am institutis samecniero

profilis biblioTekis Seqmna imTaviTve institutis erT-erT

ZiriTad amocanad daisaxa.

biblioTekis fondebis Seqmnisa da Sevsebis procesSi gamoi-

kveTa sxvadasxva gza da wyaro: institutis xarjebiT mimdinare

samecniero da sainformacio gamocemebis SeZena, institutis

gamocemebis bazaze arsebuli gacvliTi fondis saSualebiT

sxva dasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli sabiblioTeko da samecniero cen-

trebidan saWiro literaturis mopoveba; Semowirulobebi ara

marto calkeuli gamocemebis, aramed mdidari koleqciebis sa-

xiT (nino da kalistrate saliebis mier institutisaTvis gadmo-

cemuli koleqcia, sakavSiro samecniero akademiis biblioTekis

Semowiruloba da sxva). institutisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSv-

nelobisaa gamoCenil qarTvel mecnierTa piradi biblioTekebi

(iv. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeliZis, il. abulaZis, n. berZeniSvilis,

S. amiranaSvilis, al. baramiZis, e. metrevelis), romlebic in-

stituts Semoswires pirad arqivebsa da memorialur nivTebTan

erTad. fondebis Sevsebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros war-

moadgens iSviaTi gamocemebis mikro da fotoaslebi.

sabiblioTeko fondebis organizacia: biblioTekis saerTo

fondi, romelic dReisaTvis 58 700 wignsa da periodul gamo-

cemas iTvlis, dalagebulia Tematurad, rogorc es miRebuli

iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sainstituto biblio-

TekebSi. amave dros, erTiani fondi gayofilia enobrivi niSniT:

ZiriTad nawils Seadgens qarTuli samecniero literatura,

cal-calkea rusul, somxur, evropul da aRmosavlur enebze

arsebuli literatura. piradi biblioTekebi daculia calke

arsebul memorialur kabinetebSi, calkea iSviaT gamocemaTa da

kartografiuli kabinetebi.

biblioTekis TanamSromlebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaoben

qarTuli da ucxouri periodikis analitikuri bibliografiis

Sedgenaze.

amJamad xelnawerTa erovnuli centris biblioTekis TanamS-

romlebi emzadebian Zireuli cvlilebebisaTvis, mimdinareobs

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi biblioTekis eleqtronuli katalo-

gis Sesadgenad.

darejan kldiaSvili


ruseTis imperatrica ekaterine I–is da petre I-is feradi graviura xelnawerTaA erovnuli centris is-toriuli dokumentebis fondidan

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris saistorio dokumentebis

fondSi daculia manglisis RvTismSoblis eklesiis gujari,

romelic yuradRebas sabuTis dasawyisSi wamZRvarebuli ruse-

Tis imperatrica ekaterines da moskovis didi mTavris petre

aleqsis Zis portretuli gamosaxulebebiT ipyrobs (ad-505). moyviTalo feris sqel saimperatoro gerbian qaRaldze naweri

gragnili, romelic XVIII saukunis mdivanmwignobruli mxedruli

xeliTaa naweri, misi Semamkobeli feradi graviurebiT, mxatvru-

li gaformebiTa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod mokle da

uCveuloa; sabuTis teqsti CarCoSia Cawerili, romlis dasas-

rulsac marcxena zeda kuTxeSi dasmulia grafikuli mcena-

reuli ornamentiT gaformebul mwvane wriT Semoweril Car-

CoSi Casmuli orTaviani arwivis gamosaxulebiani saimperatoro

mrgvali beWedi, monogramiT – MP (Magnus Petrus).sigelis pirvel kefze dawebebul ferad graviuraze

(32,5x35,4sm.) ori saimperatoro piria gamosaxuli, romelTa vi-

naobis garkvevac maTi Tanmxlebi laTinuri (marjvena graviu-

rasTan – Catharina imperatrix russorum; marcxenasTan: – petrus alexowitz magnus dux moscovice) da sabuTis Sedgenis Tanadrouli

qarTuli ganmartebiTi warwerebidanaa SesaZlebeli (marjvena

graviurasTan – q. dedofalT dedofali ekatirina, asuli

aleqsisa; marcxena graviurasTan –

q. mefeT mefe, Cveni mpyrobeli ruseTisa, petre aleqsis

Svili.

graviuris marjvena kuTxeSi miTiTebulia graviuris Sem-

srulebeli mxatvris saxeli – rischel exc. halce, xolo petre

aleqsis Zis gamosaxulebis qvemoT aRniSnulia graviuris Ses-

168 169

rulebis adgili – execut lips (laifcigi?), marcxena kideSi gra-

viuris rigiTi nomeri – 43.

graviuraze warmodgenili pirebi uSualod arian dakavSire-

bulni sabuTis teqstTan, romelSic ixseniebian ruseTis saim-

peratoro ojaxis wevrebi: `mpyrobeli CrdiloveTisa da yov-lisa ruseTisa, mefeT mefe, imferadori~ petre aleqsiSvili,

dedofalT dedofali ekatirina aleqsini da maTi Zis Ze pe-

tre aleqsiSvili; masSi agreTve moxseniebuli arian qarTvelTa

mefe vaxtangi, dedofali rusudani, maTi Ze baqari da mangleli

aTanase [dolenjiSvili].

sabuTis teqstis Tanaxmad, ruseTis saimperatoro ojaxma

sigeliT daamtkica vaxtang mefis mier manglisis RvTismSoblis

eklesiisadmi gacemuli sofel vaneTisa da manglisis mTis naso-

flarebis Sewirulebis ganaxlebis aqti.

manglisis sigeli daTariRebulia 1725 wliT, amdenad, igi

vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi emigraciis pirvel wels, misi peterburg-

Si Casvlisas Cans gacemuli. es is periodia, roca miuxedavad

petres moulodneli gardacvalebiT gamowveuli areulobisa,

ruseTis saimperatoro kari ruseTSi Casul vaxtangsa da mis

mravalricxovan amalas yuradRebas ar aklebda da qarTvel

mefes jer kidev hqonda imedi ruseTis mxardaWerisa da samSob-

loSi dabrunebis.

ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier manglisis RvTismSob-

lisaTvis sigelis gacemis faqts mxolod formaluri, diplo-

matiuri xasiaTi unda hqonoda. igi erTgvarad xazs usvamda ru-

seT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs da imavdrou-

lad saimperatoro karis mxriv ruseTSi myofi qarTveli mefis

da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT yuradRebis

erTgvar gamoxatulebasac warmoadgenda.

manglisis RvTismSoblis sigelis Semamkobeli feradi gra-

viura saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi cnobili ar aris.

arsebobs eWvis safuZveli, rom petre II-is taxtze asvlis Sem-

dgom, ekaterine I-is intronizaciasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili

graviuris calebi misi mowinaaRmdegeebis mier ganadgurebul

iqna. aseTi SemTxvevebi araerTi iyo ruseTis istoriaSi. sa-

varaudod, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris graviura im erTad-

erT cals unda warmoadgendes, romelic mxolod qarTulma

dokumentma Semoinaxa.

elene maWavariani

xelawerTa erovnuli centri. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

qarTul moxatul xelnawerTa Seswavlis istoria

interesi qarTuli xelnawerebisadmi jer kidev XIX saukuneSi

gaCnda. mkvlevarTa da mogzaurTa mier qveyndeboda istoriuli

Tu filologiuri xasiaTis cnobebi calkeuli an sxvadasxva

wignsacavSi Tavmoyrili xelnawerebis Sesaxeb. pirveli naSromi

qarTuli moxatuli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb aris r. Smerlingis

mier 1940 wlis gamocemuli albomi, sadac g. CubinaSvilis mier

moskovidan Camotanili mxatvar poltorackis SemTxveviT ga-

darCenili 16 feradi aslis reproduqciaa CarTuli Sesabamisi

komentarebiT.

1929 wels s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

muzeumSi xelnawerTa ganyofilebis, xolo Semdgom 1958 wlis

ilia abulaZis TaosnobiT mecnierebaTa akademiasTan xelnaw-

erTa institutis Camoyalibebam dasabami misca qarTuli xel-

naweri wignis, saistorio sabuTebisa da piradi arqivebis siste-

matur Seswavlas. mniSvnelovani iyo fondebSi daculi aTasobiT

xelnaweris aRwerilobis gamoqveyneba (amJamad saeklesio – Aa

fondis aRwerilobis nawilia darCenili), sadac wignis moxatu-

loba aRnusxuli iyo gverdebis miTiTebiT.

qarTuli xelnaweri wignis moxatulobis Sesaxeb mniS-

vnelovani gamokvlevebi ekuTvniT r. Smerlings, S. amiranaSvils,

l. ServaSiZes, g. alibegaSvils, i. xuskivaZes, el. maWavarians,

el. amiranaSvils, f. devdarians, i. WiWinaZes, n. qavTarias, l.

osefaSvils, m. abuTiZes. kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda calkeuli

an gansazRvruli periodisa Tu Tematurad gaerTianebuli xel-

nawerebis Seswavla. amasTan dakavSirebiT, bevri naSromi calke

170 171

wignadaa gamocemuli. daculia disertaciebi xelovnebaTmcod-

neobis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. ikiTxeba moxsenebebi

saerTaSoriso simpoziumebze. qarTuli xelnaweri wignis moxat-

ulobiT dainteresebuli arian ucxoeli mkvlevrebic.

sakuTriv xelnawerTa institutSi dRidan daarsebisa ilia

abulaZis iniciativiT warimarTa muSaoba, erTi mxriv, xel-

nawerTa mxatvrul aRwerilobaze da, meore mxriv, wignis xe-

lovnebis sxvadasxva sakiTxze. institutis periodul gamoce-

mebSi gamoqveynebulia mTeli rigi statiebisa. sadisertacio

Temebad SerCeuli iyo qarTul-bizantiuri wignis xelovnebis

urTierTmimarTeba da XII-XIII ss. oTxTavTa dasuraTebis prin-

cipebi, rac manamde Seuswavleli iyo. 1970 wels gamoqveynda 50

feradi tabulis Semcveli albomi Sesavali teqstiT sam enaze

(avtori elene maWavariani).

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi muSaoba mimdinareobs ZiriTa-

dad miniatiuruli mxatvrobis sruli saxiT gamoqveynebaze.

SerCeulia da feradi slaidebis saxiT gvaqvs 1500-mde saukeTe-

so nimuSi IX-XVIII ss. dasuraTebuli xelnawerebidan. dasabeWdad

gadacemulia IX-XV saukuneebis miniatiuraTa (1270 erTeuli)

korpusi (Semdgeneli el. maWavariani). xelovnebaTmcodne n. qa-

vTaria, amJamad xelnawerTa erovnuli centris TanamSromeli,

asrulebs korpusis meore nawils (XVI-XVIII ss.). gaTvaliswine-

bulia enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromis momzadeba qarTuli

xelnaweri wignis momxatvel-ostatTa saxelebis gamosamzeure-

blad.

lali osefaSvili

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti.

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

galobaTa ilustrirebis sakiTxi jruWis daviTnis miniatiurebSi

1. qristianuli civilizaciis erebisaTvis fsalmunTa wigns

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. cnobilia aTasamde ilustrire-

buli fsalmuni. isini Semkulobis xasiaTiT sxvadasxva jgufad

iyofa. qarTuli daviTnic msoflio memkvidreobis nawilia. sam-

wuxarod, Cvenamde erTeulma morTulma fsalmunebma moaRwia da

arcaa safuZvlianad Seswavlili. Tumca samecniero literatu-

raSi gamoTqmulia maT Sesaxeb savaraudo azrebi (i. sonRulaS-

vili, S. amiranaSvili, l. ServaSiZe). Cveni kvlevis aqtualuro-

bas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom fsalmunTa galobaTa ilustra-

ciebi aqamde Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdara. amasTan, samecniero

siaxled unda CavTvaloT is faqti, rom Cven vcdilobT, minia-

tiurebi sakuTriv erTi dargis farglebSi rodi SeviswavloT,

aramed maT viazrebT saxismetyvelebiT, himnografiul, teqs-

tobriv konteqstSi. jruWis daviTnis saxeliT cnobili xel-

naweris (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri h-1665) ilustraciebi

sveticxovlis kaTedralSi unda iyos Seqmnili. Cveni mizania,

sveticxovliseuli siwmindeebis gamoCineba da kvleva. amitom

veyrdnobiT a. natroSvilis cnobas, rom sveticxovlis siwmind-

eebSi 3 daviTni yofila. vvaraudobT, rom, SesaZloa, eseni iyos:

a-38 (X s.), h-1665 da h-75; amasTan, TiToeul maTgans, rogorc

yvela liturgikul daviTns Sehferis, asergas fsalmuns Tan

erTvis galobebi, anu `bibliuri himnebi`. isini nawilobriv

ilustrirebulia jruWis fsalmunSi da garkveul paralels

povebs sveticxovlis taZris samxreTi kedlis moxatulobasTan,

sadac 148-150-e fsalmunebia aRbeWdili, anu `yoveli suli aqeb-

dis ufalsa~. galobebSic uflis didebis, Sesxma-xotbis ideaa

gatarebuli.

172 173

2. jruWis fsalmunSi, ise rogorc yvela sxva fsalmunSi,

ilustraciebi Tavdeba 151-e fsalmuniT – daviTis mier golia-

Tis damarcxebiT – da Semdeg iwyeba galobaTa ilustraciebi.

cnobilia, rom galobaTa ricxvi cxraa. gamokvlevisas veyrdno-

biT konstantinopolur da misi wris qveynebis ilustrirebul

fsalmunTa gamoqveynebul nimuSebs. jruWSi gamotovebulia an

dakargulia moses ori galoba. ilustrireba iwyeba samoelis

dedis, anas, me-3 galobiT, romelsac safuZvlad udevs I mefe-

Ta 2,1-2,10 teqsti. unda iTqvas, rom jruWis `bibliur himnebs~

ilustrirebisas naratiuloba axasiaTebs. es teqsti mocemu-

lia or miniatiurad: anas locva mRvdlis winaSe da anas mier

yrma samoelis taZarSi miyvana, maSin, roca berZnul xludovos

fsalmunSi ana warmodgenilia Cvili samoeliT xelSi, viTarca

RvTismSobeli. sxva xelnawerebSic TiTo miniatiuraa. ambakum

winaswarmetyvelis locvac TxrobiTad, or miniatiuradaa moce-

muli. warwerebis mixedviT, angelozs ambakumi mihyavs danielT-

an, xolo meore miniatiuraze danieli warmodgenilia mRvimeSi

or moTvinierebul loms Soris da `ambakumma mRvimesa Sigan

daniels saWmeli STaugdo.~ esaia winaswarmetyvelis locva ga-

motovebulia. aq SecdomiT ori scena fsalmunis teqstidanaa.

iona winaswarmetyvelis galoba ramdenime epizodadaa warmod-

genili: xis qveS Zili, zRvis Relva, ionas veSapis mier STanTqma

da nineves epizodi. Ggaloba samTa yrmaTa ramdenime miniatiu-

radaa mocemuli: mefe nabuqodonosoris mier kerpis aRmarTva

da misi amalis rokva, sami yrmis mowveva nabuqodonosoris mier

da sami yrma cecxlis sa£milSi. safuZvlad udevs danielis te-

qsti (3,26-56; 3,57-88). galoba mariamisa da galoba zaqariasi ga-

motovebuli, an dakargulia.

3. galobaTa miniatiurebi, ZiriTadad, Zveli aRTqmis

scenebs gadmogvcems, rasac ar iyo Cveuli qristianuli dRe-

saswaulebisa da siuJetebis gadmomcemi mxatvari. is qmnis

originalur, TxrobiT kompoziciebs. ambakumis scena uCveuloa,

radgan is winaswarmetyvelebda qristeze, xludovos berZnul

fsalmunSi igi gamosaxulia frontalurad da Tavi zemoTken,

qristes mimarT miupyria, misi gamosaxuleba, aq ki danielis

epizods ukavSirdeba. rogorc Cans, Zveli xelnaweris miniati-

urebi nawilobriv daikarga da XVII s. Tavidan Sekribes, teqsti

gadaweres da SemorCenili miniatiurebi boloSi daurTes. am-

denad, jruWis daviTnis galobebi agebulia konstantinopolur

rigze. ilustrirebulia 4 galoba ramdenime miniatiurad.

nikoloz JRenti, mixeil darjania


saqarTvelo

Zveli qarTuli xelnaweris SeqmnaSi saWiro iaraR-danadgarebis samganzomilebiani vizualizacia-rekonstruqcia sxvadasxva Zvel qarTul xelnawerze Sesrulebuli maxarebelTa miniatiurebis mixedviT

imis aRsaqmelad Tu ra saxis iaraRebs iyenebdnen Zvelad

saqarTveloSi xelnaweris Sesaqmnelad erT-erT wyarod Cven

SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis maxarebelTa

miniatiurebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia CvenTvis saintereso

xelsawyoebi.

ufro zusti warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad am iaraR-danadgarebis

formisa da maTi funqciis Sesaxeb, Cven mivmarTeT saqarTvelos

realobisaTvis am sferoSi jer kidev daunergav meTods, kerZod

samganzomilebiani gamosaxulebis Seqmnas, rac metnaklebad

zustad gadmogvcems realurad arsebuli iaraRebis formebsa da

proporciebs, rac Zalzed saWiroa maTi funqciis dadgenisaTvis.

am ideis ganxorcielebaSi, kerZod ki zemoT aRniSnuli sivrculi

reproduqciis SeqmnaSi dagvexmara dizainisa da kompiuteruli

grafikis studia ,,darjania dijital”-i.

samuSao Semdegnairad Sesrulda:

1. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi moviZieT miniaturebi,

romlebzec naTlad Cans maxareblebis winaSe samuSao magidaze

moTavsebuli iaraRebi.

174 175

2. avRricxeT miniaturebze dafiqsirebuli sxvadasxva tipis

iaraRebis raodenoba da kuTvnileba miniaturebis mixediT.

3. Semdeg amocanas warmoadgenda msgavsi tipis iaraRebis

gamorCeva urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze da maTi klasificireba.

4. SevimuSaveT msgavsi da savaraudod erTi da imave

daniSnulebis iaRaRebis saboloo formebi da proporciebi.

5. kompiuteruli programa `Maya~-s meSveobiT movaxdineT am

iaraRebis samganzomilebiani vizualizacia-rekonstruqcia.

6. arsebuli mwiri werilobiTi informaciisa da miRebuli

vizualuri Sedegis mixedviT SevecadeT gvemsjela da dagvedgina

aRdgenili iaraRebis raobasa da daniSnulebaze.

nino qavTaria


saqarTvelo

aTabagTa karis skriptoriumi XV-XVI saukuneebSi

XV saukunis dasasrulisaTvis samcxis aTabagTa karze xe-

lovnebis sxva da r g ebis msgavsad miniatiuruli mxatvrobac

warmatebiT viTardeboda.

XV-XVI saukuneebSi gaformebuli xelnawerebi – a-845, KK-375,

a-351, Q-920, Q-969 – epoqis Sesabamis mxatvrul tendenciebs

asaxaven. isini ara mxo lod te q s ts asuraTeben, aramed warmoad-

genen im kulturuli fonisa Tu po li tikuri ga re mos anarekls,

romlis wiaRSic Seiqmna xelnaweri wigni.

moxsenebaSi xelnawerTa gaformebaSi CarTuli miniatiurebis

iko no g ra fiul, mxa tvrul-stilistur Taviseburebebs ganvixi-

lavT da erTi mxa tvru li sko lis fa r glebSi dasuraTebis saer-

To princips warmovaCenT.

miniatiuraTa ganxilvisas saxezea aTabagTa skriptoriumis-

aTvis damaxa si a Te beli niSnebis erToblioba (kamaraTa Tavise-

buri struqtura, ga mo kve Ti li ukve aRmo savluri ornamentuli

repertuariT, saxasiaTo koloritiT – oq r o sa da lu rji fe-

rebis siuxve da amas Sepirispirebuli mkacrad daculi qa r Tuli

mi ni atiuruli mxatvrobis tradiciebi, rac TvalnaTliv gamov-

linda ma xa rebelTa po rtretebsa Tu siuJetur scenebSi).

am xelnawerTa rigSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs quTai-

sis isto r iul-eT no grafiul muzeumSi daculi kodeqsi (Sifri

#375). xelnaweri 1502 we l saa gada we ri li da dasuraTebuli mze-

Wabukis (aTabagi 1500-1515 ww.) dakveTiT.

saxarebis dasawyisSi CarTuli maxarebelTa portretebi

gada tvi r Tu li arqi te qturuli fonebiTa da avejiT postbizan-

tiuri mxatvruli tra di c i e bi Taa na sa zrdoebi. maxarebelTa ga-

mosaxulebebs ewyvileba da win us w r ebs sa xa re bi se u li scenebis

srulgverdiani miniatiurebi: maTes – So ba (11r), ma rkozs – na-

Tli s Reba (69r), Llukas – xareba (109r), ioanes – jo jo xe Tis wa-

rmo t yvevna (173r). Ta v sa m kauli da kamarebi oqroTia naweri da

xa z ga smulad aRmo sa v lu ri wa r mo ma v lo b isaa.

xelnaweris miniatiurebi ramdenime mxatvris xeliTaa Ses-

rulebuli, rac postpaleologosuri tradiciebisadmi gansx-

vavebul midgomaSi vlin de b a.

quTaisSi daculi xelnaweri TiTqmis imeorebs aTonis mTis

saganZurSi da c u li berZnuli, 1433 wlis xelnaweris miniati-

urebis ikonografias da aseve ax lo stilistur kavSirs am-

JRavnebs sankt-peterburgSi dacul ber Z nul-qarTul ko de-

qsTan (0. I. 58), romelic, savaraudod, aseve aTonur skolas

gane kuTvneba.

aRmosavluri tradiciebiT Seqmnili kamarebi da saxarebis

dekori aTabagTa ka ris da, SesaZloa, zogadad, im xanis mxat-

vruli gemovnebis mimaniSnebelic iyos.

1504 gadawerili xelnaweri (Q-920) ukve mzeWabukis dis,

giorgi VIII me uRl is, Ta maris SekveTiTaa Sesrulebuli.

xelnaweris miniatiurebi da dekori msgavsia quTaisis xel-

nawerisa. maT, Se sa Zloa, saerTo prototipic ki hqondeT. 1504

wlis xelnawerSi ima v d ro u lad ukve naTlad SeiniSneba axali

mxatvruli orientirebi: ga nz oga d eba, daun awevre be li arqite-

qturuli sibrtyeebi, ergvarad pirobiTi, TiTqo sda Se bo Wi li

176 177

fi gu re bi. am miniatiurebisTvis ukve saxasiaToa XVI sa ukunis

esTetika Tavisi la ko ni urobiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT.

aTabagis karze gadawerili da dasuraTebuli xelnawerebi

aTonis mTis mxa t vrul skolasTan avlenen axlo kavSirs. aTa-

bagTa kavSiri aTonis mTasTan istoriaSi kargadaa cnobili.

isic viciT, rom mzeWabukma ara erT xel gagzavna Sesawiri aTo-

nis mTaze da misi saxeli aTonis mTis aRapebSic ki moi xsenieba.

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia am epoqis 3 xel-

naweri (Q-921, Q-84 da a-733). xelnawerebze darTuli minawerebi

saSualebas gvaZlevs, viva ra u d oT ma Ti warmomavloba. Q-921

patroni Tamaris mieraa SekveTili da sa m x reT saqa r T v e loSia

Sesrulebuli, xolo Q-84 da a-733 ambrosis mi e raa gadawerili

ieru salimis jvris monasterSi. xom ar aris es ambrosi 1495

wels gadawerili fsa lmunis (a-351) kaligrafi da mxatvari am-

brosi? am or xe lna wers Soris sti listuri msgavseba udavoa.

aseve savaraudod mi g vaCnia Q-921 gadamweris, zo simes gaigiveba

a-401 gadamwer zosimesTan.

miniatiuraTa analizi gamoavlens, rom XV-XVI saukuneebSi

am mwi g no b r ul keraSi Seiqmna saukeTeso skolis tradiciebiT

nasazrdoebi Zeglebi. mxa t v rebi iReben ara zust asls, aramed

stilisturi da kompoziciur-ikonografi u li Taviseburebis

gaTvaliswinebiT qmnian im droisaTvis maRali mxatvruli do-

nis xelnaweri wignebis moxatul nimuSebs.

lela qurdaZe


sagamofeno saqme xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (istoriuli aspeqti da Tanamedrove procesebi)

bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi xelnawerTa erovnuli

centris roli sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. gafar-

Tovda cneba `xelnaweri memkvidreoba~ da, masTan erTad, cen-

tris samuzeumo saqmianobac, rac, ZiriTadad, centris sazoga-

doebrivi rolis xasiaTsa da masStabze aisaxa.

sazogadoebrivi rolis gacnobierebis gazrdam sagamofe-

no saqmis Seswavlisa da ganviTarebis, misi Tanamedrove stan-

dartebTan miaxloebis aucilebloba moitana. xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris sagamofeno saqmis Seswavlas misi ganviTa-

rebis istoriiT viwyebT.

wlebis manZilze am dargma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gan-

icada. arsebul masalaze dakvirvebam misi ganviTrebis sami

ZiriTadi etapi gamoyo:

1. 1963-1974 wlebi (sagamofeno saqmianobis dasawyisi –

gamofenebis mowyobisa da maTSi monawileobis mcdelobebi);

2. 1974-2006 wlebi (cvlilebebis periodi – Cndeba droebi-

Ti Tematuri, regionaluri da saerTaSoriso gamofenebi. far-

Tovdeba samizne sazogadoeba. amave monakveTSi Sedis garkveuli

cvlilebebi sagamofeno darbazis kuTxiT – remonti, sagamofe-

no avejis gamocvla da a.S.);

3. 2006 wlidan dRemde (mniSvnelovani transformaciis pe-

riodi. izrdeba centris socialuri roli da icvleba sakomu-

nikacio xasiaTi).

amdenad, warmodgenili moxseneba xelnawerTa erovnuli cen-

tris sagamofeno saqmis ganviTarebis suraTis aRdgenis, arse-

buli tendenciebis analizisa da maTi meSveobiT centris so-

cialuri rolis gaanalizebis pirveli mcdelobaa.

Nnana Cikvatia


Aanastasi sinelis `winamZRuarSi~ daculi erTi ikonografiuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi farTod aris warmodgenili po-

lemikuri nawarmoebebi ucxo religiebisa da qristianuli ere-

sebis winaaRmdeg. sityvieri polemikisa da diskusiis formiT

178 179

orTodoqsuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi da saeklesio mwer-

lebi ganmartavdnen da icavdnen marTlmadideblur dogmatebsa

da sarwmunoebriv kredos. literaturuli Zeglebisa da weri-

lobiTi dokumentebis paralelurad qristianuli xelovneba,

qristianuli ikonografiac marTlmadideblur-sarwmunoebrivi

kanonikurobis dacvas isaxavda miznad.

Zvel qarTul saRvTismetyvelo-polemikur mwerlobaSi da-

dasturebulia erTi faqti, roca polemikuri mizandasaxuloba

akisria ikonografiul gamosaxulebas.

es aris jvarcmis gamosaxuleba anastasi sinelis, VI saukunis

bizantieli mwerlis, cnobil nawarmoebSi, romlis saxelwodebaa

`winamZRuari~. `winamZRuris~ qarTul enaze mTargmneli arsen

iyalToelia, igi Sesulia mis cnobil krebul `dogmatikonSi~.

`winamZRuari~ Seicavs marTlmadideblur RvTismetyvelebasa da

polemikas sxvadasxva eresTan, ZiriTadad, monofizitobasTan.

qristologiuri dogmatebis logikur-cnebiTi da termi-

nologiuri analizis dros anastasi sinelis mier erTgan moce-

mulia jvarcmis ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba, romlis mizania

monofizitebis cTomilebis mxileba. jvarcmaze qristes ganx-

orcielebis arsis gadmosacemad warwerilia ganxorcielebis

cnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi. anastasi sinelis mier ver-

baluri da vizualuri masalis gaerTianeba miznad isaxavs erTi

qristologiuri dogmatis orTodoqsuli Sinaarsis dacvas.

jvarcmis Kkompozicias axlavs avtoris msjeloba gadam-

werebis mier am kompoziciis ucvlelad gadatanis aucileblo-

bis Sesaxeb.

qarTuli xelnawerebi garkveuli gansxvavebebiT (oRond ara

dogmatis marTlmadidebluri gagebis xarjze) imeorebs jvarcmis

gamosaxulebaSi Caqsovil polemikur mizandasaxulobas. Ees faqti

uaRresad sainteresoa, vinaidan anastasi sinelis mier Sesrule-

buli kompozicia berZnuli xelnawerebiT Cvenamde ar moRweula,

xolo `winamZRuris~ berZnul gamocemaSi gamoyenebuli jvarcmis

kompozicia mxolod gviandeli, XV-XVIss-is ikonografiis analo-

giiT aris aRdgenili. Aarsen iyalToelis (XIs.) TargmanSi ki, ro-

gorc Cans, adrindeli viTarebaa warmoCenili. Aarsen iyalToelis

cnobiT, jvarcmis kompozicia mas mxolod erT berZnul xelnaw-

erSi unaxavs. cxadia, arsenis mier mowodebuli gamosaxuleba

bevrad adrindelia berZnul gamocemasTan SedarebiT da, albaT,

miaxloebuli anastasi sinelis arqetipTan.

nestan CxikvaZe, maia karanaZe


uZvelesi qarTuli ydebi svanuri koleqciidan

qarTuli xelnaweri wignis istoriaSi IX-X saukuneebs gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. am epoqidan dawyebuli wigni

gascda mxolod religiuri ganaTlebis praqtikul sferos da

kulturuli fenomenis mniSvneloba SeiZina, rasac gansazRvrav-

da ramdenime faqtori: Seqmnis motivacia, gavrcelebis socio-

kulturuli areali, wignis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli xelos-

nuri dargebis mxatvrul – SemoqmedebiT saqmianobad gardaqmna.

wignis kulturul-istoriuli Rirebulebis Sefasebisas sa-

gangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba ydas. wignis Semadgeneli yvela kom-

ponentidan ( saweri masala da melani, teqstobriv-redaqciuli

Taviseburebebi da mxatvrul-dekoratiuli sistema) igi yvelaze

nakleb uZlebs dros da saWiroebs ganaxlebas. swored amitomac

yda asaxavs rogorc kodeqsis Seqmnis Tanadrouli, aseve Semd-gomi dacva-ganaxlebis epoqebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul-esTetikur Taviseburebebs.

IX-X saukuneebis qarTul xelnawer wignTa ydebi naklebadaa Semonaxuli. bolo dromde cnobili iyo X saukuneebiT daTari-Rebuli tvifruli tyavis mxolod sami yda, romlebic daculia sinis mTis wm. ekaterines monastris qarTuli koleqciis xel-nawerebze: Sin. geo. 32-57-33 (sinuri mravalTavi), Sin.geo. 46 (svime-on mesvetis cxovreba) da Sin, geo.N. 26 (liturgikuli krebuli). Tanadrouli sxva masalis uqonlobisa da ydebze dadastureb-uli aRmosavluri tolferda jvris stilizebuli ornamentis

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safuZvelze gamoTqmuli iyo varaudi, rom am tipis tvifruli ydebis warmoeba damaxasiaTebeli iyo mxolod sinuri warmo-mavlobis X saukunis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebisaTvis. 2008 wels adiSis oTxTavisa (897w.) da adiSis iadgaris (X-XI ss.) sax-elwodebiT cnobil xelnawerebze gamovlinda wignebis Seqmnis Tanadrouli, sinuri ydebis analogiuri tyavis ori tvifruli yda. orive es xelnaweri, romlebic daculia svaneTis istori-ul-eTnografiul muzeumSi, gadawerilia tao-klarjeTSi, maT aranairi Sexeba ar hqoniaT sinis mTis skriptoriumTan. swored es faqti gvavaraudebinebs, rom aRmosavluri stilizebuli jvris ornamentiT ydis Semkoba-warmoeba damaxasiaTebeli iyo IX-X saukuneebis qarTuli xelnawerebisaTvis.

sagulisxmoa isic, rom adiSis oTxTavis ydaze daculia gvi-andeli ganaxlebis kvali – vercxlis samsWvalebiT damagrebuli tolferda jvari. ydis tyaviTa da liToniT kombinireba, liTo-nis elementebis samsWvalebiT damagreba damaxasiaTebelia XIV-XVI ss. qarTuli xelnaweri wignebisaTvis (Q-241, a-505, h-1660, a-499, a-502). adiSis oTxTavi am periodidan ukve daculia svaneT-Si. Sesabamisad, ydac swored am kuTxeSi unda iyos ganaxlebuli. am wignis kidev erT Rirsebad unda miviCnioT is faqtic, rom ydis ganmaaxlebels SeunarCunebia xelnaweris gadaweris Tanadrouli yda.

adiSis oTxTavis anderZ-minawerebSi tao-klarjeTis samefo saxlisa da samonastro cxovrebis mesveurTa moxsenieba xazgas-miT adasturebs am kuTxis kulturul-istoriul cxovrebaSi saero aristokratiisa da sasuliero wodebis SeTanxmebuli moRvaweobis faqts.

izolda WiWinaZe


saqarTvelo

vaSingtonis kongresis biblioTekis oTxTavis Sin.Ms.Gr 165-isa da moqvis saxarebis (Q-902)miniatiurebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis

statiaSi ganxilulia vaSingtonis kongresis biblioTekis

oTxTavis Sin.Ms.Gr 165-isa da TbilisSi, xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi daculi moqvis saxarebis (QQ-902) maxarebelTa portre-

tuli gamosaxulebani.

sinuri xelnaweri XV s. II naxevriT TariRdeba, xolo moq-

vis saxareba – 1300 wliT. miuxedavad amisa, orive xelnaweris

miniatiurebis ikonografiasa da stilSi aSkarad ikveTeba ad-

repaleologosuri xanis midgomebi: maxarebelTa fexebgadajva-

redinebuli poza, moyurade ioanes tipi, maxarebelTa moklesax-

eloiani samoseli da, gansakuTrebiT, arqiteqturuli fonebi,

romlebSic droisaTvis uCveulo xasiaTs atarebs: nacvlad

paleologosTa wiaRSi gaCenili rTuli arqiteqturuli kom-

poziciebisa, saxezea martivi kedliT gaerTianebuli koSkis ms-

gavsi nagebobebi.

is, rac orive xelnaweris miniatiurebis stilis ufro ad-

reuli xanis originalze miuTiTebs, aris fonebis „gameCxreba~,

formebs Soris gazrdili intervali, rac anelebs mZafr dinami-

kasa da Sinagan daZabulobas, amave dros xels uwyobs formaTa

avtonomiur wakiTxvas.

sinuri oTxTavis maxarebelTa portretebi Soreul gamo-

Zaxils warmoadgens XIII saukunis bolosa da XIV saukunis da-

sawyisis maxarebelTa bizantiuri portretuli saxeebisa, xolo

miniatiurebis kompoziciur-sivrcobrivi gaazreba, masStabebis

proporciuli Sefardeba, aseve koloritis wyoba, mas XV s-is

nimuSebs miakuTvnebs.

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digitalizacia/ restavracia-konservacia

jost gippertfrankfurt, Germany

NEW ProSPECtS IN thE StUdy of old GEorGIaN PalIMPSEStS

the National Centre of Manuscripts in tbilisi hosts a huge collection of old Georgian manuscripts that are palimpsests (all in all more than 4500 pages). only in very few cases, the lower layers of these invaluable codexes have been accessible for reading so far, and only a handful of editions have been prepared. In the course of an international project concerning the old Georgian palimpsest Codex vindobonensis georg. 2 and the Caucasian alba-nian palimpsests of Mt. Sinai, new technology has been successfully applied to overcome the bad state of preservation of the lower layers. the present paper addresses the prospects of using the multispectral imaging system (MU-SIS) for a thorough investigation of some of the most ancient palimpsests of the tbilisi collection, among them the Khanmeti and haemeti palimpsests S-3902, h-999, a-89, a-844, h-1329. the expected results are illustrated on the basis of test runs undertaken in the National Centre in 2007.

Zdeněk UhlířNational library of the Czech republic. Prague, Czech republic

MANUSCRIPTORIUMDIGITALLIBRARY:ANAGGREGATOROFthE EUroPEaN aNd World MaNUSCrIPtS

the global changes have brought challenge for historical and philological disciplines and for manuscript studies since the nineties of the 20th century. It also holds for the National library of the Czech republic. a process of a massive

digitization of manuscripts and early printed books that started in mid nineties led to joining cultural heritage of different origins. of course, joining documents and materials of various institutions, cities, towns, settlements but also countries of the samecultural regionwas thefirst step.NationalLibraryof theCzechRepublicgoverns not only Western (latin, Czech, German, french, Italian, Spanish etc.) manuscripts and early printed books but also Slavic (especially Church Slavonic and russian, but also Serbian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian), Jewish (hebraic), oriental (especially turkish, arabic, Persian) and Indian (Sanskrit). Now the challenge is to process digitally also Caucasian/Georgian manuscripts. all these books will/should be integrated into Manuscriptorium which is a digital library provided by the National library of the Czech republic. In this case, gathering Western Caucasian/Georgian, and oriental cultural heritage is of great importance. It would enable cross-cultural understanding between historically and mentally different civilizations based on cooperation and respect to each other. Since there are several thousands manuscripts within the Manuscriptorium, the importance of cooperation between Czechlands and Georgia in this area is clear.

digital processing of manuscripts, simply digitization means a global dissemination of historical documents and/or holdings, a challenge for inter-cultural studies in general and an impulse for manuscript studies in particular. Consequently, digitization is not simply making images; it is and must be much more. Perhaps it is not seeable when digitizing small number of manuscripts, several units or at the utmost several tens. It is however seen after digitizing critical mass of manuscripts, i.e. perhaps a few hundred. then, simple images, i.e. image sequences are unmanageable for the end user as well as for the information system administrator. Compound digital document/s that make relations between data (digital images) and metadata (descriptive catalogue record, structural and technical metadataaswell)mustbecreated.Anditisonlythefirststep,onlythesimplestform of the compound digital document, of course. after overstepping the critical mass of compound digitized documents there must be created a sophisticated information system that enables orientation, e.g. showing both the whole database and partial collections, as well as navigation, e.g. enabling not only standard full textsearchbutalsocombinedsearchusingoperators,expertsearchusingfilters,search implementing graphical variants etc. etc. further, more complex form of the compound digital document may contain also full texts that should be correlated according to the appropriate parts or passages to the digital images. It may contain several full texts (e.g. edition of the original text and its translation) that should

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be correlated to each other and both full texts to the digital images. It may contain also audio documents that should be correlated to the full texts and digital images as well etc. etc. Not only editions of original historical, i.e. primary documents and their translations but also secondary documents, i.e. documents about the primary documents may be integrated into the compound digital documents. and there are possibilities that can be multiplied practically ad infinitum. It is clear that such a digitization of historical documents, or let us say manuscripts, means a complex digital processing of manuscripts and that it is very important for manuscript studies, codicology, bibliography etc.

accordingly, digital processing of manuscripts is about a paradigm shift. It can be understood in tripleway: firstly in relation to the historical auxiliarysciences (historische Hilfswissenschaften), respectively in relation to the so-called quantitative codigology in opposite to the traditional archeology of book; secondly in relation to the historical methodology of collective, mass, aggregate, wholesale phenomena against the individual ones; and thirdly in relation to the so-called pragmatical edition in opposition to the traditional critical and/or semi-critical edition. of course, such a paradigm shift is quite a long run rather than a fastandbriefoccurrence,itis„scientificrevolution“inKuhneanwords.Thereforedigitization of historical documents and/or holdings is currently an activity in advance operations of which are both routine and under research and development at present. traditional ways of representation historical documents and/or holdings consisted of complex and sophisticated descriptions utilizing terminology with very hard semantic reduction that passes by natural language/s and that not always distinguishes between things or objects on one side and ideas, notions, concepts etc. on the other. Paradoxically this traditional terminology is based on vernacular, i.e. substantially natural languages and simultaneously deprecates its own basis, such as translation between linguistic utterances and consequently national discourses issometimesverydifficult.Digitizationbymakingmoreorlessaccuratecopiesofhistorical documents enables to overstep some of these crucial problems. again, digitization faciliates a goal-directed navigation and control and management of a huge amount of data by preparing electronic full texts. It is impossible through traditional ways.

Some technical conditions are necessary for the paradigm shift, namely dividing data from software, standardization of data, and interoperability of tools and systems. firstly, dividing data from software, i.e. mutual independence of data and software is a substantial condition that enables the other two ones. digital, i.e.

Internet environment is principally heterogeneous, not homogeneous, the tools and systems are various, indeed different, so that sharing data among tools and systems could be a problem if the data were software, i.e. tool and/or system dependent. Such software, tools and/or systems could not import and/or export data from one another and they would not interoperate. Problems could arise also by using communicationprotocolsbecauseofaneedtoimplementprofilesaccordingtotheregular, i.e. open, non proprietary, not software dependent data standards. thus, dividing data from software is conditio sine qua non for the digital representation of historical documents and/or holdings.

Secondly, standardization of data is a necessary condition for applying manuscript studies, codicology and bibliography in the digital, i.e. Internet environment. Standardization means to use open, not proprietary standards for data preparation/creation, respectively to use regular, ordinary, conventional formats for data exchange. In other words, standardization means to use various software tools for creating the same data output1 as for the form and for achieving the same result as for the content. thus, for data creator a principle of standardization meansononehandaflexibility in theuseof software tools,editors,processorsetc., on the other hand a variety of choices in the information depth; and when using markup languages represents an inner structure of document, the principle of standardization means to use various manners of concrete application of markup and consequently to represent various information and information levels from the same primary evidence. thus, standardization of data is the middle of how to make data readable for machines and generally understandable for humans.

thirdly, interoperability of tools and systems consists of inter-tool and/or inter-system communication, i.e. in importing and/or exporting data, in data mining, harvesting etc. It is a principal condition for working complex modular systems, for

1 See various XMl editors for creating descriptive catalogue records and fulltexts as well,e.g. jEdit,access throughInternet:<http://www.jedit.org/>; Peter´s XMl edi-tor,access throughInternet:<http://www.iol.ie/~pxe/>;OpenOffice incombinationwithSourceForge,accessthroughInternet:<http://www.openoffice.cz/stahnout> and <http://www.openoffice.cz/stahnout>;GNUEmacs,accessthroughInternet:<http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html>;NoteTabLight, access through Internet:<http://www.webmasterfree.com/NoteTab_Light__d7660.html>. See also special software tools, e.g.MEdit, access through Internet: <http://www.manuscriptorium.com/Site/ENG/medit_eng.asp>;MTool,accessthroughInternet:<http://www.manu-scriptorium.com/Site/ENG/mtool_eng.asp>.

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cooperation of their inner components and for cooperation with external tools as well. It is particularly important to guarantee interoperability between internal tools of the system and the external tools because it oversteps the traditional approach to the information system and/or digital library and comes close to a virtual research environment. In this case a virtual research environment means a possibility to create and process a personal collection of digital documents (in all probability full text editions of original historical, i.e. primary documents) using special tools that enable to get to information from point of view of e.g. computational linguistics etc. or virtual research environment means to create a grid of resources among which one of them is the main and/or (relatively) independent one and other are collateral and/or dependent. thus, interoperability is the most apparent condition for practical work with historical documents and/or holdings.

the integration of resources is not simple – precisely on the contrary, it is averycomplextask.Asthefirststep,itsupposestheaccumulationofmetadata,i.e. not merely descriptive metadata, that is manuscript catalogue records, but also other kinds of metadata, especially structural metadata, representing the physical structure of the original document (mostly a book-codex), as well as the creation of a compound digital document (the so-called virtual book). as the second step, it assumes the accumulation of data, i.e. usually digital images of manuscripts but also full electronic texts (editions of historical documents) and also electronic representationsofmusicnotationorevenaudioorvideofiles.

The identification of documents (both physical manuscripts and theirdigital copies) is substantial, because it enables any orientation and navigation within the whole digital library and any kind of heuristics within the manuscript collections represented in the digital library. the heart of the Manuscriptorium system is therefore thedatabaseof identification records. Inotherwords, everydigital copy of a manuscript and/or any full text needs a descriptive record; on the other hand, there may be descriptive records without any digital images and/or full text. furthermore, one physical item may have multiple descriptive records within the Manuscriptorium system although only one of them is and can be an identification record, because it supports the search utilitywithin the digitallibrary.Consequently,anidentificationrecordisincorrelationtoboththeoriginaldocument and its digital copy such that there is only one original document, one digitalcopyandoneidentificationrecord.Multiplexdescriptiverecordsreferringto one physical item can be both language variants and/or alternate records, i.e. these records may be translations of the same record or created from the points

of view of different research interests (e.g. palaeography, codicology, heraldry, literary history, art history, musicology, history of theology and/or philosophy, historyofscience,etc.).However,aslongastheidentificationrecordisjustoneofthem, it is an unambiguous record (perhaps better put as ein-eindeutig in German or jedno-jednoznačný in Czech).

Theidentificationrecordandthedatabaseofidentificationrecordsenablethepreparation of a compound digital document, i.e. the creation of a virtual book. Since the Manuscriptorium system was launched in 2003, compound digital documents (virtual books) have been created according to the XMl-based standard called MaStEr+, which is an extension of the MaStEr developed in 1999–2001 by a consortium led by the de Monfort University leicester, in which also the National library of the Czech republic participated. In the course of the ENrICh project in 2007–2009, the chapter on the manuscript description and the tEI P5 schemaforENRICHwasdefined, thereforeanydocument inconformancewiththe ENrICh schema is also a tEI-conformant document and can be used by any tEI-aware software. this is very important, because when the ENrICh project comes to an end, the Manuscriptorium system will be widely interoperable and that interoperabilityisasignificantsteptowardstheeasyintegrationofnewresources.

Interoperability is naturally essential for imports/uploads and/or exports/downloads of metadata/data. however, it is not only a tool for building centralised resources but also the basic condition for creating distributed resources – and work within the virtual distributed digital environment is what the Manuscriptorium is all about. a distributed compound digital document in general means that its parts are distributed anywhere throughout cyberspace. a distributed compound digital document as it is understood for the Manuscriptorium’s purposes in particular means that themetadatapart iscentralised in the identificationrecordsdatabaseof the Manuscriptorium. on the other hand, the data remains at the server of the content partner. that is why not only the descriptive but also the structural metadata are of equal importance; the creation of the distributed compound digital document is impossible without the structural metadata, which mark the subordinated items (usually pages) of the appropriate physical document (usually codex), thus enabling the creation of a virtual book and its browsing as well as searching (when using so-called applied foliation/paginationasthelabelling/namesforindividualfiles).this is of course not enough, because the necessary condition for the successful integration of documents distributed in cyberspace is that the data referred to by hyperlinks from the centralised structural metadata resource must be stored in a

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stable and persistent repository with perpetual and unmistakable names. It is a conditio sine qua non for the creation of any operating distributed resource.

thus, the persistent addressing is a fundamental issue. the question may bewhether persistent identification is possiblewhen understood absolutely, i.e.regardless of a concrete resource and/or information system. on the other hand, such an absolutely understood question (i.e. the question of a universal persistence) has little sense – if any – for the practical process of building a digital manuscript library, although it has a deep meaning in theory. thus, only a question of a relative (system-related) persistence, i.e. the solution of persistent addressing and identification regarding theManuscriptorium system, is connectedwith a topicthat concerns digital palaeography and codicology. the way of creating persistent identificationwithintheManuscriptoriumisquitesimple,consistingof:

• theidentificationoftheownerofthephysicalobject(thatrelatestotheappropriatedigitalobject,ofcourse),theidentificationofthephysicalobject(shelfmark, call number etc.)

• the identificationofapartof thephysicalobject (typicallyapage,butalso an open book, i.e. the back page of a preceding leaf and the front page of the next leaf altogether)

• theidentificationofthequalityleveloftheimages(e.g.gallerythumbnail,preview, normal size, black and white optimisation, etc.).

Such a kind of persistent addressing makes it possible both to ascertain and find an individual digital object (i.e. page) as well as to create an appropriatesequence of objects (i.e. sequence of images of the appropriate quality level) or complete the whole compound digital document independently of its centralised or distributed form. thus, the use of consistently and logically created names for individualdigitalobjects(files,notjustdocuments)iscrucial.

So as to ensure the smooth operation and progress of the Manuscriptorium system, still another condition regarding metadata is necessary. the Manuscriptorium has numerous partners, both current and potential, most of whom do not create their metadata solely for the Manuscriptorium system but for various, even divergent, goals and purposes, therefore using diverse metadata standards.

for the partners’ results, i.e. data outputs, to be integrated into the Manuscriptorium internal format (as I have said at present this is still MaStEr+, but in the near future within the ENrICh implementation of tEI P5 we will use enrich.dtd, and enrich.xsd and the ENrICh relax NG Scheme), metadata mapping and metadata conversion are needed. It is not an obsessive idea to transform

heterogeneity into homogeneity but a practical effort to harmonise different metadataformatsforthepurposeofindexingthem,whichisthebasisforefficient,ifnotforany,search.Adigitallibrarywithoutefficientsearch(withnosearchorwithmerebrowsingutilities)isnotadvisableforscholarsoranyotherrefineduse.

on the basis of a deeper analysis of the particular content resources available within the frame of ENrICh, there are four typical ways of cooperation in integratingresourcesandincreatingdistributedcompounddigitaldocuments:

1. the M-tool (creating structural and descriptive metadata for individualdocuments): theM-Tool isanapplicationserving thepartnersof theManuscriptorium who create new metadata for existing image data. It enables the creation of descriptive and structural metadata and consequently also compound digital documents. the M-tool currently exists as a stand-alone application and is going to be created in an online version. It is now (end of april 2009) being tested. In its online version, it has been adapted to the new demands in the area of produced structural and descriptive metadata and to the usage of Utf-8.

2. the offline automated generation of structuralmetadata and connectorforexistingdescriptivemetadata: thismethodissimilar to thepreviousoneandsuitable for partners who have a greater number of catalogue records which justify the creation of connectors. the use of a connector will make it possible to connect with the partner’s source of primary information directly and will not necessitate the creation of duplicate descriptive metadata using the M-tool. the M-tool will beusedtocreatestructuralmetadataanddescriptionsinidentificationrecords,withthe detailed description being processed by the connector. In the Manuscriptorium, it is possible to supply the outputs of the M-tool with these brief descriptions through identifiers.These identifiers enable the document to be joinedwith thedescriptive information processed by the connector, which is going to be optimised and adapted to the properties of input metadata to provide, where possible, zero-loss conversions.

3. theofflineconnector(convertingtheexistingstructuralanddescriptivemetadata content offline): connector is a tool enabling the conversion of theexisting input metadata of compound digital documents depending on the needs of the Manuscriptorium system. It is a part of the input interface of this system and is constructed in such a way that it cannot overreach the managing system of a partner. this approach makes it possible to separate the data production and management from the data presentation as well as optimise both of these tasks. It also ensures that it is not necessary to modify the existing processes at the workplaces of

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individual content partners. the most important parts of the connector are the conversion routines for transferring descriptive and structural metadata. this is suitable for partners who manage existing structural and descriptive metadata for suchanumberofdocumentsthatjustifiesthecreationoftheconnector.

4. the online connector (converting the existing structural and descriptive metadata content using the OAI-PMH interface): it is similar to the offlineconnector but uses the oaI-PMh for communication. at present, all the partners which have the oaI interface implemented will contribute with a relevant amount of documents justifying the creation of connectors.

Not only do information and communication technologies enable the overlapping of space and time by sharing different collections held at different places worldwide in a uniform user interface, but they also make it possible to approach the manuscripts and manuscript collections virtually. they allow for the representation of what has no actual existence but what existed either in the past or exists only at an abstract level. thus, the reconstruction of dispersed historical libraries, the reconstruction of an activity of an individual scriptorium, the reconstruction of a work of an individual scribe, a palaeographic anthology etc. can be accomplished. It is fundamental that all these and other possible reconstructions will be accomplished not by accumulating descriptive records, which would be no difference in comparison with the printed environment, but that it is going to be achieved by collecting digital documents, which is very important as against the method not using information and communication technologies. Some virtual collections, e.g. collections of manuscripts, incunabula, early printed books etc., meet typical end-user requirements and as such should be created beforehand, a priori. on the other hand, some virtual collections should be created not only a posteriori but also for specific purposes and individual tasks. Furthermore,also virtual documents should be created a posteriori for specific purposes andindividual tasks.

Consequently, personalised research tools for creating virtual documents and virtual collections will be developed in the ENrICh project. a virtual collection can be either static or dynamic. a static virtual collection is a simple selection of documents from those in the Manuscriptorium database at the moment, which requires manual work. a dynamic virtual collection is a selection of documents from the documents in the Manuscriptorium database at that moment or that will be in future. Such a collection is not based on manual work but on a personalised permanent query that is activated after every update of the Manuscriptorium

database, so that the dynamic virtual collection is continuously growing. Especially this kind of virtual collection could be applied well for scholarly and any other refineduse,becauseitenablespermanentheuristics.Itisveryimportantthatstaticand dynamic virtual collections can be both used individually by their creators and shared with other end users in accord with their creators’ consent. on the other hand, a virtual document is a selection of parts of the documents from all the documents currently in the Manuscriptorium database, i.e. manual work is needed for the creation of the virtual document. Practically, it means that a virtual document is a collection of pages or leaves that come from various documents, i.e. manuscriptsand/orbooks.Itisthusaspecificheuristictool,whosedesirabilityandefficiencyshouldbeprovedinthenearfuture.

there is a great challenge and mainly three aspects of it are especially important. firstly Caucasian/Georgian manuscript catalogue records can be uploaded to the open catalogue of historical holdings as a part of the Manuscriptorium digital library. there is no need to particularly discuss the principal importance of integration of manuscript resources worldwide because of its apparent self-evidence. Secondly digital copies of Caucasian/Georgian manuscripts can be inserted into the Manuscriptorium digital library. No doubt it could be very important because of possibility of remote access to the eminent constituent of the Caucasian/Georgian national cultural heritage for the worldwide public. on the contrary Czech and European manuscript heritage should be accessible for the Caucasian/Georgian researchers and general public as well. thirdly providing full texts of original historical and literary sources is very important. It is important in a way of traditional printed documents; however it is much more important in a way of sophisticated electronic documents that can be communicated very easily. accordingly, Manuscriptorium digital library offers a possibility for uploading and wider disseminating turkmen historical sources.

ThereisanecessitytoidentifythefirststepforstartingcooperationbetweenCaucasian/Georgian partners now and the Manuscriptorium or better to say the National library of the Czech republic. according to the saying “all beginning isdifficult”itisnecessarytochoosetherightsolutioninordertobeabletoworkeffectively. the right solution means the simplest solution at the same time, at least in this case. the National library of the Czech republic have made software tools (and offers them for free) for cataloguing and creating digital document, i.e. bibliographic description of manuscript connected with digital images-copies of the original manuscript as well as for creating a distributed digital document, i.e.

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catalogue record and digital images-copies of the original manuscript can be saved apart in the cyberspace (Mtool). Work with these software tools is very simple but effective, so that they enable to create valid digital documents for immediate processing within the Manuscriptorium digital library and then for instant use on the part of the end user. thus, starting cooperation is from content and technical point of view very easy.

Cooperation must consist of further steps to be effective. the National library of the Czech republic offers consultations concerning digitization and creation of compound digital document on one hand as well as provision of access via the Manuscriptorium digital library on the other hand. It is very easy from technical pointofview;howeveritcouldbedifficultfromthatpointofviewthatconcernsnegotiations, organization, arrangements etc. this step is of crucial importance if we are oriented to an indeed effective collaboration. on the other hand, presenting together Western, Caucasian and oriental, Czech and Georgiann manuscript is worth the effort.

finally, the form of the effective collaboration between Caucasian/Georgian and Czech parts is clear and self-evident. turkmen partners provide the Manuscriptoriumdigitallibraryfirstlywithmanuscriptcataloguerecord,secondlywith digital images-copies of manuscripts and thirdly with full texts of historical documents. of course it is a long perspective and not a task for today, but we must be aware that there is such a challenge and such a possibility.

The goal of proposed activity is double: firstly the Caucasian/Georgianmanuscripts will be available and accessible via the Manuscriptorium digital library within a global research environment which is worthy of today; and secondly the Czech and Caucasian/Georgian manuscripts will be searchable jointly in a single user interface.

I hope that we – Georgians as well as Czechs – will respond to this challenge and develop our incipient cooperation to an effective collaboration.

vasil TargamaZe


digitalizaciis laborataria xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi

xelnawerTa digitalizaciis procesi k.kekeliZis saxelobis

xelnawerTa institutSi daiwyo 1999 wlis ivnisidan. Aam wels

fondma `Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo~ da oSI-m daafinanses

saqarTvelos inovaciuri teqnologiebis asociaciis proeqti

`kulturuli memkvidreobis digitalizaciisa da kompiuteruli

damuSavebis centri~.

proeqtis mizani iyo, Seqmniliyo srulad aRWurvili cen-

tri vizualuri informaciis kompiuteruli damuSavebisaTvis;

informaciisa, romelic arsebobs uZvelesi xelnawerebis, mo-

xatulobis, naxatebis, arqiteqturuli ornamentebis, fotoebi-

sa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis sxva nimuSebis saxiT; centri,

romelic SeZlebda efeqturad gamoeyenebina xelmisawvdomi

resursebi, saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da teqnologiebi kul-

turuli memkvidreobis Senaxvis, Seswavlisa da popularizaciis

amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad.

gamosaxulebebis digitaluri Canaweri saSualebas aZlevs

mkvlevrebs gamosaxulebis dazianebis riskis gareSe maTi mani-

pulirebisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa maT-

Tan muSaobisas; gamosaxulebis Tavdapirveli saxiT rekonstru-

qcia, momzadeba publikaciisaTvis, yovelgvari statistikuri

da opto-geometriuli informaciis moZieba, monacemTa bazebis

Seqmna da am masalebis xelmisawvdomoba studentebisaTvis da

mTeli msoflios mkvlevarTaTvis. mxolod digitaluri Canawe-

ri iZleva zogierTi Zeglis an misi replikis saukuno Senaxvis

garantias.

centris SeqmnaSi aqtiurad monawileobda k.kekeliZis saxe-

lobis xelnawerTa institutis maSindeli direqtori batoni

zaza aleqsiZe da misi xelSewyobiT centrisaTvis gamoiyo far-

Tobi institutis SenobaSi.

194 195

pirvel etapze yuradReba gamaxvilda xelnawerebis digita-

lur aslebze maTi Senaxvis mizniT da amitom Ddigitalizaciis

procesisaTvis arCeul iqna Semdegi meTodika: jer xdeboda

xelnaweris fotografireba slaidze da Semdeg slaidis skani-

reba. centris xelT arsebuli skaneri da slaidis firis xari-

sxi saSualebas iZleoda, xelnaweris gverdi Cagvewera 2000 dpi garCevisunarianobiT 16-24 bit feriT daaxloebiT 130 MB mocu-

lobis tIff failad (es Seesabameba 41 megapiqseli garCevisu-

narianobis mqone digitaluri fotoaparatis SesaZleblobas).

procesi rTuli, Sromatevadi da, Sesabamisad, neli iyo, magram

aseTi xarisxis miRweva im dros sxva meTodiT ar iyo SesaZlebe-

li. institutis TanamSromlebTan SeTanxmebiT SeirCa ramdenime

mniSvnelovani da dazianebuli xelnaweri da moxda maTi digi-

talizacia. 2000 – 2003 wlebSi Caiwera xelnawerebisa da isto-

riuli arqivebis 12000 gverdamde; amavdroulad daiwyo muSaoba

sacavebSi daculi masalis xelmisawvdomobaze. xelnawerTa in-

stitutis TanamSromlebTan erTad Sedga monacemTa baza – xe-

lnawerTa katalogi, romelic moicavs institutSi arsebuli 42

xelnaweris dawvrilebiT aRweras, avtoris, gadamweris, minawe-

rebis, momxatvelebisa da a.S. miTiTebiT; SevqmeniT veb-gverdi

www.manuscript.ge, romelzedac ganTavsda aRniSnuli baza da xe-

lnawerTa gverdebis ilustraciebi.

2007 wels Seiqmna xelnawerTa institutis digitalizaciis

laboratoria. Llaboratoria digitalizaciisa da kompiuteruli

damuSavebis centrTan SeTanxmebiT, maTi aparaturis gamoyenebiT

ganagrZobs xelnawerTa digitalizacias. icvleba prioritetebi.

mTel msoflioSi digitalizaciis procesi ganixileba, rogorc

kulturuli memkvidreobis farTo sazogadoebisaTvis xelmi-

sawvdomobis saSualeba. laboratoriaSi digitalizaciisaTvis

xelnawerTa SerCeva xdeba maTze moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT.

digitalizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba cifruli fotoaparati, rac

SesamCnevad aCqarebs digitalizaciis process. fotografireba

xdeba 14 megapiqseli garCevis unaris mqone aparatiT, rac iZl-

eva 30-40 MB raW da tIff gverds. xarisxi sruliad sakmarisia

xelnaweris wasakiTxad, poligrafiisTvisac, magram ar aris sak-

marisi ilustrirebuli xelnaweris digitalizaciisaTvis Senax-

vis mizniT. ukve digitalizebulia 120-ze meti xelnaweri (32000

gverdi). amavdroulad xdeba saistorio dokumentebis, saarqivo

masalebis digitalizacia. samkiTxvelo darbazSi am aslebze

xdeba muSaoba da xelnawerebi aRar gaicema.

Senaxvis mizniT mniSvnelovani xelnawerebis digitalize-

bisTvis SemuSavebulia proeqti amerikelebTan erTad, romlis

farglebSic laboratoria aRiWurveba specialuri danadgariT,

romlis garCevisunarianoba 120 megapiqselamdea. es danadgari

mkveTrad gazrdis laboratoriis SesaZleblobebs. gagrZeldeba

kvlevebi palimfsestebis wasakiTxi sistemebis SemuSavebisaTvis.

jaCQues siCreBibliothèque Nationale de france. Paris, france

rEStoratIoN of a GEorGIaN MaNUSCrIPt (GEorG. 3) PrE-SErvEd at thE BIBlIothECE NatIoNalE of fraNCE

LemanuscritGéorgien 3 appartient à un ensemble cohérent de documentsanciensécritsenalphabet(xuwuri/mTavrulietanotéenmkhedrouli)conservésaudépartementdesmanuscritsdelaBibliothèquenationaledeFrance.Ils’agitd’unrecueildeprièresutiliséparlesmembresdel’Eglisegéorgienneordo divinorum officiorum Ecclesiae Iberae orientalis.Les textes rassemblésenvolumeauXVe siècle ont été écrits entre lesXe et XIe siècles et se composent d’un calendrier exhaustifdessaintsetdesfêtesàcélébrer,debrèvesleçonsextraitesdelaBible,des passages de l’histoire de la vie du Christ, de la sagesse de Salomon, de Zacharie etdeJérémie.

Surl’intérieurdelareliure,unenoteenitalienprécisequecemanuscrit«futenvoyédeGéorgie,en1731,parlechefdesmissionnairescapucins»21, Sevin et

1 «Tiflis,14jan1731.MandounlibroanticogiorgianodilinguascrittaecaratterechenoidiremmoOrdoDivinorumofficiorumEcclesiaeIberiaOrientalisseuGiorgiano-rum. Quale la sua carita favorira presentare da nostra parte a sue Eccellenza procura-remo ancora altri. Questa lettera dal patre prefetto de patri Capuccini Missionarii in

196 197

apportéàlabibliothèqueduroi,tandisqued’autresnotesnousapprennentquelsontétésesdifférentspossesseurs:Démétrios,Iohann,David.

le support du recueil de prières est en parchemin et compte 54 cahiers hétérogènes,soit387feuillets(365mmx260mm)surlesquelsletextesedéploieendeuxcolonnes.Lareliurese rattacheauxreliuresorientalesgaufréesde typearménien etmesure 370mmde hauteur par 275mmde largeur (une partie dudos compris dans cette valeur). N’ayant subi aucune intervention, celle-ci offre auxchercheurs,letémoignageprécieuxd’uneformedecoutureetdetechniquedereliure ancienne du Xve siècle.

description de la reliure et étude de la structure

la reliureenpleincuirdechèvrebrunsurais(plats)auxtranchesirrégulièresavec traces de fermoirs et demi rabat portefeuille en gouttière, montre un fort usage durecueildeprièresdurantlaliturgie;sonétatdeconservationavanttraitementétaitjugémédiocre,cedonttémoignaientlescuirsfrottés,lesaisfendus(mobiles)sansruptureducuir,lesanglesdesplatsémoussésetlacunaires,lesmorsfendusauxcoiffes,lerabatfroissé,lestranchefilesuséesetlespassesdesbâtisdistendus.Enfin, on observe que la reliure a subi une réparation grossière sur la coiffesupérieureainsiquel’ajout,audébutduXXe siècle, de quatre gardes volantes de papieràbasedepâtedeboisendébutetenfindevolume.

le cuir des platsetdelagouttièreaétéestampé(pressionsuruncuirhumided’unoutilchaudenferpourlaisserunmotif)maisdemanièredissymétrique.Surleplatsupérieur,l’artisanatracéuneétoileàdixbranchesréaliséeavecunjeudefiletsetdepetitsfers(amandeetpetitefleur)sertiedansuncarréenfiletsimple;unencadrementdefiletsdoublesà40mmenvironduborddesplats;unjeudedoublefilets simples endoubleencadrement sur lepourtourduplat ; despetitsfersencroix(amande)entouréencarré(petitefleur)quisontavec larosace lessymboles christiques par excellence.Tandis que sur le plat inférieur, l’artisan aoptépouruneiconographiedifférenteavecunerosacecentralecomposéedefiletsdoubles en arcs et de petits fers en remplissage serties dans un jeu de trois cercles concentriquesdontlepluslargeestdedoublefiletsetpetitsfers(petitefleur)enremplissage;unencadrementdefiletsdoublesavecdanslesanglesunjeudefiletssimplesenéventailà40mmenvironduborddesplats;unealternancededeux

Giorgia fu mandata al Patre Custode de fratri capucini di Constantinopoli et ricevuta li 3 7bre 1731 ».

petitsfers(amandeetpetitefleur)enencadrementdansl’intervalleentrelesjeuxdefiletsd’encadrement.

sur le rabat, l’artisan a exécutéune croix réalisée aufilet double avecunremplissage de petits fers alternés (amande et petitefleur) ; un encadrement aufiletdoublesurlepourtour.Surledos,onobserveunesériedetracesverticalesaurepoussé(incisions)dansunencadrementd’unfiletsimpleestampéauquels’ajouteunfiletsimplehorizontalestampéà10mmentêteet20mmenqueue.Lerelieuretl’artisanpourl’estampageontutiliséquatreoutilsenfer.

les ais

Lesaisquicomposentlareliuresontenboisdecèdresoitdetyperésineux.L’aissupérieurmesure370x245x12mmentroispièces;deuxpièces360x45et360x200mmmaintenuespar4liensdeficellepassantpar8troussansemploidecolle;unepièce10x245mmcolléesurlatranchesupérieuredesdeuxprécédentes.

la passure en ais et couture

Lapassureest lepassagedansleboisdel’âmedelacoutureetqui joint lacouturedesfondsdecahiersauxplats.Onobservelaprésenced’untrouà20mmdumorsdans leprolongementdugrecquagepour les3doublesficelleset les2chaînettesetunsecondtrouà60mmduprécédentdansladeuxièmeplanchette.Lesfondsdecahierssontgrecqués(ficellesetchaînettes.

les bâtis et tranchefiles

Unesériede5perforationsalignéesà60mmduborddechaqueaisentêteetenqueuesertdecirculationauxfilsdesbâtis.

la couvrure

La pièce de cuir est une pleine chèvre brun foncé aux angles coupés. Lesremplis de cuir des coiffes sont coupés auxmors, aux débuts et aux arrêts destranchefiles.Laparuredesremplisdecuirestmodéréeetladécoupeestirrégulière.

le rabat

Le rabat est composé d’une pièce de cuir collée sur une pièce de tissu etrempliéesur20mmenvironentête,enqueueetengouttière.

les fermoirs

Troisperforationsà45mmengouttièrecorrespondentauxclousd’attachesurl’aissupérieurettroisperforationsà45mmengouttièrecorrespondentauxlanièresdefermoir.Desrestesdelanièressonttoujoursvisiblesaucontreplatinférieur.

198 199

le corps d’ouvrage

les GardesDes demi-gardes en textile contre collées aux plats et au verso du rabat

s’ornentdemotifspolychromes imprimésauxquellesonaajoutédans lebutdeprotégerd’avantage les feuilletsdeparchemin,quatregardesvolantesenpapieracideendébutetenfindevolume.Surlapremièregardeancienneapparaîtoutrel’étiquettederondage,uneétiquettedepapierindiquantd’unepartquelemanuscritétaitcomposélorsd’uninventaireen1897de387feuilletsetde16feuilletslacéréssansplusdeprécisionsetd’autrepartl’insertionsuivante:«C’estunmanuscritGeorgien dont les carracteres ressemblent aux carracteres armeniens ils ont étéfaits en 1182 par Isaac et Mesatov ses fameux philosophes qui composerent les carracteres armeniens et georgien ces derniers ressemblent beaucoup aux autres quoy qu’ils soient extremement different ainsy je ne puis pas dire ce que contient ce manuscrit. le Sr Isaye, Georgien, m’a dit que le caractere de ce ms etait Georgien, et que la langue en etait aussi Georgienne, mais particuliere a la liturgie aussi bien que le carractere ».

Sur la dernière garde volante on trouve la notemanuscrite en italien citéeprécédemment.

etat de conservation

L’état de conservation était jugé médiocre pour l’ensemble du volumemanuscritàl’exceptiondelacoutureetdusupportdecouturequiontétépréservés.Unconstatprécisapermisderévélercombiencemanuscritàmanquerdesoinaucoursdanslessièclesanciensdansdesmanipulationsincessantesetsansprécaution.

la consultation du manuscrit en salle de lecture constituait un risque d’accélération de sonmauvais état sanitaire et de perte de feuillets, argumentssuffisant pour entreprendre la restauration des feuillets de parchemin et de lareliure. L’analyse desmatériaux et des techniques associée à l’étude historiquedumanuscritGéorgien3délimiteunchampd’actionsappropriéesetlimitésauxélémentsendommagésdemanièreàmettreenvaleurlareliureancienneafinqueles chercheurs puissent apprécier l’authenticité de ce précieux témoignage del’artisanat d’art ancien.

synthèse de restauration

Enpréalableàtouteintervention,letitulairedestravauxdoits’assurerdelacomplétudedudocument, c’est-à-dire l’inventaire appelé collationdes feuillets.

Comptetenudesnombreuseslacunes,levolumeaétécollationnéparlerestaurateurpuisconfiéàunconservateurdudépartementdesmanuscritspourunecontrevisite.Lavisiteamontréuneimportantedifférenceentrelenombredefeuilletsindiquéscommeétantlacérésen1897(16feuillets)etlenombreconstatéàl’entréedansleservice en 2004 (192 feuillets) cependant, le niveau important d’empoussièrement des feuillets jouxtant les lacunesconforte l’hypothèsed’une lacérationanciennemaisnéanmoinspostérieuresà1897.

Les traitements initiaux ont consisté à retirer les réparations grossières dudébutduXXesiècletellesquelecuircollépar-dessuslacoiffesupérieure

la restauration des feuillets de parchemin

L’évolution physique du manuscrit posait une nouvelle problématiqueenmatière de restauration.Tandis que la couture présentait toujours une bonnerésistance, lecorpsd’ouvrageenparcheminoffraitunefortevariationphysique.Ilaétédécidéd’utiliserdupapierjaponaisàlaplaceduparchemind’apportpourrabouterlesfondsfendusentêteetqueue.Dupapierpurkozo40grammesaététeintédansunbaind’eauetdeterresd’Italieafindenepasmodifierlesqualitésmécaniquesdecettefourniture.

Les sutures dont les fils avait disparu en raison desmanipulations sur unelonguepériodeontétéremplacéespardufildelinenhumidifiantchaquepointpournepasrisquerdeprovoquerdedéchirure.Latoiledudosaétérecolléeaucorpsdel’ouvrageavecunamidondepommedeterre.Lesbâtis/tranchefilesontétéfixésdenouveauparune«sur-couture»defildelinenreprenantlesfondsrestaurés,cequiapermisderedresserlestranchefilesentêteetqueue

Ducuirdechèvregrainancienautonleplusapprochantaétéutilisépourlarestaurationdelacouvrure.Lecuiraététravailléàlamêmeépaisseurquelecuirancien,puisdespiècesontétéposéesàl’aplombdeszoneslacunairesavecdelacolle d’amidon de pomme de terre.

une boîte de conservation aété réaliséeauxdimensionsafind’augmenterla préservation du document en magasin. Pour l’ensemble des traitements desauvegarde,283heuresontétémobiliséesauxquellesilfautajouterlestrèslonguespériodesdeséchage.

200 201

Jak sikri

safrangeTis nacionaluri biblioTeka. parizi, safrangeTi

safrangeTis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi qarTuli xelnaweris (Georg. 3) restavracia

xelnaweri Georgien 3 warmoadgens mwyobrad Sekruli Zve-

li dokumentebis erTobliobas, gadawerils nusxuriTa da

mTavruliT, mxedruli minawerebis TanxlebiT. igi dacu lia

safrangeTis nacionaluri biblioTekis xelnawerTa ganyo-

filebaSi. saqme exeba qarTul eklesiaSi dadgenil locvaTa

kre buls _ Ordo divinorum officiorum Ecclesiae Iberae orientalis.XV saukuneSi erT kodeqsad Sekruli teqstebi gadawerilia

X-XI ss-Ta mijnaze.

Yydis Sida mxareze ikiTxeba italiuri minaweri: `gamoigzavna

saqarTvelodan 1731 wels kapucin misionerTa moTave~ sevenis

mier da gadaeca safrangeTis samefo biblioTekas; sxva minawerebi

ki gvamcnoben adrindel mflobelTa saxelebs: demetriosi,

ioane, daviTi.

locvaTa es krebuli gadawerilia etratze da Seicavs 54

heterogenul rveuls an 387 furcels (365×260 mm.), romlebzec

taqsti or svetadaa ganTavsebuli. mogvagonebs aRmosavlur,

somxuris tipis, tvifrul ydebs; aqvs 370 mm. simaRle da 257 mm.

sigane (yuis nawilic Sedis am zomebSi).

erTiani tyavis ydis aRweriloba da frTebis struqturis

Seswavla

xis dafebis tyavisa da Rarebis dadaRva (sveli tyavis

datvifrva rkinis cxeli iaraRiT ornamentis dasasmelad).

sarqvelze xelosanma gamosaxa jvari ormagi xazovani

tvifrviT, cxeli wesiTa da Semavsebeli tvifrebis (nuSi da

mcire yvavili) monacvleobiT.

frTebi

ydis Semadgeneli frTebi damzadebulia kedaris an sxva

wiwvovani xis masalisagan. zeda samnawilia frTis zomebia

370×247×12 mm; ori nawili – 360×45 da 360×200 mm. webos gareSe

Sekrulia Tokis 4 bmuliT, romlebic gadis 8 xvrelSi, xolo

erTi nawili 10×245 mm. dakrulia wina oris zeda kideze.

Nnaxvretebi frTaze da kerva

safuZvlebi da kaptali

5 Camwkrivebuli naxvretis seria yoveli frTis kididan 60

mm-ze Tavsa da boloSi emsaxureba safuZvlis Zafebis moZraobas.

samosi: warmoadgens Txis erTiani muq yavisfer, kuTxeebSi

CaWril tyavs. sarCulis tyavis qoba CaWrilia lagamTan,

dasawyissa da kaptalis dasasruls. tyavis qobis samkauli

zomieria da nakeri – usworo.

sarqveli

damzadebulia qsovilze dakruli tyavisgan; daaxloebiT 20

mm-iTaa Sekecili TavSi, bolosa da RarTan.

Sesakravebi

sami naxvreti Raridan 45 mm-iT ukavSirdeba samagrebs anu

samsWvalebs zeda frTaze da sami naxvreti Raridan 45 mm-iT

ukavSirdeba Sesakravis viwro Tasmebs. Sasakravebis danarCeni

nawilebi yovelTvis TvalsaCinoa xis dafaze.

nakeTobis korpusi

forzacebi

qsovilis ori Sida sacavi mWidrod dakruli xis dafebsa

da sarqvelis versoze mravalferovni ornamentiT moCiTuli,

romlebic upirvelesad gakeTebulia etratis furclebis

dasacavad, qaRaldis oTxi sacavi furceli krebulis dasawyissa

da dasasruls. Ppirvel Zvel sacavze Cans minaweri, romelic

erTi mxriv ganmartavs, rom xelnaweri 1897 wels Catarebuli

inventarizaciis dros Seicavda 387 furcels da 16 dafleTili

furcels yovelgvari dazustebis gareSe; meore mxriv, ikiTxeba

Semdegi ganmarteba: `es aris qarTuli xelnaweri, romlis asoebi

hgavs somxur asoebs. isini Sedgenilia 1182 wels isaakisa da

mesatovis mier, am cnobili filosofosebis mier, romelTac

Seadgines somxuri da qarTuli asoebi; es ukanaskneli Zalian

202 203

hgavs meores, magram gansxvavebulic aris. Aamitomac ar SemiZlia

mogaxsenoT, Tu ra Sedgenilobisaa es xelnaweri. Bb-ma isaim,

qarTvelma, miTxra, rom es xelnaweri qarTuli asoebiTaa naweri

da enac qarTulia, magram damaxasiaTebeli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis

iseve, rogorc asoebi.~

bolo sacavze ikiTxeba adre moxmobili italiuri minaweri.

zomieri konservaciis mdgomareoba kervisa da safuZvlis

gamoklebiT

xelnaweris istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT Mmasalisa da teqnikis

analizi gansazRvravs dazianebuli elementebis Sesatyvis da

SemosazRvrul moqmedebaTa areals, raTa Zveli yda aRdges im

saxiT, rom mkvlevarebma SeZlon daadginon Zveli ostatobis am

SesaniSnavi nimuSis avTenturoba.

restavraciis Sejameba

konservaciis dawyebamde samuSaos SesrulebaSiE ufleba-

m o sili pirebi unda darwmundnen dokumentis sisruleSi anu

Seamowmon furcelTa Sejerebis nusxa. savaldebulo angariSSi

fiqsirebuli iyo mravalricxovani dazianeba. krebuli aRnusxa

restavratorma da mis mier

uamravi xarvezis dafiqsirebis Semdgom krebuli gadaeca

xelnawerTa departamentis konservators dasaTvaliereblad.

daTvalierebam gviCvena mniSvnelovani sxvaoba 1897 wels

aRnusxul dafleTil (16 f.) da… 2004 wels registrirebul (192 f.)…

furcelebs…Soris. aRiniSna axali, mniSvnelovani damtverianeba

furcelTa dazianebebis siaxloves, ramac gaamyara hipoTeza,

rom xelnawerze aRiniSneba rogorc Zveli, aseve mogviani,

kerZos, 1897 wlis Semdeg droindeli dazianebebi.

etratis furclebis restavraciis Semdgom wamoWrili

problemebi iaponuri qaRaldis, rogorc Txis tyavis, gamo-

ye neba

sakonservacio paketi Sesrulda zomebze, raTa gagvezarda

gverdebis profilaqtika sacavSi. dacvis reJimebis gasaer Tia-

neblad 283 s. iyo mobilizebuli, rasac unda daematos ga Sro-

bisTvis saWiro drois didi periodi.

lia sixaruliZe

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

xelnaweri wignis aRdgena-restavraciis

irgvliv

1. saukuneebis manZilze iqmneboda da ixveweboda xelnaweri

wignis Seqmnis xelovneba.

xelnaweri wignis Seqmnis teqnologia bevr process Seicav-

da: etratis Seqmna; sasurveli (anu sxvadasxva) feris melnis

damzadeba; ydis, Sesakravi Tasmebis gakeTeba; kaptalis dag-

rexa; teqstis gadawera; mxatvruli gaformeba: sazedao asoebi,

kamarebi, miniatiurebi.

2. xelnaweri wignis restavracia iTvaliswinebs mTeli am

rTuli procesis codnas. restavraciis dawyebamde xelnaweris

konstruqciuli mxare uxilavia. restavraciis procesSi xel-

naweri iZleva unikalur SesaZleblobas, CavixedoT mis `orga-

nizmSi~ da davinaxoT is, rac zedapiruli daTvalierebiT ver

xerxdeba. Zafebis, Tokebisa da kaptalis mixedviT, romlebiTac

iyo SeerTebuli erTmaneTTan xelnaweri rveulebi, dgindeba,

ra meTodi gamouyenebiaT kinZvis dros da ra SemTxvevaSi iy-

enebdnen ama Tu im meTods; yda xelnaweris Tanamedrovea, Tu

Secvlilia gviandeli restavraciis Sedegad da sxv.

3. xelnaweris wignad srulyofaSi umniSvnelovanes rols as-

rulebda kaptali. misi meSveobiT amagrebdnen rveulebs erTma-

neTTan damatebiTi simyarisaTvis. kaptali xelnaweris mxatvru-

lad gaformebis aucilebeli elementic iyo.

mravalgvaria kaptali, aseve misi gamoyenebis meTodic.

4. yda mTavari elementia xelnaweri wignis SeqmnaSi. igi

ZiriTadad mzaddeboda xis firfitebisa da tyavisagan.

xelnaweris gamoyenebisas pirvel rigSi ziandeboda da cvde-

boda yda (rogorc tyavi, aseve xis firfitebi). roca ydis da-

zianeba gvaZlevs saSualebas, xdeba misi calkeuli nawilebis

aRdgena-restavracia.

204 205

5. specialurad unda aRiniSnos, rom ydis yuis restavra-

ciisas dauSvebelia SemakavSireblis (webo) gamoyeneba, yua unda

`sunTqavdes~ Tavisuflad, rac mas uxangZlivebs sirbilesa da

moqnilobas.

6. ydis nawilebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia Sesakravi Tasmebi,

romlebic tyavisagan mzaddeboda. Sesakravi Tasmebi aucilebe-

lia gansakuTrebiT sqeltaniani xelnawerebisaTvis furclebisa

da ydis deformaciis asacileblad.

miChael phelpsEarly Manuscripts Electronic library. Kalifornya, USa

EMErGING MEthodS for thE dIGItIZatIoN of PalIMPSEStS

the application of multi-spectral imaging to palimpsests is a young and prom-isingfieldofresearch. Substantial innovation is required to realize the full potential of the technology to recover ancient and medieval texts that remain hidden in the erased layers of palimpsests. I will survey standard and experimental methods used bythescientificteamthatsuccessfullyimagedtheArchimedesPalimpsest(www.archimedespalimpsest.org). on the basis of the survey, I will propose priorities for future technology development.

Advanced Imaging Techniques developed for the Archimedes Palimpsest

In 1999, a private collector purchased the archimedes Palimpsest at auction and deposited it for conservation and imaging at the Walters art Museum in Bal-timore. the owner funded a ten-year project to recover the erased layer of the palimpsest. Thescientificteam(RogerEaston,RochesterInstituteofTechnology;Keith Knox, Boeing; and Bill Christens-Barry, Equipoise Imaging) developed “Standard techniques” for imaging palimpsests and for processing the raw images to elucidate erased layers of writing. recently the team has explored “Experimental techniques” with potential to recover erased writing from more intractable pa-limpsests.

standard techniques

Image Capture. Narrow-band lEds illuminate a palimpsest in 13 different bands from the near ultraviolet (365 nm) through visible light to the near infra-red (1050 nm), and a 39 MP monochrome camera captures images with a 120mm macro lens. LEDilluminationachievesthefollowingadvantages:

1. Selecting the wavelength for image capture at the light source rather than at thelenswithfiltersimprovestheregistrationofimagesindifferentwavelengths,thereby improving the sharpness of the processed images.

2. lEds do not subject a manuscript to excessive heat. 3. New lEds are bright and as a result reduce exposure times for greater ef-

ficiency. 4. lEds can be used with a variety of commercially available monochrome

cameras, and therefore components of the spectral imaging system can be updated periodically without replacing the entire system.

Standard techniques also include imaging with raking illumination. raking illumination can highlight the tiny “channels” where iron gall inks have eaten into the parchment. Unfortunately, cockles in the parchment can cast shadows and ob-scure data.

Image Processing. automated image processing routines produce “pseudo-color” images in which the erased writing is depicted in a false color that contrasts with the overtext. as a result the undertext is highlighted and differentiated from the overtext. Pseudocolor images are normally generated from raw images cap-tured in ultraviolet and red.

experimental techniques

1.Colorimagingofultravioletfluorescence. Under Uv and/or blue illumina-tion,parchmentfluoresces(=emitslightatlongerwavelengths). In certain instanc-es,thecaptureofcolorimagesofUVfluorescencehasproveneffectivetorecoverthe undertext of palimpsests where Standard techniques failed.

2.Ultravioletreflectance. Standard glass lenses do not pass Uv. New Quartz lenses by Coastal optics pass Uv and make possible the capture of images in re-flectedUV. UVreflectancehasrecoverederasuresinnon-palimpsestmanuscriptswhere Standard techniques proved ineffective.

3. transmissive illumination. Capturing images of backlit folios reveal differ-ences in density caused when iron gall inks ate into parchment.

4. Polynomial texture Mapping (PtM). PtMs are interactive images that en-able the user to see how an object appears if illuminated from different angles. like raking illumination, PtMs can reveal channels where iron gall inks have eaten into parchment, but unlike raking illumination, PtMs are not limited by shadows, because the user can reposition the “virtual” source of illumination.

Recommendations for the Future

the greatest obstacle to the application of multi-spectral imaging to entire palimpsest codices or more importantly to whole collections of palimpsests is cost-effectiveness. Not only are the introductory costs of multi-spectral imaging high, buttheinefficiencyofmulti-spectralimagingmakeslarge-scaleprojectstorecovererasedtextsdifficult. this situation is exacerbated by the fact that no one image capture technique is guaranteed to recover erased text from every page of a pa-limpsest.

Twooptionscanincreasethecost-effectivenessofimagingpalimpsests:1. all of the image capture techniques I have discussed can be integrated into a

singlesequenceandcomputer-controlledforoptimalefficiency. the Early Manu-scriptsElectronicLibraryisworkingwiththescientificteamfromtheArchimedesPalimpsest Project toward that end.

2. an institution can undertake a project to apply the Standard technique to a group of palimpsests. folios for which the Standard technique does not return a satisfactory result can be marked for imaging with Experimental techniques in a second phase.

Ultimately, substantial advances in the science of palimpsest imaging will require that we understand why particular image capture and image processing techniques work for some palimpsests and not for others. to date scientists cycle through a sequence of techniques in search of positive results for each palimpsest. Understanding the underlying processes will require the compilation and analysis ofdatathatquantifiesthereflectivepropertiesofinksandparchments. Maximally, an independent survey of inks and parchments could be organized. More realisti-cally, this information could be collected from palimpsests as part of the imaging sequence and archived along with sample images in a central database. data would accumulate incrementally and provide a basis for understanding and eventually predicting the results of different image capture and image processing techniques.

sagamomcemlo jgufi

ana milaSvilinino siboSviliviola tuRuSi

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

0193 Tbilisi, merab aleqsiZis 1/3. tel.: 36 41 85, faqsi: 36 32 41.

www.manuscript.ge [email protected]

NATIONAL CENTRE OF MANUSCRIPTS1/3 Merab Alexidze str., 0193 Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel.: (995 22) 36 41 85, fax: (995 22) 36 32 41.

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