raj board class 11 book - computer science

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Computer Science

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AglaSem S
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dEI;wVj foKkudEI;wVj foKkudEI;wVj foKkudEI;wVj foKkudEI;wVj foKku /174

dEI;wVj foKku&1dEI;wVj foKku&1dEI;wVj foKku&1dEI;wVj foKku&1dEI;wVj foKku&1

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AglaSem S
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AglaSem S
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AglaSem S
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dsvuq:i ge bldk mi;ksx djuk pkgrsgSa rksbl fo"k; dh xgu tkudkjh gksuk vko';d

gSA dEI;wVj iz;ksDrk dse/; laokn LFkkfir djusesa vkWijsfVax flLVe dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gSA

fofHkUu izdkj dh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa dsmi;ksx lsge viuh vko';drkuqlkj izksxzke cuk ldrs

gSaA C++ izksxzkfex dh vko';drk lkWVos;j dsfodkl dsfy, c


6/178

fo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwph

INDEX

bdkbZ 1bdkbZ 1bdkbZ 1bdkbZ 1bdkbZ 1dEI;wVjdEI;wVjdEI;wVjdEI;wVjdEI;wVj (Computer Fundamentals)

11111 dEI;wVj dk fodkl ,oa ihf


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dEI;wVj dk fodkl ,oa ihf


8/178


bldsckn tc Hkkjr esa 'kwU; dkvkfo"dkj gqvk rksizkjfEHkd dEI;wVj esa

vkSj ifjorZu gksusyxsA le; chrrk jgk]fodkl pyrk jgkA 17oha'krkCnh dsizkjEHkesa LdkVyS.M ds,d xf.krK tkWu usfi;j(John Napier)dksykqx.kd (Logarithm)cukusdk fopkj vk;k vkSj mUgksausgh cknesa x.kuk djusokyh ,slh ;qfDr cukbZftlls cM+h&cM+h rFkk n'keyo okyhla[;kvksa dk xq.kk djuk cgqr vklku gksx;kA bl ;qfDr dks usfi;lZ cksUl(Napier's bones)dgk x;kA

lu 1642 esa kalhlh xf.krK Cyst,ikLdy (Blaize Pascal) usek= chlo"kZdh mez esa fo'o dk igyk ;kfU=ddsydqysVj cuk;k tksn'keyo iz.kkyhdh tksM+&ckdh dj ldrk FkkA blsikLdykbu (Pascaline)uke fn;k x;kA;g vusd pksa (Wheels),xjkfj;ksa(Gears)rFkk csyuksa (Cylinders)lsfufeZrFkkA ;g midj.k mlh izdkj dk;Zdjrk

Fkk ftl izdkj orZeku okguksa esa fdyksehVj ekiusdsfy, ekbyksehVj dke djrsgSaA rRi'pkr 1671esa teZuh dsxkWVhM fycfut (Gotfried Leibniz)usikLdykbu esa dqN ifjorZu fd;k ftllsbldsydqysVj }kjk xq.kk ,oaHkkx dj ikuk Hkh lEHko gksx;kA

fp=fp=fp=fp=fp=

fp= 1-3 Cyst ikLdy 1-4 ikLdykbu dsydqysVjfp= 1-3 Cyst ikLdy 1-4 ikLdykbu dsydqysVjfp= 1-3 Cyst ikLdy 1-4 ikLdykbu dsydqysVjfp= 1-3 Cyst ikLdy 1-4 ikLdykbu dsydqysVjfp= 1-3 Cyst ikLdy 1-4 ikLdykbu dsydqysVj

fp= 1-2 usfi;lZ cksUlfp= 1-2 usfi;lZ cksUlfp= 1-2 usfi;lZ cksUlfp= 1-2 usfi;lZ cksUlfp= 1-2 usfi;lZ cksUl

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9/178


lu 1801 esa tSdkMZ (Jacuard)usdiM+s cquusdh e'khu dk vkfo"dkj fd;k ftls ywe(Loom)dgk x;kA bl e'khu dh ;g fo'ks"krk Fkh fd blesadiM+s dsiSVuZdksdkMZ&cksMZdsfNnz;qDr iap dkMksZa }kjk fu;fU=r fd;k tkrk FkkA bl fl)kUr dk mi;ksx ckn esadEI;wVj esa lwpuk

dksiapdkMZij laxzfgr djusesa fd;k tkusyxkA

fp= 1-5 tSdkMZ dh ywefp= 1-5 tSdkMZdh ywefp= 1-5 tSdkMZ dh ywefp= 1-5 tSdkMZdh ywefp= 1-5 tSdkMZ dh ywe fp= 1-6 tSdkMZfp= 1-6 tSdkMZfp= 1-6 tSdkMZfp= 1-6 tSdkMZfp= 1-6 tSdkMZfdUrqvk/kqfud dEI;wVj dh ladYiuk us1821 esa vkdkj ysuk vkjEHk fd;kA ,d vaxzst

oSKkfud pkYlZcScst(Charles Babbage)us,d dsckn ,d rhu Lopkfyr ;kfU=d lax.kd(Automatic Mechanical Calculator)dsfuekZ.k dk iz;kl fd;kA bUgsa fMQjsal baftu (DifferenceEngine)uke fn;k x;kA igyk ;U= Lopkfyr dsydqysVj dk vkjfEHkd lEiw.kZ fMtkbu FkkA cScstfujUrj 12 o"kksZa rd blscukusdk iz;kl djrsjgsA vHkh ;g vk/kk gh cuk Fkk fd mUgksausviuk nwljk

;U= cukuk 'kq: dj fn;k tksigyslsgYdk rFkk rst pyusokyk FkkA fdUrqbldk fuekZ.k iwjk gksrkmllsigysmUgksausbllsHkh csgrj viuk rhljk ;U= cukuk izkjEHk fd;kA iwjk ;g Hkh ughagqvkA;|fi] ckn esa 1843 esa igyk ;U= cuk vkSj LohMu esaiznf'kZr fd;k x;kA

fp= 1-7 pkYlZ cScstfp= 1-7 pkYlZ cScstfp= 1-7 pkYlZ cScstfp= 1-7 pkYlZ cScstfp= 1-7 pkYlZcScst

AglaSem S
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fp= 1-8 cScst dk fMQjsal baftublh e esa cScst us1833 esa ,d vkSj lax.ku ;U= dk fuekZ.k vkjEHk fd;k ftlsoS'ysf"kd

;U= (Analytical Engine)dgk x;kA ,usysfVdy baftu dkslgh vFkksZ esa vkt dsvk/kqfud dEI;wVjdk iwoZt dgk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa cScst ds,usysfVdy baftu dk fof/kor fMtkbu dHkh cuk ghugha] fdUrqcScst usosewyHkwr fl)kUr vo'; LFkkfir dj fn, ftu ij vkt dsdEI;wVj dke djrsgSaA pfdr djusokyh ckr ;g gSfd bldh vusd fo'ks"krk,avkt dsbysDVkfud dEI;wVj dslekuFkhaA bldsfMtkbu esa vkt dsdEI;wVj tSlsdsUnzh; izkslslj] laxzg.k {ks=] eSeksjh vkSj buiqV&vkmViqV;qfDr;kavkfn lHkh dqN FkkA ;gkard fd dkMZiap djusdh i)fr Hkh cScst usgh igyh ckj izLrqr

dhA bu lc ;ksxnkuksa dsdkj.k gh pkYlZcScst dksdEI;wVj dk tud (Father of Computer)dgktkrk gSA

fp= 1-9 cScst dk ,usysfVdy baftu

AglaSem S
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lu 1887 esa vesfjdk ds geZu gkWysfjFk (Herman Hollerith)us lcls igyh fo|qr;kfU=d dkMZ iap lkj.kh e'khu (Electro Mechanical Card Punch Tabulating Machine)

cuk;hA bl e'khu esa cSVjh ls lapkfyr fLop vkSj fx;j Fks tks vR;f/kd vkokt fd;k djrsFksA gkWysfjFk dh bl e'khu esa iap dkMZ dk mi;ksx gksrk FkkA mUgksaus dksM fodflr fd, FksftUgsa gkWysfjFk dksM dgrs gSaA bu dksM ds }kjk iap dkMZ eas lwpuk dks laxzg djuk lEHko gksx;kA iap dkMZ dks VkbijkbVj tSlh e'khu ls iap fd;k tkrk FkkA iap dkMZ dEI;wVj esa lwpukfuos'k (Input)dk lcls iqjkuk ek;e gSA

fp= 1-10 gkWysfjFk ,oa gkWyfjFk dh e'khu

ekud iap dkMZ yxHkx 7-37 bap pkSM+k ,oa 3-25 bap yEck gksrk gSA bldh eksVkbZ 0-001bap gksrh gSA blesa 80 v{kj (Character)fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA iap dkMZ esatksfNnz gksrs gSa os 1iznf'kZr djrs gSa o tgka fNnz ugha gksrs os 0 iznf'kZr djrsgSaA

gkWysfjFk e'khu dk iz;ksx vesfjdk dstu x.kuk foHkkx }kjk 1890 dstux.kuk lEcU/kh

vkadM+ksa dksladfyr djusdsfy, fd;k x;kA vkadM+s ladyu esa dqy rhu o"kksZa dk le; yxk] tcfdfcuk bl e'khu dsblsdjusesa ,d n'kd yx tkrkA ;|fi bldh rqyuk esa] vk/kqfud dEI;wVj ;gdk;Zdsoy dqN ?kaVksaesa gh dj ldrsgaSA

AglaSem S
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fp= 1-11 gkWysfjFk dk iap dkMZfp= 1-11 gkWysfjFk dk iap dkMZfp= 1-11 gkWysfjFk dk iap dkMZfp= 1-11 gkWysfjFk dk iap dkMZfp= 1-11 gkWysfjFk dk iap dkMZ1924 esa vesfjdk esadEI;wVj cukusokyh igyh dEiuh bUVjus'kuy fctusl e'khu

dkiksZjs'ku (International Bussines Machines Corporation-IBM) izkjEHk gqbZ] tks vkt Hkh nqfu;kdh lclscM+h dEI;wVj fuekZrk dEiuh gSA

1943 esa vesfjdk dsgkoZMZfo'ofo|ky; dsHkkSfrd foKkuh gkoMZ vkbdu (HowardAiken)usvkbZ-ch-,e- dslg;ksx lsekdZ&I uked fo|qr&;kaf=d (Electro-Mechanical)dEI;wVjcuk;kA ;g dEI;wVj 51 QqV yEck vkSj 8 QqV pk FkkA blesa 0-75 fefy;u vo;o (Components)yxsFksrFkk ,d gtkj fd-eh- lsvf/kd yEcsrkj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ek= 5 lSd.Mesa nks10&vadh; la[;kvksadksxq.kk dj ldrk Fkk tksml le; dsfy, fjdkMZ FkkA blesa 23 vadksaokyh n'keyo iz.kkyh dh 72 la[;kvksa dkslaxzg fd;k tk ldrk FkkA blesa iap dkMksZdsLFkku ijiap isij Vsi dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

fp= 1-12 izFke fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj &ekdZfp= 1-12 izFke fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj &ekdZfp= 1-12 izFke fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj &ekdZfp= 1-12 izFke fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj &ekdZfp= 1-12 izFke fo|qr ;kaf=d dEI;wVj &ekdZ I

AglaSem S
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bysDVkfud dEI;wVjbysDVkfud dEI;wVjbysDVkfud dEI;wVjbysDVkfud dEI;wVjbysDVkfud dEI;wVj (Electronic Computer)vc rd fodflr dEI;wVj fo|qr&;kfU=d FksA buesa dbZ xEHkhj dfe;kaFkhaA ,d rks budh

dk;Zxfr /kheh Fkh nwljs ;kfU=d dyiqtksZa dsdkj.k buesa lwpukvksadk lapkj fo'oluh; ugha gksrk

FkkA budsvykok dksbZHkh fo'ks"k vfHkdyu djuslsiwoZ dEI;wVj dksml dk;ZlslEcfU/kr funsZ'knsusdsfy, cgqr lkjsfLopksa vkSj ;kaf=d fx;jksadksgkFk lslek;ksftr djuk iM+rk FkkA QyLo:idEI;wVj dh vis{kk vkijsVj dksdghavf/kd dke djuk iM+rk FkkA vr% vc oSKkfudksa dk lkjk /;ku ,d bysDVkfud dEI;wVj fodflr djusij dsfUnzr gksx;k tksT;knk rst gksusds lkFk&lkFkvf/kd fo'oluh; Hkh gksvkSj mllsdke djus esa vf/kd Je Hkh u djuk iM+sA bysDVkfud dEI;wVjesa xfr'khyrk ek= bysDVkUl dh gksrh gSA bysDVkUl dk lapj.k vR;f/kd fo'oluh; ,oarhozxfrlsgksrk gSftllsdEI;wVj dh xfr c


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ts- izsLij ,dVZ(J. Presper Eckert)rFkk tkWu epyh (John Mauchly)uscuk;kA bldk iwjk ukeEletronic Numerical Integrator and CalculatorFkkA ;g 50 QqV yEck rFkk 30 QqV pkSM+k FkkAbldk otu 30 Vu Fkk vkSj blesa 18]000 oSD;we V~;wcksa dk mi;ksx gqvk FkkA bls lapkfyr djus

dsfy, 1]50]000 okV fctyh dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA

fp= 1-13 bfu,dfp= 1-13 bfu,dfp= 1-13 bfu,dfp= 1-13 bfu,dfp= 1-13 bfu,d,Mosd,Mosd,Mosd,Mosd,Mosd (EDVAC) 1946-1952

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)bfu,d ds lykgdkjgaxjh ds tkWu okWu U;wesu (John Von Neumann) dhs laxzfgr vuqns'k ladYiuk (Stored ProgramConcept)ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k x;kA blls iwoZ dEI;wVjksa esa izk sxzke ,oa MkVk laxzg djuk cgqr

eqf'dy dk;Z FkkAizFke ih


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fp= 1-14 VkaftLVjfp= 1-14 VkaftLVjfp= 1-14 VkaftLVjfp= 1-14 VkaftLVjfp= 1-14 VkaftLVjbl le; Lefr (Memory)dh rduhd esa Hkh lq/kkj gq,A 1960 dsn'kd esa iw.kZr;k

VkaftLVj rduhd ij vk/kkfjr izkFkfed eSeksjh (Primary Memory)miyC/k gksxbZA f}rh;d eSeksjh(Secondary memory)dsfy, pqEcdh; Vsi vkSj fMLdksa dk iz;ksx izkjEHk gqvk tksvkt Hkh izpfyr

gSAVkaftLVj ds mi;ksx lsdEI;wVjksadk vkdkj cgqr NksVk gks x;k] lkFk gh vf/kd rkieku

dh leL;k Hkh cgqr gn rd de gksxbZA blh dkj.k budh fo'oluh;rk Hkh c


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bl le; dEI;wVjksa dsekudhdj.k (Standardization)dh vko';drk vuqHko gqbZA bllsiwoZ lHkh dEI;wVj fuekZrk vius fglkc lslkWVos;j dk fuekZ.k dj jgsFksvkSj muesa vkil esadksbZ

rkyesy ughaFkkA QyLo:i rS;kj fd, tkusokysizksxzkeksa dh ykxr T;knk iM+rh FkhA vr% lkWVos;jfuekZ.k dsfy, ekud vk/kkj r; fd, x,A

bl dky eas fodflr egRoiw.kZdEI;wVj IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, VAX-750vkfnFksA

prqFkZ ih


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kkj.k O;fDr Hkh ,d ?kjsywdEI;wVj dk [kpZogu dj ldrk gSAvkdkj ds vk/kkj ij bl ih


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egRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dh ladYiuk dkslkdkj gksus esa gtkjksao"kZyxsgSaA ;g fiNysdbZ gtkj o"kksZa

esa vusd O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd, x, vufxur vkfo"dkjksa] fopkjksa rFkk fodkl dk lefUor ifj.kkegSA

2- x.kuk dsfy, loZizFke mi;ksx esa vkusokyk midj.k ,csdl (Abacus)Fkk ftldk vfo"dkjphu esa gqvkA

3- 17oha'krkCnh dsizkjEHk esa LdkVyS.M dsxf.krK tkWu usfi;j usykqx.kd (Logarithm)cuk;krFkk ckn esa usfi;lZ cksUl uked x.kuk djusokyh ,d ,slh ;qfDr cukbZtkscM+h&cM+h rFkkn'keyo okyh la[;kvksadk vklkuh lsxq.kk dj ldrh FkhA

4- 1642 esa Cyst ikLdy usfo'o dk igyk ;kfU=d dsydqysVj cuk;k tksn'keyo iz.kkyh dh tksM+ckdh dj ldrk FkkA blsikLdykbu uke fn;k x;kA

5- vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dh ladYiuk dksizfrikfnr djusokyspkYlZcScst FksA bUgsdEI;wVj dstud(Father of Computer)dgk tkrk gSA

6- pkYlZcScst us1821 eas fMQjsal baftu rFkk 1833 esa ,usysfVdy baftu cuk, ftUgsavk/kqfuddEI;wVjksa dsiwoZt dgk tk ldrk gSA

7 -7 -7 -7 -7 - 1887 esa geZu gk WysfjFk us fo|qr ;kfU=d dkMZ iap VscqysfVax e'khu cukbZ ftldk mi;ksx 1890esa vesfjdk dstu x.kuk foHkkx }kjk tux.kuk lEcUkh vkadM+ksa dksladfyr djusdsfy, fd;kx;kA

8- 1943 esa vesfjdk dsgkoZMZ fo'ofo|ky; dsHkkSfrd foKkuh gkoMZvkbdu usIBM dslg;ksxlsMark-Iuke fo|qr ;kaf=dh dEI;wVj cuk;kA

9- bysDVkfud dEI;wVjksadk vkfo"dkj yxHkx lkB o"kZiwoZ vkjEHk gqvkA bysDVkfud dEI;wVjksa dk

cM+h rsth lsfodkl gqvkA10- bysDVkfud dEI;wVj dsfodkl e dksikap ihf


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v ,csdl c ,usysfVdy baftul ikLdykbu n dkMZiap VscqysfVax e'khu

5- dEI;wVj ds fodkl e dksfdruh ihf


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15- y?kqx.kd (Logarithm) dk vkfo"dkj fdlusfd;k Fkk\y?kqkjkRed iz'u%y?k qkjkRed iz'u%y?kqkjkRed iz'u%y?k qkjkRed iz'u%y?kqkjkRed iz'u%1- vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk tud fdls rFkk D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

2- ,csdl D;k gS\3- fuEu dk iw jk vFkZfyf[k,& IBM, ENIAC, EDVAC, IC, VLSI

4- ikapoh ih


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dEI;wVj rU=dEI;wVj rU=dEI;wVj rU=dEI;wVj rU=dEI;wVj rU=

(Computer System)

2-12-12-12-12-1 izLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkouk (Introduction)

fdlh ,d ;k ,d lsvf/kd y{;ksa dksizkIr djusds fy, dk;Zjr bdkb;ksa ds lewg dksrU= (System)dgrsgSaA mnkgj.k ds:i esa fo|ky; ,d rU= gS] ftldh bdkb;k gSa& fo|kFkh Z]f'k{kd] iz/kkukpk;Z] d{kk&d{k] iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk vkfnA bldk y{; gS f'k{kk iznku djukA

blh izdkj dEI;wVj Hkh ,d rU= (System) ds:i esa dk;Zdjrk gSA dEI;wVj rU=(Computer System)lsvfHkizk; dEI;wVj ds HkkSfrd Hkkxksa (Physical Units)lsgSA

2-2 dEI;wVj rU= dh bdkb;k2-2 dEI;wVj rU= dh bdkb;k2-2 dEI;wVj rU= dh bdkb;k2-2 dEI;wVj rU= dh bdkb;k2-2 dEI;wVj rU= dh bdkb;k(Units of Computer System)

dEI;wVj rU= eq[;r% rhu bdkb;ksa lsfeydj cuk gksrk gSA 1- flLVe ;wfuV (SystemUnit)] 2- buiqV ;wfuV (Input Unit) 3- vkmViqV ;wfuV (Output Unit)

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - flLVe ;wfuVflLVe ;wfuVflLVe ;wfuVflLVe ;wfuVflLVe ;wfuV (System Unit) %& ;g dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gS] ftlesa dsUnzh;lalk/ku bdkbZ(Central Processing Unit) vFkok lh-ih-;w- gksrk gSA flLVe ;wfuV ,dckWDl gksrk gS] ftlesa lh-ih-;w- ds vykok dEI;wVj dh dbZvU; ;qfDr;k (devices)rFkkifjiFk (Circuit)yxsgksrsgSa] tks ,d eq[; ifjiFk cksMZ;k enj cksMZ(Mother Board)ijla;ksftr jgrsgSA bl izdkj dEI;wVj dk vf/kdrj ifjiFk flLVe ;wfuV esa gh gksrk gSA

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - buiqV ;wfuVbuiqV ;wfuVbuiqV ;wfuVbuiqV ;wfuVbuiqV ;wfuV(Input Unit)%& dEI;wVj flLVe ;wfuV esa MkVk rFkk izksxzke fooj.kksadhizfof"V dsfy, iz;qDr dh tkusokyh ;qfDr;k (Devices)buiqV ;wfuV vkxe bdkbZdgykrh gSaA dh&cksMZ] ekml] ykWih fMLd vkfn buiqV fMokbl dsdqN mnkgj.k gSaAbudh vkxsfoLr`r ppkZdh tk,xhA

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - fuxZe bdkbZfuxZe bdkbZfuxZe bdkbZfuxZe bdkbZfuxZe bdkbZ(Output Unit)%& dEI;wVj flLVe ;wfuV lsizkIr fu"d"kksaZ dksfy[kusrFkk mu fu"d"kksaZdksekuoh; Hkk"kk esa izLrqr djusokyh ;qfDr;k vkmViqV ;wfuV fuxZebdkbZ dgykrh gSaA ekWuhVj] fizUVj vkfn dqN lkekU; fuxZe ;qfDr;k (Output Devices)gSaA budh ppkZHkh vkxs dh tk,xhA

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AglaSem S
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fp= 2-1 dEI;wVj dk CykWd js[kkfp=fp= 2-1 dEI;wVj dk CykWd js[kkfp=fp= 2-1 dEI;wVj dk CykWd js[kkfp=fp= 2-1 dEI;wVj dk CykWd js[kkfp=fp= 2-1 dEI;wVj dk CykWd js[kkfp=

2-32-32-32-32-3 dsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZdsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZdsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZdsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZdsUnzh; lalk/ku bdkbZ (Central Processing Unit)vFkok lh-ih-vFkok lh-ih-vFkok lh-ih-vFkok lh-ih-vFkok lh-ih-;w-;w-;w-;w-;w-(C.P.U.)

;g dEI;wVj dk fnekx gksrk gSA ;g funsZ'kksa dk f;kUo;u (Execution)djusdsfy, mUgsai


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ekbksdEI;wVj esa lh-ih-;w- (C.P.U.),d NksVk lk ekbksizkslslj gksrk gSA vU; cM+s dEI;wVjksaesa ,dlsvf/kd ekbksizkslslj gksldrsgSA ekbksizkslslj lsgh dEI;wVj dsdbZdk;Z lapkfyr gksrsgSAekbksizkslslj dh vkUrfjd lajpuk esa fuEu eq[; Hkkx gksrsgS %&

lh-;w- (C.U.),,-,y-;w- (A.L.U.),jftLVj (Register)] vkUrfjd cl (Internal Bus)A

ekbksizkslslj dsvkfo"dkj lsigysdEI;wVj dk ifjiFkdbZVkaftLVjksa (Transistors)dksla;ksftr dj cuk;k tkrk FkkAdEI;wVj dksvf/kd n{k] dk;Z&dq'ky ,oami;ksxh cukus dsfy,bldsizkslslj dsifjiFk esa VkaftLVjksa dh la[;k esa vR;f/kd of)gksrh xbZA blls VkaftLVjksa dk ifjiFk tfVy gksrk x;k vkSjifjiFk esa vf/kd rki mRiUu gksuslsbuds[kjkc gksusdh leL;kmRiUu gksusyxhA vr% ,d ,slsiqtsZdh vko';drk gqbZ ftlesavusd VkaftLVjksa dsrqY; ifjiFk gksA ,slk iqtkZ gh ekbksizkslslj

dgykrk gSAfp= 2-2 ekbksizkslslj

lclsigyk ekbksizkslslj lu~1970 esa baVsy dkiksZjs'ku (Intel Corporation)usIntel 4004dsuke lsrS;kj fd;k] ftlesa yxHkx 2300 VkaftLVjksa dscjkcj {kerk FkhA ekbksizkslslj yxHkxvk/ksbap dk flfydkWu /kkrqlsfufeZr vk;rkdkj VqdM+k gksrk gS] tks,d [kksy esa NksVs&NksVsduSDVlZ(Connectors)dslkFk O;ofLFkr jgrk gSA piVk gksusds dkj.k blsfpi (Chip)Hkh dgrsgSaA baVsy4004 fpi dsckn ekbksizkslslj dh rduhd fujUrj fodflr gksrh xbZvkSj budh {kerk o xfrc


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2-3-22-3-22-3-22-3-22-3-2 vadxf.krh; rkfdZd bdkbZvadxf.krh; rkfdZd bdkbZvadxf.krh; rkfdZd bdkbZvadxf.krh; rkfdZd bdkbZvadxf.krh; rkfdZd bdkbZ (Arithmetic Logic Unit), ,-,y-;w-,-,y-;w-,-,y-;w-,-,y-;w-,-,y-;w- (A.L.U.)

;g ;wfuV vadxf.krh; f;k, rFkk rkfdZd f;k, (Logical Operations)djrh gSA vad

xf.krh; f;kvksa esa tksM+] ckdh] xq.kk] Hkkx lfEefyr gSA ALUesa ,d ,slk bysDVkWfud ifjiFk gksrkgS tksvad xf.krh; x.kuk, djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA

rkfdZd f;kvksaesa ,-,y-;w- nksla[;kvksa;k MkVk dh rqyuk dj] fu.kZ; ysusdk dk;Zdjrk

gSA rqyuk dsifj.kke gk vFkok ughaesa gksrsgSa] ftllsfu.kZ; ysusesalgk;rk feyrh gSA

,-,y-;w- dUVksy ;wfuV lh-;w- dh fuxjkuh esa dk;Zdjrk gSA ;g eSeksjh lsMkVk izkIr djrk

gS] ml ij x.kuk, djrk gS vkSj ifj.kke iqu% eSeksjh dksgh ykSVk nsrk gSA ,-,y-;w- ds dk;Zdjus

dh xfr vfr rhozgksrh gSA ;g yxHkx nl yk[k x.kuk, izfr lSd.M dh xfr lsdjrk gSA ,-,y-

;w- esa vusd jftLVj (Register)vkSj ,D;qewysVj (Accumulators)gksrsgSatksx.kukvksdsnkSjku

{kf.kd laxzg gsrqeSeksjh dk dk;Zdjrs gSaA

,-,y-;w- esa MkVk izkslsl gksusdsckn ifj.kke dks ;k rks izn'kZu dsfy, vkmViqV midj.kks

esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSa;k mUgsaeSeksjh esa laxzfgr dj fy;k tkrk gSA

2-2-2-2-2-44444 ekbksizkslsljekbksizkslsljekbksizkslsljekbksizkslsljekbksizkslslj (Microprocessors)

nqfu;k dk lclsigyk ekbksizkslslj Intel Corp. U.S.A.}kjk lu~1971 esa fodflr fd;kx;k FkkA ;g ,d 4 fcV ekbksizkslslj Fkk ftls2250 VkfUtLVjksa dsifjiFk dksesVy vkWDlkbMflfydkWu (Metal Oxide Sillicon)fpi ij cukdj rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA bldk vkdkj 117159FkkA lu 1972 esa baVsy usigyk 8 bitekbksizkslslj Intel8008 cuk;kA nksuksa ekbksizkslslj Intel4004oIntel8008 PMOSrduhd ij vk/kkfjr FksA

muds ckn 1973 esa ,d vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh rFkk rst 8&bitekbksizkslslj cuk;k x;k ftlsIntel 8080dgk tkrk gSA baVsy dEiuh ds vykok vkt nksvU; dEifu;k Hkh ftuds uke AMD(Advanced Micro Devices)oCyrixgS] ekbks izkslslj mRiknu esa dk;Zjr gSA baVsy dEiuhdsvkt lokZf/kd izpyu esa tks ekbks izkslslj gS og isfUV;e Js.kh ds gSaA isfUV;e&I,isfUVe&II,isfUV;e&IIIrFkk lcls vk/kqfud isfUV;e& IVvkfn dqN izkslslj gSa tks dEI;wVj dsenjcksMZ esa lokZf/kd iz;qDr fd; s tkrs gSaA buds MkVk izkslsflax dh xfr 100 Mhzesxk gVZtls ysdj 800 Mhzrd gSA

AMDdEiuh us Hkh baVsy ds isfUV;e izkslsljksadh izfrLi/kkZ esa viuk ekbksizkslslj cktkjesa AMD-K5, AMD-K6 bR;kfn ekWMy cktkj esamiyC/k djk;sA bu izkslsljksa dh xfr baVsy dsekbksizkslslj dh rqyuk esa dqN de Fkh ijUrqdher essa Hkh ;srqyukRed lLrsFksA blh izdkj Cyrix

Js.kh ds ekbksizkslslj Hkh ekbks dEI;wVj esa bLrseky fd;stkrsgSaA ;svis{kkd`rInteloAMDlsdkQh lLrsgksrsgSa rFkk budh izkslsflax dh xfr isfUV;e dslerqY; gSA Cyrix 686oCyrix-m2vkfn dqN yksdfiz; lk;jsDl izkslslj gSaA

2-5 ?kM+h xfr2-5 ?kM+h xfr2-5 ?kM+h xfr2-5 ?kM+h xfr2-5 ?kM+h xfr (Clock Speed)CPUds dk;Z djus dh xfr ekius dh ,d dlkSVh ?kM+h xfr gSA dEI;wVj dh MkVk izkslsl

AglaSem S
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djus dh xfr bruh rhoz gksrh gS fd mls fdlh Hkh lk/kkj.k ?kM+h ls ekiuk vlEHko gS vr%dEI;wVj esa bysDVkfud ?kM+h yxkbZ tkrh gSA tks mlds dk;Z djus dh xfr dks ekirh gSA ;g?kM+h lhih;w }kjk fdlh ,d dke dks djus esa yxk le; ekius dh ctk; ;g ekirh gS fd

lhih;w ,d lSd.M esa fdrus dk;Z dj ldrk gSA bl xfr dks ekius dh bdkbZ esxk gVZt (Mhz)gSA eSxkgVZt ls gekjk rkRi;Z nl yk[k funsZ'k izfr lSd.M gSA vr% 800 Mhzxfr okyk lhih;wizfr lSd.M 80 djksM+ funsZ'k f;kfUor dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj Ghzls rkRi;Z ;g gS fdlkSyk[k funsZ'k izfr lSd.MA lu 2000 esa ,slsizkslsljksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk gS ftudh xfr 1GhzfxxkgVZt esa gSA

2-6 16 fcV] 32 fcV] 64 fcV ds izkslslj2-6 16 fcV] 32 fcV] 64 fcV ds izkslslj2-6 16 fcV] 32 fcV] 64 fcV ds izkslslj2-6 16 fcV] 32 fcV] 64 fcV ds izkslslj2-6 16 fcV] 32 fcV] 64 fcV ds izkslslj (16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit Processors)lcls igys ilZuy dEi;wVj esa ,sls jftLVj iz;ksx esa fy;s x;s Fks tks fd flQZ 2 ckbVl

(bytes)ds FksA ijUrq vktdy tks dEI;wVlZ cktkj esa miyC/k gS muesa 32bit, 64-bit ;k 128-

bitokys jftLVlZ gksrs gSaA jftLVj dk vkdkj tks fd 'kCn dk vkdkj (Word size)dgykrk gS]

ds }kjk gh irk pyrk gS fd fdlh Hkh fn;s x;s le; esa dEI;wVj fdrus MkVk dks izkslsl djldrk gSA ftruk cM+k 'kCn dk vkdkj (Word Size)gksxk mruh gh tYnh dEI;wVj MkVk dksizkslsl dj ldrk gSA ;fn dEI;wVj dk izkslslj 16 bitdk gS rks ;g ekuk tk;s fd izkslslj esaiz;qDr gksus okys jftLVlZ Hkh 16 bitds gh gksaxsA ;fn jftLVlZ 16 bitds gSa rks fuf'pr :i lsml jftLVj es a ,d lkFk 16bitdk MkVk izkslsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;fn izkslslj 32bitdk gS rks fuf'pr :i ls og izkslslj ,d lkFk fdlh Hkh fn;s x;s le; esa 32bitdk MkVkizkslsl dj ldrk gSA eryc ;g gS fd tks MkVk 16 bitdk izkslslj ;fn 1 lSfd.M esa izkslsldjrk gS rks ogh MkVk 32bitdk izkslslj vk/kk lSfd.M esa gh izkslsl dj nsxkA

fp= 2-3 fofHkUu izdkj ds izkslsllZfp= 2-3 fofHkUu izdkj ds izkslsllZfp= 2-3 fofHkUu izdkj ds izkslsllZfp= 2-3 fofHkUu izdkj ds izkslsllZfp= 2-3 fofHkUu izdkj ds izkslsllZvktdy cktkj esa gj rjg dsizkslslj miyC/k gSa tSls16bit, 32 bit, 64 bitdsizkslsljA ilZyudEI;wVj esa 16 bit ;k 32 bit dsizkslslj bLrseky gksrsgSa tcfd loZj Js.kh dsfeuh dEI;wVj esa 64 bit;k 128 bitdsizkslslj bLrseky gksrsgSaA izkslslj dk vkdkj dEI;wVj dh LihM dksizHkkfor djusokyksadkj.kksa esa ls,d gSA

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2-7 kslslj ds dkj2-7 kslslj ds dkj2-7 kslslj ds dkj2-7 kslslj ds dkj2-7 kslslj ds dkj (Types of Processors)fofHkUu rduhd lsfofHkUu izdkj dsizkslslj dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA izkslslj dksfufeZr djus

okyh dEifu;k Hkh dbZ gSa tSls IntelbaVsy] eksVksjksyk (Motorola), AMD (Advanced Micro

Devices),-,e-Mh- o CyrixbR;kfn tksfd fofHkUu rduhd (Technology)dsvk/kkj ij fHkUu&fHkUuizkslslj dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA buesanks rduhdks lscuk, izkslslj fuEu gSaA2-7-1 lh- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslsllZ2-7-1 lh- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslsllZ2-7-1 lh- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslsllZ2-7-1 lh- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslsllZ2-7-1 lh- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslsllZ (CISC Processors)

eksVksjksyk (Motorola)dEiuh ds680X0o baVsy dEiuh ds80x86Js.kh dsizkslslj CISCizkslslj (Complex Instruction Set Computing) dkEiysDl bUlVD'ku lsV dEI;wfVax) gh gSA bulh-ih-;w- dk funsZ'k lewg yxHkx 200 ls300 funsZ'kksa dk gksrk gSA ekbksizkslslj fMtkbu esa ;g ekuktkrk gSfd ;fn funsZ'kksa dk lewg NksVk gS rksizR;sd funsZ'k de le; esa izkslsl gksldrk gSA vkSjizkslslj fdlh fn;sx;sle; esa T;knk funsZ'k izkslsl dj ldrk gSA2-7-2 vkj- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslslj2-7-2 vkj- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslslj2-7-2 vkj- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslslj2-7-2 vkj- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslslj2-7-2 vkj- vkbZ- ,l- lh- izkslslj (RISC Processors)

tksizkslslj fdlh fn;sx;sle; esa] funsZ'kksa dk lewg NksVk o ljy gksusdsdkj.k T;knk funsZ'k

izkslsl dj ldrk gSA mlsbl fl)kar dsdkj.k (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)izkslsljdgk tkrk gSA RISCizkslslj esa funsZ'kksa dk lewgCISCizkslslj dh rqyuk esa dkQh NksVk o ljygksrk gSA 1980 esa Power PCesa bl rjg dsizkslslj bLrseky fd;sx;s Fkstksfd vis{kkd`r dkQhrst o de [kphZysFksA

e/;e vkdkj dsIBMdsdEI;wVlZ tSlsRS/6000oUnixdsodZLVs'kuksaesabl izdkj dsRISCizkslslj dk bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA eksVksjksyk (Motorola)dEiuh Hkh nksuksaizdkj dsizkslsljcukrh gSA ;g rksHkfo"; gh crk;sxk fd CISC;k RISCrduhd lscus izkslslj esa lsdkSulhrduhd dsizkslslj T;knk yksdfiz; gksaxs] ijUrq;g rksr; gSfd tks lclsde fo|qr dk mi;ksxdjsxk ogh rduhd T;knk fodflr dh tk;sxhA

2-8 lh-ih-;w- dS'k2-8 lh-ih-;w- dS'k2-8 lh-ih-;w- dS'k2-8 lh-ih-;w- dS'k2-8 lh-ih-;w- dS'k (C.P.U. Cache)

lh-ih-;w- ds }kjk tc MkVk ;k vuqns'kksa dksizkslsl fd;k tkrk gSrc MkVk ;k vuqns'kksadks

dEI;wVj dh jSe (RAM)eSeksjh lslh-ih-;w- dsjftLVj esa LFkkukafUrjr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesale;

dh cckZnh gksrh gSA bldsvykok jSe lh-ih-;w- dh rqyuk esadkQh /khesdk;Z djrh gSA bldk ,d

ek= mik; ;g gSfd lh-ih-;w- dh fpi ij gh ,d vfrfjDr eSeksjh yxk nh tkrh gSA blslh-ih-;w-

dh dS'k (Cache)eSeksjh dgk tkrk gSA ;g lkekU; jSe(RAM)dh rjg gh gksrh gSijUrq;g lkekU;

RAMjSe lsdkQh rst dk;Z djrh gSA blsfHkUu izdkj ls dk;Zesa fy;k tkrk gSA

tc Hkh lh-ih-;w- dksMkVk ;k vuqns'k jSe lsi


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dh {kerk gksrh gS vr% mldksukiusdsfy;s fuEufyf[kr bdkb;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSABit (Binary Digit), Byte, KiloByte, Mega Byte, Gega Byte, Tera Byte,Penta Byte

BitvFkkZr~Binary digit, 0;k 1 esa ls fdlh ,d vad dsfy;sbLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA bldh vU;

bdkb;ksa esa ijLij fuEufyf[kr lEcU/k gSA8 bits = 1 Byte

1024 bytes = 1 KB (Kilo fdyksByte)1024 KB = 1 MB (MegaesxkByte)1024 MB = 1 GB (Gega xhxkByte)1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Vsjk Bytes)

1024 TB = 1 PB (Penta isaVk Bytes)

dEI;wVj esa nksizdkj dh Lefr;kikbZtkrh gSaA ftUgsa iz/kku (Main)rFkk f}rh;d (Secondary)Lefrdgrs gSaA

dEI;wVj Le`fr

iz/kku (Main)Lefr viz/kku (Auxiliary)Lefr

;k ;k

vkUrfjd (Internal)Lefr ck (External)Lefr

;k ;k

izkFkfed (Binary)Lefr f}rh;d (Secondary)Lefr

2-9-1 iz/kku Le`fr ds izdkj(Types of Main Memory)dEI;wVj esa iz/kku Lefr] bUVhxzsVsM lfdZV(Integrated Cricuit or IC)ds:i esa mifLFkr gksrh

gSaA dEI;wVj esanksizdkj dh iz/kku Lefr ikbZtkrh gS jSe (RAM- Random Access Memory)ojkse (ROM- Read Only Memory)bu nksuksa Lefr;ksaesafuEufyf[kr vUrj gksrk gSA

RAM ROM

1- bldk iw jk uke Random Access 1- bldk iwjk uke Read OnlyMemory gSA MemorygSA

2- blesa lwpukvksa dksfy[kk (Write) 2- blesa lwpukvksadks flQZi


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(i) MhjSeMhjSeMhjSeMhjSeMhjSe (DRAM)MhjSe lsrkRi;ZMk;ufed jSe(Dynamic RAM)lsgSA ;g jSe(RAM)dh ,d fHkUu izdkj

dh eSeksjh gSA ;g MkVk dksrc rd viusikl j[krh gStc rd fjs'k ifjiFk (Refresh Circuit)

ds}kjk MkVk yxkrkj ,Dlsl gksrk jgrk gSA fjsf'kax f;k dsdkj.k blsMk;ufed jSe dgrsgSaA;s vis{kkd`r lLrh o de txg esa cukbZtkrh gSA bldkscukusesa ,d VkaftLVj o ,d dSisflVj(Capacitor)dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tc dSisflVj vkosf'kr gksrk gSrksfo|qr vkos'k gksusdsdkj.k 1&fcVdksn'kkZrk gS vU;Fkk vkos'k u gksusij 0&fcV dksn'kkZrk gSA

fp= 2-4 jSe eSeksjhfp= 2-4 jSe eSeksjhfp= 2-4 jSe eSeksjhfp= 2-4 jSe eSeksjhfp= 2-4 jSe eSeksjh(ii) ,lMh jSe,lMh jSe,lMh jSe,lMh jSe,lMh jSe (SDRAM)

vkerkSj ij dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr eSeksjh dkslk/kkj.kr% nksHkkxksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gSA LVSfVdjSe(Static RAM)rFkk Mk;usfed jSe(Dynamic-RAM)LVSfVd jSe oksysVkby eSeksjh gksrh gSA blesaMkVk rc rd lafpr jgrk gStc rd fd ;k rksge dEI;wVj dkscan ughadj nsrs;k ,d fuf'prle;kof/k dsckn Lor% gh fMfyV gkstkrk gSA blesa dqN (Refresh Circuit)fjS'k lfdZV gksrsgSatksbls[kkyh djusdk dk;Z djrsgSaA ;g DRAMlsvf/kd vPNh gksrh gSA(iii)vkj- Mh- jSevkj- Mh- jSevkj- Mh- jSevkj- Mh- jSevkj- Mh- jSe (RDRAM)

bl eSeksjh dk ,Dlsl le; 60 uSukslSfd.M gksrk gSA ;g ,l-Mh- jSe lsHkh rst gSA bl eSeksjhesa lsMkVk lh/ksgh fdlh Hkh ,Msl lsdkQh de le; esa i


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tk ldrk gSA vkSj tc blsi


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250MB, 500MB, 2GB, 10GB vkfn fofHkUu laxzg.k {kerkvksaesa miyC/k gSaA

fp= 2-6 pqEcdh; Vsi ;wfuVfp= 2-6 pqEcdh; Vsi ;wfuVfp= 2-6 pqEcdh; Vsi ;wfuVfp= 2-6 pqEcdh; Vsi ;wfuVfp= 2-6 pqEcdh; Vsi ;wfuV fp= 2-7 pqEcdh; Vsifp= 2-7 pqEcdh; Vsifp= 2-7 pqEcdh; Vsifp= 2-7 pqEcdh; Vsifp= 2-7 pqEcdh; Vsi

pqEcdh; Vsi dk mi;ksx izk;% cSdvi (Backup) MkVk ds:i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi orZeku esacgqr vf/kd laxzg.k {kerk dh rduhdh dk fodkl gkspqdk gS] fdUrqpqEcdh; Vsi dsNksVs vkdkjrFkk de dher gksusdss dkj.k budk mi;ksx vkt Hkh MkVk laxzzzg.k gsrqfd;k tkrk gSA pqEcdh;Vsi ,slk MkVk] ftldk mi;ksx ckj&ckj ughagksrk gS] dslaxzg.k gsrqvf/kd mi;qDr gksrh gSApqEcdh; Vsi esa MkVk dksec) :i lsgh vfHkxe (Access) fd;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, bldkvfHkxe le; (Access Time) dkQh vf/kd gksrk gSA blh izdkj bl ij MkVk fy[kus esa Hkh vU;;qfDr;ksa dh rqyuk esavf/kd le; yxrk gSA

2 -12 -22 -12 -22 -12 -22 -12 -22 -12 -2 pqEcdh; fMLdpqEcdh; fMLdpqEcdh; fMLdpqEcdh; fMLdpqEcdh; fMLd (Magnetic Disk) %& pqEcdh; fMLd ,d mi;ksxh ,oa vR;f/kdizpfyr laxzg ;qfDr gSA blesa lh/kh vfHkxe (Direct Access) fof/k lsMkVk dksrhozxfr lsizkIr,oalaxzg fd;k tk ldrk gSA lh/kh vfHkxe fof/k esa fdlh vfHkys[k dksiwoZorhZvfHkys[kksa dksi


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;wfuV dsvUnj yxh gksusdsdkj.k vkWu ykbu LVksjst fMokbl (Online Storage Device)Hkh dgrsgSaA orZeku esa80GB, 160GB vkSj240GBlaxzg.k {kerk dh gkMZfMLd vf/kd izpfyr gSA

gkMZfMLd ij cgqr&lh lwpuk,aLFkkbZ:i lslaxzfgr gksrh gSaA vkijsfVax flLVe] dEikbyj]

,lsEcyj] MkVkcsl] ,Iyhds'ku izksxzke vkfn Hkh gkMZ fMLd ij gh laxzfgr gksrsgSaA vr% gkMZ fMLdlokZf/kd izpfyr vko';d ,oaLFkkbZlaxzg.k ;qfDr gSA

gkMZfMLd esa ,Y;wehfu;e ;k vU; /kkrqlsfufeZr pdfr;ksa ;k fMLd IysVj (Disk Platters)dk lewg gksrk gSA izR; sd IysVj ij pqEcdh; vk;ju vkWDlkbM dk ysiu gksrk gSA IysVlZdh nksuksalrgksa ij ladsUnzh; VSDl (Tracks) vkSj lSDVj (Sectors)gksrsgSaA MkVk bUgh VSDl ,oalSDVj esalaxzfgr jgrk gSA lHkh fMLd IysVj ,d fLi.My (Spindle) esa fijksbZ gksrh gSA

izR;sd IysVj dk vyx lsjhM@jkbV gSM gksrk gSA lHkh jhM@jkbV gSM~l ,d gh Hkqtk ;kvkeZ(Arm) ij da/ksuqek lajpuk esayxs jgrsgSaA bl Hkqtk dks,Dlsl vkeZ (Access Arm) dgrs gSAizR;sd gSM ?kw erh gqbZfMLd dh lrg ij mi;qDr VSd ij igaqp tkrk gSA bl izdkj MkVk jhM@jkbV

djusdh f;k lh/kh gksrh gSA izR;sd MkVk dh fLFkfr dk ,d irk ;k fMLd ,Msl(Disk Address)gksrk gS ftlesa lrg la[;k] VSd la[;k vkSj lSDVj la[;k gksrh gSA blh dh lgk;rk ls ,Dlsl vkeZMkVk dks[kkstrk gSA

gkMZ fMLd ,oajhM@jkbV gSM ;slHkh ,d gok cUn pSEcj esa lhy gksrsgSaftllsogkard/kwy ughatk ikrh gSA ;g pSEcj ckgj lsns[kusesa yap ckDl tSlk yxrk gSA2-12-22-12-22-12-22-12-22-12-2.22222 ykWih fMLdykWih fMLdykWih fMLdykWih fMLdykWih fMLd (Floppy Disk) %& ykWih fMLd ek;yj IykfLVd (MylarPlastic)lsfufeZr ,d o`rkdkj pdrh gksrh gS] ftldh lrg ij vk;ju vkWDlkbM pqEcdh; inkFkZdk ysiu gksrk gSA bldh nksuksa lrgksa ij Hkh gkMZfMLd dsleku ladsUnzh; VSDl (Tracks)vkSj lSDVlZ(Sectors) gksrsgSA MkVk bUghaVSDl vkSj lSDVlZ esalaxzfgr gksrk gSA

ykWih fMLd dh lqj{kk gsrqbls IykfLVd dsvkoj.k esa j[kk tkrk gStksbls[kajksp vkfnlscpkrk gSA bldsvkoj.k esa ,d Hkkx [kqyk gksrk gS] ftlls jhM@jkbV gSM MkVk dks fMLd ij

fp= 2-8 gkMZ fMLdfp= 2-8 gkMZ fMLdfp= 2-8 gkMZ fMLdfp= 2-8 gkMZ fMLdfp= 2-8 gkMZ fMLd fp= 2-9 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjdfp= 2-9 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjdfp= 2-9 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjdfp= 2-9 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjdfp= 2-9 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjd lajpuk ,oadk;Zfof/klajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/klajpuk ,oadk;Zfof/klajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/klajpuk ,oadk;Zfof/k

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laxzfgr ;k izkIr dj ldsA bl [kqysHkkx dks ,Dlsl foUMks(Access Window) dgrsgSaAykWih fMLd vkSj mldsvkoj.k esa ,d fNnzgksrk gSftlsbUMsDl gksy(Index Hole)dgrss

gSaA bUMsDl gksy tc Hkh QksVkslsUlj (Photo Sensor) dsuhpsvkrk gSrksbldk vFkZgksrk gS fd

jhM@jkbV gSM vc orZeku VSd dsizFke lsDVj ij fLFkr gksx;k gSAykWih ds,d vksj dqN Hkkx dVk gqvk gkssrk gS] ftlsjkbV izksVsDV ukWp (Write Protect

Notch)dgrss gSaA bldk mi;ksx fMLd ij MkVk dksjkbV(Write) ;k laxzg.k lscpkusesa fd;k tkrkgSA tc ;g ukWp [kqyk gksrk gS rksge MkVk dksi


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dh izf;k esa lh-Mh- jkse dh ijkorZd lrg ij mPp rhozrk 25 esxkokV okyh yslj fdj.k Mkyhtkrh gSftllsogka,d vfr lw{e xM~


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ldrh gSaA ueh] rkieku tSl si;kZoj.kh; dkjd CD dh rjgDVD dksHkh izHkkfor ughadjrsgaS

fdUrqbls[kajksp lscpkuk vko';dgSA [kajksp lsDVD iw.kZr% csdkj gks

ldrh gSA /kwy Hkh DVD dksjhMdjusesa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSA vr%

blsges'kk doj esaj[kuk pkfg,A

22222-----1212121212-----55555 fti Mkbofti Mkbofti Mkbofti Mkbofti Mkbo (Zip Drive)fti Mkbo] ykWih fMLd dsi'pkr pqEcdh; ek/;e (Magnetic Media) dh nqfu;k dk

nwljk vk'p;ZgSA lh-Mh- jkbVj lsiwoZfti Mkbo gh lclsvf/kd izpfyr cSdvi midj.k FkhA fti

Mkbo lh-Mh- jkbVj lsdkQh fdQk;rh gSA blesaMkVk laxzg.k dsfy, tksmidj.k dke esa fy;ktkrk gS mlsfti dkWfVZt (Zip Cartridge) dgrsgSaA fti dkWfVZt ykusystkusesa lqfo/kktud rFkkvf/kd fo'oluh; gSA fti dkWfVZt esa yxHkx 100 MB MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldkvkdkj 4 oxZbap gksrk gS rFkk eksVkbZykWih lsyxHkx nqxuh gksrh gSA blhvklkuh lstsc esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ftiMkbo izk;% dEI;wVjksa esa ughagksrsblfy,fti Mkbo ds}kjk MkVk LFkkukUrj.k djrs

le; fti Mkbo ,oaMkboj dh Hkh lkFkesa vko';drk gksrh gSA fti Mkbo dks

bULVky djuk cgqr vklku gksrk gSAfti fMLd dkWfVZt dk pqEcdh;

ysi ykWih fMLd dh rqyuk esa dghavf/kdcsgrj ,oamPp xq.kokk dk gksrk gSA blfy,fti Mkbo dsjhM@jkbV gSM dk vkdkjdkQh NksVk gksrk gSftllsbleas VSDl dh la[;k dghavf/kd gksrh gSrFkk izfr VSd lSDVjksa dh la[;k

Hkh T;knk gksrh gSA jhM@jkbV gSM dsnksvksj ia[k (Wings) yxsgksrs gSaA ;s ia[k gSM dh xfr dks

fu;fU=r djrs gaSA

fti fMLd esa MkVk ykWih fMLd dh Hkkfr o`rkdkj VSDl ij laxzfgr gksrk gS] fdUrqizfr VSdlSDVjksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA fti Mkbo dslkFk ,d leL;k ;g gSfd orZeku esa

miyC/k vkWijsfVax flLVe fti MkbodksliksVZughadjrsgaSA vr% vyx lsMkboj baLVky djukiM+rk gSA

22222-----1212121212-----66666 isuisuisuisuisu/ QyS'k MkboQyS'k MkboQyS'k MkboQyS'k MkboQyS'k Mkbo / bUVsfytsUV fLVdbUVsfytsUV fLVdbUVsfytsUV fLVdbUVsfytsUV fLVdbUVsfytsUV fLVd (Pen/Flash Drive /Intelligent Stick)

;g MkVk LFkkukUrj.k ,oalaxzg.k dsfy, ,d vk'p;Zpfdr djusokyh fo'ks"krkvksa;qDr

fp= 2-14 MhohMh Mkbofp= 2-14 MhohMh Mkbofp= 2-14 MhohMh Mkbofp= 2-14 MhohMh Mkbofp= 2-14 MhohMh Mkbo

fp= 2-15 fti Mkbo ,oa fti dkWfVZtfp= 2-15 fti Mkbo ,oa fti dkWfVZtfp= 2-15 fti Mkbo ,oa fti dkWfVZtfp= 2-15 fti Mkbo ,oa fti dkWfVZtfp= 2-15 fti Mkbo ,oa fti dkWfVZt

AglaSem S
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raj board class 11 book - computer science

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