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oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k

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izkphu dky esa fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo i`FkoQ fo"k; le>stkrsFksA fo|qr osQ varxZr dkp dh NM+ksa] fcYyh osQ lewj]cSVjh] rfM+r vkfn osQ vkos'kksaij ppkZgksrh Fkh tcfd pqacdRo osQ varxZr pqacdksa] ykSg&Nhyu] pqacdh; lqbZvkfnesavU;ksU; f;k dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk FkkA lu 1820bZ- esaMsuekoZQ osQ oSKkfud vkWLVsZM us ;g ik;k fd pqacdh;lqbZosQ fudV j[ksrkj lsfo|qr /kjk izokfgr djusij lqbZfo{ksfir gkstkrh gSA ,sfEi;j rFkk iSQjkMsusbl izs{k.kdk ;g dgdj iks"k.k fd;k fd xfr'khy vkos'k pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrsgSarFkk xfr'khy pqacd fo|qr /kjk mRiUudjrsgSaA fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo esa,dhdj.k rc LFkkfir gqvk tc LdkWVySaM osQ HkkSfrdfon eSDlosy rFkk gkWySaM osQHkkSfrdfon yksjsat us,d flkar izfrikfnr fd;k ftlesamUgksaus;g n'kkZ;k fd ;snksuksafo"k; ,d&nwljsij fuHkZj gSaAbl {ks=k dksoS|qrpqacdRodgrsgSaA gekjspkjksavksj dh vf/dka'k ifj?kVukvksadh O;k[;k oS|qrpqacdRo osQ varxZrdh tk ldrh gSA oLrqr% oslHkh cy ftuosQ fo"k; esage fopkj djrsgSa] tSls?k"kZ.k inkFkZdksla;ksftr j[kusosQfy, muosQ ijek.kqvksaosQ chp yxusokyk jklk;fud cy ;gkrd fd lthoksadh dksf'kdkvksaesagksusokyh izf;kvksadh O;k[;k djusokyscyksadk mn~Hko Hkh oS|qrpqacdh; cyksals gqvk gSA oS|qrpqacdh; cy izo`Qfr osQ ewy cyksaesals,d gSA

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;g le>us osQ fy, fd fo|qrn'khZfdl izdkj dk;ZdjrkgSli+sQn dkxk dh og if;kyhft, ftudk mi;ksx geusvkosf'kroLrqvksa }kjk vkd"kZ.k ns[kusosQ fy, fd;k FkkA ih dksvk/k eksfM+,rkfd ih ij eksM+dk fu'kku cu tk,A ih dks[kksfy, rFkk blij fp=k1.3esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj] ioZrh; eksM+ cukdj gydh bLrjh

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fp=k1.2fo|qrn'khZ(a)Lo.kZi=k fo|qrn'khZ(b)ljy fo|qrn'khZdh :ijs[kkA

fp=k1.3dkxk&i h iz;ksxA

AglaSem S

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8/21/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - BHAUTIKI -1

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oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k

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1.3 pkyd rFkk fo|qrjks/h

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tc oqQN vkos'k fdlh pkyd ij LFkkukarfjr gksrk gSrksog rqjar gh ml pkyd osQ leLri`"B ij iSQy tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr ;fn oqQN vkos'k fdlh fo|qrjks/h dksnsarksog oghaijjgrk gSA ,slk D;ksagksrk gS] ;g vki vxysv;k; esalh[ksaxsA

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AglaSem S

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8/21/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - BHAUTIKI -1

10/285

6

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8

HkkSfrdh

1.5 oS|qr vkos'k osQ ewy xq.kgeus ;g ns[kk gSfd nksizdkj osQ vkos'k gksrsgSa /ukos'k rFkk .kkos'k rFkk buesa,d&nwljsosQ izHkko dksfujLr djusdh izo`fk gksrh gSA vc] ge ;gk oS|qr vkos'k osQ vU; xq.kksadk o.kZudjsaxsA

;fn vkosf'kr oLrqvksadk lkbk muosQ chp dh nwjh dh rqyuk esacgqr de gksrk gSrksgemUgsa cnqvkos'k ekursgSaA ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd oLrqdk laiw.kZvkos'k vkdk'k esa,d cnqij laosaQfnzr gSA

1.5.1 vkos'kksadh ;ksT;rk

vc rd geusvkos'k dh ifjek.kkRed ifjHkk"kk ughanh gS_ blsge vxysvuqHkkx esale>saxsAvarfje :i esage ;g ekusaxsfd ,slk fd;k tk ldrk gSvkSj fiQj vkxsc

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9

oS|qr vkos'k rFkk {ks=k

q = ne

;gkndksbZ/ukRed vFkok .kkRed iw.kkd gSA vkos'k dh ;g ewy bdkbZbysDVkWu vFkok izksVkWuosQ vkos'k dk ifjek.k gSA ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj] bysDVkWu osQ vkos'k dks.kkRed ekurs gSa_blhfy, fdlh bysDVkWu ij vkos'kerFkk izksVkWu ij vkos'k+e}kjk O;Dr djrsgSaA

oS|qr vkos'k lnSo edk iw.kkd xq.kt gksrk gSA bl rF; dksvkos'k dk DokaVehdj.kdgrsgSaAHkkSfrdh esa,slh cgqr lh vofLFkfr;kgSatgkoqQN HkkSfrd jkf'k;kDokaVho`Qr gSaA vkos'k osQDokaVehdj.k dk lq>ko loZizFke vaxzsk iz;ksxdrkZiSQjkMs}kjk [kkstsx, fo|qr vi?kVu osQizk;ksfxd fu;eksalsizkIr gqvk FkkA lu~1912esafefydu usblsokLro esaizk;ksfxd :i lsfun'kr fd;k FkkA

ek=kdksadh varjkZ"Vh; iz.kkyh(SI)esavkos'k dk ek=kd owQykWegS] ftldk izrhdCgSA ,dowQykWe dksfo|qr /kjk osQ ek=kd osQ inksaesaifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSftlosQ fo"k; esavki vxysv;k; esalh[ksaxsA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] ,d owQykWe og vkos'k gStksfdlh rkj esa1 A(,ssfEi;j) /kjk 1 lsoaQM rd izokfgr djrk gSHkkSfrdh dh ikB~;iqLrd d{kk 11] Hkkx 1 dkv;k; 2 nsf[k,A bl iz.kkyh esa] vkos'k dh ewy bdkbZ

e = 1.602192 1019 C

bl izdkj]1C vkos'k esayxHkx6 1018bysDVkWu gksrsgSaA fLFkjoS|qfrdh esabrus fo'kkyifjek.k osQ vkos'kksa ls;nk&dnk gh lkeuk gksrk gSvkSj blhfy, ge blosQ NksVs ek=kdksa1 C(ekbksowQykWe)= 106C vFkok1 mC (feyhowQykWe)= 103Cdk mi;ksx djrsgSaA

;fn osQoy bysDVkWu rFkk izksVkWu gh fo'o esa vkos'k osQ ewy ek=kd gSarkslHkh izsf{kr vkos'kksadks edk iw.kkd xq.kt gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj ;fn fdlh oLrqesan1bysDVkWu rFkkn2izksVkWu gSarksml oLrqij oqQy vkos'kn2 e + n1 (e) = (n2 n1) egSA pwfdn1rFkkn2iw.kkdgSa]budk varj Hkh ,d iw.kkd gSA vr% fdlh oLrqij vkos'k lnSoedk iw.kkd xq.kt gksrk gSftls eosQ pj.kksaesagh ?kVk;k vFkok c

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10

HkkSfrdh

mnkgj.k1.

3

mnkgj.k1.2

ldrh gS] ogkij vkos'k fofoDr izrhr gksrsgSarFkk vkos'k osQ DokaVehdj.k dh mis{kk ugha dhtk ldrhA vr% ;g tkuuk cgqr egRoiw.kZgSfd fdl ifjek.k osQ vkos'k dh ckr gksjgh gSA

mnkgj.k1.2;fn fdlh fiaM ls,d lsoaQM esa 109bysDVkWu fdlh vU; fiaM esa LFkkukarfjrgksrs gSa rks1Cvkos'k osQ LFkkukarj.k esafdruk le; yxsxk\

gy1lsoaQM esa iM ls109bysDVkWu fudyrsgSa] vr% iM }kjk1sesafn;k tkusokyk vkos'k1.6 1019 109 C= 1.6 1010 Crc1 C vkos'k osQ lafpr gksus osQ le; dk vkdyu 1 C (1.6 1010C/s)= 6.25 109s= 6.25 109 (365 24 3600)o"kZ= 198o"kZA bl izdkj ftlfiaM ls109bysDVkWu izfr lsoaQM dh nj ls mRltZu gks jgk gS] mlls1 C vkos'k lafpr djusesayxHkx 200o"kZyxsaxsA vr% cgqr ls O;kogkfjd dk;ksdh nf"V ls ,d owQykWe vkos'k dk,d vfr fo'kky ek=kd gSArFkkfi ;g tkuuk Hkh vfr egRoiw.kZ gS fd fdlh inkFkZ osQ 1 ?ku lsaVhehVj VqdM+sesayxHkx fdrusbysDVkWu gksrs gSaA 1 cm Hkqtk osQ rkcs osQ ?ku esa yxHkx2.5 1024bysDVkWugksrsgSaA

mnkgj.k1.3,d di ty esafdrus/u rFkk .k vkos'k gksrsgSa\

gyeku yhft, fd ,d di ty dk nzO;eku250 ggSA ty dk v.kq nzO;eku18 ggSAbl izdkj ,d eksy(= 6.02 1023 v.kq)ty dk nzO;eku18 ggSA vr% ,d di ty esav.kqvksadh la[;k= (250/18) 6.02 1023 A

ty osQ izR;sd v.kqesanks gkbMkstu ijek.kq rFkk ,d vkWDlhtu ijek.kqgksrk gS] vFkkZr]10bysDVkWu rFkk10izksVkWu gksrsgSaA vr% oqQy /u rFkk oqQy .k vkos'k ifjek.k esa leku gksrsgSaA vkos'k dk ;g ifjek.k= (250/18) 6.02 1023 10 1.6 1019C =1.34 107C

1.6 owQykWe fu;eowQykWe fu;e nkscnqvkos'kksaosQ chp yxscy osQ fo"k; esa,d ek=kkRed izdFku gSA tcvkosf'kr oLrqvksaosQ lkbk mudksiFkd djusokyh nwjh dh rqyuk esacgqr de gksrsgSarks,slhvkosf'kr oLrqvksa osQ lkbkksadh mis{kk dh tk ldrh gSvkSj mUgsacnqvkos'kekuk tk ldrkgSA owQykWe usnkscnq vkos'kksaosQ chp yxs cy dh eki dh vkSj ;g ik;k fd ;g cy nksuksa

vkos'kksaosQ ifjek.kksaosQ xq.kuiQy osQ vuqekuqikrh rFkk muosQ chp dh nwjh osQ oxZosQO;qRekuqikrh gSrFkk ;g nksuksavkos'kksadksfeykusokyh js[kk osQ vuqfn'k dk;Zdjrk gSA bl izdkj;fn nkscnqvkos'kksaq1rFkkq2osQ chp fuokZr esai`FkdurgS] rksbuosQ chp yxs cy(F)dkifjek.k gS

= 212

q qF k

r(1.1)

viusiz;ksxksalsfdl izdkj owQykWe bl fu;e rd igqps\ owQykWe us/krq osQ nksvkosf'krxksyksa osQ chp yxscy dh eki osQ fy, ,saBu rqyk*dk mi;ksx fd;kA tc nksxksyksaosQ chpiFkdu izR;sd xksysdh f=kT;k dh rqyuk esacgqr vf/d gksrk gS rks izR;sd vkosf'kr xksysdkscnqvkos'k eku ldrsgSaA rFkkfi vkjaHk djrsle; xksyksaij vkos'k vKkr FksA rc og fdl izdkj

* ,saBu rqyk cy ekius dh ,d lqxzkgh ;qfDr gSA bl rqyk dk mi;ksx ckn esaoSQosafM'k usnksfiaMksaosQ chp yxsxq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dh eki osQ fy, Hkh djosQ U;wVu osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e dks lR;kfir fd;kA

AglaSem S

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8/21/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - BHAUTIKI -1

15/285

11

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owQykWe fu;e tks fd ,d ljy xf.krh; dFku gS] ml rd vkjaHk esa]ij o.kr iz;ksxksa osQ vk/kj ij igqpk x;kA ;|fi bu ewy iz;ksxksa us blsLFkwy Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;k] voijek.kqd Lrj (r ~1010m)rd Hkh blsLFkkfir fd;k tk pqdk gSA

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F= 9 109 N

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AglaSem S

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