raj board class 12 book - bharat log aur arthvyastha

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Bharat Log Aur Arthvyastha

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146 Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk

ifjf'k"V (d)

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ifjf'k"V ([k)

Hkkjr % {ks=k] tula[;k] o`Qf"k tula[;k rFkk fuoy cks;k {ks=k] 2001

jkT;@osaQnz'kkflr {ks=k oqQy o`Qf"k fuoy cks;k izns'k (oxZfd-eh-) tula [;k tula[;k {ks=k*

(oxZ fd-eh-)vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg# 8249 356152 26629 -vka/zizns'k 275045 76210007 21691686 10362v:.kkpy izns'k 83743 1097968 298140 150vle 78438 2665528 4994305 2706fcgkj 94163 82998509 15518365 7267 1

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ifjf'k"V (x)

Hkkjr % n'kdh; tUe nj] e`R;q nj vkSj izko`Qfrd o`f nj] 1901&1999

n'kd v'kksf/r tUe nj v'kksf/r e`R;qnj izko`Qfrd o`f njizfr1000 izfr1000 (izfr1000)

1901 - 1911 49.2 42.6 6.6

1911 - 1921 48.1 47.2 0.9

1921 - 1931 46.4 36.2 10.1

1931 - 1941 45.9 37.2 14.0

1941 - 1951 39.9 27.4 12.5

1951 - 1961 41.7 22.8 18.9

1961 - 1971 41.2 19.0 22.3

1971 - 1981 37.2 15 21.0

1981 - 1991 29.5 9.8 20.1

1991 - 1999 26.2 9.0 17.0

fuokl osQ vafre LFkku osQ vuqlkj izokl dh /kjk, (vof/ 0&9 o'kZ) Hkkjr&2001

izokl var%jkT;h; varjkZT;h;/kjk, iq#"k L=kh iq#"k L=kh

xzkeh.kxzkeh.k 9985581 38894493 1759523 2714779xzkeh.kuxjh; 6503461 7718115 3803737 2569218uxjh;xzkeh.k 2057789 3155362 522916 530436uxjh;uxjh; 4387563 5510731 221882 2288598

lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2001

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149ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V (?k)

Hkkjr % xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; tula[;k] 1991] 2001

1991 2001

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osQjy 21356457 7676371 26.44 23574449 8266925 26e;izns'k 50787815 15348047 23.21 61028934 3 20152892 3 24.82egkjk"V 48251863 78748215 38.73 55777647 41100980 42.4ef.kiqj 1320866 505848 27.69 1590820 575968 25.1es?kky; 1431547 329079 18.69 1864711 454111 19.6fetksje 654513 317040 46.2 447567 441006 49.6ukxkySaM 1005478 210095 17.28 1647249 342787 17.2mM+hlk 27279615 4232455 13.43 31287422 5517238 15iatkc 14189913 6000882 29.72 16096488 8262511 33.9jktLFkku 33840522 10040118 22.88 43292813 13214375 23.4flfDde 368521 36984 9.12 480981 59870 11.1

rfeyukMq 36611285 19027033 34.2 34921681 27483998 44f=kiqjk 2325844 418983 15.26 2653453 545750 17.1mkjizns'k 111377720 27653410 19.89 137968614 1 36718656 1 21.1if'pe caxky 49360718 18622014 27.39 57748946 22427251 28vaMeku vkSj fudksckj}hi lewg 204301 74810 26.8 239954 116198 32.6paMhx


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ifjf'k"V ()

Hkkjr % /kfeZd laxBu dh tula[;k dk izfr'kr

jkT;@ fganw eqfLye bZlkbZ fl[k ckS tSu vU; /eZosaQnz'kkflr /eZ Kkr

ughatEewvkSj d'ehj 29.6 66.9 0.2 2.04 1.12 0.02 0.001 0.001fgekpy izns'k 95.4 2 0.1 1.2 1.2 0.02 0.006 0.007iatkc 36.9 1.6 1.2 59.9 0.2 0.2 0.03 0.02paMhx


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151ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V (p)

Hkkjr % Je dh lgHkkfxrk nj rFkk O;kolkf;d lajpuk] 2001

jkT;@oasQnz'kkflr izns'k Jfedksa dk oxhZdj.k

Je o`Q"kd oqQy o`Qf"k oqQy ?kjsyw oqQy vU; oqQy

lgHkkfxrk Jfedksa eknwj Jfedksa m|ksx Jfedksa Jfed Jfedksanj(%) dk dk Jfed dk dk

izfr'kr va'k izfr'kr va'k izfr'kr va'k izfr'kr va'ktEewvkSj d'ehj 37 1591514 42.4 246421 6.6 234472 6.2 1681408 44.8iatkc 37.5 2065067 22.6 1489861 16.3 333770 3.6 5238776 57.4fgekpy izns'k 49.2 1954870 65.3 94171 3.2 52519 1.8 890901 29.7paMhx


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ifjf'k"V (N)

rkfydk 1 % Hkkjr esaoxhZo`Qr Hkwmi;ksx

Hkw&mi;ksx oxZ 1960-61 2002-03( 000gsDVs;j)

izfrosfnr {ks=k 299151 306060ou 54189 69070xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ksesaiz;qDr Hkwfe 14795 24250catj o`Qf"k v;ksX; O;FkZ 35921 19250LFk;h pjkxkg {ks=k 14082 10570fofo/ r#&I+kQlyksao miouksa osQ varxZr {ks=k 4500 3360o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ 18632 13490iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe 10478 11680orZeku ijrh Hkwfe 11155 21530fuoy cks;k {ks=k 135399 132860

rkfydk 2 % 1993&94 osQ ewY; ij {ks=kd (Sectoral)ldy ?kjsywmRikn (Gross Domestic Product)

(djksM+#- esa)

lsDVj 1960-61 1999-2000

izkFkfed 112848 314252f}rh;d 34239 279066r`rh;d 59793 555049oqQy ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 206880 1148367

lzksr % Hkkjr dk lkaf[;dh; lkjka'k

lzksr % bdkWukWfed losZ] Hkkjr ljdkj

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153ifjf'k"V

ozQ- I+kQly fo'o mRiknu oqQy I+kQly {ks=k mRiknu mit flafpr {ks=kla- esa va'k (izfr'kr {ks=k osQ varxZr (fefy;u (fefy;u) (fdxzk-@gs-) (izfr'kr esa)

esarFkk Js.kh (izfr'kr esa) esa) esa)

rFkk Js.kh(2000-01) (2000-01) (2000-01) (2002-03) (2002-03) (2002-03)

1 pkoy 22.3(nwljk) 23.58 40.28 72.65 1562 53.62 xsgw 11.7(nwljk) 13.79 24.8 65.1 2618 88.13 Tokj NA 5.31 9.2 7.08 769 7.94 cktjk NA 5.23 7.6 4.63 610 85 eDdk NA 3.61 6.29 10.3 1642 22.4I. oqQy

vukt 11.1(rhljk) 54.13 NA NA NA NA 6 puk NA 2.8 5.67 4.13 728 30.97 rqj NA 1.96 3.38 2.21 653 4.2II lHkh nkysa 21.2(igyk) 11.33 20.05 11.14 556 12.5III oqQy

vukt NA 65.96 111.5 174.19 1562 43.48 ewxiQyh 17.1(nwljk) 3.59 5.95 4.36 733 17.69 rksfj;k rFkk

ljlksa 11.1(pkSFkk) 2.45 4.52 3.92 866 66.1IVoqQy

frygu NA 13.46 21.22 15.06 710 2310dikl 8.3 (pkSFkk) 4.67 7.67 8.74 193 34.311twV 61.2 (igyk) 0.46 1.04 11.38 1968 NA 12xUuk 22.8(nwljk) 2.44 4.36 281.57 64562 92.113pk; 28.1(igyk) NA NA NA NA NA 14dkWiQh 4.3(NBk) NA NA NA NA NA

NA-vkadM+smiyC/ ugha gSA

lzksr %,xzhdYpjy LVsfVfLVDl ,V ,Xykal] vxLr] 2004] vkbZ-,iQ-,iQ-lh-vks-] ubZfnYyh

rkfydk 3 % Hkkjr esa eq[; I+kQlyksa dk mRiknu {ks=k rFkk mit

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155ifjf'k"V

10. dikl egkjk"V 29.75 158 4.3xqtjkr 19.22 175 39vka/zizns'k 12.47 230 18.8iatkc 12.36 410 99.6gfj;k.kk 11.9 340 99.7

11. twV if'pe caxky 75.4 2396 NA

fcgkj 9.93 1217 NA vle 6.33 1765 NA 12. xUuk mkj izns'k 41.31 59292 89.5

egkjk"V 13.51 61795 100dukZVd 11.54 84361 99.9rfeyukMq 10.75 106778 100vka/zizns'k 5.47 65756 94

NA-vkadM+smiyC/ ugha gSA

lzksr %,xzhdYpjy LVsfVfLVDl ,V ,Xykal] vxLr] 2004] vkbZ-,iQ-,iQ-lh-vks-] ubZfnYyh

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ifjf'k"V (t)

Hkkjr % lM+dksa dk ?kuRo] 2001

jkT; vkSj ossaQnz'kkflr izns'k {ks=k lM+d ?kuRo(oxZ fd-eh-) (yackbZfd-eh- esa) (100 izfr oxZfd-eh-)

vka/zizns'k 275045 192057 69.8v:.kkpy izns'k 83743 18363 21.9vle 78438 87173 111fcgkj 94163 77478 82Nkhlxkj[kaM 79714 10069 12.63

dukZVd 191791 152453 79.49osQjy 38863 150495 387.24e; izns'k 308245 162370 52.68egkjk"V 307713 261783 85.07ef.kiqj 22327 11434 51.21es?kky; 22429 9497 42.34fetksje 21081 4970 23.58ukxkySaM 16579 21021 126.79mM+hlk 155707 236993 152.2iatkc 50362 61525 122.17jktLFkku 342239 142010 41.49flfDde 7096 1992 28.07rfeyukMq 130058 163111 125.41f=kiqjk 10486 14031 133.81mkj izns'k 240928 247248 102.62mkjkapy 53483 31881 59.61if'pe caxky 88752 90245 101.68vaMeku vkSj fudksckj 8249 1183 14.34paMhx


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lanHkZiqLrosaQ

vy?k] okbZ-osQ- (1990)- ,xzks&DykbesfVd Iykfuax ,aM jhtuy MsoyiesaV] bafM;u tjuy vkWiQ ,xzhdYpjy bdkWukWfed]45(3)% 244268

csdj] lqlku (2006)- lLVsuscy MsoyiesaV] :Vyst] yanu

HkYyk] th-,l- (,fM-) (1994)- bdkWukWfed fycjykbts'ku ,aM bafM;u ,xzhdYpj] baLVhV~;wV iQkWj LVMht bubaMfLV;y MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh

pkn] egs'k vkSj iqjh oh-osQ- (19983)- jhtuy Iykfuax bu bafM;k] ,ykbM ifCy'klZ fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh

nkarokyk] ,e-,y- vkSj vU; (1986)- bafM;u ,xzhdYpjy MsoyiesaV flal bafMisaMsal] bafM;u lkslkbVh vkWiQ,xzhdYpjy MsoyiesaV] ubZ fnYyh

bfy;V] tsfuiQj ,- (1994)- ,u baVksMD'ku Vw lLVsuscy MsoyiesaV] :Vyst] yanu

xouZesaV vkWiQ b afM;k (1998)- ôkVj LVsfVfLVd vkWiQ bafM;k*- lsaVy okVj deh'ku] ubZfnYyh

xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k- (1999)- ^baVhxzsVsM okVj fjlkslZt MsoyiesaV & , Iyku iQkWj ,D'ku*- us'kuy deh'ku iQkWjbafVxzsVsM okVj fjlkslZMsoyiesaV] fefuLVh vkWiQ okVj fjlkslZt] ubZfnYyh

xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k- (2002)- ûs'kuy okVj ikWfylh 2002*- fefuLVh vkWiQ okVj fjlkslZt] ubZfnYyh

xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k- (2002)- okVj lIykbZ,aM lsfuVs'ku % , MCY;w,pvks&;wfulsiQ LiksalMZLVMh*- Iykfuax deh'ku]ubZfnYyh

boku bfyp (1981) % n fMfyafoaQx vkWiQ ihl ,aM MsoyiesaV] xka/h ekxZ] i`- 257-65.

tkxyku] ,e-,l- (1990)- bEiSDV vkWiQ bfjxs'ku vkWu buok;jesaVy ,aM lksf'k;ks&bdkWukWfed&oaQMh'kUl % , osQl LVMhvkWiQ bafnjk xka/h duky dekaM ,fj;k] vuifCy'kM Fkhfll] lh,lvkjMh] ,l,l,l] ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyh

tkxyku] ,e-,l- ,aM oqQjS'kh] ,e-,p- (1996)- bfjxs'ku MsoyiesaV ,aM bV~l buok;jesaVy dkalhDoslsal bu ,fjM,fj;kt vkWiQ bafM;k] buok;juesaVy eSustesaV] 20(3):i`-323-336.

oqQekj] vkj-] flag] vkj-Mh- ,aM 'kekZ ] osQ-Mh- (2005)- ôkVj fjlkslZt vkWiQ bafM;k*- oQjs aV lkbal] 89(5),i`-794-811.

owQij ,- ,aM owQij tsfldk (1989)- n lks'ky lkbal ,ulkbDyksihfM;k] :Vyst ifCy'klZ] U;w;koZQA

oqQ:i] jk?kok lh-th- (,fM-) (1996)- gSaMcqd vkWiQ ,xzhdYpj] bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ ,xzhdYpjy fjlpZ] ubZfnYyh

egcwc&my&gd (1993) % ;weu MsoyiesaV bu , pssaftax oYMZ] ;wukbVsM us'kUl MsoyiesaV izksxzke (;w,uMhih)vkWosQtuy isilZ&4

feJk] vkj-ih- (1998) vkWu fn oaQlsIV vkWiQ jhtu ,aM jhtuy Iykfuax bu ewful jkk (,fM-) oaQfVC;w'ku Vw bafM;uft;ksxzkiQh%jhtuy MsoyiesaV] gsfjVst ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh

AglaSem S
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159lanHkZ iqLrosaQ

uUnh vk'kh"k (1998)- gsxsekWuh ,aM okW;ysal] , fjfDoe iQkWj ekWMuV] vkWDliQksMZ] ;wfuoflZfV iszl] vkWDliQksMZ

ikWy LVhVu (1984)_ csfld uhM~l % le vulsfVYM Dos'pUl] oYMZMsoyiesaV] okWY;we 12,la- 9,i`-973-78.

ikWy LVhVu (1995) ;weu MsoyiesaV % n fMcsV vckmV fn b aMsDl] baVjus'kuy lks'ky lkbal tjuy ua- 143,i`-25-37.

Iykfuax deh'ku vkWiQ bafM;k] ,V~Fk iQkbo b;j Iyku (1992&97)] okWY;weI,xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k] ubZfnYyh

lksuh] oh- (2003)- ^okVj oSQfjax oSQisflVh vkWiQ , flVh % MsYgh] bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdyh ohdyh] uoacj 8,i-4745-4749.

lq/hj vkuan ,aM veR;Z osQ- lsu (1994) % ;weu MsoyiesaV baMsDl % esFksMkWykWth ,aM estjesaV] ;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZvkWfiQl] vksosQtuy isilZ] i`-1-19.

lq/hj vkuan ,aM ekfVZu jsosfyu] (1993) % ;weu MsoyiesaV bu iwvj oaQVht vkWu n jksy vkWiQ izkbosV bade ,aM ifCydlfoZlst tjuy vkWiQ bdkWukWfed ilZisfDVol okWY;we7,la-1,i`-133-150.

lqanje osQ-oh- (1986)- vcZu ,aM jhtuy Iykfuax bu bafM;k] fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh

BkoqQj] ch-vkj- (2005)- lksf'k;ks&bdkWukWfed VkaliQkjes'ku bu HkjekSj Vkbcy ,fj;k&vkWiQ fgekpy izns'k&flalbalsI'ku vkWiQ vkbZVhMhih vuifCy'kM] ih,pMh Fkhfll] oqQ:{ks=k&;wfuoflZVh] oqQ:{ks=k

fVlMsy] DysesaV ,- (1990)] uspqjy fjlkslsZt] xzksFk ,aM MsoyiesaV] izstj ifCy'klZ] U;w;kWoZQ

;w,uMhih (1990&2003) % ;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ~l] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] vkWDliQksMZ

foycSaDl] FkkWel ts- (1994)- lLVsuscy MsoyiesaV bu ft;ksxzkfiQd ilZisfDVo ,,th84 (4): 541-556.

oYMZ deh'ku vkWu buok;juesaV ,aM MsoyiesaV (MCY;wbZlhMh) (1987)- voj dkWeu ;wpj] vkWDliQksMZ;wfuoflZVh

izsl] vkWDliQksMZ

oYMZ MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ(1992)- MsoyiesaV ,aM buok;juesaV] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] vkWDliQksMZ

AglaSem S
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fVIi.kh

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


17/162

157'kCnkoyh

izoklfof'k"V ms'; lsns'k osQ vanj ,d LFkkulsnwljsLFkku ij vFkok fons'k dksfdlh

izk.kh dk lapkyuA

mRizoklufdlh ,d ns'k lsnwljs ns'k esajgus] clusvFkok thou O;rhr djusosQ ms'; lsLFkkukUrj.kA

uxj&lewgufof'k"V LFkku ij uxjh; cfLr;ksadk tekoA

vkizokl

LFkk;h fuokl osQ ms'; lsfdlh ,sls ns'kesavkdj cluk] ftldk rg ewy fuoklhughagSA

'kj.kkFkhZtksyksx viusns'k esathou ?kkrd fLFkfr]vlqj{kk] ;q vFkok ekuo vf/dkjksaosQvfrozQe.k osQ dkj.kksalsnwljsns'k esa'kj.kysusosQ fy, ck; gkstkrsgSaA

fuoy izokl vFkok izokl dk larqyu,dLFkku esa vkus okysrFkk ml LFkku ls

ckgjtkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh oqQy la[;kdk vUrjA nwljs'kCnksa esa] izokfl;ksa vkSjvizokfl;ksadh oqQy la[;k esalsckgj tkusokysizokfl;ksa rFkk mRizokfl;ksa dh la[;kfudkydj tksla[;k izkIr gksrh gSA xf.krh;fof/esablsbl izdkj n'kkZ;k tkrk gS&(vkusokysizoklh $ vizoklh) (ckgjtkusokysizoklh $ mRizoklh)

izs"k.kizoklh }kjk viusmRifk LFkku dksHksth

xbZlkjh jkf'k vFkok eky euhvkWMZj izs"k.kdk ,d :i gSA

tyHk`r,d lar`Ir HkwoSKkfud bdkbZ(mnkgj.kkFkZckyw] ctjh] foHkaftr p^ku) ftuosQ }kjk

oqQvkdh {kerk osQ vuqlkj ty miyC/gksrk gSA

izokl izokg,d mn~xe rFkk xUrO; LFkku okysizokfl;ksaosQ lewg dks izokl izokg dgrsgSaA tc,d O;fDr ns'k NksM+rk gS mlsmRizoklvkSj tc ,d O;fDr fdlh vU; ns'k easizos'k djrk gS] mls vizokl dgrs gSaA

HkkSety LrjlaLrj dh mQijh ijr ftlesa lHkh fNfnzyLFkku ;k njkjsaiw.kZr;k ty lsHkjh gksrh gSaA

HkkSetylar`fIr {ks=k esa/jkryh; lrg osQ uhpsik;ktkusokyk tyA ;g oqQvksavFkok vU; lk/uksalsfudkyk tk ldrk gSvFkok >juksaosQ:i esarFkk lfjrkvksavkSj ufn;ksaesavk/kjizokg osQ :i esafudyrk gSA

o"kkZ ty laxzg.ko"kkZty laxzg.k og rduhd gSftlosQ}kjk /jkry vFkok v/Lry tyHkr esao"kkZty ,df=kr ,oalaxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA

tylaHkjtylaHkj Hkwfe dh ,d izko`Qfrd Hkw&tyh;bdkbZ gSftlesa ty ,df=kr gksrk gS vkSj,d lfjrk ra=k }kjk lkekU; LFkku ls cgtkrk gSA Hkwfe dh ;g bdkbZ oqQN gsDVs;jksadk NksVk {ks=k gksldrk gSvFkok xaxk unhcsflu osQ leku lSdM+ksaoxZfdyksehVj dk{ks=k Hkh gksldrk gSA

o`Qf"k&tyok;ohlEiw.kZ tyok;qrFkk Hkwlalk/u n'kk,tks

fdlh izns'k dh o`Qf"k ,oalEc vkfFkZdn'kkvksaosQ fodkl osQ fy, egRoiw.kZgksrh gSaA

rqizoklekSleh izokl dk izpyu gSftlosQ varxZrxzh"e rqesapjokgsleqnk; nwljspjkxkgksa

'kCnkoyh

esaizokl dj tkrsgSaA 'khr rqesa;gleqnk; viusLFkk;h fuokl ij ykSV vkrsgSaA

deku {ks=kog {ks=k ftlesa flapkbZo vU; dk;ks osQfy, ty vkiwfrZugj ra=k }kjk gksrh gSA

o`Qf"k;ksX; deku {ks=kugj ra=k }kjk flafpr o`Qf"k;ksX; HkwfeA ;gldy deku {ks=k ls fHkUu gksrk gSA ldydeku {ks=k esavo`Qf"k;ksX; Hkwfe lfgr ugjra=k }kjk flafpr lEiw.kZ {ks=k lfEefyrgksrk gSA

okjcanh ifr;g ugj fudkl {ks=k osQ deku {ks=k esatyosQ ,d leku forj.k dh ifr gSA

izokg ra=k vFkok iz.kky,d ugj iz.kky ftlesaxq:Ro osQ izHkko lsty izokfgr gksrk gSA

fyV ra=k vFkok iz.kky,d ugj iz.kky ftlosQ varxZr mRFkkiuifr }kjk ty Hkwfe osQ


18/162

yk sx fdlh ns' k osQ vR; ar egoi w.k Z ?kVd gksrs gSa AHkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk

phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSAHkkjr dh tula[;k mkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSjvkLVsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfkd

gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;kfuf'pr rkSj ij blos Q lhfer lalkkuksa ij ncko MkyrhgS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvk sa osQfy, mkjnk;h g SaA

Hkkjr osQ fopkj lsvkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQlfEeJ.k dksizdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh

fuf'pr laLFkkvksaosQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgsyksxksa lsclkgqvk ,d {ks=k gS\

bl v;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.kizfr:i] ?kuRo] o`f vkSj la?kVu osQ ckjs esa foospukdjsaxsA

tula[;k vkdM+ksa osQ lzksr

gekjs ns'k esatula[;k osQ vkdM+ksadksizfr nl o"kZckn gksusokyh tux.kuk }kjk ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gSAHkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esagqbZFkh foaQrqigyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esalaiUu gqbZFkhA

tula[;k dk forj.k

fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus

dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQforj.k dk izfr:i vR;fkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSjosaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mkj izns'k dh tula[;k lok Zfkd gS]

blosQ i'pkr egkjk"V] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkakzizns'k dk LFkku gSA

bdkbZ Iv;k;1

tula[;kforj.k] ?kuRo] o`f vkSj la?kVu

AglaSem S
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fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk forj.k

AglaSem S


20/162

tula[;k % forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f vkSj la?kVu 3

ifjf'k"V 1 d esafn, x, vkdM+ksadksns[krsgq, Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksavkSjosaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dksmuosQ vkdkj vkSj tula[;k dh n`f"V lsO;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, %

fo'kkyvkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okysjkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k

fo'kkyvkdkj foaQrqy?kqtula[;k okysjkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k

vis{kko`Qr y?kq vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSjosaQnz&'kkflr izns'k

rkfydk ifjf'k"V d lstkp dhft, fd rfeyukMq] e;izns'k]jktLFkku] dukZVd vkSj xqtjkr osQ lkFk mkj izns'k]egkjk"V] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkakzizns'k dh tula[;k

feydj ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k dk 76 izfr'kr Hkkx gSAnwljhvksj tEewvkSj d'ehj (0-98)] v#.kkpy izns'k(0-11) vkSj mkjk[k.M (0-83) tSlsjkT;ksadh tula[;k

dk vkdkj buosQ fo'kky HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ ckotwn vR;arNksVkgSA

Hkkjr esatula[;k dk ,slk vle LFkkfud forj.k ns'k dhtula[;k vkSj HkkSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk ,sfrgkfld dkjdksaosQ chp ?kfu"B lacak izdV djrk gSA tgkrd HkkSfrd dkjdksadk lacak gS] ;g Li"V gSfd Hkw&foU;kl vkSj ty dh miyCkrkosQ lkFk tyok;qizeq[k :i lsforj.k osQ izfr:iksadk fukkZj.kdjrhgSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ge ns[krsgSafd mkj Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa]MsYVkvksavkSj rVh; eSnkuksaesatula[;k dk vuqikr nf{k.kh vkSje; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksaosQ vkarfjd fkyksa] fgeky;] mkj&iwohZvkSjif'peh oqQN jkT;ksadh vis{kk mPprj gSA fiQj Hkh] flapkbZosQfodkl (jktLFkku)] [kfut ,oamQtkZlalkkuksadh miyCkrk(>kj[kaM) vkSj ifjogu tky osQ fodkl (izk;}hih; jkT;ksa) osQ

ifj.kkeLo:i mu {ks=kksaesatksigysfojy tula[;k {ks=k Fksosvctula[;k ds e;e~lsmPp laosQUnz.k osQ {ks=k gks x, gSaA

tula[;k forj.k osQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld

dkjdksaesa ls egoiw.kZ dkjd LFkk;h o`Qf"k dk mn~Hko vkSjo`Qf"k fodkl] ekuo cLrh osQ izfr:i] ifjogu tky&ra=k dkfodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k gSaA ,slk ns[kk x;k gSfd Hkkjr osQ unh; eSnkuksavkSj rVh; {ks=kksaesafLFkr izns'k lnSogh fo'kky tula[;k lkanz.k okysizns'k jgsgSaA ;|fi buizns'kksaesakehu vkSj ty tSlsizko`Qfrd lalkkuksa esa] mi;ksx

osQ dkj.k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gS] fiQj Hkh ekuo cLrh osQvkjafHkd bfrgkl vkSj ifjogu tky&ra=k osQ fodkl osQ

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tula[;k dk ?kuRo

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izfr oxZfd-eh- (2001) gStks,f'k;k osQ l?kure clsns'kksackaXykns'k (849 O;fDr) vkSj tkiku (334 O;fDr) osQ cknr`rh; LFkku ij gSA 1951 bZ- esatula[;k dk ?kuRo 117O;fDr@oxZfd-eh- lsckj[kaM] mM+hlk esae;e ?kuRo ik;k tkrk gSA fgeky; izns'k osQ ioZrh; jkT;ksavkSj vle dksNksM+dj Hkkjr osQ mkj&iwohZjkT;ksaesavis{kko`Qr

fuEu ?kuRo gSatcfd vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hiksadksNksM+dj

osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksaesatula[;k osQ mPp ?kuRo ik, tkrs gSa(fp=k 1-2)Atula[;k dk ?kuRo] tSlk fd igysosQ vuqPNsnksaesa

ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] ,d v'kksfkr eki gSA oqQy o`Qf"krHkwfe ij tula[;k osQ ncko osQ lanHkZesa ekuo Hkwfe vuqikr

osQ csgrj ifjKku osQ fy, dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksa dks

AglaSem S
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fp=k 1-2 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk ?kuRo

AglaSem S


22/162


Kkr djuk pkfg, tksHkkjr tSlsfo'kky o`Qf"k tula[;k okysns'k osQ fy, lkFkZd gSa(ns[ksackWDl)A

dkf;d ?kuRo oqQy tula[;k @ fuoy o`Qf"kr {ks=kA

o`Q"kh; ?kuRo oqQy o`Qf"k tula[;k @ fuoy o`Qf"kr {ks=kA

oQf"k tula[;k esa oQ"kd] o`Qf"k eknwj vkSj muosQifjokj osQ lnL; lfEefyr gksrs gSaA

ifjf'k"V 1 ([k) esafn, x, vkdM+ksadh lgk;rk lsHkkjr osQ jkT;ksavkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksadh dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksadk ifjdyudhft,A budh rqyuk tula[;k ?kuRo lsdhft, vkSj nsf[k, fd ;s

oSQls fHkUu gSa\

tula[;k dh o`f

tula[;k o`f nksle; cnqvksaosQ chp fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esajgusokysyksxksadh la[;k esaifjorZu dksdgrsgSaA bldh njdks izfr'kr esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA tula[;k o`f osQ

nks?kVd gksrs gSa] ftuosQ uke gSaizko`Qfrd (Natural)vkSjvfHkizsfjr (Induced)A tcfd izko`Qfrd o`f dk fo'ys"k.kv'kksfkr tUe vkSj eR;qnjksa lsfukkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS]vfHkizsfjr ?kVdksadksfdlh fn, x, {ks=k esayksxksaosQ varoZrhZvkSj cfgoZrhZlapyu dh izcyrk }kjk Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA

fiQj Hkh] bl v;k; esage Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh osQoyizko`Qfrd o`f dh foospuk djsaxsA

Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ nksuksan'kdh; vkSj okf"kZd o`fnj cgqr mQps gSavkSj le; osQ lkFk fuR; c


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fp=k 1-3 % Hkkjr & tula[;k o`f

AglaSem S


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okf"kZd tUe nj vkSj e`R;qnj rFkk izokl dh nj osQ dkj.kgqbZgS vkSj blfy, ;g o`f fofHkUu izo`fk;ksa dksn'kkZrh gSAbl vofk esao`f dh pkj lqLi"V izkoLFkkvksadks igpkukx;k gS%izkoLFkk d % 1901 ls1921 dh vofk dksHkkjr dh

tula[;k dh of dh : vFkok fLFkjizkoLFkk dgk tkrk gSD;ksafd bl vofk esao`f nj vR;ar fuEu Fkh] ;gkrd fd 1911&1921 osQ nkSjku .kkRed o`f nj ntZdh

xbZA tUe nj vkSj e`R;qnj nksuksamQpsFksftllso`f nj fuEu cuh jgh (ifjf'k"V 1 x)A fuEuLokLF; ,oafpfdRlk lsok,] vfkdrj yksxksadh fuj{kjrk] Hkkstu vkSj vU; vkkkjHkwrvko';drkvksadk vi;kZIr forj.k bl vofk

esaeksVs rkSj ij mPp tUe vkSj e`R;qnjksaosQfy, mkjnk;h FksA

izkoLFkk [k % 1921&1951 osQ n'kdksadkstula[;k dhfLFkj o`f dh vofk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrkgSA ns'k&Hkj esa LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk esaO;kid lqkkjksause`R;qnj dksuhps yk fn;kAlkFk gh lkFk csgrj ifjogu vkSj lapkj ra=kls forj.k iz.kkyh esalqkkj gqvkA iQyLo:iv'kksfkr tUe nj mQph cuh jgh ftlls

fiNyh izkoLFkk dh rqyuk esao`f nj mPprjgqbZA 1920 osQ n'kd dh egku vkfFkZd eanhvkSj f}rh; fo'o ;q dh i`"BHkwfe esa;g

o`f nj izHkko'kkyh FkhAizkoLFkk x % 1951&81 osQ n'kdksadksHkkjr esatula[;k

foLiQksV dh vofk osQ :i esatkuk tkrk gSA;g ns'k esae`R;qnj esarhozkl vkSj tula[;kdh mPp iztuu nj osQ dkj.k gqvkA vkSlrokf"kZd o`f nj 2-2 izfr'kr rd mQph jghA

Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn ;gh og vofk Fkhftlesa ,d osaQnzho`Qr fu;kstu izfozQ;k osQek;e lsfodklkRed dk;ksdksvkjaHk fd;kx;kA vFkZO;oLFkk lqkjusyxh ftllsvfkdka'kyksxksaosQ thou dh n'kkvksaesalqkkj lqfuf'prgqvkA ifj.kkeLo:i tula[;k dh izko`Qfrd

o`f mPp vkSj o`f nj mPprj gqbZA bu lcosQvfrfjDr frCcfr;ksa] ckaXyknsf'k;ksa] usikfy;ksadks

ns'k esaykusokysc


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fuoZgu osQ lanHkZesa mudksl'kDr djuk gSA efgykvksa vkSjyM+fd;ksaosQ l'kfDrdj.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k rkfdiq#"kksavkSj efgykvksadh fLFkfr esalerk ykbZtk losQA buosQvfrfjDr ;qokvksaosQ LokLF;] ozQhM+k vkSj izeksn] jpukRedrk

vkSj foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=kksaesa u, ifjorZuksa osQ ckjsesa tkx:drk dh ns[kjs[k gsrqlksps&le>s iz;Ru fd,x,AmQij dh xbZfoospuk ls,slk izrhr gksrk gSfdns'k

esa fno~Q vkSj dky osQ lanHkZ esa tula[;k dh o`fnj esaO;kid fHkUurk ikbZtkrh gStkstula[;k dh o`f lslacafkr vusd lkekftd leL;kvksadksmtkxj djrh gSAfiQj Hkh tula[;k osQ o`f izfr:iksadh csgrj varn`Zf"VizkIrdjus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd tula[;k osQ lkekftdla?kVu dh iM+rky dh tk,A

tula[;k la?kVutula[;k la?kVu] tula[;k Hkwxksy osQ varxZr v;;u dk,d lqLi"V {ks=k gSftlesavk;qo fyax dk fo'ys"k.k] fuokldk LFkku] ekuotkrh; y{k.k] tutkfr;k] Hkk"kk] keZ] oSokfgdfLFkfr] lk{kjrk vkSj f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d fo'ks"krk,vkfn dkv;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bl [kaM esaxzkeh.k&uxjh; fo'ks"krkvksa]Hkk"kk] keZ vkSj O;olk; osQ izfr:iksaosQ lanHkZesa Hkkjr dh

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ifjf'k"V 1 ?k esafn, x, vkdM+ksadk iz;ksx djrsgq, Hkkjr osQjkT;ksa

dh xzkeh.k tula[;k osQ izfr'krksa dk ifjdyu dhft, vkSj mUgsa

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D;k vki tkursgSa fd lu~ 2001 dh tux.kuk osQvuqlkj Hkkjr esa6]38]588 xko gSaftuesals5]93]731 (93

izfr'kr) xko cls gq, gSa\ fiQj Hkh iwjsns'k esa xzkeh.ktula[;k dk forj.k leku ugha gSA vkius;ku fn;k gksxk

,d vksj mkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa vkSj nwljh vksj oqQNosaQ&'kkflr izns'kksa (iqMqPpsjh] y{k}hi] vaMekuvkSj fudksckj }hi lewg dks NksM+dj) esa vfr mPp

o`f njsa D;ksa ikbZtkrh gSa\

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tula[;k lslacafkr tula[;k o`f nj osQ vkdM+ksa dksyhft, vkSj

mUgsala;qDr naM vkjs[k dh lgk;rk lsiznf'kZr dhft,A

Hkkjr esatula[;k o`f dk ,d egoiw.kZi{k blosQfd'kksjksadh o`f gSA orZeku esafd'kksjksavFkkZr~10&19 o"kZdkvk;qoxZdk va'k 22 izfr'kr gS(2001)] ftlesa53 izfr'kr

fd'kksj vkSj 47 izfr'kr fd'kksfj;k lfEefyr gSaA fd'kksjtula[;k] ;|fi mPp laHkkoukvksals;qDr ;qok tula[;kle>h tkrh gS] ;fn mUgsaleqfpr


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fd fcgkj vkSj flfDde tSlsjkT;ksa esaxzkeh.k tula[;k dkizfr'kr cgqr vfkd gSA xksvk vkSj egkjk"VjkT;ksadh oqQytula[;k dk vkksls oqQN vfkd Hkkx xkoksaesaclrk gSA

nwljh vksj nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh (77-1 izfr'kr) dks

NksM+dj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk y?kq vuqikr gh xzkeh.ktula[;k dk gSA xkoksadk vkdkj Hkh dkI+kQh gn rd fHkUugSA mkj&iwohZHkkjr osQ igkM+h jkT;ksa] if'peh jktLFkku vkSjdPNosQ ju esa;g 200 O;fDr;ksals de vkSj osQjy oegkjk"VosQ oqQN Hkkxksaesa;g 17]000 O;fDr rd ik;k tkrkgSA Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k tula[;k osQ forj.k osQ izfr:i dklaiw.kZijh{k.k mtkxj djrk gSfd varj&jkT; vkSj var%jkT;nksukas Lrjksa ij uxjhdj.k dk lkisf{kd ifjek.k vkSjxzkeh.k&uxjh; izokl dk foLrkj xzkeh.k tula[;k osQ lkanz.kdksfu;af=kr djrs gSaA

vkiusns[kk gksxk fd xzkeh.k tula[;k osQ foijhrHkkjresauxjh; tula[;k dk vuqikr (27-8 izfr'kr) dkI+kQh

fuEugSoQrqfiNysn'kdksaesa;g o`f dh cgqr rhoznjdksn'kkZ jgk gSA okLro esa 1931 bZ- lsuxjh; tula[;k dho`fnj lao` vkfFkZd fodkl] LokLF; vkSj LokLF; lacakhn'kkvksaesalqkkj osQ dkj.k rsth lsc


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vfkdka'k flD[k ns'k osQ vis{kko`Qr NksVs {ks=k fo'ks"k:i lsiatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj fnYyh esalaosaQfnzr gSaA

Hkkjr osQ lclsNksVskkfeZd lewg tSu vkSj ckS ns'kosQ fxus&pqus {ks=kksaesalaosaQfnzr gSaA tSfu;ksa dk izeq[k laosaQnz.kjktLFkku osQ uxjh; {ks=kksa] xqtjkr vkSj egkjk"VesagStcfd

fo'kkyre kkfeZd vYila[;d eqfLye tEewvkSjd'ehj] if'pe caxky vkSj osQjy osQ oqQN fkyksa] mkj izns'kosQ vusd fkyksa] fnYyh esao mlosQ vkl ikl vkSj y{k}hi

esalkafnzr gSaAbZlkbZtula[;k vfkdka'kr% ns'k osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesaforfjr gSaA eq[; lkanz.k if'peh rV osQ lkFk xksvk ,oaosQjyvkSj es?kky;] fetksje vkSj ukxkySaM osQ igkM+h jkT;ksa]

NksVkukxiqj {ks= k vkSj ef.kiqj dh igkfM +;ks a es a Hk h ns[kktkrk gSA

rkfydk 1-2 % vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk oxhZdj.k

ksr % ,stkkqhu vgen (1999)] lkekftd Hkwxksy] jkor ifCyosQ'ku] ubZ fnYyh

ifjokj mi&ifjokj 'kk[kk@oxZ oko~Q {ks=k

vkfLVd(fu"kkn)

1-38

vkLVks&,f'k;kbZ ekWu [+esj es?kky;] fudksckj }hi lewg

eqaMk if'pe caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk] vle] e; izns'k]

egkjk"VvkLVks&usfl;u Hkkjr osQ ckgj

nf{k.k nzfoM+ rfeyukMq] dukZVd] osQjy

vkakz izns'k] e; izns'k] mM+hlk] egkjk"VnzfoM+20

fcgkj] mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] e; izns'k

phuh&frCcrh(fdjkr)0-85

frCcrh&E;kaekjh

fl;keh&phuh

Hkkjrh;&;wjksih;(vk;Z)73

baMks&vk;Z

e; nzfoM+

mkj nzfoM+

frCcrh fgeky;h tEewvkSj d'ehj] fgekpy izns'k] flfDde

v#.kkpy izns'k

vle] ukxkyS.M] ef.kiqj] fetksje] f=kiqjk] es?kky;

mkjh vle

vle&E;kaekjh

bjkuh (iQkjlh) Hkkjr lsckgjtEew vkSj d'ehj

tEew vkSj d'ehj] iatkc] fgekpy izns'k] mkjizns'k] jktLFkku] gfj;k.kk] e; izns'k] fcgkj]mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] vle] xqtjkr] egkjk"V]xksvkA

njnh

Hkkjrh; vk;Z

rkfydk 1-2 dksnsf[k, vkSj izR;sd Hkk"kkbZ oxZdk va'k fn[kkrs gq,Hkkjr osQ Hkk"kkbZla?kVu dk ,d o`kkjs[k rS;kj dhft,A

vFkok

ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZoxksosQ forj.k dksn'kkZusokyk Hkkjr dk ,dxq.kkRed izrhd ekufp=k cukb,A

kkfeZd 2001

lewg tula[;k oqQy dk(nl yk[k esa) izfr'kr

gnw 827.6 80.5eqfLye 138.2 13.5bZlkbZ 24.1 2.3flD[k 19.2 1.9ckS 8.0 0.9tSu 4.2 0.4vU; 6.6 0.6

rkfydk 1-3 % Hkkjr osQ kkfeZd leqnk;] 2001

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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keZ vkSj Hkw&n`';

Hkw&n`'; ij keks dh vkSipkfjd vfHkO;fDr ifo=klajpukvk sa] dfczLrku osQ mi;ksx vkSj ikSkks a vkSjizkf.k;ksa osQ leqPp;] kkfeZd ms';ksa osQ fy, o{kksaosQfuoaqQtksa osQ ek;e ls izdV gksrh gSA ifo=k lajpuk,iwjs ns'k esa O;kid :i e sa forfjr gSaA ;s vLi"Vxzkeh.k lekfk;ksalsysdj fo'kky gnweafnjksa] Lej.kkFkZefLtnk sa vFkok egkuxjksa esa 'kksHk k;eku


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fp=k 1-4 % Hkkjr & O;kolkf;d lajpuk] 2001

oqQN mu eqksadh igpku djsaftuesaHkkjr iM+kslh ns'kksals vkxsgS;k

fiQj ihNs gSA

AglaSem S
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fn[kkbZ fn;k gS (1991 esa 66-85 ls 2001 esa 58-2)Aifj.kkeLo:i] f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d lsDVj esa lgHkkfxrknj c


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(iv) fuEufyf[kr esalsdkSu&lk ,d lewg Hkkjr esa fo'kkyre Hkk"kkbZ lewg gS\(d)phuh&frCcrh (x) vkfLVd([k) Hkkjrh;&vk;Z (?k) nzfoM+

2. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesa nsaA(i) Hkkjr osQ vR;ar mQ".k ,oa'kq"d rFkk vR;ar 'khr o vknzZizns'kksaesa tula[;k dk ?kuRo fuEu gSA bl

dFku osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls tula[;k osQ forj.k esatyok;q dh Hkwfedk dksLi"V dhft,A(ii) Hkkjr osQ fdu jkT;ksaesafo'kky xzkeh.k tula[;k gS\ bruh fo'kky xzkeh.k tula[;k osQ fy, mkjnk;h

,d dkj.k dks fyf[k,A(iii) Hkkjr osQ oqQN jkT;ksa esa vU; jkT;ksa dh vis{kk Je lgHkkfxrk mQph D;ksagS\(iv) o`Qf"k lsDVj esa Hkkjrh; Jfedksa dk lokZfkd va'k layXu gSA Li"V dhft,A

3. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj yxHkx 150 'kCnksa esansaA(i) Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ ?kuRo osQ LFkkfud forj.k dh foospuk dhft,A

(ii) Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ O;kolkf;d la?kVu dk fooj.k nhft,A

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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Nkhlx


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vkSj if'peh ;wjksi osQ ns'kksavesfjdk] vkLVsfy;k vkSj iwohZvkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ,f'k;k esa izokl djrsjgsA

Hkkjrh; izlkj (Indian Diaspora)

mifuos'k dky (fczfV'k dky) osQ nkSjku vaxzskksa}kjkmkj izns'k vkSj fcgkj ls ekWjh'kl] oSQjsfc;u }hiksa(fVuhMkM] VkscSxksvkSj xq;kuk) fiQth vkSj nf{k.kvizQhdk_ izQkalhfl;ksa vkSj teZuksa }kjk fj;wfu;u }hi]xqvkMsyksi] ekVhZuhd vkSj lwjhuke esa] izQkalhlh rFkkMp yksxksavkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa}kjk xksok] neu vkSj nhols] vaxksyk] ekstkafcd o vU; ns'kksaesadjkjc yk[kksaJfedksa dks jksi.k o`Qf"k esa dke djusosQ fy, HkstkFkkA ,slslHkh izokl (Hkkjrh; mRizokl vfkfu;e)fxjfeV ,DV uked le;c vuqcak osQ rgr vkrs

FksA fiQj Hkh] bu djkjc eknwjksaosQ thou dh n'kk,nklksalscsgrj ugha FkhaAizokfl;ksa dh nwljh rjax us uwru le; esa

O;olkf;;ksa] f'kfYi;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj iSQDVjh eknwjksaosQ :i esavkfFkZd voljksa dh ryk'k esafudVorhZns'kksaFkkbySaM] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] baMksusf'k;k] czwubZ]bR;kfn ns'kksaesaO;olk; osQ fy, x, vkSj ;g izo`fkvc Hkh tkjh gSA 1970 osQ n'kd esaif'pe ,f'k;k esagqbZ lglk rsy o`f }kjk tfur Jfedksa dh ekx osQdkj.k Hkkjr ls vkZ&oqQ'ky vkSj oqQ'ky Jfedksa dkfu;fer ck izokl gqvkA oqQN ck izokl m|fe;ksa]

HkaMkj ekfydksa] O;olkf;;ksadk Hkh if'peh ns'kksaesaizokl gqvkA

izokfl;ksadh rhljh rjax esaMkWDVjksa] vfHk;arkvksa(1960 osQ ckn) lkWVos;j vfHk;arkvksa] izcakuijke'kZnkrkvksa] fokh; fo'ks"kKksa] lapkj ek;e lstqM+sO;fDr;ksa vkSj (1980 osQ ckn) vU; lekfo"V Fks]ftUgksausla;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] dukMk] ;wukbVsM foaQxMe]vkLVsfy;k] U;wkhySaM vkSj teZuh bR;kfn esa izoklfd;kA bu O;olkf;;ksaus lokZfkd f'kf{kr] mPprevtZu djusokysvkSj liQyre lewgksaesa ls,d gksusdh fof'k"Vrk dk vkuan fy;kA mnkjhdj.k osQ i'pkr90 osQ n'kd esaf'k{kk vkSj Kku vkkkfjr Hkkjrh;mRizokfl;ksaus Hkkjrh; izlkj dks fo'o osQ lokZfkd'kfDr'kkyh izlkj esals,d cuk fn;kA

bu lHkh ns'kksaesa Hkkjrh; izlkj vius&viusns'kksaosQ fodkl esaegoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA

izokl

vki Hkkjr esa tux.kuk ls igys gh ifjfpr gSaA blesa ns'kesa izokl osQ lacak esa lwpuk gksrh gSA okLro esa izokl dks1881 bZ- esa Hkkjr dh izFke lapkfyr tux.kuk ls gh ntZ

djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k x;k FkkA bu vkdM+ksa dks tUe osQLFkku osQ vkkkj ij ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA ijar q 1961 dhtux.kuk esa igyk eq[; la'kksku fd;k x;k Fkk vkSjmlesanks ?kVd vFkkZr~ tUe LFkku vFkkZr~ xko ;k uxj vkSj (;fnvU;=k tUek gS) rks fuokl dh vofk lfEefyr fd,x,A

blosQ ckn 1971 esa fiNys fuokl osQ LFkku vkSj x.kuk osQLFkku ij #dus dh vofk dh vfrfjDr lwpuk dkslekfo"V fd;k x;kA izokl osQ dkj.kk sa ij lwpuk dklekos'k 1981 dh tux.kuk esa fd;k x;k ftldk ozQfedtux.kukvk sa esa la'kksku fd;k x;kA

tux.kuk esa izokl ij fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwNstkrs gSa % D;k O;fDr blh xko vFkok 'kgj esaiSnk gqvk gS\

;fn ugha] rc tUe osQ LFkku dh (xzkeh.k@uxjh;)fLFkfr] fkysvkSj jkT; dk uke vkSj ;fn Hkkjr lsckgj dk gS rkstUe osQ ns'k osQ uke dhlwpukizkIr dh tkrh gSA

D;k O;fDr bl xko ;k 'kgj esadghavkSj lsvk;kgS\ ;fn gk] rc fuokl osQ iwoZLFkku osQLrj(xzkeh.k@uxjh;) fkysvkSj jkT; dk ukevkSj

;fn Hkkjr ls ckgj dk gS rksns'k osQ uke osQ ckjsesavkxs iz'u iwNstkrsgSaAbuosQ vfrfjDr fiNysfuokl LFkku lsizokl osQdkj.k

vkSj x.kuk osQ LFkku ij fuokl dh vofk Hkh iwNh tkrh gSAHkkjr dh tux.kuk esa izokl dh x.kuk nksvkkkjksaij

dh tkrh gS% (i)tUe dk LFkku] ;fn tUe dk LFkkux.kukosQ LFkku lsfHkUu gS(blsthoui;r izoklh osQ uke lstkuktkrk gS)_ (ii)fuokl dk LFkku] ;fn fuokl dk fiNykLFkkux.kuk osQ LFkku lsfHkUu gS(bls fuokl osQ fiNys LFkku lsizoklh osQ :i esatkuk tkrk gS)A D;k vki Hkkjr dh

tux.kuk esaizokfl;ksa osQ vuqikr dh dYiuk dj ldrsgSa\2001 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj ns'k osQ 102-9 djksM+ yksxksa

esals30-7 djksM+(30 izfr'kr) dh fjiksVZizokfl;ksa osQ :iesa dh xbZ Fkh tks vius tUe osQ LFkku lsvyx jg jgs FksA;|fi fuokl osQ (fiNysLFkku osQ lanHkZesa;g la[;k 31-5 djksM+(31 izfr'kr) FkhA

AglaSem S
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izokldh kkjk,

vkarfjd izokl (ns'k osQ Hkhrj) vkSj varjkZ"Vh; izokl (ns'kosQ ckgj vkSj vU; ns'kksals ns'k osQ vanj) ls lacafkr oqQNrF;;gkizLrqr gSaA vkarfjd izokl osQ varxZr pkj kkjkvksadh igpku dh xbZ gS % (d) xzkeh.k ls xzkeh.k

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dk izokl gqvk gSA bues a ls 96 izfr'kr iM+ kslh ns'k ksa lsvk, gSa % ckaXykns'k (30 yk[k) blosQ ckn ikfdLrku

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lzksr %izokl lkj.kh] Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2001

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([k)xzkeh.k lsuxjh; {ks=kksaesa iq:"k izokl vfkd D;ksa gS\

AglaSem S
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fn, x, lekpkj fooj.kksals izoklu osQ jktuSfrd,oavkfFkZd dkj.kksa dksigpkuusdh dksf'k'k djsaA

ns'k vkizokfl;ksa vkizokfl;ksa dh la[;k dk

oqQy varjkZ"Vh; izokl 5,155,423 100iM+kslh ns'kksals izokl 4,918,266 95.5

viQxkfuLrku 9,194 0.2

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rkfydk 2-1 % Hkkjr esa lHkh vofk;ksa esa iM+kslh ns'kksa lsfiNys fuokl LFkku osQ vuqlkj vkizoklh

lzksr % Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] 2001

AglaSem S
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ifjf'k"V 2-1 esa vkizokl vkSj mRizokl osQ jkT;okj vkdM+sfn, x,gSaA Hkkjr osQ lHkh jkT;ksaosQ fuoy izokl dk ifjdyu dhft,A

izokl osQ dkj.kyksxlkekU; :i lsviustUe LFkku ls HkkoukRed :i lstqM+sgksrs gSaA drq yk[kksayksx viustUe osQ LFkku vkSjfuokldksNksM+nsrsgSaA blosQ fofok dkj.k gksldrsgSa

ftUgsa c`gr~:i ls nkslaoxks esa j[kk tk ldrk gS %(i)izfrd"kZdkjd (Push factor)tksyksxksadksfuokl

LFkku vFkok mn~xe dksNqM+okusdk dkj.k curs gSavkSj(ii) vid"kZdkjd (Pull factor)tks fofHkUu LFkkuksals

yksxksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaAHkkjr esayksx xzkeh.k lsuxjh; {ks=kksaesaeq[;r% xjhch]

o`Qf"k Hkwfe ij tula[;k osQ vfkd ncko] LokLF; lsokvksa]f'k{kk tSlh vkkkjHkwr volajpukRed lqfokkvksa osQ vHkkobR;kfn osQ dkj.k izokl djrs gSaA bu dkjdksa osQ vfrfjDr

pkj dgkfu;k izokfl;ksadh fHkUu fLFkfr;ksadk o.kZu djrh gSaA

vkfjiQ osQ fy, izfrd"kZvkSj vid"kZdkjdksa dh x.kuk dhft,A

eksgu flag osQ dkSu&lsvid"kZdkjd gSa\

lqCcy{eh vkSj euh"k xkojdj dh dgkfu;ksa dk v;;u dhft,A izokl osQ izdkj] izokl osQ dkj.kksa vkSj muosQ jgu&lgudh n'kkvksaosQ vkkkj ij muosQ izdj.kksadh rqyuk dhft,A

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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izokl lsfofok laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ yksxksadk varfeZJ.kgksrkgSA bldk ladh.kZfopkjksadksHksnrsrFkk felzlaLo`Qfr osQmn~fodkl esaldkjkRed ;ksxnku gksrk gSvkSj ;g vfkdrjyksxksaosQ ekufld f{kfrt dksfoLr`r djrk gSA drqblosQxqeukeh tSls xaHkhj udkjkRed ifj.kke Hkh gksrs gSa tks

O;fDr;ksaesalkekftd fuokZr vkSj f[kUurk dh Hkkouk Hkj nsrsgSaA f[kUurk dh lrr Hkkouk yksxksa dksvijkk vkSj vkS"kknq#i;ksx (drug abuse)tSlh vlkekftd fozQ;kvksaosQik'kesaiQlusosQ fy, vfHkizsfjr dj ldrh gSA

i;kZoj.kh; ifj.kke

xzkeh.k lsuxjh; izokl osQ dkj.k yksxksadk vfr laoqQyuuxjh;{ks=kksaesaorZeku lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd volajpuk ijnckoMkyrk gSA varr% bllsuxjh; cfLr;ksadh vfu;ksftro`fgksrh gSvkSj xanh cfLr;ksavkSj {kqnzdkWyksfu;ksadk fue

raj board class 12 book - bharat log aur arthvyastha

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