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& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &

jk"Vh; 'kSf {kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kSf {kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh

20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

jktdh;jktdh;jktdh;jktdh;jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrq

tho foKkud{kk 11 ds fy, ikB~;iqLrd

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fo"k; lwph

vkeq[k (iii)

f'k{kdksa ,oafo|kfFkZ;ksaosQ ;kukFkZ (vi)

bdkbZ ,d

tho txr esafofo/rk 1&62

v;k; 1 tho txr 3

v;k; 2 tho txr dk oxhZdj.k 16

v;k; 3 ouLifr txr 29

v;k; 4 izkf.k txr 46

bdkbZ nks

ikni ,oaizkf.k;ksa esalajpukRed laxBu 63&122

v;k; 5 iq"ih ikniksadh vkdkfjdh 65

v;k; 6 iq"ih ikniksa dk 'kjhj 84

v;k; 7 izkf.k;ksa esa lajpukRed laxBu 100

bdkbZ rhu

dksf'kdk % lajpuk ,oa dk;Z 123&172

v;k; 8 dksf'kdk % thou dh bdkbZ 125

v;k; 9 tSo v.kq 142

v;k; 10 dksf'kdk p vkSj dksf'kdk foHkktu 162

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bdkbZ pkj

ikni dk;Zdh; 173&254

v;k; 11 ikS/ksa esaifjogu 175

v;k; 12 [kfut iks"k.k 194

v;k; 13 mPp ikniksa esa izdk'k&la'ys"k.k 206

v;k; 14 ikni esa'olu 226

v;k; 15 ikni o`f ,oa ifjo/Zu 239

bdkbZ ikp

ekuo 'kjhj foKku 255&342

v;k; 16 ikpu ,oa vo'kks"k.k 257

v;k; 17 'olu vkSj xSlksadk fofue; 268

v;k; 18 'kjhj nzo rFkk ifjlapj.k 278

v;k; 19 mRlthZmRikn ,oa mudk fu"dklu 290

v;k; 20 xeu ,oa lapyu 302

v;k; 21 ra=kdh; fu;a=k.k ,oaleUo; 315

v;k; 22 jklk;fud leUo; rFkk ,dhdj.k 330

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tho foKku lHkh izdkj osQ thou jpuk ,oatSo izeksadk foKku gSA tho txr dkSrqgytSo fofo/rkvksalsifjiw.kZgSA vkfn ekuo vklkuhiwoZd futhZo inkFkZ ,oalthoksaosQ chpvarj dj ldrk FkkA vkfn ekuo usoqQNsd futhZo inkFkks(tSlsok;q] leqanz] vkx vkfn)rFkk oqQN ltho izkf.k;ksa,oaiks/ksaesaHksn fd;k FkkA bu lHkh izdkj osQ thfor ,oathoghuLo:i esa] mUgksaustks loZlkekU; fof'k"Vrk,aikbZa] osmuosQ }kjk Hk; ;k nwj Hkkxus osQ Hkkoij vkkkfjr FkhA lthoksa dk o.kZu] ftlesaekuo Hkh 'kkfey Fkk] ekuo bfrgkl esadkiQhckn eas izkjaHk gqvk tks lekt (tho foKku dh n`f"V ls) ekuoksn~Hko foKku esa layXu FksaAos tSo oSKkfud Kku esalhfer izxfr ntZdj losQA

tho Lo:i osQ ofxZdh foKku ,oaLekjdh; fooj.k us foLr`r igpku iz.kkyh

uke&ifr rFkk oxhZdj.k ifr dh vko';drk iznku dh gSA bl izdkj osQ v;;uksadklclscM+k izp.k lthoksa}kjk okZ/j ,oa {kSfrt] nksuksagh lekurkvksaosQ Hkkxhnkjh dksekU;rk nsuk FkkA orZeku osQ lHkh thoksaosQ ijLij lac vkSj lkFk gh iFoh ij vkfndkyokyslHkh tho osQ lkFk muosQ laoknksadk jgL;ksn~?kkVu ekuoh; vgadkj vkSj tSo fofokrkosQ laj{k.k osQ fy, ,d lkaLd`frd vkanksyu osQ dkj.k FksA bl bdkbZosQ vuqxkeh v;k;ksaesavki oxhZZdj.k&ifjizsL; oSKkfud izkf.k;ksa,oa ikniksaosQ oxhZdj.k lfgr o.kZu osQ ckjsesai

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,juLV es;j dk tUe 5 tqykbZ] 1904 esaosaQiVu] teZuh esagqvk FkkA vki gkoMZfo'ofo|ky; osQ fodklijd tho oSKkfud Fks] ftUgsa 20oha'krh dk MkfoZu*dgk x;kA vki vc rd osQ 100 egku oSKkfudksaeasls ,d FksA es;j uslu~1953 esa gkoMZfo'ofo|ky; dh dyk ,oafoKku ladk; esaukSdjh izkIrdhvkSj 1975 es ,ysDtasMj vxklht izksisQ+lj vkWiQ tqyksth ,ehfjVldh inoh osQlkFk vodk'k izkIr fd;kA vius 80 lkyksa osQ dk;Z thou esa vkidki{kh&foKku] oxhZdj.k&foKku] izkf.k&Hkwxksy] fodkl] ofxZdh rFkk tho foKku

osQ bfrgkl ,oan'kZu vkfn ij vuqla/ku osaQfnzr jgkA vki us yxHkx vosQysghfodklh; tho foKku osQ osaQnzh; iz'u tkfr fofo/rk dh mRifk dks[kM+kfd;k] tksfd vkt lp gSA blosQ lkFk gh vkius gky gh esaLohd`rthooSKkfud tkfr ofxZdh dh ifjHkk"kk dh vxqokbZdhA es;j dksrhu iqjLdkjfn,x,] ftUgsaO;kid rkSj ij tho foKku osQ rhu rktksadh laKk nh tkrh gS% 1983esa ckytkWu izkbt] 1998 esa tho foKku osQ fy, baVjus'kuy izkbt vkSj 1999esakiwQMZizkbtAes;j us 100 o"kZdh vk;q esa2004 dks LoxZoklh gq,A,juLV es;j

(1904 & 2004)

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tho txr oSQlk fujkyk gS\ thoksa osQ foLr`r izdkjksadh ka[kyk foLe;dkjh gSAvlkkkj.k okl LFkku pkgsos BaMsioZr] i.kZikrh ou] egklkxj] vyo.kh; (ehBk)tyh; >hysa] e:LFky vFkok xje >juksaftuesatho jgrsgSa] osgesa vk'p;Zpfdr djnsrsgSaA ljiV nkSM+rs ?kksM+s] izoklh if{k;ksa] ?kkfV;ksa esaf[kyrs iwQy vFkok vke.kdkjh'kkdZ dh lqanjrk foLe; rFkk peRdkj dk vkg~oku djrh gSA ikfjfLFkfrd fojks/] rFkklef"V osQ lnL;ksa rFkk lef"V vkSj leqnk; esa lg;ksx vFkok ;gkard fd dksf'kdkesavkf.od xfrfof/ lsirk pyrk gSfd okLro esa thou D;k gS \ bl iz'u esa nksfufoZokn iz'u gSaA igyk rduhdh gStkstho rFkk futhZo D;k gSa] bldk mkj [kkstusdk iz;Ru djrk gS] rFkk nwljk iz'u nk'kZfud gStks ;g tkuusdk iz;Ru djrk gSfdthou dk ms'; D;k gSA oSKkfud gksus osQ ukrsge nwljsiz'u dk mkj nsus dk iz;klugha djsaxsA ge bl fo"k; ij fparu djsaxsfd tho D;k gS\

1-1 ^tho* D;k gS\

tc ge thou dksikfjHkkf"kr djusdk iz;Ru djrs gSa] rc ge izk;% thoksaosQ lqLi"VvfHky{k.kksa dks ns[krs gSaA of] tuu] i;kZoj.k osQ izfr laosnuk dk irk yxkuk vkSjmlosQ vuqowQy f;k djuk] ;slc gekjsefLr"d esarqjar vkrs gSa fd ;svn~Hkqry{k.k thoksaosQ gSaA vki bl lwph esa mikip;] Lo;a dh izfrfyfi cukuk] Lo;adkslaxfBr djuk] izfrf;k djuk rFkk mn~xeu vkfn dksHkh tksM+ ldrsgSaA vkvks] gebu lcdks foLrkj lsle>us dk iz;Ru djsaA

tho txr

v;k; 1

1-1 ^tho* D;k gS\

1-2 tho txr esafofo/rk

1-3 ofxZdh laoxZ

1-4 ofxZdh lgk;rk

lk/u

AglaSem School

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4 tho foKku

lHkh tho o`f djrsgSaAthoksa osQ Hkkj rFkk la[;k esao`f gksuk] ;snksuksaofosQ f};qXeh vfHky{k.k gSaA cgqdksf'kd tho dksf'kdk foHkktu }kjk o`f djrs gSaAikS/ksaesa;g o`f thou i;r dksf'kdk foHkktu }kjk laiUu gksrh jgrh gSA izkf.k;ksaesa];g o`f oqQN vk;qrd gksrh gSA ysfdu dksf'kdk foHkktu fof'k"V rdksaesagksrk gSrkfd foyqIr dksf'kdkvksaosQ LFkku ij ubZdksf'kdk;savk losQaA ,ddksf'kd thoHkhdksf'kdk foHkktu }kjk o`f djrsgSaA cM+h ljyrk lsdksbZHkh bls ik=ks lao/Zuesalw{en'khZ(ekbksLdksi) lsns[kdj dksf'kdkvksadh la[;k fxu ldrk gSA vf/dka'kmPpdksfV osQ izkf.k;ksarFkk ikniksa esao`f rFkk tuu ikjLifjd fof'k"V ?kVuk,a gSaAgesa;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd tho osQ Hkkj esa o`f gksusdksHkh o`f le>k tkrk gSA ;fngeHkkj dks of dk vfHky{k.k ekursgSarksfuthZoksa osQ Hkkj esaHkh o`f gksrh gSA ioZr]

xksyk'e rFkk jsr osQ VhysHkh of djrs gSaA ysfdu futhZoksa esa bl izdkj dho`fmudh lrg ij inkFkksZa osQ ,d=k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA thoksaesa;g o`f vanjdhvksj ls gksrh gSA blfy, o`f dksthoksadk ,d fof'k"V xq.k ughaeku ldrsgSaA thoksaesa;g y{k.k ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS_ mudk foospuk djosQ gh;gle>uk pkfg, fd ;g tho ra=k osQ y{k.k gSaA

bl izdkj tuu Hkh thoksadk vfHky{k.k gSA o`f osQ lanHkZesa bl rF;dhO;k[;k gkstkrh gSAcgqdksf'kd thoksa esa tuu dk vFkZviuh larfr mRiUu djukgSftlosQ vfHky{k.k yxHkx mlsviusekrk&firk ls feyrsgSaA fufoZokn :i lsgeySafxd tuu osQ fo"k; esa ppkZdj jgsgSaA tho vySafxd tuu Hkh djrsgSaA isQtkbZ

(dod) yk[kksa vySafxd chtk.kqvksa }kjk xq.ku djrh gSvkSj ljyrk ls iQSy tkrhgSAfuEu dksfV osQ thoksatSls;hLV rFkk gkbMk esa eqoqQyu }kjk tuu gksrk gSA IySusfj;k(piVk fe) esa okLrfod iqutZuu gksrk gS vFkkZr~,d [kafMr tho vius'kjhjosQyqIr vax dks iqu% izkIr (thfor) dj ysrk gSvkSj bl izdkj ,d u;k tho cutkrkgSA isQtkbZ] rarqe;h 'kSoky] ekWl dk izFke rarqlHkh fo[kaMu fof/ }kjk xq.ku djrs gSaAtc ge ,ddksf'kd thoksa tSls thok.kq(cSDVhfj;k)] ,ddksf'kd 'kSoky vFkok vehckosQ fo"k; esappkZdjrsgSa rc tuu dh o`f i;kZ;okph gS vFkkZr~ dksf'kdkvksadhla[;k esaof gksrh gSA ge igysgh dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k vFkok Hkkj esaofgksusdksof osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr dj pqosQ gSaA vc rd] geus ns[kk gSfd ,ddksf'kd

thoksaesao`f rFkk tuu bu nksuksa'kCnksaosQ mi;ksx osQ fo"k; esalqLi"V ughagSAoqQN,slsHkh tho gSa tks tuu ugha djrs ([kslj ;k [kPpj] ca; dkexkj e/qeD[kh] vuqoZjekuo ;qXky vkfn)A bl izdkj tuu Hkh thoksa dk lexzfof'k"V y{k.k ughagksldrkA;|fi] dksbZ Hkh futhZo oLrqtuu vFkok viuh izfrfyfi cukus esa v{ke gSA

thoksadk nwljk y{k.k mikip;u gSA lHkh tho jlk;uksa ls cusgksrsgSaA;sjlk;u NksVs] cM+s] fofHkUu oxZ] eki] f;k vkfn okysgksrsgSa tksvuojr tSo v.kqvksaesacnyrsvkSj mudk fuekZ.k djrsgSaA ;s ifjorZu jklk;fud vFkok mikip;h f;k,agSaA lHkh thoksa] pkgsa os cgqdksf'kd gksvFkok ,ddksf'kd gksa] esagtkjksamikip;h f;k,a

AglaSem School

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tho txr 5

lkFk&lkFk pyrh jgrh gSaA lHkh ikS/ksa] izkf.k;ksa] dodksa(isQtkbZ) rFkk lw{e thoksaesamikip;h f;k,a gksrh gSaA gekjs 'kjhj esagksusokyh lHkh jklk;fud f;k,a mikip;hf;k,agSaA fdlh Hkh futhZo esa mikip;h f;k,a ughagksrhA 'kjhj dsckgj dksf'kdkeqDrra=k esamikip;h f;k,aiznf'kZr gks ldrh gSaA tho osQ 'kjhj lsckgj ij[kuyhesadh xbZmikip;h f;k,a u rks tSo gSavkSj u gh futhZoA vr% mikip;h f;k,afujkiokn thoksa osQ fof'k"V xq.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr gSatcfd ik=ks esa ,dkdhmikip;h f;k,a tSfod ughagS ;|fi ;sfuf'pr gh thfor f;k,a gSaA vr% 'kjhjdkdksf'kdh; laxBu thou Lo:i dk lqLi"V vfHky{k.k gSaA

'kk;n] lHkh thoksa dk lclsLi"V ijarqisaphnk vfHky{k.k viusvkl&ikl;ki;kZoj.k osQ mn~nhiuksa] tks HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vFkok tSfod gks ldrh gSa]

osQ izfr laosnu'khyrk rFkk izfrf;k djuk gSA ge vius laosnh vaxksa }kjk viusi;kZoj.k lsvoxr gksrs gSaA ikS/s izdk'k] ikuh] rki] vU; thoksa] iznw"kdksa vkfn tSlsckdkjdksa osQ izfr izfrf;k fn[kkrsgSaA izksosQfjvkWV lsysdj tfVyre ;wosQfjvkWVrdlHkh tho i;kZoj.k laosQrksaosQ izfr laonsuk ,oa izfrf;k fn[kk ldrs gSaA iknirFkkizkf.k;ksa nksuksaesa nhfIr dky ekSleh iztudksa osQ tuu dks izHkkfor djrk gSAblfy, lHkh tho vius i;kZoj.k ls voxr jgrsgSaA ekuo gh osQoy ,slk tho gS tksLo;a lsvoxr vFkkZr~Lopsru gSA blfy, psruk thoksa dksikfjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy,vfHky{k.k gkstkrh gSA

tc ge ekuo osQ fo"k; esappkZ djrs gSarc thoksadks ikfjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj Hkh

dfBu gkstkrk gSA ge jksxh dks vLirky esa vpsr voLFkk esaysVs jgrsgq, ns[krs gSaftlosQ n; rFkk iqQIiqQl dks pkywj[kus osQ fy, e'khusayxkbZ xbZgksrh gSaA jksxh dkefLr"d e`rle gksrk gSA jksxh esaLopsruk ugha gksrhA ,slsjksxh tksdHkh Hkh viuslkekU; thou esa okil ugha vk ikrs] rks D;k ge bUgsa tho vFkok futhZodgsaxs\

mPpLrjh; v;;u esa tho foKku i`Foh ij tSo fodkl dh dFkk gS vkidksirkyxsxk fd lHkh tho ?kVuk,a mlesa varfuZfgr izfrf;kvksa osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA rdksaosQxq.k dksf'kdk esa fLFkr dkjdksaosQ dkj.k ugha gSa] cfYd ?kVd dksf'kdkvksa dhikjLifjd izfrf;k osQ dkj.k gSA blh izdkj dksf'kdh; vaxdksa osQ y{k.k vaxdksa esa

fLFkr vkf.od ?kVdksaosQ dkj.k ughacfYd vaxdksa esafLFkr vkf.od ?kVdksa osQ vkilesa f;k djusosQ dkj.k gSaA mPp Lrjh; laxBu mn~xkeh xq.k/eZ bu izfrf;kvksaosQifj.kkeLo:i gksrsgSaA lHkh Lrjksaij laxBukRed tfVyrk dh inkuqe esa;g vn~Hkqr?kVuk ;FkkFkZ gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd tho Loizfrfr] fodkl'khy rFkkLofu;eudkjh ikjLikfjd f;k'khy ra=k gSstks ck mn~nhiu osQ izfr vuqf;k dh{kerk j[krsgSaA tho foKku i`Foh ij thou dh dgkuh gSA orZeku] Hkwr ,oaHkfo";osQ lHkh tho ,d nwljslsloZfu"B vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZdh lk>snkjh }kjk lac gS] ijarq;g inkFkZlcesafofo/ va'kksaesagksrsgSaA

AglaSem School

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6 tho foKku

1-2 tho txr esa fofo/rk

;fn vki vius vkl&ikl ns[ksa rks vki thoksadh cgqr lh fdLesa ns[ksaxs] ;sfdLesa]xeys esamxusokysikS/s] dhV] i{kh] ikyrw vFkok vU; izk.kh o ikS/sgksldrh gaSAcgqr ls ,sls tho Hkh gksrsgSaftUgsavki vk[kksadh lgk;rk lsugha ns[k ldrs] ysfduvkiosQ vkl&ikl gh gSaA ;fn vki viusvoyksdu osQ {ks=k dksc

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tho txr 7

vkidksvke osQ mnkgj.k }kjk oSKkfud uke nsus dh fof/ dksle>k,aA vke dkoSKkfud uke eSathisQjk bafMdkgSA rc vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;g uke dSlsf}ingSA bl uke esa eSathisQjk oa'kuke gStcfd bafMdk ,d fof'k"V Lih'kht vFkok tkfrlaosQr in gSA uke ifr osQ vU; lkoZtfud fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSa%

1- tSfod uke izk;% ySfVu Hkk"kk esagksrs gSavkSj frjNs v{kjksa esafy[ks tkrs gSaAbudk mn~Hko pkgs dghalsHkh gqvk gksA bUgsa ySfVuhdj.k vFkok bUgsaySfVuHkk"kk dk O;qRiUu le>k tkrk gSA

2- tSfod uke esaigyk 'kCn oa'kuke gksrk gStcfd nwljk 'kCn tkfr laosQr ingksrk gSA

3- tSfod uke dkstc gkFk ls fy[krs gSa rc nksuksa 'kCnksadksvyx&vyx

js[kkafdr vFkok NikbZ esa frjNk fy[kuk pkfg,A ;g js[kkadu muosQ ySfVumn~Hko dks fn[kkrk gSA

4- igyk v{kj tksoa'k uke dkscrkrk gS] og cM+s v{kj esagksuk pkfg, tcfdtkfr laosQr in esaNksVk v{kj gksuk pkfg,A eSathisQjk bafMdkosQ mnkgj.k lsbldh O;k[;k dj ldrs gSaA

tkfr laosQr in osQ ckn vFkkZr~ tSfod uke osQ var esa ys[kd dk uke fy[krsgSavkSjblsla{ksi esa fy[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kr% eSathisQjk bafMdk(fyu)A bldk vFkZgSlclsigysLih'kht dk o.kZu yhfu;l usfd;k FkkA

;|fi lHkh thoksa dk v;;u djuk yxHkx vlaHko gS] blfy, ,slh ;qfDr cukus

dhvko';drk gS tks bls laHko dj losQA bl izf;k dksoxhZdj.kdgrs gSaAoxhZdj.k og izf;k gS ftlesaoqQN ljyrk lsn'; xq.kksa osQ vk/kj ij lqfo/ktudoxZesaoxhZr fd;k tk losQA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge ikS/ksa vFkok izkf.k;ksa vkSj oqQkk]fcYyh vFkok dhV dks ljyrk ls igpku ysrs gSaA tSlsgh ge bu 'kCnksadk mi;ksxdjrsgS] mlh le; gekjs efLr"d esabu tho osQ ,slsoqQN xq.k vk tkrs gSa ftllsmudk ml oxZlslaca/ gksrk gSA tc vki oqQksosQ fo"k; esalksprsgksrksvkiosQefLr"d esa D;k izfrfcac curk gSA Li"Vr% vki oqQksdks gh ns[ksaxsu fd fcYyh dksAvc] ;fn ,y'ksf'k;u osQ fo"k; esa lkspsrks gesairk yxrk gS fd ge fdlosQ fo"k;esappkZ dj jgsgSaA blh izdkj] eku yks gesa^Lru/kjh* dguk gS rksvki ,slstarq osQ

fo"k; esalkspksxs ftlosQ ckg~; dku vkSj 'kjhj ij cky gksrsgSaA blh izdkj ikS/ksaesa;fnge ^xsgw* osQ fo"k; esappkZdjsarks gekjsefLr"d esa xsgwdk ikS/k vk tk,xkAblfy, ;s lHkh ^oqQkk*] ^fcYyh*] ^Lru/kjh*] ^xsgw*] ^pkoy*] ^ikS/s*] ^tarq* vkfnlqfo/ktud oxZ gSa ftudk mi;ksx ge i

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8 tho foKku

blfy,] xq.kksaosQ vk/kj ij lHkh thoksadksfofHkUu VSDlk esa oxhZr dj ldrsgSaA xq.k tSls izdkj] jpuk] dksf'kdk dh jpuk] fodklh; ize rFkk tho dhikfjfLFkfrd lwpuk,a vko';d gSa vkSj ;svk/qfud oxhZdj.k v;;u osQ vk/kj gSaA

blfy,] fo'ks"khdj.k] igpku (vfHkKku)] oxhZdj.k rFkk uke ifr vkfn,slsize (iz.kkyh) gSa tksoxdh(oxhZdj.k foKku) osQ vk/kj gSaA

oxdh dksbZ ubZ ughagSA ekuo lnSo fofHkUu izdkj osQ thoksaosQ fo"k;esavf/dkf/d tkuusdk iz;Ru djrk jgk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls muosQ fo"k; esatksmuosQfy, vf/d mi;ksxh FksA vkfnekuo dksviuh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa tSls& Hkkstu]diM+srFkk vkJ; osQ fy, u,&u, lzksr [kkstusiM+rs FksA blfy, fofHkUu thoksaosQoxhZdj.k dk vk/kj ^mi;ksx* ij vk/kfjr FkkA

dkiQh le; ls ekuo fofHkUu izdkj osQ thoksaosQ fo"k; esa tkuusvkSj mudhfofo/rk lfgr muosQ laca/ esa #fp ysrk jgk gSA v;;u dh bl 'kk[kk dksoxhZdj.kifr (flLVsesfVDl) dgrs gSaA ^flVsesfVDl* 'kCn ySfVu 'kCn ^flLVsek* lsvk;k gSftldk vFkZgSthoksadh fu;fer O;oLFkkA yhfu;l usvius ifCyosQ'ku dk VkbVy^flLVsek uspj* pqukA oxhZdj.k ifr esa igpku] uke ifr rFkk oxhZdj.k dks 'kkfeydjosQ blosQ {ks=k dksc

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tho txr 9

vFkok mlosQ oxZosQ xq.kksadk Kku gksuk gSA ;g leku izdkj osQ thoksa rFkk vU; izdkjosQ thoksaesalekurk rFkk fofHkUurk dksigpkuus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

1-3-1 Lih'kht (tkfr)

ofxZdh v;;u esathoksaosQ oxZ] ftlesaekSfyd lekurk gksrh gS] mlsLih'khtdgrsgSaAge fdlh Hkh Lih'kt dksmlesa lehiLFk lacaf/r Lih'kht ls] muosQ vkdkfjdh;fofHkUurk osQ vk/kj ij mUgsa ,d nwljs ls vyx dj ldrs gSaA ge blosQ fy,eSathisQjk bafMdk (vke) lksysue V;wohjksle (vkyw) rFkk isaFkjk fyvks ('ksj) osQmnkgj.k ysrsgSaA bu lHkh rhuksa ukeksaesabafMdk] V;wchjkslerFkk fyvkstkfr laosQr ingSaaAtcfd igys'kCn eSathisQjk] lksysue]rFkk isaFkjkoa'k osQ uke gSavkSj ;g VSDlk

vFkok laoxZdk Hkh fu:i.k djrs gSaA izR;sd oa'k esa,d vFkok ,d lsvf/d tkfrlaosQr in gksldrs gSatks fofHkUu thoksa] ftuesavkdkjdh; xq.k leku gksa] dksfn[kkrsgSaAmnkgj.kkFkZ] isaFkjk esa ,d vU; tkfr laosQr in gSftlsfVxfjldgrs gSaA lksysueoa'kesaukbfxze] esykatsukHkh vkrsgSaA ekuo dh tkfr lsfi;al gS] tks gkseksaoa'k esa vkrkgSAblfy, ekuo dk oSKkfud uke gksekslsfi;algSA

1-3-2 oa 'k (thul)

oa'kesa lacaf/r Lih'kht dk ,d oxZvkrk gSftlesa Lih'kht osQ xq.k vU; oa'k esa fLFkrLih'kht dh rqyuk esa leku gksrsgSaA ge dg ldrsgSa fd oa'k lehiLFk lacaf/r

Lih'kht dk ,d lewg gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ vkyw] VekVj rFkk cSaxu_ ;s nksuksa vyx&vyxLih'kht gSa] ysfdu ;s lHkh lksysueoa'k eas vkrh gSaA 'ksj (isaFkjk fyvks)] phrk (isaFkjikjMl) rFkk (isaFkj fVxfjl) ftuesacgqr ls xq.k gSa] oslHkh isaFkjkoa'k esavkrsgSaA;goa'k nwljsoa'k isQfyl] ftlesafcYyh vkrh gS] ls fHkUu gSA

1-3-3 oq Qy

vxyk laoxZoqQy gSftlesalacaf/r oa'k vkrsgSaA oa'k Lih'kht dh rqyuk esa delekurk iznf'kZr djrs gSaA oqQy osQ oxhZdj.k dk vk/kj ikS/ksaosQ dkf;d rFkk tuu xq.kgaSAmnkgj.kkFkZ_ ikS/ksaesa rhu fofHkUu oa'k lksysue] fiVwfuvkrFkk /rwjk dkslksysuslh

oqQyesaj[krsgSaA tcfd izk.kh oa'k isaFkjkftlesa'ksj] ck?k] phrk vkrs gaSdksisQfyl(fcYyh) osQ lkFk isQfyMhoqQy esa j[ks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj] ;fn vki fcYyh rFkk oqQksosQy{k.k dks ns[kksrksvkidks nksuksa esaoqQN lekurk,arFkk oqQN fofHkUurk,afn[kkbZiM+saxhA mUgsa e'k% nksfofHkUu oqQyksaoSQuhMh rFkk isQfyMh esa j[kk x;k gSA

1-3-4 x.k (vkMZj)

vkius igysns[kk gSfd laoxZtSls Lih'kht] oa'k rFkk oqQy leku rhuksa y{k.kksa ijvk/kfjr gSA izk;% x.k rFkk vU; mPprj ofxZdh laoxZdh igpku y{k.kksaosQ lewguosQ vk/kj ij djrs gSaA x.k esamPprj oxZgksus osQ dkj.k oqQyksa osQ lewg gksrs gSaA

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10 tho foKku

ftuosQ oqQN y{k.k ,d leku gksrs gSaA blesa,d tSlsy{k.k oqQy esa'kkfeyfofHkUu oa'k dh vis{kk de gksrs gSaA ikni oqQy tSls dksuoksyO;qyslh]lksysuslh dks ikWfylksfu,yl x.k esaj[kk x;k gSA bldk eq[; vk/kj iq"ihy{k.k gSA tcfd izk.kh dkjuhoksjk x.k esa isQfyMh rFkk oSQuhMh oqQyksadksj[kkx;k gSA

1-3-5 oxZ (Dykl)

bl laoxZ esalacaf/r x.k vkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZizkbesVk x.k ftlesacanj] xksfjykrFkk fxCCkWku vkrs gSa] vkSj dkjuhoksjk x.k ftlesa ck?k] fcYyh rFkk oqQkk vkrsgSa] dks eSesfy;k oxZ esa j[kk x;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr eSesfy;k oxZesavU;

x.k Hkh vkrsgSaA

1-3-6 la?k (iQkbye)

oxZftlesatarqtSls eNyh] mHk;pj] ljhl`i] i{kh rFkk Lru/kjh vkrsgSa]vxysmPprj laoxZ] ftlsla?k dgrs gSa] dk fuekZ.k djrsgSaA bu lHkhdks,d leku xq.kksatSlsi`"BjTtq (uksVksdkWMZ) rFkk i`"Bh; [kks[kyk raf=kdk ra=kosQgksusosQ vk/kj ij dkWMZsVk la?k esaj[kk x;k gSA ikS/ksa esa bu oxksZa] ftlesaoqQNgh ,d leku y{k.k gksrsgSa] dks mPprj laoxZHkkx (fMfotu) esaj[kkx;kgSA

1-3-7 txr (foaQxMe)

tarq osQ ofxZdh ra=k esa fofHkUu la?kksaosQ lHkh izkf.k;ksadksmPpre laoxZtxresa j[kk x;k gSA tcfd ikni txr esa fofHkUu Hkkx (fMfotu) osQ lHkhikS/ksa dks j[kk x;k gSA fofHkUu la?kksa osQ lHkh izkf.k;ksadks,d vyx txr,fuesfy;k esaj[kk x;k gSftlls fd mUgsa ikS/ksa lsvyx fd;k tk losQAikS/ksa dks IyakVh txr esaj[kk x;k gSA Hkfo"; esage bu nks oxksZa dks tarqrFkkikni txr dgasxsA

buesa Lih'kht lsysdj txr rd fofHkUu ofxZdh laoxZdksvkjksghe

esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;s laoxZ gSaA ;|fi ofxZdh foKkfu;ksaus bl inkuqeesamilaoxZ Hkh crk, gSaA blesafofHkUu VSDlk dk mfpr oSKkfud LFkku nsusesalqfo/k gksrh gSA

fp=k 1-1 esainkuqe dks ns[kksA D;k vki bl O;oLFkk osQ vk/kjdkLej.k dj ldrsgks\ mnkgj.k osQ fy, tSls&tSlsge Lih'kht lstxr dhvksj ij tkrs gSa_ oSlsgh leku xq.kksaesadeh vkrh tkrh gSA lcls uhps tksVSDlk gksxk mlosQ lnL;ksaesa lclsvf/d leku xq.k gksaxsA tSls&tSlsmPprjlaoxZ dh vksj tkrs gSa] mlh Lrj ij vU; VSDlk osQ laca/ fu/kZfjr djusvf/d dfBu gks tkrsgSaA blfy, oxhZdj.k dh leL;k vkSj Hkh tfVy gkstkrh gSA

fp=k 1-1 vkjk sgh e es ainkuqe ofx ZdhlaoxZ

txr (foaQxMe)

tkfr

la?k (iQkbye) ;k Hkkx (fMfotu)

oxZ (Dykl)

x.k (vkMZj)

oqQy (iQSfeyh)

oa'k

AglaSem School

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tho txr 11

1-4 ofxZdh lgk;rk lk/u

thoksadh igpku osQ fy, ,d xgu rFkk vk/qfud midj.kksals lalkf/r iz;ksx'kkyk

rFkkiz;ksx'kkyk osQ ckgj osQ i;kZoj.k osQ v;;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ikS/ksa rFkkizkf.k;ksa osQ okLrfod uewus ,d=k djusvko';d gksrs gSaA ;sofxZdh v;;u osQ eq[;lzksr gksrs gSaA ;s v;;u osQ ekSfyd rFkk oxhZdj.k foKku osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy,vko';d gSaA budk mi;ksx thoksa osQ oxhZdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA tksHkh lwpuk,a ,d=kdhtkrh gSaA mUgsauewus lfgr lapf;r dj ysrsgSaA oqQN ekeyksaesauewusdks Hkfo";esa v;;u osQ fy, ifjjf{kr dj ysrs gSaA thofoKkfu;ksauslwpuk lfgr uewuksa dkslap; djusrFkk mUgsaifjjf{kr djus dh oqQN fof/;k rFkk rduhd fodflr dh gSaAmuesalsoqQN dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gStksvkidksbu lgk;rk lk/uksadks mi;ksx djusesalgk;rk djsaxsA

1-4-1 gjcsfj;e

ouLifr laxzgky; esaikS/ksaosQ ,d=k uewuksadks dkxk dh 'khV ij lq[kkdj] nckdjifjjf{kr djrs gSaA bu 'khVksa dks fo'oO;kih ekU; oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh osQ vuqlkjO;ofLFkr djrs gSaA ;s uewus lwpuk lfgr Hkfo"; esa v;;u osQ fy, ouLifrlaxzgky; esalqjf{kr j[ks tkrsgSaA gjcsfj;e dh 'khV ij ,d yscy yxk fn;k tkrkgSA bl yscy ij ikS/s dks ,d=k djusdh frfFk] LFkku] ikS/sdk bafXy'k] LFkkuh; rFkkoSKkfud uke] oqQy] ,d=k djusokys dk uke vkfn fy[kk jgrk gSA gjcsfj;e ofxZdhv;;u osQ fy, rRdky lanHkZ ra=k miyC/ djkrk gSA

rkfydk 1-1 esa oqQN lkekU; thoksa tSls?kjsyweD[kh] ekuo] vke rFkk xsgw osQfofHkUu ofxZdh laoxksZadksfn[kk;k x;k gSA

rkfydk 1-1 ofxZdh laoxZ lfgr oqQN tho

lkekU; tSfod oa'k oqQy x.k oxZ la?k@Hkkxuke uke

ekuo gkseks lsfi;Ul gkseks gkseksfuMh izkbesV esesfy;k dkWjMsVk

?kjsyweD[kh eLdk MksefLVdk eLdk E;wlhMh fMIVsjk balsaDVk vkFkzksZiksMk

vke esathisQjk bafMdk esathisQjk ,ukdjfM,lh lsfiUMsYl MkbdksVhfyMuh ,aft;ksLiehZ

xsgw VhVhde VhVhde iks,lh iks,yl~ eksuksdksVhfyMuh ,aft;ksLiehZ,bLVhoe

AglaSem School

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12 tho foKku

fp=k 1-2 ouLifr laxzgky; esaikS/ksaosQ ,df=kr uewus

1-4-2 ouLifr m|ku (cksVsfudy xkMZu)

bu fof'k"V m|kuksaesa lanHkZosQ fy, thfor ikS/ksa dk laxzg.k gksrk gSA bu m|kuksaesaikS/ksadh Lih'kht dksigpku osQ fy, mxk;k tkrk gSvkSj izR;sd ikS/sij yscyyxkjgrk gS] ftl ij ouLifr@oSKkfud uke rFkk mlosQ oqQy dk uke fy[kk jgrkgSAizfl cksVsfudy xkMZu fD;w(baxySaM)] bafM;u cksVsfudy xkMZu gkoM+k (Hkkjr)esarFkk us'kuy cksVsfudy fjlpZbaLVhV~;wV y[ku (Hkkjr) esagSaA

1-4-3 laxzgky; (E;wft;e)

okuLifrd laxzgky; izk;% 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksatSlsfo|ky; rFkk dkWystksaesa LFkkfir fd,tkrsgSaA laxzgky; esa v;;u osQ fy, ifjjf{kr ikS/ksa rFkk izkf.k;ksaosQ uewusgksrsgSaA

uewusifjjf{kr ?kksy esaMkydj tkjksa esa j[kstkrsgSaA ikS/srFkk izkf.k;ksaosQ uewuksadkslq[kkdj ifjjf{kr djrs gSaA dhVksadks,d=k] ekjusosQ ckn dhVksa dks fMCcksaesafiuyxkdj j[krs gSaA cM+sizk.kh tSlsi{kh rFkk Lru/kjh dks izk;% Hkjdj ifjjf{kr djrsgSaAlaxzgky; esaizk;% izkf.k;ksaosQ oaQdky Hkh j[ks tkrs gSaA

1-4-4 izkf.k miou vFkok fpfM+;k?kj (twyksftdy ikoZQ)

bu miouksa esa vf/dka'kr% oU; vkoklh thfor izk.kh j[kstkrsgSaA bulsgesa oU; thoksadh ekuo dh ns[k js[k esa vkgkj&izfr rFkk O;ogkj dks lh[kusdk volj izkIr gksrkgSA tgkrd laHko gksrk gS_ izk.kh miouksa esafofHkUu izk.kh miyC/ djk, tkrs gSaA

AglaSem School

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tho txr 13

fp=k 1-3 Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu fpfM+;k?kjksaesaoU; izk.kh

fpfM+;k?kj esalHkh izkf.k;ksa dksmuosQ izkfrd vkoklksa okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksaesaj[kus dkiz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bu m|kuksa dks izk;% fpfM+;k?kj dgrs gSaA blsns[kusosQ fy, cgqrlsyksx rFkk cPpsvkrsgSaA

1-4-5 oqa Qth vFkok pkch;g ,d vU; lk/u lkexzh gSA ftldk iz;ksx lekurkvksa rFkk vlekurkvksa ijvk/kfjr gksdj ikS/ksarFkk izkf.k;ksa dh igpku esafd;k tkrk gSA ;g oqaQth foi;kZlhy{k.kksa] tks izk;% tksM+ksa(;qXeksa) ftUgsa;qfXer dgrsgSa] osQ vk/kj ij gksrh gSA oqaQthnks foijhr fodYiksadkspquus dks fn[kkrh gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ,d dks ekU;rk rFkknwljsdks vekU;rk izkIr gksrh gSaA oaQqth esa izR;sd dFku ekxZn'kZu dk dk;Zdjrk gSAigpkuusosQ fy, izR;sd ofxZdh laoxZtSlsoqQy] oa'k rFkk tkfr osQ fy, vyx ofxZdhoqaQth dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

AglaSem School

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14 tho foKku

lkjka'k

tho txr esaizpqj ek=kk esafofo/rk,afn[kkbZiM+rh gSaA vla[; ikni rFkk izkf.k;ksa dh igpku rFkk mudko.kZu fd;k x;k gS_ ijarqvc Hkh budh cgqr cM+h la[;k vKkr gSA thoksaosQ ,d fo'kky ifjlj dksvkdkj]jax] vkokl] 'kjhj f;kRed rFkk vkdkfjdh; y{k.kksaosQ dkj.k gesathoksadh O;k[;k djusosQ fy, ckfkrgksuk iM+rk gSA thoksa dh fofo/rk rFkk budh fdLeksaosQ v;;u dkslqlk; ,oa ljy cukusosQ fy,tho foKkfu;ksaus oqQN fu;eksarFkk flkarksa dk izfriknu fd;k] ftllsthoksadh igpku] mudk uke ifrrFkk oxhZdj.k laHko gkslosaQA Kku dh bl 'kk[kk dks ofxZdh dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ikniksa rFkk izkf.k;ksadh fofHkUu Lih'kht dk ofxZdh v;;u f"k okfudh vkSj gekjs tSo&lalk/u esafHkUurk osQ lkekU; Kku

esaykHknk;d fl gq,A ofxZdh osQ ewyHkwr vk/kj tSlsthoksadh igpku] mudk ukedj.k] rFkk oxhZdj.kfo'oO;kih :i lsvarjkZ"Vh; dksM osQ varxZr fodflr fd;k x;k gSA le:irk rFkk fofHkUurkvksadksvkkkjekudj izR;sd tho dksigpkuk x;k gSrFkk mlsf}in uke fn;k x;kA lgh oSKkfud ra=k osQ vuqlkj f}inuke ifr] tho oSKkfud uke tksnks'kCnksa lsfeydj cuk gksrk gS] fn;k tk ldrk gSA tho oxhZdj.kra=k esaviusLFkku dksiznf'kZr djrk gSA cgqr lsoxZ@in gksrsgSaftUgsaizk;% ofxZdh laoxZvFkok VSDlk dgrsgSaA ;g lHkh oxZofxZdh inkuqe cukrsgSaA

ofxZdhfonksaustho dh igpku ukedj.k rFkk oxhZdj.k dkslqxe cukusosQ fy, fofHkUu ofxZdh lkkulkexzh fodflr dhA ;sv;;u okLrfod uewuksa ij fd, tkrs gSa ftUgsa fHkUu {ks=kksals,df=kr fd;k tkrkgSA bUgsagjcsfj;e] E;wft;e] cksVsfudy xkMZu] twykWftdy ikdZesalanHkZosQ fy, ifjjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSAgjcsfj;e rFkk E;wft;e esa uewuksa osQ ,df=kr djusrFkk ifjjf{kr djusosQ fy, fof'k"V rduhd dhvko';drk gksrh gSA ouLifr m|ku vFkok fpfM+;k ?kj esaikS/ksarFkk izkf.k;ksaosQ thfor uewusgksrs gSaAofxZdhfonksaus ofxZdh v;;u rFkk lwpukvksadks izlkfjr djusosQ fy, eSuqvy rFkk eksuksxzkIkQksadks rS;kjfd;k y{k.kksaosQ vk/kj ij ofxZdh oqaQth thoksadks igpkuusesalgk;d fl gqbZgSaA

foLr`r o.kZu dksfy[kus osQ fy, fu;e&iqfLrdk (eSU;qvy)] eksuksxzkiQ (iqLrdftlesa,d fo"k; ij foLr`r tkudkjh gks)] rFkk lwphi=k (dSVsykWx) vU; ek;e gSablosQ vfrfjDr ;g lgh igpku esa Hkh lgk;rk djrsgSaA yksjk iqLrdksa esa fdlh {ks=kosQ ikS/ksa rFkk mlosQ oklLFkkuksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;sml fo'ks"k {ks=k esafeyus okyh ikS/ksa dh Lih'kht dh fo"k;&lwph nsrh gSaA fu;e iqfLrdk ls ml {ks=k esaikbZtkusokyh Lih'kht dksigpkuus esalgk;rk feyrh gSA eksuksxzkiQ esafdlh,dVSDlku dh iwjh tkudkjh gksrh gSA

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8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Jeev Vigyan

18/344

tho txr 15

vH;kl

1- thoksa dksoxhZr D;ksa djrsgSa\

2- oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh dksckj&ckj D;ksacnyrs gSa\

3- ftu yksxksalsvki izk;% feyrs jgrs gSa] vki mudks fdl vk/kj ij oxhZr djuk ilan djasxs\(laosQr % Msl] ekr`Hkk"kk] izns'k ftlesa os jgrsgSa] vkfFkZd Lrj vkfn)A

4- O;f"V rFkk lef"V dh igpku lsgesaD;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\

5- vke dk oSKkfud uke fuEufyf[kr gSaA blesals dkSu lk lgh gS\

esathisQjk bafMdkesathisQjk bafMdk

6- VSDlkWu dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A fofHkUu inkuqe Lrj ij VSDlk osQ oqQN mnkgj.k nhft,A

7- D;k vki ofxZdh laoxZdk lgh e igpku ldrsgSa\

(v) tkfr (Lih'kht) x.k (vkMZ j) la?k (iQkbye) txr (foaQxMe)(c) oa'k (thul) tkfr x.k txr

(l) tkfr oa 'k x.k la?k

8- tkfr 'kCn osQ lHkh ekuoh; orZeku dkfyd vFkksZa dks,d=k dhft,A D;k vki viusf'k{kd lsmPp

dksfV osQ ikS/ksa rFkk izkf.k;ksarFkk cSDVhfj;k dh Lih'kht dk vFkZ tkuusosQ fy, ppkZdj ldrs gSa\9- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnk sadkslef>, rFkk ifjHkkf"kr dhft,&

(i)la?k(ii)oxZ(iii)oqQy (iv)x.k (v)oa'k

10- tho osQ oxhZdj.k rFkk igpku esa oqaQth fdl izdkj lgk;d gS\

11- ikS/ksa rFkk izkf.k;ksaosQ mfpr mnkgj.k nsrsgq, ofxZdh inkuqe dk fp=k.k dhft,A

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8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Jeev Vigyan

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16 tho foKku

lH;rk osQ izkjaHk lsgh ekuo usltho izkf.k;ksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ vusd iz;kl fd,gSaAoxhZdj.k osQ ;siz;kl oSKkfud ekunaMksadh txg lgt cqf ij vk/kfjr gekjs Hkkstu]oL=k ,oavkokl tSlh lkekU; mi;ksfxrk osQ oLrqvksaosQ mi;ksx dh vko';drkvksaijvk/kfjr FksA bu iz;klksa esathoksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ oSKkfud ekunaMksa dk mi;ksx loZizFkevjLrwusfd;k FkkA mUgksaus ikniksa dksljy vkdkfjd y{k.kksaosQ vk/kj ij o{k] >kM+h,oa 'kkd esa oxhZr fd;k FkkA tcfd mUgksausizkf.k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k yky jDrdhmifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij fd;k FkkA

yhfu;l osQ dky esalHkh ikniksavkSj izkf.k;ksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy, ,df}txrifr fodflr dh xbZ Fkh] ftlesamUgsae'k%IykaVh (ikni) ,oa,fueSfy;k(izkf.k) txr esa oxhZr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ifr oqQN dky rd viukbZtkrhjghFkhA bl ifr osQ vuqlkj ;woSQfj;ksVh (llheosaQnzdh) ,oaizksoSQfj;ksVh (vlheosaQnzdh)],d dksf'kd ,oacgqdksf'kd rFkk izdk'k la'ys"kh (gfjr 'kSoky) ,oavizdk'k la'ys"kh(dod) osQ chp foHksn LFkkfir djuk laHko ugha FkkA ikniksa ,oaizkf.k;ksa ij vk/kfjr;g oxhZdj.k vklku ,oaljyrk lsle>s tkus osQ ckotwn cgqr ls tho/kfj;ksadksbuesalsfdlh Hkh oxZeasj[kuk laHko ughaFkkA blh dkj.k vR;ar yacs le; lspyhvk jgh oxhZdj.k dh f}txr ifr vi;kZIr fl gks jgh FkhA blosQ vfrfjDr]oxhZdj.k osQ fy, vkdkfjdh osQ lkFk&lkFk dksf'kdk lajpuk] dksf'kdk fHkfk osQ y{k.k]iks"k.k dh fof/] vkokl] iztuu dh fof/;k ,oa fodklh; laca/ksadksHkh lekfgrdjusdh vko';drk eglwl dh tkusyxhA vr% le; osQ lkFk&lkFk lthoksa osQoxhZdj.k dh ifr esa vusd ifjorZu vk, gSaA ikni ,oa izk.kh txr osQ oxhZdj.k dhbu dfBu ifr;ksa] ftuesa lfEefyr lewgksa@tho/kfj;ksa esagksusokys ifjorZu 'kkfeygSa] lnk gh lekfo"V jgsgSaA blosQ vfrfjDr tho/kfj;ksaosQ fofHkUu txr dh la[;k

,oa muosQ y{k.kksadh fofHkUu oSKkfudksa }kjk vyx&vyx O;k[;k dh xbZgSA

tho txr dk oxhZdj.k

v;k; 2

2-1 ekWusjk foaQxMe

2-2 izksfVLVk foaQxMe

2-3 iaQtkbZfoaQxMe

2-4 IyakVh foaQxMe

2-5 ,sfuesfy;k foaQxMe

2-6 ok;jl] fojksbM rFkkykbosQu

AglaSem School

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tho txr dk oxhZdj.k 17

lu~ 1969 esa vkj-,p- fOgVsdj }kjk ,d ikp txr oxhZdj.kdh ifrizLrkfor dh xbZFkhA bl ifr osQ varxZr lfEefyr fd, tkus okys txrksa osQ ukeekWusjk] izksfVLVk] iaQtkbZ] IykaVh,oa,fueSfy;kgSaA dksf'kdk lajpuk] FkSyl lajpuk]iks"k.k dh izf;k] iztuu ,oatkfro`kh; laca/ muosQ oxhZdj.k dh ifr osQ izeq[kekunaM FksA rkfydk 2-1 esabu lHkh txrksa osQ fofHkUu y{k.kksadk ,d rqyukRedfooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

vc ge ikp txr oxhZdj.k ls tqMs+eqn~nksa ,oa /kj.kkvksaij fopkj djsaxs] ftllsoxhZdj.k dh ;g ifr izHkkfor gSA blls igysdh oxhZdj.k ifr osQ varxZrcSDVhfj;k] uhy&gfjr 'kSoky] (iaQtkbZ) ekWl] iQuZ] ftEuksLieZ,oa ,fUTkvksLieZ dks^ikniksa* osQ lkFk j[kk x;k FkkA bl txr osQ leLr thoksadh dksf'kdkvksaeasdksf'kdkfHkfk dk mifLFkr jguk ,d lekurk Fkh] tcfd muosQ vU; y{k.k ,d nwljs ls ,dne vyx FksA izksoSQfj;ksfVd cSDVhfj;k rFkk uhy&gfjr 'kSoky dksvU; ;woSQfj;ksfVdthoksa osQ lkFk oxhZr dj fn;k x;kA bl ifr osQ vuqlkj ,d dksf'kd thoksa dkscgqdksf'kd thoksa osQ lkFk oxhZr fd;k x;k] tSls& DysekbMkseksukl,oaLikbjksxk;jk'kSokyA bl oxhZdj.k esa dodksatSls ijiks"kh dk] gfjr ikniksa tSlsLoiks"kh] osQ chpHkh foHksn ughafd;k x;k] tcfd dodksadh dksf'kdk fHkfk dkbfVu dh ,oagfjrikniksadh lsyqyksl dh cuh gksrh gSA bUghay{k.kksa dks;ku esaj[krsgq, dodksadks

rkfydk & 2-1 ikp tho&txr osQ y{k.ky{k.k ikp txr

ekWusjk izksfVLVk iaQtkbZ IykaVh ,sfuesfy;k

dksf'kdk izdkj izksoSQfj;ksfVd ;woSQfj;ksfVd ;woSQfj;ksfVd ;woSQfj;ksfVd ;woSQfj;ksfVd

dksf'kdk lsywykst jfgr oqQN esa mifLFkr mifLFkr vuqifLFkrfHkfk (cgq'kdZjkbM) mifLFkr (lsY;qyksl (lsY;qyksl

+,ehuksvEy jfgr) lfgr)

osaQnzd f>Yyh) vuqifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr mifLFkr

dk; lajpuk dksf'kdh; dksf'kdh; cgqdksf'kd@ rd@vax rd@vax@vn`

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Jeev Vigyan

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18 tho foKku

fp=k 2-1fofHkUu vkdkj osQ cSDVhfj;k

,d vyx txr ^iaQtkbZ* osQ varxZr j[kk x;k gSA lHkh izksoSQfj;ksfVd tho/kfj;ksa osQlkFk ^ekWusjk* rFkk ,ddksf'kd tho/kfj;ksadksizksfVLVk txr osQ varxZr j[kk x;k gSAizksfVLVk txr osQ varxZr dksf'kdk fHkfk;qDr DySekbMkseksukl,oa Dyksjsyk(ftUgsaigysikniksaosQ varxZr 'kSoky esaj[kk x;k Fkk) iSjkehf'k;e,oa vehck(ftUgsaigysizkf.ktxr esa j[kk x;k Fkk) osQ lkFk j[kk x;k gS] ftuesa dksf'kdk fHkfk ugha ikbZtkrh gSAbl izdkj bl ifr esa vusd tho/kfj;ksadks,d lkFk j[kk x;k gS] ftUgsa igys dhifr;ksa esavyx&vyx j[kk x;k FkkA ,slk oxhZdj.k osQ ekunaMksaesa ifjorZu osQ dkj.kgqvk gSA bl izdkj osQ ifjorZu Hkfo"; esa Hkh gks ldrs gSa] tks y{k.kksa rFkk fodklh;laca/ksaosQ izfr gekjh le> esalq/kj ij fuHkZj gksxhA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk oxhZdj.k dh,d ,slh ifr fodflr djusdk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tksu fliZQ vkdkfjd] dkf;d

,oaiztuu laca/h lekurkvksaij vk/kfjr gksa] cfYd tkfro`kh; gks vkSj fodklh;laca/ksa ij Hkh vk/kfjr gksA

bl v;k; esa ge fOgVsdj ifr osQ varxZr ekWusjk] izksfVLVk ,oaiaQtkbZosQ y{k.kksadk v;;u djsaxsA IykaVh ,oa ,fuesfy;k txr] ftUgsa lkekU; Hkk"kk esae'k% ikni,oaizkf.k txr dgrs gSa] dh ppkZvkxsosQ nksv;k;ksa esavyx&vyx djsaxsA

2-1 ekWusjk txr

lHkh cSDVhfj;k ekWusjk txr osQ varxZr vkrsgSaA ;s lw{ethfo;ksa esa lokZf/d la[;k esa

gksrsgSa vkSj yxHkx lHkh LFkkuksa ij ik, tkrs gSaA eqV~Bh Hkj feV~Vh esalSdM+ksa izdkj osQcSDVhfj;k ns[ksx, gSaA ;sxeZty osQ >juksa] e:LFky] ciZQ ,oaxgjs leqnztSlsfo"ke,oaizfrdwy okl LFkkuksa] tgknwljstho eqf'dy ls gh thfor jg ikrsgSa] esaHkhik, tkrsgSaA dbZcSDVhfj;k rks vU; thoksaij ;k muosQ Hkhrj ijthoh osQ :i esajgrsgSaA

cSDVhfj;k dks muosQ vkdkj osQ vk/kj ij pkj lewgksaxksykdkj dksdl (cgqopudksdkb Z)] NM+kdkj cSflyl (cg qopu cSflykbZ) dkWek&vkdkj osQ] fofcz;e(cgqopu&fofcz;k) rFkk lfiZykdkj Likbfjye (cgqopu Likbfjyk) esackVk x;k gS(fp=k 2-1)A

dksdkbZ csflykbZ

chtk.kq

Likbfjyk

d'kkHk

fofcz;ks

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