raj board class 12 book - computer vigyaan

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Computer Vigyaan

1/226

dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2

d{kk XII

la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %

MkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZo,lksfl;sV~izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx

egf"kZn;kuUn ljLorh foofo|ky;] vtesj

ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+ MkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZo

,lksfl;sV~izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx izoDrkfV- ts- ,l- dkWyst] dksVk efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj

Hkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekj izQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizoDrk izoDrk

vkZ;Hk dkWyst] vtesj vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk jktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjh

lgk- ftyk ifj;kstuk leUo;d

ftyk fk{kk vf/kdkjh] izk-fk-] vtesj

ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


2/226

dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2dEI;wVj foKku&2

d{kk XII

la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %

MkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZo,lksfl;sV~izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx

egf"kZn;kuUn ljLorh foofo|ky;] vtesj

ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %ys[kd %

vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+ MkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZo,lksfl;sV~izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx izoDrk

fV- ts- ,l- dkWyst] dksVk efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj

Hkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekjHkjr dqekj izQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizQqYy pUnz u:dkizoDrk izoDrk

vkZ;Hk dkWyst] vtesj vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk jktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjhjktsk dqekj frokjh

lgk- ftyk ifj;kstuk leUo;dftyk fk{kk vf/kdkjh] izk-fk-] vtesj

ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesjjktdh; fo|ky;ks a esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ks a esa fu% kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ks a esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ks a esa fu% kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


3/226

fl

laLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.k %%%%% 20202020201212121212

izfr;k aizfr;kai zfr;k aizfr;kaizfr;ka %%%%%

jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;k sa es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;k sa es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;k sa es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;k sa es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esafu%fu%fu%fu%fu%kqYdkqYdkqYdkqYdkqYd forj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrq

U U U S U U -U U

U/U U fl

flflfl U flU U

fl U UU/U UU

-, fl S U

L/L Q CU

flUU L/L fl fl DU U

U/U U U fl U

fl U h U U

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s58 th-,l-,e- heokWo isij IS:18481848184818481848/20072007200720072007 ,oa130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS:69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


4/226

fl

laLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.k %%%%% 20202020201212121212

izfr;k aizfr;kai zfr;k aizfr;kai zfr;k a %%%%%

ewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esa %%%%% :i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s

kCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esa %%%%%

U U U S U U -U U

U/U U fl

fl flfl U flU U

fl U UU/U UU

-, flS U

L/L Q CU

flUU L/L

fl fl DU U

U/U U U fl U

fl U h U U

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s58 th-,l-,e- heokWo isij IS:18481848184818481848/20072007200720072007 ,oa130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS:69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


5/226

izkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFkuizkDdFku

dEI;wVj foKku fo"k; dks,sfPNd fo"k; ds:i esa ysusokysfo|kfFkZ;ksa dsfy, ;g

iqLrd fy[kh xbZgSA dEI;wVj dsmi;ksx lsge lc Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gSaA viuh vko';drkvksa

dsvuq:i ge bldk mi;ksx djuk pkgrsgSa rksbl fo"k; dh xgu tkudkjh gksuk vko';d

gSA dEI;wVj iz;ksDrk dse/; laokn LFkkfir djusesa vkWijsfVax flLVe dh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gSA

fofHkUu izdkj dh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa dsmi;ksx lsge viuh vko';drkuqlkj izksxzke cuk ldrs

gSaA C++ izksxzkfex dh vko';drk lkWVos;j dsfodkl dsfy, c


6/226

fo"k; lwphINDEX

bdkbZ1bdkbZ 1bdkbZ1bdkbZ 1bdkbZ 1 % C++ Programmingv/;k; 1 vkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax 1 - 4 0v/;k; 2 dUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVj 41 - 50v/;k; 3 QaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMax 51 - 69

bdkbZ 2bdkbZ 2bdkbZ 2bdkbZ 2bdkbZ 2 % Data Structurev/;k; 4 O;wg 70 - 86

bdkbZ 3bdkbZ 3bdkbZ 3bdkbZ 3bdkbZ 3 % Data Base and SQLv/;k; 5 MkVkcsl o ,lD;w,y dk ifjp; 87 - 128

bdkbZ4bdkbZ4bdkbZ4bdkbZ4bdkbZ 4 % Boolean Algebrav/;k; 6 cwfy;u ,ytscjk 129 - 141

bdkbZ 5bdkbZ 5bdkbZ 5bdkbZ 5bdkbZ 5 % Communication and Open Source Softwarev/;k; 7 lapkj vkSj usVodZ dh vo/kkj.kk, 142- 173v/;k; 8 osc dk ifjp; 174 - 203v/;k; 9 vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j 204 - 220

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


7/226

1

v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1

vkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeaxvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeaxvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeaxvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeaxvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax(Object Oriented Programming)

vkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax dh ewy /kkj.kkvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax dh ewy /kkj.kkvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax dh ewy /kkj.kkvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax dh ewy /kkj.kkvkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax dh ewy /kkj.kk(Basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming)

izksfltjy Hkk"kk vkWCtSDV vkWfj;UVsM izksxzkfeax blfy, fodflr dh xbZD;ksafd igystksizksfltjy Hkk"kk, C,FORTRAN, vkSj Pascal languages Fkh] muesa cafnksFkhA blfy, bu Hkk"kkvksa esa izR;sd dFku ;g crkrk gSfd dEI;wVjdksdqN djuk gSA buiqV fMokbl lsbuiqV ysuk] fQj buiqV MkVk ij izkslSl djuk] vkmViqV iznfkZr djuk bR;kfnAizksfltjy Hkk"kk esa izksxzke funsZk vkSj dFkuksa dh lwph gksrh gSA

fp= 1Arrangement of global and local variabletc izksxzke cgqr cM+k gkstkrk gS] rksog NksVs&NksVs;wfuV esa rksM+fn;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k lsizksxzke dksljy cukus

dsfy, QaDku dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izksfltjy izksxzke dksQaDku esa ckVk tkrk gSvkSj izR;sd QaDku esa Li"V ms;dkLi"Vhdj.k rFkk vU; QaDku lstqM+ko dsfy, Li"V fnkk funsZk gksrsgSA izksxzke dksQaDku esa rksM+usdsfopkj dksvkxseksM~;wyl esa c


8/226

2

Fig. 2 Procedural paradigm

izksfltjy iSjkfMxe esa ;g leL;k gSfd QaDku rFkk MkVk dschp esa dkQh tqM+ko gksrsgSA lHkh QaDku tksMkVk ij dk;ZdjrsgSa] oksmudks#ikarfjr djrsgStSlk fp= 1A esa fn[kk;k x;k gSAizR;sd vkWCtSDV vksfj,fUVM Hkk"kk esa dqN vko;d vo/kkj.kk,agS] tksbl izdkj gS%vkWCtSDVvkWCtSDVvkWCtSDVvkWCtSDVvkWCtSDV (Objects):vkWCtSDV vksfj,fUVM izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk esa vkWCtSDV ,d ewy ju Vkbe fo|ekurk (entity) gSA nwljs kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrsgSfd vkWCtSDV ,d Dykl dk mnkgj.k gSA izR;sd vkWCtSDV iFkd eSEcj dsoy ukWu LVsfVd osfj;scy j[krsgSA ge Dykl dsftruspkgsa mrusvkWCtSDV cuk ldrsgSADyklDyklDyklDyklDykl (Classes):Dykl vkWCtSDV dk Iyku]


9/226

3

bugSfjVSUlbugSfjVSUlbugSfjVSUlbugSfjVSUlbugSfjVSUl (Inheritance):;g ,d ,slh izf;k gSftlesa ,d Dykl dsvkCtSDV nwljh Dykl dsvkCtSDV dsxq.kksa (members)dksizkIr djrk gSA ;ggk;j,sfddy oxhZdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dksikyuk djrk gSA nwljskCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrsgSfd bugSfjVSUl eSEcj (variablevkSjmethods) dksgk;j,fddy lEcU/kksa dslkFk mUgsa ,d lsvf/kd Dyklksa dschp ckVrh gSA tksDykl nwljsdksbugSfjVdjrh gS og fMjkbo Dykl dgykrh gSrFkk tksDykl bugSfjfVM gksrh gSnwljh Dykl ls] og csl Dykl dgykrh gSAikWfyeksjfQte vkSj vksojyksfMaxikWfyeksjfQte vkSj vksojyksfMaxikWfyeksjfQte vkSj vksojyksfMaxikWfyeksjfQte vkSj vksojyksfMaxikWfyeksjfQte vkSj vksojyksfMax (Polymorphism and Overloading):

osD;k MkVk Vkbi vkWijsV dj jgsgS] bl ij fuHkZj jgrsgq, ge vkWijsVj vkSj QaDku dksfofHkUu rjhdksa lsmi;ksx dj ldrsgSA ;g izf;k ikWfyeksjfQte ,d ,slh pht ftldsfofHkUu izk#i gS dgykrh gSA tc Hkk"kk esa iwoZekStwn vkWijsVj tksLor%fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi ij dk;Zdjrsa gSa fdlh u;sMkVk ;wtj }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ij dk;Zdjusdksl{ke gksrksmlsvkWijsVjvksojyksfMax dgrsgSA tc ,d lsvf/kd QaDku dk uke leku gksrFkk mudsvkX;wZesUV dk MkVk Vkbi fHkUu gks;k vkX;wZesUVdh dqy la[;k fHkUu gks] rksblsQaDku vksojyksfMax dgrsgSaA QaDku vksojyksfMax ,d izdkj dh ikWfyeksjfQte gStksOOPsdh egRoiw.kZfoks"krk Hkh gSA vksojyksfMax nksizdkj dh gksrh gS% 1- dEikbyVkbe (early binding)rFkk 2- ju Vkbe (latebinding)Afj;wtsfcfyVhfj;wtsfcfyVhfj;wtsfcfyVhfj;wtsfcfyVhfj;wtsfcfyVh (Reusability):tc ge ,d Dykl dksfy[k ysrsgSa] fMcx (debug) dj ysrsgS] rS;kj dj ysrsgS rksblsvU; izksxzkej dksmuds viusizksxzkeesa iz;ksx djusgsrqnsnsrsgSA ;g izf;k fj;wtsfcfyVh dgykrh gSA ;g fcYdqy mlh rjg gSftl izdkj fdlh izksfltjy Hkk"kk

esa QaDku dh ykbczsjh fofHkUu izksxzke esa tksM+h tkrh gSAOOP esa bugSfjVSUl dh vo/kkj.kk fj;wtsfcfyVh dk egRoiw.kZfopkj izLrqr djrh gSA ,d izksxzkej igyslsekStwn

Dykl fcuk ifjofrZr fd, ysldrk gSrFkk blesa dqN vfrfjDr lqfo/kk rFkk {kerk mldksbugSfjV djdstksM+ldrk gSA;g dk;ZubZfMjkboM Dykl }kjk igyslsekStwn Dykl csl Dykl }kjk iw.kZfd;k tk ldrk gSA ubZDykl iqjkuh Dykldh {kerk dksbugSfjV dj ysrh gSijUrq Loa; ubZlqfo/kk tksM+usdsfy, Lora= gksrh gSA

C++dk ifjp;dk ifjp;dk ifjp;dk ifjp;dk ifjp;(Introduction of C++):C++ ,d vkWCtSDV vksfj,fUVM izksxzkfeax(OOP) Hkk"kk gSA blsBjarne Stroustrup usNew Jersey, Murrary Hill

esa AT&T Bell Laboratories esa 1979 esa fodflr fd;k FkhA C++, C Hkk"kk dk foLrr #i gSA izkjEHk esa bldk uke C withClasses FkkA 1983 esa bldk uke cnydj C++ dj fn;k x;kA C++ dk fopkj buhesUV vkWijsVj (++) dsuke lsvk;kgSA ;g C Hkk"kk dk lqij lSV gSA C++ esa lclsegRoiw.kZ lqfo/kk tksC Hkk"kk dscnysesa tksM+h xbZgSog Dykl] vkWCtSDV]bugSfjVSUl] vkWijsVj rFkk QaDku vksojyksfMax gSA C++ dsvkWCtSDV vksfj,fUVM foks"krk dsdkj.k ;g gesa izksxzke dkslkQ]foLr`r #i esa rFkk ljy j[kj[kko ls fy[kusdh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA C esa ij&uhps


10/226

4

mi;ksx gksrk gS] mldsfcYdqy iklAEg. :-

# include

# include

class X

{

private:int a;

int sqr(int a)

{

return a*a;

}

public:

int b;

int twice(int i)

{

return 2*i;}

void disp(int x)

{

int p=sqr(i);

int q=twice(p);

cout


11/226

5

i = j = k = l = 0;

}

Abc( int a) { // one argument constructor

cout > i >> j >> k >> l;

}

void show( ) {

cout


12/226

6

cin >> i >> j >> k; // multiple variables input

buiqV vkWijsVj >> dksge ,DlVSDku (extraction) ;k xSV kse vkWijsVj (get from) dgrsgS] ftldk mi;ksx LVS.MMZbuiqV fMokbl (keyboard)ls MkVk izkIr djds osfj;scy esaLVksj djuk gSA ;gka cin ,d iwoZ ?kksf"kr LVS.MMZ buiqV LVhedk vkWCtSDV gSA ;g iostream.hgSMj Qkby esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tksC ds scanf()QaDku ds lerqY; gS tSlk fp=3 esa crk;k x;k gSAvkmViqV vkWijsVjvkmViqV vkWijsVjvkmViqV vkWijsVjvkmViqV vkWijsVjvkmViqV vkWijsVj (Output operator):

fp= 4 vkmViqV vkWijsVj

cout


13/226

7

C++ dsdh oMZl esa vf/kdkak C Hkk"kk ds dh oMZl gS dqN u;sdh oMZtksM+s x, gS ftuesa vf/kdkak OOPS dsfy,gSA

dhoMZdk igyk lewg MkVk Vkbi gSC++ dseq[; MkVk Vkbi fp= esa fn[kk;sx;sgSA bUVhxzy MkVk Vkbi signedvkSjunsigned izdkj dsgksrsgSaA lHkh bUVhxzy MkVk Lor% signed izdkj dsgksrs gSA

fp= 5 MkVk Vkbichar:

;g gS,d fizfefVo (built-in) MkVk Vkbi gSA tksdSjsDVj osfj;scy dks?kksf"kr djusdsfy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA C++ esasdSjsDVj osfj;scy ,d ckbV dk gksrk gSA Lor% ;ssigned gksrk gSA

charc = A;int:

;g ,d fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi gSA ;g dh oMZ16 fcV fQDlM iksbUV U;wesfjd (bUVhtj)osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk djusesa mi;ksxfd;k tkrk gSAint i = 10;

short:

;g fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi gSA ;g dh oMZ16 fcV kksVZ fQDlM iksbUV U;wesfjd bUVhtj ?kks"k.kk djusesa iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA

shortint i = 10;

long:

;g fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi gSA tks32 fcV fQDlM iksbUV U;wesfjd osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk djusesa dke vkrk gSAlonga = 10L;

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


14/226

8

float:

;g fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi gStks32 fcV flaxy fizfltu yksfVax iksbUV U;wesfjd osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk djusdsfy, dke esavkrk gSA ;g IEEE754 dksfaMax rduhdh dks] uEcj dksiznfkZr djusdsdke esa ysrk gSA

floatf = 23.4f;

double:

;g fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi gStks64 fcV Mcy fizfltu yksfVax iksbUV U;wesfjd osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk djusdsdke esa vkrkgSA ;g IEEE754 dksfMax rduhdh dks] uEcj dksiznfkZr djusdsdke esa ysrk gSA Lor% yksfVax iskbUV fyVjy Mcy izdkj

dk gksrk gSAdouble d = 23.5;

signed:

izR;sd _.kkRed fQDlM iksbUV U;wesfjd eku dksdEI;wVj esa 2s dEiyhesUV esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA lkbUM uEcj /kukRedeku dslkFk&lkFk _.kkRed eku dksHkh LVksj djrsgSA bUVhtj ?kks"k.kk Lor% signedizdkj dh gksrh gSA signeddksge floatvkSjdoubleosfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dslkFk ughayxk ldrsA bldk osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dsoDr iz;ksx gksrk gSA

int i; // by default signed

signedint i; // explicit declared as signed

unsigned:

bldksHkh osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dslkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bUVhxzy osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dsoDr bldk iz;ksx gksrkgSA

unsigned data flQZ/kukRed eku gh LVksj djrsgSAunsigned char c;unsignedint i;

void:

;g dh oMZvoid iksbUVj dh ?kks"k.kk esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] bldk mi;ksx QaDku dsfjVuZVkbi rFkk QaDku dsvkX;wZesUVesa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vxj QaDku dk vkX;wZesUV void izdkj dk gSA rksog ;g nkkZrk gSfd QaDku kwU; vkX;wZesUV okyk gSAvxjQaDku dsfjVZu izdkj esa void gSrksog ;g nkkZrk gS fd QaDku dqN Hkh fjVZu ughadj jgk gSA

void *v; // void point declaration

void abc( int i) ; // function returns nothing

int abc(void); // zero argument function

goto:

;g vudaMhkuy daVksy LVsVesUV gS] tksfcuk dksbZdaMhku tkapsfn, x, yscy ij daVksy Hkstrk gS ;g C++ izksxzkedh200)

break;

stmt2;

}

stmt3;

for(intialize;condition;update){

stmt1;

if(val>2000)

break;

stmt2;

}

stmt3;

do

{

stmt1;

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


15/226

9

if(val>2000)

break;

stmt2;

}

while(text expression);

stmt3;

continue:

;g dh oMZywi(for, do-while, while) dksvxysbVjsku (iteration) ij ystkrk gSvkSj cph gqbZckWMh dksNksM+nsrkgSA ge geskk blsif daVksy LVsVesUV esa iz;ksx djrsgSvU;Fkk bldk dksbZ eryc ughajgrkA

while(test expression)

{

stmt 1;

if(val>200)

continue;

stmt2;

}

stmt3;

for(intialize;condition;update)

{

stmt1;

if(val>2000)

continue;

stmt2;

}

stmt3;

do

{

stmt1;

if(val>2000)continue;

stmt2;

} while(text expression);

stmt3;

return:

;g dh oMZQaDku lsykSVusdsfy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g QaDku }kjk x.kuk dh xbZeku dkscqykusokysizksxzkedksHkstrk gSA lkekU;r;k ge blsQaDku dh ckWMh dsvar esa iz;ksx djrsgSA vxj blsvafre ykbu lsigysiz;ksx fd;ktk,rksog if daVksy LVsVesUV dsvUnj gksuk pkfg,A

int abc() { int abc() { int abc(int n) {

int i=2; int i=2; int i=2;i = i*2; returni*i;O if ( n>3) {

returni;P cout


16/226

10

dsfy, iz;ksx dj ldrsgSA yksftdy ,DlizSku cwfy;u (Boolean) eku nsrk gS] ftlslh/kk daMhku esa iz;ksx dj ldrsgSAvFkZeSfVd ,DlizSku U;wesfjd eku nsrk gS] vxj U;wesfjd eku kwU; gSrksdaMhku FALSE gksxh vU;Fkk daMhku TRUE gksxhAvf/kdrj (1)lkoZHkkSfed TRUErFkk (0)lkoZHkkSfed FALSE gksrk gSA

# include

# include

void main()

{clrscr();

int A,B,C;

coutA;

coutB;

if(a>10&&B


17/226

11

cout


18/226

12

# include

# include

void main()

{

clrscr();

int l;

for(l=1;l


19/226

13

}while(ch


20/226

14

esa Xykscy ughagksrsAint i=10; // non-static global variable

staticint j; // static global variable

void main( ) {

cout


21/226

15

inline:

;g dh oMZvkWQykbu QaDku dksbu ykbu vkWu ykbu cukusdsdke vkrk gSA bu ykbu QaDku NksVk vkSj ljygksrk gSA bu ykbu QaDku esa ge ywi dk iz;ksx ughadj ldrsA QaDku dkscqykusdsoDr oksfdlh izdkj dsLVSd dk;Zdkmi;ksx ughadjrsA oksdEikbysku lsigysfoLrr(extend) fd, tkrsgSA vFkkZr~dEikbyj QaDku cqykusdh txg ijQaDku dh ckWMh j[krk gSAinlinefloat areaOfTriangle( int b, int h) { // simple program which

float area; // have no loop

a = (b*h)/2.0;return area;

}

this:

;g ,d iksbUVj gSftlds}kjk ju Vkbe dsoDr fdlh vkWCtSDV ds,MjSl dksi


22/226

16

Abc operator + (Abc x) { // overload + binary operator

return Abc(i + x.i);

}

};

virtual:

bl dh oMZdk mi;ksx ju Vkbe ikWfyeksjfQte (polymorphism)dsfy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fMjkbZoM Dykl ds

vksojjkbM(override) csl Dykl dk eSFkM tksfMjkboM Dykl esa mlh izksVksVkbi }kjk iqu% ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gks eSFkM dkscslDykl dsvkWCtSDV lsi


23/226

17

try:

;g dh oMZ,DlSIku gSaMfyx dsdke vkrk gSA ge try CykWd esa ,slsLVsVeSUV fy[ksaxstks,DlSIku Fkzks(throw)djldrsgSAcatch:

bl dh oMZdk mi;ksxtry CykWd }kjk QSadsx, fofHkUu ,DlSIku dks idM+us(catch) dsdke vkrk gSAthrow:

;g dh oMZ,d vkWijsVj gSA tc fdlh izdkj dh =qfV dk irk pyrk gS rksVkb CykWd ls,DlSIku QSadusdsdke

vkrk gSAvoid main() {

int a, b, c, d;

cin>> a >> b;

try{

c = a / b;

if (c == 0) {

throw10;

} else {

d = a / c;

}

} catch(int e) {cout


24/226

18

private:

;g ,d ,lsl eksfMQk;j gStksDykl esa izkbosV eSEcj dh ?kks"k.kk djus esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS] ftlsDykl dsckgj ughai


25/226

19

Dykl dksbugSfjV djusesa Hkh fd;k tkrk gStks;g nkkZrh gS fd Xykscy Ldksi esa fMjkbo Dykl dsvkWCtSDV }kjk csl DykldsifCyd eSEcj dksi


26/226

20

};

void main( ) {

S2 x;

x.i = 10;

x.j = 10; O // cant access private member

x.k = 10; O // cant access protected member

x.l = 10;

x.p = 10;cout


27/226

21

public:

double d; // explicit declared as public member,

and this field is its largest field of 8 bytes

};

void main( ) {

S1 x;

cout


28/226

22

cout


29/226

23

cout


30/226

24

Abc *x; Abc *x; Abc *x;

x->i = 10; x->i = 10; x->i = 10;

cout


31/226

25

a = (a + b)++; O // cant use with expression

a = MAX++; O // cant use with constant

a = 23++; O // cant use with literal

a = size(30)++; O // cant use with function

~ (1s complement)

;g fcV okbl ;wujh vkWijsVj gS tksfn, x, MkVk dk 1s dkEiyhesUV Kkr djusdsfy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

fn, x, vkWijsUM dslHkh fcVl dksdkWEiyhesUV dj nsrk gSA bldk izh fQDl #i esa iz;ksx gksrk gSAint i = 10; i = 0000 0000 0000 1010

i = ~i; ~i = 1111 1111 1111 0101

! (Logical NOT)

;g yksftdy ;wujh vkWijsVj gSftldk vkWijsUM fjyskuy vkSj vFkZesfVd ,DlizSku (Nonzero U;wesfjd eku truevkSjzero false gksrk gS gksrsgSA blsgeskk izh fQDl #i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vksijsUM dseku dkstruelsfalsevkSjfalselstrue esa cnyrk gSA

if ( ! (20 is true, it convert into false condition

& (Address of)

;g ju Vkbe esa fdlh osfj;scy rFkk vkWCtSDV dk ,MjSl irk yxkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx fdlh QaDku dksjSQjSUl

}kjkvkX;wZesUV Hkstusesa fd;k tkrk gSAint a = 10;

int *p = &a; // address of variable a is stored in pointer variable p

a = abc(&a); // passing argument by reference to function abc()

* (De-reference)

;g fn, x, ,MjSl lseku dksykusdsdke vkrk gS] bldk iksbUVj osfj;scy ?kksf"kr djusesa mi;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA ;g iksbUVj osfj;scy dsgeskk izh fQDl esa yxrk gSA

int a = 10;

int *p = &a; // used for pointer variable declaration

cout


32/226

26

nwljh ,DliyhflV dkfLVax gStkscM+s lkbt ds MkVk dksNksVslkbt esa Vkbi dkfLVax vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx djdscnyrh gSA bl ifjorZu esa cM+s lkbt dsMkVk dsvfrfjDr MSB fcVl dkfLVax dsoDr NksM+(discard) fn, tkrsgStSlkfdfp=6(b) esa nkkZ;k x;k gSAsizeof

;g vkWijsVj fdlh osfj;scy ;k vkWCtSDV ds}kjk iz;qDr dh tkusokyh dqy eSeksjh dkscrykrk gSA ;g Mk;ufedeSeksjh ,yksdsku dsoDr ju Vkbe lkbt Kkr djusdsfy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vk WCtSDV dk lkbt mldsukWu LVsfVdeSEcj osfj;scy dslkbt ds;ksx dscjkcj gksrk gSAvoidmain( ) { class Abc {

int i; int i;

cout


33/226

27

a[i] = newint[col]; // allocate memory for cols

}

delete and delete[ ]

;g vkWijsVj ju Vkbe fdlh osfj;scy ;k vkWCtSDV dksvkoafVr eSeksjh eqDr djusdsdke vkrk gSA ;g C Hkk"kk dsfree()QaDku dsleku dk;Zdjrk gS] vUrj flQZbruk gSfd free() ,d QaDku gSrFkk delete ,d vkWijsVj gSblsfdlhizdkj dh gSMj Qkby dh vko;drk ughagksrhA

void main ( ) {

int *i = new int;Abc *obj = new Abc;

delete i;

delete obj;

}

delete[ ] vkWijsVj }kjk fdlh Hkh ,Sjsdksdelete fd;k tk ldrk gStc ge ,Sjsdksdelete djsa rksbldk syntex delete[ ] expr gh gksuk pkfg,A czSdsV dsvanj ,Sjsdh Mk;eSuku ikl djusdh vko;drk ughagSA

void main ( ) {

char *p;

p = new char[10]; // allocate 10 chars array

delete[ ] p; // delete 10 chars array

}

eSEcj MhjSQjsUl vkWijsVjeSEcj MhjSQjsUl vkWijsVjeSEcj MhjSQjsUl vkWijsVjeSEcj MhjSQjsUl vkWijsVjeSEcj MhjSQjsUl vkWijsVj (Member Dereference Operator)class Abc {

public: int i;

};

voidmain( ) {

int Abc::*p = &Abc::i; // pointer to member variable i

Abc x; // non-pointer type object

Abc *y = new Abc; // pointer type object

x.*p = 10; // direct member dereference

y->*p = 20; // indirect member dereference

cout


34/226

28

tkrk gS] bldh ,lksfl,VhfoVh (associativity) cka;slsnka;sgksrh gSA vxj ckbujh vkWijsVj dsnksuksa vksijsUM fofHkUu lkbtrFkk fofHkUu izdkj dsgSrksosLor% gh Vkbi izeksV gkstkrsgSA NksVslkbt dk vksijsUM cM+s lkbt esa vkSj bUVhxzy vksijsUMyksfVax iksbaV esa cny tkrk gSA

operand1 operator operand2

vFkZesfVd vkWijsVjvFkZesfVd vkWijsVjvFkZesfVd vkWijsVjvFkZesfVd vkWijsVjvFkZesfVd vkWijsVj (Arithmetic operator):,slsvkWijsVj tksvFkZesfVd dk;Zdjusdsfy, iz;qDr fd, tkrsgksrFkk ifj.kke dksbaVhxzy #i esa nsrsgks] vFkZesfVd

vkWijsVj dgykrsgSA ;sfdlh Hkh fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi ij mi;ksx fd, tk ldrsgStcfd% (modulo)

vkWijsVj dksdsoybUVhxzy MkVk (char, int, long) ij iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSuk fd yksfVax iksbUV (float, double) ij]%vkWijsVj esa ifj.kkedklkbu (sign) igyscka;k vksijsUM dsleku gksrk gSA dEI;wVj dsALU esa % vkWijsVj dsfy, lh/kk dksbZgkMZos;jughagksrkA ;g fuEu izdkj lscsfld vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx djdsgy gksrk gS%

x % y is equivalent to x (x/y)*y

fMfotu vkWijsVj esa vxj bUVhtj eku dksbUVhtj lsHkkx nsrksifj.kke geskk bUVhtj esa gh vk,xkA mnkgj.k dsfy,5/2 gy gksusij 2 nsrk gSu fd 2.5] D;ksafd ;g dk;Z fQDlM iksbUV ALU }kjk lEiw.kZfd;k tkrk gSA budh ojh;rk;wujh vkWijsVj lsde gksrh gSA

fp= 6

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


35/226

29

Priority Operator Operation / Purpose Examples Result

(1) * Multiplication 5*2 10

5.0*2.0 10.0

/ Division 5/2 2

2/5 05.0/2.0 2.5

5/2.0 2.5

5.0/2 2.5

% Modules 5%2 1

(Remainder) 2%5 2

-5%2 -1

5%-2 1

-5%-2 -1

5.0%2.0 O ERROR

(2) + Addition 5+2 7

5.0+2.0 7.0

- Substraction 5-2 3

5.0-2.0 3.0

fkV vkWijsVjfkV vkWijsVjfkV vkWijsVjfkV vkWijsVjfkV vkWijsVj (Shift Operator):;g fcV okbl vkWijsVj gS;g vkWijsVj dsoy bUVhxzy vksijsUM dslkFk gh iz;ksx fd, tkrsgSA igyk vksijsUM;g

crkrk gSfd ge fdldksshift djuk pkgrsgSrFkk nwljk vksijsUM ;g crkrk gSfd ge fdruh ckj fkV djuk pkgrsgSAoperand1 shift operator operand2


36/226

30

vksojyksM fd;k x;k gS] blsiwoZ?kksf"kr buiqV LVhe vkWCtSDV cindslkFk dh cksMZdslkFk MkVk izkIr djusdsfy, iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 8

int i = 10;

i = i >> 1; // one time right shift all bits of variable i

cout >i; // overloaded for input purpose

i = i >> 2.3; // wrong, cant use float as operand

fjyskuy dEiSjhtu vkWijsVjfjyskuy dEiSjhtu vkWijsVjfjyskuy dEiSjhtu vkWijsVjfjyskuy dEiSjhtu vkWijsVjfjyskuy dEiSjhtu vkWijsVj[Relational (comparison) Operator]:

bl vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx fdUghanksvFkZesfVd ,DlizSku dksfeykus(comparison) dsfy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fjtYVdkBooleaneku (true or false) esa nsrk gSA bldh ojh;rk vFkZesfVd vkWijsVj lsde gksrh gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r;k daMhkuydaVksy LVsVeSUV (if, for, while, bR;kfn) esa daMhku dkstkpusdsfy, fd;k tkrk gSAvoidmain ( ) {

float f = 0.7; // 0.7 is double, so cast it to float and truncate some data

if (f < 0.7 ) { // f is auto type promoted, and add zero on extra bits

cout =1 true

1 >=2 false

(2) == equal to 5==2 false

!= not equal to 5 !=2 true

fcVokbl vkWijsVjfcVokbl vkWijsVjfcVokbl vkWijsVjfcVokbl vkWijsVjfcVokbl vkWijsVj (Bitwise Operator):bu vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx fn, x, MkVk ds,dy (individual) fcV~l ij dk;Zdjusdsfy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vkWijsVjdsoy baVhxzy MkVk(char, int and long) ij dk;Zdjrk gSA fcV~okbl vkWijsVj dh foLrr tkudkjh fp= 9 esa nkkZ;h xbZgSA

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


37/226

31

fp= 9ykWftdy kkWVZ lfdZV vkWijsVjykWftdy kkWVZ lfdZV vkWijsVjykWftdy kkWVZ lfdZV vkWijsVjykWftdy kkWVZ lfdZV vkWijsVjykWftdy kkWVZ lfdZV vkWijsVj [Logical (short ckt.) Operator]:

;g U;wure ojh;rk e okysckbujh vkWijsVj gStksfjyskuy ;k vFkZesfVd ,DlizSku dkstkpusdsdke esa vkrsgSaA nksizdkj dsyksftdy vkWijsVj gksrsgS% && (logical AND) vkSj|| (logical NOT)A bUgsa kkWVZlfdZV vkWijsVj dsukelsHkh tkuk tkrk gSA blesa nwljs vksijsUM dksrHkh gy djrsgSa tc izFke vksijsUM vafre mkj dksnsusesa vl{ke gksrkgSA&&(Logical AND)

bl vkWijsVj esa ;fn izFke vksijsUM true gSrc gh nwljk vksijsUM gy djsxk vU;Fkk ughaA ;fn igyk vksijsUM falsegSrksfcuk nwljsvksijsUM dksgy fd, ge vafre gy crk ldrsgSvkSj og false gh gksxkA

int a=2, b=3; int a=2, b=3;// 1st operand is true, so // 1st operand is false, so

// it will solve 2nd operand // it will not solve 2nd operand

if (a


38/226

32

int a=2, b=3; int a=2, b=3;

// 1st operand is true, so // 1st operand is false, so

// it will not solve 2nd operand // it will solve 2nd operand

if (a


39/226

33

dsfy, Lor% dkfLVax mi;ksx dj ysrk gSvxj bldh vko;drk gksrksA

Simple assignment Equivlent Compound Assignment

a = a + b a +=ba = a - b a -=ba = a * b a *=ba = a / b a /=b

a = a % b a %=ba = a >=ba = a & b a &=ba = a ^ b a ^=ba = a | b a |=b

vlkbueSUV ds nkSjkuvlkbueSUV ds nkSjkuvlkbueSUV ds nkSjkuvlkbueSUV ds nkSjkuvlkbueSUV ds nkSjku C++ }kjk ,DlizSku gy djus dk rjhdk}kjk ,DlizSku gy djus dk rjhdk}kjk ,DlizSku gy djus dk rjhdk}kjk ,DlizSku gy djus dk rjhdk}kjk ,DlizSku gy djus dk rjhdk(Way of solving expression by C++ during Assignment)

;g osfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dsoDr rFkk ckn esa LVksj djusokys,DlizSku dksvyx&vyx rjhdslsgy djrkgSAosfj;scy dh ?kks"k.kk dsoDr vlkbueSUV djuk (Assignment during variable declaration):

1. ckbujh vkWijsVj dsvksijsUM dseku dkscka;slsnka;h fnkk dh rjQ j[krk gSrFkk vkWijsUM dk eku j[krsoDr ;wujh (++,--) vkWijsVj dksHkh gy dj ysrk gSA iksLVfQDl ;wujh vkWijsVj vksijsUM esa eku j[kusdsipkr~ gy gksrk gStcfd izh fQDl;wujh vkWijsVj igysgy gksrk gSckn esa vkWijsUM esa eku j[krk gSA2. ckbujh vkWijsVj dsvkWijsUM dk eku j[kusdsipkr~;g ckbujh vkWijsVj dksmudh ojh;rk dsvuqlkj gy djrk gSA(means *,/,% solve first, after that it solve +,-)

int a = 2;

int b = a++ + ++a + a++ * a + a; // storing exp. value during dec.

cout


40/226

34

try {

if ( a


41/226

35

s NEW l LEMDA2. fuEu lwfp dsvuqlkj ,ytSfczd QaDku dkslerqY; C++ QaDku esa cny ysuk pkfg,A lHkh ykbczsjh QaDku math.hgSMjQkby esa miyC/k gSAfact(n) ;wtj fMQkabM QaDku gStksC++ dh ykbczsjh esa ughagSA

Algebraic Equivalent Example Result

Function C++ Function

x sqrt(x) sqrt(9.0) 3.0x floor(x) floor(2.99) 2x ceil(x) ceil(2.001) 3x mod(x) mod(-23.3) 23.3sin x sin(x) sin(30.0) -0.988

cos x cos(x) cos(30.0) 0.154

sin-1x asin(x) asin(0.2) 0.201

cos-1x acos(x) acos(0.2) 1.369

ex exp(x) exp(3.0) 20.08

logex log(x) log(2.0) 0.693

log10

x log10(x) log10(2.0) 0.301

xy

pow(x,y) pow(2.0,3.0) 8.0n fact(n) fact(3) 6

3. ;fn fMohtu (/) vkWijsVj dslkFk baVhxzy fyVjy dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSrksmlsyksfVax iksbUV fyVjy esa cny ysukpkfg,A bl izdkj ge baVhtj fMokbM ckb baVhtj lscp ldrsgS] tksgeskk ifj.kke baVhtj esa gh nsrk gSA

a / 3 convert into a / 3.0

4. fMohtu vkWijsVj dsvak rFkk gj ,Dlizs'ku dksisjsfU;fll esa fy[k ysuk pkfg,A5. ge fdrusHkh iSjkfFkfll iz;ksx dj ldrsgSa tc vko;drk gksA6. kq# gksusokysrFkk can gksusokysczSfdV leku gksuspkfg,A7.Lor% dHkh Hkh eYVhfQdsku ughagksrk blfy, gesa eYVhiyhdsku dsfy, (*) vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) // wrong

s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c) // correct

8. C++ QaDku dksvkX;wZesUV@eku Hkstusdsfy, geskk isjsfU;fll dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,Asqrt 9 // wrong

sqrt (9) // correct

9. vlkbueSUV (=) vkWijsVj dscka;sHkkx esa geskk osfj;scy dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A dsoy izh fQDl bUhesUV] fMhesUVvkWijsVj cka;sHkkx esa ekU; gksxkA

a + b = c + d; // wrong

a = c + d b; // correct

++a = c +d - b; // correct

10. dkWUlVSUV dksgeskk cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[kuk pkfg;srkfd blsosfj;scy lsfHkUu izdkj lsigpkuk tk ldsA ,d lsvf/kd

kCnksa okysdkWUlVSUV dsuke dschp vUMjLdksj(_) dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,Aa = b + pie; // bad waya = b + PIE; // best way to use

a = b + MAX_NO; // multiple words constant

11.osfj;scy rFkk dkWUlVSUV dk uke dk;Zlsfeyrk&tqyrk gksuk pkfg,A ge iwjk uke ;k dk;Zdsuke dk igyk v{kj dkiz;ksx dj ldrsgSA jSUMe rFkk csrqdk uke iz;ksx ughadjuk pkfg,A ,d lsvf/kd kCnksa okysosfj;scy dsuke esa kCn dkigyk v{kj cM+k gksuk pkfg, tSlsf=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy Kkr djusdsfy, ge fuEu izdkj lsuke dk iz;ksx djsaxs%

int a; // best way for naming

int area; // best way for naming

int AreaOfTriangle; // best way for naming

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


42/226

36

int x; // bad way for naming

Examples:

Sr. Algebraic Equivalent C++

No Equation Expression

1. x +y--------- p ((x+sqrt(y)) / ((pow(ALPHA,2) + pow(BITA,3)))* PIEa 2 +b3

2. expx+ ex

---------- (floor(x) + exp(x)) / (sqrt(pow(x,y)) / LEMDA)xy l

3. |x|* sinq------------- (mod(x) * sin(THITA)) / (ALPHA + BITA + GAMA)a +b +g

4. 11+ -------------- 1 + 1 / ( 1 + 1 / ( 1 + x ))

11 + --------- 1 + x

5. x + max_no---------------- (x + MAX_NO) / (fact(n) / PIE)!n p

uSlVsM+daVksy LVsVeSUVuSlVsM+daVksy LVsVeSUVuSlVsM+daVksy LVsVeSUVuSlVsM+daVksy LVsVeSUVuSlVsM+daVksy LVsVeSUV(Nested Control Statement)

ge fdlh daVksy LVsVeSUV dh ckWMh esa vU; fdrusHkh daVksy LVsVeSUV fy[k ldrsgS] bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dksuSlfVMdaVksy LVsVeSUV dgrsgSA ge fdrusHkh uSlfVM Lrj dk mi;ksx dj ldrsgSA uSlfVM daVksy LVsVeSUV dk iz;ksx fdlh leL;kesa ,d lsvf/kd daMhku tkpusdsfy, fd;k tkrk gSA vanj okyk daVksy LVsVeSUV rHkh fu"ikfnr gksrk gS tc ckgjokykdaVksy LVsVeSUV true gksA vanj dsdaVksy LVsVeSUV esa fy[ksx, LVsVeSUVl rHkh fu"ikfnr gksrsgStc nksuksa vanj vkSj ckgjgh daMhku true gksIf within ifdksuSlfVM if, switch within switchdksuSlfVMswitchrFkkfor within for dksuSlfVMfordgrsgSA

Nested if Nested switch

if ( condition1) { // outer if switch(exp1) { // outer switch

if (condition2) { // inner if switch(exp2) { / / inner switch

} }

}

}

ge uSlfVM for ywi esa fdlh ,d for ywi esa fdrusHkh for ywi fy[k ldrsgSatcfd izR;sdfor ywi dk osfj;scyvyx&vyx gksuk pkfg,A

for (int i=1; i


43/226

37

}

}

jsQjsUl osfj;scyjsQjsUl osfj;scyjsQjsUl osfj;scyjsQjsUl osfj;scyjsQjsUl osfj;scy (Reference Variable)igysC esa nksizdkj dsosfj;scy gksrsgSa% ukWu&iksbUVj rFkk iksbUVj osfj;scyA C++ ,d u;sizdkj dsosfj;scy izLrqr djrkgSftlsjsQjsUl osfj;scy dgrsgSA ;g iwoZ?kksf"kr osfj;scy dksvyVjusVho uke (alias) nsrk gSvFkkZr~ge ,d gh eSeksjh yksdsku

dks,d lsvf/kd uke nsldrsgSA ge ?kks"k.kk dsoDr osfj;scy dsuke lsigys& fpUg dk iz;ksx djrsgSA ;g ?kks"k.kk dsoDrfdlh osfj;scy }kjk vo; bfufkykbZt gksuk pkfg,A jsQjsUl osfj;scy dks,SMl vlkbZu gksusokysosfj;scy ds,SMllsleku gksrk gSA

data_type & ref_var_name = variable_name;

int a = 10;

int &p = a; // create ref./alias of variable a

cout


44/226

38

int a=2, b=3; int a=2, b=3; int a=2, b=3;

swap(a, b); swap(&a,& b) swap(a, b);

cout


45/226

39

cout


46/226

40

7. fuEu izksxzke ds[k.M dk vkmViqV D;k gksxk\int a = 2;

if ( !0


47/226

41

v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2

dUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVjdUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVjdUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVjdUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVjdUlVDVj rFkk MsLVDVj(Constructors and Destructors)

dbZ ckj ge vkWCtSDV mRiUu gksusdsrqjUr ckn rFkk vkWCtSDV dsu"V gksusdsiwoZdqN dk;Zdjuk pkgrsgSA C++dh Dykl esa nks,slh lqfo/kk gS ftuds}kjk ge mijksDr dk;Zdj ldrsgSA ;g dUlVDVj vkSj MsLVDVj gSA dUlVDVjLor% gh fu"ikfnr gkstkrk gStc vkWCtSDV mRiUu gksrk gSA blh izdkj MsLVDVj Hkh Lor% fu"ikfnr gksrk gStc vkWCtSDVu"Vgksrk gS;k Ldksi lsckgj ckn esa ftldh dksbZ vko;drk u gks pyk tkrk gSA ;sDykl dsfoks"k izdkj dseSEcjQaDku gksrsgSA bu lqfo/kkvksa ds}kjk ;g ;wtj dsfy, lqfo/kktud gksrk gSfd vkWCtSDV mRifk dsle; Lor% ghbfufk;ykbt gkstkrk gSrFkk u"V gksusij Lor% gh lHkh L=ksr eqDr dj nsrk gSA

dUlVDVjdUlVDVjdUlVDVjdUlVDVjdUlVDVj (Constructors)dUlVDVj ,d eSEcj eSFkM gStksvkWCtSDV dh mRifk dsoDr Lor% gh fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA dUlVDVj vkWCtSDV dks

mRifk dsoDr Lor% bfufkykbZt djusdh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA blsvkWCtSDV dk Lor% bfufkykbZtsku Hkh dgrsgaSA;g vkWCtSDV mRifk dsrqjUr ckn fu"ikfnr gksrk gS] bldk uke Dykl dsuke dsleku gksrk gSA blsvksojyksM djldrsgaSA bldk dksbZHkh fjVZu Vkbi ughagksrk] ;g Lor% Dykl dsizdkj dksgh fjVZu djrk gSA ;g geskk ckgj lsghcqyk;k tkrk gSblfy, bldk ,lsl eksfMQk;j izkbosV ughagksuk pkfg,] blfy;sge mlsvf/kdrj ifCyd j[krsgaSAvxjge dksbZHkh dUlVDVj ughafy[krsgaS rksdEikbyj Lor% gh kwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVj fcuk fdlh dher ij iznkudj nsrk gSaA tSlsgh ,d ckj kwU; vkX;wZesUV dsvykok vU; dUlVDVj cuk fy;k tkrk gSrc dEikbyj gesa kwU;vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVj iznku ughadjrkA fofHkUu izdkj dsdUlVDVj fp= 1 esa nkkZ;sx;sgSA// Aclass without Constructor // A class with constructor

# include # include class Abc { class Abc {

private: private:

int a; int a;

public: public:

void show() { // member method Abc(void) { // constructor

cout


48/226

42

djrsgSaA4. bUgsa vksojyksM fd;k tk ldrk gSA5. Mkbo Dykl }kjk osbugsfjV (inherit)ughafd;stk ldrs] mUgsa Mkbo Dykl dsdUlVDVj lscqyk;k tk ldrk gSA6. ;svkWCtSDV mRifk dsrqjUr ckn fu"ikfnr gksrsgSaA7. ;svkWQykWbu eSFkM dh rjg Hkh fy[kstk ldrsgaSA8. osvirtual ,slk eSFkM ftldh dksbZ ckWMh ughagksrh] ckWMh dksMkbo Dykl esa ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSvirtual eSFkM

dgykrk gS izdkj ughagksldrsAiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVjiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVjiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVjiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVjiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVj (Parameterized Constructors)

ge vkWCtSDV mRifk dsoDr eSEcj osfj;scy dks fofHkUu eku lsbfufk;ykbt djokuk pkgrsgSaA ;seku dUlVDVj}kjkHkststkrsgSaA bl izdkj dsdUlVDVj dksiSjkehVjkbtM dUlVDVj dgrsgS] vFkkZr~,slsdUlVDVj tkseku dksvkX;wZesUVdhrjg ysrsgS] iSjkehVj dUlVDVj gksrsgSaAkwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVjkwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVjkwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVjkwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVjkwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVj (Zero Argument Constructor):

kwU; vkX;wZesUV dUlVDVj fcuk iSjkehVj vkWCtSDV mRifk dsoDr fofHkUu eku iznku ughadjrsA vxj ;wtj fdlhizdkj dk dUlVDVj ughafy[krk gSrks;sLor% gh dEikbyj }kjk mRiUu gkstkrsgSA

# include

class Abc {private:

int a;

public:

Abc( ) {

cout


49/226

43

// variable have same name

}

void show() {

cout


50/226

44

class Abc {

private:

int a, b, c;

public:

Abc(int a=10, int b=20, int c=30 ) {

this->a = a;

this->b = b;

this->c = c;

}

void show() {

cout


51/226

45

this->b = b;

this->c = c;

}

void show() {

cout


52/226

46

Abc obj2(obj1); // copy initialization

Abc obj3 = obj2; // copy initialization, alternative syntax

mijksDr nksuksa rjhdsdkWih dUlVDVj dsgSa tksviusvkWX;wZesUV dksu;svkWCtSDV esa dkWih djrsgSaA ;g vlkbueSUVvkWijsVj tSlk gh gSa ijUrqvUrj ;g gSfd dkWih dUlVDVj u;k vkWCtSDV Hkh rS;kj djrk gSA

# include

class Abc {

private:

int a;public:

Abc( ) { } // zero argument constructor

Abc(int a) { // one argument constructor

this->a = a;

}

Abc (Abc &obj) { // copy constructor

a = obj.a*2;

cout


53/226

47

String () {

name = NULL;

size = 0;

}

String (char *str) { // dynamic constructor

size = strlen(str);

name = new char[size+1];

strcpy(name,str);

}

void read() {

cin.get(name, 80); // read multiple words string

}

void join(String &s1, String &s2) { // concat two string

size = s1.size + s2.size;

delete name;

name = new char[size+1];

strcpy(name,s1.name);

strcat(name,s2.name);

}

void show() {cout


54/226

48

cout


55/226

49

SaM QaDkuSaM QaDkuSaM QaDkuSaM QaDkuSaM QaDku (Friend Functions)MkVk fNikusrFkk MkVk ,udSIlwysku dh vo/kkj.kk dsvuqlkj ge ckgj lsizkbosV rFkk izksVsDVsM eSEcj dksughai


56/226

50

(l) private: ~Abc( ) { } (n) Abc::~Abc( ) { }5. dkSulk SaM QaDku (func)lgh gS\

(v) obj.func(obj); (c) obj->func(obj);(l) func(obj) (n) func();

vfry?kqkjkked izuvfry?kqkjkked izuvfry?kqkjkked izuvfry?kqkjkked izuvfry?kqkjkked izu1.

nksdUlVDVj izdkj crkb;s\2. dUlVDVj dsnksmi;ksx crkb;s\3. MsLVDVj dsnksmi;ksx crkb;s\4. dkWih dUlVDVj dkWfyax dsnksrjhdscrkb;sA5. SaM QaDku dSlsdkWy fd;k tkrk gS\

y?kqkjkked izuy?kqkjkked izuy?kqkjkked izuy?kqkjkked izuy?kqkjkked izu1. dc vkSj D;ksa dUlVDVj cukuk pkfg,\2. dc vkSj D;ksa MsLVDVj cukuk pkfg,\3. dc vkSj D;ksa dkWih dUlVDVj cukuk pkfg,\

4. dc vkSj D;ksa SaM QaDku cukuk pkfg,\5. dUlVDVj fy[kusdsfy, fofHkUu ck/kkvksa (restrictions) dkscrkb;s\

fuca/kkRed izufuca/kkRed izufuca/kkRed izufuca/kkRed izufuca/kkRed izu1. dUlVDVj vksojyksfMax dk mi;ksx djrsgq, ljy Dykl cukb;sA2. ,d Dykl fyf[k, tksdkWih dUlVDVj dk mi;ksx djrsgq, fLVax dh dkWih djsA3. ,d Dykl fyf[k, ftlesa Mk;ufed dUlVDVj fMQkWYV vkX;wZesUV ysrk gksA4. dUlVDVj ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A5. SaM QaDku ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

m kje kykm kje ky km kje kykm kje ky km kje ky k1. (n) 2. (l) 3. (n) 4. (n) 5. (l)

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


57/226

51

v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3

QaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMaxQaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMaxQaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMaxQaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMaxQaDku rFkk vkWijsVj vksojyksfMax(Function and Operator Overloading)

MkVk Vkbi vkWijsVj D;k dj jgsgS] bl ij fuHkZj jgrsgq, ge vkWijsVj vkSj QaDku dksfofHkUu rjhdksa lsmi;ksxdjldrsgSA ;g izf;k ikWfyeksjfQTe ,d ,slh pht ftldsfofHkUu izk#i gS dgykrh gSA tc Hkk"kk esa iwoZekStwnvkWijsVj tksLor% fizfefVo MkVk Vkbi ij dk;Zdjrsa gSa fdlh u;sMkVk ;wtj }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ij dk;Zdjusdksl{kegksa]rksmlsvkWijsVj vksojyksfMax dgrsgSA tc ,d lsvf/kd QaDku dk uke leku gksrFkk mudsvkX;wZesUV dk MkVkVkbi fHkUu gks;k vkX;wZesUV dh dqy la[;k fHkUu gks] rksblsQaDku vksojyksfMax dgrsgSaA QaDku vksojyksfMax ,dizdkj dh ikWfyeksjfQte gStksOOP dh egRoiw.kZ foks"krk Hkh gSA vksojyksfMax nksizdkj dh gksrh gS% 1- dEikbyVkbe

(early binding)rFkk 2- ju Vkbe (late binding)AQaDku vksojyksfMaxQaDku vksojyksfMaxQaDku vksojyksfMaxQaDku vksojyksfMaxQaDku vksojyksfMax (Function Overloading)

ge cgqr lsQaDku cukrsgS ftudk uke leku gksrk gS ijUrq vkX;wZesUV fyLV dqy vkX;wZesUV fHkUu] fHkUu MkVkVkbi fHkUu gksrh gSA QaDku] dkWy esa iz;qDr dh xbZvkX;wZesUV fyLV dsvuqlkj QaDku fofHkUu dk;Zdjrk gSA dqyvkX;wZesUV rFkk vkX;wZwesUV MkVk Vkbi dsvuqlkj lgh QaDku cqyk;k tkrk gS;g QaDku dkWfyax dsoDr vksojyksMsMQaDku dk fjVZu Vkbi ughapSd djrkA QaDku dkWy djrsoDr lclsigysokLrfod iSjkehVj dh lgh rqyuk djrkgSAvxjrqyuk ughagksikrh gS rksog Vkbi izeksku dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

// Overloaded Function prototypes

int add(int a, int b); // prototype 1

int add(int a, int b, int c); // prototype 2

double add(double a, double b); // prototype 3double add(int a, double b); // prototype 4

double add(double a, int b); // prototype 5

add add(int a); // prototype 6

// Functions calls

cout


58/226

52

// Calculate area using base and height of triangle

void area(float base, float height) {

a = (base*height) / 2.0;

cout


59/226

53

public:

Abc() { a=b=0; }

Abc(int a, int b) {

this->a = a;

this->b = b;

}

void show() {

cout


60/226

54

// Prefix Unary Negation Operator overloading

Abc operator - () {

return Abc(-a, -b);

}

};

void main() {

Abc a(2,3), b;

b = -a;

a.show();

b.show();

}

OUTPUT: a=2 b=3

a=-2 b=-3

6.4.3 Complement (~) operator overloading:

# include

class Abc {

private:

int a,b;

public:Abc() { a=b=0; }

Abc(int a, int b) {

this->a = a;

this->b = b;

}

void show() {

cout


61/226

55

public:

Abc() { a=b=0; }

Abc(int a, int b) {

this->a = a;

this->b = b;

}

void show() {

cout


62/226

56

b = obj.b; // update the member with passing object

return *this; // return current object address

}

// Compound Assignment Operator overloading

Abc operator += (Abc obj) {

a += obj.a; // update the member with passing object

b += obj.b; // update the member with passing object

return *this; // return current object address

}

};

void main() {

Abc a(1,2), b(3,4), c, d;

c = d = a;

c.show();

d.show();

d += a;

d.show();

}

OUTPUT: a=1 b=2

a=1 b=2a=2 b=4

vksojyksfMax vkWijsVj ds fu;evksojyksfMax vkWijsVj ds fu;evksojyksfMax vkWijsVj ds fu;evksojyksfMax vkWijsVj ds fu;evksojyksfMax vkWijsVj ds fu;e (Rules of overloading operators)gesa vkWijsVj vksojyksfMax dsoDr dqN fu;eksa dh ikyuk djuh iM+rh gS] tksfuEu izdkj gS%

1. ge . (dot), :: (scope resolution), ?: (conditional), .* (direct member dereference), .-> (indirect memberdereference), vkSjsizeof vkWijsVj dksvksojyksM ughadj ldrsA

2. ge vkWijsVj dh ojh;rk ughacny ldrsA3. ge vkWijsVj dsdqy vkX;wZesUV ughacny ldrsA4. ge vksojyksMsM vkWijsVj esa fMQkWYV vkX;wZesUV ughaikl dj ldrsA

5. ge dsoy miyC/k vkWijsVj dksgh vksojyksM dj ldrsgSu;k vkWijsVj ughacuk ldrsA6. vksojyksMsM vkWij sVj (overloaded operator) esa de lsde ,d vkWijsUM gksuk vko;d gSvkSj og ;wtj fMQkbaM

Dykl dk vkWCtSDV izdkj dk gksuk pkfg,A7. ge vkWijsVj dk ewy ms; ughacny ldrs] tSlsge +vkWijsVj dks(*, multiplication)dsfy, iz;qDr ughadj ldrsA8. ;wujh vkWijsVj (unary operator) dksbZvkX;wZesUV ughaysrk ijUrqiksLV fQDl esa int izdkj dk Meh vkX;wZesUV ?kksf"kr

fd;k tkrk gSA9. ckbujh vkWijsVj esa geskk eku dksfjVZu djok;k tkuk pkfg,A10. SaM QaDku }kjk dqN vkWijsVj dksvksojyksM ughafd;k tk ldrkA

bUgsjhV salbUgsjhV salbUgsjhV salbUgsjhV salbUgsjhV salInheritance

bUgsjhVsal ,slh izf;k gS ftlesaigyslscuh gqbZ Dykl dksvk/kkj ekursgq, ubZ Dykl cukbZ tk ldrh gSA bllsubZDyklesaigysls cuh gq, DYkkl ds eSEclZ Lor% vk tkrsgSaA mnkgj.k dsfy, eku ysrsgSa fd geus fo|kFkhZ ds vadksadk ;ksx Kkr djusdsfy, ,d Dykl cuk j[kh gSA vc ;fn fo|kFkhZdsvadksa dk izfr'kr Hkh Kkr djuk gksrksmlh Dykl esaifjorZu djusds LFkku ijge ,d u;h Dykl cuk ldrsgSaftlesa;ksx Kkr djus okyh Dykl dksbUgsfjV fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd izfr'kr vad Kkr djusdsfy, vadksadk ;ksx ekywe gksuk vko';d gSrFkk ;g ;ksx igysls cuh gqbZ Dykl esaekStwn gSA

jh;wtsfcfyVh (reusability)vkWCtsV vksfj,aVsM izksxzkfeax dk ,d egRoiw.kZxq.k gSA blesa ,d ckj fy[ksx, dksM dksiqu% vko';drkdsvuqlkj vyx&vyx Dyklksaesaiz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA og DYkkl tksigyslsekStwn gSrFkk ftlsbUgsfjV fd;k tkuk gS mlsisjsaV Dykl (parent class),lqij Dykl (super class) ;k csl Dykl (base class) dgrs gSaA rFkk og Dykl ftlesa igyslscuh gqbZ

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http

raj board class 12 book - computer vigyaan

Documents