raj board class 12 book - informatics practices

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bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2 bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2 bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2 bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2 bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2 d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk XII la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd % MkW- uhjt HkkxZo MkW- uhjt HkkxZo MkW- uhjt HkkxZo MkW- uhjt HkkxZo MkW- uhjt HkkxZo ,lks fl;s V~ izks Qs lj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh fo’ofo|ky;] vtes j ys[kdx.k % ys[kdx.k % ys[kdx.k % ys[kdx.k % ys[kdx.k % vt; flga xksM+ vt; flga xksM+ vt; flga xksM+ vt; flga xksM+ vt; flga xksM+ MkW- fjrq HkkxZo MkW- fjrq HkkxZo MkW- fjrq HkkxZo MkW- fjrq HkkxZo MkW- fjrq HkkxZo ,lks fl;s V~ izks Qs lj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;w Vj foKku foHkkx izoDrk Vh-ts -,l- dkWyst vkWQ vkbZ -Vh-] dksVk efgyk ba thfu;fja x dkWyst] vtesj usgk ’kekZ usgk ’kekZ usgk ’kekZ usgk ’kekZ usgk ’kekZ iwj.k flga iwj.k flga iwj.k flga iwj.k flga iwj.k flga iz oDrk izoDrk lksfQ;k dkWys t] vtesj dqpkeu dkWyst] dqpkeu izQqYy u:dk izQqYy u:dk izQqYy u:dk izQqYy u:dk izQqYy u:dk iz oDrk vxzoky dkWys t] esM+ rk ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq AglaSem School

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Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education Text Books for Class 12For All Rajasthan Board Class 12 Text Books visit: http://schools.aglasem.com/?p=5914For All Rajasthan Board Text Books for Class 9, 10, 11 and 12 visit: http://schools.aglasem.com/?p=5917

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Page 1: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk XII

la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd % la;kstd %MkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZo

,lksfl;sV~ izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkxegf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh fo’ofo|ky;] vtesj

ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+ MkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZo

,lksfl;sV~ izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx izoDrkVh-ts-,l- dkWyst vkWQ vkbZ-Vh-] dksVk efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj

usgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZ iwj.k flgaiwj.k flgaiwj.k flgaiwj.k flgaiwj.k flgaizoDrk izoDrk

lksfQ;k dkWyst] vtesj dqpkeu dkWyst] dqpkeu

izQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizoDrk

vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk

ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;ks a esa fu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq

AglaSem School

Page 2: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk d{kk XII

la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %la;kstd %MkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZoMkW- uhjt HkkxZo

,lksfl;sV~ izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkxegf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh fo’ofo|ky;] vtesj

ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %ys[kdx.k %vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+vt; flga xksM+ MkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZoMkW- fjrq HkkxZo

,lksfl;sV~ izksQslj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx izoDrkVh-ts-,l- dkWyst vkWQ vkbZ-Vh-] dksVk efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj

usgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZusgk ’kekZ iwj.k flagiwj.k flagiwj.k flagiwj.k flagiwj.k flagizoDrk izoDrk

lksfQ;k dkWyst] vtesj dqpkeu dkWyst] dqpkeu

izQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizQqYy u:dkizoDrk

vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk

ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

AglaSem School

Page 3: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§ ∑§ Á„Uà ◊¥ ‚flʸÁœ∑§Ê⁄U ‚È⁄UÁˇÊÃ

laLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.k %%%%% 20122012201220122012

izfr;k aizfr;kaizfr;k aizfr;kaizfr;ka %%%%%

jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ks a es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ks a es ajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esajktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa es afu%’kqYdfu%’kqYdfu%’kqYdfu%’kqYdfu%’kqYd forj.k gsrq forj.k gsrq forj.k gsrq forj.k gsrq forj.k gsrq

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s 58 th-,l-,e- ØheokWo isij IS :18481848184818481848/20072007200720072007 ,oa 130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS : 69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

¬˝ÁÃôÊÊ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊⁄UÊ Œ‡Ê „ÒU– ‚◊Sà ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ◊⁄U ÷Ê߸-’Á„UŸ „Ò¥U–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ Œ‡Ê ‚ ¬˝◊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ/∑§⁄UÃË „Í°U ÃÕÊ ◊È¤Ê ß‚∑ Ë Áfl¬È‹

∞fl¢ ÁflÁflœ ÕÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U ªfl¸ „ÒU– ◊Ò¥ ß‚∑§ ÿÊÇÿ „UÊŸ

∑§ Á‹∞ ‚ŒÒfl ¬˝ÿàÔŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ ⁄U„Í°UªÊ/∑§⁄UÃË ⁄U„Í°UªË–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ ◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ, •äÿʬ∑§ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Sà ’«∏UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚ê◊ÊŸ

∑§L°§ªÊ/∑§L°§ªË ÃÕÊ ¬˝àÿ∑§ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á‡ÊCÔUÃÊ ‚

√ÿfl„UÊ⁄U ∑§L°§ªÊ/∑§L°§ªË–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ Œ‡Ê ∞fl¢ Œ‡ÊflÊÁ‚ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝Áà ÁŸDÔUÊ ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄UπŸ ∑§Ë

¬˝ÁÃôÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ/∑§⁄UÃË „Í°U– ◊⁄UË ¬˝‚ÛÊÃÊ ∑§fl‹ ©UŸ∑§ ∑§ÀÿÊáÊ

∞fl¢ ©UŸ∑§Ë ‚◊ÎÁh ◊¥ „UË „ÒU–

AglaSem School

Page 4: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s 58 th-,l-,e- ØheokWo isij IS :18481848184818481848/20072007200720072007 ,oa 130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS : 69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

¬˝ÁÃôÊÊ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊⁄UÊ Œ‡Ê „ÒU– ‚◊Sà ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ◊⁄U ÷Ê߸-’Á„UŸ „Ò¥U–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ Œ‡Ê ‚ ¬˝◊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ/∑§⁄UÃË „Í°U ÃÕÊ ◊È¤Ê ß‚∑ Ë Áfl¬È‹

∞fl¢ ÁflÁflœ ÕÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U ªfl¸ „ÒU– ◊Ò¥ ß‚∑§ ÿÊÇÿ „UÊŸ

∑§ Á‹∞ ‚ŒÒfl ¬˝ÿàÔŸ ∑§⁄UÃÊ ⁄U„Í°UªÊ/∑§⁄UÃË ⁄U„Í°UªË–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ ◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ, •äÿʬ∑§ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Sà ’«∏UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚ê◊ÊŸ

∑§L°§ªÊ/∑§L°§ªË ÃÕÊ ¬˝àÿ∑§ √ÿÁQ§ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á‡ÊCÔUÃÊ ‚

√ÿfl„UÊ⁄U ∑§L°§ªÊ/∑§L°§ªË–

◊Ò¥ •¬Ÿ Œ‡Ê ∞fl¢ Œ‡ÊflÊÁ‚ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ¬˝Áà ÁŸDÔUÊ ’ŸÊ∞ ⁄UπŸ ∑§Ë

¬˝ÁÃôÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ/∑§⁄UÃË „Í°U– ◊⁄UË ¬˝‚ÛÊÃÊ ∑§fl‹ ©UŸ∑§ ∑§ÀÿÊáÊ

∞fl¢ ©UŸ∑§Ë ‚◊ÎÁh ◊¥ „UË „ÒU–

¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§ ∑§ Á„Uà ◊¥ ‚flʸÁœ∑§Ê⁄U ‚È⁄UÁˇÊÃ

laLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.klaLdj.k %%%%% 20122012201220122012

izfr;k aizfr;kaizfr;k aizfr;kaizfr;ka %%%%%

ewY; ¼vadksa esa½ewY; ¼vadksa esa½ewY; ¼vadksa esa½ewY; ¼vadksa esa½ewY; ¼vadksa esa½ %%%%% :i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s

¼¼¼¼¼’kCnksa esa½’kCnksa esa½’kCnksa esa½’kCnksa esa½’kCnksa esa½ %%%%%

AglaSem School

Page 5: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

izLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkouk

ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ ls lECk) fo|ky;ksa esa f’k{kktZu dj jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fodkl

ds vf/kdkf/kd lqvolj iznku djus ds mÌs’; ls jkT; ljdkj us fo|ky;ksa esas jk"Vªh;

’kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn~] ¼N.C.E.R.T.½ ubZ fnYyh ds rRokOk/kku esa fufeZr

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 ¼NCF½ ij vk/kkfjr ikB~;Øe ykxw djus dk fu.kZ;

fd;kA blh Øe esa cksMZ }kjk ,dy iz’u&i= iz.kkyh dks ykxw djus dk lkFkZd iz;kl Hkh

fd;k x;kA ,rnFkZ lk/kqoknA

dEI;wVj foKku]] bUQksZesfVDl izsfDVlst] eYVhehfN;k vkSj osc VsDuksyksth esa fo"k;

p;u ds fy;s vkUrfjd fodYi iznku fd;k x;k gSA fo|kFkhZ viuh vis{kkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa

vkSj fo|ky; esa miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds vuqlkj bu rhuksa esa ls dksbZ fo"k; pqu ldrk gSA fo"k;

lfefr us fo"k; dh ikB~;OkLrq dks Lrjkuqdwy ,oa Øec) dj lhfer fd;kA iqLrd dk

dysoj] vko’;d rF; ,oa v/;k;ksa dk lekos’k] ldYiukvksa dh le> ,oa mudk lq:fpiw.kZ

izLrqfrdj.k ;s lHkh dk;Z fu’p; gh pqukSfriw.kZ jgs gSaA fo|kFkhZ dks dsUnz esa j[k ^^de&de

nks ij Øe ls nks** ds lw= us bl egÙoiw.kZ nkf;Ro dks fuoZgu djus esa lgk;rk nh gSA

fdruk dqN gks ldk gS] ;g lq/kh ikBd fu/kkZfjr djsxsaA lq/kkj ds lEHkkouk lnSo cuh jgrh

gS] lh[kus dh izfØ;k Hkh ;gh gSA

iqLrd rS;kj djus esa vusd vfHkdj.kksa ,oa fo}kuksa dk ;ksxnku jgrk gSA vr% lHkh

dk vkHkkj O;Dr djuk pkgwaxkA

la;k stdla;k stdla;k stdla;k stdla;k std

AglaSem School

Page 6: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

fo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphfo"k; lwphINDEX

bdkbZ 1 % Business Computingv/;k; 1 vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 1 - 23

Open Source Software(OSS)v/;k; 2 MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk 24 - 45

Database Concept

bdkbZ 2 % Programming with Visual Basicv/;k; 3 ekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfld 46 - 69

MICROSOFT VISUAL BASICv/;k; 4 fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 70 - 123

Advance Concept of Visual Basic

bdkbZ 3 % Relational Database Management Systemv/;k; 5 ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- 124 - 159

PL/SQLv/;k; 6 ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 160 - 180

Advance Concept of PL/SQL

AglaSem School

Page 7: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 1

v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1v/;k;&1

vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jOpen Source Software(OSS)

le; ds lkFk bUQksjes’ku VsDuksyksth ds {ks= esaa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk jgs gSaA VsDuksyksth ds u,fl)kUr] tSls osc lsok,¡ vkSj fxzM daI;wfVax] mUufr ds vfrogr lqvolj izznku dj jgs gSaA bu uohuizkS|ksxhdh dk lkeF;Z] bysDVªksfud O;olk; ds :ikarj.k esa] vf}rh; gSA blh izzdkj vkus okys le;esa] vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j Hkh u, fo’o esa izk.kk/kj ¼vfr egRowi.kZZ½ Hkqfedk fuHkk,xsaA

ekuo thou ds lexz bfrgkl esa foKku vkSj dyk dk fodkl] dYiuk] fl)kUrksa] vuqla/kku]fparu vkSj fopkjksa ds lgHkktu dk gh ifj.kke gSA dYiuk dhft,] vxj egku oSKkfud tSls vYcVZvkbUlVhu] Fkksel ,Mhlu] eSMe eSjh D;wjh vkfn vxj vius vkfo"dkjksa ij ekfydkuk ¼izksizkbVjh½gd j[krs] vius vkfo"dkjksa dks VªsMekdZ ;qDr djrs rks D;k vkt ekuo bruh mUufr dj ikus esa l{kegks ikrkA

iqjkru dky ls Kku dk vknku&iznku djus dh] Kku dks lkoZtfud djus dh ijEijk jgh gSvkSj ;gh otg gS fd ekuo us Kku&foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vn~Hkqr izxfr dh gS ijUrq vktdEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ds {ks= esa ykblsal lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx] Kku dh LoNanrk Nhu jgk gSA vksiulkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dEI;wVj Kku dks ijk/khurk ls LoPNanrk dh vksj ys tkus okyk ,d vfr fof'k"VvkUnksyu gSA

mnkgj.k % ykbuDl vksijsfVax flLVe] fxEi] VDl isUV] MySQL, vksiuvksfQl-org, vkfnA

lk/kkj.kr% vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j og dEI;wVj izksxzke gS ftldk lkslZ ¼lzksr½ dksM mi;ksxdÙkkZ¼;wtlZ½ vkSj MoyilZ }kjk iz;ksx vkSj :ikUrj.k ds fy, miyC/k gSA lkekU;r% vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jdk fuekZ.k yksd lgdk;Z ls gksrk gS vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j Lora=rkiwoZd miyC/k Hkh gksrk gSAvU; 'kCnksa esa] vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dks fuEufyf[kr rhu vis{kkvksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,A

1- forfjr fd, x, lkW¶Vos;j dk iqufoZrj.k fcuk fdlh izfrcU/k ds fd;k tk,A2- lkW¶Vos;j dk lkslZ dksM miyC/k gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd lkW¶Vos;j izkIr djus okyk

O;fDr@ny mlesa bPNkuqlkj cnyko dj lkW¶Vos;j dks :ikarfjr dj vius mi;qDr cuk ldsA3- ewyHkwr lkW¶Vos;j ds :ikarfjr izk:i (version) dks ewyHkwr lkW¶Vos;j ls vyx uke fn;k

tk,A

AglaSem School

Page 8: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

bUQkZesfVDl iszfDVl 2

vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk %1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk 1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk 1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk 1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk 1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk % dbZ O;kikfjd laxBu ;k ljdkjh egdeksa dks lkW¶Vos;j esa

fo'ks"khd`r la'kks/kuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls fd lkW¶Vos;j fof'k"V vis{kkvksa dks iwfjr djusesa l{ke gks ik,A vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;jvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ;g lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, NSA(National Security Agency) us Lo;a dk lqjf{kr ykbZuDl izk:i rS;kj fd;k gSA

2- 2-2- 2-2- Cost effectiveness : OSS ds mi;ksx ls ykblsal Qhl lxBuksa dks eqfDr fey tkrh gSAbl cpr dks laxBu viuk ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dks lqn<+ djus esa yxk ldrk gSA

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - iksVZsfcfyVhiksVZsfcfyVhiksVZsfcfyVhiksVZsfcfyVhiksVZsfcfyVh% OSS IysVQkeZ bUMisaMsUV gksrs gSA ;s dbZ rjg ds gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j ijdke dj ldrs gaSA fdlh fof’k"V lkWQ~Vos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, fdlh fof’k"V gkMZos;j ;klkW¶Vos;j IysVQkeZ dh vko’;drk ls ge eqDr gksrs gaSA

4- ykblsUl4- ykblsUl4- ykblsUl4- ykblsUl4- ykblsUl % OSS GNU tujy ifCyd ykblsal (GPL) ds varxZr iathdr gksrs gSaA blsdkWihsjkbV dk foykse dkWihysQ~V Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bruh vktknh iznku djus ds dkj.k] bulkW¶Vos;j dks Lora= lkW¶Vos;j Hkh dgrs gSAvksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh Hkwfedk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh Hkwfedk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh Hkwfedk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh Hkwfedk %vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh Hkwfedk %

vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj m|ksx&O;kikj ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkgSA OSS fdlh ,d dEiuh }kjk fufeZr ugha gksrkA ;g rks ,d leLr leqnk; ds ;ksxnku ls fufeZrgksrk gS vkSj ;g dbZ ¶ysolZ esa miyC/k gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] fyuDl vkUnksyu ,d O;fDr ls 'kq: gqvk] ftlesa tYn gh dbZ izksxzkej tqM+rspys x,A bu izksxzkej us] tks fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls Fks] baVjusV dk mi;ksx dj] ,d lkFk feydjdk;Z fd;k vkSj fyuDl & ,d Js"B vksiu lkslZ IysVQkeZ dh jpuk dhA

blh izdkj vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ij dk;Z gks pqdk gS vksj vU; dbZdk;kZfUor gks jgh gaSA ;g ifj;kstuk,¡ fodklijd gaS vkSj budk dksbZ ifjHkkf"kr vUr ugha gksrkA dbZ'kSf{kd ifj;kstukvksa esa tSls fo'ofo|ky; vuqla/kku lqfo/kk,¡] dbZ cqfu;knh ifj;kstukvksa esa tSlsvksijsfVax flLVe] ,sfIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j] database dk fuekZ.k vkSj gtkjkas fof'k"V :i ls dke vkusokyh ifj;kstukvksa esa vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSAFLOSS/FOSS (Free / Libre Open Source Software / Free & Open Source Software) :

FOSS og dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j gS tks fd izksxzkelZ ds vukSipkfjd lewg ds lgdk;Z ls fufeZrgksrk gSA bu lkW¶Vos;j dk lkslZ dksM ykblsal fu%'kqYd gksrk gS vr% ;g :ikUrj.k vkSj lq/kkj dksizsfjr djrs gSaA

;gk¡ ij Ýh lkW¶Vos;j dk vFkZ izfrca/k&jfgr vkSj fu%'kqYd lkW¶Vos;j ls gSA tcfd vksiu lkslZlkW¶Vos;j dk vFkZ lgdk;Z ls fufeZr lkW¶Vos;j ls gSA FOSS tks fd nksuksa gh ifjizs{; ds xq.kksa¼Qk;nksa½ dks lekfo"V djrk gS] O;kid Lohdfr vftZr dj jgk gSA

FOSS ds dqN mnkgj.k % ykbuDl Operating Sysem, OpenOffice.org tks fd MicrosoftOffice ds leku gS] MySQL tks fd Open Source MkVkcsl eSustesUV flLVe gS] buds vfrfjDr HkhdbZ FOSS fufeZr gks pqds gSa vkSj lQyrkiwoZd O;kikfjd vkSj ljdkjh laxBuksa esa mi;ksx fy, tkjgs gSaAGNU :

GNU, GNU’s Not Unix dk iqujkorhZ vkfnof.kZd 'kCn gSA

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vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 3

¼,d ,slk vkfnof.kZd 'kCn ftlesa ,d v{kj mlh vkfnof.kZd 'kCn dks n'kkZrk gSsa½

GNU ifj;kstuk ,d Ýh lkW¶Vos;j] lewg lgdk;Z ifj;kstuk gS] tks fd 27 flrEcj] 1983dks fjpMZ LVkWyeSu }kjk MIT esa ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA bl ifj;kstuk dk y{; Fkk] i;kZIr Ýh lkW¶Vos;jcukuk ftlls fdlh izksikbVsjh lkW¶Vos;j ds fcuk bLrseky fd;k tk ldsA tuojh] 1984 esa GNUvksijsfVax flLVe ds fuekZ.k dh igy gqbZA 1992 esa bl y{; dh iwfrZ gqbZ tc fyuDl duZy dks GNUdk vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA blfy, dbZ oSKkfud ekurs gSa fd bl OS dks GNU / Linux ;k GNULinux OS dgk tkuk pkfg,A

GNU Project dk orZZeku dk;Z gS u, lkW¶Vos;j cukuk] tu&tkxfr vkSj u, rF;ksa dkvknku&iznku djukAFSF - Free Software Foundation

Ýh lkW¶Vos;j QkmUMs'ku ,d ykHk&fujis{k laLFkk gS tks 4 vDVwcj] 1985 dks fjpMZ LVkWyeSu }kjklaLFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA bl laLFkk dk y{; gS] Ýh lkW¶Vos;j vkanksyu tks ,d dkWfiys¶V&vk/kkfjrvkanksyu gS] dks izksRlkfgr djukA

fjpMZ LVkWyeSufjpMZ LVkWyeSufjpMZ LVkWyeSufjpMZ LVkWyeSufjpMZ LVkWyeSudEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j dks cukus] forj.k djus vksj :ikUrj.k djus dh loZHkkSe vktknh dk izpkj

djuk gh bl vkanksyu dk y{; gSA FSF, eklkpqlsV~l] USA esa fuxfer gSA

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OSI - Open Source Initiative

OSI ,d ykHk&fujis{k laLFkk gS tks vksiu lkslZ O;k[;k dh ns[k&js[k vkSj izpkj esa lefiZr gSA;g laLFkk Qjojh] 1998 esa czwl isjUl vksj ,fjd jse.M }kjk xfBr dh xbZ FkhA

vksiu lkslZ dk ewy fl)kUr cM+k gh ljy gSA tc dbZ izksxzke fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls] baVjusV}kjk] feytqydj lkslZ dksM dks i<+dj] mlesa lq/kkj djrs gSa rks lkW¶Vos;j fodflr gksrk gSA izksxzkejmlesa nks"k fudkyrs gSa] mudk fuokj.k djrs gSa vkSj ;g lc bruh 'kh?kzrk ls gksrk gS ftldh geijEijkxr] :f<+xr lkW¶Vos;j fuekZ.k i)fr ls dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA bl Rofjr mUeqDrfodklewyd izfØ;k ls] ikjEifjd lhfer izfØ;k dh rqyuk esa dgha mUur lkW¶Vos;j curs gSaA OSI;gh rF; O;kolkf;d fo'o dks le>kuk pkgrk gSA

W3C - (World Wide Consortium)

fVe&cuZlZ yhfVe&cuZlZ yhfVe&cuZlZ yhfVe&cuZlZ yhfVe&cuZlZ yhW3C ,d vUrjk"Vªh; laLFkk gS tgk¡ laLFkk ds lnL;] iw.kZdkfyd deZpkjh vkSj tu leqnk;

,d lkFk osc ekun.M ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dke djrs gSaA fVe&cuZlZ yh tks fd osc ¼baVjusV½ dsvkfo"dkjd gSa vkSj QS¶jh tSQs tks fd eq[; fu"iknu vf/kdkjh (CEO) gSa] fd vxokuh esa W3C dky{; oYMZ okbM osc dks mlds iw.kZ lkeF;Z rd igq¡pkuk gSA W3C izksVksdksy fuekZ.k vkSj funsZ'kdfl)kUrksa dk fodkl dj osc ds nh?kZdkfyd fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA

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fuEufyf[kr vkn'kZ W3C ds dk;Z dks fn'kk nsrs gSa]1- osc lHkh ds fy,osc lHkh ds fy,osc lHkh ds fy,osc lHkh ds fy,osc lHkh ds fy, %osc dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk gS fd og ekuo lapkj vkSj okf.kT; dks l{ke cukrk gS vkSj Kku

ds vknku&iznku ds lqvolj nsrk gSA W3C dk eq[; mn~ns'; bu lqfo/kkvksa dks tulk/kkj.k rdigq¡pkuk gS] pkgs os dksbZ Hkh gkMZos;j] lkW¶Vos;j] ;k usVodZ lajpuk mi;ksx esa yk jgsa gksa] pkgs os fdlhHkh lH;rk] fdlh Hkh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk cksyus okys] ;k fHkUu 'kkfjjhd ,oa ekufld {kerkds gksaA

2- osc lHkh ij gkosc lHkh ij gkosc lHkh ij gkosc lHkh ij gkosc lHkh ij gks %osc dks ,sDlsl ¼igq¡p½ djus okys ;=ksa dh x.kuk vc dkQh c<+ xbZ gSA eksckby Qksu] LekVZ Qksu]

ilZuy fMftVy vflLVsUl (PDA) ;gk¡ rd fd dqN ?kjsyw midj.k Hkh osc dks ,sDlsl dj ldrsgSaA bu ;=ksa esa of)] W3C dk ,d mn~ns'; gSA

3- osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy,osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy,osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy,osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy,osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy, %osc dh 'kq:vkr ,d lapkj lk/ku ds :i esa gqbZ FkhA dbZ o"kksZa rd osc ,d ‘jhM vksUyh’

lk/ku FkkA ijUrq vc Cyksx] fofd vksj lks'ky usVofdZax ls osc esa lwpuk vkSj Kku ds vknku&iznkudks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyh gSA ;g lc W3C ds lqn`<+ ljapuk vkSj :ijs[kk fl)kUrksa dh otg ls gh gksik;k gSA

4- osc fo'okl ls iw.kZosc fo'okl ls iw.kZosc fo'okl ls iw.kZosc fo'okl ls iw.kZosc fo'okl ls iw.kZ %tSls&tSls lks'ky usVodhZax vkSj bysDVªkWfud okf.kT; (e-commerce) esa o`f) gks jgh gS]

oSls&oSls osc ij lqj{kk vkSj cpko dk eqn~nk mB jgk gSA W3C osc dks ,d lqj{kk vkSj fo'okl ls iw.kZlk/ku cukus ds fy, vxzlj gSA

vc ge vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ewyHkwr fl)kUrksa] mldh Hkwfedk vkSj mldh egÙkk ls voxrgks pqds gSaA vkb, vc dqN vU; 'kCnksa ij fopkj djsaA

ÝhoSj ÝhoSj ÝhoSj ÝhoSj ÝhoSj % ÝhoSj ¼Ýh $ lkW¶Vos;j½ og dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j gS tks fu%'kqYd mi;ksx ds fy,miyC/k gSA ;g mu izksikbVjh lkW¶Vos;j ds fy, mi;qDr gksrk gSS tks fcuk fdlh 'kqYd dsmiyC/k gksrs gSaA bUgsa baVjusV ls fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gSA ÝhoSj dk ykblsalmi;ksx ds izdkj tSls futh] O;fDrxr] 'kSf{kd O;kolkf;d mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij izfrca/k yxkrk gSA;g ykblsal lkW¶Vos;j dh izfrfyfi vkSj forj.k ij Hkh izfrca/k yxkrk gSA

ÝhoSj vkSj Ýh lkW¶Vos;j vyx&vyx 'kCn gSa vkSj os fHkUu lkW¶Vos;j dks bafxr djrs gSaA ÝhlkW¶Vos;j esa mi;ksx] forj.k vkSj :ikUrj.k dh LoPNanrk gksrh gS tcfd ÝhoSj dsoy 'kqYd eqDr gksrkgSA

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ÝhoSj ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa % ekbØkslks¶V dk bVajusV ,Dlizksyjj ÝhoSj dk lokZf/kd izpfyrmnkgj.k gSA vU; mnkgj.k gS fou,Ei fefM;k Iys;j vkSj ekbØkslks¶V dk QksVks LVksjhA

'kSjoSj 'kSjoSj 'kSjoSj 'kSjoSj 'kSjoSj % 'kSjoSj] tks Vªkby oSj vkSj MseksoSj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] og izksikbVjh lkW¶Vos;jgS tks fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds ,d lhfer vof/k ds fy, mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa dks miyC/k gksrk gSA ;g ewylkW¶Vos;j ls dk;kZRedrk] miyC/krk ;k mi;qDrrk esa lhfer gksrk gSA ewy :i ls 'kSjoSj dk vkSfpR;[kjhnnkj dks iw.kZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykblsal dh [kjhnnkjh ls igys ml lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx dj mldhmi;ksfxrk ij[kus dk volj nsuk gSA ;g igys VªkbZ djsa fQj [kjhnsa* ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA tc'kSjoSj dh vof/k lekIr gks tkrh gS rks og izksxzke Lor% gh pyuk can gks tkrk gS tc rd fd mldkykblsal [kjhnk tk,A ^Ýh Vªkby* ;k ^Vªkby ojtu* 'kSjoSj ds gh |ksrd gSA

'kSjoSj ds dqN mnkgj.k % dSLijLdkbZ ,UVhokbjl fDod ghy ,UVhokbjl] ,Ydksgksy & CD& DVD ;a=kuqdj.k (emulator) lkW¶Vos;j ds Ýh Vªkby ojt+u baVjusV ij vklkuh ls miyC/k gaSA

dbZ ckj ÝhoSj] 'kSjoSj vkSj Ýh vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j esa Hksn Li"V ugha gks ikrkA ÝhoSjvkSj 'kSjoSj esa lkslZ dksM dks ,Dlsl ugha dj ldrsA vr% bu lkW¶Vos;j dk tuleqnk; }kjk :ikUrj.klEHko ugha gSA ;gh Hksn ewy :i ls bu rhuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls Li"V djrk gSAizksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSjizksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSjizksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSjizksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSjizksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSj %

izksizkbVjh 'kCn ySfVu ds “izksizkbVl” proprietas 'kCn ls mRiUu gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS] lEifÙkAos dEI;wVj izksxzke tks muds MsoyilZ ;k izdk'kd dh lEifÙk gS] ftUgsa muds ykblsal vuqca/k ds rgru rks mldh izfrfyfi cukbZ tk ldrh gS vkSj uk gh forfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% lHkhO;kolkf;d lkW¶Vos;j izksizkbVjh lkW¶Vos;j gh gSA izksizkbVjh lkW¶Vos;j foØsrk lk/kkj.kr% lkslZ dksMdks viuk O;kikfjd jgL; ekurs gSaA

dqN izfl) izksizkbVjh lkW¶VoSj ds mnkgj.k gSa % ekbØkslkW¶V foUMksl] foUMkst ¶yS'k Iys;j]vMksc QksVks'kkWi] xwxy vFkZ vkfnALFkkuh;dj.kLFkkuh;dj.kLFkkuh;dj.kLFkkuh;dj.kLFkkuh;dj.k :

vkt cktkj esa dbZ vUrjk"Vªh; lkW¶Vos;j miyC/k gSa tks gj izdkj ds dk;ksZa dks djus esa l{kegaSA lkekU;r% os lHkh vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa fufeZr gSaA tSlk fd gesa Kkr gS fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk fo'o ds dqNgh ns'kksa esa cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSA lkW¶Vos;j esa Hkk"kk ds cU/ku ds dkj.ko'k dEI;wVj foKku vkSjlkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx lhfer gks x;k gSA bl Hkk"kk dh lhek dks rksM+ dj gh dEI;wVj dks tu lkekU;ds fy, mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

Localisation ;k LFkkuh;dj.k vUrjk"Vªh; lkW¶Vos;j dks LFkku ;k Hkk"kk fof'k"V ds vuqdwy cukusdh izfØ;k gSA ;g Hkk"kk ds vuqokn vkSj LFkkuh; ?kVdksa ds lkW¶Vos;j esa lekos'k ls laHko gSAUNICODE (Universal / Uniform / Unique Character Encoding) :

lkW¶Vos;j ds LFkkuh;dj.k ds fy, lkW¶Vos;j dk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa izLrqrhdj.k vfuok;Z gSA gjHkk"kk dk ,d laizrhd leqPp; (character set) gksrk gS ftlesa ml Hkk"kk dk gj la[;k] gj v{kjlfEefyr gksrk gSA

UNICODE ,d ,dy v{kj ladsru i)fr (character oncoding scheme) gS tks gj Hkk"kk dsgj v{kj dks gj IysVQkeZ ds fy, lfEefyr djrh gSA

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set 256

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character dk ladsru dj ldrk gSA tcfd UNICODE set dgha vf/kd la[;k esa v{kjksa dk ladsrudj ldrk gSA UNICODE orZeku dh eq[;r% lkjh thfor Hkk"kkvksa vkSj oSKkfud fpUgksa dkslfEefyr djrk gS tSls vjsfcd] caxyk] fgUnh] Ýsap] bVSfy;u] tkikuht] rfey] rsyxq vkfnA dbZvkSj yxkrkj tqM+ jgh gSaA

OSS dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ vc dqN OSS dk v/;;u djrs gSaA1- Linux : fyuDl ,d Ýh ;qfuDl dh rjg dk Operating System gS tks ewy:i lss Linus

Torvalds }kjk fufeZr gS ftlesa nqfu;k&Hkj ds MoyilZ us lg;ksx fd;kA ;g lkW¶Vos;j GNUGeneral Public License (GPL) ds vUrxZr fufeZr gS vkSj bldk lkslZ dksM lHkh dks Lora=rk lsmiyC/k gSA

orZeku esa lSadM+ks dEifu;k¡ vkSj laxBu vkSj brus gh ,dy MoyilZ us fyuDl esa viusvuw:i la'kks/ku dj blds dbZ izk:i (versions) foeksfpr fd, gSaA

Linus TorvaldsfyuDl Lora=rk ls forfjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk] fyuDl dh dk;kZRedrk] vuqdwyuh;rk vkSj

et+cwrh us fyuDl dks izksizkbVjh ;qfuDl vkSj ekbØkslks¶V Operating System ds fodYi ds rkSj ijLFkkfir fd;k gSA fyuDl dk mi;ksx ?kj vkSj vkWfQl MsLdVksi Operating System o loZjOperating System esa dkQh gks jgk gSA fyuDl Operating System dks ekbØksfpi esa lfUufgr fd;ktk ldrk gS vksj blh :i esa ;g Operating System dbZ midj.kksa vkSj ;a=ksa esa Hkh bLrseky gks jgkgSA vksiuvkWQhl.org, eksft+yk osc czkmt+j vksj dbZ mi;ksxh ,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j fyuDl ds lkFkmi;ksx yk, tkrs gSaA fyuDl dk baLVksys'ku Hkh vklku gS vkSj mldk j[k&j[kko HkhA

VDlVDlVDlVDlVDl

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fyuDl dk 'kqHkadj izrhd] ,d fyuDl isUxfou] VDl gSA fyuDl us vxLr] 1991 ls tc LinusTorvalds us bls fufeZr fd;k Fkk lss vc rd cgqr izxfr dh gSA ,dy MsoyilZ] fo'ofo|ky; dsNk=ksa] laxBuksa us viuh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd fyuDl dks la'kksf/kr fd;k vkSj ;gha ls fyuDl ds^fMLVªhC;w'kUl* dk tUe gqvkA

fyuDl ds lSdM+ks distributions miyC/k gS vkSj dbZ vU; yxkrkj cu jgsa gSaA fyuDlfMLVªhC;w'kUl ds dqN mnkgj.k] Red Hat Linux, Ubuntu Linux Boss (Bharat Operating SystemSolutions) tks fd Hkkjr esa CDA }kjk fufeZr gqvk gS] PC quest linux vkSj dbZ vU;A

ljdkj vkSj O;olk; uhao ifj;kstukvksa esa fyuDl dks fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls mi;ksxh

ekurs gaS %1- eYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZueYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZueYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZueYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZueYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZu % O;olk; vkSj ljdkjsa le; ds lkFk ,dkf/kd gkMZos;j architec-

ture ij lkW¶Vos;j ds mi;ksx dh Hkwfedk le> jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, linux lsy Qksu ls lqij

dEI;wVj rd lHkh hardware platforms ij pyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dk yphykiu] dkWiksjsV;k foHkkxh; foy; gsrq] lqj{kk vko';drkvksa gsrq ;k vU; fdlh fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls] vfuok;Z gSA

2- lqj{kklqj{kklqj{kklqj{kklqj{kk % dqN O;olk;ksa vkSj ljdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd] OSS dksM dh varfuZfgr ;kaf=dh ns[kusds fy, l{ke dj jgs gSa ftlls dksM dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj lqj{kk esa mudk fo'okl c<+rk gSA fyuDlviuh ifjiDork vkSj eq[; lkW¶Vos;j foØsrkvksa ds 'kkfey gksus dh otg ls vf/kd lqjf{kr gS D;ksafd

lqj{kk esa pwd vkSj =qfV;ksa dks <w<+us vkSj gy djus ds fy, cM+h la[;k esa fo'oHkj esa MsoyilZ baVjusVds tfj, feytqy dj dke dj jgs gSaA

3- fyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esafyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esafyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esafyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esafyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esa % fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa OSS dk mi;ksxdj ?kjsyw lkW¶Vos;j mn~;ksx dks izksRlkgu fey jgk gSA LFkkuh; dkjksckfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa OSSlkW¶Vos;j ds bLrseky ls rsth vkrh gSA fo'o “j dh ljdkjsa fyuDl ;ksX;rk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk]dkS'ky fodkl vkSj fuos'k ds fy, dsUnz fcUnw ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA

vkb,] vc ge dqN fyuDl dh dek.Ml dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ns[ksa &

fyuDl dk Qkby lajpuk ¼LVªDpj½ fuEu izdkj dk gksrk gSAlsEiy fyuDl dk Qkby LVªDpj

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fyuDl ds funsZ’kksa dks Terminal esa $ prompt ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gSAdqN Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~~l %dqN Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~~l %dqN Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~~l %dqN Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~~l %dqN Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~~l %

1- djUV ¼orZeku½ MkbjsDVjh dks igpkuuk] pwd dek.M ( print working directory )$ pwd < Enter >/ usr / bin$

;gka] / user / bin og MkbjsDVjh gS ftlesa ;wlj orZeku eas dke dj jgk gSA2- djUV MkbjsDVjh dks cnyuk] cd dek.M (change directory )

$ cd / user / games < Enter>$ pwd < Enter> / user / Games$cd dek.M ls ;wlj dh working directory cny xbZA vc ;wlj / user / Games es dk;Z

djsxkA3- ubZ MkbjsDVjh cukuk] mkdir dek.M ( make directory)

$ mkdir Alladdin < Enter >$bl dek.M ls Alladdin uke dh MkbjsDVjh] djUV MkbjsDVjh esa cu tk,xhA ijUrq ;g ubZ

MkbjsDVjh] djUV MkbjsDVjh ugha curhA bls djUV MkbjsDVjh cukus ds fy, cd dek.M dk mi;ksxdjsaA

4- MkbjsDVjh dks gVkuk ] rmdir dek.M ( remove directory )$ rmdir Alladdin < Enter >$bl dek.M ls Alladdin MkbjsDVjh fMyhV (Delete) gks tk,xhA

,d MkbjsDVjh dks rHkh fMyhV dj ldrs gSa tc](a) og MkbjsDVjh [kkyh gks ¼mlesa dksbZ QkbYl ;k lc&MkbjsDVjhl u gks½(b) og djUV MkbjsDVjh u gksA

5- MkbjsDVjh dh fo"k;&oLrq ns[kuk] ls dek.M (list)$ ls < Enter>

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bl dek.M ls djUV MkbjsDVjh esa ftrus Hkh QkbYl vkSj lc&QksYMlZ gSa] mudh lwph izLrqrgks tk,xhAdqN Qkby dek.Ml %&dqN Qkby dek.Ml %&dqN Qkby dek.Ml %&dqN Qkby dek.Ml %&dqN Qkby dek.Ml %&

1- Qkby dh fo"k;&oLrq ns[kuk] cat dek.M ( concatenation)$ cat data 1 < Enter>A sample file$

2- Qkby dks dkWih djuk ] cp dek.M (copy)$ cp data1 data3 < Enter>$bl mnkgj.k esa data1 dh fo"k;&oLrqq ,d ubZ Qkby data3 eas dkWih gks tkrh gSA

3- Qkby dks gVkuk] rm dek.M (remove)$ rm data1 < Enter>$bl dek.M ls data1 uke dh Qkby fMyhV gks tkrh gSA

4- Qkby dks ewo djuk] mv dek.M (move)$ mv /user/data/data2 / user/Games/ < Enter>$

bl mnkgj.k esa data2 Qkby Data QksYMj ls gV dj Games QksYMj esa ewo dj xbZAbu mnkgj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd fyuDl dks manage djuk dkQh ljy vkSj lqfo/kkiw.kZ gSA

Open Source OS ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~~ vkb, dqN Open Source Application lkW¶Vos;jds ckjs esa Kkuo/kZu djsaA

2. eksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+jeksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+jeksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+jeksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+jeksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+j %

Mozilla Firefox ,d Ýh vksiu lkslZ web browser gS tks fd fo'oHkj esa izpfyr gSA Firefox,Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Free BSD vkSj dbZ vU; IysVQkeksZa lfgr fofHkUuOperating System ij pyrk gSA uohure QkbjQksDl esa VSCM czkmftax] orZuh tk¡p live bookmarking,futh browsing, MkmuyksM manager dh lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gSaA QkbjQksDl esa Hkh vU; OSS dh Hkkafr:ikUrj.k lEHko gSA ,slh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡ baVjusV ij miyC/k gSaA ;g O;kid p;u QkbjQksDlmi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

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3. My SQL :

My SQL fo'o dk lokZf/kd izpfyr Open Source Database Software gSA vc rd MySQL dh 100 yk[k ls Hkh vf/kd izfr;k¡ MkmuyksM vkSj forfjr dh tk pqdh gSA bldh csgrj xfr]fo'oluh;rk vkSj mi;ksx esa vklkuh ds lkFk My SQL, Web, nwjlapkj dEifu;ksa vkSj IT eSust+lZ dsfy, ilanhnk fodYi cu x;k gSA My SQL izeq[k vM+puksa] tSls j[k&j[kko] vk/kqfud Onlineapplications, dk iz'kklu vkfn] dks nwj djrk gSA

nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkSj rsth ls izxfr djrh lxBusa My SQL dk mi;ksx dj le; vkSj/ku dh cpr djrh gSa vkSj viuh mPp ek=k Websites, O;kikj iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj software dks 'kfDriznku djrh gaSA m|ksx esa vxz.kh Yahoo, YouTube, Google, Nokia, Wikipedia vkfn My SQL dkmi;ksx dj jgs gSaA

MySQL esa MkVkcsl cukuk] Vscy cukuk vkSj Dosjh cukuk ,d vklku izfd;k gSA mnkgj.kds fy,] ge ,d SCHOOL uke ls MkVkcsl cuk,axs] mlesa ,d Vscy STUDENT cuk,axs] mlesadqN fjdkMZl insert dj queries cuk,asxsA

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PostgreSQL :

PostgreSQL dks nqfu;k dk lcls mUur MkVkcsl ekuk tkrk gSA PostgreSQL ,d ’kfDr’kkyhvksiu lkslZ vksCtsDV&fjys’uy MkVkcsl iz.kkyh gSA bldk 15 o"kksZa ls vf/kd le; ls lfØ; fodklgks jgk gSA bldh lajpuk us fo’oluh;rk MsVk v[kaMrk vkSj ’kq)rk ds fy, ,d etcwr izfr"Bk vftZrdh gSA ;g fyuDl] ;qfuDl vkSj foUMkst lfgr lHkh izeq[k vksijsfVax flLVe ij pyrk gSA blesa

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QkWju dh] joins, views, triggers vkSj stored procedures ds fy, iw.kZ leFkZu gSA ;g dbZ Hkk"kkvksaesa miyC/k gS vkSj SQL : 2008 ds vf/kdka’k MkVkVkbi tSls INTEGER, NUMERIC, BOOLEAN,CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE vkSj TIMESTAMP blesa lfEefyr gSaA ;g fp=] /ofu ;k ohfM;ksdks Hkh lap;u djus esa l{ke gSA blesa C / C++, JAVA, NET, PERL, PYTHON, RUBY, ODBCds fy, izksxzkfeax baVjQsl Hkh miyC/k gSA bldk MksD;wesUVs’ku Hkh vlk/kkj.k gSA

PostgreSQL ikbUV&bu&Vkbe fjdojh] VscyLisl usLVsM VªkUtSD’ku] vkWuykbu vR;k/kqfudcSd&vi] ifj"dr query Iykuj vkfn lqfo/kkvksa dk nkok djrk gSA ;g MkVk dh ek=k vkSj ;wtlZ dhla[;k] nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa vR;f/kd Scalable gSA

PostgreSQL esa eSfDlee Vscy 32 TB rd ,d fjdkMZ 1.6 TB rd] ,d QhYM 1GB rd gksldrk gSA Postgre SQL us vius mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls cgqr iz’kalk izkIr dh gSA blus loZJs’B MkVkcslds dbZ iqjLdkj Hkh vftZr fd, gSaA5. Pango:- Pango

iSaxks ’kCn xzhd ’kCn pan] ftldk eryc gS ‘lHkh’ vkSj tkikuh’kCn ‘go’ ftldk vFkZ gS Hkk"kkls feydj cuk gSA

iSaxksa ,d vksiu lkslZ dEI;wfVax iqLrdky; gS tks lkWQ~Vos;j MsoyilZ }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks mPpxq.koRrk ls izLrqr djus es mi;qDr gksrk gSA ;g lkW¶Vos;j cgqHkk"kh fo"k;&oLrq dks leFkZu nsrk gSAbldks fofHkUu ÝUV&,.M&cSd ,s.M~l ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls iSaxks dks ØzkslIysV@QkeZ mi;ksfxrk dk leFkZu feyrk gSA iSaxks ls izLrqr fo"k;&oLrq fHkUu vkWijsfVax flLVe tSlsfyuDl] ,Iiy] ekbØkslksQ~V foUMksl vkfn ij leku izLrqr gksrh gSA

iSaxks UNICODE dk lajpukRed <kapk gS tks vUrjk"Vªh; fo"k;&oLrq dk izfriknu djrk gSA,d ckj ,d Hkk"kk dk bysDVªksfud vuqokn gks tk, rks mlls osc dh lkexzh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSAfQj mlls lkW¶Vos;j Hkh fodflr fd, tk ldrs gS vkSj muds fy, lkW¶Vos;j Hkh fodflr fd, tkldrs gSa vkSj muds fy, leFkZu Hkh miyC/k djk;k tk ldrk gSA

bl izdkj ,d Hkk"kk dks ;qfudksM ds ek/;e ls vuqokfnr djus ls vUrjk"Vªh;dj.k vkSjLFkkuh;dj.k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

nqfu;k esa 150 ls vf/kd Hkk"kk,a] 25 fofHkUu ys[ku iz.kkfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls O;Dr dh tk ldrhgSaA gj Hkk"kk ds fof’k"V xq.k gksrs gSaA iSaxsk orZeku esa thfor fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks fMftVy :i esa izLrqrdj ldrk gSAA iSaxks 2004 esa open source initiative ds fy, iqjLdr fd;k x;k FkkA6- vksiu vksfQl6- vksiu vksfQl6- vksiu vksfQl6- vksiu vksfQl6- vksiu vksfQl. org

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vksiuvksfQl.org] lkekU;r% OOo ;k OpenOffice ds uke ls izpfyr ,d vksiu lkslZ ,fIyds’kulkbaV gS ftlds eq[; ?kVd oMZ izkslsflax] LizsM’khV] izslsUVs’ku] xzkfQDl vkSj MkVkcsl ds fy, iz;qDrgksrs gSaA ;g lkS ls vf/kd Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/k gS vkSj fHkUu vkWijsfVax flLVe esa mi;qDr gks ldrk gSA;g vklkuh ls baVjusV ls MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Lora=rk ls fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, iz;qDrfd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d varjk"Vªh; [kqys ekud izk:i esa vkids lHkh MkVk (Data) dks i<+ ldrkgS vkSj LVksj Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;g vU; vkfQl lkQ~Vos;j dh Qkbyksa dks Hkh [kksy vkSj fy[kldrk gSA

;g lkQ~Vos;j 20 lky ls vf/kd le; ls fufeZr gks jgk gSA bldh fo’oluh;rk dk dksbZeqdkcyk ugha gSA ;g lkW¶Vos;j oks lc djrk gS tks vki ml lkW¶Vos;j ls djkuk pkgrs gaS vkSj ogHkh ftl rjg ls vki pkgrs gSA

vksiuvksfQj.org dks lh[kuk vklku gSA vxj vki dksbZ vU; vkWfQl iSdst bLrseky dj jgsgSa rks vki lh/ks gh vksiu vksfQl esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ;g lkW¶Vos;j Ýzh gS] vklkuh ls miyC/k g]Svki ftrus pkgs mrus dEI;wVjksa ij bls pyk ldrs gSaA ?kjsyw] O;kolkf;d] ’kSf{kd] ’kklu izcU/k fdlhHkh dk;Z ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk fcuk fdlh izfrcU/k ds forj.k fd;ktk ldrk gSA7. Apache Server : vWikps loZjvWikps loZjvWikps loZjvWikps loZjvWikps loZj

vikph HTTP loZj ifj;kstuk lg;ksxkRed lkW¶Vos;j ds fodkl ds fy, ,d iz;kl gSA blifj;kstuk dk mn~ns’; ,d et+cwr] okf.kfT;d vkSj vktknh ls miyC/k lzksr dksM dk;kZUo;u ds fy,,d HTTP osc loZj cukuk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk la;qDr :i ls nqfu;kHkj esa fLFkr Lo;a lsodksa ds ,dlewg }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk vWikph] lkQ~Vos;j QkmaMs’ku dk fgLlk gSA

vWikph loZj ,d eap gS ftl ij O;fDr vkSj laLFkk,a fo’oluh; iz.kkfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrsgS] tks iz;ksxkRed iz;kstuksa vkSj fe’ku egRoiw.kZ iz;kstuksa esa mi;qDr gks ldsaA vkWuykbu izdk’ku dsmidj.k gj fdlh ds gkFk esa gksus pkfg,A blh ls osc esa mUufr gksxhA

vWikph dk izFke izk:i 1995 esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA 2009 esa vWikps loZj 10 djksM+ osclkbV ds ehy ds iRFkj dks ikj djus okyk igyk osc loZj cukA ;g lkQ~Vos;j dbZ vksijsfVax flLVeds fy, miyC/k gS tSls GNU ] fyuDl] ;qfuDl] lksykfjl] Ýzh BSD, Mac OSX, ekbØkslksQ~VvkfnA vizsy 1996 ls vWikps mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk lokZf/kd yksdfiz; loZj lkW¶Vos;j gSaA

uoEcj 2010 rd vWikps us fo’o dh 59-36 izfr’kr osc lkbVksa dks lsok,¡ iznku dh gaSA ;g fo’odh 10 yk[k O;Lrre osc lkbVksa esa ls 66-56 izfr’kr osc lkbVksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA

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8- VkWedSV %8- VkWedSV %8- VkWedSV %8- VkWedSV %8- VkWedSV %

vWikps VkWedSV ,d vksiu lzksr loZysV dUVsuj gS tks vikWph lkWQ~Vos;j Qkm.Ms’ku (ASF) }kjkfufeZr fd;k x;k gSA loZysV ,d NksVk lk izksxzke gS tks loZj ij py ldsA VkWedSV lu ekbØksflLVeds tkok loZysV vkSj tkok loZj ist+l (ISP) ds funs’kksZa dks ykxw djrk gSA ;g ,d ’kq) tkok HTTPosc loZj okrkoj.k iznku djrk gS ftl ij tkok dksM dk fØ;kUo;u gks ldsA

VkWedSV vkSj vikWph osc loZj esa varj gSA vikWph osc loZj HTTP osc loZj dks C esa ykxw fd;kx;k gSA VkWedSV ,d ,fIyds’ku loZj gS tks tkok loZysV~l dks dk;kZfUor djrk gS vkSj JSP dksfMaxokys osc ist izLrqr djrk gSA VkWedSV dk ckbujh vkSj L=ksr dksM izk:i] nksuksa gh vikWph osc lkbVij miyC/k gSaA VkWedSV dks LVSaM vyksu] vkarfjd osc loZj ds lkFk iz;ksx yk;k tk ldrk gS vkSjbls vU; osc loZj tSls vikWph] ekbØkslksQ~V dk baVjusV bUQksjes’ku lZoj (IIS) usVLdsi ,UVjizkbt+lZoj vkSj ekbØkslksQ~V ilZuy loZj ds lkFk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA9. PHP :

PHP ,d fLØzfIVax Hkk"kk gS tks ewyr% Mk;ukfed osc istksa dks cukus ds fy, fMt+kbu dh xbZFkhA ;g dek.M ykbu baVjQsl {kerk dks ’kkfey djrh gS vkSj LVSaMvyksu xzkfQdy ,fIyds’kUl esabldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA PHP ,d O;kid :i ls iz;qDr lkekU; mn~ns’; okyh fLØfIVaxHkk"kk gS] tks fo’ks"k :i ls osc MoyiesaV ds vuqdwy gS ftls HTML ds lkFk iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrkgSA vke rkSj ij ;g osc loZj ij pyrh gS] ftldh lajpuk PHP dksM dks vkxe dh rjg ysus vkSjosc ist dVsaV dks fuxZe dh rjg nsus ds fy, dh xbZ gSA ;g vf/kdka’k osc loZjksa vkSj yxHkx gjvkWijsfVax flLVe ,oa IysVQkeZ ij eq¶r esa foLr`r dh tk ldrh gSA PHP 20 yk[k ls vf/kdosclkbVksa vkSj 1 yk[k osc loZjksa ij laLFkkfir gSA

PHP lewg] mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds vius Lo;a ds mi;ksxkFkZ] fuekZ.k] euialn rjhds ls cukus vkSjfoLrr djus ds fy, iwjk L=ksr dksM iznku djrk gS egRoiw.kZ osc lkbV PHP esa fy[ks vkSj tksM+ x,gSa tSls Qslcqd] fofdihfM;k] ;kgw] oMZizsl] ;wV~;wc vkfnAPHP okD;&foU;kl ¼flUVSDl½ okD;&foU;kl ¼flUVSDl½ okD;&foU;kl ¼flUVSDl½ okD;&foU;kl ¼flUVSDl½ okD;&foU;kl ¼flUVSDl½

PHP dsoy vius ifjlhedksa ¼MhfyfeVlZ½ ds Hkhrj dksM dh in&O;k[;k djrk gSA bldsifjlhedksa ds ckgj tks Hkh gksrk gS og lh/ks fuxZe ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS vkSj PHP }kjk in&foU;kl

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¼,fDlD;wV½ ugha gksrk gSA lcls vke ifjlhed gS < ? PHP vkSj ? > tks Øe’k% [kqys vkSj canifjlhed gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ]< html >< head >< title > PHP Trial , </ title >< /head >

< ? phpecho <p> Hello, welcome to PHP</p> ;?>

</body ></html >

blh rjg ls]< html >< head >< ? phpecho < title> My First PHP Script </title> ?;? ></head ></body ><?php

echo ‘ < p > This is generated by PHP </p> ;?>

<p> This is static HTML/p></body></html>

bl PHP fLdzIV dks first.php ds uke ls lso dj osc loZj ij viyksM dj nsaA tc bl istdks osc czkmtj esa ns[ksaxs rks og dqN fuEu izdkj ls fn[kkbZ nsxkA10- ikbFku %10- ikbFku %10- ikbFku %10- ikbFku %10- ikbFku %

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ikbFku ,d lkekU; mn~ns’; mPp Lrjh; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk gS ftldh lajpuk dksM dh fo’oluh;rkij tksj nsrh gSA ikbFku dk mn~ns’; mYys[kuh; ’kfDr ds lkFk cgqr Li"V flUVsDl gSA

ikbFku ,dkf/kd izksxzkfeax ifjizs{;ksa dks leFkZu nsrk gSA ;g ,d iw.kZr% xfr’khy (Dynamic)izdkj dh iz.kkyh vkSj Lor% Le`fr izcU/ku ;kstuk dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA vU; Mkbukfed Hkk"kkvksa dhHkkafr ikbFku dk mi;ksx ,d fLØfIVax Hkk"kk ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq ikbFku xSj fLØfIVaxlUnHkksZa esa Hkh iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA

ikbFku dk fØ;kUo;u Lora= vkSj [kqyk L=kssr lkW¶Vos;j gSA ;g ,d leqnk; vk/kkfjr fodklds ekWMy ij fufeZr gSA ikbFku dk fodkl vkSj laj{k.k ikbFku lkW¶Vos;j Qkm.Ms’ku uke dh ,dykHk fujis{k laLFkku djrh gSA

ikbFku bUVjfizVlZ dbZ vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fy, miyC/k gSA ikbFku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo’ks"krkgS Mkbukfed use jstY;w’ku tks esFkM (Method) vkSj osfj,scy (Variable) ds ukeksa dks izksxzke,fDlD;w’ku ds le; cka/krk gSA

ge lHkh dks Kkr gS fd baVjusV Kku dk HkaMkj gSA FOSS dh mUufr esa baVjusV dk cgqregRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkb,] ge dqN vksiu lkslZ ls lEcfU/kr osc&lkbVl dk v/;;u djsaAwww. sourceforge.net

;g usVodZ osclkbV vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dk dks"k gSA ;gka ij vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j dksMkmuyksM Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj uohu vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gSA blosclkbV esa 27 yk[k MsoyilZ] 260000 vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j ifj;kstukvksa ij dke dj jgs gSaAizfrfnu bl osclkbV ls 2]000]000 MkmuyksM~l gksrs gSaA ;g la[;k,a fnu izfrfnu c<+ jgh gSaA blosclkbV ij vkidks gj izdkj ds] fofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa vkus okys lkQ~Vos;j miyC/k gaSA

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www. opensource.org

;g osclkbV OSI organization dh osclkbV gSA ;gka ij vksiu lkslZ bfuf’k,fVo (OSI) ds /;s; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyC/k gSA vksiu lkslZ dh ykblsUl izfØ;k] vksiu lkslZ dh f’k{kk] esfyaxfyLV~l vkSj dbZ rjg dh tkudkjh vkidks bl osc lkbV esa feysxhA

vxj vki vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j eas dke dj jgs gSa vkSj vki dksbZ iFk&izn’kZd ryk’k dj jgsgSa rks bl osc lkbV ij vkidks dbZ jkg fn[kkus okys yksx feyasxsA vki bl lewg dk fgLlk cudjvius lokyksa ds tokc [kkst ik,axsA

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vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 19

www. linux.com

;g ,d def’kZ;y (commercial) osclkbV gS ftlesa vkidks fyuDl dh uohure [kcjsa feysaxhAfyuDl dk MkWD;wesUVs’ku] V;wVksfj;y] fofM;ksl vkfn vkidks bl osclkbV esa miyC/k gksxsaA ykbusDlesa dSfj;j] fyuDl ds Vªsfuax izksxzkEl vkSj Dykll] fyuDl dk O;olk; esa iz;ksx] fyuDl esa ukSdjhdh miyC/krk,a vkSj dbZ vU; mi;ksxh tkudkjh bl osclkbV ij miyC/k gSA fyuDl ds fofHkUufMLVªhC;w’kUl dh tkudkjh ] fyuDl dh fdrkcsa] fyuDl dE;wfuVh] CyksXl vkSj Qksje~l Hkh ;gka ijizkIr gSaA vki bl osc&lkbV esa jftLVj dj blds esEcj cu ldrs gSaA fyuDl dk Hkfo";] orZeku]mldh mUufr dk ekxZ] lHkh dqN bl osclkbV ij miyC/k gSA

www.linuxindia.org

;g osclkbV ykbusDl&bf.M;k laxBu dh osclkbV gS tks Hkkjr ds fyuDl ;wtlZ dh ,dlaxBuk gSA bl osclkbV ij vkidks dbZ izdkj dh esfyax fyLV~l miyC/k gksxhaA tSls fd tujy]

gsYi] izksxzkEklZ] fMLd’kUl vkfnA izR;sd esfyax fyLV esa vkidks fyuDl ds Hkkjr esa mi;ksx ls

lacf/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksxhA vki pkgsa rks vki mu esfyax fyLV~l esa lcLØkbc Hkh dj ldrs gaSA

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,slk djus ls vki ml lewg dk ,d lnL; cu tk,axsA bl izdkj vkidks Hkkjr ds vU; fyuDlmi;ksxdrkZvksa ls lEidZ esa jgus dk volj izkIr gksxkA vkidh fyuDl lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk gyHkh vkidks izkIr gksxkA ;gka ij vksiu ppkZvksa esa lfEefyr gksdj fyuDl ds fo"k; esa viuk Kku&o/kZu dj ldrs gaSA

www.gnu.org

;g GNU ifj;kstuk laxBu dh osclkbV gSA ;gka ij vkidks GNU dh fopkj/kkjk] ykblsUliz.kkyh] MkD;wesUVs’ku miyC/k gksxkA GNU/LINUX fMfLVªC;w’kUl dh lwph esa ls vk;sA viuk eupkgklkWQ~Vos;j MkmuyksM dj ldrs gSa ;gka ij FSF ds ckjs esa Hkh lwpuk izkI; gSaAvki FSF esa ’kkfey gksdjÝh lkW¶Vos;j dh izxfr esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA vki dksbZ lkWQ~Vos;j fufeZr dj jgs gSa rksvkidks ;gka dbZ MoyilZ dk lg;ksx izkIr gksxkA blds vykok GNU vksijsfVax flLVe dkMkmuyksM Hkh ;gka ij lEHko gSA ;g osc lkbV dbZ Hkk"kkvksa tSls ikWfy’k] LiSfu’k] Mp vkfn esamiyC/k gSAwww.openrdf.org

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vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 21

rdf ( Resource Description Framework ) W3C ifjokj dk ,d lnL; gSA bldk mi;ksxlwpuk dk izfr:i rS;kj djus esa gksrk gS tks fd osc ij dk;kZfUor dh tkrh gSA

;g osclkbV ,d dE;wfuVh osclkbV gS tks Sesame dh izxfr dks lg;ksx djrh gSA SesameMkVk (data) dks LVksj] fu"df"kZr o Dosjh djus ds fy, ,d vksiu lkslZ :ijs[kk gSA ;gka ij ;wltZvkSj MsoyilZ fey ldrs gSa] ppkZ dj ldrs gSa] iz’u iwN ldrs gSa vkSj Sesame ls lEcfU/kr fdlhHkh leL;k dk fuokj.k ik ldrs gSaA

bl osc lkbV ij sesame ls lEcfU/kr lkW¶Vos;j dks MkmuyksM Hkh dj ldrs gaSA bl ijMkD;wesUVs’ku] esfyax fyLV~l T;knkrj iwNs x, lokyksa ds tokc] lkW¶Vos;j IyxbUl vkSj ,DlVsa’kUlHkh miyC/k gSA

vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %cgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'u1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - ,d vksiu lkslZ dEI;wfVax iqLrdky; dk uke gS &

(v) Openoffice org (c) My SQL(l) Unicoal (n) Pango ¼ ½

2. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds D;k ykHk gSa\(v) :ikUrj.k dh lqfo/kk (c) Portability(l) Clot effectivencs (n) mijksDr lHkh ¼ ½

3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lkW¶Vos;j] vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dk mnkgj.k ugha gS\(v) My SQL (c) Pestyre SQL(l) Mozilla ................... (n) Photoshop ¼ ½

4. fjpMZ LVkWyeSu us fuEu esa ls dkSulh laxBu dh ljpuk dh\(v) OSI (c) FSF(l) W3C (n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

5. vWikps VkWedSV ,d vksiu lkslZ &(v) osc czkmtj gS (c) ljZysV daVsuj gS(l) fLØfIVax Hkk"kk gS (n) mijksDr esa ls dqN Hkh ugha ¼ ½

6. ykbusDl dk fuekZ.k ewy :i ls fdUgksaus fd;k gS\(v) fyul VksjokYM~l (c) fjpMZ LVkWyeSu(l) fVe DuZlZ yh (n) mijksDr lHkh us ¼ ½

7. vksiu vksfQl .org dk mi;ksx dj ge D;k dj ldrs gSa\(v) MkWD;wesUV cuk ldrs gSa (c) izsts+UVs'ku cuk ldrs gSa(l) LizsM'khV cuk ldrs gSa (n) mijksDr lHkh dj ldrs gSa ¼ ½

8. GPL D;k gS\(v) ,d lkW¶Vos;j (c) ,d ykblsUl(l) ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe (n) ,d dEI;wVj lkbfUVLV ¼ ½

9. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dk ykbusDl ds lkFk&lkFk foUMksl vkWijsfVax flLVe ij Hkh mi;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA

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bUQkZesfVDl iszfDVl 22

(v) gk¡ (c) ugha(l) (n) ¼ ½

10. Unicode D;k gS\(v) ,d lkW¶Vos;j (c) v{kj ladsru i)fÙk(l) loZj (n) mijksDr esa ls dqN ugha ¼ ½

vfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'u1. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A2. vkisu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds pkj mnkgj.k nhft,A3. fuEufyf[kr dh ifjHkk"kk] nks mnkgj.kksa lfgr nhft, &

(1) ÝhjSV (2) 'kSjosj (3) izksizkbVjh lkW¶Vos;j(4) LFkkuhdj.k (5) iquhdksM

4. fuEufyf[kr dks foLrkfjr dj fyf[k, &(1) FOSS (2) GNU (3) OSI(4) W3C (5) FSF

5. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh fdUgha nks osclkbV~l ds uke fyf[k,A6. OSI dh laxBuk fdlus dh Fkh\7. FSF dk y{; D;k gS\8. baVjusV dk vkfo"dkj fdUgksaus fd;k\9. ykbusDl dh Com dek.M dSls dk;Z djrh gS\10. ls dek.M ls D;k gksrk gS\11. vkt ds ;qx esa vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\12. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j IySVQkeZ&bUMisUmsUV gksrs gSaA bl okD; dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\13. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dks ^Lora= lkW¶Vos;j* Hkh dgrs gSaA D;ksa\14. OSS vkSj FOSS esa D;k varj gS\15. GNU ifj;kstuk ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr esa fy[ksa\16. FSF vkSj OSI tSlh la[;k,¡ fdl fn'kk esa dk;Zjr gSa\17. ÝhoSj vkSj Ýh lkW¶Vos;j esa varj Li"V dhft,A18. lkW¶Vos;j dks izksizkbVjh djus ls D;k uqdlku gS\19. lkW¶Vos;j dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa cukus ls D;k ykHk gksxsa\20. ASCII vkSj UNICODE esa D;k varj gS\yÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'u1. fyuDl ds vusd fMfLVªC;w'kUl ds miyC/k gksus dk dkj.k mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A2. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykHk foLrkj ls le>kb,A3. W3C la[;k ds vkn'kksZ dks Li"V dhft,A4. ljdkjh] O;kolkf;d vkSj fuft ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, ykbusDl dks mi;ksxh ekuk tkuk gSA

D;ksa\5. HySQL D;k gS\ MySQL ds izpfyr gksus ds dkj.kksa dks le>k,¡A6. Pootgre SQL ds ckjs esa 50&60 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

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vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j 23

7. PHP D;k gksrh gS\ fdl {ks= esa PHP dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA PHP dh mi;qDrrk ds dqNmnkgj.k nhft,A

8. VkWedSV vksj vWikps osc loZj ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A9. vksiu vkfQl] org fdl izdkj dk lkW¶Vos;j gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx dgk¡ fd;k tkrk gS\fucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'u1. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds ykblsal ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A2. fyuDl dh 4 Mk;jsDVªh dek.M~l mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A3. www.fourceforge.net osclkbV vkius ns[kh gksxhA bl osclkbV dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k

MkysaA4. MySQL esa fuEufyf[kr ds fy, funsZ'k nhft, &

(i) ,d 'company' uke dk MkVkcsl cukb,A(ii) bl MkVkcsl esa ,d 'employees' uke dh Vscy cukb,A

Emp.no Name Age Designation(iii) bl Vscy esa 6 fjdkMZ Insert dhft,AEmp.no Name Age DesignationE001 Ankita Varma 30 SEE002 Naman Dixit 23 SEE003 Surbhi Verma 25 SEE004 Tarun Kumar 42 TME005 Vinayak Sharma 38 TLE006 Vivek Mathur 34 TL(iv) ftu employees dh age 30 ls vf/kd gS] muds uke fn[kkb,A(v) TL designation okys employees dh lkjh details fn[kkb,A(vi) 35 lky ls de mez okys TL designation ds employees ds uke fn[kkb,A

5. vksiu lkslZ vkanksyu ds fo"k; ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A6. vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j esa :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA bl lqfo/kk ds Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku ij

izdk'k MkysaA7. vkids fopkj ls izksizkbVjh vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j esa ls dkSu lk csgrj gS vkSj D;ksa\8. Ýh lkW¶Vos;j] vkisu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j vkSj ÝhoSj ds e/; vUrj dks Li"V djsaA mnkgj.k lfgr

le>k,¡A9. irk dhft, fd Hkkjr dh dkSulh O;kolkf;d vkSj ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dk

iz;ksx dj jgh gSaA mudh ,d lwph rS;kj djsaA10. dbZ yksxksa dk ekuuk gS vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds fy, i;kZIr rduhdh lg;ksx miyC/k ugha

gSA bl fo"k; ij vki vius fopkj izdV dhft,A11. bl ikB esa mYysf[kr vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ds vykok ¼chl½ 20 vU; vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j

ds ckjs esa irk yxkb, vkSj mudh lwph rS;kj dhft,A

**********

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v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2v/;k;&2

MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kkMkVkcsl vo/kkj.kkMkVkcsl vo/kkj.kkMkVkcsl vo/kkj.kkMkVkcsl vo/kkj.kkDatabase Concept

User interface : gkykafd cgqr ls ;wtj MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu dqN ;wtj MkVkcsldks mi;ksx esa ysus ds fy;s DoSjh ySaXost dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA T;knkrj ;wtj MkVkcsl dk mi;ksxdjus ds fy;s fuEu Vwy dke esa ysrs gSaA ftUgsa ÝaUV ,sUM Vwy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s Vwy fuEuizdkj gSa %&1. Forms and Graphical user Inteface: ;g Vwy ;wtj dks oSY;w ,sUVj djus dh vuqefr iznkudjrs gSa] ftuds }kjk igys ls crk;s x;s dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn flLVe DoSjh dks,sfXtD;wV djrk gS vkSj ;wtj ds crk;s x;s QkWjesV esa fjtYV dks vkmViqV ds :i esa nsrk gSA xzkfQDy;wtj bUVjQsl ;wtj dks vklkuh ls mi;ksx esa ykus okys Vwy miyC/k djkrs gSaAizksxzkej xzkfQDy ;wtj bUVjQsl dks osc czkmtj dk ÝUV,s.M ds :i esa iz;ksx djds rS;kj dj ldrkgSA ;g blds fy;s og vU; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa ds }kjk miyC/k djk;s tkus okys QWkeZ vkSj nwljhlqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA bu lqfo/kkvksa dks ,Iyhds’ku izksxzkfeax bUVjQsl (API) dgktkrk gSA ftuesa java Swing fotqvy csfld ;k fotqvy lh $ $ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oscczkmtj esa HTML ls fMtkbZu fd;s x;s QkWeZ dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA2. Report Genrator : ;g Vwy ;wtj ds fy;s igys ls fMtkbZu dh xbZ fjiksVZ esa orZeku MkVk dkmi;ksx djus dh btktr nsrk gS ;gka fjiksVZ dk QWkjesaV igys ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA bl QkWjesV esaoSY;wt ml le; mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys MkVkcsl ds vuqlkj mi;ksx gksrh gSA vkSj fo’kys"kd rFkkeSustj fdlh fjiksVZ Hkfo"; dh :i js[kk rS;kj djus ds fy;s dke esa ysrs gSaA bl fjiksVZ ds vk/kkjij vxys fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSaA fjiksVZ tujsVj Vwy ,sls Vwy gSaA ftuds }kjk ;wtj ds ]}kjk i<s tkldus okyh lkjka’k fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs gSaA blds }kjk bUVªsDV djds QkWjesVsM VSDLV o pkVZ cuk;s tkldrs gSaA fjiksVZ ds QkWjesV dks iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s ;wtj fjiksVZ tujsVj dh lqfo/kk dk mi;ksxdjrk gSAfjiksVZ tujsVj VwYl tSls fØLVy fjiksVZ rFkk ,l-D;w-,y- loZj fjiksfVZax lfoZl miyC/k gSA bldsvykok ,e-,l-vkWfQl] pkVZ tujsVj] ,e-,l- ,Dlsy esa Hkh MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djds QkWjesVsMfjiksVZ rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA3. Data Analysis Tool : ;g Vwy ;wtj dks bUVªsDVhoyh MkVk dk mi;ksx djus o mudk fo’kys"k.kdjus dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA mijksDr Hkh bUVjQsl flQZ fdlh DoSjh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx djrsgSaA ftlds }kjk MkVkcsl flLVe rd ;wtj dh fMek.M Hksth tk lds] vkSj MkVkcsl fMek.M dsvuq:i MkVk miyC/k djk ldsAWeb Inteface to Database : vktdy osc }kjk ÝUV,s.M ds :i esa fo’ks"k dk;Z fd;s tk jgsgSa ftlds cgqr ls dkj.k gSa] oso czkmtj ,d lkoZHkkSfed Ý.V,s.M dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ftlesnqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx ls Hksth xbZ lwpuk,sa (BackEnd) ds :i esa fn[kkbZ tkrh gSaaA ;g Ý.V,s.Mfdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij fcuk fdlh fo’ks"k izksxzke dks dke es fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj

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MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk 25

blls fofHkUu izdkj ds MkVkcsl dks tksMk tk ldrk gSA oso czkmtj ,d LVsVhd VkbZi dk Ý.V,s.MmiyC/k djkrk gSAUndrelaying database (BackEnd): bUVjfjysVsM MkVk dk lewg MkVkcsl dgykrk gSA ;gMkVkcsl fdlh ,sUVjizkbt ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk dk lap; djrs gSaA MkVkcsl flLVe dk izkFkfed dk;Z,d mi;qDr rjhdk miYc/k djkrk gSA ftlds }kjk MkVkcsl esa lwpukvksa dks lap; fd;k tk ldso vko’;drk iM+us ij mi;qDr lwpukvks adks izkIr fd;k tk lds A MkVkcsl flLVe cMh ek=k esalwpukvksa dks O;ofLFkr djus dk rjhdk gSA blds vUrxZr lwpukvksa dks fdl izdkj laxzg fd;k tkldsA mudk <kapk D;k gks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk blds vyko MkVkcsl laxzfgr lwpukvksa dhfcuk vkKk dke djus okyksa rFkk flLVe ds [kjkc gksus ij lqj{kk Hkh djrk gSA ;fn lwpuk,sa dbZ ;wtjds fy;s ’ks;j dh xbZ gks rks vokafNr ifj.kkeksa ls Hkh MkVkcsl dh lqj{kk djrk gSA MkVk fo’oluh;cus jgrs gSaA D;ksafd fdlh ,Iyhds’ku ds fy; lwpuk vfregÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA blfy;s dEI;wVjoSKkfudksa us MkVk dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s fofHkUu rjhds o vo/kkj.kk;sa miyC/k djk;hgSA ftUgsaa cSd,.Mds :i esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cSd,.M izkslsflax osc loZj dks dke esa ysdj Hkh fØ;kfUor dhtkrh gSA ftlds fy;s Java Servlets, Java Server page (JSP) ;k Active Server page (ASP)dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSAcSd,.M esa MkVk dh lqj{kk ds fy;s rFkk mldh fo’oluh;rk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s daLVªsUV yxk;stkrs gSaA ;g daLVªsUV MkVk dh mi;qDrrk rFkk mlds vko’;d foLrkj dks pSdd djrs gSa vkSj mUghaMkVk dks lap; gksus dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA tks bu daLVªsUV dks Iyku djrs gSaaAIntegration of user Interfac and database : tSlk fd geus ns[kk fd ,Iyhds’ku dhvko’;drkuqlkj ge ;wtj bUVjQsl ÝUV,.M rFkk MkVk lap;u cSd,.M djus gsrq MkVkcsl dke esaysrs gSaaA ;s Front End and Back End ;wtj o izksxzkej viuh vko’;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa buds fy;s dkSulh izksxzkfeax ySaXost ;k ,Iyhds’ku izksxzke mi;qDr gksxkA lk/kkj.kr%fdlh Hkh DBMS izksxzke esa Front End and Back End vyx&vyx okrkoj.k esa cuk;s tkrs gSaAvkSj mUgsa vyx&vyx VsLV djds ,d lkFk dk;Z djus gsrq tksM+k tkrk gSA blh fØ;kfof/k dksIntrageted user interfaca and Database dgk tkrk gSA;wtj bUVjQsl RkFkk MkVkcsl dks ,d lkFk dk;Z djus ds fy;s nksuksa dk bUVªhxs’ku fd;k tkukvko’;d gSA osc loZj ij Ý.V,s.M izkslsflax djus ds fy;s osc loZj dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSAftlesa jave Servlets, java Server page (JPS) or Active Server Page dk mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSAApplication of Database:

1. Inventory control : bl rjg ds ,Iyhds’ku esa Database esa Products ds ckjs esa tkudkjhlap; dh tkrh gSA ftlds }kjk cktkj esa izkstsDV csps o [kjhns tkrs gSaA bl rjg ds MkVkcsl izksMsDVID uke] [kjhn] ewY;] [kjhn fnukad ] fcdk mRikn] mudk fjvkWMZj ysoy LVksj djrs gSaA bl rjg dsMkVkcsl dk v/;;u djus ij mRiknd o fjVsyj Hkfo”; ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd mUgsadkSulk mRikn dc o fdruk cukuk gS] eaxkuk gS vkSj mUgsa cspus ds volj dgka o dc feyldrs gSaA

2. Financial accounting : QkbusfU’k;y vdkm.fVax ds {ks= esa MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx mi;qDr

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miHkksDrk dks pquus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk mudk iwjk fooj.k j[kk tkrk gSA iqjkus MkVk dkmi;ksx djds vuqeku yxk;s tkrs gSa fd fdlh miHkksDrk dks fdruk Fincance fd;k tk ldrk gSAvkSj mlds Finance dks pqdkus dh D;k&D;k laHkkouk,a gks ldrh gSaA D;k oks miHkksDrk fo’oluh;gksxk vFkok ugha ;s lHkh fu.kZ; ysus ds ckn fo’kys”kd mfpr miHkksDrk dk pquko djrs gaSA blesamiHkksDrk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ekfld vk;] O;;] iwoZ yksu] f’k{kk Lrj] bR;kfn dh tkudkjh MkVkcslesa lapl djrs gSaA

3. Pay-Accounting System : blesa MkVkcsl dk eq[; mi;ksx fofHkUu deZpkfj;ksa dh csfldis] dVkSfr;ka] osru o`f)] HkÙks rFkk o`f) fnukad] fy;s x;s yksu bR;kfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[k mudhosru Lyhi fudkyuk gksrk gSA ftlls fdlh izdkj dh xyfr;ka gksus dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh gSaAblds vykok fdlh deZpkjh dh vyx&vyx le; ij fdlh osru o`f) gqbZ D;k dVkSfr;ka gqbZ dhtkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA

4. Invoicing Managment System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa MkVkcsl dks fofHkUu izdkj dsysu&nsu] fcfyax] ds’kcqd] esUVsusUl o fofHkUu izdkj ds LVsVesUV izkIr djus ds fy;s dke esa fy;k tkrkgSA vyx&vyx [kkrksa o enksa ds [kpZs] izkfIr;kas ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks lap; djds mudhvyx&vyx djksa o C;kt bR;kfn dh x.kuk,aa dh tkrh gSaA vkSj lEiw.kZ ys[k cuk;s tkrs gSaA

5. Personal Mangment System/HRD System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksads vk/kkj ij vyx&vyx ;kstukvksa ls lEcfU/kr MkVkvksa dks ladfyr djds mlds vk/kkj ij fofHkUutu mi;ksxh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mu ;kstukvksa ds izHkkoksa ds vk/kkj ij u;h;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSaaA

6. Fees managment System : bl rjg ds flLVe fofHkUu f’k{kk laLFkkuksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dhQhl dk ys[kk tks[kk j[kus ds fy;s dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaA ftlls fofHkUu M~;wt] fofHkUu enksa dh QhlrFkk M~;w fnukad dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA Qhl dh jlhn fizUV djus rFkk vyx&vyx dkslZds vuqlkj Qhl Lor% x.kuk dh tkrh gSA vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu dkslsZst ls vk; o O;; dkstkuk tk ldrk gSA

7. Result Analysis System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa ds ifj.kke fudkyusmuds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu Js.kh Kkr djus esa MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh ijh{kk ifj.kkedks Kkr djus ds fy;s fofHkUu le; ij gq, VsLV muds iw.kkZsad o izkIrkadksa ds vk/kkj ij izfr’kr fudkystkrs gSaA vkSj mlds vuqlkj Jsf.k;ka] vf/kdre vad gj fo"k; esa] vf/kdre o U;wure vad VksVy ogj fo"k; esa izfr’kr ikl o Qy fo+|kfFkZ;ksa dh x.kuk;as dh tkrh gSaaA

8. Addmission Managment System : bl flLVe esa MkVkcsl esa izos’k ds fy;s vk;s QkeZdh lwpuk;sa lap; dh tkrh gSaA mlds i’pkr fofHkUu fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij izos’k gsrq ik=rk dks tkapktkrk gSA vkSj mlds ckn izos’k gsrq ik= lHkh izos’kkfFkZ;ksa dks NkaVk tkrk gSA blds i’pkr vkj{k.kds vk/kkj ij izos’k lwfp;ka cuk;h tkrh gSaA vkSj izos’k uk ysus dh fLFkfr esa gksus okys vU; izos’k dsfy; dqy lhVksa ds vk/kkj ij osfVax fyLV rS;kj dh tkrh gSA

9-Insurence Management System : bl flLVe esa fofHkUu esSustj^];wfuV eSustj]],Q-lh rFkk fQYM esa dk;Z djus okys vius }kjk fd;s x;s fctul dk fglkc j[krs gSa vkSj mlds vuqlkjvius VkjxsV dks izkIr djus ds iz;kl djrs gSaA fofHkUu dkWy ij tkus dh rkfj[k rFkk fofHkUu dkWy

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ij D;k izksxzsl gwbZ budk fglkc j[krs gsSa A buds vk/kkj ij fu"d’kZ fudkys tkrs gSa fd fdl O;fDrdks dkSu lh ikWfylh vkWQj dh tk;s o fdl ,fj;k ;k Lrj ds yksx dkSulh ikWfylh dks ysus ds mRlqdgksxasAMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVeMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVeMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVeMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVeMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe

MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ,d ,slk flLVe gS tks MkVkcsl dks eSust djrk gS vFkkZr fdlhMkVkcsl dk lqfu;ksftr fof/k }kjk çcU/ku djuk MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe dgykrk gSA de ls deç;Ru esa mi;ksxh lwpuk,¡ MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe }kjk gh çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl ç.kkyh¼System½ esa MkVk dks tksM+uk] gVkuk ;k mls cnyuk fdlh vU; ç.kkyh ls vklku gS A Mh-ch-,e-,l- dk çkFkfed y{; ,slk okrkoj.k çnku djuk gS] tks fd lqfo/kktud ,oa MkVkcsl lwpuk dksLVksj djus ,oa fjVªho djus ds ;ksX; gksAMkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %

1- MkVkcsl ls dkQh gn rd MkVk jhM~;wMsUlh ¼MkVk MqIyhds’ku½ ?kVkukA2- MkVkcsl ls cM+h gn rd MkVk laca/kh vfu;ferrk dks fu;U=.k djukA3- MkVkcsl ls vklkuh ls MkVk dks Access djuk A4- MkVk ds fc[kjko dks jksdukA5- MkVk dks lqjf{kr j[kukA

Data Models ¼MkVk ekWMYl½¼MkVk ekWMYl½¼MkVk ekWMYl½¼MkVk ekWMYl½¼MkVk ekWMYl½MkVk ekWMy ,sls fHkUu ekWMy gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx MkVkcsl dks fMtkbu djus esa gksrk gSA

MkVk fMtkbu esa MkVk dk o.kZu] MkVk fjys’ku’khi] MkVk dh Hkk"kk fo"k; tkudkjh vkSj daflLVVsalhdaULkVªsDVl tSlh ckrsa ’kkfey gksrh gSA fofHkUu LVªDpj vkSj vewrZrkvksa ¼,DLVªsD’kUl½ ds lkFk fofHkUuMkVk ekWMy çLrkfor fd, x, gS A

DATA MODELS

Record based Data Models

Object based Data Models

Relational Data Model

Semantic Data Model Hierarchical Data Model

Network Data ModelObject Oriented Data Model

Entity Relationship Data Model

fp= 1 Data ModelsvkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %

ykWftdy o O;w ysoy ij vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr ykWftdy ekWMYl dk mi;ksx MkVk dks fMLØkbo

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djus ds fy, ç;qDr gksrk gS A mudh fof’k"Vrk bl rF; esa gS fd os dkQh yphyh <kapkxr {kerkmiyC/k djkrs gS vkSj MkVk dULVªsUV~l dks Li"V :i ls O;Dr djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gS A

1- ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy2- vkWCtsDV vksfj;saVsM ekWMy3- flesafVd MkVk ekWMy4- QaD’kuy MkVk ekWMy

¼1½ ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy %&¼1½ ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy %&¼1½ ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy %&¼1½ ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy %&¼1½ ,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy %&,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi MkVk ekWMy ml fj;y oYMZ dh le> ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks ewyHkwr

vkWCtsDV ftUgsa ,aVhVht dgk x;k gSS ds laxzg ls cuk gqvk gS A bl le> esa bu vkWCtsDVl ds vkilhlaca/k Hkh vkrs gS A ,d ,aVhVh fj;y oYMZ dh ,slh oLrq ;k y{; gS] tks vU; oLrqvksa ls fHkUu gS Afdlh vkWCtsDV esa ,aVhVht dks ,VªhC;wV~l ds lsV ls of.kZr fd;k tkrk gS A dbZ ,aVhVht dk vkilhla?k gh fjys’ku’khi dgykrk gS A ,d gh çdkj dh lHkh ,aVhVht ds lsV vkSj ,d gh çdkj dhfjys’ku’khi ds lsV dks Øe’k% ,aVhVh lsV vkSj fjys’ku’khi lsV dgrs gS A

,aVhVht vkSj fjys’ku’khi ds vykok E-R ekWMy dqN daLVªsUV~l dks Hkh çnf’kZr djrk gS AMkVkcsl dks ftuds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, A ,d egRoiw.kZ daLVªsUV gS A eSfiax dkMZufyVht] ,aVhVhtdh og la[;k crkrh gS] ftuls fjys’ku’khi lsV ds tfj;s vU; ,aVhVh tksM+h tk ldrh gS A

MkVkcsl dks vkWojvkWy ykftdy <kapk xzkfQDl rjhds ls E-R fp= ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;ktk ldrk gS] tks fuEu dEiksusUV~l ls cuk gksrk gS A

1- vk;r & tks ,aVhVh lsV dks n’kkZrk gS A2- nh?kZ or & tks ,aVhC;wV~l dks n’kkZrk gS A3- leprqHkqZt & ;g ,aVhVh lsV~l ds chp laca/kksa dks çnf’kZr djrk gS A4- ykbZUl & ;g ,VhC;wVl dks ,aVhVh lsV~l vkSj ,aVhVh lsV~l dh fjys’ku’khi

ls tksM+rk gS A

fp= 2 E-R Models¼2½ vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&¼2½ vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&¼2½ vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&¼2½ vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&¼2½ vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&

E-R MkVk ekWMy dh rjg] vkWCtsDV vksfj;saVsM ekWMy vkWCtsDV ds laxzg ij vk/kkfjr gS AvkWCtsDV esa blds baLVsUl osfj;scYl esa laxzfgr osY;wt gksrh gS A vkWCtsDV esa dksM laca/kh ckWMht gksrhgS] tks vkWCtsDV ij vkWijsV gksrh gS A dksM dh bu ckWMht dks esFkM dgrs gS A

vkWCtsDV ftlesa leku çdkj dh osY;wt vkSj leku çdkj dh esFkM gksrh gS] dks vkil esas

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Dyklst ¼Jsf.k;ksa½ esa xzqi fd;k tkrk gS A Dykl vkWCtsDV ds fy, ,d çdkj dh MsfQus’ku gS A VkbZiMsfQus’ku ls cuk MkVk o esFkM dk ;g dkWEchus’ku çksxzkfeax ysaXost ,CLVªsDV MkVk VkbZi dsleku gS A

,d ek= rjhdk ftlls ,d vkWCtsDV nwljs vkWCtsDV ds MkVk dks ,Dlsl dj ldrk gS A og mlvU; vkWCtsDV dh esFkM dks cqykuk ¼invoke½ djuk gh gSA ;g fØ;k vkWCtsDV dks eSlst Hkstukdgykrh gSA bl izdkj fdlh vkWCtsDV dh esFkM dk dkWy baVj Qsl ml vkWCtsDV ds ckg; :i lsn’kZuh; fgLls dks fMQkbZu djrk gSA vkWCtsDV dk vakrfjd fgLlk] bLVsUl osfj;scYl vkSj esFkM dksMckgjh rkSj ij utj ugha vkrs gSA bldk ifj.kke f}Lrjh; MkVk ,CLVsD’ku esa fudyrk gSA E-R ekWMydh ,aVhVht ds foijhr izR;sd vkWCtsDV dh viuh loZ/kk fHkUu igpku gksrh gSA tks bles fufgr osY;wtls Lora= gksrh gSA bl çdkj ,d gh osY;w okys nks vkWCtsDV fcYkdqy fHkUu gksrs gSA fMfLVªDVj vkWCtsDVvkbMsUVhQk;j ds vlkbZuesaV ds }kjk HkkSfrd Lrj ij vkWOtsDVl ds chp fHkUurk cuk,a j[kh tkrh gSAjsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %

jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr ykWftdy ekWMy dk mi;ksx ykWftdy o O;w ysoy ij MkVk fMLØkbo djus dsfy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMy ds foifjr mudk mi;ksx MkVkcsl ds vksojvkWyykWftdy LVªDpj dks LislhQkbZ djus vkSj bEiyhesaVs’ku dk mPp Lrjh; fMLØI’ku miyC/k djkusnksuksa ds fy, gksrk gS A

jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr ekWMyksa dks ,slk uke blfy, fn;k x;k gS] D;ksafd MkVkcsl dks dbZ çdkj dsfQDl QkWjesV fjdkWM~Zl esa <+kyk tkrk gS A çR;sd jsdkMZ Vkbi r; laLFkk esa QhYM ;k ,VªhC;wV dksfMQkbu djrk gS vkSj çR;sd QhYM vkerkSj ij fQDl yEckbZ dk gksrk gS A r; yEckbZ okys fjdkWMZdk mi;ksx MkVkcsl ds HkkSfrd Lrjh; fØ;kUo;u dks ljy cuk nsrk gS A

fjys’ku] usVodZ vkSj gk;jvkdhZ ekWMy ;s rhu :i O;kid :i ls Lohdk;Z fjdkWMZ vk/kkfjr ekWMy gSAfjys’kuy MkVk ekWMYl %fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMYl %fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMYl %fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMYl %fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMYl %

;g ekWMy MkVk vkSj mu MkVk ds chp laca/kksa dks n’kkZus ds fy, Vscy ds laxzg dk mi;ksx djrkgS A çR;sd Vscy esa dbZ dkWye gksrs gS vkSj çR;sd dkWye dk fof’k"V uke gksrk gS A bl fp= esa rhuVscy ls cus fjys’kuy MkVkcsl dk uewuk fn;k x;k gS A

Customer Table

Customer ID Customer Name Customer Adress Customer City

101 Raj Kumar C-12, Shyam Nagar Jaipur

102 Pooran Singh 142, Chopasani Jodhpur

103 Parfull Naruka Aasha Ganj Ajmer

104 Bharat Kumar Ram Nagar Udaipur

105 Vijay Kumar 166, Shiv Nagar Kota

106 Ram Singh 200/ USD Colony Delhi

107 Vikas Kumar North Street Ajmer

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Account Table

Account No. Balance

A-10001 50,000

A-20001 25,000

A-20016 35,000

A-40007 1,45,000

A-40013 1,35,000

A-50000 70,000

A-50020 85,000

Depositer Table

Customer ID Account No.

101 A-10001

102 A-20001

103 A-20016

104 A-40007

105 A-40013

106 A-50000

107 A-50020

;gk¡ çFke Vscy Customer, Customer ds ID, uke] irk] ’kgj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrh gS] tcfdnwljh Vscy vdkmUV] vdkmUV ua- o cSysal dh tkudkjh nsrh gS A fdUrq nksuksa Vscy ds e/; DepositerTable ds ek/;e ls fjys’ku LFkkfir fd;k x;k A çFke Vscy esa ls Customer ID o f}rh; Vscyesa Account No. ,d Unique dkWye gks budh lgk;rk ls ge nksuksa VscYl esa fjys’ku dk irk djldrs gSaA

fjys’kuy MkVkcsl cgqr ’kfDr’kkyh gksrh gS] D;ksafd MkVk dSls lacaf/kr gks ;k bls MkVkcsl lsdSls fudkyk tk;sxk Afjys’kuy ekWMy ds xq.kfjys’kuy ekWMy ds xq.kfjys’kuy ekWMy ds xq.kfjys’kuy ekWMy ds xq.kfjys’kuy ekWMy ds xq.k

1- laiw.kZ MkVk Vscy ds :i esa çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS A2- MkVk ds e/; fjys’ku’khi dks dkWye osY;w ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS \3- ;g MkVkcsl es Qsjcny dh fLFkfr esa ,Iyhds’ku izksxzke cnyko ykus dh vko’;drk dks

[kRe dj nsrk gSA4- ;wtj dks MkVkcsl dk mik;ksx djus ds fy, HkkSfrd jpuk Lo:i dh Bhd&Bhd tkudkjh

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gksus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA5- HkkSfrd jpuk Lo:i es fd, x, fdlh Hkh Qsjcny ds f[kykQ ;wtlZ dks laj{k.k feyrk gSA6- fjys’kUl dh iafDr;ksa dks Tuples o dkWye dks ,VªhC;wV ¼Attributes½ ds :i es mYysf[kr fd;k

tkrk gSA7- fjys’ku dk çR;sd xq.k dk viuk fof’k"V eku gksrk gSA8- ,VªhC;wV ;k dkWye ds fy, osY;w ]osY;wt ds lsV esa ls fudkyh tkrh gSA bl lsV dh Mksesu

dgrs gSAfjys’kuy ekWMy ds ykHkfjys’kuy ekWMy ds ykHkfjys’kuy ekWMy ds ykHkfjys’kuy ekWMy ds ykHkfjys’kuy ekWMy ds ykHk

1- <kapkxr ;k jpukRed LorU=rk %& fjys’kuy MkVkcsl ekWMy esa <kapkxr LoraU=rk gSA2- vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk %&%&%&%&%&fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMy fMtkbZuj dks HkkSfrd MkVk ds C;kSjksa ls eqDr

j[krk gSA fMtkbulZ MkVkcsl ds ykWftdy O;w ij viuk /;ku dsfUær j[k ldrs gSA3- fMtkbZu ] fØz;kUo;u ]j[kj[kko o mi;ksx esa vklkuh %& fjys’kuy MkVkcsl ekWMy MkVk o

<kapkxr LorU=rk nksuksa gkfly djrk gSA ftlds dkj.k MkVkcsl fMtkbZu j[kj[kko ç’kklu vkSjmi;ksx] vU; ekWMyksa dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd vklku gks tkrk gS Afjys’kuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %fjys’kuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %fjys’kuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %fjys’kuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %fjys’kuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % fjys’kuy MkVkcsl flLVe] fØ;kUo;u laca/kh tfVyrkvksavkSj fQftdy MkVk LVksjst C;kSjks dks ;wtlZ ls fNikdj j[krk gS A bls djus ds fy, vFkkZr ;wtlZds fy, phtsa vklku cukus ds fy, fjys’kuy MkVkcsl flLVe dks vf/kd ’kfDr’kkyh gkMZos;jdEI;wVlZ vkSj MkVk LVksjst lsokvksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gS A

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fjys’kuy MkVk ekWMyesa ;wtlZ dks fQthdy MkVk LVksjst ds tfVy C;kSjs tkuus dh vko’;drk ugha gS A mUgsa ;g Hkh tkuusdh vko’;drk ugha gS fd MkVk okLro esa dSls LVksj gS o bls dSls ,sDlsl djuk gS ANETWORK DATA BASE MODEL

usVodZ MkVk ekWMy eas MkVk esa jsdkWMZ o fjys’ku’khi ds laxzg dks fyad ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vkSjbUgsa iksbZUVlZ ds :i eas ns[kk tk ldrk gS A MkVkcsl dks euekus xzkQ ds laxzg ds :i eas vkWxsZukbZtfd;k tkrk gS A

School

MathsEnglish Hindi Science

VinodGopalPawanPushpendraYogita

fp= 3 Network Models

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usVodZ ekWMy ds xq.k %usVodZ ekWMy ds xq.k %usVodZ ekWMy ds xq.k %usVodZ ekWMy ds xq.k %usVodZ ekWMy ds xq.k %1- usVodZ ekWMy eas MkVk dks jsdkWMZ ,oa fyad }kjk n’kkZ;k tkrk gS A2- MkVk ds chp fjys’ku’khi dks fyad vkSj iksbZaaVlZ ls çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS A3- nks fjdkWMZ ds chp funsZf’kr laca/kksa dks n’kkZus ds fy, lsV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s

vkujfjdkWM~lZ rFkk esEcj fjdkWMZ ds :i esa tkus tkrs gS A

4- lsV esa vkWuj vkSj esEcj fjdkWMZ ds chp ,d o dbZ ¼i : n½ fjys’ku’khi gS A5- lsV esa esEcj fjdkWMZ rks ,d ls T;knk gks ldrs gS] ysfdu vkWuj fjdkWMZ ,d gh gksxk A

usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % usVodZ ekWMy Hkh vo/kkj.kk ds Lrj ij cgqr ljy vkSj fMtkbu

djus esa cgqr vklku gS A2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - vf/kd fjys’ku’khi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % vf/kd fjys’ku’khi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % vf/kd fjys’ku’khi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % vf/kd fjys’ku’khi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % vf/kd fjys’ku’khi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % usVodZ ekWMy ,d ls dbZ (i

: m) vkSj dbZ ls dbZ ¼m : m½ fjys’ku’khi dks laHkky ldrk gSA okLrfod thou dh fLFkfr;ksa dksekWMy djus esa ;g okLrfod enn gS A

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % usVodZ ekWMy esa MkVk ,Dlsl vklku vkSj yphyk gS A4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % usVodZ ekWMy fdlh Hkh esEcj dks fcuk vkWuj ds ugha jgus nsrk gS A bl

çdkj ;wtj dks igys vkuj fjdkWMZ ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn esEcj fjdkWMZ A blls MkVkdh ’kq)rk cuh jgrh gS A

5 -5 -5 -5 -5 - MkVk dh LorU=rk % MkVk dh LorU=rk % MkVk dh LorU=rk % MkVk dh LorU=rk % MkVk dh LorU=rk % usVodZ ekWMy esa tfVy fQftdy LVksjst C;kSjksa ls çksxzke dks vyxdjus ¼iwjh rjg ls ugha oks vkaf’kd :i ls gh lgh½ ds fy, vPNk gS A ;g dqN gn rd ;g lqfuf’prdjrk gS fd MkVk dSjsDVj fLVdl esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k ,Iyhds’ku çksxzke esa Qsjcny dh vko’;drku gks AusVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %usVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %usVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %usVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %usVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡ %

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % usVodZ ekWMy MkVk dks usohxs’kuy ,Clsl dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS]ftlesa MkVk ,d le; ,d gh fjdkWMZ dks ,Dlsl djrk gS A ;g usohxs’kuy MkVk ,Dlsl esdsfuTe]flLVe bEiyhesaVs’ku dks cgqr tfVy cukrk gS rFkk MkVkcsl ,MfeuhLVªsVj] MkVk fMtkbZuj] çksxzkelZrFkk ,aM ;wtlZ dks MkVk dks ,Dlsl djus ds fy, baVjuy MkVk LVªsDpj ls Qsesfy;j gksuk pkfg, A

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - LVªDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % LVªDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % LVªDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % LVªDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % LVªDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % pwafd MkVkcsl usVodZ ekWMy es MkVk ,Dlsl djusdh fof/k usohxs’kuy flLVe gS rks vf/kdrj fLFkfr;ksa esa MkVkcsl ij dksbZ Hkh lajpukRed ifjorZudfBu gksrk gS rFkk dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vlEHko gksrk gS AgsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMygsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMygsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMygsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMygsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMy

gsjkfdZdyekWMy] usVodZ ekWMy dh rjg gh bu vFkksZa esa leku gS fd MkVk rFkk fjys’ku’khidks Øe’k% jsdkWM~lZ }kjk çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS A gsjkfdZdyekWMy jsdkWMZ dks Vªh esa vksxZsukbZt fd;ktkrk gSA

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MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk 33

fp= 4 Heirarchical ModelsgsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %gsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %gsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %gsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %gsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %

1- gsjkfdZdy ekWMy esa fjdkWM~l Vªh QkeZ esa vkWxsZukbt fd, tkrs gS A2- gk;dhZ ,d lqO;ofLFkr Vªh gS tks le>us esa vklku gS A3- MkVk ds chp fjys’ku’khi fjdkWMZ vFkok fyad ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS A4- Vªh dks uksM~l ds lsV ds :i esa fMQkbu fd;k tk ldrk gS] oSls blesa ,d fo’ks"k rkSj ij

funsZ’k uksM gksrk gS ftls :V dgrs gS A5- Vªh ds lsV esa ,dek= isjsaV gksrk gS isjsaV ds dksbZ Hkh ugha] ,d ;k vf/kd pkbZYM ¼cPps½ uksM~l

gks ldrs gSA6- gsjkfdZdy ekWMy esa isjsaV fjdkWMZ vkdjsal ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh fMisaMsaV fjdkWMZ ugha gks ldrk A

gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - ljyrk % ljyrk % ljyrk % ljyrk % ljyrk % pwafd MkVkcsl gsjkfdZdyLVªDpj ij vk/kkfjr gS fofHkUu ys;lZ ds chp laca/k

ykWftdyh ¼vo/kkj.kkRed :i ls½ ljy gS A bl rjg gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl dk fMtkbu ljy gS A2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - MkVk lwj{kk % MkVk lwj{kk % MkVk lwj{kk % MkVk lwj{kk % MkVk lwj{kk % gsjkfdZdyekWMy eas MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gS A3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % MkVk ’kq)rk % pwafd gsjkfdZdyekWMy isjsaV@pkbZYM laca/k ij vk/kkfjr gS blesa ges’kk isjsaV

vkSj pkbZYM lsxesaV esa fyad cuh jgrh gS A pkbZYM lsxesaV ges’kk Lopkfyr rjhds ls vius isjsaV jsQjsaldjrs gSA bl rjg ;g ekWMy MkVk bafVfxzVh dks c<+krk gS A

4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - dk;Z{kerk % dk;Z{kerk % dk;Z{kerk % dk;Z{kerk % dk;Z{kerk % gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl ekWMy cgqr gh dk;Z l{ke lkfcr gksrk gS A tc MkVkcslesa cM+h la[;k esa 1 : n fjys’ku’khi ¼,d ls dbZ½ gks vkSj ;wtj dh fQDl fjys’ku’khi okys MkVk dkmi;ksx djds cgqr lkjs VªkatsD’ku dh vko’;drk gks AgsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k¡

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - fØ;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % fØ;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % fØ;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % fØ;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % fØ;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl ekWMy vo/kkj.kkRed :i ls ljy gS vkSjfMtkbu esa Hkh vklku gS] ysfdu vey esa ykus esa dkQh tfVy gS A MkVkcsl fMtkbZulZ dks fQftdyMkVk LVksjst dk cgqr vPNk Kku gksuk pkfg, A

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k,¡ % MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k,¡ % MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k,¡ % MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k,¡ % MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k,¡ % gsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMy eas MkVkcsl vkSj ,Iyhds’ku dkj[kj[kko cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gS AMkVkcsl ysaXostMkVkcsl ysaXostMkVkcsl ysaXostMkVkcsl ysaXostMkVkcsl ysaXost

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼DDL½ %½ %½ %½ %½ % MkVkcsl Ldhek dks fMQkbu djus esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ

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tkus okyh ysaXost dks MkVk MsfQus’ku ysaXost ¼DDL½ dgrs gS A MkVkcsl dks fMQkbu djus ds fy,mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh dek.M~l DDL dek.M~l gS A MkVk MsfQus’ku dek.M~l MkVkcsl LVªDpjij dk;Z djrh gS A DDL dek.M~l }kjk Vscy dks cukus] Vscy ds LVªDpj ¼Ldhek½ cnyko djus] oVscy fMfyV djus ds ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS A

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost ¼MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost ¼DML½ %½ %½ %½ %½ % og ysaXost tks ;wtlZ dks MkVk ,Dlsl ;k esfuI;wysVdjus esa ç;ksx yh tkrh gS mls MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost dgrs gS A MkVk ,Dlsl ;k esfuI;wysV djusds fy, mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh dek.M~l DML dek.M~l dgykrh gS A DML dek.M~l fjdkWM~lZij dk;Z djrh gS A blesa lwpukvksa] balVZ] fMfy’ku vkSj viMs’ku dek.M~l ’kkfey gksxh A DMLewyr% nks çdkj dh gksrh gS &

(i) çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost % blesa ;wtj dks ;g LisflQkbZ djukvko’;d gS fd fdl MkVk dh vko’;drk gS] mls dSls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

(ii) ukWu&çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %ukWu&çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %ukWu&çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %ukWu&çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost %ukWu&çkslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wys’ku ysaXost % blesa ;wtj dks dsoy ;g crkukgksrk gS fd fdl MkVk dh vko’;drk gS ukWu&çkslhtjy DML esa ;wtj ;g LislhQk; ugha djrkgS fd MkVk dSls çkIr gksxk A

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - MkVk daVªksy ysaXost ¼MkVk daVªksy ysaXost ¼MkVk daVªksy ysaXost ¼MkVk daVªksy ysaXost ¼MkVk daVªksy ysaXost ¼DCL½ %½ %½ %½ %½ % MkVkcsl daVªksy djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh ysaXostdks MkVk daVªksy ysaXost DCL dgrs gS A MkVkcsl dks daVªksy djus okyh dek.M~l DCL dek.M~ldgykrh gS A DCL dk ç;ksx fo’ks"kkf/kdkj ds mi;ksx vkSj MkVk dfefVax MkVkcsl daVªksy djrk gSA

4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - VªVªVªVªVªkkkkk atsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost ¼atsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost ¼atsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost ¼atsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost ¼atsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost ¼TCL½ %½ %½ %½ %½ % MkVkcsl ij vkWijs’ku fu"iknu dh çfØ;k dksVªkatsD’ku dgrs gS A tc Hkh MkVkcsl ij ,d fuf’pr VªkatsD’ku fu"ikfnr gksrk gS] rks ;g fu"iknudaVªksy ds vUrxZr gksuk pkfg, A bl vkWijs’ku dks fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, tks ysaXost ç;ksx esa ykbZtkrh gS mls VªkatsD’ku daVªksy ysaXost TCL ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy

,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy dk mi;ksx vo/kkj.kkRed MkVk ekWMy cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS A;g lkW¶Vos;j ls LorU= MkVkcsl ds LVªDpj o dULVªsDV~l MkVkcsl dks vey esa ykus ds fy, mi;ksxhgS A blls ,lksfl,V MkVk ekWMy fj;y oYMZ ¼MkVk½ ds fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %,aVhVh fjys’ku’khi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %

,aVhVh % ,aVhVh % ,aVhVh % ,aVhVh % ,aVhVh % ,aVhVh fj;y oYMZ esa dksbZ O;fDr] LFkku] oLrq] ?kVuk ;k vo/kkj.kk gksrh gS] tks vU;lkjs vkWCtsDV ls fHkUu gksrh gS A ,aVhVh es çkWiVhZt dk lsV gksrk gS vkSj çkWiVhZt ds dqN lsV dh osY;wfof’k"V rjhds ls ,aVhVh dh igpku dj ldrh gS A ,aVhVh ,VªhC;wV~l ds lsV ls n’kkZbZ tkrh gS A,aVhVh nks çdkj dh gksrh gS &

¼1½¼1½¼1½¼1½¼1½LVªksax ,aVhVh % LVªksax ,aVhVh % LVªksax ,aVhVh % LVªksax ,aVhVh % LVªksax ,aVhVh % LVªkax ,aVhVh og gksrh gS] ftldk vfLrRo vU; ,aVhVh ls LorU= gksrk gSAnwljs ’kCnksas eas ftl ,aVhVh lsV dh çkbejh dh gksrh gS] mls LVªkax ,aVhVh lsV dgrs gSa A

¼2½¼2½¼2½¼2½¼2½ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh og gksrh gS] ftldk vfLrRo fdlh vU; ,aVhVh lsV ij fuHkZjgksrk gS A nwljs ’kCnksa esa ,slk ,aVhVh lsV ftlds ikl çkbejh dh cukus ds fy, i;kZIr ,VªhC;wV ughagks mls ohd ,aVhVh lsV dgrs gSA

,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV] leku çdkj dh ,aVhVh dk lsV gksrk gS] bu ,aVhVh dh çkWiVhZ ;k,VªhC;wV leku gksrs gS A ,aVhVh lsV dks vk;rkdkj ckWDl }kjk çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS A

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MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk 35

tSls %& fdlh cSad ds xzkgdksa dk lsV

Customer

& fdlh cSad fo’ks"k }kjk fn, x, lHkh çdkj ds _.k

Loan

,VªhC;wV~l %,VªhC;wV~l %,VªhC;wV~l %,VªhC;wV~l %,VªhC;wV~l % ,VªhC;wV~l dks ,aVhVh dh çkWiVhZ ;k djsDVj LVhDl ds :i esa fMQkbu fd;k tkldrk gS A çR;sd ,aVhVh lsV esa blds lkFk tqM+s ,VªhC;wV dk lsV gksrk gS A ,VªhC;wV~l dks v.MkdkjvkÑfr (Oval Shape) }kjk çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS A

Customer_NameCustomer_Id

Customer

Customer_Street Customer_Cityfp= 5 Attribute of Customer

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l %flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l %flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l %flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l %flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l % flaiy ;k ,VkWfed ,VªhC;wV~l os gksrs gS tks NksVslcikVZ ¼mifgLlksa½ esa ugha ckaVs tk ldrs gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, ,VªhC;wV LVwMsaV jksy uEcj dksmifgLlksa eas ugha foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A daiksftV ,VªhC;wV~l os gksrs gS] ftUgsa vkSj NksVs fgLlksaeas ckaVk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,VªhC;wV LVwMsaV use dh rhu miHkkxks esa foHkkftr fd;k tkldrk gS A çFke uke] e/; uke] vafre uke A

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l %flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l %flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l %flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l %flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l % flaxy osY;w ,VªhC;wV~l og gksrs gS] ftlesadsoy ,d gh osY;w gksrh gS A mnkgj.k & ,d vdkmaV cSysal esa dbZ ckj esa ,d gh osY;w gks ldrhgS A ;g flaxy osY;w ,VªhC;wV dk gh mnkgj.k gS A

efYVosY;w ,VªhC;wV] og ,VªhC;wV gS] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd osY;w laHko gS A tSls ,d O;fDr ds,d ls T;knk Qksu uEcj lEHko gS A

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - fMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l %fMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l %fMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l %fMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l %fMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l % ,slk ,VªhC;wV tks fdlh vU; lacaf/kr ,VªhC;wV ls fy;k x;k gS] mlsfMjkbZo ,VªhC;wV~l dgrs gS A tSls fdlh deZpkjh dh mez ¼Age½ dh x.kuk MsV vkWQ cFkZ ls dhtkrh gS A

4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - uy ,VªhC;wV %uy ,VªhC;wV %uy ,VªhC;wV %uy ,VªhC;wV %uy ,VªhC;wV % ,slk ,VªhC;wV ftlesa uy osY;w gks ldrh gSA uy ,VªhC;wV dgykrk gS A uyosY;w dk mi;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc ,aVhVh ds ikl ,VªhC;wV ds fy, osY;w ugha gksrh gS A mnkgj.kds fy, fdlh ,aVhVh ,EIyksbZ ds ,VªhC;wV Qksu uEcj esa osY;w gks Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha Hkh gks ldrhgS A lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl Qksu gks] ;g t:jh ugha A ;gk¡ Qksu uEcj uy ,VªhC;wV gS Aesfiax dULVªsaV~lesfiax dULVªsaV~lesfiax dULVªsaV~lesfiax dULVªsaV~lesfiax dULVªs aV~l

E-R baVjçkbtst Ldhek dqN dULVªsaV~l dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gS A MkVkcsl ds daVsV dks

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ftuds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, A bl çfØ;k dks esfiax dULVªsV~l dgrs gS Afjys’ku’khi %fjys’ku’khi %fjys’ku’khi %fjys’ku’khi %fjys’ku’khi %

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - ,d ls ,d fjys’ku’khi ,d ls ,d fjys’ku’khi ,d ls ,d fjys’ku’khi ,d ls ,d fjys’ku’khi ,d ls ,d fjys’ku’khi (One to One Relationship) %%%%% A esa ,d ,aVhVh B dhvf/kd ls vf/kd ,d ,aVhVh vkSj B esa ,d ,aVhVh A dh vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+h gksuhpkfg,A

a2

b4

b3

b2

b1

a4

a3

a1

fp= 5 One to One Relationship2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - ,d ls vusd fjys’ku’khi ,d ls vusd fjys’ku’khi ,d ls vusd fjys’ku’khi ,d ls vusd fjys’ku’khi ,d ls vusd fjys’ku’khi (One to Many Relationship) %%%%% A esa ,d ,aVhVh B esa

fdruh Hkh la[;k esa ,aVhVh ls tqM+h gks ldrh gS A gkykafd B esa ,d ,aVhVh A esa vf/kd ls vf/kd,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+ ldrh gS A

fp= 6 One to Many Relationship

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - vusd ls ,d fjys’ku’khi vusd ls ,d fjys’ku’khi vusd ls ,d fjys’ku’khi vusd ls ,d fjys’ku’khi vusd ls ,d fjys’ku’khi (Many to One Relationship) %%%%%blesa A esa ,d ,aVhVh vf/kd ls vf/kd B dh ,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+ ldrh gS A gkykafd B

esa ,d ,aVhVh A esa fdruh Hkh la[;k ,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS A

a3

a5

b3

b2

b1

a1

a4

a2

fp= 7 Many to One Relationship

a3

a5

b3

b2

b1

a1

a4

a2

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4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - vusd ls vusd fjys’ku’khi vusd ls vusd fjys’ku’khi vusd ls vusd fjys’ku’khi vusd ls vusd fjys’ku’khi vusd ls vusd fjys’ku’khi (Many to Many Relationship) %%%%% A esa ,d ,aVhVh B esafdruh Hkh la[;k esa ,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS vkSj B esa Hkh ,d ,aVhVh A esa fdruh Hkh la[;k esa,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS A

a2

b4

b3

b2

b1

a4

a3

a1

fp= 8 Many to Many RelationshipE-R Mk;xzke Mk;xzke Mk;xzke Mk;xzke Mk;xzke

MkVkcsl ds vksojvkWy ykWftdy LVªDpj dks xzkfQd :i eas E-R Mk;xzke ls O;Dr fd;k tkldrk gS A bl Mk;xzke okyh rduhd dh rqyukRed ljyrk rFkk fp=kRed Li"Vrk E-R ekWMy dsO;kid mi;ksx eas dkQh fgLlk j[krh gS A

E-R Mk;xzke ijEijk,¡ %Mk;xzke ijEijk,¡ %Mk;xzke ijEijk,¡ %Mk;xzke ijEijk,¡ %Mk;xzke ijEijk,¡ % E-R Mk;xzke esa ,aVhVht vkSj ,VªhC;wV~l dks n’kkZus dh dqNçFkk,¡ gS &

1- ,aVhVht dks pkSdksj ckWDl ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vkSj ,aVhVh dk uke vk;rkdkj ckDl easgksrk gSA

2- ,VªhC;wV dks lacaf/kr ,aVhVh ls ykbZu ds tfj;s tqM+h vaMkdkj vkÑfr ls fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSjbls ,VªhC;wV use ls ysoy fd;k tkrk gS A

3- ,aVhVh use dks dsfiVy ¼vijdsl½ vkSj ,VªhC;wV use dks Leky ¼ykWojdsl½ ysVj esa fy[kktkrk gS A

4- çkbejh dh dks vaMjykbZu fd;k tkrk gS A5- ,VªhC;wV~l dks ,aVhVht ls ykbZu ds tfj;s tksM+k tkrk gS A

E-R Model esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %dh ¼dh ¼dh ¼dh ¼dh ¼Key½½½½½

dh og ,VªhC;wV ;k ,VªhC;wV~l ds lsV gS ftudk mi;ksx ,aVhVh lsV esa ,d ,aVhVh dks nwljhls vyx djus esa fd;k tkrk gS A

çkbZejh dh % çkbZejh dh % çkbZejh dh % çkbZejh dh % çkbZejh dh % çkbejh dh çR;sd fjdkWMZ eas ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYM dk lewg gksrk gS] tksfd çR;sd fjdkWMZ dks vyx ls çnf’kZr djrk gS A ;g MkVk ds eku dh ,d ls vf/kd çfof"V dksjksdrh gS A fdlh Vscy esa fjdkWMZ dks ;wfud rjhds ls vk;MsafVQkbZ djus ds fy, dkWye esa ,aVj dhxbZ lkjh osY;wt ;wfud gksuh pkfg, vkSj mlesa dksbZ uy osY;wt ugha gksuh pkfg,A

Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh dk ç;ksx nks VscYl ds e/; laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;ktkrk gS] nksuksa Vscy ds e/; de ls de ,d QhYM dkWeu gksuk pkfg, A çFke Vscy esa ;g dhçkbZejh dh dgykrh gS ,oa nwljh Vscy esa ;g dh Qksjsu dh dgykrh gS A Qksjsu dh dk eku ckj&

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ckj vk ldrk gSA

A

Strong Entity

Associative Entity

Weak Entity

Attribute

Relationship

Multi-valued

Attribute

Primary Key

Derived Attribute

Many To

Many Relationship

Many To One Relationship

One To One Relationship

One To Many Relationship

B

fp= 9 E-R Model esa ç;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %

lwij dh % lwij dh % lwij dh % lwij dh % lwij dh % ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,VªhC;wV dk lsV gksrk gS] tks fof’k"V rjhds ls fdlh,aVhVh lsV esa ,aVhVh dks igpku ldrk gS A lwij dh ds fdlh lwij lsV dks Hkh lwij dh ds :i esafy;k tk ldrk gS A tSls fd ,d ,aVhVh ds pkj ,VªhC;wV A, B, C vkSj D gS] ;fn ,VªhC;wV A fdlh,aVhVh dh fof’k"V igpku dj ldrk gS rks A ml ,aVhVh ds fy, lwij dh gS A blh rjg fdlh,VªhC;wV ;k ,VªhC;wV dk ,VªhC;wV ds lkFk dkWfEcus’ku lwij dh dgyk ldrk gS A {AB}, {AC},{AD}, {ABC}, {ABD}, {ACD} vkSj {A, B, C, D} dks lwij dh dgk tk ldrk gS A

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Concept of RDBMS using SQL : sql dk okLrfod laLdj.k IBM dEiuh }kjk San JoseResearch Lab esa cuk;k x;kA IBM ds }kjk cuk;h Hkk"kk dk uke Sequal FkkA Sequal Hkk"kk esa dqNcnyko djds bls sql uke fn;k x;k ftld iwjk uke LVsªDpj DoSjh ySaXost gSA sql us vkt [kqn dkslkQ :i ls Relational database Language ds :i esa LFkkfir dj fy;k gSA

1986 esa American National Institute rFkk International Organization for Standardizationus sql ds ekud cuk;s ftls sql-86 dgk x;kA vkt t:jr ds vuqlkj sql dks vkSj vf/kd foLrr fd;kx;k gSA bldk vk/kqfud laLdj.k sql 1999 gSA

SQL esa fjys’kuy MkVkcsl dks mfpr izdkj ls O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s cgqr ls Hkkx gSa tksfuEu gSa %&

1. DDL Datadefination language : blds }kjk dek.M dke esa ysdj Relation scheme dksfMQkbZu esa fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk fjys’kUl dks fMfyV o eksfMQkbZ fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Interactive data manipalation_language (DML): ;s fjys’kuy ,sytczk o V;wiyfjys’kuy dSYdwyl ij vk/kkfjr LVsVesUV gksrs gSaA blds }kjk u;s fjdkWMZ tksMs tkrs gSaA iqjkus esa cnykofd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkk gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA

3. View defination : blesa SQL DDL LVsVesUV gksrs gSa ftuls Viewdks cuk;k tkrk gSA4. Transaction : blds }kjk Trnasaction dh ’kq:vkr o vUr dks crk;k tkrk gSA5. Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL : blds }kjk crk;k tkrk gS fd SQLLVsVesUV fdl rjQ vU; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldsaxsA6. Integrity : SQL ds DDL LVsVesUV ds }kjk Constraints yxk;s tkrs gSa ftudk ikyu djds

gh MkVk Vscy esa LVksj gks ldrk gSA budk ikyu uk djus okys MkVk [kkfjt dj fn;s tkrs gSaA7. Authorization : SQL ds DDL LVsVesUV ds }kjk MkVk dks Access djus ds vf/kdkj fn;s

tkrs gSaA fjys’ku MkVkcsl esa MkVkcsl dk lewg gksrk gSA ftudk ,d vyx uke gksrk gSA fdlh SQLlehdj.k dk ,d csfld LVªDpj gksrk gSA ftlds rhu Hkkx Select, from o Where gksrs gSaaA

Select : ;g Projection Operatin ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ;g mu vVªhC;wV ds uke nsus ds fy;smi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa ge vkmViqV esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA

From : ;g Cortesion_product ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA blds }kjk ml fjys’ku dks crk;k tkrkgS ftlls ,Dlizs’ku dks izkIr gksrk gSA

Where : ;g Selection operation ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ;gka vVªhC;wV ls lEcfU/kr d.Mh’kudks crk;k tkrk gSA tks From clause dh Vscy ij ykxw fd;s tkrs gSaA

Data Mining :- MkVk ekbZfuax dks lk/kkj.k rkSj ij cM+s MkVk csl ls pkgs x;s mi;ksxh MkVkfudkyus dh rduhd dgk tk ldrk gSA vkfVZfQf’k;y bUVsyhtsUlh o lkaf[;dh ds {ks= esa mi;ksxhgSA MkVk ekbZfuax e’khu yfuZax ls vUrj j[krh gSA tks LFkk;h :i ls LVksj fd;s x;s gksrs gSaa ls pkgsx;s vkadMksa dks pquus dk dk;Z djrh gSA vr% MkVk ekbfuaax MkVkcsl ls ukWyst yssus dk dk;Zdjrh gSA

bl izdkj dh ukWyst fMLdojh gsrq dqN fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA tSls ,d ;qod ftudhekfld vk; 50]000 ls vf/kd gS NksVh dkj ysuk ilUn djrs gSaA ;g fu;e ges’kk lR; ugha gksrkgSA rFkk blds lgh gksus dk vuqikr vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA nwljh rjg dh ukWyst lehdj.kksa ds

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}kjk vyx&vyx ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr pjksa ds }kjk iznf’kZr dh tkrh gSA ftuesa dqN pj dk ekugesa Kkr gksrk gSA LVksj fd;s x;s MkVk vyx&vyx rjg gks ldrs gSsa ftUgsa izkIr djus ds fy;svyx&vyx rjhdk dke esa ysuk gksrk gSA

lk/kkjr;k MkVk ekbZfuax esa ,d oS;fDrd Hkkx gksrk gS tks izkslsflax ls iwoZ Lohdk;Z iSVuZ tkapusdk dk;Z djrk gSA rFkk nwljk Hkkx MkVk ds i’pkr fudkys x;s MkVk ls mi;qDZr }kjk pquus dk dk;Zdjrk gSA ,slk lEHko gS fd fdlh MkVk esa cgqr ls mi;ksxh iSVuZ gksaA vr% muesa ls mi;qDZr dk pqukodjus ds fy;s oS;fDrd rkSj ij pquko djuk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k MkVk ekbZfuax dks v()ZLopkfyrfof/k ekuk x;k gSA

Data Warehousing :- cM+h dEifu;kasa ds dbZ txg ij dk;kZy; gksrs gSaA gj dk;kZy; esa cgqrcMs MkVk ,d= fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls & bU’kksusUl dEiuh rFkk dkWyst cgqr cM+h la[;k esa gksrs gSa vkSjgj yksdy dEiuh o dkWyst esa vkadM+ksa dh la[;k gtkjksa yk[kksa esa gks ldrh gSA blds vykok budEiuh o dkWystksa esa vyx&vyx Js.kh esa iz.kkyh esa Hkh vUrj gks ldrk gSA tSls ,d mRiknd dEiuhvius }kjk mRikfnr izksMsDV dh tkudkjh j[kus ds fy;s vyx&vyx MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djrh gSAysfdu fo’kys"kd bu lHkh vkadMksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA ftlls fd lgh fu.kZ; fy;s tk ldsa mlds}kjk dke esa ykbZ xbZ rduhd vyx gks ldrh gSA blds vykok MkVkcsl esa T;knkrj orZeku MkVkgh lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA tcfd fo’kys"kd iwoZ MkVk Hkh mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA MkVkos;j gkml bUghleL;kvksa dk lek/kku djrk gSA

MkVkos;j gkml fofHkUu lk/kuksa ds ek/;eksa ls izkIr lwpuk,sa lap; djus dk rjhdk gSA MkVkos;jgkml dks ,d ckj fufeZr djus ds ckn yEcs le; rd iqjkuk MkVk LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr%MkVkos;j gkml mi;ksxdrkZ dks ,d ,fd—r rjhdk miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj fo’kys"kd MkVkos;jgkml ls MkVk izkIr djrs oDr lqfuf’pr dj ysssrs gSa fd bl izfØ;k ds nkSjku vkWuykbZu flLVe dhdk;Ziz.kkyh izHkkfor uk gksA

Data Dictionary :- dqN le; igys rd ge izLrqfrdj.k ds laca/k dks gh ekurs FksA ,dfjys’kuy MkVks csl flLVe dks laca/k ds vuqlkj MsVk dks O;ofLFkr djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSAtSls lEcU/kkas dk vkUrfjd Lo:i (Schema) bl izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks MsVk fMD’kujh ;k dsVykWxdgrs gSaAfuEufyf[kr esa ls lwpukvksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls lap; fd;k tk ldrk gS %&

1- lEcU/kksa dk uke2- lEcU/kh ds xq.kksa dk uke3- xq.kksa dh yEckbZ o Mksesu4- MsVkcsl esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;s x;s O;w dk uke] O;w dh ifjHkk"kk5- la;qDr ikcfUn;k (Integrity constraints)

blh ds lkFk] fofHkUu flLVe blh izdkj dk MkVk ;wtj ds flLVe ij j[krs gSa %&1- ekU; mi;ksxdrkZ dk uke2- mi;ksxdrkZ dh okf.kfT;d lwpuk3- vU; lwpuk tSls ikloMZ tks fd ;wtj&dh ekU;rk dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

MsVkcsl esa lEcU/kksa dk lkaf[;dh o foLrr MsVk fd;k tkrk gS tSls %

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1- lEcU/kksa esa vkus okys fjdkWMZ dh la[;k2- lEcU/kksa dks lap; djus dk rjhdk

MsVk fMD’kujh esa lapf;r laxBu dks Hkh eq[; :i fn;k x;k gSA tSls ghi] gS’k vkfn1- ;fn lEcU/k vkiWjsfVax flLVe QkbZy esa lap; fd;k x;k gS rks fMDlujh ml QkbZy dk uke lqjf{krdjsxhA

2- ;fn MsVk csl ds lHkh lEcU/k ,d gh QkbZy esa gS rks fMDlujh mu lHkh fjdkWMZ dkCykWd lqjf{kr djsxhA tSls fyad fyLV ds lekuAgesa izR;sd bUMsDl ds ckjs esa lwpuk vkSj izR;sd fjys’ku dh vko’;drk gksrh gS tks fuEu izdkj gS %&

1- bUMsDl dk uke2- lEcU/k dk uke ftlls bUMsDl fd;k x;k gSA3- og xq.k ftl ij bUMsDl ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;k gSA4- bUMsDl cukus ds izdkj

bl izdkj dh lHkh lwpukvksa o izHkko fefups;j MsVkcsl dgykrs gSaA dqN MsVkcsl bl izdkj dhlwpukvksa dks fo’ks"k izdkj ds MsVk LVªDpj o dksM esa lap; djrs gSaA eq[; :i ;s ;g izpfyr gS fdMsVkcsl ds fy;s MsVk lap; MsVkcsl esa gh lap; gksuk pkfg,A flLVe dk izdkj MsVk dSls iznf’kZr gksbldk fu.kZ; flLVe fMtkbZuj djrk gSA ,d lEHkkfor izLrqfrdj.k fuEu izdkj gSA ftlesa izkbejhdh dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

MetaData :- fdlh MsVk os;j gkml ds fy;s esVkMkVk cukuk ,d vR;kf/kd dfBu dk;Z gSAesVk ’kCn ,d xzhd ’kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS lkFk essa] ckn esa vkSj dksbZ ,d

esVk MkVk ,d lwpuk gS tks fd vU; tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA MsVkos;j gkml esa esVkMkVkfofHkUu izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yh tkrh gSA esVk MkVk ds lEcU/k esa lwpuk dks dgktkrk gSA esVk MkVk dks fuEu ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS %&

1- MsVk dks cnyuk vkSj yksM djus gsrq2- MsVk dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s3- DoSjh dks cukus gsrq

Relation-Metadata (relation-name, no_of-Attribute, Storage-org, locaility)Attribute_Metadata (Athivute-naem, relation-name, domain_type, position, length)Index-Metadata(Index-name, relation-name, index-type, ind-attribute)View-Metadata(view-name, defination)Object Oriented modeling using UML : fdlh lkW¶Vos;j flLVe esa ER Diagram MkVk

dks fjiztsUV djus okys dEiksusUV ds :i esa enn djrk gSA gkykafd MkVk fjiztsUVs’ku fdlh flLVedk ,d ikVZ gh cukrk gS] flLVe ds nwljs Hkkx ;wtj bUVjsd’ku] ekWMy dk LislhfQds’ku rFkk buHkkxksa dk vkil esa lEcU/k gSaA

;wfuQkbZM ekWMfyax ySaXost ,d LVs.MMZ gS tks fd vkWCtsDV eSustesUV xzqi ds }kjk cuk;h x;hgSA ;g ySaXost flLVe ds fofHkUu dEiksusUV dk LislhfQds’ku rS;kj djus esa lgk;d gSAUML ds fuEu Hkkx gSa&

* Class diagram: ;g E-R Mk;xzke tSlk gksrk gSA* Use-case-diagram : ;g Mk;xzke flLVe o ;wtj esa bUVjsD’ku dks crkus dk dk;Z djrk

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gSA eq[; :i ls mu LVsi dks crkrk gS tks ;wtj fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy; mi;ksx esa ykrk gSA* Activity Diagram : bl Hkkx }kjk fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s flLVe ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa

esa fdl izdkj lkeatL; ¼¶yks½ gksrk gS] crk;k tkrk gSAInplementation diagram : ;g flLVe dEiksusUV o muds bUVjdusD’ku dks crkrk gSA blesa

gkMZos;j dEiksusUV o lkW¶Vos;j dEiksusUV ’kkfey gksrs gSaAUML entity sets dks box ds :i esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA UML okLro esa vkWCtsDV dks cukrh gSA

vkWCtsDV ,sUVhVh dh rjg gksrs gSa vkSj muds vVªhC;wV Hkh gksrs gSa ij ;s lkFk gh QaX’ku ¼esFkM½ ds cukrsgSa tks vVªhC;wV fn;s tkus ij vkWCtsDV }kjk fd;k tk;sxk rFkk lkFk gh ;s vkWCtsDV dks viVwMsV djrsgSaaA

ge UML ds }kjk ckbusjh lEcU/kksa dks Hkh crk ldrs gSaA blds fy;s flQZ nks ,sUVhVh dks tksM+usokyh ykbu cuk;h tkrh gSA vkSj bl ykbu ij fjys’kuf’ki dk uke fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl ykbuij ge jksy uEcj fy[k dj ;g Hkh crk ldrs gSa fd ,d ,sUVhVh fdlh fjys’kuf’ki esa D;k jksy vnkdj jgh gSA

UML 1.3 ukWu ckbusjh fjys’kuf’ki dks liksVZ djrk gSA bls fjiztsUV djus ds fy;s igys ckbujhfjys’ku esa cnyk tkrk gSA

UML esa dULVªsUV Hkh mlh izdkj crk;s tkrs gSa tSls fd ER ekWMy esaA budh QkeZ l...h ls fn[kkbZtkrh gSA tgka l ls de ls de o h T;knk ls T;knk fjys’kuf’ki dks n’kkZrk gS tks fd dksbZ ,sUVhVhfuHkkrh gSA ;gka dUlVªsUV dks Lrj E-R Mk;xzke esa dULVªsUV ds Lrj dk foifjr gksrk gSA tSls fp=esa crk;k x;k gSA

dUlVªsUV 0...* E2 lkbM esa rFkk 0---1 E, lkbZM esa ;g crkrk gS fd E2 ,sUVhVh flQZ ,dfjys’kuf’ki esa rFkk E1 ,sUVhVh cgqr lh fjys’kuf’ki esa Hkkx ys ldrh gSA nwljs ’kCnksa esa dg ldrsgSa fd E1 ls E2 esa fjys’kuf’ki esuh Vw esuh gSA ,d eku tSls 1 o * fdlh ,d lkbZM fy[kk tkrkgSA vkSj ,d eku 1 fdlh lkbZM 1...1, k rFkk * 0...* cjkcj ekuk tkrk gSA

UML ds }kjk tujyykbZts’ku o LislhykbZts’ku dks cukus ds fy;s ykbZu ds ,d fljs ijf=Hkqt ds }kjk tksM+k tkrk gS ;g f=Hkqt tujy ,sUVhVh lsV dh vksj gksrk gSA tSlk fd ,sUVhVh lsV- Person costumer vkSj Employee dk tujykbZts’ku gSA

UML fp= disjoint constreints o tujykbZts’ku ij Overlaping dks Hkh vyx ls crkrk gSA;g fp= esa Costmer ;k Employee dk Person ls crk;k x;k gSA ;fn Costmer ;k Employee dkPerson ls fMltksbV tujykbZts’ku gS rks bldk eryc gS fd dkssbZ Hkh Costmer o Employee nksuksaugha gks ldrkA ,d Overlapping Gevieralization ;g btktr nsrk gS fd ,d Person ,dCostmer rFkk Employee nksuksa gks ldrk gSA

Client-Server System :- tSls O;fDrxr dEI;wVj QkLV] vf/kd o l{ke o lLrs gksrs tkjgs gaSA os lsUVªykbt flLVe ls nwjh cuk jgs gSaA ;s dEI;wVj lsUVjykbt flLVe ls tqM+s VfeZuy dhtxg ysrs tk jgs gSaA blds vljLo:i vkt lsUVj flLVe loZj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa tks ClientflLVe dh Request dks Satisfy djrs gSaA fuEu fp= esa Client server dk LVªDpj crk;k x;k gSA

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fp= 10 UML

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Client 2 Client 1 Client 4 Client 3

Server

Networkfp= 11 Client-Server System

MkVkcsl ds dk;Z nks Hkkxksa esa CkaVs gksrs gSaA Front end rFkk Back End

Front End

Interface (SQL+API)

Back End

Form Interface

SQL User Interface

Graphical Interface

Report Writer

SQL Engine

fp= 12 Front end rFkk Back EndBack end MkVk dks dke esa ysus dk rjhds dk fu;af=r Optimize, Concurrency control o

recovery dk dk;Z djrk gSA ogha Front End dqN [kkl VwYl forms, report vkSj GUI ls lEcfU/krgksrk gSA bu nksuksa End ds e/; lkeatL; cSBkus dk dke SQL ;k ,sIyhds’ku izksxzke ds }kjk fd;ktkrk gSA

OBBC o JDBC ekud Client o Server ds e/; Interface dk dk;Z djus ds fy;s fufeZr fd;sx;s gSaA igys Client o Server lkW¶Vos;j ,d gh dEiuh }kjk miYc/k djk;s tkrs FksA ysfdu rduhdesa o`f) gksus ds dkj.k Front-End user interface o back End Server vyx&vyx dEiuh }kjkmiyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA Application development Tools dks ;wtj bUVjQsl ds fy;s dke esa fy;ktkrk gSA

vk/kqfud ;qx esa fdlh usVodZ esa ;fn vyx&vyx dk;Z ds fy;s vyx&vyx fo’ks"kK dEI;wVjyxk fn;s tkrs gSaA rFkk ;s dEI;wVj vius dk;Z ds vykok nwljk dk;Z ugha djrs loZj dgykrs gSaArFkk vU; dEI;wVj tks flQZ yksdy izkslsflax dk dk;Z djrs gSaA rFkk nwljs dk;kZsa ds fy;s fo’ks{kKdEI;wVj ij vk/kkfjr jgrs gSa DykabZV dEI;wVj dgykrs gSaA bl rjg dk usVodZ DykbaV&loZj usVodZ

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dgykrk gSA bl flLVe esaa yksdy o Xykscy nksuksa izdkj dh izkslsflax djk;h tkrh gSA vkSj ;s izkslsflaxiwoZ fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA fd DykabV D;k dk;Z djsaxs o loZj D;k dk;Z djsaxsAvvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'u H;kl iz'u %H;kl iz'u %H;kl iz'u %H;kl iz'u %H;kl iz'u %cgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'u1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - fjys’ku MkVkcsl esa MkVkcsl dk vFkZ gSA

¼v½ rdZ ¼c½ Vsfcy¼l½ fj’rk ¼n½ laca/k ¼ ½

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - MkVkcsl ,Iyhds’ku ds eq[; Hkkx gSA¼v½ Ý.V,s.M] csd ,.M ¼c½ ;wtj] MkVk¼l½ Vsfcy] MkVk ¼n½ MkVk] fQYM ¼ ½

3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls laHko gSA¼v½ le; dh cpr ¼c½ esu ikoj dh cpr¼l½ x.kuk;sa de djuk ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ¼ ½

4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - ,sUVhVh ls vFkZ gSA¼v½ Vsfcy ¼c½ fQYM¼l½ fjdkWMZ ¼n½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

5 -5 -5 -5 -5 - ,l-D;w-,y-dk iwjk uke gSA¼v½ flDosal DoSjh ySaXost ¼c½ lsUVsDl DoSjh ySXost¼l½ LVªDpj DoSjh ySaXost ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ¼ ½

6 -6 -6 -6 -6 - vVªhC;wV dk izdkj ugha gSA¼v½ flaxy ¼c½ eYVhoSY;wM¼l½ dEiksftV ¼n½ Mcy ¼ ½

vfry?kqjkRed iz’uvfry?kqjkRed iz’uvfry?kqjkRed iz’uvfry?kqjkRed iz’uvfry?kqjkRed iz’u11111- ;wtj bUVjQsl dk vFkZ gSA2-2-2-2-2- MkVkcsl dks ifjHkkf"kr djksA3-3-3-3-3- ,sUVhVh D;k gSA4-4-4-4-4- vaVªhC;wV D;k gksrs gSaA5- loZj dk eq[; dke D;k gSAy?kqjkRed iz’uy?kqjkRed iz’uy?kqjkRed iz’uy?kqjkRed iz’uy?kqjkRed iz’u1-1-1-1-1- ER Mk;xzke dks le>kvksa2-2-2-2-2- ER Mk;xzke esa dke vkus okys fofHkUu fp= dkSuls gSaA3-3-3-3-3- fofHkUu izdkj dh fjys’kuf’ki dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kvksa4-4-4-4-4- f’k{kk ds {ks= esa MkVkcsl eSustesUV flLVe dk D;k dk;Z gSA5-5-5-5-5- MkVk fefuax D;k gSA6-6-6-6-6- esVk MkVk dk D;k mi;ksx gksrk gSA7-7-7-7-7- flLVe MoyiesUV ykbZi lkbfdy ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[kksAfucU/kkRed iz’ufucU/kkRed iz’ufucU/kkRed iz’ufucU/kkRed iz’ufucU/kkRed iz’u1-1-1-1-1- DBMS dh mi;ksfxrk ij ys[k fyf[k,A2- fjys’ku MkVkcsl flLVe D;k gSA bldk egÙo crkbZ;sA3- Ý.V,s.M o cSd,.M D;k gSA ;g D;kas vko’;d gSA4- MkVkos;j gkÅl ij ys[k fy[ksaA5- UML dk fdl izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

**********

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v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3v/;k;&3

ekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfldekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfldekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfldekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfldekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfldMICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC

Visual Basic 6 esa izksxzkej Form o Control ds vk/kkj ij Application cukrs gSaSA tks Applica-tion ds eq[; rÙo gSaA blds vfrfjDr VB6 vusd VwYl dks voyEc iznku djrh gSA tks Applicationcukus esa enn djrs gSaA

VB6 dks fo’ks"kr% bUVjusV dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa vusd ,sls ControlgSaA tks Web Based Application cukus esa enn djrs gSaA bUgsa Active X Executable dgk tkrk gSA;s Stand Alone Application dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA bUgsa Internet Explorer ds }kjk Access fd;ktk ldrk gSA blds u;s xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij Distributed Application Hkh cuk ldrs gSaAfotqvy csfld 6 dh fo’ks"krk,sa %&otqvy csfld 6 dh fo’ks"krk,sa %&otqvy csfld 6 dh fo’ks"krk,sa %&otqvy csfld 6 dh fo’ks"krk,sa %&otqvy csfld 6 dh fo’ks"krk,sa %&

blds yphysiu ds dkj.k ge VB esa jgrs gq, ekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy LVwfM;ks ds vU; lkW¶Vos;lZds VwYl dks Hkh iz;ksx esa yk ldrs gSaA blesa cgqy MkWD;wesaVl bUVjQsl MDI ,dy MkWD;wesaVlbUVjQsl SDI rFkk foUMkst ,DlIyksjj dks dke esa ysdj NksVs&cMs ,Iyhds’ku dk fuekZ.k ljyrk lsdj ldrs gSA

VB ds u;s laLdj.k esa vkWuykbZu gsYi Hkh miyC/k gSAINTRODUCTION :

dEI;wVj dks funZs’k nsus ds fy;s dbZ izdkj dh dksfMax dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qxVisual izksxkfeax dk gSA D;ksafd dEI;wVj izksxzkEl dks Visual okrkoj.k esa cukuk cgqr gh vklkugksrk gSA

bl Visual Environment dks GUI ;k xzkfQdy ;wtj bUVjQsl dk uke fn;k x;k gS vkSjekbØkslkW¶V dEiuh us iwoZ esa py jgh Basic izksxkfeax Hkk"kk dks Visualize djds Visual Basic 4 dsuke ls izLrqr fd;k bl Hkk"kk dh lQyrk ds ckn bls vkSj vf/kd csgrj cukus ds fy;s le;&le;ij blesa u;h fo’ks"krk,sa lEefyr djds u;s laLdj.k ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i vcbUVjusV ds bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa izksxkfeax Hkk"kk fiNM+h ugha gS vkSj u;k laLdj.k Visual Basic 6 esabUVjusV lEcfU/kr fo’ks"krkvksa dk lekos’k fd;k x;k gSA

Visual Basic 6 esa IDE ds ¼bUVhxzsVsM MoyiesUV ,suok;jesUV½ dks vkSj vf/kd vkd"kZd cukdjblesa vusd u;s Tool ’kkfey fd;s x;s gSa tks Visual Programming dks vkSj vf/kd ljy cukrs gSaA

izksxzke ,fMVj %izksxzke ,fMVj %izksxzke ,fMVj %izksxzke ,fMVj %izksxzke ,fMVj % VB esa tc dksM fy[ks tkrs gS] rks dksM foUMks esa LVsVesUV vkSj QaD’ku fy[kusds lkFk gh gesa mldk flUVsDl D;k gksxk irk py tkrk gS rFkk vU; isjkehVj ds ckjs esa MªkiMkmulwph iznf’kZr gksrh gSA ftlls okafNr iSjkehVj pqus tk ldrs gSa tks Error dh lEHkkouk dks dedjrs gSaA

VB ds u, laLdj.k esa fdlh izzksxzke esa ;fn dksbZ xyrh gS] rks mls NksVs&NksVs CykWDl esa ckaVdj

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<wa< ldrs gSa vkSj mls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d CykWd esa fdruh Hkh ykbZUl dks j[kk tk ldrk gSAIDE foUMks % foUMks % foUMks % foUMks % foUMks % bUVhxzsVsM MoyiesUV ,sUok;jesUV] fdlh ,sIyhds’ku dks fodflr djus ds fy,

,dh—r fodkl dk okrkoj.k miyC/k djkrk gSAVB6 essa vkWCtsDV czkmtj ds }kjk lh/ks dksM ij igqapdj mlls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh yh tk ldrh

gSA blesa fMcx foUMks dks tksMk x;k gSA tks yksdy osjh;soy ds ekuksa dks n’kkZrh gSAVwyckj %Vwyckj %Vwyckj %Vwyckj %Vwyckj % blesa dek.Ml vkbdkWu ds :i esa ’kkfey gSa ftUgs ekml ds fDyd }kjk pyk;k tk

ldrk gSA blesa ,d QkeZ ,fMVj Vwyckj gS] ftlls QkeZ dk ,ykbesUV] vkdkj rFkk ykWd lqfo/kkdks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fotkMZl %& fotkMZl %& fotkMZl %& fotkMZl %& fotkMZl %& VB-6 esa yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds dk;kZssa dks ljyrk ls djus ds fy, fotkMZmiyC/k gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls izksxzkej ’kh?kzrk ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA

VsEiysV VsEiysV VsEiysV VsEiysV VsEiysV %& VsEiysV igys ls cus gq, ,sls QaD’ku gksrs gSa] ftUgsa izkstsDV ds vUrxZr fdlh dk;Zdks lEiUu djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA VB-6 esa bu VsEiysV dh la[;k Hkh i;kZIr gSAftUgas dke esa ysdj izksxzkej Rofjr xfr ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA

IDE :- (Integrated Develpment Enviornment) fotqvy csfld esa dk;Z djus okys okrkoj.kdks IDE dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;g vusd NksVs&NksVs VwYl ,oa foUMkst dk cuk gksrk gSA blesavyx&vyx dk;Z djus ds fy;s vyx&vyx VwYl miyC/k gSaA bu VwYl dks vko’;drk iM+us ijgkbM Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

VB-6 dh IDE foUMks ds eq[; Hkkx fuEu izdkj gSa %&A. esU;w ckj B ’kkWVZdV esU;wC Vwy ckj D Vwy ckWDlE izkstsDV ,Dliyksjj foUMks F izkWiVhZt foUMksG QkWeZ foUMks H dksM foUMksI QkeZ ysvkmV foUMks J. dyj IysVK. yksdy foUMks L. bfefM,V IysV

Dykl ekM~;wYl %Dykl ekM~;wYl %Dykl ekM~;wYl %Dykl ekM~;wYl %Dykl ekM~;wYl % VB esa izksxzkfeax djuk vR;Ur ljy gksrk gS] D;ksafd lHkh dksfMax QkeZ dsfy;s bosUV izkslhtlZ ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA ;s bosUV izkslhtlZ VB esa igys ls cus gksrs gSaA vr% budsflUVsDl dks ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko’;d ugha gksrkA bu bosUV izkslhtlZ ds lkFk gh vko’;drk gksus iju;s izkslhtlZ Hkh cuk;s tk ldrs gSsaA VB esa izksxzkej viuh Loa; dh dksM ykbczsjh cukdj vius ,Iyhds’kudks viuh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj fMtkbu dj ldrk gSA

dksM ekM~;wYl ,oa Dyklst %dksM ekM~;wYl ,oa Dyklst %dksM ekM~;wYl ,oa Dyklst %dksM ekM~;wYl ,oa Dyklst %dksM ekM~;wYl ,oa Dyklst % ,sIyhds’ku cukus ds fy;s nks ewyHkwr egÙoiw.kZ CykWDl QkeZ rFkkdUVªksYl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSSA ,sIyhds’ku esa iz;ksx gksus okyk rhljk egÙoiw.kZ CykWd dksM ekM~;wygksrk gSA dksM ekM~;wy ASCII VSDLV QkbZy gksrh gS] ftlds vUnj mi&izkslhtlZ ¼Sub-Procedurs)QaD’ku] osfj;scy] rFkk dkWUlVsUV gksrs gSaA izkstsDV cukus ds fy;s dksM~l dks vyx&vyx CykWDl easfoHkkftr djus ds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd ekWM~;wYl dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA bl izdkj izR;sd CykWd dsfy;s vko’;drkuqlkj vyx&vyx dk;Z fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA ekWM~;wYl cukdj izzksxzzkej viusizkstsDV ds fy;s dh xbZ dksfMax dks ljy cukrs gSaA ftlls izksxzke dks fMcx djuk o dksM dks le>uk

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vklku gksrk gSAfotqvy csfld esa ;g leLr dk;Z djus ds fy;s Dykl ekWM~;wYl dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa

lkekU;r% Dyklst ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Dykl vkWCtsDV vksfj,.VsM izksxzkfeax ds fy;s ewyHkwregÙoiw.kZ CykWd gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr bl izksxzkfeax ds fy;s ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ rÙo vkWCtsDV gksrkgSA ,d Dykl dh viuh fuf’pr izkWiVhZt] bosUV~l ,oa esFkM~l gksrs gSaA tks fd muds }kjk fd;s tkusokys dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaaA ,d vPNh rjg fMtkbZu dh xbZ Dykl dksM dk ,d Lo&i;kZIr [k.Mgksrk gSA vr% ge Dykl dks ,d izkstsDV ls fdlh vU; izkstsDV esa ;wt dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd dksM,oa Dykl ekM~;wYl nksuksa gh vyx&vyx QkbZy ds :i esa lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA vr% bUgssa ,d ls vf/kdizkstsDV esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% ekWM~;wYl dk iz;ksx Shared izkstsDV cukus ;kMultimedia Device dks vusd LFkku ls Access djuk ljy cukus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ,d lekuQaD’ku dks ,d dksM ;k Dykl ekWM~;wYl esa lso djds izksxzkej viuh dksM ykbczsjh cuk ldrk gSAbu ekWM~;wYl dks ,d fof’k"B QksYMj ;k mi QksYMlZ esa lso djds j[kk tk;s rks budk iz;ksx fdlhvU; izkstsDV esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dksbZ ykbczsjh cuk dj dksM~l ;k ekWM~;wy dks ckj&ckjiz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls nksckjk dksfMax dh ijs’kkuh ds lkFk gh VkbZe dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA

dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk %dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk %dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk %dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk %dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk % ekWM~;wYl dh dksM ykbczzsjh cukus ds fy;s fMLd ij ,d QksYMj cukukgksrk gSA bl QksYMj esa izksxzkej ckj&ckj iz;ksx esa vkus okys ekWM~;wYl dks lso dj ldrk gSA blQksYMj dk uke Codelib j[kk tk ldrk gSA

dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk %dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk %dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk %dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk %dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk % fdlh izkstsDV esa bl dksM ekWM~;wy dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s foT;wvycsfld esa izkstsDV ,DlIyksjj ij ekml ikbaVj ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij fuEukafdr fp=1 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksus okys ’kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls Add dek.M ij ekml ikbUVj ykus ij iznf’kZr gksusokys lc&esU;w esa ls Add ekWM~;wy dek.M gks pqu ysrs gSaA

fp= 1 dksM ekWM~;wy

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fp= 2 Add module Mk;ykWx ckWDlbls p;u djus ij Add module Mk;ykWx ckWDl mijksDr fp= 2 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrk gSA blesa

nks Vsc New o Existing gksrs gSaA vc New dks Select djds Module dks pquk tkrk gSA rFkk OpenCommand cVu ij fDyd djus ij ,d u;k dksM ekWM~;wy izkstsDV esa tqM+ tkrk gSA vc izksiVhZtfo.Mksa esa bl dksM ekWM~;wYl dh Name izksiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA blds ckn VB ds QkbZy esU;wls Save Module As dek.M }kjk Save as Mk;ykWx ckWDl vksiu djds ekWM~;wy dks Codelib QksYMjesa dksbZ mi;qDr uke nsdj lso dj fn;k tkrk gSA ekWM~;wy dk foLrkfjr uke (Extnsion BAS)gksrk gSA

dksM ykbczsjh ls ekWM~;wYl dks izkstsDV esa tksMukblds fy;s Add Module Mk;ykWx ckWDl ls nwljs Vsc Existing dks pquk tkrk gSA ;s fuEu

fp= 3 dh rjg [kqyrk gSA vc blls Codelib QksYMj dks pqu dj okafNr dksM ekWM~;wy QkbZy dksizkstsDV esa tksMk tk ldrk gSA

fp= 3 Add Module Mk;ykWx ckWDl ls nwljk Vsclc&izkslhtj cukuk %& lc&izkslhtj cukuk %& lc&izkslhtj cukuk %& lc&izkslhtj cukuk %& lc&izkslhtj cukuk %& fotqvy csfld esa lHkh bosUVl dh dksfMaax izkslhtj ds }kjk dh

tkrh gSA ;s izkslhtj VB esa igys ls fMtkbu fd;s gksrs gSaA bu izkslhtlZ dks bosUV izkslhtlZ dgktkrk gSA buds vykok izksxzkej [kqn ds u;s izksfltlZ Hkh cuk ldrk gSA u;s lc izksfltlZ dk fuekZ.knks rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA igyh fof/k esa izkstsDV esa dksM O;w esa tkdj VB ds Tool esU;w ls Add

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Procedure dek.M dks pqurs gSsaaA blls ,d Add Procedure Mk;ykWx ckWDl [kqyrk gSA

fp= 4 Add Procedure Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa izksfltlZ dk uke rFkk Type Ýse ls Sub o Scope ls Public Option dks

pquk tkrk gSA OK dek.M cVu ij fDyd djus ij ;g izksfltlZ fuEu izdkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

fp= 5 Form Coding Boxnwljh fof/k ds }kjk dksM O;w esa gh LVsVesUV VkbZi djds izksfltlZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blds fy;s igys izksfltlZ dk Ldksi Public ;k Private rFkk izdkj esa Sub vkSj vUr esa izksfltlZdk uke VkbZi fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn izksfltlZ dk Ldksi VkbZi ugha djsa rks ;g ckbZ fMQkYV Privategksrk gSA

mnkgj.k %&mnkgj.k %&mnkgj.k %&mnkgj.k %&mnkgj.k %& ;gka ;wtj ds }kjk tc dek.M cVu ij fDyd fd;k tk;sxk rks ,d eSlst ckWDliznf’kZr gksxkA bl eSlst ckWDl dks izksfltlZ }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA ;g¡k lcls igys New Projectesa ls Standard Exe pqu dj OPEN ij fDyd djrs gSaA rFkk QWkeZ dh fuEu izksiVhZt dk p;u djrs gSaA

Name Message fromCaption Procedure Example

dek.M cVu dh fuEu izksiVhZt lso djrs gSaAName Message Caption & Run sub Procedure

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dksM fo.Mks esa fuEu dksM fy[krs gSaAPublic sub messc ( )Msgbox (“Hi! I have called by procudur”)End subCaption Procedure Example

blds ckn dek.M cVu Message ds fy;s blds Click bosUV ij fuEu dksM fn;k tkrk gSAPrivate sub message_Click ( )MessEnd sub

bl izksxzke dks ju djus ij fuEu Output izkIr gksrk gSSA

fp= 6 Output Formtgka dek.M cVu ij fDyd djus ij fuEu eSlst ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

fp= 7 Output FormQaD’ku %& QaD’ku %& QaD’ku %& QaD’ku %& QaD’ku %& ;s Hkh lkekU; izksfltlZ ds leku gh gSaA nksuksa esa vUrj ;g gS fd QaD’ku ju gksus ij

,d eku ykSVkrs gSa ij izksfltlZ dksbZ eku ugha ykSVkrsA QaD’ku esa x.kuk djus ds fy;s vusd izdkj dhoSY;wt dks mlesa ikl djuk gksrk gSA bUgsa vkX;ZwesUV dgk tkrk gSA x.kuk ds ckn izkIr eku dks fjVZuoSY;w dgk tkrk gSA QaD’ku cukus ds fy;s VB ds TOOL esU;w ls Add Procudure dek.M dk p;u

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fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls fp= 4 dh rjg LØhu iznf’kZr gksrh gSA ;gka Name eas QaD’ku dk uke fn;k tkrkgSA blds ckn Type ls Function rFkk Scope ls Public option dks pquk tkrk gSA OK ij fDyd djusij QaD’ku dksM fo.Mks esa tqM+ tkrk gSA rFkk End function ds End dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA bu nksuksa dschp QaD’ku dh dksfMax dh tkrh gSA bl QaD’ku dks dkWy djus ds fy;s blds uke dk mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA rFkk vkX;wZesUV nks NksVs dks"Bdksa ds e/; dksek ls lsijsV djds fn;s tkrs gSaAQaD’ku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %&QaD’ku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %&QaD’ku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %&QaD’ku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %&QaD’ku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %& ;g dk;Z fofHkUu rjhdksa ls djk;k tkrk gSA QaD’ku esa dqNvkX;wZesUV t:jh gksrs gSa vkSj dqN tks x.kuk esa Hkkx ugha ysrs t:jh ugha gksrs tks vkX;wZesUV x.kukesa Hkkx ugha ysrs mUgsa ikl djkus ds fy;s Optional Keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oukZ QaD’kubUgsa Hkh x.kuk esa mi;ksx djrk gSA

mnkgj.k Lo:i % ;wtj dk ID o ikloMZ vkX;wZesUV ds :i esa ikl djus ds fy;s blds ckndek.M cVu Message ds fy;s blds Click ( ) bosUV ij fuEu dksM fn;k tkrk gSA

Public Function Create_user (U-ID as String, Password As string, optional DescriptionAs String)-As Boolean

End Function;gka Description ,d Optional vkX;wZesUV gSA ftldk eku nsuk ;wtj ds foosd ij fuHkZj

djrk gSAVB esa vkX;wZesUV dks ikl djkus ds fy;s Byref dh&oMZ Hkh dke esa fy;k tkrk gS ftls ;wt

ugha djus ij vkX;wZesUV ckbZ fMQkYV Byref gh ikl gksrs gSaA bl dh&oMZ dk vFkZ By Referencegksrk gSA Byref dh&oMZ ds }kjk ikl fd;s x;s vkX;wZesUV ls mudk Address ikl fd;k tkrkgSAftlls mudk eku ’kh?kzrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA VB esa vkX;wZesUV dks Byval dh&oMZ }kjk Hkhikl djk;k tk ldrk gSA bldk vFkZ Byvalue gksrk gSA ,slk djus ij VB ds }kjk osfj;scy dh,d&,d izfr vkX;wZesUV dks ikl dh tkrh gSA vr% okLrfod osfj;scy o formal Agrument ds chpdksbZ lEcU/k ugha jgrk gSA ;fn QaD’ku essa ,sjs dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA rc Param/Array dh&oMZdk iz;ksx vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;g QaD’ku esa vlhfer la[;k esa iSjkehVlZ ikl djus esa lgk;rkdjrk gSA ParamArray dk ;wt djus ij MkVk VkbZi Varient ?kksf"kr djuk vko’;d gksrk gSA

Dykl%Dykl%Dykl%Dykl%Dykl% ;g vkWCtsDV vksfj,UVsM izksxzkfeax dk egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSAClass dks cuk dj mls izkstsDV esa vko’;drk ds vuqlkj dgha Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Class ds mi;ksx ls cMs izksxzke dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj ljyrk ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bu Dyklstdk mi;ksx djds izkstsDV esa Activex Control, Dynamic Link library rFkk Custom control cuk;stk ldrs gSaA Dykl LVsVesUV dk lewg gksrk gSA ftldh viuh izksiVhZt o esFkM~l gksrs gSaA fotqvycsfld esa lHkh dUVªksy fdlh Dykl ds lnL; gksrs gSa ftlds }kjk bUgsa cuk;k tkrk gSA bu dUVªksydk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh QkeZ ij fcuk fdlh dksbZ la’kks/ku ds fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% izksxzkej }kjkcuk;h x;h Dykl Hkh bu dUVªksy dh rjg ;wt dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq buds dUVªksy izksxzkej dksLo;a cukus gksrs gSaA Dykl ,d QkeZ jfgr QkbZy gksrh gSA tks nks izksfltlZ Class Intialiaze ( ) oClass-Terminate ( ) ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrh gSA

Class Intialiaze ( ) ds mi;ksx ls Class dks cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk Class Terminater ds }kjk

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dk;Z lekIr gksus ds ckn mls gVk;k tkrk gSADykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk %DykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk %DykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk %DykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk %DykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk % ;g dk;Z dksM ekWM~;wy ds fy;s izksfltj dk fuekZ.k djus ds leku

gh gksrk gSA esFkM cukus ls igys blds uke ds iwoZ bldk Scope Private ;k Public tksM+uk vko’;dgksrk gSA

Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % izksiVhZt fdlh Hkh Dykl ds fy;s osfj;scy dh rjg dk;Z djrhgSA fdlh Hkh vkCtsDV ds fy;s bu osfj;scy ds ekuksa dks lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA rkfd eku dhvko’;drk gksus ij bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA budk Scope Hkh Public ;k Private gksrk gSAlkekU;r% izksiVhZt dks Public Ldksi ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Dykl tc fdlh Dykl dks iw.kZ:i ls blds ckgj ls gh fu;af=r djuk pkgrs gSaa rks Get, let rFkk Set LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA Property Get LVsVesUV] ,d ifCYkd bUVjQsl dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA tks fd oxZ ds vUnj ?kksf"krfd;s x;s osfj;scy] ftls izksxzke lh/ks&lh/ks Access ugha dj ldrk ds eku dks izkIr djus ds fy;sfd;k tkrk gSA Property Let, Property Get LVsVesUV ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Dykl dsyksdy osfj;scy dk eku fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Property Set LVsVesUV gesaDykl ds jsQjsUl esa ,d vkWCtsDV ikl djkus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA

Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l %Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l %Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l %Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l %Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l % bosUV Dykl dk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA bosUVl ’krkZsa ds lewg ds izkIrgksus ij fdlh Hkh Dykl ds fy;s Application dks lwpuk okfil Hkstus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA buds;wt ls izksxzke dks Oprate gksuk bosUV ds mRiUu gksus ds Øe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fotqvy csfld dslHkh iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr Procedure tks fd dksM fo.Mks esa iznf’kZr gksrs gSaA bosUV~l gksrs gSaA tSls Click( ), Key press vkfn Dykl esa bosUV cukus ds fy;s Public event dh&oMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSArFkk bu LVsVesUV dks Module ds General ,oa Declaration okys Hkkx esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSAbldk flUVsDl fuEu gSA

Public Event Event-Name (Parameters) bosUV izksfltlZ dh Hkkafr iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fuEu lw= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Private with Events X as Class Name;gka With Events dh&oMZl dk iz;ksx ugha djus ij] ge dsoy Public izksiVhZt ,oa Dykl ds

esFkM~l dks gh Access dj ldrs gSaA bosUVl dks ugha] D;ksafd ,Iyhds’ku dh Data ds fy;s Poll djusdh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA bosUV izksfltj vR;Ur ’kfDr’kkyh gksrs gSaA Polling dk vFkZ ekuksa dhtkap djus ls gSA ekuksa dh tkap rc rd ugha gksrh gSA tc rd nh xbZ ’krZaa iwjh uk gks tk;sA

Decision Meaking :lk/kkj.k r;k izksxzke ,XthD;q’ku Vksi&Mkmu vizksp esa ,d ds ckn ,d yxkrkj LVsVesUV

,sfDtd;w’ku ds }kjk gksrk gSA ijUrq gesa dbZ ckj izksxzke d.Mh’ku ds vuqlkj ,sfXtD;wV djkus gksrsgSaA vf/kdrj izksxzke ds LVsVesUV dk ¶yks fuEu esa ls ,d dsVsxjh ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA

1- daMh’kuy ;k fMlhtu LVsVesaV] ;g LVsVesaV daMh’ku ds lR; ;k vlR; gksus ij fuHkZjdjrk gSA

2- ywfiax LVsVesUV esa VsLV daMh’ku ds lR; gksus rd LVsVesUV ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSaA3- czkfpax LVsVesUV esa VsLV daMh’ku ds vk/kkj ij izksxzke dk dksbZ ,d fgLlk gh

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,fXtD;wV gksrk gSAThe if Statment :- If -then-else LVsVesUV ds mi;ksx ls ;fn daMh’ku lgh gS rks Then okys

LVsVesUV vU;Fkk else okys LVsVesUV ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSaAbl LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx nks rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**blds fy;s flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksxkAIf expression Then Statement [else[statement]]mnkgj.k%

Private Command_Click()x=InputBox (“Please Enter Percentage”)if x>=75 ThenForm1.Print ”HONOURS”End IfEnd Sub

2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUV2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUV2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUV2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUV2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUVblds fy;s flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksxkA

If expression then{Statement}

[else][Statement]

End ifif daMh’ku ds True gksus ij if ds ckn vkus okys lHkh LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksaxs vkSj daMh’ku xyr

gksus ij else ds ckn vkus okys LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksaxsAIf.........then ds vUnj tks ,Dlizs’ku mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA og cqfy;u ,sDlizs’ku gksrk gSA

blds nks laHko eku True (1) or False (0) gks ldrs gSaAmDr nksuksa izdkj esa if ds lkFk else CykWd fy[kuk t:jh ugha gSAtc ge flaxy ykbZu if LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx djrs gS rks End if fy[kuk vko’;d ugha

gksrk gSAmnkgj.k %

Private Command_Click()x=InputBox(“Please Enter I No.”)y=InputBox(“Please Enter II No.”)if x>=75 ThenForm1.Print ”I No. is Larger”ElseForm1.Print ”II No. is Larger”End ifEnd Sub

Example:

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if-else(Ladder):-Private Command_Click()age=InputBox (“Please Enter Age of a Person”)if Age>=75 ThenForm1.Print ”You are senior citizen”Elseif age>40 ThenForm1.Print ”You are middle age citizen”Elseif age>16 ThenForm1.Print ”You are Younger”ElseForm1.Print ”Enjoy childhood”End IfEnd Sub

Example :Nested If:-Private Command_Click()age=InputBox (“Please Enter Age of a Person”)category=InputBox (“Please Enter Category”)if x>=20 Then

If category=’m’ OR category=’M’ ThenForm1.Print”Your Fees is:500”ElseIf category=’f’ OR category=’F’ ThenForm1.Print”Your Fees is:250”End If

End IfElse

If If category=’m’ OR category=’M’ ThenForm1.Print”Your Fees is:200”ElseIf category=’f’ OR category=’F’ ThenForm1.Print”Your Fees is:100”End If

End IfEnd Sub

Select - case Statment: ;g if-then-else dk oSdfYid dekaM gSA ;g fn;s x;s vusdCykWDl esa ls flQZ ml CykWd dks ,fXtD;wV djrk gS tks nh daMh’ku dks larq"V djrk gSASyntax :

Select case expressioncase result

[Statement block]

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case result[Statement block]

= =case else

[Statement block]END select

lysDV dsl LVªDpj ,d ,sDlizs’ku dks gy djrk gSA ;g LVªDpj ds VkWi ij fn;k gksrk gSA tcfd If-then-else LVªDpj izR;sd Elseif dFku ds fy;s ,d vyx ,Dlizs’ku dk mi;ksx djrk gSA,Dlizs’ku flQZ&U;wesfjd ;k fLVªax gks ldrk gSA ;gka fjtYV ,d ;k vf/kd oSY;w dh fyLV gks ldrhgS ftUgsa dksek yxkdj vyx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,Dlizs’ku fdlh ,d ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij CykWddk pquko djrk gSA LVsVesUV rc rd ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSa] tc rd vxyk Case level ugha vk tkrk;k End select ij ugha igqap tkrkA ;fn ,Dlizs’ku ls ,d ls vf/kd vkWI’ku eSp djrs gSa] rc lclsigyk eSp djus okyk CykWd ,sfXtD;wV gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Case vkWI’ku eSp ugha djrk rks CaseEnd ds ckn vkus okys LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSaA ;fn Case End ugha fn;k x;k gks rks End selectds ckn ds LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSaAExample :

Select case txt house value textcase “Red”

Msgbox “Boy from Red house”Case “Yellow” , “Blue”

msgbox “Boy from Yellow or Blue House”Case 1 to 9

msgbox “Invalid Number”case else

msgbox “Invalid Entry”End select

Example :Private Command_Click()Dim char as Stringchar=InputBox(“Enter a Character”)Select case charcase “0” to “9”Frorm1.Print “You Pressed Digit”case “a” to ”z”Form1.Print “You pressed a Lowercase Letter”case “A” to “Z”Form1.Print “You pressed a Uppercase Letter”case ElseForm1.Print “You Pressed other Key”End SelectEnd Sub

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rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ %rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ %rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ %rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ %rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ % ;s vkWijsVlZ nks oSY;w dh rqyuk djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fy;s tkrs gSaA rqyukdjus ij ;s Boolean osY;w fjVuZ djrs gSa ftlesa 1, True ds fy;s rFkk 0, False ds fy;s gksrh gSA VBesa fuEu rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ miyc/k gSaA________________________________________________________________________

vkWijsVj vkWijsVj vkWijsVj vkWijsVj vkWijsVj uke uke uke uke uke________________________________________________________________________

= Equality<> Inquality< Less then> Morethen<= Less then or equal to>= Greater then or equal to

________________________________________________________________________

VB Logical Operators dks liksVZ djrh gSA tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rqyukRed ,Dlizs’ku dkstksM+us ds dke vkrs gSaA__________________________________________________________________________

Operator Description_________________________________________________________________________

And Both side must betrueOr one side or other must be trueXor one side or other must be true but not bothNot Negates truth

__________________________________________________________________________

Constants : VB gesa Constants declare djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA ;s ,d izdkj dh ValuesgSa tks izksxzke ,fXtD;w’ku ds nkSjku cnyrh ugha gSAtSls

If Action = 3 then “code” End ifAction 3 dks ge As dksalVUV ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA

tSlsIf Action = CANCELORDER Then

A Executive codeEndif

bl mnkgj.k esa mnkgj.k esa Cancelorder ,d Constant gSa] ftls geus igys okys Constant 3ds LFkku ij fMtkbZu fd;k gS izkstsDV esa dgha ij Hkh dksalVUV fMDys;j fd;s tk ldrs gSaA fdUrqlkekU;rk fMDysjs’ku] ekWM~;wy ds tujy fMDys;sjs’ku lSD’ku esa djuk mi;qDr gksrk gSA ftlsfMDys;j djus ds fy;s Constant dh oMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Variable Type : VB 6 esa osfj;scy VkbZi myiC/k gSaA____________________________________________________________________________

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Type Rang Note________________________________________________________________________Byte 0-255 Occupies i byte of meoryBoolean True or false Stored or an integerInterger -32, 767-32768 Occupies 2 byte of memoryLong -2, 147, 483, 648-2 147,

483, 647 hold 4 byteSingle See below 4 byte of memoryDouble See below holds 8 bytesCurrencey -922, 337, 203, 685, 477, 8 Bytes

5808, to 922, 337, 203, 685,477, 5807

Dec +/- 79, 228, 162, 574, 264, hold 12337, 593, 543, 950, 335, or bytes of memory+/-7, 9228162514264337593543950335 with decimal places

String Holds Alphanumaric vol.Date Holds date & timeVariant it is generic data type________________________________________________________________

Loops : ;fn gesa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd LVsVesUV ckj&ckj ,sfXtD;wV djkus gksrs gSa rks ge ywidke esa ysrs gSaA VB esa fuEu izdkj ls ywi iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA

1. For_Next : ;g ywi fdlh LVsVesUV ;k LVsVesUV xzqi dks ,d fof’k"B d.Mh’ku rd ,fXtD;wVgksrk gSA bldk flUVsDl fuEu gSA

For Countervariable = Start to EndStatements

Next Countervariablebl ywi esa tc VB izksxzke ,fXtD;wV gksrk gS] rks Countervariable LVkVZ oSY;w ls bfu’kykbZt

gksrk gSA blds ckn daMh’ku ds lgh jgus rd LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs jgasxsA tc izksxzke d.Vªksy Nextij igqaprk gS rks ;g Contervariable dks 1 ls c<+k nsrk gS rc Variable dh Test condition ls pSfdaxgksrh gSA daMh’ku ds lgh gksus ij Statement fQj ls ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSa vkSj ;g Øe daMh’ku ds Falsegksus rd tkjh jgrk gS vkSj ywi ckWMh ds ckn ds LVsVesUV ukseZyh ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSaaAmnkgj.k % %%%%

,Mj izksxzke ds QkeZ yksM bosUV ij fuEu dksM dks VkbZi djus ijDim I as Integerfor I = 1 to 10Debug print “hello I=’’ &INext IDebug.print “Out of loop I =” &I Hello

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;gk¡ I dh Value 10 ckj 1 ls 10 rd fizUV gksxhA I dh osY;w 11 gksus ij Out of loop PrintgksxkAmnkgj.k %

For-NextPrivate Command_Click()For i=1 to 10Form1.Print iNext iEnd Sub

flUVsDl O;k[;k %flUVsDl O;k[;k %flUVsDl O;k[;k %flUVsDl O;k[;k %flUVsDl O;k[;k %for Contervariable = Start to End [Step]

[Statement] [Exit for][Statements]

Next [Counter]2. Do ywi %ywi %ywi %ywi %ywi % VB 6 esa ,d cgqr gh lqfo/kktud tujy ijit ywi gS] ftls Do ywi dgrs gSaA

bldk flaVsDl fuEu izdkj gSADo [{While/until}exprssion]

[Statement][Exit Do]Loop

orDo

[Statement][Exit Do]Loop [{While/until/}expression]

bl ywi dk tkjh jguk vkSj [kRe gksuk nks vyx rjhds ls gks ldrk gSA ;g ge While o untildh oMZ ds }kjk dj ldrs gSaA ;s dh&oMZ ywi ds ’kq: ;k vUr nksuksa LFkku ij fn;s tk ldrs gSaA ;gka;fn Expression ugha fn;k tk;s rks ywi vuar le; rd pyrk tk;sxkA bls jksdus ds fy, Ctrl +Break dke esa fy;k tkrk gSAmnkgj.k %

DoDebug.Print “Bharat”

LoopDo while : While daMh’ku dk mi;ksx djds ge ;g crk ldrs gSa fd ywi fdruh ckj

,fXtD;wV gksxkA mijksDr mnkgj.k dks tks fd vuUr ywi dk gS] mls fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk ldrkgSAExample :

Sum = 0Do while sum < 50

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Sum=Sum+1loopDebug.Print Sum

tc ;g ywi [kRe gksxk] ;g 50 fizUV djsxkA ;g uEcj ,M djsxk] fdUrq flQZ 50 gksus rdAizR;sd le; esa ywi eas oSY;w 50 ls de gksxhA ;fn ,Dlizs’ku xyr gS rks bldk eryc gksxk] fd;k rks ,Dlizs’ku esa Sum dh oSY;w 50 gks xbZ gS ;k blls vf/kdA

Do until : While ywi rc rd pyrk gS] tc rd dh daMh’ku xyr gksrh gS vkSj Until rc rdpysxk] tc rd fd daMh’ku lgh gSA bls fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Name = “RajasthanBoard.”P = 0char = “ “Do until Char = “ ”P = P + 1Char = mid (Name, p, 1)LoopDebug. print char & “found at position” & p

;g izksxzke Name osfj;scy ds vUnj izR;sd djsDVj dks vlkbu djsxkA tc djsDVj (Period)gksxk rc izksxzke VfeZusV gks tk;sxkA ;fn mijksDr nksuksa ywi esaaa igyh ckj esas gh daMh’ku izkIr gks tkrhgS rks ywi lh/kk Exit gksxk vkSj ywi Body ,sfXtD;wV ugha gksxkAExample :

num=1DoForm1.Print numnum=num+1Loop until num=11

Loop While : ;fn ge pkgsa fd ywi de ls de ,d ckj rks ,fXtD;wV gks rc gesa ywi LVsVesUVds lkFk Exit daMh’ku yxkuh pkfg, uk fd Do LVsVesUV ds lkFkA fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,slk Li"V fd;kx;k gSA

I = 10DoDebuge.print “Body of the loop”Debuge.print “New I”I = I + 1Loop while I < 10Debuge.print “out at loop; Now I is” & I

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa I dh Value 11 gksxh vkSj ywi flQZ ,d ckj pysxkAExample :

num=1Do

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Form1.Print numnum=num+1Loop while num=11

Loop until : tSls While daMh’ku dk mi;ksx Lohp ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj Untildks Hkh Lohp ds lkFk ;wt fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh LVªhax esa fdlh djsDVj dks <wa+<+uk gks rks gesaywi de ls de ,d ckj rks pykuk gh gksxkA ywi ds vUr esa Until nsus ls fLVªax ds djsDVj dh’kq:vkr esa D;k osY;w gS] ml dks dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+sxkA

Name = “Raj.board of secondary educaion”P = 0DoPos = Pos + 1Char = Mid (name,p,1)Loop until char = “ .”Debug.print char & “found at position” & pos

Example :num=1Do until num=11Form1.Print numnum=num+1Loop

TheWhile---------Wend Loop : ;g ywi Do-while dh rjg gh gSA While-wend ds LFkkuij Do-While dk mi;ksx djuk vf/kd lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA While-wend dk flUVsDl fuEukuqlkjgSA

While [Expression][Statements]

WendfLVªax %&fLVªax %&fLVªax %&fLVªax %&fLVªax %& bldk mi;ksx djsDVj MsVk LVksj djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA VB esa ge 2 fcfy;u

djsDVj LVksj dj ldrs gSaA fLVªax ds nks izdkj gksrs gSaA1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVaªx1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVaªx1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVaªx1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVaªx1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVaªx2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVªax2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVªax2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVªax2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVªax2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVªax1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVªax %1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVªax %1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVªax %1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVªax %1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVªax % bl izdkj dh fLVªax ,d ukeZy fLVªax osfj;scy dh rjg gh fMDys;j

dh tkrh gSAtSls

Dim name As stringbl izdkj osfj;scy fMDys;j djus ij ;g 10 ckbV vfrfjDr LVksjst ysrk gSA2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVªax %2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVªax %2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVªax %2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVªax %2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVªax % bl izdkj dh fLVªax fMDys;j djrs le; mldh vf/kdre yEckbZ

Hkh crkuk vko’;d gksrk gSAmnkgj.k %

Dim name As string * 30

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;gka geus 30 djsDVj dh ,d fLVaªx fMDys;j dh gS ;s fLVaªx vf/kdre 30 djsDVj dk eSeksjhLisl ysxh pkgs blesa de djsDVj gh LVksj fd;s tk;saA

String Function :- fLVªax dks dbZ izdkj ls izkslsl fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fLVªax izkslsflax vius vkiesaa tfVy dk;Z gSA vr% LVªhax izkslsflax dks vklku cukus ds fy;s VB gesa dbZ bufcYV fLVªax QaD’kumiyC/k djkrh gSA tks fuEu izdkj gSaALen :

flUVsDlflUVsDlflUVsDlflUVsDlflUVsDl % Len(string) ;g QaD’ku bfUVtj esa LVªhax dh yEckbZ crkrk gSA

Example :Dim name As stringDim c As IntegerName = “Rajasthan”C = LAN (Name)Debug.pring C

Instr :flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl % Instr ([Start postion], string, substring [compare])fdlh nh xbZ LVªhax esa fdlh Substring dks crkbZ xbZ Position ls <w+a<rk gSA

Left :flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl %flUVsDl % Left (String, Length) fdlh LVªhax ls Left most character ls crk;h x;h l[;k esa character dks fjVuZ djrk gSA

Example :Dim name As string Dim (as string)Name = “Rajasthan”C = Left (Name, 4 )Debug.pring C

Right : ;g QaD’ku fdlh String ls crk;s x;s la[;k esa Right side ls character fjVuZ djrk gSASyntax :

Right (String, Length)Example:

Dim Name As IntegerDim c As StringName = “Dr. Neeraj Bhargava”C = Right (name, 8)Debug.pring C

Mid : ;g QaD’ku crk;h x;h la[;k esa fdlh String ls Specified position ls djsDVj fjVuZ djrkgSA

Syntax :Mid (String, Start, Length)

Example :Dim name As integer

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Name = “Computer”Debuge.print mid(String, 3, 4)

UCase & LCase : Ucase QaD’ku nh xbZ LVªhax dks Upper Case esa rFkk Lcase lower caseesa cnyrk gSASyntax :

Ucase (string)L case (string)Dim val As stringVal = “Computer”Debuge.print Ucase (val)Debuge.pring Lcase (val)

Ltrim, Rtrim & Trim : ;s QaD’ku fdlh LVªhax ls Øe’k% Left, Right, o nksuksa vkSj dsLeading o Trailing Lisl dks gVkrs gSaASyntax :

Ltrim (string)Rtrim ( string)Trim (string)

Example :Dim val 1 As stringDim val 2 As stringDim val 3 As stringVal 1 = “Rajasthan ”val 2 = “ Board of ”Val 3 = “ Secondary Education”Debug.print Rtrim (val1)Debug.print Ltrim (val2)Debug.print Trim (val3)

Asc : ;g fdlh djsDVj dh ASCII Value ykSVkrk gSASyntax :

ASC (stringchar)Example :

Dim A as stringA = ‘A’Debuge.pring ASC (A)

char: fdlh U;wesfjd dksM ds cjkcj djsDVj oSY;w ykSVkrk gSASyntax :

char (Number)Example :

Dim A As IntergerA = 126Debuge.print char (A)

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Space : crk;h x;h la[;k esa Lisl dh LVªhax ykSVkrk gSASyntax :

Space (Number)String : ;g QaD’ku fdlh Specified flaxy djsDVj dks crk;h x;h ckj nksgjk dj fy[krk gSASyntax :

String (Number, Character)Example :

Debuge.pring.string(5, ‘P’)Lset & Rset : ;s QaD’ku Øe’k% ,d LVªhax ds vUnj nwljh LVªhax Left tLVhQkbM o Right Justifiedfy[krs gSaASyntax :

Lset string 1 = string 2Strcomp : ;g ,d U;wesfjd osY;w LVªhax dh rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij ykSVkrk gSASyntax :

Strcomp (String 1, string2, [compare])buiqV ckWDl Qyu % buiqV ckWDl Qyu % buiqV ckWDl Qyu % buiqV ckWDl Qyu % buiqV ckWDl Qyu % blds }kjk fn;k x;k buiqV fdlh osfj;scy esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Variable Name = Input Box (Prompt);gka Variable Name ml osfj;scy dk uke gS ftlesa eku laxzfgr gksxkA Prompt Mk;ykWx

ckWDl esa iznf’kZr gksus okyk lans’k gSA buiqV ckWDl Qyu esa ,d Mk;ykWx ckWDl curk gS ftlesa ;wtjds fy;s ,d lans’k iznf’kZr gksrk gSA blds lkFk ,d VSDlV ckWDl Hkh iznf’kZr gksrk gSA ftlesa ;wtjbuiqV gksrk gS vkSj lkFk esa nks dek.M cVu OK ,oa Cancel Hkh gksrs gSaAfotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&fotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&fotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&fotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&fotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&1. Abs(n) : ;g fdlh fn;s x;s uEcj dh ,sClwysV osY;w ykSVkrk gSA2. Atn(n) : ;g n dh vklZVsUtsUV jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA3. Cos(n) : ;g n dh dks.k dk dkslkbZu ykSVkrk gSS tks jsfM;Ul esa gksrk gSA4. Exp(n) : ;g Qyu dkalVsUV e dh ?kkr n rd c<+k dj osY;w ykSVkrk gSA5. Int(n) : ;g Qyu n ls mldk bfUVtj Hkkx ykSVkrk gSA ¼iw.kkZad½6. Rnd(n) : ;g Qyu ,d jsUMe uEcj mRiUu djrk gS ftldk eku 0 ls cM+k ;k cjkcj rFkk 1 lsNksVk gksrk gSA7. Sgn(n) : ;g Qyu 1 ykSVkrk gS ;fn n ,d ls NksVk gks] 0 ykSVkrk gS ;fn n Hkh 0 gks rFkk $1ykSVk;sxk ;fn n dk eku 0 ls cM+k gksA8. Sin(n) : ;g Qyu fdlh fn;s x;s dks.k dh Sine osY;w jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA9. Sqr(n) : ;g Qyu fn;s x;s uEcj dk Ldok;j :V ykSVkrk gSA10. Str(n) : ;g fdlh U;wesfjd eku dks fLVaªx osY;w es cnyrk gSA11. Tan(n) : ;g Qyu fdlh dks.k dk Tan eku jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA12. Val(n) : U;wesfjd fLVªax osY;w dks uEcj osY;w esa cnyrk gSADate & Time Qyu %&Qyu %&Qyu %&Qyu %&Qyu %& fotqvy csfld ds ikl i;kZIr la[;k esa flLVe DykWd dks ;wt djus o

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MsV o VkbZe dks izkslsl djus ds fy;s Qyu gSaA ;s Qyu vklkuh ls dke esa fy;s tk ldrs gSa vkSjbudk fjtYV fo’oluh; gksrk gSA

;gka ge ikap MsV VkbZe Qyu dks crk jgs gSa tks flLVe DykWd dks jhM djds izksxzke dks osY;w ykSVkrs gSaA1. Now : ;g Qyu orZeku flLVe MsV o VkbZe ykSVkrk gS bldk QkWesZV DD/MM/YY, HH:MM:SSgksrk gSA2. Date : ;g MsV osY;w dks uEcj osY;w esa ykSVkrk gSA bldk QkWeZsV DD/MM/YY gksrk gSA3. Date$ : ;g orZeku flLVe MsV QksjesVsM fLVªax ds :i esa ykSVkrk gSA bldk QkWeZsV MM-DD-YYgksrk gSA4. Time/Time$ : ;g Qyu pkSfcl ?k.Vs dh osY;w ds :i esa le; crkrk gSA bldk QkWeZsV HH: MM : SS gksrk gSA5. Date & Time formats : Format ( ) Qyu dks fdlh Hkh uEcj osY;w dks MsV o VkbZe ds :iesa iznf’kZr djus ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bldk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gSA

Format (Value, “Format string”)QksjesV fLVªax uhps nh xbZ fLVªax dh rjg gks ldrh gSAd Day of the month number, with no leading zerodd Day of the month number, with leading zeroddd Day of the week, abbreviateddddd Day of the week in fullM/MM Month number, with out/with leading zeroMMM Month name, abbreviatedMMMM Month name in fullYY Year as two digitYYYY Year in fullh/hh HoursM/MM Minutes, when used with hS/SS SecondsAM/PM Use 12-Hours clock with added AM or PMExample :

“dddd mmmm yyyy” Tues 29th mar 1999“dd - mm - yy” 29-03-11“ hh : mm AM/PM” 04:25 PM

The message Box : eSlst ckWDl ,d lk/kkj.k Mk;ykWx ckWDl gksrk gSA tks lk/kkj.krk% ;wtj lsYes/No rFkk Cancel/Retry iz’u iwNus ds dke vkrk gS ;k ;wtj ls dqN tckc ysus ds dke vkrkgSA ;g ,d NksVk lk eSlst vkSj ,d OK cVu ds lkFk ;wt eSlst fMLiys djkus ds dke esa fy;k tk ldrkgSA eSlst ckWDl dk mi;ksx djuk cgqr vklku gS vkSj VB esa dk;Z djrs le; yxHkx ges’kk dkeesa vkrk gS bldk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksrk gS %&

Msg Box (Prompt [,buttons][,title][,helpfile, context])eSlst ckWDl izkslhtj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa igyk eSlst ckWDl LVsVesUV rFkk nwljk eSlst ckWDl

QaD’ku dgykrk gSA eSlst ckWDl LVsVesUV flQZ ,d Mk;ykWx n’kkZrk gSA blesa ,d eSlst gksrk gS]

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,d vksds cVu ,d vkbdkWu vkSj VkbZVy gksrk gSA eSlst ckWDl ;wtj }kjk nck;s x;s cVu dh osY;wfjVuZ djrk gSA izkWEIV isjkehVj dk mi;ksx eSlst nsus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn gesa eSlst ds :i esa cgqrcM+h fLVªax nsuh iMs rks ge ml fLVªaax dks ,d osfj;scy esa ikl djokdj ml osfj;scy dks eSlst ckWDlQaD’ku ds lkFk ns ldrs gSaA VkbZVy isjkehVj dks flaiy VsDLV dgk tk ldrk gSA tks eSlst ckWDlij gksrk gSA ;g ck; fMQkYV ,sIyhds’ku uke ds lkFk gksrk gSA Helpfile vkSj Context agrumenteSlst ckWDl esa Context sensitive help nsrs gSaA eSlst ckWDl ij ,d] nks ;k rhu cVu gks ldrs gSa]ftl cVu dks ;wtj izsl djrk gS] QaD’ku mldh oSY;w fjVuZ djrk gSAMessage Contants :- eSlst ckWDl ds cVu iSjkehVj ij Vscy esa n’kkZ;h xbZ oSY;w fn[kk ldrkgSA ge budk lewg Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls ;fn gesa ,d eSlst ckWDl Retry, abort, IgnorecVu ds lkFk fMLiys djkuk gS rFkk blesa Ignore fMQkYV cVu cuk;k tkrk gSA rFkk cVu isjkehVj fuEuizdkj fy;s tk;saxsA_________________________________________________________________________

Content Description_________________________________________________________________________

vb ok only Ok button only (default)vb ok cancel Ok and cancel buttonsvb abort Retry Ignore Abort, Retry and Ignore buttonsvb yes no cancel Yes and No Cancel buttonsvb Yes No Yes and No buttonsvb Retry Cancel Retry and cancel buttonsvb Critical Critical Messagevb question warning queryvb exclamation Information, Messagevb Default button 1 First button is default (default)vb Default button 2

Second button is defaultvb Default button 3 Third button is defaultvb Application model Application model message box (default)vb system mode; system model message boxfotqvy csfld ds ikl Hkh msg box dkUlVsUV gkssrs gSaA ftldh enn ls ge QaD’ku }kjk fjVuZ

dh xbZ oSY;w dk fo’ys"k.k dj ldrs gSaA bUgsa fuEu lkj.kh esa iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gSAConstants for the msgbox Return valueConstant Button user clickedvb ok OKvb Cancel Cancelvb Abort Abortvb Retry Retryvb Ignore Ignorevb Yes Yesvb No No

_________________________________________________________________________

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ekbZØkslkW¶V fotqvy csfld 67

mijksDr dkUlVasV dk mi;ksx ;wtj }kjk izsl cVu <wa<us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSAThe Input box: buiqV ckWDl ;wtj ls ,d ;k vf/kd ykbZu dk VsDLV Lohdkj djrk gSA fdUrqbldh dqN lhek,a Hkh gSaA buiqV ckWDl VsDLV ckWDl ftruh lqfo/kk ugha nsrs] fQj Hkh dbZ txg buiqVckWDl mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA blds fy;s fuEu flUVsDl gksrk gSA

Input Box (Prompt[,title][,default][,xpos][,ypos][,helpfile, context])bl izkstsDV ds fy;s gesa flQZ izkWEV iSjkehVj dh vko’;drk gksxhA biuqV ckWDl ,d Mk;ykWx

ckWDl gksrk gS tks fd izkWEV isjkehVj esa fn;k eSlst] ,d VsDLV ckWDl vkSj OK o Cancel button dslkFk LØhu ij gksrk gSA VkbZVy isjkehVj og VsDLV gksrk gSA tks VkbZVy ckj esa fn[krk gSA vkSj ;fnbls NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] rc fotqvy csfld ,sIyhds’ku ds uke dk mi;ksx djrk gSA XvkSj YiSjhehVj;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ckWDl dk Åijh fljk fdl v{k ij vk;sxkA ;fn ;g iSjkehVj LØhu dsBhd chp esa vk;sxkA mnkgj.k % ;gka buiqV ckWDl dk mi;ksx djds fyLV ckWDl esa dksbZ uke tksM+kx;k gSA blds fy;s fyLV ckWDl esa Addition Method dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

Addition Method dk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gS %&Object, Addition [, Index]

;gka ge ,d fLVªax tksM+ ldrs gSaA vkSj dbZ ckj fLVªax ds LFkku ij osfj;scy Hkh fn;s tk ldrsgSaA ;g esFkM fLVªax dks fyLV ckWDl esa vUr esa tksM+rk gSA ;fn ge MsVkcsl ls dqN VsDLV fyLV ckWDlesa tksM+rs gSa rc gesa fyLV ckWDl ds Addition esFkM dks ywi esa dkWy djuk gksrk gS ;g ywi izR;sdykbZu ds fy;s ,d ckj ,fXtD;wV gksrk gSA

CmdRent dks fuEu dksM }kjk tksM+k ;k fjIysl fd;k tk;sxkAPrivate sub cmdRend_Click ( )Dim Name As StringName = Input box (“What tape would we like”)If name < > “ “ ThenIst titlesout.Addition NameEndifEnd sub

izksxzke dks ju djus ds ij tcfd Proof of ID pSDM gSA Rent a tap dk cVu vuscy gks tkrkgS vkSj Proof of ID dks vupSDM djus ij fMl,cy gks tkrk gSA buiqV ckWDl esa ,d ckr dk /;kuj[kuk t:jh gS fd dSafly cVu izsl gksus ij Zero-length string fjVuZ djrk gS] pkgs mlds VsDLVckWDl esa fdruk Hkh fy[kk gksA

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vH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'u1. Dykl dks cukus ds fy;s fuEu eSFkMZ dke es fy;k tkrk gSaA

(v) Class close (c) class start(l) Class (n) class constant ( )

2. if esa iz;ksx gksus okys ,asDlizs’ku dk laEHko eku gksxkA(v) 0 ;k 1 (c)< 0(l ) >1 (n)mijksDr lHkhA ( )

3. fuEu esa ls dkSulh case value select case esa gks ldrh gSaA(v) Integer (c) string(l) character (n) above all ( )

4. tsusfjd MkVk VkbZi dk mnkgj.k gSaA(v) osfj;UV (c)Integer(l) String (n)cwfy;u ( )

5. Exit command dk mi;ksx gksrk gSaA(a) ywi esa (c)Select case esa(c) flEiy if esa (n) dgha Hkh ( )

6. fuEu esa ls dkSulk String Function ugha gSaA(v) Instr (c) Left(l) Right (n) Center ( )

vfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'u1. For loop dks flUVsDl lfgr le>kvksA2. If, if —else LVsVesUV esa vUrj crkb;sA3. Litrim o Rtrim ds vUrj dks Li"V fdft;sA4. ykbZczsjh QaD’ku o ;wtj fMQkbZUM QaX’ku esa D;k vUrj gSa A5. Input Box QX’ku D;k gSaA6. Message Box dks le÷kkb;sA7. VB esa miyC/k fofHkUu String Function dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA8. VB Ekas Data & Time ds fofHkUu QkesZV D;k gSaA9. Meessage Box ds fofHkUu dkalVsUV dks le>kb;sA10. String D;k gSa\ bUags dSls fMDys;j fd;k tkrk gSaA11. String QaD’ku dh vko’;drk dks crkrs gq, fdUgh ikap QaD’ku dks mnkgj.k lfgrle>kb;sA12. VB Ekas miyC/k Qyuks dks le>kb;sA13. fotqvy csfld ds Date-Time Qyuks dks le>kb;sA14. Formet string D;k gSa\ blds fofHkUu Lo#i dks crkb;sA

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15. eSlst ckWDl dUVsUVl D;k gSa \ fdUgh ikap dks le>kb;sAyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'u1. VB esa fofHkUu vk—fr;ks dk {ks=Qy ;wtj PokbLk ds vk/kkj ij fudkyus dk izksxzke fyf[k;sA2. VB esa 1]3]5]7]9]—————— dks fizUV djus ds fy;s dksM fyf[k;sA3. VB esa fuEufyf[kr fizUV djsA

** ** * *

4. Standard module,class module dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA5----- QksjesV fLVªax D;k gS\ blds fofHkUu Lo:i dks crkbZ;sA6- 6-6- 6-6- eSlst ckWDl dk lfp= o.kZu djsaA7- 7-7- 7-7- eSlst ckWDl dUVsUV~l D;k gSa\ fdUgha ikap dks le>kb;sA8-8-8-8-8- LVªhax D;k gS\ bUgsa dSls fMDys;j fd;k tkrk gSA9- 9-9- 9-9- LVªhax QaD’ku dh vko’;drk dks crkrs gq, fdUgha ikap LVªhax QaD’ku dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA10-10-10-10-10- VB esa miyC/k U;wesfjd Qyuksa dks le>kb;sA11-11-11-11-11- fotqvy csfld ds Date-time Qyuksa dks le>kb;sA12-12-12-12-12- buiqV ckWDl dks mlds flUVsDl lfgr le>kb;sA13-13-13-13-13-+ GUI Application esa form D;k gS\ rFkk ;g fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\14-14-14-14-14- QkWeZ dh ckWMZj izkWiVhZ dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA15-15-15-15-15- QkWeZ dh Backcolor o forecolor izkWiVhZ esa vUrj fyf[k,AfucU/kkRed fucU/kkRed fucU/kkRed fucU/kkRed fucU/kkRed iz'uiz'uiz'uiz'uiz'u

1-1-1-1-1- QkWeZ dks LØhu ds chpksa chp iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tkus okyh izkWiVhZt dk dksfMax lfgr o.kZu dhft,A2-2-2-2-2- VB esa Container control ls D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\3-3-3-3-3- Event dks foLrkj ls le>kb;s rFkk bldk GUI izksxzkfeax esa D;k egÙo gSA4- 4-4- 4-4- Form ds fdUgha ikap eq[; bosUV dks iz;ksx lfgr le>kb;sA

**********

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v/;k;&4v/;k;&4v/;k;&4v/;k;&4v/;k;&4

fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkAdvance Concept of Visual Basic

SDI & MDI FORMS,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke

fotqvy csfld esa fdlh Hkh ,fIyds’ku dks cukus esa QkeZ ,d eq[; ,oa vko’;d Hkkx gksrk gSAQkeZ dks lkekU;r% ,fIyds’ku izksxzkfeax esa foUMks dgk tkrk gSA bl QkeZ dk mi;ksx fofHkUu dUVªksydks vk/kkj nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

QkeZ ;wtj ds fy;s lcls igys o egÙoiw.kZ Interface dk dk;Z djrk gSA fotqvy csflddk ,d izkstsDV vusd QkeZ ds lg;ksx ls cuk;k tkrk gSA tks vkil esa dksM+ ds }kjk tqM+s gksrs gSaArFkk izkstsDV ds vkjEHk ls var rd ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;wtj dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh Øe esa budkiz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

fotqvy csfld gesa nks izdkj ls ,fIyds’ku cukus esa lgk;rk djrk gS vFkkZr~ ge blesa nksokrkoj.kksa esa ,fIyds’ku dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaaA ;s nks okrkoj.k SDI rFkk MDI dgykrs gSaA

SDI ;k ;k;k ;k;k Single Document Interface : ;s ,sls NksVs&NkssVs ,fIyds’ku gksrs gSa ftuesa gekjkdk;Z ,d QkeZ ds mi;ksx rd lhfer jgrk gSA vr% bl rjg dh ,fIyds’ku dk fuekZ.k SDI okrkoj.kesa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

MDI ;k Multiple Document Interface : cM+s vkSj tfVy ,fIyds’ku] ftuesa gekjk dk;Z vusdQkElZ ij foLrkfjr gksrk gS ,sls ,fIyds’ku izksxzke dk fuekZ.k MDI okrkoj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA

QkeZ foUMks %&QkeZ foUMks %&QkeZ foUMks %&QkeZ foUMks %&QkeZ foUMks %& tc fotqvy csfld dks ju fd;k tkrk gS rks loZizFke iznf’kZr gksus okyh NewProject foUMks esa ls Standard Exe dks pqudj dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djus ij VB esa ,d [kkyhQkeZ ftldk Caption, form gksrk gS] izkIr gksrk gSA ;g QkeZ ,d lkekU; foUMks ds leku gh iznf’kZrgksrk gSA blds eq[; rÙo vxzkafdr fp= 1 esa n’kkZ, x, gSaA

fp= 1 QkeZ foUMks

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ckWMZj ckWMZj ckWMZj ckWMZj ckWMZj (Border) :- ;g QkeZ ds pkjksa vksj dh lhek js[kkvksa dh eksVkbZ ,oa izdkj dks n’kkZrkgSA ;g QkeZ ds izdkj ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA QkeZ dks fMtkbZu djrs le; bldh Border StyleProperty dk Hkh fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA QkeZ dh bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx QkeZ dks vkd"kZd cukusds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

VkbZVy ckj VkbZVy ckj VkbZVy ckj VkbZVy ckj VkbZVy ckj (Title bar) %& %& %& %& %& QkeZ esa lcls mij dh xgjs jax dh iêh dks VkbZVy ckj dgktkrk gSA blds ck,a dksus ij ,d dUVªksy ckWDl gksrk gSA ftlds ckn QkeZ dk Caption fy[kk gksrkgSA nk,a fljs ij rhu cVUl iznf’kZr gksrs gSaaA ;s cVUl bl QkeZ ds izeq[k fu;U=d gksrs gSaA

dUVªksy esU;w dUVªksy esU;w dUVªksy esU;w dUVªksy esU;w dUVªksy esU;w (Control Menu) :- ;g QkeZ ij VkbZVy ckj esa lcls ckabZ vksj fLFkr vkbdkWugksrk gSA bl esU;w esa QkeZ ds fu;U=.k ls lEcfU/kr dek.M gksrh gSaA tks bl izdkj gSa Restore, Move,Resize, Minimize, Maximize ,oa Close esU;w mifLFkr gksuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd QkeZdh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa Control box izkWiVhZ True gS ;k ughaA

fefuekbZt cVu fefuekbZt cVu fefuekbZt cVu fefuekbZt cVu fefuekbZt cVu (Minimize Button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ds nkaabZ vksj ds rhu cVu esa igykcVu gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx QkeZ dks ,d vkbdu ds :i esa cnydj foUMkst dh VkLd ckj ijiznf’kZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl cVu dh mifLFkfr ds fy; izkWiVhZt foUMks esa MinbuttonizkWiVhZ dk True gksuk vko’;d gSA

esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu (Maximize/Restore button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ij nkabZ vksjdk nwljk cVu gS ;g nks izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gSA tc QkeZ dk vkdkj Maximiz ls NksVk gksrk gSrks ;g QkeZ dks blds Maximize vkdkj esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA ;fn QkeZ Maximize vkdkj esa gS rks;s bls blds okLrfod vkdkj esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA

MDI okrkoj.k esa ,d QkeZ dks Parent rFkk vU; lHkh QkeZ dks Child QkeZ cuk;k tkrk gSAMDI ,fIyds’ku esa Child QkeZ Maximize gksus ij Hkh vius Parent QkeZ ds gh vUnj jgrs gSa ,oaChild QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj Parent QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj esa lfEefyr gks tkrh gSA vc Parent QkeZdh VkbZVy ckj child QkeZ ij iznf’kZr gksus okyh lwpuk,a¼ ½ ds vUnj iznf’kZr gksrh gSaA Child QkeZdks Minimize djus ij ;g bl Parent QkeZ esa gh uhps ckabZ vksj NksVk gksdj iznf’kZr gksrk gSA blle; dsoy bl QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj gh iznf’kZr gksrh gSA Child QkeZ dks Restore djus ij ;g viusokLrfod vkdkj esa viuh vyx VkbZVy ckj ds lkFk Parent QkeZ ds vUnj gh iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

bl cVu dh mifLFkfr ds fy;s Property foUMks esa Max Button izkWiVhZ True gksuk pkfg,ADykst cVu Dykst cVu Dykst cVu Dykst cVu Dykst cVu (Close button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ds nkabZ vksj ds cVUl esa ls rhljk o vfUre

cVu gSA bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dks cUn djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g cVu rc gh dk;Z djrk gStc QkeZ dh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa Enable izkWiVhZ True gksuk pkfg,A

QkeZ dh izkWiVhZ % VB esa izksxzkfeax ds nkSjku iz;ksx fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh vkWCtsDV ds fy;s mldhCharacterstics gh mldh izkWiVhZ gksrh gSA bl izkWiVhZt dk iz;ksx vkWCtsDV dh igpku dksManipulate djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% izkWiVhZt fu/kkZfjr djds ;k igys fu/kkZfjrizkWiVhZt esa ifjorZu djds ge ml vkWCtsDV ds izn’kZu (Appearance) o O;ogkj (Behaviour) dkfu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA VB esa izR;sd vkWCtsDV dh U;wure ,d izkWiVhZ vo’; gksrh gS vkSj vf/kdre fdruhHkh gks ldrh gSaA QkeZ dh fofHkUu izkWiVhZt fuEu izdkj gS %&

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________________________________________________________________________Active control Drawwidth Helpcontent Negomenu________________________________________________________________________Active form Enable Hwnd PictureAppearence fillcolor Icon scalehightAutoredraw fill style Image Scale leftBuck color Font key preview Scale modeBorder style Font bold Left Scale topCaption Font Italic Link mode Scale widthClip control Font name Link topic Show in taskControl Box Font size Max button TagControls Font strike out MDI child TopCerirt Font transparent Min button VisibleCurrent x Font underline Mouse icon whats this buttonCurrent y Fore color mouse pointer whats this helpDraw mode HDC Moveable WidthDraw style Height Name Windostate________________________________________________________________________

buesa Runtime Property izkWiVhZt fo.Mksa esa iznf’kZr ugha gksrhAbuesa ls dqN eq[; izkWiVhZt dk fooj.k fuEu izdkj ls gS %&(A) Backcolor : bldk iz;ksx QkeZ ds cSdxzkm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

fu/kkZj.k Palette rFkk System ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa System ij fDyd djus ij fo.Mksds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds jaxksa dh lwph iznf’kZr gksrh gSA ftlesa cnyko djds okafNr jax pqus tk ldrs gSaAPalette ij fDyd djus ij fofHkUu jaxksa ds ckWDlst fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ftuls okafNr dyj fu/kkZj.k fd;ktk ldrk gSA

(B) Body style: bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dh ckWMZj ds izn’kZu dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;ktkrk gSA iz;ksxdrkZ vko’;drk vuqlkj fdlh foUMks dk vkdkj cny ldrk gS ;k ugha bldkfu/kkZj.k Border style izkWiVhZ ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk fuEu izdkj Border style miyC/k gS %&

(i) None : blls QkeZ ds pkjksa vksj dk ckWMZj yqIr gks tkrk gS o QkeZ ds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZuugha fd;k tk ldrk ;g eq[;r;k Screen sever cukrs le; dk;Z esa fy;k tkrk gSA

(ii) 1-fixed single : blls QkeZ ds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk VkbZVyckj esa flQZ Close Button iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

(iii) 2-Sizable : ;g Default ckWMZj LVkby gSA ;g ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ij ,d lkekU;foUMks dh Hkkafr O;ogkj esa ykbZ tkrh gSA ;wtj ekml ls ;k dUVªksy cVu ls blesa okafNr ifjorZudj ldrk gSA

(iv) 3-Fixed dialoge: bl ckWMZj LVkbZy dks pquus ds ckn ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ij ;g QkWeZ,d Mk;ykWx ckWDl ds :i esa vkrk gSA ;wtj blds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrk flQZ blsMove o Close fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(v) 4- fixed tool window : ;g Fixed dialoge ds leku gh gS blds vkdkj esa ifjorZu ugha

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fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl LVkbZy esa QkeZ dk dUVªksy esU;w dk iznf’kZr ugha gksxkA ;g QkeZ VkLd ckjij iznf’kZr ugha gksxkA

(vi) 5-Sizable Tool windows : ;g sizable LVkbZy ds leku gh O;ogkj djrh gSA blesadUVªksy esU;w] fefuekbZt] esDlhekbZt cVu ugha gksrs rFkk ;g VkLd ckj ij Hkh iznf’kZr ugha gksrk gSA

(C) Caption : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ ds ’kh"kZd dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesafn;k x;k VsDLV VkbZVy ckj ij iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

(D) Control Box : bl izkWiVhZ dh nks osY;w True ;k False gh nh tk ldrh gSSA True osY;wij QkWeZ dh VkbZVy ckj ij dUVªksy ckWDl] vkSj dUVªksy cVu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] vU;Fkk ugha fn[krsA

(E) Fore color : bl izkWiVhZ ds }kjk QkeZ ij fy[ks x;s VsDlV dk jax fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrkgSA bldk fu/kkZj.k Backcolor izkWiVhZ dh rjg gh fMtkbZu VkbZe ;k ju VkbZe ij fd;k tk ldrkgSA Forecolor = Backcolor dksfMax dh tkrh gSA

(F) Height : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ Å¡pkbZ c<kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izkWiVhZ fMtkbZuVkbZe ij gh dk;Z djrh gSA

QkeZ dh Å¡pkbZ dks ukius ds fy;s VB esa ubZ bZdkbZ Tips dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA QkeZ dsvkdkj ls lEcfU/kr vU; izkWiVhZt tSls %& Left, top, width vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh blh bdkbZ esa fd;ktkrk gSA

(G) Icon : bldk mi;ksx VkbZVy ckj ij QkeZ ds Caption VsDLV ls igys iznf’kZr gksus okysvkbZdkWu dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tc ,fIyds’ku dks fefuekbZt djrs gSa rc VkLdckj ij ;g vkbdkWu rFkk QkeZ dk Caption gh iznf’kZr gksrs gSaA bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ds ckn okafNrQksYMj esa ls pkgk x;k vkbdkWu dk pquko fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(H) Left : ;g Height izkWiVhZ dh rjg fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA bl izkWiVhZ esa LØhu ds cka,s fljsls QkeZ ds e/; nwjh dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA LØhu ds e/; QkWeZ dks iznf’kZr djus ds fy;sfuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh tk ldrh gS %&

Left = (Screen.width-width)/2blh izdkj QkeZ dh Top Property ekWuhVj LØhu ds Åijh fljs rFkk QkeZ ds chp nwjh

fu/kkZj.k esa dke esa yh tkrh gSA QkeZ dks Å/okZ/kj chp esa iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s fuEu dksfMax djasxsATop = (Screen.Height-Height)/2

;fn QkeZ dks {kSfrt o Å/okZ/kj nksuksa vksj chpksa&chp lsV djuk gS rks fuEu dksfMax djasxsLeft = (Screen.width-width)/2Top = (Screen.Height-Height)/2

(I) Max Button : bldk mi;ksx Maximize cVu o dUVªksy esU;w dh Maximize dek.M dksiznf’kZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bldk eku True gksrk gSA rks bldk izn’kZu gksrk gSA

(J) Min Botton : bl izkWiVhZ ls Minimize cVu o dek.M dks iznf’kZr o yqIr fd;k tkrkgSA

(K) Name : VB esa vkWCtsDV dks blh izkWiVhZ ds }kjk igpkuk tkrk gSA bl izkWiVhZ dks fMtkbZuds le; gh fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ;g fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZ Hkh dgykrh gSA fdlhvkWCtsDV dh dksfaMax izkWiVhZ ds mi;ksx ds iwoZ vkWCtsDV ls lecfU/kr milxZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk

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gSA ftlls vkWCtsDV dks vyx ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA tSls QkeZ ds fy;s milxZ Frm gSA(L) Sealemode : bl izkWiVhZ }kjk QkeZ ds top, left, height, o width vkfn dh ekiu dh

bZdkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ckbZ fMQkYV ;g Tulip gksrh gSA ftls point, pixel,character, inch, milimeter rFkk Centimeter esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA

(M) Show Taskbar : ;g flQZ True o False eku xzg.k djrh gSA True gksus ij Applica-tion dks Minimize djus ij QkeZ dk izn’kZu VkLd ckj ij gksrk gS vU;Fkk ugha gksrkA

(N) Width : bl izkWiVhZ ds }kjk QkWeZ dh pkSM+kbZ dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g HeightizkWiVhZ dh rjg dke esa yh tk ldrh gSA

(O) Window State : ;g izkWiVhZ fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd ,fIyds’ku ds ju gksus ij QkWeZ fdlvkdkj esa iznf’kZr gksA ;gka rhu vkdkj miyC/k gksrs gSaA

(i) 0-Normal : blls QkeZ dk izn’kZu okLrfod vkdkj esa ftlesa mls fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gS esagksrk gSA

(ii) 1-Minized : blls QkeZ dk izn’kZu U;wure vkdkj esa gksrk gSA(iii) 2-Maximized : blls ,fIyds’ku ju djus ij QkeZ dk izn’kZu blds vf/kdre vkdkj esa

gksrk gSAQkWeZ ds bosUV~l %&QkWeZ ds bosUV~l %&QkWeZ ds bosUV~l %&QkWeZ ds bosUV~l %&QkWeZ ds bosUV~l %& foUMkst dks bosUV~l }kjk pfyr vkWijsfVax flLVe dgk tkrk gSA foUMkst

esa gesa GUI Graphical User Interface okrkoj.k izkIr gksrk gSA blesa dk;Z djus ds fy, vusddUVªksy tSls& dek.M cVu] VsDLV ckWDlst vkfn mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ftuls ;wtj dks Intract djukgksrk gSA bu dUVªksYl ij bUVjsDV djus ij Events mRiUu gksrs gSaA GUI dUVªksy bosUV~l dks LiksVZdjrs gSaA

nwljs ’kCnksa esa tc dksbZ ;wtj fdlh GUI Component ls lEidZ djrk gS] rc foUMks ,d lUns’kizsf"kr djrh gS] tks ;wtj ds bl dk;Z dks Describe djrk gSA bl izdkj ;g lUns’k ml fof’k"BdUVªksy ds fy;s og dk;Z djrk gS] tks ml GUI dEiksusUV ds fy;s izksxzkej us lqfuf’pr fd;k gSA izksxzkejdUVªksy ds dk;Z dks Procedure esa Code ds :i esa fy[krs gSaA vr% Event dks Procedure ds :i esaifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

Private sub CMDok_click ( )StatementsEnd Sub

;s Procedure okafNr dUVªksy ij ekml IokWbUVj ykdj Mcy fDyd djus ;k QaD’ku dh F7dks nckus ;k VB ds View esU;w ls Code dek.M dk iz;ksx djus ij ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA

Event Procedure dk izkjEHk Private sub control name-event ( ) LVsVesUV ls gksrk gS rFkkEnd sub LVsVesUV ls lekIr gksrk gSA bu LVsVesUV ds chp esa os lHkh dksM~l fy[ks tkrs gSa tks bosUV~lds mRiUu gksus ij dk;kZfUor gksrs gSaA QkeZ ds eq[; Event fuEu gSa %&

Active ( ) Key UP ( ) OLE complete Drg ( )Click ( ) Link close ( ) OLE Drag drop ( )Dbl click( ) Link erorr ( ) OLE GiveFeedback ()Deactive ( ) Link Execute ( ) OLE SET Data ( )Drag drop ( ) Link Open ( ) OLE Start Drag ( )

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Drag over ( ) Load ( ) Paing ( )Got Focus ( ) Lost focus ( ) Query unload ( )Initilize ( ) MouseDown ( ) ResizeKeydown ( ) Mousemove( ) Terminate ( )Key Press MouseUP( ) Unload ( )fotqvy csfld esa lkekU;r% iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys eq[; Event fuEukuqlkj gSa %&(A) Activate : QkeZ dh fMtkbfuax djus ds ckn] tc ,fIyds’ku dks ju fd;k tkrk gS] rc

loZizFke dUVªksYl Intilize gksrs gSaA blds ckn QkeZ Load gksrk gSA vFkkZr QkeZ ds lkFk iz;ksx gksusokys leLr dUVªksYl ds lkFk QkeZ dEI;wVj eSeksjh esa LFkku ysrk gS vkSj leLr dUVªksYl dh HkkSfrd:i ls dh xbZ dksfMax dks yksM dj ysrk gSA blds ckn ;g QkeZ Active gksrk gSA vr% Active bosUVls iwoZ Initilize rFkk Load bosUV dk;Z djrs gSaA

izksxzkej lkekU;r% QkeZ ds Load bosUV esa dksfMax djrs gSaA blds ckn QkeZ dk Got focus bosUVmRiUu gksrk gSA vkSj QkeZ iwjh rjg ls ofdaZx esa vk tkrk gSA

(B) Deactivate : ;g Active bosUV ds foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g QkeZ dks Close djus ijdk;Z’khy gksrk gSA

(C) Drag drop : tc fdlh dUVªksy dks Mªx djds QkeZ ij Mªki fd;k tkrk gSA rc ;g bosUVmRiUu gksrk gSA

(D) Load : QkeZ dk Load bosUV QkeZ ds Initilize bosUV ds ckn ij Activate bosUVl ds igysmRiUu gksrk gSA bl bosUV esa izksxzkej Default setting djrs gSaA

(E) Resize : ;g bosUV QkeZ dk lkbZt cnyus ij mRiUu gksrk gSA bls nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrkgSA igyk QkeZ dk vkdkj dksM }kjk cnyus ds fy;s rFkk nwljk QkeZ dks okil mlds ewy :i esaykus ds fy;s

(F) Unload : ;g Load bosUV ds foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g bosUV QkeZ ds cUn gksus dh fLFkfrdh tkap djrk gSA ;fn ;wtj xyrh ls fo.Mks dk can djrk gS rks Computer mls

lpsr djus ds fy;s Message nsrk gSA bldk fuEu flUVsDl gSAPrivate sub form unload (cancel as integer)StatementEnd sub

QkeZ ds eSFkM~l %QkeZ ds eSFkM~l %QkeZ ds eSFkM~l %QkeZ ds eSFkM~l %QkeZ ds eSFkM~l % eSFkM ,d dek.M gS] tks fd vkWCtsDV dks ;g crkrh gS fd mls D;k djukgSA tSls QkeZ dks Lor% vuyksM djus ds fy;s Unload eSFkM dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA QkeZ ds fofHkUueSFkM fuEu izdkj gSa %&

Circle Point ScaleCls Print Set focusHide Printform ShowItem Pset Text heightLine Refresh Text widthMove Scale UnloadPaint Pricture Set focus Z orderbl eSFkM esa ls show, Hide o Unload eSFkM~l eq[; :i ls iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA

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(A) Show : bldsssssssssssssssssss iz;ksx QkeZ dks Roundonly iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlhdk;Z fo’ks"k ds ckn QkeZ dks caUn djuk gks rc Hkh bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eSFkM dksInvoke djus ds fy;s] vkWCtsDV ds uke ds lkFk Dot ( . ) vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA tSls

Form _Name.show(B) Hide : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dh vko’;drk uk gksus ij mls yqIr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk

gSA tSls Form_name.hideQkeZ dks Hide djus ds ckn Hkh QkeZ ij ds dUVªksYl dh dksfMax o osfj;scy dks Access fd;k

tk ldrk gSA ij QkeZ dks Deactivate djus ds ckn ;g lEHko ugha gksrkA(C) Unload : bl eSFkM }kjk QkeZ dks Memory ls gVk;k tkrk gSA QkeZ dks Deactivate djds

iqu% Active fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq QkeZ dks ,d ckj unload djus ds ckn iqu% iz;ksx ugha yk;k tkldrk gSA

(D) Print : bl eSFkM }kjk QkeZ ij VsDLV fy[kk tkrk gS ;k x.kuk ds ckn QkeZ ij gh osfj;scydk eku fizUV Print djk;k tkrk gSA

MDI Form : MDI dk vFkZ Multiple Document Interface gksrk gSA bl bUVjQsl esa ,dQkeZ dks Parent QkWeZ cukrs gSa tcfd ’ks"k vU; QkeZ Child QkeZ dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA ekbZØkslkW¶VoMZ bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA MDI foUMks dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj] MDI QkeZ esa ,d Master;k Parent QkeZ gksrk gS tcfd ’ks"k vU; QkeZ Child QkeZ ds :i esa dke esa yk;s tkrs gSaA

MDI QkWeZ cukuk %&QkWeZ cukuk %&QkWeZ cukuk %&QkWeZ cukuk %&QkWeZ cukuk %& VB esa ,d MDI ,fIyds’ku cukus ds fy;s gesa de ls de nks QkElZdh vko’;drk gksrh gSA blesa ,d QkeZ Parent rFkk nwljk Child QkeZ gksrk gSA

VB Application dks pykus ij iznf’kZr gksus okyh New Project foUMks esa Standard ExevkbdkWu ij Mcy fDyd djrs gSa] rks bldh foUMks esa ,d QkeZ] ftldk Caption form1 gksrk gS]iznf’kZr gksrk gSA ;g lkekU; QkeZ gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx Child QkeZ ds :i esa , tcfd MDI QkeZds fy;s Parent QkeZ dk gksuk vko’;d gSA izkstsDV esa MDI form dks lfEefyr djus ds fy;s VBdh esU;wckj ij fLFkr Project esU;w ij fDyd djus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys iqy Mkmu esU;w esa ls addMDI form ij fDyd djrs gSaA blls fuEu fp= 2 ds :i esa Mk;ykWx ckWDl [kqyrk gSA

fp= 2 add MDI form Mk;ykWx ckWDl

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bl fo.Mks ds }kjk ge ,d u;s MDI QkeZ vFkok igys ls fLFkr MDI QkeZ dks izkstsDV esalfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA u;k MDI QkeZ lfEefyr djus ds fy;s New VSx dks pqudj MDI formIcon ij fDyd djds dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djrs gSa ,d u;k QkeZ gekjs izkstsDV esa tqM+ tkrkgSA tks Parent QkWeZ dk dk;Z djrk gSA igys okys QkWeZ dks Child cukus ds fy;s mldh izkWiVhZt foUMksesa MDI child izkWiVhZ ds lkeus ckWDl esa False ds LFkku ij True dj nsrs gSaA ;g QkeZ MDI QkeZ dsfy;s Child form dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA MDI QkeZ esa esU;w ckj tksM+us ds fy;s Menu edition dkiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Menu Bar esa vusd Menu Titles gksrs gSaA tSls & File, edit, format vkfn

bu lHkh esU;w VkbZYl ds vUnj esU;w vkbVe gksrs gSaA buds }kjk fofHkUu QkElZ dks tksM+k tkrkgSA bldk ,dek= event click ( ) gksrk gS ftlesa dk;kZfUor gksus okys codes dks fy[kk tkrk gSA VBesa MDI Application cukus dh lqfo/kk gesa Application Wizard Hkh iznku djrk gSA

Data Bound Control :- MkVk ckm.M dUVªksy ,sls dUVªksy gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls geDatabase ls lwpuk,a izkIr dj ldrs gSaA tc ge fdlh QkeZ esa Data Control tksMrs gSa rks gesa blsmi;ksxh cukus ds fy; ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd MkVk ckm.M dUVªksy Hkh tksM+us gksrs gSaA rkfd MkVkdUVªksy lwpukvksa dks vklkuh ls <wa< ldsA

fotqvy csfld esa cgqr ls dUVªksy MkVk ckm.M dUVªksy ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA vkSj bUgsa MkVkcsl,Iyhds’ku cukus esa dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA gj ckm.M dUVªksy MkVk dUVªksy ls tqMk gksrk gSAtks fdlh ,d fQYM ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ckm.M dUVªksy lEcfU/kr fQYM dk orZeku fjdkWMZ viusvki iznf’kZr djrk gSA ;fn ge usfoxs’ku cVu dks dke esa ysa rks fjdkWMZ mlh vuqlkj vxys ;k fiNysiznf’kZr gkasxsA

ckm.M dUVªksy uk flQZ fjdkWMZ izn’kZu dk dk;Z djrs gSa cfYd buds }kjk MkVk dks eksfMQkbZHkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dke dUVªksy ds dUVsUV esa cnyko djds fd;k tkrk gSA tc fjdkWMZ eascnyko djds QkbZy dks cUn fd;k tkrk gS rks MkVkcsl esa og cnyko vius vki lqjf{kr gks tkrk gSAftls fuEu mnkgj.k ls le> ldrs gSa fp=kuqlkj

fp= 3 ckm.M dUVªksyfdlh ckm.M dUVªksy dks dke esa ysus ds fy;s gesa mldh dqN izkWiVhZ dks lSV djuk gksrk gSA

;s izkWiVhZ dUVªksy ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA vf/kdrj ckm.M dUVªksy nks eq[; izkWiVhZ dks dke esa ysrs gSaAData Source rFkk Data Field, tc ge dUVªksy dh Data Source izkWiVhZ dks lysDV djrs gSa rks ,d

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fyLV iznf’kZr gksrh gSA Data source dks lsV djus ds fy;s QkeZ esa fdlh dUVªksy dks bl fyLV lspquksA fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa flQZ ,d dUVªksy fyLV esa gS mls QkeZ eas fy;s x;s gj ckm.M dUVªksy dsfy;s pquks gkykafd MkVklkslZ izkWiVhZ crkrh gS fd dkSulk ckm.M dUVªksy fdl MkVk dUVªksy ds lkFkdke esa vk;sxk ;gk¡ ij ge [kqn Hkh bls fdlh MkVk dUVªksy ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr dj ldrs gSaA MkVk fQYMizkWiVhZ ds }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd fjdkWMZ lSV fdl fQYM dks dke esa ysaA bls fu/kkZj.kdjus ds fy;s bls izkWiVhZ foUMks ls pqusaxs ftlls ,d fyLV lEcfU/kr MkVk fQYM dh [kqysxhA vc gelEcfU/kr fQYM dks ;gka ls pqu ldrs gSaA vc ,Iyhds’ku dks ju djus ij fjdkWMZ fn[kkbZ nsasxsA tSlkfd fuEu fp= 4 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

fp= 4 ,Iyhds’ku dks ju djukMkVk usfoxs’ku Vwy dks dke esa ysdj ge vxyk o fiNyk fjdkWMZ Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaAMkVk dUVªksy ds }kjk ge fcuk dksM fy[ks flQZ MkVk ckm.M dUVªksy dks tksM+dj vkSj bldh izkWiVhZlSV djds MkVk esuqIys’ku dj ldrs gSaA dbZ ckj MkVk dUVªksy ds dke dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bldsfy;s MkVk dUVªksy o fjdkWMZ lSV dks dke esa ;fn ge dksM fy[kdj fjdkWMZ lSV ds vUr esa igqapuk pkgrsgSaA rks ge fjdkWMZlsV dks ,d vkWCtsDV ds :i esa dke esa ysdj Movelast Method ij dke dj ldrs gSaA

Detail.Recordset.Move_Last;fn ge fdlh fjdkWMZ ds fy;s fdlh fQYM osY;w dks pSd djuk pkgs rks ge fy[ksaxs

Mystring=Data.Recordset.Fields(“Title”).ValueData Grid :- MkVk fxzM ,d vklku rjhdk gS ftlds }kjk ge ,d gh izdkj ds ;k fdlh ,d lslEcfU/kr dbZ fjdkWMZ dks ns[k ldrs gSaA MkVkfxzM cgqr ls fjdkWMZ dks ,d Vscy ds :i esa iznf’kZr djrkgSA bls dke esa yssus ij ;g dEikssusUV izkstsDV esa jftLVMZ gksuk vko’;d gSA bls jftLVMZ djus dsfy;s ogh LVsi gksaxs tks jsQjsUl cukus esa dke vkrs gSaAMkVk fxzM dks Vwyckj esa tksM+us ds fy;s izkstsDV esU;w ls dEiksusUV dks pqusaxsA ftlls [kqyus okysMk;ykWx ckWDl ls Microsoft Data Bound Grid dks pqu dj OK djsaxsA

fp= 5 Data Grid

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fp= 6 Data Bound GridProject :- izksxzke dh fMtkbu ds vuqlkj mi;qDr izkstsDV dk pquko djuk ,d eq[; dke gSA ;fnxyr izkstsDV dk pquko dj fy;k tk;s rks ge dbZ pkgs x;s mi;ksxh vkWI’ku dks dke esa ugha ysaldsaxsAuhps VB esa miyC/k izkstsDV dh fyLV nh xbZ gSA________________________________________________________________________Project Type Description________________________________________________________________________Standard ;g lk/kkj.k dUVªksy miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj csfld Windows

application ds fuekZ.k esa dke vkrk gSAActive X EXE ;g Active x ,sfXtD;wVscy dEiksusUV miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj

nwljh application ds lkFk ,sfXtDlwV fd;k tk ldrk gSAActive x DLL ;g ,sls Control o Code j[krk gS vkSj nwljs izkstsDV ds lkFk

dke esa fy;s tk ldrs gSaAActiveX Control ;g dLVe Active x dUVªksy cukus esa mi;ksxh gSA Data Project

;g MkVkcsl dEiksusUV ls ’kq: gksrk gS tks igys ls Project Fileesa tqM+s gkssrs gSaA

IIS Application ;g Internet Application cukus esa dke esa vkrk gSActivex Document dll ;s Application Internet ij baLVkWy o ,sfXtD;wV djkrk gSAActivex Document EXE ;g bUVjusV csLM Application cukus esa dke vkrk gSADHTML application ;g Web/HTML csLM Application ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrk

gS tks Web browser ij Excute gksrs gSaA________________________________________________________________________lk/kkj.kr;k LVs.MZM izkstsDV dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn ge Short cut pkgsa rksApplication Wizard dke esa ys ldrs gSaA ;g fotkMZ ,d ’kSy cukrk gSA ftlesa fuEu ’kkfeygksrs gSaA

* Menus * Toolbars * Data access Forms

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* Web Browsers * About BoxLVs.MMZ izkstsDV VkbZi pquus ij VB ubZ izkstsDV QkbZy [kksyrh gSA ;g izkstsDV QkbZy dEikusUV oQkbZyksa dh fyLV gksrh gS tks izkstsDV ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA blds lkFk gh ;g lHkh ,sUok;jesUV vkWI’kuHkh j[krh gSA ftUgsa geus cnyk gSA gj ckj izkstsDV QkbZy dks lso djus ij ;g lwpukvksa dks viMsVdjrh gSA izkstsDV dks eSust djus ds fy;s fn;s VB Projct Explorer miC/k djkrh gSA

fp= 7 VB Projct Explorer windowComponent of Project :- VB izkstsDV dbZ izdkj ds dEiksusUV ls cuk gksrk gSA ;s dEiksusUVApplication ds izdkj ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ;s dEiksusUV fuEufyf[kr gSaAVB Project fuEu izdkj dh QkbZy j[krk gS %&________________________________________________________________________File Name Description________________________________________________________________________Form (.frm) ;g VsDLV ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh o dUVªksy lap; djrh gSA ;gka

QkeZ ls lEcfU/kr fMDysjs’ku o vpj] pj o izksfltj gksrs gSaAClass (.cls) ;gka Form QkbZy dh rjg gksrh gS ij blesa pj ugha gksrsA bls

ge [kqn dk vkWCtsDV cukus esa dke esa ysrs gSaAStandard (.bas) ;s QkbZy Public o Modle fMDysjs’ku] pj] vpj o izksfltj

j[krh gSAResource (.res) ;s Bilmap, teset o nwljs MkVk tks fjdEikbZy djus ij cnyrs

ugha gS dks lap; djrh gSAActive document (.doc)User control (.ctl) ;s form file gSa ij bUVjusV ,sDlIyksjj ij ns[kh tk ldrh gSAProperty page (.pag) ;s Active dUVªksy o muds Property page cukrh gSAActivex controls (.ocx) ;s ,sfPNd dUVªksy gSa ftUgsa ge Vwy ckWDl esa tksM ldrs gSaAActive x Designers(.dsr) ;s u;s fMtk;uj dEiksusUV dks j[krh gSA________________________________________________________________________

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tc ge u;k izkstsDV cukrs gSa rks blesa flQZ fMQkWYV QkeZ gksrk gS fdlh QkbZy dks tksM+us ds fy;sge izkstsDV ,sDlIyksjj ij Right Click djsaxs vkSj mi;qDr vkWI’ku dks pqusaxsA

fp= 8 izkstsDV ,sDlIyksjj ij Right Click Property;s dEiksusUV izkstsDV QkbZy dks fQj ls lso djus ij gh vljnk;d gksrs gSaAizkstsDV ,DlIyksjj ds Pop-up esU;w ls ge fdlh dEiksusUV dks gVk Hkh ldrs gSaA ij dEI;wVj lsfMfyV ugha dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd izkstsDV QkbZy flEiy VSDLV QkbZy gksrh gSA vr% ge blesa vklkuhls cnyko dj ldrs gSaA ij xyr cnyko gks tkus ij izkstsDV QkbZy [kqysxh Hkh ughaAProjct Explorer Window :- ;g foUMks izkstsDV ds lHkh dEiksusUV dks Øec) rjhds ls fn[kkrh gSAblesa rhu fMLiys vkWI’ku gkssrs gSaA ;s fuEu izdkj gSaA

* View Code * View object* Toggle folders

fp= 9 Projct Explorer WindowView code o View object lEcfU/kr bUVjQsl dks fn[kkrh gSA ij View object dksM foUMks esa dksMHkh fn[kkrk gS ftlls ge pqus x;s vkbZVe dk lEcfU/kr dksM fy[k o lq/kkj ldsaA Toggle folderds }kjk r; fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fyLV fo.Mks esa Item fdl izdkj fn[kkbZ nsaA

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fp= 10 fyLV fo.MksSetting Project Options : VB esa dbZ izkWiVhZ ds }kjk fdlh Hkh izkstsDV dks Costmize fd;k tkldrk gSA blds fy;s izkstsDV izkWiVhZ Mk;ykWx ckWDl dke esa yssrs gSaA izkstsDV izkWiVhZ Mk;ykWx ckWDlesa rhu ls ik¡p Vsc ist gksrs gSaA gj ist izkstsDV ds vyx Hkkx ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSAGeneral Page : blds }kjk mu izkWiVhZ dks lsV fd;k tkrk gSA tks izkstsDV dks ju djus ds fy;svko’;d gksrh gSA

fp= 11 General Page PropertyMake Page : blds }kjk cuk;h xbZ ,sfXtD;wVscy QkbZy ds vVªhC;wV lSV fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g istlewg esa xzqi ij dk;Z djrs le; vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA Make Page esa fuEu tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA

* Application Name* Company Name* Description* Copyright

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* Trademark Information* Comments

Compile Page : blds }kjk ge mu dUMh’ku dks lSV dj ldrs gSaA ftUgsa VB izkstsDV dks,sfXtd;wV djrs le; dke esa ysrh gSA

fp= 12 Compile Page Property,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& ,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& ,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& ,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& ,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& bldk laf{kIr uke ADO gSA ;g fotqvy csfld esa tksM+k x;ku;k vkWCtsDV gSA ;g ekbØkslkW¶V dk u;k lkoZHkkSfed MsVk ,Dlsl vkWCtsDV (Universal Data-Access object) gSA ;g MkVkcsl izksxzkfeax dks vR;Ur ljy cukrk gSA ADO ds }kjk ge fotqvycsfld ds ,fIyds’ku ls ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl] SQL, vksjsdy vkfn vusd izdkj ds fofHkUu MkVk L=ksrksadks tksM+ ldrs gSaA ADO mijksDr lHkh ls Connect gksus ds fy;s Connection dk fuekZ.k djrk gS]bls OLEDB ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MsVk rd rsth ls igqqapus ds fy;s blds vUnj vusdService Provider Tool gksrs gSaA blds vykok ;g GUI bUVjQsl Hkh iznku djrk gS] ftlls fdlhHkh MkVk L=ksr dks tksM+uk vklku gks tkrk gSA

fotqvy csfld ADO dk iz;ksx djds ljyrk ls Single user interface database Application,client server Application, Microsoft dk SQL Server, vksjsdy ;k vU; Database dk iz;ksx djdscuk;h tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s OLEDB Provider ;k Window dh viuh ODBC ServiceProvider dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ADO Database izksxzkfeax ds fy;s cgqr egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fotqvy csfld MsVkcsl ,fIyds’ku dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s rhu VwYl iznkudjrk gSA

1. ADO MsVk dUVªksy 2. ADO Connection object 3. ADO Record set object

ADO dUVªksYl esa lcls vf/kd ADO MsVk dUVªksy dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA vU;nks VwYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s tfVy dksfMax djuh iM+rh gSA

ADO MsVk dUVªksy %MsVk dUVªksy %MsVk dUVªksy %MsVk dUVªksy %MsVk dUVªksy % fotqvy csfld ds ADO dUVªksy esa lcls vf/kd iz;ksx gksus okyk rFkk

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ljy Vwy ADO MsVk dUVªksy gSA bldk iz;ksx fotqvy csfld esa vU; ekud dUVªksYl dh rjg ghfd;k tk ldrk gSA bl dUVªksy dk izn’kZu fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esa ugha gksrk gSA bls VwyckWDl esa iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl ij ekml IokbUVj dks ykdj ekml dknk;ka cVu nckus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys ’kkWVdVZ esU;w esa dek.M Components ij fDyd djus ijekWuhVj LØhu ij Component Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Control VScdks pquus ij iznf’kZr gksus okyh lwph esa ls Microsoft ADO Data control 6.0 (OLEDB) ds igyscus pSd ckWDl dks pqudj dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djus ij Adobe uked fotqvy csfld dsVwy ckWDl esa tqM+ tkrk gSA ;g Vwy gh ADO MsVk dUVªksy gSA bldk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s bldhdqN izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh bls Data Bound Control ls Link djuk gksrk gSAbl izdkj ;g data control dh rjg Database ,oa Data bound control ds chp e/;LFk dk dkedjrk gSAbls fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V djrs gSa %&

bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VsDLV ckWDlst] ,d MsVk dUVªksy rFkk ,d dek.McVu dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bldk QkeZ LFkwy :i ls fuEu izdkj fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gSA

fp= 13 Application Run Window;gka QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZ dks fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA

Name Frm ADOCaption Example for ADO Data control

igys ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSAName Ibl pub IDAlignment I-Right justifyCaption Publisher ID

MsVk dUVªksy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAName Adodc ICaption Adodc

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bls MsVkcsl ls tksM+us ds fy;s bldh Connetion String izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAizkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ij blds lkeus okys ckWDl ds nk;sa fljs ij ,d cVu --- iznf’kZrgksrk gSA bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZrgksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa rhu vkWI’ku cVu fn;s x;s gSaA igys nks vkWI’ku cVu dk iz;ksx Datalink files rFkk ODBC Data Source dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka ij

fp= 14 Connetion String Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDlge ,d ,Dlsl Vsfcy ls bl ADO MsVk dUVªksy dks tksM+us ds fy;s rhljs vkWI’ku cVu dks pqu

ysrs gSaA vc dusD’ku dks cukus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Build ij fDyd djrs gSa rks ekWuhVj LØhu ijiznf’kZr fp= 15 dh rjg Data linked properties Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

fp= 15 Data linked properties Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa nh xbZ OLEDB Providers dh lwph esa ls okafNr dks pqudj nwljs Vsc

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Connection ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij bldk izn’kZu fuEu fp= dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA

fp= 16 OLEDB Providers dh lwphbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa igys VsDLV ckWDl ds nk;sa fljs ij fLFkr-----cVu ij fDyd djus ij

iznf’kZr gksus okys Select Access database Mk;ykWx ckWDl eas okafNr QksYMj esa tkdj okafNrMkVkcsl dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij pqus x, MsVkcsl dk uke ikFk lfgr blVsDLV ckWDl esa mijksDr fp= 16 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSA vc dek.M cVu ij OK ij fDyddjrs gq, ADO MsVk dUVªksy dh Connection string izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysrs gSaA vc bl ADOdk MsVk dUVªksy dh Record source izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s izkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZij ekml IokbUVj ykdj Mcy fDyd djus ij LØhu ij fuEu fp= 17 dh rjg Property PageMk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

fp= 17 ADO Property Page Mk;ykWx ckWDl

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bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa dek.M Type ds uhps fn;s x;s dkWEcks ckWDl esa 2&adcmd table dks pqufy;k x;k gSA vc blds uhps fn;s nwljs dkWEcks ckWDl esa nh xbZ lwph esa ls Publisher dks pqudjdek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djds bldh izkWiVhZ dks iww.kZ djrs gSaAigys VsDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA

Name Txtpub IDData source Adodc1Data field Pub IDLocked True

nwljs VsDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAName txtnameData source Adodc1Data field NameLocked False

dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAName Cmd exitCaption & Exit

QkeZ ij Mªk fd;s x;s bu dUVªksYl dh okafNr fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkjdjus ds i’pkr~~ bldh dksM foUMks ju VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVuCmdexit ds Click ( ) bosUV esa ,fIyds’ku dk dk;kZUo;u cUn djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dhxbZ gSA

Priavate Sub cmdExit_Click()End End sub

bl ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ij bldk izn’kZu fuEu fp= 18 dh rjg gksrk gSA

fp= 18 Application Run Window

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;wtj bl izksxzke dk iz;ksx djrs le; bl MsVk dUVªksy ds cVu ij fDyd djus ij VsDLV ckWDlstesa vxyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSAData ControlMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyData Control : fotqvy csfld MsVk dks dEI;wVj fMLd esa nks izdkj ls LVksj djus dh O;oLFkk djrhgS&MsVkcsl ds }kjk rFkk ,Ldh QkbYl ds }kjkA

tc ge MsVk dks LVksj djrs gSa vFkok mls iqu% izkIr djrs gSa] rc lcls igys efLr"kd esa vkusokys uke MsVkcsl dk gksrk gSA fotqvy csfld ,fIyds’ku ds }kjk ge cM+s&cM+s MsVkscsl QkbYl dksMkVk LVksj djus ds fy, O;ofLFkr djrs gSasA,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %

MsVkcsl ds vfrfjDr MsVks dks LVksj djus ds fy;s ,Ldh (ASCII) QkbYl dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA ;g Qkby lHkh izdkj ds MsVk (Data) dks LVksj djus esa l{ke gSA bu QkbYl esa lwpukvksadks ,d gh ykbu esa Comma ( ,) Seperator dk iz;ksx djds LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA blds MsVk dksLVksj djus ds O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s gesa mldh iwjh dk;Z ’kSyh dks le>uk gksxkA

vLdh QkbYl lHkh izdkj ds Data dks LVksj dj ldrh gS vkSj mls fdlh QkWjesV esa ifjofrZrdj ldrh gSA fotqvy csfld esa vLdh Qkby dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s gesa dksfMax djuh gksrhgS] mls lEikfnr djrs gSaA lkFk gh iqjkus MsVk ds lkFk u, MsVk dks tksM+us dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k tk ldrkgSA bl izdkj fotqvy csfld esa bu dk;kZsa vFkkZr~ vLdh QkbYl esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls iqu%izkIr djus ds fy;s dksfMax dk fd;k tkuk vko’;d gSAvLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djukvLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djukvLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djukvLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djukvLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djuk

fdlh Hkh Qkby dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, lcls igyk dk;Z mls [kksyus dk gSA fotqvy csfldesa vLdh QkbYl dks [kksyus ds fy, Open LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl LVsVesUV esa fdlhHkh fof’k"V vLdh Qkby dks [kksyk tk ldrk gSA bl Qkby dks [kksyrs le; gh dEikbyj dkscrkuk vko’;d gksrk gS fd Qkby dks fdl dk;Z ds fy;s [kksyk tk jgk gS] tSls&Qkby dks ek=i<+uk gS vFkkZr Output vFkok Qkby esa dsoy MsVk izfo"V djkus gSa vFkkZr Input vFkok Qkby esafLFkr MsVk dks lEikfnr djuk gS vkSj MsVk izfo"V Hkh djuk gS vFkkZr AppendA blds vfrfjDr Qkbydks [kksyus ds fy;s odZLisl rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA odZ Lisl dks rS;kj djus dk dk;Z Freefile LVsVesUVdh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g LVsVesUV ,d integer MsVk izdkj dk eku Lor% gh mRiUu djrkgSA Qkby dks [kksyus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; lw= fuEufyf[kr gS&

Open File_Name for mode As file no.mijksDr lw= es File_Name [kkssyh tkus okyh vLdh Qkby dk uke n’kkZrk gSaA Mode ;g

n’kkZrk gS fd vLdh Qkby dks fdl dk;Z das fy, [kksyk tk jgk gS vFkkZr Input Output vFkokAppend FileNo og iw.kkZad gS, tks ml odZLisl dks n’kkZrk gS, ftlesa bl Qkby dks [kksyk tkukgSA FileNo ifjorZukad gh File dk leLr lUnHkZ vius ikl j[krk gS D;ksafd Qkby dk Handle djusdk leLr dk;Z blh ifjorZukad FileNo ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl iw.kkZad dks ge HandleHkh dg ldrs gSaA

;fn Qkby dks Append, Binari, Output vFkok Random mode esa [kksyk tkrk gSA vkSj ;g

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fMLd esa fLFkr ugha gS] rks fotqvy csfld ml Qkby dks ,d fjDr Qkby ds :i esa [kksy nsrk gSA;fn geus Qkby dks [kksyus ds fy, LVsVesUV fy[krs le; mlesa Mode iSjkehVj ugha fn;k gS] rksfotqvy csfld esa [kksyh tkus okyh vLdh Qkby dk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr (Default) eksM gksrk gSA fotqvycsfld esa Qkby ds izR;sd eksM dh viuh fo’ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA vLdh Qkby dks Binary eksM esa ugha[kksyk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl eksM esa ,d le; esa ,d ckbV MsVk gh i<+k tk ldrk gSA

QkbYl dks [kksyus ds mijkUr mu ij okafNr dk;Z djus ds mijkUr mudks cUn djuk gksrk gSAQkby dks cUn djus ds fy;s Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Qkby dks cUn djus

ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; lw= fuEufyf[kr gS %&Close fileNo

mijksDr lw= esa Close dh&oMZ ds ckn dsoy ml odZLisl dk uEcj gh nsuk i;kZIr gSAlhDos af’kvy QkbylhDos af’kvy QkbylhDos af’kvy QkbylhDos af’kvy QkbylhDos af’kvy Qkby

fotqvy csfld esa tc gesa vius MsVk dks LVksj vFkok iqu% izkIr djuk gksrk gS] rks blds fy;s,d lhDosaf’kvy Qkby (Sequential) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA lhDosaf’kvy Qkby vLdhQkWjesV esa VSDLV dh ykbUl dh ,d Ja[kyk ds :i esa gksrh gSA

,d lhDosaf’kvy Qkby esa MsVk fy[kus ds fy,] mls Output vFkok Append eksM esa [kksyk tkrkgSA ;fn Qkby fn;s x;s LFkku ij fLFkr ugha gS] rks fotqvy csfld bls ,d ubZ fjDRk Qkby cuknsrk gSA ;fn Qkby fn;s LFkku ij fLFkr gS vkSj bls Output eksM esa [kksyk x;k gS] rks blesa MsVk dhizfof"V u;s fljs ls gksrh gS vFkkZr~ bl QkbZy esa izfo"V fd;k x;k MsVk blesa igys ls fLFkr MsVk ijOverwrite gks tkrk gSA ;fn fn;s x;s LFkku ij fLFkr fdlh Qkby dks Append eksM esa [kksyk x;kgS] rks blesa MsVk dh izfof"V blesa fLFkr MsVk ds ckn ls gksrh gS vFkkZr blesa igys ls fLFkr MsVk cukjgrk gSA vkSj mlds ckn u;k MsVk Hkh izfo"V gks tkrk gSA

lhDosaf’kvy Qkby ls MsVk dks i<us ds fy;s bldks Input eksM esa [kksyk tkrk gSA /;ku j[kus;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd Qkby dks fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy;s [kksyk tk;s ijUrq blds fy;s Qkby HandlevFkkZr Work space number dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA lkFk gh Qkby dks [kksyus ds i’pkr mls cUndjuk Hkh t:jh gksrk gSA ;fn ge Qkby dks cUn ugha djrs gSa rc mlesa fLFkr MsVk ds u"V gksus dhlaHkkouk cu tkrh gSA

ASCII Qkby dks i<+us ds fy, Line input # LVsVesUV vFkok Input # LVsVesUV dk iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA vkSj Qkby esa fy[kus ds fy, Print # LVsVesUV vFkok Write # LVsVesUVdk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEu mnkgj.k ls le>rs gSa%&

Dim FileNo As IntegerFileNo = FreefileOpen”C:\mytext.text”for append As filenoPrint # file No, “Ravi”Print # fileNo, 12000Close File no.

mijksDr mnkgj.k dh igyh ykbu esa Fileno uked Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukad fy;kx;k gSA blds mijkUr Freefile() QaD’ku ds }kjk Handle uEcj mRiUu (Genarat) djds ifjorZukadQkby uEcj esa LVksj fd;k x;k gSA vc Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk mytext.text uked Qkby tks fd

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C:\ Mªkbo ij fLFkr gS] dks append eksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA blds ckn Print # LVsVesUV ls fLVaªax “Ravi” dks Qkby eas fy[kk x;k gSA tks gekjs fy;s MsVk gSA Print

# LVsVesUV ds lkFk File No nsuk Hkh vko’;d gksrk gSA blh izdkj blls vxyh ykbu esa Hkh Print# ds }kjk MsVk 12000 dks Qkby esa fy[kk x;k gSA mnkgj.k izksxzke dh vfUre ykbu esaa CloseLVsVesUV ds }kjk Qkby dks cUn fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkh Qkby uEcj dks iSjkehVj ds :i esa Passfd;k tkrk gSA Close LVsVesUV esa Hkh FileNo dk fn;k tkuk vko’;d gksrk gSA

bl izksxzke dks ju djkus ds fy;s C:\ ij mytext.txt uked Qkby cu tkrh gS vkSj vc blQkby dks foUMkst esa fLFkr Notepad ,fIyds’ku esa [kksyus ij ;g fuEu fp= 19 ds leku iznf’kZrgksrh gSA

fp= 19 Application Run Windowvc bl lhDosaf’kvy Qkby ls MsVk dks i<+us ds fy;s gesa ,d foU;kl dh vko’;drk gksrh gS

bls fuEu mnkgj.k izksxzke ls le>rs gSa&Dim FileNo As IntegerDim Getdata() As StringDim Counter As IntegerCounter = 0FileNo = FreefileOpen “C:\mytext.txt” For Input As file No

Do until EOF (FileNo)Counter = Counter + 1Redim Preserve GetData(Counter)LineInput # FileNo GetData(Counter)

LoopClose (FileNo)

mijksDr mnkgj.k izksxzke dh igyh ykbu esa ,d Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukad FileNocuk;k x;k gSA blds ckn gh ykbu esa Integer MsVk izdkj dk ,d foU;kl Getdata cuk;k x;k gS]tks Qkby ls MsVk dks i<+rk gSA vc vxyh ykbu esa ,d vU; Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukadCounter cuk;k x;k vkSj blls vxyh ykbu esa bl ifjorZukad dks ’kwU; eku iznku fd;k x;k gSA

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blds mijkUr Freefile QaD’ku ds }kjk Qkby Handle uEcj mRiUu (Generate) djds ifjorZukadFileNo esa LVksj djk;k x;kA vc Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk mytext.txt uked Qkby tksfd C:\ Mªkboij fLFkr gS] dks Input eksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA

blds ckn bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa Do Until ywi dks pyk;k x;k gS] tks blds ckn dh rhuykbUl ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gqvk Qkby esa fLFkr igys MsVk ls vfUre MsVk rd i<+rk gSA EOF()QaD’ku Qkby ds vfUre fljs dh tkap djrk gS vkSj blds fy;s ;g End of File dSjsDVj dks <wa<rkgSA ;g ,d ASCII dSjsDVj gksrk gS] tks ekWuhVj LØhu ij iznf’kZr ugha gksrk gSA tc fdlh Qkbydks cuk;k tkrk gS vFkok Append eksM esa [kksyk tkrk gS] rks ;g Lor% gh cu tkrk gSA

ywi ds vUnj Counter ds eku esa ,d dh of) dh xbZ gS blds mijkUr Getdata() uked foU;kldks Redium LVsVesUV ls c<k;k x;k gS vkSj Preserve LVsVesUV igys MsVk dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk dk;Zdjrk gSA ywi dh vfUre ykbu esa fn;s x;s LVsVesUV LineInput # ds }kjk Qkby MsVk dks Getdata()foU;kl esa j[kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA blds ckn ywi dks cUn fd;k x;k gSA vkSj vUr esa Qkby dkscUn dj fn;k x;k gSA

bl izzdkj ywi ls MsVk dks Getdata() foU;kl esa j[k fy;k x;k gSA blds i’pkr~ ,d vU; Forywi ds }kjk bu MsVk dks QkWeZ ij vFkok fdlh VSDLV ckWDl esa ns[k ldrs gSaA QkWeZ ij ns[kus ds fy;sfuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh tkrh gS&

For i = 0 to Ufound (Getdata)Print Getdata (i)Next i

mijksDr dksM esa Ubound() QaD’ku foU;kl dh Upper Limit dks ykSVkrk gS] ftlls For ywiGetdata() foU;kl ds leLr MsVk dks QkeZ ij fizUV dj ysrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ,d vU; QaD’kugksrk gSA Lbound() tks Lower Limit dks ykSVkrk gSAmnkgj.k izksxzke & 1mnkgj.k izksxzke & 1mnkgj.k izksxzke & 1mnkgj.k izksxzke & 1mnkgj.k izksxzke & 1

;gka ij ge lhDosaf’kvy Qkby esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls bl Qkby ls iqu% izkIr djuk n’kkZusds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k cukdj n’kkZ jgs gSaA

bl mnkgj.k izksxzke essa rhu ysfcYl] rhu VSDLV ckWDlst rFkk pkj dek.M cVUl dk iz;ksx djrsgq, bl mnkgj.k izksxzke ds QkWeZ dks fuEukafdr fp= 20 dh Hkkafr fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gSA

fp= 20 mnkgj.k izksxzke Application Run Window

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bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name frmSequentail FileCaption Example for using Sequential File

igys ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IblNameCaption Enter Name

nwljs ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IblSalaryCaption Enter Name

rhljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name Ibl DisplayCaption Records Display Window

igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtNameLocked FalseMultiLine FalseText

nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtSalaryLocked FalseMultiLine FalseText

rhljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtrecordLocked TrueMultiLine TrueText

VSDlV ckWDlst dh izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa Text izkWiVhZt ds lkeus fjDr LFkku n’kkZ;k x;kgS] ,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS] rkfd VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ VSDLV iznf’kZr u gksA

MultiLine izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k True djus ls ml VSDLV ckWDl esa ,d ls vf/kd ykbUl esa VSDLVVkbi fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Locked izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k True djus ls mlVSDLV ckWDl essa VSDLV dks ns[kk rks tk ldrk gS] ijUrq mldk lEiknu vFkok mlesa dksbZ u;k VSDLVizfo"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

igys dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZ dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdAddCaption &Add Record

nwljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &Name cmdDisplayCaption &Display Record

rhljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdClear

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Caption &ClearpkSFks dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name cmdExitCaption &Exit

QkWeZ ij Mªk fd;s x;s dUVªksYl dh okafNr Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj djus dsi’pkr vc bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k dksfMax ds vuq:i fd;k x;k gS&

Dim FileNo As Integer, FileNo 1 As Integer, counter As IntegerDim GegData() As StringPrivate Sub cmdAdd_Click()FileNo = FreefileOpen “C:\mytext.txt” For Append As File NoPrint #FileNo, txtNamePrint #FileNo, texSalaryClose (FileNo)txtName = “”txtSalary = “”txtName.SetFocusEndSubPrivate Sub cmdClear_Click()texRecord = “”EndSubPrivate Sub cmdDisplay_click()Conter = 0FileNo1 = FreeFileOpen “C:\mytext.txt” For Input As FileNo1Do Until EOF (FileNo1)Counter = Counter + 1ReDum Preserve GetData(Counter)Input #FileNo1, GetData(Counter)LoopClose (FileNo1)For i = 0 to U Bound (GetData)txtRecord = txtRecord + GetData(i)Next iEnd SubPrivate Sub cmdExit_Click()EndEnd SubPrivate Sub txtSalary_Change()If txtSalary = “ ” ThencmdAdd.Enabled = FalseElsecmd.Add.Enabled = TrueEnd IfEnd Sub

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QkWeZ ekWM~;wy ds General Declaration Hkkx esa FileNo, FileNo1 ,oa Counter rhu Integer MsVkizdkj ds ifjorZukad ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gSa rFkk ,d String izdkj dk GetData() foU;kl ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA

lcls igys dek.M cVu CmdAdd ds Click() bosaV eas FileNo ifjorZukad esa FreeFile() QaD’kudk iz;ksx djds odZLisl uEcj LVksj djk;k gSA blds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls Append eksM esamytext.txt uked Qkby dks [kksyk x;k gSA tksfd mnkgj.k izksxzke esa C:\ ij cukbZ xbZ gSA Qkbydk uke Double Quotes (“ “) esa fy[kk x;k gSA vc Print LVsVesUV ls VSDLV ckWDlst txtName otxtSalary esa izfo"V fd;s x;s MsVk dks lhDoasf’kvy Qkby mytext.txt esa LVksj djkrs gSaA blds cknClose LVsVesUV ls Qkby dks cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA vkSj blds ckn bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDl esa ls VSDLVdks feVkus ds fy, dksfaMax dh xbZ gSA

dek.M cVu cmdClear ds Click() bosUV esa VSDLV ckWDl txtRecord dks VSDLV dks feVkus ds fy;sdksfMax dh xbZ gSA

dek.M cVu cmdDisplay ds Click bosUV esa GetData() foU;kl ds bUMSDl uEcj dkizfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy;s Counter ifjorZukad dks ?kksf"kr djrs gq, bls izkjfEHkd eku ’kwU; iznkufd;k gSA FileNo1 ifjorZukad esa FreeFile QaD’ku dk iz;ksx djds odZLisl uEcj LVksj djk;k gSAblds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls Input eksM esa C:\ ij cukbZ xbZ mytext.txt uked Qkby dks [kksyk x;kgSA vc DoUntil ywi ds }kjk Qkby dks i<+k tkrk gSA Qkby ds vfUre v{kj dks tkapus ds fy,EOF() QaD’ku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds i’pkr~ Counter ifjorZukad ds eku 1 dh o`f) dhxbZ gSA vc Redium LVsVesUV ds }kjk foU;kl ds vkdkj dks vko’;drkuqlkj c<+k;k x;k gSA rFkkPreserve LVsVesUV foU;kl ds bl eku dks lqjf{kr djds u;k eku LVksj djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrkgSA vc Input LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls foU;kl GetData esa MkVk LVksj gks tkrk gSA vc Close dksfor ywi dh lgk;rk ls Qkby dks cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSA GetData() foU;kl esa LVksj fd;s x;s MsVkdh vfUre lhek dks i<+us ds fy;s UBound() QaD’ku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAdek.M cVu cmdExitds Click bosUV esa ,fIyds’ku dk dk;kZUou cUn djus ds fy;s dksfMax dh xbZ gSA

VSDLV ckWDl txtSalary ds Change() bosUV esa if ’krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksus dhtkap dh xbZ gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdAdd dh Enable izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.kFalse vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gS] rks bl dek.M cVu dh Enable izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Truefd;k x;k gSAbl ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ds ij bldk izn’kZu fuEukafdr fp= 21 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVjLØhu ij gksrk gS&

fp= 21 ,fIyds’ku dks ju window

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bl izn’kZu esa EnterName ds uhps fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl uke rFkk Enter Salary ds lkeus fn;sx;s VSDLV ckWDl esa osru dks izfo"V fd;k tkrk gSA tSls gh nwljs VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ eku izfo"Vdjk;k tkrk gS rks dek.M cVu fuEukafdr fp= 22 dh Hkkafr lfØ; gks tkrk gSA

fp= 22 ,fIyds’ku dks ju windowvc bl dek.M cVu Add Record ij fDyd djus ij ;g fjdkWMZ lhDosaf’kvy Qkby

mytext.txt esa LVksj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj geus bl Qkby esa rhu fjdkWMZ Ravi, 12000; BHAARAT,12500 rFkk GARGI, 13000 dks bl Qkby esa LVksj dj fn;k gSA vc dek.M cVu Display Recordij fDyd djus ij ;s Record Display Window ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa fuEukafdr fp=23 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrs gSa&

fp= 23 Example Application Run WindowmijksDr izn’kZu xq.koÙkk ds vk/kkj ij =qfViw.kZ gSA blesa lHkh uke vkSj osru ,d gh ykbu esa

iznf’kZr gks jgs gSaA buesa okafNr fjdkWMZ dks ns[kuk dfBu gS] tcfd bl lhDosaf’kvy Qkby dks uksVisMesa [kksyus ij ;s fjdkWMZl fuEukafdr fp= 24 dh Hkkafr iFkd&iFkd ykbUl esa iznf’kZr gksrs gSa&

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fp= 24 lhDosaf’kvy Qkby dks uksVisM esa [kksyukjsUMe ,Dlssl eksMjsUMe ,Dlssl eksMjsUMe ,Dlssl eksMjsUMe ,Dlssl eksMjsUMe ,Dlssl eksM

fotqvy csfld esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vLdh (ASCII) QkbZy jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM (RendomAccess Mode) esa Hkh [kksyh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Qkby ij dk;Z djus ds fy;s ;g eksM lclsvf/kd yphykiu (Flexibility) iznku djrk gSA ;g eksM Qkby ls MsVk iqu% izkIr djus ds fy;s Qkbyeas gesa ,d Position cukus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA ;g eksM lhDosaf’kvy Qkby dh vis{kk dghavf/kd rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gS D;ksafd blesa lwpuk dks ,d fjdkWMZ ds :i esa i<+k tkrk gSA

Qkby dks jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyus ds fy;s fuEu lw=kuqlkj dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgS&Open File_Name for Random As FileNo Len = Data _Length

mijksDr lw= esa Len iSjkehVj fy[kus ds fy;s gesa Qkby dh MsVk ykbu dh yEckbZ (DataLength) dk Kku gksuk vko’;d gSA bl MsVk ykbu dks fjdkWMZ (Record) dgk tkrk gSA ;g mlhizdkj dk gksrk gS] tSlk fd fdlh MsVkcsl (Database) Qkby esa gksrk gSA bldks fuEu dksM ls le>rs gSa&

Private Sub Reco()Dim fileNo As IntgerDim IdNo As IntegerDim Sname As StringDim Fname as StringDim Line as StringDim City As String

$Name = “YAMINI”fname = “BHAARAT”city = “AJMER”Line = sname & fname & city

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idNo = 1File No = FreefileOpen “C:\mytext.text”for Random As fileNo

Put #FileNo, Idno, LineClose FileNo

End SubmijksDr dksfMax dks dk;kZfUor djkus ds mijkUr fuEu vkmViqV izkIr gksrk gS&

;g vkmViqV =qfViw.kZ gSA bl vkmViqV dks ge ,d ’kq) vkmViqV esa ;k ,d fjdkWMZ ds :i esaugha eku ldrs gSaA blds fy;s gesa viuk u;k ifjorZukad izdkj (Variable Type) cukuk iMs+xkD;ksafd ;g vko’;d ugha fd fjdkWMZ esa fLFkr MsVk leku yEckbZ ds gh gksaA u;k ifjorZukad cukusds fy;s Type....End Type LVªDpj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

fotqvy csfld Type LVsVesUV ds }kjk gesa User Defind (Structure) ifjorZukad cukus dhvuqefr ugha iznku djrk gSA vr% blds fy;s izkstsDV esa ,d ekWM~;wy cukuk vko’;d gksrk gS vkSjblesa Hkh bl ifjorZukad dks cukus dh ?kks"k.kk General Declaration esa dh tkrh gSA

Type MyTypeSname As string *25Fname As string * 25City As String * 10

End typefotqvy csfld esa Type LVªDpj fHkUu&fHkUu ifjorZukadksa dk lewg gksrk gSA tc bls ?kksf"kr dj

nsrs gSa rc ge fjdkWMZ ds fy;s fuf’pr vkdkj fu/kkZfjr dj ysrss gSaA mjksDr Type ifjorZukad esa geusString izdkj dk ifjorZukad fy;k gS tks fd fuf’pr vkdkj dk gSA Record dh yEckbZ vFkkZr vkdkjlHkh ifjorZukadksa dks Lisl eseksjh dks tksM+dj fudkyrs gSaA

lcls igys bl User Defined MsVk izdkj ds vk/kkj ij Form Module esa vU; ekud MsVkizdkjksa dh Hkkafr ifjorZukadksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA

vc bl ifjorZukadksa ds }kjk bl Type LVªDpj esa ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s ifjorZukadksa dks MkWV ( .)vkWijsVj dh lgk;rk ls Access fd;k tkrk gSA vc ge buesa eku ikl dj ldrs gSa vkSj Get #LVsVesUV ls MsVk dks iqu% izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

vc dksfaMax dks fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tk;sxk&Private Sub Reco()

Dim FileNo As IntegerDim RecNo As IntegerDim r As MyTyper.sname = “NAROOKA”r.fname = “BHAARAT”r.city = “AJMER”RecoNo = 1FileNo = FreefileOpen = “C:\mytext.txt” For Random As FileNo Len = 60

Put# FileNo, RecNo, rClose FileNo

EndSub

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vc mijksDr dksfMax dks dk;kZfUor ds mijkUr fuEu vkmViqV izkIr gksrk gS&NAROOKA BHAARAT AJMER

mnkgj.k izk sxzkemnkgj.k izk sxzkemnkgj.k izk sxzkemnkgj.k izk sxzkemnkgj.k izk sxzke;gka ij ge jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls blls iqu% izkIr djuk n’kkZus ds fy,

,d mnkgj.k izksxzke cukdj n’kkZ jgs gSa&

fp= 25 Example Application Run Windowbl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa rhu ysfcYl] ikap VSDlV ckWDlst rFkk pkj dek.M cVUl dk iz;ksx djrs

gq, bl mnkgj.k izksxzke ds QkWeZ dks fiNys i`"B ij fn;s x;s fp= dh Hkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSAmnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name frmRandomCaption Example for Random Access Mode

igys ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name ibIInputCaption Enter ID and Name

nwljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IbINuberCaption Which record you want to search

rhljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IblOutputCaption ID and Name

igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name textRecordText

nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

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Name txtNameText

rhljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtNumberText

pkSFks VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtRecord1Text

ikapos VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izzkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtName1Text

VSDLV ckWDlst dh izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa Text izkWiVhZ ds lkeus fjDr LFkku n’kkZ;k x;k gS],slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ VSDLV iznf’kZr u gksAigys dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name cmdAddCaption &AddEnabled True

nwljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdDisplayCaption &DisplayEnabled False

rhljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdClearCaption &ClearEnabled True

pkSFks dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdExitCaption &ExitEnabled True

QkWeZ ij Mªk fd;s x;s dUVªksYl dh okafNr Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj djus dsi’pkr vc bl mnkgj.k izksxkze esa ,d ekWM;wy tksM+k x;k gSA ekWM;wy foUMks esa fuEukuqlkj dksfMaxdjds Type.....End Type dh lgk;rk ls ,d u;k MsVk izdkj Record cuk;k x;k gSA

Type RecordDefine User-defined type.ID As IntegerName As string * 20End Type

mijksDr dksfMax esa nks ifjorZukad ID ,oa Name Øe’k% Integer ,oa String MsVk izdkj ds?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gSaA String MsVk izdkj ds ifjorZukad Name dk vf/kdre vkdkj Hkh ;gha ij ?kksf"kr

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fd;k x;k gSANOTE :fotqvy csfld esa ;fn fdlh LVsVesUV vFkok ykbu ds igys Single Quote ( ‘) dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks og ,d Remark cu tkrk gS] mldk izksxzke ds dk;kZUou ls dksbZlEcU/k ugha gksrk ijUrq izksxzke dks dksM foUMks essa i<+us ij izksxzke ls lEcfU/kr vko’;d tkudkjh izkIrgksrh gSA

bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k fuEukafdr dksfMax ds vuq:i fd;k x;k gS&

Private Sub cmdAdd_Click()Dim MyRecord As RecordOpen “C:\TESTFILE.txt”For Random AS #1 Len = Len (MyRecord)

MyRecord.ID = Val (txtRecord)MyRecord.Name = txtNamePut #1, val(txtRecord),MyRecordtxtRecord = “ “txtName = “ “txtRecord.SetFocus

Close #1End Sub

Private Sub cmdDisplay_Click()Dim MyRecord As RecordDim Position As IntegerOpen “C:\TESTFILE.txt” For Random As #1 Len = Len (My Record)Position = Val(txtNumber)Get #1, position , my recordtxtRecord1 = LTrim (Str(MyRecord.ID))txtName1 = MyRecord.Name

Close #1End Sub

Private Sub cmdClear_()txtRecord1 = “”txtName1= “”txtNumber = “”txtNumber.SetFocusEnd Sub

Private Sub txtNumber_Change()If txtNumber.Text = “” Then

cmdDisplay.Enabled=False

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ElsecmdDisplay.Enabled = TrueEnd IfEnd Sub

Private Sub txtName_Change()If txtName.Text = “”ThencmdAdd.Enabled = FalseElsecmdAdd.Enabled = TrueEnd IfEnd sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()End

End submijksDr dksfMax esa lcls igys dek.M cVu cmdAdd ds Click() bosUV esa MyRecord

ifjorZukad ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS] bl ifjorZukad dk MsVk izdkj ekWM;wy esa cuk;k x;k MsVk izdkjRecord fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA blds ckn open LVsVesUV ls TESTFILE.txt uked Qkby dks RandomeksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA bl LVsVesUV esa Len() QaD’ku dk iz;ksx djds ifjorZukad MyRecord dsvkdkj dh x.kuk djds bl eku dks ifjorZukad Len esssa LVksj djk;k x;k gSA bl LVsVesUV esa geusFileNo ifjorZukad dk iz;ksx u djds blds LFkku ij fLFkjkad #1 dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vc bl izksxzkeesa bl Qkby dks #1 ls gh Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds ckn gh dksfMax esa VSDLV ckWDl txtIDrFkk txtName esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk izfo"V MsVk dks bl Qkby esa LVksj fd;k x;k gSA Qkby esa blMsVk dks LVksj djkus ds fy;s Put LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds ckn bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDldks fjDr djk;k x;k gS vkSj izksxzke esa dk;kZUo;u dk Qksdl VSDLV ckWDl txtID ij fu/kkZfjr fd;kx;k gS vkSj vUr esa bl Qkby dks Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djds cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA

dek.M cVu cmdDisplay ds Click() bosUV esa lcls igys ifjorZukad Myrecord dks gekjscuk;s x, Record MsVk dk izdkj ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

blds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls TESTFILE.txt uked Qkby dks Random eksM esa [kksyk x;kgSA bl LVsVesUV esa Hkh igys tSls gh Len() QaD’ku dk iz;ksx djds ifjorZukad MyRecord ds vkdkjdh x.kuk djds bl eku dks ifjorZukad Len esa LVksj djk;k x;k gSA vc ifjorZukad Position esaVSDLV ckWDl txtNumber esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk izfo"V fd;s x;s VSDLV dks eku ds :i esa LVksj djk;kx;k gSA Get LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls bl fjdkWMZ dkss Qkby ls i<+k tkrk gS] tks fd MyRecord esaLVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSA vc bl eku dks VSDLV ckWDl txtRecord1 rFkk TxtName1 esa iznf’kZr djk;kx;k gS vkSj vUr esa bl Qkby dks Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djds cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA

dek.M cVu cmdExit ds click() bosUV esa ,fIyds’ku dk dk;kZUou cUn djus ds fy;s dksfMax dhxbZ gSA

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VSDLV ckWDl TaxName ds Change() bosUV esa If ’krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksus dhtkap dh xbZ gS ;fn ;g VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdAdd dh Enabled izkWiVhZ fu/kkZj.kFalse vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gS rks] bl dek.M cVu dh Enabled izkWiVhZ fu/kkZj.k True fd;kx;k gSA

VSDLV ckWDl txtNumber ds Change() bosUV esa If ’krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksusdh tkap dh xbZ gS ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdDisplay dh Enabled izkWiVhZ dkfu/kkZj.k False vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gSa] rks bl dek.M cVu dh Enabled izkWiVhZ dkfu/kkZj.k True fd;k x;k gSA

bl ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ij bldk fuEukafdr fp= 26 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj LØhu izn’kZu ijgksrk gS&

fp= 26 Enabled izkWiVhZ windowbl izksxzke esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk igys Hkkx esa fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDlst esa Øe’k% ID rFkk uke izfo"V

fd;s tkrs gSaA nwljs VSDLV ckWDl esa uke izfo"V djrs gh vxys i`"B ij fn;s x, fp= 34 dh Hkkafrdek.M cVu Add lØh; gks tkrk gS vkSj bl ij fDyd djrs gh bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDlst esa dh xbZizfof"V Qkby esa LVksj gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj fofHkUu fjdkWM~Zl dks ge viuh Qkby esa LVksj dj ldrs gSaA

fp= 27 VSDLV ckWDlst esa dh xbZ izfof"V

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fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 103

vc Qkby esa fLFkr fdlh ID uEcj ds fjdkWMZ dks ns[kuk gS] rks Which record you want tosearch ds lkeus fLFkr VSDLV ckWDl esa okafNr ID uEcj dks izfo"V dj nsrs gSaA bl VSDLV ckWDl esa;g uEcj izfo"V djrs gh dek.M cVu Display lØh; gks tkrk gS bl dek.M cVu ij fDyd djrsgh fjdkWMZ fuEu fp= 28 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrk gS&

fp= 28 Record search windowck;ujh ,Dlsl eksMck;ujh ,Dlsl eksMck;ujh ,Dlsl eksMck;ujh ,Dlsl eksMck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM

fotqvy csfld esa ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM (Binary Access Mode) gesa Qkby Handling ds fy;scgqr gh lqyHk dk;Z’kSYkh iznku djrk gSA ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM esa Qkby esa fy[kus ds fy, Put LVsVesUVrFkk Qkby ls i<+us ds fy, Get LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM ,oa jsUMe,Dlsl eksM esa vUrj flQZ bruk gS fd jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyh xbZ Qkby ds MsVk dks ge Recordds vk/kkj ij i<+rs vkSj fy[krs gSa vFkkZr~ Qkby ls Randomly Access dj ldrs gSa tcfd ck;ujh,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyh xbZ Qkby ds MsVk dkss ge ,d Ja[kyk esas i<+ ldrs gSaA fuEu dksM ds }kjk geQkby ls 20 ckbV~l gh i<+ ldrs gSaA

T = String (20, “ ”)Get #FileNo,T

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd mijksDr dksM esa RecNo iSjkehVj ugha gS] D;ksafd Qkby ls MsVkdks Ja[kyk ds :i esa i<+k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld Qkby dh izkjfEHkd fLFkfr dks uksV djds j[krkgS blfy, izksxzkej dks ;g Kkr djus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh fd Qkby dgka ls ’kq: gks jgh gSAfotqvy csfld esssa MsVk dks fMLd esa LVksj djus rFkk mudks iqu% izkIr djus ds fy; ,d jsMhesM dUVªksyHkh miyC/k gSA ;g dUVªksy ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl vFkok vU; MsVkcslst ls MsVk dks i< ldrk gS vkSjmlesa MsVk izfo"V Hkh dj ldrk gSA bl dUVªksy dks Hkh vU; dUVªksYl dh Hkkafr QkWeZ ij Mªk fd;ktkrk gS vkSj bldh dqN izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds i’pkr~ blds lkFk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrkgSA ;g dUVªksy MsVk dks ljyrk ls <wa<us dk dk;Z djrk gSA pwafd bl Vwy dh lgk;rk ls MsVk dksfu;fU=r fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, bls MsVk dUVªksy (Data Control) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

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fp= 29 Data Control Property windowMsVk dUVªksYl dk iz;ksxMsVk dUVªksYl dk iz;ksxMsVk dUVªksYl dk iz;ksxMsVk dUVªksYl dk iz;ksxMsVk dUVªksYl dk iz;ksx

fotqvy csfld MsVk QkbYl ds izcU/ku dk dk;Z rhu izdkj ls vkWCtSDV~l dh lgk;rk ls djldrs gSaA ;s vkWCtSDV~l- Data Access Objects (DAO), Remote DataBase Object(RDO) rFkkActive Data objcet (ADO).vkWCtSDV~l dksM ds }kjk fjdkWMZ~l] VsfcYl rFkk DoSjht+ dks Accessdjus dk dk;Z dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA

ADO dks fotqvy csfld ds bl u, laLdj.k fotqvy csfld&6 esa gh tksM+k x;k gSA ;gfotqvy csfld ds blls iwoZ ds laLdj.kksa esa miyC/k ugha FkkA ADO iz;ksxdrkZ dks MultipleDataBase ij dk;Z djus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSAMsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZtMsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZtMsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZtMsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZtMsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZt

MsVk dUVªksy dks QkWeZ ij Mªk djus ds mijkUr bls pquus ij izkWiVhZt foUMksa esa bldh fofHkUufMtkbu Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk izn’kZu vaxzkafdr fp= dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA

buesa ;s eq[;r% iz;ksx dh tkus okyh izkWiVhZt dk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS&Connect izkWiVhizk WiVhizk WiVhizk WiVhizk WiVhZ

MsVk dUVªksy dh Connect izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx blls lEc) dh tkus okyh MsVk Qkby ds izdkjdk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g izkWiVhZ ;g lqfuf’pr djrh gS fd MsVk dUVªksyls lEc) gksus okyh MsVk Qkby dk QkWjesV D;k gSA MsVk dUVªksy dh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZ

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fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 105

dks pquus ij blds lkeus fn;s x, ckWDl ds nk;as fljs ij iznf’kZr gksus okys ekml ,sjks ij fDyd djusij iznf’krZ gksus okyh lwph esa vusd QkWjesV~l dh lwph iznf’kZr gksrh gSA bl lwph esa ls gh okafNrQkWjesV dks pqudj bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld By Default bl izkWiVhZdk fu/kkZj.k Access gksrk gSA vf/kdrj ge vius ,fIyds’ku esa ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl ds ek/;e ls ghMsVkcsl dk lEc) djrs gSaADatabaseName izkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZ

MsVk dUVªksy dh DatabaseName izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ml MsVkcsl dk uke fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;sfd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa og Vsfcy fLFkr gS] ftldk MsVk bl MsVk dUVªksy }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gSAekbØklkW¶V ,Dlsl dh MsVkcsl Qkby dk foLrkfjr uke .mdb gksrk gSA vU; MsVkcsl izksxzkEl dsMsVkcsl ds fy;s mudh Mk;jsDVªh esa tkdj okafNr MsVkcsl dk pquko djuk gksrk gSARecordsetType izk WiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZ

MsVk dUVªksy dh RecordsetType izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx MsVk dUVªksy ls cuk;s tk jgs RecordsetvkWCtSDV dk izdkj fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld esa rhu izdkj ds Recordsetgksrs gS& Table, Dynaset rFkk SnapshotA Recordset izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Table esa djus ij MkVkdUVªksy dks dsoy ,d Vsfcy ls gh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA

bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Dynaset djus ij MsVk dUVªksy }kjk ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl ij ,dlkFk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Shapshot dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks

MsVk dUVªksy Vsfcy esa fLFkr MsVk dks dsoy i<+ gh ldrk gS vFkkZr~ Vsfcy dk iz;ksx dsoy Read OnlyMode esa djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSARecordSource izkWiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZizk WiVhZ

MsVk dUVªksy dh RecordSource izkWiVhZ ds fu/kkZj.k esa ml Table dk uke fn;k tkrk gS] ftldksbl MsVk dUVªksy }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA blh izkWiVhZ ls dEikbyj dks irk pyrk gS fdDatabase(.mdb) dh fdl Table ds fy;s dk;Z fd;k tkuk gSA

Recordset Type izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Dynaset djus ij ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl (Tables) dksAccess djus ds fy;s gesa SQL LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA

MsVk dUVªksy dsoy MsVk dk pquko djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g MsVk dks iznf’kZr djusdk dk;Z ugha djrk gSA MsVk dks iznf’kZr djus ds fy;s gesa dqN vU; dUVªksy] tSls&VSDLV ckWDl] dhvko’;drk gksrh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa ;s dUVªksy MsVk ckm.M dUVªksy (Data Bound Controls)dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj ,d MsVk dUVªksy Data Bound Control rFkk Table ds e/; lsrq (Bridge) dhHkkafr dk;Z djrk gSAmnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &

;gka ij ge MsVk dUVªksy dk iz;ksx n’kkZus ds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k izksxzke cukdj n’kkZ jgs gSaA blmnkgj.k izksxzke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VSDLV ckWDlst] ,d MsVk dUVªksy rFkk ,d dek.M cVu dkiz;ksx djrs gq, blds QkWeZ dks vxys i"B ij fn;s x;s fp= 30 dh Hkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSAbl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

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fp= 30 Application Run WindowName frmDataControlCaption Example for Data Control

igys ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IbIIDAlignment 1- RightJustifyCaption Publisher

nwljs ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IbINameAlignment 1 - RightJustifyCaption Publisher Name

MsVk dUVªksy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name Data 1Caption PublishersConnect AccessDatabaseName C:\Program Files\VisualStudio\VB98\Bibio.mbdRecordsetType 1- DynasetRecordSource Publishers

igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtText1DataSource Data1DataField PubIDLocked True

nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name txtText2DataSource Data 1DataField NameLocked False

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fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 107

dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdExitCaption Exit

QkWeZ ij Mªk fd;s x;s dUVªksYl dh okafNr fMt+kbu Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkjdjus ds i’pkr bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVu cmdExitds Click () bosUV esa ,fIyds’ku dk;kZUo;u cUn djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh xbZ gS&

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()EndEnd Subbl ,Iyhds’ku dks ju djus ij bldk izn’kZu fuEukafdr fp= 31 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj LØhu ij

gksrk gS&

fp= 31 Application Run Windowvc tc iz;ksxdrkZ MsVk dUVªksy ds cVu ij fDyd djrk gS] rks VSDLV ckWDlst esa vxyk fjdkWMZ

iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSA mngkj.k ds fy;s bl le; mijksDr fp= esa igyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gks jgk gSAvc ;fn bl cVu ij fDyd djrs gSa] rks Publisher ID ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa 2 rFkkPublisher Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ vU; uke iznf’kZr gksuss yxsxkA MsVk dUVªksyds cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk vfUre fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSAiz;ksxdrkZ }kjk MsVk dUVªksy ds cVu ij fDYkd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa iznf’kZr gksus okys fjdkWMZls igys okyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDlsst esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ gh iznf’kZrgks jgk gS] rks cVu ij fDyd djus ij dqN Hkh ugha gksrk gSA MsVk dUVªksy ds cVu ij fDyd djusij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSAfotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kkfotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kk

fotqvy csfld ,fIyds’ku esa MsVk Qkby dks i<+us rFkk Qkby esaa MsVk izfo"V djus dh vusdfof/k;ka gSaA fotqvy csfld ds lkFk ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl ds MsVkcsl] SQL Server ,oa OracleMsVkcsl] FoxPro rFkk DbaseIV ds MsVkcsl rd tksM+k tk ldrk gSA dsoy FkksM+h lh&dksfMax ls bl

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dk;Z dks fd;k tk ldrk gSA fotqvy csfld ds ,fIyds’ku esa ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dh MsVkscslQkbYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s vkids dEI;wVj esa ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dk gksuk vko’;d ugha gS]D;ksafd fotqvy csfld ds lkFk Access Jet engine miyC/k gksrk gSA ;|fi MsVkscsl dss fuekZ.k dsfy;s dEI;wVj esa ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dk gksuk vf/kd mfpr gksrk gS] ;fn ;g ugha gS] rks Hkh MsVkcslds fuekZ.k ds fy, fotqvy csfld esa Visual Data Manager miyC/k djk;k x;k gSA

ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dh MsVkcsl Qkby esa VsfcYl (Tables), bUMSDlst (Indexes) rFkk DoSjht(Queries) gksrh gSA ,Dlsl dh Vsfcy esa MsVk iafDr;ka (Rows) rFkk LrEHkksa (Columns) ds :i esalaxzfgr gksrk gSA MsVkcsl dh Hkk"kk iafDr (Rows) dks fjdkWMZ (Record) rFkk LrEHk (Column) dksQhYM (Field) dgk tkrk gSA bUMSDl Vsfcy esa fjdkWMZ IokWbUVlZ dh ,d fyaDM lwph gksrh gSA bUMSDldk iz;ksx Vsfcy esa ls rhoz xfr ls okafNr fjdkWMZ vFkok fjdkWMZl dks [kkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSADoSjht] SQL (Structured Query Languages) LVsVesUVl gksrh gSa] ftudks Vsfcy esa fdUgha fof’k"VfjdkWMZl dks [kkstus ds fy, fy[kk tkrk gSAMsVkcsl VsfcyMsVkcsl VsfcyMsVkcsl VsfcyMsVkcsl VsfcyMsVkcsl Vsfcy

MsVkcsl dh Vsfcy iafDr;ksa (Rows) rFkk LrEHkksa (Columns) dk lewg gksrk gS] ftldk izR;sddkWye ,d QhYM (Field) rFkk iafDr ,d fjdkWMZ (Record) dks n’kkZrk gSA

lkekU;r% MsVkcsl ,fIyds’ku esa Vsfcy ,d iFkd Qkby ds :i esa gksrh gS] ijUrq fotqvy csfldesa Vsfcy ds fy, iFkd Qkby dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk gSA fotqvy csfld vius iz;ksxdrkZ dksekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl ds vk/kkj ij MsVkcsl dks iz;ksx djus dh vuqqefr iznku djrh gSA ekbØkslkW¶V,Dlsl esa MsVkcsl esa gh vU; vkWCtSDLV~l% tSls & VsfcYl] DoSjht] QkWElZ vkfn fLFkr gksrs gSaA blesaVsfcy ,d i`Fkd Qkby ds :i esa lqjf{kr gksdj] MsVkcsl ds gh ,d LokHkkfod Hkkx ds :i esa LVksjgksrh gSA blesa Vsfcy dks [kksyus ds fy;s igys blds Parent MsVkcsl vFkkZr ftlesa ;g LVksj gS] dks[kksyuk gksrk gSA ,d MsVkcsl esa ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSafd fotqvy csfld vFkok ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dk MsVkcsl ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl dk lewg gksrk gSA

vc iz;ksxdrkZ dks ;fn fdlh Vsfcy ij dk;Z djuk gks] rks lcls igys mls MsVkcl dks [kksyukgksxk] ftlesa ;g Vsfcy LVksj gS] blds mijkUr gh ml Vsfcy dks [kksyk tk ldrk gSA fdlh MsVkcsldk rc rd dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gksrk tc rd fd mlesa dksbZ Vsfcy u gksA fotqvy csfld rFkkekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl esa Vsfcy ds fcuk MsVkcsl dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSADoSjhDoSjhDoSjhDoSjhDoSjh

MsVkcsl vkSj Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k djus ds mijkUr mlesa MsVk izfo"V (Input) fd;k tkrk gSA buMsVk ekuksa dks fudV Hkfo"; esa dHkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok blesa vU; u;k MsVk Hkh izfo"Vfd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% u;k MsVk izfo"V djus vFkok iqjkus MsVk ls dksbZ fo’ks"k ,d vFkok fdlh’krZ ij vk/kkfjr vuds fjdkWMZl NkaVus ds fy, DoSfjt (Queries) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r%DoSjht dk viuk ,d lw= (Syntax) gksrk gSS] ftUgsa SQL LVsVesUV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA SQL vFkkZrStructured Query Language ,d ,slh Hkk"kk gS tks lkekU; Database dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy;slkekU; dksfMax ds lkFk iz;ksx dh tkrh gS vkSj lkekU; Code ds lkFk iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA SQLHkk"kk dk yxHkx lHkh MsVkcsl dks voyEc iznku djus okys ,fIyds’ku vuqlj.k djrs gSaA SQLDoSjht ds }kjk Vsfcy esa ls ge okafNr fjdkWMZl dks ljyrk ls vYi le; esa <wa< ldrs gSa rFkk Vsfcy

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esa u, fjdkWMZl Hkh izfo"V dj ldrs gSaaA fotqvy csfld SQL DoSjht dks n<rk ls vuyEc iznkudjrh gSA fotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl rFkk VsfcYl dks Handle djus dh vusd fof/k;ksa esa ls SQL lclsvPNh ,oa ljy fof/k ekuh tkrh gSAfotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djukfotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djukfotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djukfotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djukfotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djuk

fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl izcU/ku iz.kkyh (Database Managment System-DBMS) ,fIyds’ku dsfy, MsVk ,d vk/kkjHkwr rÙo gksrk gS] blfy, bls lqjf{kr j[kuk vR;Ur vko’;d gksrk gSA MsVk dkslqjf{kr djuss ds ckn bls dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh x.kuk djus ds fy;s bl MsVk dh iqu% vko’;drk gksrhgSA izR;sd MsVkcsl izcU/ku iz.kkyh MsVk dks viuh lqfo/kk vuqlkj O;ofLFkrØe esa j[krh gSA

fotqvy csfld MsVk ds fy;s MsVkcsl dks fMtkbu djus dh nks fof/k;k iznku djrh gSaA igyhfof/k ds vuqlkj MsVk dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, dksfMax djuh gksrh gS] tksfd vR;Ur dfBu ,oa nq"djdk;Z gSA nwljh fof/k ds vuqlkj fotqvy csfld ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl dh Hkkafr fotqvy MsVk eSustjdk iz;ksx djds MsVkcsl rS;kj djukA ;g fof/k vis{kk—r vR;Ur ljy rFkk vYi le; ysus okyhgSA bl fof/k ds }kjk cuk;s tkus okys MsVkcsl dk foLrkfjr uke Hkh ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl ds MsVkcslds leku gh .mdb gksrk gSA bl MsVkcsl esa vusd VsfcYl] DoSjht rFkk MsVk ls lEcfU/kr vusdtkudkfj;ka j[kh tk ldrh gSaA

vkb;s] vc ge fotqvy MsVk eSustj dk iz;ksx djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa vko’;d tkudkjhj[kus ds fy, ,d Vsfcy cukus dh izfØ;k lh[krs gSaA blh ds vk/kkj ij ge vU; okafNr VsfcYl dkfuekZ.k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA bl Vsfcy dks cukus dk dk;Z fuEukafdr pj.kksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS&

fotqvy csfld ds Add-ins esU;w ij ekml IokWbUVj ykdj fDyd djus ij iznf’kZr gksus okysesU;w esa lcls igyh dek.M Visual Data Manager gksrh gSA bl dek.M dks pquus ij Visual DataManager dk;kZfUor gksrk gS vkSj bldh foUMks ekWuhVj LØhu ij fuEukafdr fp= 32 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZrgksrh gSA

fp= 32 Visual Data Manager window

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vc bldh esU;w ckj ij File esU;w ij fDyd djus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys esU;w esa ls

fp= 33 Visual Data Manager File menu windowNew dek.M ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij fn;s x;s fp= 33 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksus okys mi&esU;w

esa ls dek.M Microsoft Access ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys mi&esU;w esa ls dek.MVersion 7.0 MDB ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij Select Microsoft Access Database tocreate Mk;ykWx ckWDl fuEukafdr fp= 41 dh Hkkafr izn’kZu gksrk gSA

fp= 34 Select Microsoft Access Database to create Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa File Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa MsVkcsl ds fy;s mfpr uke

Vkbi dj fn;k tkrk gSA ge ;gka ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kus ds fy;s MsVkcsl cuk jgsgSa] blfy, bldk uke ge Stu_info j[krs gSaA ;gka ij gesa bldk foLrkfjr uke nsus dh vko’;drkugha gksrh gSA bldk foLrkfjr uke Lor% gh .mdb

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fp= 35 SQL Statement Windowfu/kkZfjr gks tkrk gSA bl Qkby dks gesa ftl QksYMj esa cukuk gS] bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa mldk

pquko Save in ds lkeus fn;s x;s dkWECkks ckWDl esa fd;k tkrk gSA vc dek.M cVu OK ij fDyddjus ij Visual Data Manager dh foUMks dk izn’kZu fn;s x;s fp= 42 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrk gSAbl foUMks esa nks foUMkst Database rFkk SQL Statement iznf’kZr gksrh gSaA

MsVkcsl foUMks esa cuk;s tk jgs u, MsVkcsl dh izkWiVhZt iznf’kZr gksrh gSA pwafd vHkh rd MsVkcsldh dksbZ Vsfcy ugha cukbZ xbZ gS blhfy, MsVkcsl foUMks esa dsoy izkWiVhZt gh iznf’kZr gks jgh gSa dksbZVsfcy vFkok DoSjh iznf’kZr ugha gks jgh gSAfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyuk

;fn geus MsVkcsl cukus ds mijkUr bls cUn dj fn;k gS vFkok ge fdlh igys cuk, x;sMsVkcsl dks lEikfnr djus ds fy;s [kksyuk pkgrs gSa] rks blds fy;s blds Qkby esU;w ds igys fodYiOpen Database ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys mi&esU;w esa ls Microsoft Accessdek.M ij fDyd dj nsrs gSaA vc ekWuhVj LØhu ij Click djrs gh ekWuhVj LØhu ij fuEukafdr fp=36 dh Hkkafr Open Microsoft Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gS&

fp= 36 Open Microsoft Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl

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bl Mk;ykWx ckWWDl esa ls okafNr Qkby dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij ;gMsVkcsl [kqydj fotqvy MsVkcsl eSustj foUMks esa iznf’kZr gksrk gSAfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukukfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukuk

MsVkcsl dks Handle djus ds fy, vFkok MsVk dks LVksj djus ds fy;s MsVkcsl esa Vsfcy dk fuekZ.kfd;k tkrk gSA ,d Vsfcy esa ifDr;ka (Rows) rFkk LrEHk (Columns) gksrs gSaA izR;sd LrEHk ,dQhYM rFkk izR;sd iafDr ,d fjdkWMZ dks n’kkZrh gSA ,d QhYM esa ,d izdkj dh vusd lwpuk,a gksrhgS tcfd ,d fjdkWMZ esa vkil eas lEcfU/kr vussd izdkj dh lwpuk,a gksrh gSaA

fdlh Hkh Vsfcy esa MsVk eku Mkyus ls iwoZ ml Vsfcy dks fMTkkbu fd;k tkrk gSA Vsfcy dhfMtkbfuax ls vk’k; gS fd mlesa fdrus QhYM gksaxs rFkk fdl QhYM esa fdl izdkj dk eku j[kktkuk gS] QhYM dk vkdkj D;k gksxk vkfnA bu lc ckrksa ds ckjs esa Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k djus ls igyslqfuf’pr djuk gksrk gS D;ksafd fotqvy csfld izR;sd izdkj ds MsVk ds fy, i`Fkd&iFkd vkdkjfuf’pr djrh gSA Vsfcy cukus ds fy, MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djus ds mijkUr MsVkcsl foUMks esa ekmlIokWbUVj dks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys ’kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls New TablefodYi ij fDyd djus ij Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl ekWuhVj LØhu ij fuEukafdr fp=&37 dhHkkafr iznf’kZr gksrk gS&

fp= 37 Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa lcls igys Table Name ds lkeus fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dks

fn;k tkus okyk okafNr uke Vkbi fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lEcfU/kr MsVk dks LVksjdjus ds fy, Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k dj jgs gSa] blfy, ge bldk uke bl VSDLV ckWDl esa Stu_info Vkbidj nsrs gSaA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Field List ds uhps iznf’kZr gksus okys ckWDl esa Vsfcy dh lHkhQhYM~l dh lwph iznf’kZr gksrh gSA pwafd vHkh geus Vsfcy dh fdlh QhYM dk fu/kkZj.k ugha fd;kgS] blfy, ;g ckWDl fjDr izn’kZu gks jgk gSAVsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djukVsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djukVsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djukVsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djukVsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djuk

Vsfcy ds fy, QhYM dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s bl ckWDl ds uhps fn;s x;s dek.M cVu Addfield ij fDyd djrs gSaA bl dek.M cVu ij fDyd djrs gh ekWuhVj LØhu ij fuEukafdr fp=&38dh Hkkafr Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gS&

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fp= 38 Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Name ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa cukbZ tkus okyh QhYM dk uke

Vkbi dj fn;k tkrk gSA Type ds uhps fn;s x;s dkWECkks ckWDl esa ls QhYM ds fy;s okafNr izdkj dkspqu fy;k tkrk gSA Size ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa bl QhYM dk okafNr vkdkj lqfuf’pr fd;ktkrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa dqN fo’ks"k izdkj dh QhYMl ds fy, fuf’pr vkdkj miyC/k djk;kx;k gS% tSls& Date/Time ds fy, 8, Boolean ds fy;s 1 vkfnA ijUrq Text izdkj dh QhYM dsvkdkj dks ge viuh bPNk ,oa vko’;drkuqlkj fuf’pr dj ldrs gSaA

vc dek.M cVu ij OK ij fDyd djus ij Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDl ubZ QhYM cukus ds fy,rS;kj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj Vsfcy ds vko’;d QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds i’pkr dek.M cVuClose ij fDyd djus ij ;g Mk;ykWx ckWDl cUn gks tkrk gS vkSj ;s QhYMl Table StructureMk;ykWx ckWDl esa Field List ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa fn;s x;s fp=&36 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrhgSA ;gka ij ;fn gesa ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ vuko’;d QhYM Hkh cu xbZ gS] rks bl VSDLV ckWDlesa ls ml QhYM dks pqudj dek.M cVu Remove field ij fDyd djus ls og QhYM feV tkrh gSATable Structure Mk;ykWx ckWWDl esa Field list ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa pquh xbZ QhYM ds fy,Add Field Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa fd;s x;s fofHkUu fu/kkZj.k Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Hkhvxzkafdr fp=&39dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksrss gSaaA buesa ;gka ij Hkh okafNr lEiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fp= 39 fofHkUu fu/kkZj.k Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl

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bl izdkj Table Structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Vsfcy dh lajpuk dks rS;kj djds dek.M cVuBuild the table ij fDyd djus ij ;g Vsfcy cudj rS;kj gks tkrh gSAVsfcy esa MsVk izzfoVsfcy esa MsVk izzfoVsfcy esa MsVk izzfoVsfcy esa MsVk izzfoVsfcy esa MsVk izzfo"V djukV djukV djukV djukV djuk

vc bl Vsfcy esa MsVk izfo"V djus ds fy;s fotqvy MsVk eSustj dh MsVkcsl foUMksa esa Vsfcy ijekml IokWbUVj dsk ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij ,d ’kkWVdVZ esU;w iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl’kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls Open fodYi dks pquus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij

ij fuEukafdr fp=&40 dh Hkkafr Vsfcy dk izn’kZu gksrk gS&

fp= 40 Vsfcy esa MsVk izzfo"V djukbl izn’kZu esa Vsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZ dh lHkh QhYMl ds fy, VSDLV ckWDlst iznf’kZr gksrs gSaA

bl izn’kZu esa VkbVy ckj ds uhps Ng cVUl iznf’kZr gksrs gSaaA bu cVUl dk iz;ksx Vsfcy dks fu;fU=rdjus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vc Add cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj bl Vsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZds fy, fofHkUu QhYMl dhs vko’;d lwpuk,a@MsVk dks izfo"V djus ds fy;s fuEukafdr fp=& 41dh Hkkafr izn’kZu gksrk gSA

fp= 41 VSDLV ckWDl esa new record AddVsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZ ds lHkh QhYMl ds fy;s vko’;d lwpuk,a@MsVk izfo"V djus ds mijkUr

blesa dek.M cVu update ij fDyd djus ij ;s lwpuk,a@MsVk Vsfcy esa izfo"V gks tkrh gSa vkSj geokfil fp=&38 ij igqap tkrs gSaaA vc u;k fjdkWMZ izfo"V djus ds fy;s mijksDr izfØ;k dks iqu%nksgjk;k tkrk gSA

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bl izn’kZu ds uhps fn;s x, MsVk dUVªksy ds }kjk Vsfcy dss fofHkUu fjdkWMlZ dks ns[kk tk ldrkgSA bl izn’kZu esa Edit cVu ij fDyd djus ij orZeku fjdkWMZ dks lEikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSADelete cVu ij fDyd djus ij orZeku fjdkWMZ Vsfcy ls feV tkrk gSA okafNr fjdkWMZl izfo"V djusds mijkUr Close cVu ij fDyd djds ge bl izn’kZu ls ckgj fotqvy MsVk eSustj ij vktkrs gSaAfofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~lfofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~lfofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~lfofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~lfofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~l

,d MsVkcsl esa vusd izdkj ds MsVk QhYMl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk iz;ksx djusds fy;s gesa budh tkudkjh gksuh vko’;d gSAPrimary Key

fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl dh VsfcYl esa ,d QhYM dk bUMSDl izkbejh *dh* (Primary Key) ds :i esagksuk vko’;d gksrk gSA ;g QhYM MsVkcsl dh lHkh VsfcYl esa leku :i ls O;ogkj djrh gS vkSjbldk eku Hkh lHkh VsfcYl esa leku gh jgrk gSA fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl esa dsoy ,d QhYM gh izkbejh*dh* gks ldrh gSA ;g QhYM Primary gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Lor% gh Unique Hkh gksrh gSA fjys’kuyMsVkcsl eSustesUV flLVe esa fofHkUu VsfcYl esa vkil esa lEcU/k blh QhYM ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrkgSA ge fdlh Hkh QhYM dks izkbejh *dh* cuk ldrs gSa] ijUrq ml QhYM ds izR;sd fjdkWMZ dk ekui`Fkd gh gksuk pkfg,A ,slh QhYM ftlesa Øekdksa dks lafpr fd;k tkrk gS] dks lkekU;r% izkbejh*dh* cuk;k tk ldrk gSA cSadksa ds MsVkcsl ds fy, vdkm.V uEclZ dks izkbejh *dh* cuk;k tk ldrkgS] D;ksafd ,d gh cSad esa ,d gh vdkm.V uEcj nks fHkUu O;fDr;ksa dks fuxZr ugha fd;k tkldrk gSACounter Field

dkmUVj QhYM (Counter Field) Vsfcy ds fy;s nks vko’;d dk;Z djrk gS] ,d rks ;g Lor%gh izkbejh *dh* (Primary Key) ds leku O;ogkj djrk gS] D;ksafd bldk eku izR;sd fjdkWMZ ds fy;si`Fkd gh gksrk gSA fdUgha nks fjdkWMZl ds fy;s bl QhYM ds eku leku ugha gks ldrk gS] ftllsgesa Vsfcy dh fdlh QhYM dks izkbejh *dh* ?kksf"kr djus dh vko’;drk ugha jgrh gSA nwljkvko’;d ;g gS fd blds eku esa ,d dh Vsfcy ls of) Lor% gh gksrh jgrh gSA ;g xq.k rc vko’;dgks tkrk gS tc fdlh Vsfcy ls Invoice vkfn dks Handle fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esadkmUVj QhYM cukus ds fy;s blds Data type dks Long pquk tkrk gS rFkk Auto Increment fodYidks On dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd fjdkWMZ esa ,d Unique eku jgrk gSANumber Field

Vsfcy esa vadksa rFkk vkafdd ekuksa] ftuds vk/kkj ij dksbZ x.kuk dh tk lds] ds fy;s uEcjQhYMl (Number Field) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn QhYM dk izdkj Text ys fy;k tkrk gS]mlesa LVksj fd;s x;s vadksa ij dksbZ x.kuk ugha dh tk ldrh gS] blhfy;s ,sls vkafdd eku ftudkiz;ksx fdlh x.kuk esa ugha gksuk gS] ds fy;s QhYM dk izdkj Text pquk tkrk gS% tSls VsfyQksu uEcj],vdkm.V uEcj],jksy uEcj vkfnA

uEcj QhYMl (Number Field) esa ;g Hkh lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gS, fd vkafdd ekuksa esan’keyo dk fpUg fdl LFkku vFkkZr fdrus vadksa ds ckn vkuk gSA uEcj QhYMl dk iz;ksx lkekU;r%Quantity in Stock vkSj vU; izdkj dh vadxf.krh; x.kukvksa ds mís’; ls djrs gSaaA uEcj QhYMl

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ds vUrxZr fuEukafdr QhYM izdkj vkrs gSa %&________________________________________________________________________QhYMQhYMQhYMQhYMQhYM Loh—r ekuLoh—r ekuLoh—r ekuLoh—r ekuLoh—r eku n’keyo n’keyo n’keyo n’keyo n’keyo eseksjhesek sjhesek sjhesek sjhesek sjhdk izdkj dk LFkkudk izdkj dk LFkkudk izdkj dk LFkkudk izdkj dk LFkkudk izdkj dk LFkku esa LFkku esa LFkku esa LFkku esa LFkku esa LFkku________________________________________________________________________Byte 0 ls 255 0 ,d ckbVInteger -32,768 ls 32]767 0 nks ckbLong Integer -2,147,483,648 ls 2] 147] 483] 647 0 pkj ckbVSingle -3.4 x 1038 ls 3.4 x 1038 7 pkj ckbVDouble -1.797 x 10308 1.797 x 10308 15 vkB ckbV

Currency Fieldfotqvy MsVk eSustj esa Currency Field dk iz;ksx Price dks Handle djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk

gSA buesa n’keyo fpUg iz;ksx Lor% gh gks tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ewY; ftl eqnzk esa fn;k tkrkgS] oks fpUg Hkh bl eku ds lkFk iznf’kZr gksrk gSA ;g QhYM izdkj Le`fr esa vkB ckbV~l dk LFkku?ksjrk gSA ;fn ewY; Cent esa lsV fd;k x;k gSA rc n’keyo ds nks LFkku rd dh Value fn[kkrk gSAgtkj okyh la[;k ds fy;s vyx fpUg iznf’kZr djrk gSAMemo Field

fotqvy csfld dh izksxzkfeax ds vUrxZr MsVkcsl esa gh fdlh QhYM dk iz;ksx Narration vFkokComment j[kus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA Vsfcy dh ,slh QhYM] ftlesa desUV vFkok uSjs’kudks j[kk tkuk gS] dk izdkj memo pquk tkrk gSA Text QhYM izdkj esa dsoy 256 dSjsDVlZ dks ghLVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd Memo QhYM izdkj esa ge 64]000 dSjsDVlZ dks LVksj dj ldrs gSaAbl izdkj QhYM fdlh vkbVe ds ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh LVkssj djus ds fy;s vf/kd mi;qDr ekuktkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ MsVkcsl iqLrdksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh LVksj djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk jgkgS] rks izR;sd ds lkFk&lkFk iqLrd ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh dks LVksj djus ds fy;s bl QhYMizdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSADate/Time Fields

fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl ds fy, Date/time field dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bl QhYM izdkj esafnukad rFkk le; nksukas dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl QhYM esa fnukad rFkk le; dks LVksj djusdh ,d fo’ks"k QkWjesV gksrh gSA bl QkWjesV dks ,d vU; QaD’ku ds

ek/;e ls ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fotqvy csfld vius izksxzkelZ dks fnukad rFkk le;dks LVksj djus ds fy;s vusd QkWjesV~l miyC/k djkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn gesa 16 flrEcj 2001fy[kuk gS] rks bls fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS&

mm: dd : yy09/16/200116 SeptSept 16

/;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd fnukad izof"V djrs le; fnu o eghuk izfo"V fd;k x;k gS

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rc ;g orZeku o"kZ blesa Lor% gh tksM+ nsrk gSADoSjh cukukDoSjh cukukDoSjh cukukDoSjh cukukDoSjh cukuk

fotqvy csfld MsVkcsl vkSj vf/kd ljy vkSj mi;ksxh cukus ds fy;s MsVkcsl ls fjdkWMZl dks[kkstus rFkk mudks update djus ds fy;s vusd okafNr Supporting Tools iznku djrh gSA blh izdkjdk ,d ekud Vwy (Standard Tool) SQL gSA SQL dks lkekU;r% Structured Query Language dsuke ls tkuk tkrk gSA SQL LVsVesUV~l dh lgk;rk ls MsVkcsl ls fof’k"V fjdkWMZl dks vklkuh lsN¡kVk tk ldrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa DoSjh dk fuekZ.k fuEukafdr fof/k ls fd;k tk ldrkgSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa DoSjh dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s bldh MsVkcsl foUMks esa ekml IokWbUVjdks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij iznf’kZr gksus okys ’kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls New Query fodYidks pqu fy;k tkrk gSA

fp=&42 New SQL Query Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl fodYi dks pqurs gh ekWuhVj LØhu ij fn;s x, fp=&49 dh Hkkafr Query Buildr Mk;ykWx

ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Table ds uhps MsVkcsl dh QhYMl dks DoSjh esa lfEefyrdjuk gS] mUgsa pqu fy;k tkrk gSA pquh xbZ VsfcYl dh QhYMl dh lwph Field to show ds uhps fn;sx, dkWEcks ckWDl esa ls okafNr QhYM dks pqudj Operator ds uhps okafNr vkWijsVj pqudj rFkk Valueds uhps fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl esa okafNr eku izfo"V (input) djds fd;k tkrk gSA vc bl DoSjh lsizkIr ifj.kke dks ns[kus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Run ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA bl DoSjh dks fdlhuke ls Save djus ds fy;s lso okys dek.M cVu ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj cus QueryStatement dks Coding ds fy;s Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l

,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV (Active X Data Object) ftldk laf{kIr :i ADO gSA fotqvycsfld ls tksM+k x;k vkWCtSDV gSA ;g ekbØkslkW¶V dk u;k lkoZZHkkSfed MsVk ,Dlsl vkWCtSDV(Universal Data-Access Object) gSSA ;g izksxzkfeax dks vR;Ur ljy cukrk gSA ADO ds ek/;els ge fotqvy csfld ds ,fIyds’ku ls ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsl] SQL vksjsdy vkfn vusd izdkj dsfofHkUu MsVk L=ksrksa dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ADO mijksDr lHkh ls Connect gksus ds fy;s

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Connection dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] bls OLEDB ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MsVk rd rsth ls igqapusds fy;s blds vUnj vusd Service Provider gksrs gSaaA blds vfrfjDr GUI bUVjQsl Hkh iznku djrkgS] ftlls fdlh Hkh MsVk L=ksr dks tksM+uk vklku gks tkrk gSA

fotqvy csfld ADO dk iz;ksx djds ljyrk ls Single User Inerface Database Applica-tion, Client Server Application, Microsoft dk SQL Server, vksjsfdy vFkok vU; Database dkiz;ksx djds cukbZ tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s OLEDB Provider vFkok Windows dh viuh ODBCService Provider dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl izdkj ADO Database izksxzkfeax ds fy, cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fotqvy csfldMsVkcsl ,fIyds’ku dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, rhu VwYl iznku djrk gS&igyk ADO MsVk dUVªksy]ADO Connection object rFkk ADO Recordset1 ADO dUVªksYl esa lcls vf/kd ADO MsVkdUVªksy dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r esa fd;k tkrk gSA vU; nks VwYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s tfVy dksfMaxdjuh gksrh gSAADO MsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksyMsVk dUVªksy

fotqvy csfld ds ADO dUVªksy esa lcls vf/kd iz;ksx gksus okyk rFkk ljy Vwy ADO MsVkdUVªksy gSA bldk iz;ksx fotqvy csfld vU; ekud dUVªksYl dh Hkkafr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldUVªksy dk izn’kZu fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esa ugha gksrk gSA bldks Vwy ckWDl esa iznf’kZr djusds fy;s fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl ij ekml IokWbUVj dks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ijiznf’kZr gksus okys ’kkWVZdV esU;w ds fodYi Component ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ijComponents Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Control VSc dks pquus ijiznf’kZr gksus okyh lwph esa ls Microsoft ADO Data Control 6.0 (OLEDB) ds igys cus pSd ckWDldks pqudj dek.M ij OK ij fDyd djus ij Adodc uked Vwy fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esatqM tkrk gSA ;g Vwy gh ADO MsVk dUVªksy gSA bldk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s bldh dqN izkWiVhZtdk fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh ,sls fdlh Data Bound Control ls bldks Link djuk gksrkgSA bl izdkj ;g Data Control dh rjg Database ,oa Data Bound Control ds chp e/;LFk dkdke djrk gSA ;g fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSa &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &mnkgj.k izksxzke &

;gka ij MsVk dUVªksy dk iz;ksx n’kkZus okys izksxzke dks ifj"—r djds ADO MsVk dUVªksy dkiz;ksx n’kkZus ds fy;s izLrqr dj jgs gSaA bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VSDLV ckWDlst],d MsVk dUVªksy rFkk ,d dek.M cVu dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bldk QkWeZ LFkwy :i ls fp=&28 dhHkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;kx;k gS&

Name frmADOCaption Example for ADO Data Control

igys ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IblPubIDAlignment 1-RightJustifyCaption Publisher ID

nwljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name IblNameAlignment 1-RightJultify

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Caption Publisher NameMsVk dUVªksy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name Adodc1Caption Adodc1

bldks MsVkcsl ls tksM+us ds fy;s bldh ConnectionString izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAizkWiVhZt foUMks esa ls bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ij blds lkeus okys ckWDl ds nk,a fljs ij cVu ----iznf’kZrgksrk gSA bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij fp=&43 dh Hkkafr Property Pages Mk;ykWxckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gS&

fp= 43 Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDlbl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa rhu vkWI’ku cVUl fn;s x, gksrs gSaA igys nks vkWI’ku cVUl dk iz;ksx

Data Link Files rFkk ODBC Data Source

fp= 44 Data Link Files

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iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka ge ,d ,Dlsl Vsfcy ls bl ADO MsVk dUVªksy dkstksM+us ds fy;s rhljs vkWI’ku cVu dks pqu ysrs gSaA vc dusD’ku dks cukus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Buildij fDyd djrs gSa] rks ekWuhVj LØhu ij layXu fp=&44 dh Hkkafr Data linked Properties Mk;ykWxckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa nh xbZ OLE DB Providers dh lwph esa ls okafNr dkspqudj nwljs VSc Connection ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij bldk izn’kZu fn;s x, fp=&45dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA

fp= 45 Data linked Properties Mk;ykWx ckWDl bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa igys VSDLV ckWDl ds nk,a fljs ij fLFkr --- cVu ij fDyd djus ij

iznf’kZr gksus okys Select Access Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa okafNr QksYMj esa tkdj okafNrMsVkcsl dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij pqus x, MsVkcsl dk uke ikFk lfgr blVSDLV ckWDl esa mijksDr fp=& 42 dh Hkkafr iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSA vc dek.M cVu OK ij fDyddjrs gq, ADO MsVk dUVªksy dh Connection String izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ijfuEu fp=& 53 dh Hkkafr Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf’kZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esaigys VSDlV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkiWVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &

Name txtPubIDDataSource Adodc1DataField PubIDLocked True

nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &Name txtNameData Source Adodc1DataField NameLocked False

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dek.M cVu ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&Name cmdExitCaption &Exit

fp=&46 Select Access Database Mk;ykWx ckWDlQkeZ ij Mªk fd;s x;s bu dUVªksy dh okafNr fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj

djus ds i’pkr~ budh dksM foUMks ju VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVu cmdExitds fDyd bosUV esa ,fIyds’ku dk dk;kZUo;u can djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh xbZ gS&

Private Sub cmd Exit_Click ()EndEndSubbl ,fIyds’ku dks ju djus ij bldk izn’kZu fuEukafdr fp= 47 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj LØhu ij

gksrk gS&

fp=&47 Application Run Window

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iz;ksxdrkZ bl izksxzke dk iz;ksx Hkh fn;s x;s mnkgj.k dh rjg dj ldrk gSA bl MsVk daVªksyds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV CkkWDlst esa vxyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksrk gSA vc ;fniz;ksxdrkZ bl cVu ij fDyd dj nsrk gS rks Publisher ID ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa nks rFkkPublisher Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ vU; uke iznf’kZr gksus yxsxkA MsVk daVªksyds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk vfUre fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrkgSA iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk MsVk daVªksy ds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa iznf’kZr gksusokys fjdkWMZ ls igys okyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksus yxrk gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZgh iznf’kZr gks jgk gks rks bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij dqN Hkh ugha gksrk gSA MsVk dUVªksy ds cSdoMZcVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

vH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'uvH;kl iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'u1. SDI dk iwjk uke %&

¼v½ Simple Document Interchange¼c½ Single Data Information¼l½ Single Document Interface ¼n½ dksbZ ugha ( )

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - QkeZ ds dUVªksy esU;w esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi ugha gksrk gS &¼v½ Move ¼c½ Restore¼l½ Resize ¼n½ Maintain ( )

3. _____ dk mi;ksx QkWeZ ds cSdxkzm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA¼v½ Style ¼c½ Forecolor¼l½ Back Color ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ( )

4 -4 -4 -4 -4 - _____ dk mi;ksx QkeZ ds ’kh"kZd dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA¼v½ Name ¼c½ Caption¼l½ Lable ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ( )

5. dUVªksy dh lgk;rk ls ge Database ls lwpuk, izkIr dj ldrs gSA¼v½ Data Base ¼c½ Data¼l½ Data Bound ¼n½ Data Collector ( )

6-6-6-6-6- Project Explorer Window esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk Display fodYi ugha gksrk gS¼v½ View Code ¼c½ View all¼l½ View Object ¼n½ Toggle Folders ( )

vfry?kqRrjkRed iz’uvfry?kqRrjkRed iz’uvfry?kqRrjkRed iz’uvfry?kqRrjkRed iz’uvfry?kqRrjkRed iz’u1-1-1-1-1- Data Grid D;k gS rFkk bldk eq[; ykHk D;k gS\2-2-2-2-2- Data/Time field dk mi;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS\3-3-3-3-3- Memo field dk mi;ksx fdl izdkj ds MkVk ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS\4-4-4-4-4- Primary Key dk D;k gSa\

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5-5-5-5-5- Record Source izksiVhZ dks fdl dk;Z ds fy;s mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA6- 6-6- 6-6- MDI QkeZ dks fdl izdkj ds Project esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA7- 7-7- 7-7- Redim dk mi;ksx fdl ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA8-8-8-8-8- Data Control D;k gSA9-9-9-9-9- OLEDB dk iwjk uke D;k gSA10-10-10-10-10- MDI dk iwjk uke D;k gSA

11-11-11-11-11- Project dks ifjHkf"kr djksA12-12-12-12-12- Data Bound dUVªksy D;k gSA13-13-13-13-13- MDI o SDI Form esa D;k vUrj gS\ MDI Form dh fo’ks"krk;sa crkb;sA14. Project dk extension crkb;sA15. Form dk extension crkb;sAyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'u1. ADO Data Control ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA2. ADO Data Connection object ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA3. ADO Record set ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA4-4-4-4-4- fotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk Vsfcy cukus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A5-5-5-5-5- ,-Mh-vks- MsVk dUVªksy D;k gS\ ;g MsVk dUVªksy ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\5-5-5-5-5- MsVk daVªksy dh fjdkWMZ lkslZ izkWiVhZ ij laf{kIr fVIIk.kh fyf[k,A6. Data Bound ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA7. OLEDBij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA8. Primary Key cukus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A9-9-9-9-9- QkeZ ds cSdxkzm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq steps crkb;sA10. Project Explorer Window ds components crkb;sA11-11-11-11-11- QkeZ ds dUVz~ksy esU;w ds fodYi le>kb;sA12. Record Source izksiVhZ ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA13. MDI o SDI Form dh izksiVhZ fodYi le>kb;sA14. ADO MsVk dUVªksy D;k gS \ ;s Data control ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gSA15. ADO MsVk dUVªksy dks Vwy ckWDl esa tksM+us ds LVsi le>kb;sAfucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'u1----- fotqvy csfld esa MsVk dks LFkkbZ :i ls lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s D;k lqfo/kk gS\

2-2-2-2-2- ,Ldh Qkby dh lajpuk dks le>kb;sA ;g fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS\3-3-3-3-3- Qkby uEcj ,.M Ýh&QkbZy dk vkil esa D;k laca/k gSA4-4-4-4-4- MsVk daVªksy D;k gS\ bldk fotqvy csfld esa D;k mi;ksx gS\

**********

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v/;k;&5v/;k;&5v/;k;&5v/;k;&5v/;k;&5

ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-PL/SQL

PL/SQL dk iwjk uke Procedureal Language / Structural Query Language gS bleas cuusokyh çksxzke QkbYl dk foLrkfjr uke SQL gksrk gS A ;g SQL ls Hkh ,d dne vkxs dh Hkk"kk gSA;g ,d CykWd dh lajpuk esa rS;kj dh xbZ çksxzkfeax Hkk"kk gS] tks fd çksxzke fodflr djus okys dksçksxzke dh LVsi&ckbZ&LVsi çfØ;k QaD”ku rFkk fcuk uke okys Blocks cukus ds ;ksX; cukrs gS A blçdkj ;g SQL dks Processing Statements ds lkFk tksM+rh gS A

;g Hkk"kk MsVk dk çcU/k dkS”ky djus okyh rFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l dks ,d ekud CykWd ds vUnjCode ds :i esa fn, tkus dh vuqefr çnku djrh gS A ;g PL/SQL dks vR;Ur ”kfDr”kkyh VªktsD”kuçkslsflax Hkk"kk cukrh gS APL/SQL dk la?kVu ¼ dk la?kVu ¼ dk la?kVu ¼ dk la?kVu ¼ dk la?kVu ¼PL/SQL Architecture)

PL/SQL ,d LorU= vksjsdy mRikn u gksdj] ek= ,d ,slh rduhd (Technique) gS tksRDBMS rFkk vksjsdy ds dqN Tools dks Mkyus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gS A

PL/SQL Engine dks vksjsdy ljoj vFkok fdlh ,Iyhds”ku fodflr djus okys VwYl % tSls& vksjsdy QkElZ] vksjsdy fjiksV~lZ vkfn ij LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA PL/SQL buiqV ds :ieas PL/SQL CykWDl dks Lohdkj djrk gSA vc ;g LVsVesUV~l ds Procedural Hkkx dks pykrk gS vkSjbleas tks SQL LVsVesUV~l çkIr gksrs gS] mUgsa Oracle ljoj eas SQL Statement Executor ds ikl Hkstnsrk gS A

vksjsdy ds ,sls Application Tools ftuesa PL/SQL Engine ugha gksrk gS] os PL/SQL LVsVesUV~lrFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l nksuksa gh dks vksjsdy loZj ds ikl Hkst nsrs gSa A

,slh fLFkfr eas ljoj PL/SQL ds CykWDl dks vius Local PL/SQL Engine ls Pass djrk gSrFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l dks SQL Statement Executor dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gS A

PL/SQL dh lajpuk ¼ dh lajpuk ¼ dh lajpuk ¼ dh lajpuk ¼ dh lajpuk ¼PL/SQL Structure)PL/SQL dk Code ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd CykWDl dks vius vUnj j[k ldrk gS A bu CykWDl

dk viuk iFkd vfLrRo Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ;s fdlh vU; CykWDl ls xqfEQr (Nested) Hkh gks ldrsgSa A

PL/SQL CykWDl dks eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr nks oxksZa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

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& xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl (Anonymous Blocks) rFkk& mi&çksxzkEl (Sub-Programs)Axqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl (Anonymous Blocks)bu CykWDl dk dksbZ uke ugha gksrk gS A ;s CykWDl ,Iyhds”ku esa ,sls LFkku ij cuk, tkrs gS]

tgk¡ ij dh budks pykuk gksrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, SQL *Forms eas Triggers ,sls gh CykWDl gksrsgSa A

mi&çksxzkEl mi&çksxzkEl mi&çksxzkEl mi&çksxzkEl mi&çksxzkEl (Sub-Programs)bu PL/SQL CykWDl dk ,d uke gksrk gS A budh ?kks"k.kk ,d Procedure vFkok Function

ds :i esa dh tkrh gS A SQL *Forms eas QkeZ dk ,d Hkkx ds :i esa Procedure vFkok Functiondks ?kksf"kr djus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS A ;s Procedure vFkok Functions QkeZ ds vUnj vko”;drkiM+us ij fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, dHkh Hkh cqyk, ;k pyk, tk ldrs gS APL/SQL CykWd dh cukoV ¼ CykWd dh cukoV ¼ CykWd dh cukoV ¼ CykWd dh cukoV ¼ CykWd dh cukoV ¼PL/SQL blocks )

lkekU;r% PL/SQL CykWd esa fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gksrs gSADeclare : bl Hkkx es CykWd ds vUnj iz;ksx fd, tkus okys PL./SQR vkWCtSDV~l dks

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSABegin : bl Hkkx es CykWd ds dk;kZfUor gksus okys LVsVesUV~l dks fy[kk tkrk gSAException : viokn lapkyd (Exception Handler) dk;kZUo;u ds nkSjku ;fn dksbZ =qfV izkIr

gksrh gSAEnd : ;g PL/SQL CykWd dh lekfIr n”kkZrk gSAPL/SQL CykWd esa Begin rFkk End LVsVesUV~l dks nsuk vR;Ur vko”;d gS rFkk ;g LVsVesUV~l

gh dk;kZfUor gksus okys vU; LVsVesUV~l dks layXu dj ysrs gSaAPL/SQL CykWDl dh cukoV ds çk:i es Declare rFkk Exception Hkkx oSdfYid (Optional)

gksrs gSa vFkkZr ;s fn, Hkh tk ldrs gSa rFkk ugha Hkh ADeclare okys esa PL/SQL ds ifjoZrukadks (Variables) ftudk lUnHkZ CykWd ds vUnj fn;k x;k

gS] dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSAException okys Hkkx dks =qfV dks idM+us ds fy, ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;g =qfV çksxzke ds

pyrs le; idM+h tkrh gSA ;g bl ckr dks crkrh gS fd tc dksbZ fo”ks"k =qfV (Error) vk;s rks D;kdk;Z djuk gSAPL/SQL ds ewyHkwr fu;e ds ewyHkwr fu;e ds ewyHkwr fu;e ds ewyHkwr fu;e ds ewyHkwr fu;e& igpkudrkZ ¼Identifier½ dk çkjEHk ,d v{kj ls gh gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;g vf/kdre 30 v{kjksa dkgh gks ldrk gS A& vkafdd “kCn (Numeric Literal) dks lk/kkj.k ekuksa vFkok oSKkfud ladsr fpUgksa (ScientificNotations) ls n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gS A& “kkfCnd rFkk fnukad okys “kCnksa dks ,dy mnkgj.k fpUg (Single Quotes) esa layXu gksus pkfg,A& ;fn çksxzke esa fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ fVIi.kh (Comment) djuh gS] rks ;g /* vkSj */ fpUgksa eas cUngksuh pkfg,A ;g fVIi.kh ,d ls vf/kd ykbUl dh Hkh gks ldrh gS A& ,d LVsVesUV dks vusd ykbUl esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

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izfrcU/k izfrcU/k izfrcU/k izfrcU/k izfrcU/k (Constraints):

Constraint specifications }kjk fdlh Hkh Vscy esa vfrfjDr 'krsZ@izfrcU/k@pSd yxk;s tkldrs gS vkSj budks Mh-ch-,e-,l- Lor% gh ykxw djrk gSA

fdlh Vscy ij fuEu izfrcU/k (constraints) yxk;s tk ldrs gaS &

Concept of domain: Mksesu dk vFkZ vVz~hC;wV }kjk LVksj dh tk ldus okyh lHkh laEHkkforoSY;w ls gSA Mksesu vyx &vyx izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls bUVhtj VkbZi] djSDVj VkbZi rFkkMsV@VkbZe VkbZi A fdlh vVz~hO;wV da fy;s fu/kZkj.k djuk fd og fdl izdkj dh oSY;w LVksjdjsxkA Mksesu dUlVz~sUV] bUVhxzhVh dUlVz~sUV] dh lk/kkj.k Js.kh esa vkrs gSa A ;s dUlVz~sUV] mlle; vklkuh ls pSd fd;s tkrs gSa tc MsVkcsl esa u;k MsVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gS A

Tuple :- Mksesu fdlh Vscy dh ,sd vdsyh ykbZu dks Viy dgk tkrk gS A bl dUlVz~sUV dsvuqlkj fdlh Vscy dh lHkh ykbZusa izkbZejh dh gksuh pkfg;sa A vFkkZr mlds lHkh vVz~hC;wV izkbZejhdh ds vfHkUu lnL; gksa A

izkbZejh dh izkbZejh dh izkbZejh dh izkbZejh dh izkbZejh dh (Primary key) izfrcU/k& izfrcU/k& izfrcU/k& izfrcU/k& izfrcU/k& izkbZejh dh] izR;sd Vscy ds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYMdk lewg gksrk gS tks fd izR;sd fjdkWMZZ dks Vscy esa vyx ls iznZf’kr djrk gS rFkk mudh osY;w lsMkVk dk fjVªhoy o viMsfVax 'kh?kz laHko gks tkrk gSA izkbZejh dh ,d vf}rh; eku gksrk gS ftlds}kjk Vscy ds izR;sd fjdkWMZ dks izFkd ls Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfrcU/k ls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;ktkrk gS fd izR;sd fjdkWMZ esa izkbZejh dh dk eku vyx&vyx gSA ;fn izkbZejh dh dk eku ,d lekufn;k tkrk gS rks Vscy esa MkVk Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk;sxkA blesa uy oSY;w dks ntZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkgSA vf/kdre 16 dkWyeksa dks izkbZejh dh dkWUlVsUV ds fy, mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSA

mnkgj.k % Alter table titles

ADD Constraint pk_titleid PRIMARY KEY (title_id) bleas pk_titleid izfrcU/k izkbZejhdh title_id dkWye ij title Vscy esa yxk;k x;k gSA

Alternate key:-izkbZejh dh ds vykok ;nh Vscy esa fjdkWMzZ dks fdlh vU; fQYM ds }kjk Hkh

;wfudyh vkbMUVhQkbZ fd;k tk lds rks og fQYM ;k fQYM lewg vYVjusV dh dgykrk gS A

Candidate key:-tc fdlh Vscy esa ,d vdsyh fQYM ds }kjk fdlh fjdkWMZ dks ;wfudyh vkbZMuVhQkbZ ugha fd;k tk ldrk gs rc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fQYM~l dk lewg dsUMhMsV dh dk fuekZ.k djusesa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSa A ;nh bl lewg esa dksbZ izkbZejh dh gks rks izkbZejh dh vkSj dksbZ Hkh vU;vVz~hC;wV dk lewg dSUMhMsV dh dgykrk gS A

;wfud ;wfud ;wfud ;wfud ;wfud (UNIQUE) izfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/k— ;wfud }kjk ;g n’kkZ;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd iafä ds fy;s fo’ks"kdkWye dk eku vf}rh; gSA Vscy dh izR;sd iafä esa bl dkWye dh osY;w vyx&vyx gksrh gSAUnique constraint }kjk ;g lqfuf’pr fd;k tkrk gS fd Vscy dh izR;sd iafä esa ml dkWye dhvyx&vyx osY;w gSA ;g bUMsDl Lor% gh fØ;sV gks tkrk gSA ;g izfrcU/k ml dkWye ij Hkh yxk;ktk ldrk gS tks fd uy oSY;w ysrk gksA ;g izfrcU/k ,fUVVh baVsfxzVh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA

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mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table stores

ADD Constraint uk_storeid UNIQUE store_id

mijksDr mnkgj.k }kjk izfrcU/k uk_storeid dkWye store_id ij yxk;k x;k gSaA

fjys’ku dh@Qksjsu dh fjys’ku dh@Qksjsu dh fjys’ku dh@Qksjsu dh fjys’ku dh@Qksjsu dh fjys’ku dh@Qksjsu dh (Foreign Key) izfrcU/k&izfrcU/k&izfrcU/k&izfrcU/k&izfrcU/k& fdUgh nks Vscyks esa laca/k LFkkfir djus dsfy, nksukas gh Vscyksa esa de ls de ,d QhYM dkWeu gksuk vko’;d gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ,d Vscyesa ;g izkbZejh dh dgykrh gS ,oa nwljh Vscy esa ;g Qksjsu dh dgykrh gSA Qksjsu dh dk eku ckjckj (Repeat) gks ldrk gSA bl izfrcU/k }kjk nwljh Vscy esa j[ks tkus okys MkVk dks fu;fU=r djukgksrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd nwljh Vscy esa ogh MkVk vkuk pkfg, tks fd izFke Vscy dh izkbZejh dhls feyrk gksA vFkkrZ Qksjsu dh esa ftrus dkWye gaS mrus gh dkWye izFke Vscy esa izkbZejh dh ds dkWyels feyus pkfg,A ftu dkWyEl ij Qksjsu dh izfrcU/k yxk;k tkrk gS mu ij baMsDl fØ,V ugha fd;ktk ldrkA ;g izfrcU/k jSQjsUlh;y baVsfxzVh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table titleauthor

ADD Constraint fk_titleid REFERENCES titles.title_id

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Qksjsu dh izfrcU/k fk_titleid dkWye title_id tks fd titles table esa izkbZejhdh Hkh gS] ij yxk;k x;k gSA

jsQjsUlst jsQjsUlst jsQjsUlst jsQjsUlst jsQjsUlst (REFERENCES) izfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/kizfrcU/k— blds }kjk ;g n’kkZ;k tkrk gS fd ;g dkWye gh QkWjsudh esa dkWye gSA ,d ls vf/kd dkWye ;fn Qksjsu dh esa gS rks Qksjsu dh izfrcU/k (Foreign Key tableconstraint) dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table titleauthor

ADD Constraint fk_titleid REFERENCES titles.title_id

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Qksjsu dh izfrcU/k fk_titleid dkWye title_id tks fd titles table esa izkbZejhdh Hkh gS] ij yxk;k x;k gSA pwafd ;gk¡ Qksjsu dh ds fy, ,d gh dkWye dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSblfy, izfrcU/k ds lkFk REFERENCES dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS blfy;s ;g jsQjsUlstizfrcU/k esa vkrk gSA

Relational algebra:- ;g ,d izksflT;j DoSjh Hkk"kk gS A blesa dbZ izdkj ds vkWijs’ku gksrs gstks ,d ;k vf/kd fjys’ku buiqV ds :i esa ysdj mudss vk/kkj ij vkmViqV ds :i esa ,d u;kfjys’ku nsrs gSa A fjys’kuy ,sytczk ds eq[; vkWijs’ku lysDV] izkstsDV] ;wfu;u] lSVfMQjsaUl]dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV rFkk fjuse gS ASelection:- blds }kjk ge V~iy dks lysDV dj ldrs gSa tks fdlh dUMh’ku dks iwjk djrk gSbl vkWijs’ku ds fy;s ge xzhd v{kj ó flXek dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A blds lkFk dUMh’ku nhtkrh gS tks ó ds dqN uhps fy[kh tkrh gS rFkk fjys’ku dk uke blds vkxs vkXZ;wesUV ds :i esafn;k tkrk gS A

mnkgj.k % ó branch_name =”ajmer” (loan)

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Projection:- izkstsDV vkWijs’ku ,d ;wusjh vkWijs’ku gS blds vkmViqV esa ge pkgs x;s vVz~hC;wV dhlwph ns[k ldrs gSa bl lwph esa ,d tSls vVz~hC;wV ,d gh ckj ‘’kkfey fd;s tkrs gSa A blvkWijs’ku ds fy;s ge xzhd v{kj ð ikbZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A mu vVz~hC;wV dks ftUgsa gevkmViqV esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSa ð ds uhps dh rjQ dkSek ls vyx djrs gw,ss fy[krs gSa rFkk ckn esafjys’ku dk uke dks"Bd esa vkXZ;wesUV ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gS A

mnkgj.k mnkgj.k mnkgj.k mnkgj.k mnkgj.k % ð loan_no,amount(loan)

fp= 3 izkstsD’ku o lysD’ku

Union:- ;fn ge nks Vscy ls ,slh oSY;w ns[kuk pkgrs gSa tk fdlh ,sd Vscy esa ;k nkSuks Vscy esagks rc ge bl izdkj dk MsVk ckbZujh vkWijs’ku ;wfu;u ls izkIr dj ldrs gSa A bl vkWijs’ku dsfy;s ge fjys’kuy ,sytczk esa v{kj U ;w dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A

mnkgj.k % ð c_name(depositor) —————————1ð c_name(borrower) —————————2ð c_name(depositor) U ðc_name(borrower)

fp= 4 ;wfu;u vkWijs’ku

Cartesion Product:- dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV vkWijs’ku dks × dzkl fpUg ls iznZf’kr fd;k tkrk gS Ablds }kjk nks fjys’ku dh lwpukvksa dks feyk;k tk ldrk gSa A ge nk fjys’ku R o S dkdkfVZfl;u izksMsDV fuEu izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa A

mnkgj.k %R × S

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fp= 5 dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV vkWijs’ku

PL/SQL esaesa esaesa esa SQL dh dhdh dhdh Commands :& çR;sd SQL LVsVesUV ds vUr esa v)Zfojke (Semi-Colon) dk fpUg ( ; ) vo”; yxk;k tkukpkfg,A& MsVk ifjHkk"k.k Hkk"kk (Data Definition Language) dek.M~l dks PL/SQL esa fy[ks tkus dhvuqefr ugha gksrh gS APL/SQL esa esa esa esa esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ç;ksxLVsVesUV dk ç;ksxLVsVesUV dk ç;ksxLVsVesUV dk ç;ksxLVsVesUV dk ç;ksx

PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djus ds fy, ;g vR;Ur vko”;d gS fd ekax dksdsoy ,d iafDr gh ifj.kke ds :i esa okil djuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk dksbZ =qfV mRiUu gks ldrh gS A

,sls SELECT LVsVesUV ftuds ifj.kke ds :i esa ,d Hkh iafDr ugha vkrh gS] os fuEufyf[kr =qfVlUns”k çnf”kZr djrs gS & No Data Found

,sls SELECT LVsVesUV ftuds ifj.kke ds :i esa ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka vkrh gS] os fuEufyf[kr=qfV lUns”k çnf”kZr djrs gS &Exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows

PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV ds lkFk Into ”kCn dk ç;ksx djuk vko”;d gksrk gS A ;g “kCnifjorZukad (Variable) dks uke nsus ds fy, ç;ksx gksrk gS] ftuesa fd SELECT esa fn, x, Itemsvkrs gSa A

Select LVsVesUV eas çR;sd vkbVe ds fy, ,d ifjorZukad dk gksuk vko’;d gS rFkk mldk ØeHkh ogha gksuk pkfg, tks fd Select LVsVesUV eas fn, x, dkWyEl ds ukeksa dk gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> DECLARE2 V_SAL NUMBER;3 BEGIN4 SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;5 dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);6 end;7 /

Enter value for empno : 7902old 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;

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NEW 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7902;PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL > SET SERVEROUTPUT ONSQL > RUN1 DECLARE2 V_SAL NUMBER;3 BEGIN4 SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;5 dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);6 end;Enter value for empno : 7902old 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;old 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7902;

3000PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

mi;qZDr mnkgj.k eas geus PL/SQL esa Select LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A PL/SQL dks pykusds fy, geus ;g lkjk çksxzke SQL çkWEIV ij gh fy[kk gS A çksxzke ds vUr esa END; okyh ykbuds ckn bl çksxzke dks iw.kZ djds bls dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ç;ksx fd;kx;k gS A

bl çksxzke dh igyh ykbu esa Declare dk ç;ksx djds nwljh ykbu esa ,d ifjorZukad V_SALdks ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl ifjorZukad dk çdkj Number fy;k x;k gS A blds ckn rhljh ykbueas Begin “kCn ls çksxzke dk çkjEHk n”kkZ;k gS vFkkZr dk;kZfUor gksus okyh dek.M~l vc Begin dsckn okyh ykbZu esa nh tk;sxh A pkSFkh ykbu esa ,d Select LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A blLVsVesUV ds }kjk pqus x;s eku dks ifjorZukad V_SAL esa LVksj djk;k x;k gS A ;g LVsVesUV EMPVsfcy ds ml deZpkjh ds osru dks pqurk gS] ftldk EMPNO dkWye esa eku ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk fd,x, eku ds cjkcj gksrk gS A bl LVsVesUV esa & dk fpUg ç;ksxdrkZ ls buiqV ekaxus ds fy, fd;kx;k gS A blds ckn ikapoh ykbu esa LØhu ij ifj.kke n”kkZus ds fy, dbms_output.put_line ukediwoZ ifjHkkf"kr Procedure dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A vc NBh ykbu esa çksxzke dk vUr n”kkZus ds fy,END ”kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk lkroha ykbu esa Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ç;ksx djds bl çksxzkedks dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k gS A

bl çksxzke dks dk;kZfUor gksrs gh ç;ksxdrkZ ls EMPNO ds fy, eku buiqV djus ds fy, dgktkrk gS A eku ds buiqV gksus ij Old ds lkeus çksxzke dk og Select LVsVesUV çnf”kZr gksrk gS] tksfd geus çksxzke esa fn;k Fkk rFkk New ds lkeus iqu% ;gh Select LVsVesUV çnf”kZr gksrk gS] ijUrq blLVsVesUV esa &EMPNO ds LFkku ij ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk buiqV fd;k x;k EMPNO çnf”kZr gksrk gS rFkkvUr esa PL/SQL procedure successfully completed lUns”k çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

blds ckn bl çksxzke ls çkIr ifj.kke dks ns[kus ds fy, SERVEROUTPUT dks ON fd;kx;k gSA vc RUN dek.M dks iqu% pykus ij çksxzke dh Ngksa ykbUl çnf”kZr gksrh gS rFkk ç;ksxdrkZls buiqV ekaxk tkrk gS A buiqV djus ds ckn old rFkk new ds lkeus iwokZuqlkj çn”kZu gksrk gS rFkkblds ckn bl ekax dk ifj.kke çnf”kZr gksrk gS vFkkZr EMP Vsfcy esa ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk buiqV fd,

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x, EMPNO okyh iafDr esa Sal okys dkWye esa fLFkr eku çnf”kZr gksrk gS vkSj vUr esa Pl/SQLprocedure successfully completed. lUns”k çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

dbms_output.put_line ,d iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr procedure gS] tks ekWfuVj LØhu ij ifj.kke dksn’kkZrk gSA ;g dsoy ,d Argument gh ysrk gS] vr% ;fn ,d ls vf/kd ifj.kkeksa dks n”kkZuk gks] rkstksM+us okys fpUg (\\) dk ç;ksx djds mudks tksM+ nsuk pkfg, A

server ij ifj.kke dks n”kkZus ds fy, ,d command dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og gS SETSERVEROUTPUT On A bl command dks SQL*Plus çkWEIV ij dbms_output.put_line QaD”kudks pykus ls igys fn;k tkuk pkfg, A

MsVk ifjpkyu Hkk"kk (Data Mainpulation Language-DML) dek.M~l ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksadks Hkh fo”ysf"kr dj ldrh gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> SELECT * FROM Employe___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7369 SANJEEV CLERK 7902 17-DEC-90 1300 27499 AMIT SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-91 1600 300 37521 SUDHANSHU SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-91 1250 500 37566 SANDEEP MANAGER 7839 02-APR-91 2975 27654 REKHA SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-91 1250 1400 37698 POOJA MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-91 2850 37782 AMIT MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-91 2450 17788 MUKESH ANALYST 7566 19-APR-97 3000 27839 RAKESH PRESIDENT 17-NOV-91 5000 17844 MEENU SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-91 1500 0 37876 MEETU CLERK 7788 23-MAY-97 1600 27900 SUDHANSHU CLERK 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 37902 SUSHEEL ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-91 3000 27934 MADHU CLERK 7782 23-JAN-92 1300 1

AMIT ANALYST 5000___________________________________________________________________________________

15 rows selected.SQL>BEGIN2 UPDATE employee SET sal=7000 WHERE job= SALESMAN3 END ;4 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa geus DML dek.M UPDATE dk ç;ksx fd;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus

igys SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy esa fLFkr lHkh

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fjdkWM~lZ dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr djk;k gS A blds ckn BEGIN ”kCn ls çksxzke dk çkjEHk djds

vxyh ykbZu esa DML dek.M UPDATE dk ç;ksx djds mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds SAL dkWye esa eku

7000 fd;k x;k gS] ftuds JOB dkWye esa eku SALESMAN gS A vc END ”kCn ls çksxzke dh

lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk djds Slash (/) fpUg dk ç;ksx djds bls dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k gS A blds

lQyrkiwoZd dk;kZfUor gkssus dh tkudkjh gesa PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed lUns”k

ls çkIr gksrh gS A

bl çksxzke ds }kjk fd;k x;k ifjorZu Vsfcy esa gqvk gS vFkok ugha blds fy, geus iqu%

SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy eas fLFkr lHkh fjdkWMZ~l

dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr djk;kA bl çn”kZu esa mu lHkh iafDr;ksa] ftuds JOB dkWye esa eku

SALESMAN gS] ds SAL dkWye eas eku 7000 gks x;k gSA

SQL> SELECT * FROM Employe___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7369 SANJEEV CLERK 7902 17-DEC-90 1300 27499 AMIT SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-91 7000 300 37521 SUDHANSHU SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-91 1250 500 37566 SANDEEP MANAGER 7839 02-APR-91 2975 27654 REKHA SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-91 7000 1400 37698 POOJA MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-91 2850 37782 AMIT MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-91 2450 17788 MUKESH ANALYST 7566 19-APR-97 3000 27839 RAKESH PRESIDENT 17-NOV-91 5000 17844 MEENU SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-91 7000 0 37876 MEETU CLERK 7788 23-MAY-97 1600 27900 SUDHANSHU CLERK 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 37902 SUSHEEL ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-91 3000 27934 MADHU CLERK 7782 23-JAN-92 1300 1

AMIT ANALYST 500015 rows selected.___________________________________________________________________________________

fu/kkZjd ¼fu/kkZjd ¼fu/kkZjd ¼fu/kkZjd ¼fu/kkZjd ¼Delimiters½½½½½fu/kkZjd (delimiter) dqN ,sls fo”ks"k fpUg gksrs gS] ftudk PL/SQL esa ,d fof”k’V vFkZ gksrk gS

A PL/SQL esa ç;ksx fd, tkus okyh fofHkUu (Delimiters) fu/kkZjd fuEufyf[kr gS &

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SQL> BEGIN2 UPDATE employee SET job = ‘SALES’ WHERE deptno =3;3 UPDATE employee SET comm = 1000 WHERE comm IS NULL;4 END;5 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL > SELECT *FROM Employee;

___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7369 SANJEEV CLERK 7902 17-DEC-90 1300 1000 27499 AMIT SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-91 1600 300 37521 SUDHANSHU SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-91 1250 500 37566 SANDEEP MANAGER 7839 02-APR-91 2975 1000 27654 REKHA SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-91 1250 1400 37698 POOJA MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-91 2850 1000 37782 AMIT MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-91 2450 1000 17788 MUKESH ANALYST 7566 19-APR-97 3000 1000 27839 RAKESH PRESIDENT 17-NOV-91 5000 1000 17844 MEENU SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-91 1500 0 37876 MEETU CLERK 7788 23-MAY-97 1600 1000 27900 SUDHANSHU CLERK 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 1000 37902 SUSHEEL ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-91 3000 1000 27934 MADHU CLERK 7782 23-JAN-92 1300 1000 1

AMIT ANALYST 5000 1000___________________________________________________________________________________15 rows selected.

mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, çksxzke esa Employee Vsfcy dh mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds Job dkWyedk eku SALES dj fn;k x;k gS] ftuds DEPTNO dkWye eas eku 3 gS] lkFk gh ,d vU; LVsVesUVds }kjk mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds COMM dkWye eas eku 1000 dj fn;k x;k gS] ftuds bl dkWye esaeku NULL gS A

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çksxzke esa Exception okyk Hkkx] tks fd =qfV;ksa dks ifjpkfyr djus dk dk;Z djrk gS] Hkh ç;ksxeas yk;k tk ldrk gS A bl Hkkx esa fn, x, LVsVesUV~l rHkh dk;kZfUor gksrs gS] tcfd og fo”ks"k =qfVvFkok fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] ftlds fy, bUgsa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl Exception ds dk;Z dsikyu ds lkFk gh Block dk dk;ZUo;u Hkh lekIr (Terminate) gks tkrk gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> DECLARE2 V_ENAME VARCHAR2 (25) ;3 BEGIN4 SELECT ENAME INTO V_ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE;5 EXCEPTION6 WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN7 dbms_output.put_line (‘The Query returns in too many lines.’);8 end;9 /

The Query returns in too many lines.PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL >fiNys i’B ij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, çksxzke esa lcls igys ,d ifjorZukad V_ENAME

?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bldh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk&lkFk bldk MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;kx;k gSA bl ifjorZukad esa SELECT LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls Employee Vsfcy esa fLFkr deZpkfj;ksads uke lafpr djus dh ekax dh xbZ gS rFkk ,d ;fn ekax ds ifj.kke esa ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka çkIrgksrh gS] rks ,d Exception TOO_MANY_ROWS ?kfVr gksxk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i The Queryreturns in too many lines lUns”k çnf”kZr gks tk;sxk APL/SQL ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad (Variables in PL/SQL)

PL/SQL vuds çdkj ds MkVkçdkjksa ds voyEc (Support) çnku djrh gS] ftudk ç;ksxifjorZukad (Variables) rFkk fLFkjkadksa (Constant) ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS A

ifjorZukad (Variables) ,sls igpkudrkZ gksrs gS] ftuesa fdlh ekax ds }kjk eku lafpr (Store)djk;k tkrk gSA bldk eku ekax ds ifj.kke ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A ifjorZukadksa dks ?kksf"kr djrsle; Hkh çkjfEHkd eku çnku fd;k tk ldrk gS A

fLFkjkad (Constants) ,sls igpkudrkZ (Identifier) gksrs gS] ftudk ,d fuf”pr eku gksrk gS]rFkk ;g eku mudks ?kksf"kr djrs le; gh çnku fd;k tkrk gS APL/SQL esa ifjorZukad fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS &esa ifjorZukad fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS &esa ifjorZukad fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS &esa ifjorZukad fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS &esa ifjorZukad fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS &Number ;s ifjorZukad vkafdd eku lafpr djus ds fy, ç;ksx fd, tkrs gS] tSls Number

(9.2)A bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vkafdd eku esa 9 vadksa dh la[;k lafpr dh tk ldrh gS]ftuesa 2 n”keyo vad Hkh lfEefyr gS A

char ;s ifjorZukad v{kj MkVk çdkj ds ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ç;ksx esa yk;ktkrk gS ftudh yEckbZ lqfuf”pr gksrh gS A ;g vf/kdre 255 v{kj rd lafpr djldrs gSa A

Varchar 2 ;s ifjorZukad v{kj MsVk çdkj ds ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks lafpr djus ds fy,] ftudh

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yEckbZ ifjofrZr gks ldrh gS] tSls Varchar2 (20) A bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd blifjorZukad eas v{kj MsVkçdkj dk eku vf/kdre 20 v{kj yEckbZ rd dj lafpr fd;k tkldrk gSA ;fn eku dh yEckbZ 20 ls de gS] rks ifj.kke ds çn”kZu eas bldh yEckbZ mruhgh çnf”kZr gksxh] ftruh dh eku dh yEckbZ gS A ;s vf/kdre 4000 v{kj rd lafpr djldrk gS A

Boolean ;s ifjorZukad v{kj Boolean ekuksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ç;ksx fd, tkrs gS] tSls &True vFkok False A igys rks bu ifjorZukadksa esa eku Mkydj j[k fy, tkrs gS] mlds cknifjorZukadksa eas LVsVesUV (Conditional Statement) }kjk budks tkapk tkrk gS A

Date ;s ifjorZukad fnukad o le; MsVkçdkj ds ekuksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ç;ksx fd, tkrsgS] tSlk fd vksjsdy esa Date dkWyEl esa fd;k tkrk gS A bldk LVs.MMZ QksjesVDD -MON-YY gksrk gS A tSls 24-JUNE-11

ifjorZukadks a dks ?kksf"kr djuk %ifjorZukadks a dks ?kksf"kr djuk %ifjorZukadks a dks ?kksf"kr djuk %ifjorZukadks a dks ?kksf"kr djuk %ifjorZukadksa dks ?kksf"kr djuk %ifjorZukadksa ls lEcfU/kr lHkh ?kks"k.kk,¡ PL/SQL CykWd ds Declare Hkkx esa dh tkrh gS A ;g

?kks"k.kk fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj dh tkrh gS &lw= & IDENTIFIER_NAME DATATYPE [NOT NULL] [ : = EXPERISSION]EXPERISSION ds LFkku ij dksbZ fLFkjkad] dksbZ vU; ifjorZukad vFkok dksbZ ,d Experission

ftlesa Operators vkSj Functions dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gks] gks ldrk gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 1000 3SQL > DECLARE2 V_SAL NUMBER (7, 2);3 V_COMM NUMBER (7, 2);4 BEGIN5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO V_SAL, V_COMM FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;6 V_SAL :=V_SAL+1000;7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=V_SAL WHERE EMPNO=7900;8 end;9 /PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 2450 1000 3___________________________________________________________________________________

mijksDr mnkgj.k&5 esa igys ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks

çnf”kZr djus dh ekax dh gS] ftuds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A blds mijkUr PL/SQL ds

Daclare Hkkx dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS A bl Hkkx esa nks ifjorZukad V_SAL rFkk V_COMM ?kksf"kr

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fd, x, gS A

vc PL/SQL ds Begin Hkkx dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ vkSj bl Hkkx esa bu nksuksa ifjorZukadksa esa

Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds SAL rFkk COMM dkWye ds eku dks lafpr djk;k x;k gS]

ftlds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A blds ckn V_SAL ds eku esa 1000 dh o`f) dh xbZ gSA

vc bl Vsfcy dks Update fd;k x;k gS rFkk Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ftlds EMPNO dkWye esa eku

7900 gS] ds SAL dkWye dk eku V_SAL ifjorZukad ds eku ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A

bl Procedure ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksus ds mijkUr iqu% ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee

Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks çnf”kZr djus dh ekax dh gS] ftuds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A

bu nksuksa çn”kZuksa dk v/;;u djus ij ge ikrs gS fd nwljs çn”kZu eas Procedure ds vuq:i SAL

ds eku esa 1000 dh o`f) gks xbZ gS A

PL/SQL ds CykWd esa ç;ksx dh xbZ Vsfcy ds dkWyEl ds uke rFkk ?kksf"kr fd, tkus okys

ifjorZukadksa ds uke leku ugha gksus pkfg, A ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks Procedure ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ

gksus ij Hkh] Vsfcy eas okafNr ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS A vxys mnkgj.k esa geus ifjorZukadksa ds uke] PL/

SQL CykWd esa ç;ksx dh xbZ Vsfcy ds dkWyEl ds uke ds leku gh j[ks gS] blfy, bl Procedure

ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksus ij Hkh] Vsfcy esa okafNr ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k & SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;

___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 1000 3___________________________________________________________________________________

SQL DECLARE2 SAL NUMBER (7, 2);3 COMM NUMBER (7, 2);4 BEGIN5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO SAL, COMM FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;6 SAL:=SAL+1000;7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL = SAL WHERE EMPNO=7900;8 end;9 /PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 2450 1000 3___________________________________________________________________________________

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mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 V_SAL NUMBER (7, 2);3 V_COMM NUMBER (7, 2);4 BEGIN5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO V_SAL, V_COMM FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EMPNO=1000;6 V_SAL:=V_SAL+1000;7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=V_SAL WHERE EMPNO=1000;8 EXCEPTION9 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN10 dbms_output.put_line (‘This empno does not exist.’);11 end;12 /This empno does not exist.PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Exception dk ç;ksx Hkh n”kkZ;k x;k gS A tc Procedure ds iw.kZ gksus ij

;fn Vsfcy ls dksbZ fjdkWMZ esy ugha [kkrk gS] rks Exception WHEN NO_DATA_FOUNDpyrk gS A

ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds ifjorZukad ds Attributes% TYPE vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj vkSj %ROWTYPEifjorZukad dks fdlh Vsfcy ds dkWye vFkok iafDr ds Attribute dk ç;ksx djds Hkh ?kksf"kr

fd;k tk ldrk gS A bu Attribute dk ç;ksx djus ij ifjorZukad dk MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj ?kksf"krdjuk vko”;d ugha gksrk A

ifjorZukad ds MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj rFkk Vsfcy ds dkWye ds MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj esafojks/kkHkkl dks nwj djus ds fy, Attribute %TYPE dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bldk ,d lclscM+k ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd tc Hkh Vsfcy ds dkWye dk MsVkçdkj vFkok vkdkj ifjofrZr fd;k tkrkgS] rks ;g ifjoZru ifjorZukad esa Lor% gh nf"Vxkspj gksus yxrk gS A Attribute %TYPE dk ç;ksxfuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &

lw= lw= lw= lw= lw= % IDENTIFIER TABLENAME.COLUMN%TYPEmnkgj.k ds fy, fuEukafdr LVsVesUV~l dk v/;;u djrs gS &Var_Name Employee.Ename%Typemi;qZDr LVsVesUV~l eas Var_Name uked ifjorZukad dk vkdkj ,oa MkVkçdkj Employee

Table ds Ename ds leku gh gS AVar_Sal Employee.Sal%TypeVar_Job Employee.Job%Typebl çdkj mi;qZDr LVsVesUV~l eas ls igys LVsVesUV esa Var_Sal ifjorZukad rFkk nwljs LVsVesUV

eas Var_Job ifjorZukad Employee Vsfcy ds Øe”k% Sal dkWye rFkk Job dkWye ds leku ghMsVkçdkj ,oa vkdkj okys gS A

vxys mnkgj.k eas geus pkj ifjorZukad VAR_EMPNO, VAR_ENAME, VAR_JOB rFkk

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VAR_SAL bl çdkj ?kksf"kr fd, gS fd muds MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy PNO,ENAME, JOB rFkk SAl dkWye ds leku gh gks A

blds ckn bu pkjksa ifjorZukadksa ds eku dks dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku }kjk ekWuhVj LØhuij çnf”kZr djk;k gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> DECLARE2 VAR_EMPNO EMPLOYEE.EMPNO%TYPE;3 VAR_ENAME EMPLOYEE.ENAME%TYPE;4 VAR_JOB EMPLOYEE.JOB%TYPE;5 VAR_SAL EMPLOYEE.SAL%TYPE;6 BEGIN7 SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL_INTO VAR_EMPNO, VAR_ENAME,

VAR_JOB, VAR_SAL8 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (VAR_EMPNO | | VAR_ENAME | | VAR_JOB

| | VAR_SAL);10 END;11 /7900SUDHANSHUSALES1450PL/SQL PROCEDURE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED.dHkh Hkh ;fn ,slh vko”;drk iM+rh gS] fd iwjh dh iwjh iafDr (Row) dks gh ?kksf"kr (Declare)

fd;k tkuk gks] rks iafDr ds lHkh dkWyEl dks vyx&vyx ?kksf"kr djus ds LFkku ij Attribute%ROWTYPE dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A Attribute %ROWTYPE dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[krlw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &

lw= lw= lw= lw= lw= % IDENTIFIER TABLENAME.ROWTYPEmnkgj.k ds fy, fuEukafdr LVsVesUV~l dk v/;;u djrs gS &Employee_Row_Var Employee%ROWTYPEDept_Row_Var Dept%ROWTYPEmijksDr LVsVesUV~l eas Emp_Row_Var rFkk Dept_Row_Var fefJr ifjorZukad gS A (Com-

posite Variable) gS ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bu ifjorZukadksa esa Vsfcy ds lnL;ksa ds dkWyEl HkhlfEefyr gS A vc Emp_Row_Var ifjorZukad ds fdlh lnL; dks çnf”kZr djus dk dk;ZfuEukuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gS A

Employee_Row_Var Empno:=7900;Employee_Row_Var.Ename : = SUDHANSHU ;vxys mnkgj.k eas ,d ifjorZukad VAR_ROW ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl ifjorZukad dks os

lHkh Attributes çnku fd, x, gS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy dh iafDr;ksa ds gS A blds ckn Beginokys Hkkx esa Select LVsVesUV }kjk bl ifjorZukad dks Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds lHkh dkWyEldk eku çnku fd;k x;k] ftlds EMPNO dkWye eas eku 7900 gS A bl Select LVsVesUV eas fn,tkus okys dkWyEl ds uke mlh Øe esa gksus vko”;d gS] ftl Øe eas ;s Vsfcy esa fLFkr gS A bl

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LVsVesUV esa lHkh dkWyEl dk lfEefyr gksuk Hkh vko’;d gS A blds ckn bl ifjorZukad ds SALdkWye ds eku esa 1500 dh of) dh xbZ gS vkSj Employee Vsfcy dks Update djrs gq, Vsfcy dhbl iafDr eas SAL dkWye dk eku VAR_ROW.SAL ds eku ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A

SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 1450 1000 3___________________________________________________________________________________SQL > DECLARE2 VAR_ROW EMPLOYEE %ROWTYPE;3 BEGIN4 SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO INTO VAR_ROW5 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;6 VAR_ROW, SAL:=VAR_ROW, SAL+1500;7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=VAR_ROW.SAL8 WHERE EMPNO=7900;8 END;9 /PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;___________________________________________________________________________________EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO___________________________________________________________________________________7900 SUDHANSHU SALES 7698 03-DEC-91 2950 1000 3

fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk (Declaring Constants) :fLFkjkad (Constants) PL/SQL ds Block eas] ckn esa lUnHkZ ds fy, fdlh igpkudrkZ dks igys

ls gh çnku fd, x, eku dks ç;ksx djus dh vuqefr çnku djrs gSa A igpkudrkZ dks fn;k x;k;g eku fLFkj ,oa vifjorZuh; gksrk gS] ;fn blesa dksbZ ifjorZu djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gS] rksPL/SQL esa =qfV çnf’kZr gksrh gS A

SQL> DECLARE2 add CONSTANT number :=0.25;3 sal number (7, 2) :=5000;4 begin5 sal:=sal+(sal*add);6 dbms_output.put_line (sal | | ‘ ‘ | | add) ;7 end;8 /6250.25PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ,d fLFkjkad Add dks ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl fLFkjkad dks 0-25 eku

çnku fd;k x;k gS A blds mijkUr ,d ifjorZukad sal ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk lkFk gh bls

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çkjfEHkd eku 5000 çnku fd;k x;k gSA vc PL/SQL ds Begin okys Hkkx eas bl ifjorZukad ds ekuesa] bl ifjorZukad ds orZeku eku rFkk fLFkjkad ds eku dk xq.kuQy tksM+dj] bl ifjorZukad dksu;k eku çnku fd;k x;k gS A blds mijkUr dsms_output.put_line QaD”ku }kjk sal ifjorZukad dsu, eku rFkk fLFkjkad ds eku dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij fç.V djk;k x;k gS A

Non PL/SQL fLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djukfLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djukfLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djukfLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djukfLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djuk(Referencing Non PL/SQL Variables)

PL/SQL LVsVesUV~l eas estcku okrkoj.k (Host Envirnment) eas ?kksf"kr fd, x, ifjorZukadksadk Hkh lUnHkZ xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks Host Variables dgk tkrk gS A ,slsifjorZukad] tks fd PL/SQL ds ugha gS] muds uke ls igys Colon ( : ) fpUg yxkuk vko”;dgksrk gS A

tSls % :ROLL_NO : = 16;:NAME : = ‘MANESH’ ;

Non PL/SQL ifjorZukad dks PL/SQL dk CykWd cukus ls igys gh SQL*Plus eas ?kksf"krdj ysuk pkfg,A bl ifjorZukad dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

lw= & Variable Variable_name type;mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> VARIABLE V_sal number;SQL> BEGIN2 SELECT sal INTO : v_sal FROM employee WHERE empno = 7900;3 dbms_output.put_line (‘before Appraisal ‘ | | : v_sal) ;4 : v_sal:=:v_sal+16005 update employee set sal=:v_sal where empno=7900;6 dbms_output.put_line (‘After Appraisal’ | | : v_sal) ;7 end;8 /Before Appraisal 1450After Apprisal 3050PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa lcls igys geus SQL çkWEIV ij ,d ifjorZukad v_sal dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSAblds ckn PL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkx eas Select LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls bl ifjorZukad dks

Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds Sal dkWye dk eku çnku fd;k x;k] ftldk EMPNO dkWyeeas eku 7900 gS A vc bl eku dks dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhu ijfç.V fd;k x;k gS A

blds mijkUr bl ifjorZukad ds eku esa 1600 dh o`f) dh xbZ gS rFkk bl eku dks Updatedek.M ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds sal dkWye çnku fd;k x;k] ftldk EMPNOdkWye esa eku 7900 gS vkSj fQj bls iqu% dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhuij fç.V fd;k x;k gSA

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iwoZfufeZr QaD”kUl iwoZfufeZr QaD”kUl iwoZfufeZr QaD”kUl iwoZfufeZr QaD”kUl iwoZfufeZr QaD”kUl (Built-in Functions)SQL esa fLFkr vusd QaD”kUl ,sls gksrs gS] tks fd esa PL/SQL Expressions esa Hkh ekU; gksrs

gS A ,sls çeq[k QaD”kUl fuEu çdkj ds gS &1- vkafdd rFkk v{kj QaD”kUl (Number and Character Functions)2- fnukad QaD”kUl (Date Functions)3. fofo/k QaD”kUl (Miscellaneous Functions)

vxzkafdr dqN mnkgj.kksa esa buds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh xbZ gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 no_record number;3 max_sal number (7, 2);4 min_sal number (7, 2);5 sum_sal number (7, 2);6 avg_sal number (7, 2);77 begin8 select count (*) into no_record from employee;9 select max (sal), min (sal) into max_sal, min_sal from employee;10 select sum (sal), into sum_sal from employee;11 select avg (sal), into avg_sal from employee;1212 dbms_output.put_line (‘Total Records = ‘ | | no_record);13 dbms_output.put_line (‘Maximum Salary= ‘ | | max_sal);14 dbms_output.put_line (‘Minimum Salary= ‘ | | min_sal);15 dbms_output.put_line (‘Total Salary= ‘ | | sum_sal);16 dbms_output.put_line (‘Average Salary= ‘ | | avg_sal);

17 end;18 /

Total Records = 14Maximum Salary = 7000Minimum Salary = 1300Total Salary = 55025Average Salary = 3930.36PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus ikap ifjorZukad no_record, max_sal, Min_sal, sum_sal rFkk

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avg_sal ?kksf"kr fd, gSA mlds ckn select LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls Employee Vsfcy ls buifjorZukadksa esa Øe”k% dqy fjdkWMZ~l dh la[;k] vf/kdre Salary ] U;wure salary ] dqy salary rFkkvkSlr salary ds eku dks lafpr djk;k x;k gSA blds mijkUr bu ekuksa dks dbms_output.put_lineQaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhu ij fç.V djk;k x;k gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> declare2 v_ename varchar2 (25);3 v_grade varchar2 (5);4 begin5 select upper (ename), substr (job, 1, 5) into v_ename, v_grade6 from employee where empno =&empno;7 dbms_output.put_line (v_ename | | ‘ ‘ | | v_grade);8 exception9 when no_data_found then10 dbms_output.put_line (‘Employee Number does not Exist.’);11 when too_many_rows then12 dbms_output.put_line (‘Query Returns Too Many Rows’);13 end;14 /Enter value for empno: 7900old 6 : from employee where empno = &empno;new 6 : from employee where empno = 7900;SUDHANSHU salesPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL>Enter value for empno: 1000old 6 : from employee where empno = &empno;new 6 : from employee where empno = 1000;Employee Number does not exists.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus nks ifjorZukad v_ename rFkk v_grade cuk, gS A blds ckn select

LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds bu nksuksa ifjorZukadksa dks Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr] ftlds EmpnodkWye dk eku ç;ksxdrkZ us buiqV fd;k gS] ds Ename dkWye eas fLFkr v{kjksa dks Upper Case esarFkk Job dkWye esa fLFkr v{kjksa esa ls igys ikap v{kjksa dks lafpr djk;k gS A

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bu Procedure ds Run gksus ij ç;ksxdrkZ ls Empno ds fy, eku çfo"V djus ds fy, dgkx;k gSA vc vksjsdy bl eku dks Employee Vsfcy ds Employee dkWye ds ekuksa esa [kkstrk gS A;fn mls ;g eku çkIr gksrk gS] rks ml iafDr ds Ename dkWye ds eku dks Upper Case rFkk JobdkWye ds eku ds igys ikap v{kjksa dks pqu ysrk gSA blds mijkUr bu pqus gq, ekuksa dksdbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhu ij fçUV djk;k x;k gSA bl mnkgj.kesa geus nks Exceptions dk ç;ksx fd;k gS A ;fn ç;ksxdrkZ dksbZ ,slk eku çfo"V djrk gS] tksvksjsdy dks Employee Vsfcy ds Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa ugha çkIr gksrk gS rks igys Exceptionsds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ;fn çfo"V fd;k x;k eku ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa eas çkIr gksrk gS]rks nwljs Exceptions ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS A bl mnkgj.k eas geus igys empno ds fy, igys,sls eku dks çfo"V fd;k gS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa fLFkr gS A vr% gesaokafNr ifj.kke çkIr gksrk gS A nwljh ckj eas geus empno ds fy, igys ,sls eku dks çfo"V fd;kgS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy Empno dkWye ds ekuksa eas fLFkr ugha gS vr% gesa igys Exceptions dsvuq:i ifj.kke çkIr gksrk gS A

mijksDr mnkgj.k eas ,d QaD”ku Substr() dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A ;g QaD”ku rhuArguments ysrk gS rFkk ;g igys Argument esa ls nwljs Argument ls ”kq: djds rhljs Argumentds cjkcj Element fudky ysrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, &

Substr (“Hello”, 2, 3)outputellSubstr (“pager”, 3, 3)outputger

vxys mnkgj.k eas nks ifjorZukad vhiredate rFkk vmonths ?kksf"kr fd, gSA buesa ls igysifjorZukad dk MsVkçdkj date rFkk nwljs ifjorZukad dk MsVkçdkj Number fy;k x;k gSA vmonthsifjorZukad dk vkdkj lkr vadksa dk j[kk x;k gS] ftuesa nks n”keyo vad Hkh lfEefyr gS A bu nksuksaifjorZukadksa eas Øe”k% Employee Vsfcy ls ml iafDr ds Hiredate rFkk QaD”ku Months_between() ds ifj.kkeksa dks lafpr djk;k x;k gS] ftlds Empno dkWye dk eku ç;ksxdrkZ çfo"V djrk gSA

bl Procedure ds Run gksus ij ç;ksxdrkZ ls Empno ds fy, eku çfo"V djus ds fy, dgkx;k gSA vc vksjsdy bl eku dks Employee Vsfcy ds Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa [kkstrk gS A ;fnmls ;g eku çkIr gS] rks ml iafDr ds Hiredate dkWye ds eku dks ifjorZukad vhirdate esa rFkkorZeku frfFk] tks fd gS 15-Apr-2011 rFkk Hiredate tks fd 03-Dec-1991 gS] ds e/; ds eghuksa dseku dks vmonths ifjorZukad eas lafpr djrk gS A

blds ckn dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls nksuksa ifjorZukadksa ds eku rFkk flLVeMsV vFkkZr orZeku frfFk dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij fçUV djk;k x;k gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> declare

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2 vhiredate date;3 vmonths number (7, 2)4 begin5 select hiredate, months_between (sysdate, hiredate)6 into vhiredate, vmonths7 from employee where empno =&empno;8 dbms_output.put_line (vhiredate | | ‘ ’ | | sysdate | | ‘ ’ | | vmonths);9 end;10 /

Enter value for empno: 7900old 6 : from employee where empno = &empno;new 6 : from employee where empno = 7900;03-DEC-91 15-APR-11 112.41PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

fu;U=d çk:i fu;U=d çk:i fu;U=d çk:i fu;U=d çk:i fu;U=d çk:i (Control Structures)PL/SQL gesa LVsVesUV~l ds çokg dks lçfrcU/k (Conditionally) rFkk vçfrcU/k (Uncondi-

tionally) fu;fU=r djus dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gS A LVsVesUV~l ds çokg dks fuEukuqlkj fu;fU=rfd;k tk ldrk gSA

& If Statement ds }kjk& Basic Loops ds }kjk A ;s ywIl fuEu çdkj ds gks ldrs gS A

(a) Goto Statement & Exit Statement(b) For Loop(c) While Loop

If .......endif LVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUV;g LVsVesUV~l fu/kkZfjr çfrcU/kksa ds vuq:i pquko vFkok NaVkbZ djus dk dk;Z miyC/k djkrh

gS A bl LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &lw= % IF <condition l> THEN

<actions1>ELSIF <condition 2> THEN<action2>ELSE<action3>EndiF

vFkkZr ;fn çfrcU/k gS] condition l gS rks actions 1 dk;Z dk;kZfUor gks] ;fn çfrcU/k condition1u gksdj condition 2 gS] rks action 2 dk;kZfUor gks vkSj ;fn mijksDr nksuksa çfrcU/k ugha gS] rks action3

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dk;kZfUor gksAdk;Z dk ;gk¡ ij rkRi;Z mu PL/SQL ;k SQL dek.M vFkok LVsVesUV ls gS] tks fdlh çksxzke

dh Body cukrh gS Amnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&mnkgj.k&

SQL> Declare2 f_title varchar2 (20);3 status varchar2 (15);4 begin5 f_title:=&f_title;6 if f_title=’MRS’ then7 status := ‘MARRIED;8 else9 status :=UNKNOWN’;10 end if;11 dbms_output.put_line (status);12 end;13 /

Enter value for f_title : ‘MR’old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;new 5 : f_title:=’MR’;UNKNOWNPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL>/Enter value for f_title : ‘MRS’old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;new 5 : f_title:=’MRS’;MARRIEDPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ifjorZukad f_title rFkk ifjorZukad status dks MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj ds

lkFk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS Avc Begin okys Hkkx eas lcls igys ç;ksxdrkZ ls ifjorZukad f_title dk eku çfo"V djk;k gSA

blds ckn ,d çfrcU/k yxk;k x;k gS fd ;fn igys ifjorZukad dk eku ‘MRS’ gS] rks nwljsifjorZukad dk eku MARRIED gks tk, vU;Fkk nwljs ifjorZukad dk eku UNKNOWN gks tk,A

vUr esa dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls nwljs ifjorZukad ds eku dks ekWuhVjLØhu ij fçUV djk;k x;k gS A

bl mnkgj.k dks Run djus ij lcls igys ç;ksxdrkZ ls ifjorZukad f_title ds fy, eku çfo"V

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djus ds fy, dgk x;k vkSj geus ;gk¡ ij ‘MR’ çfo"V dj fn;k A blds ckn ekWuhVj LØhu ijold ds lkeus bl mnkgj.k dh ikapoh ykbu dks n”kkZ;k x;k fd igys f_title ifjorZukad dk eku&f_title Fkk rFkk new ds lkeus ;g n”kkZ;k x;k fd vc bl ifjorZukad dk eku ‘MR’ gks x;k gSA blds ckn dk;kZUo;u NBh ykbu ij tkrk gS vkSj çfrcU/k ds vuq:i bl ifjorZukad ds eku dkstkapk tkrk gS A bl ifjorZukad dk eku ‘MRS’ u çkIr gksus ij çksxzke dk fu;U=.k else ds cknokys LVsVesUV ij vk tkrk gS vkSj nwljs ifjorZukad status dks UNKNOWN eku çnku djds ekWuhVjLØhu ij fçUV dj fn;k tkrk gS A

bl mnkgj.k dks iqu% pykus ds fy, Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ç;ksx fd;k gS A vc ç;ksxdrkZ lsifjorZukad f_title ds fy, eku ‘MRS’ çfo"V dj fn;k A blds ckn ekWuhVj LØhu ij old ds lkeusbl mnkgj.k dh ikapoh ykbu dks n”kkZ;k x;k fd igys f_title ifjorZukad dk eku &f_title Fkk rFkknew ds lkeus ;g n”kkZ;k x;k fd vc bl ifjorZukad dk eku ‘MRS’ gks x;k gS A blds ckndk;kZUo;u NBh ykbu ij tkrk gS vkSj çfrcU/k ds vuq:i bl ifjorZukad ds eku dks tkapk tkrkgS A bl ifjorZukad dk eku ‘MRS’ çkIr gksus ij nwljs ifjorZukad status dks MARRIED ekuçnku dj fn;k tkrk gS A pwafd çfrcU/k lR; gks x;k gS vr% çksxzke ds else ds ckn okys LVsVesUVdk dk;kZUo;u ugha gksrk vkSj çksxzke dk fu;U=.k endif ds ckn okys LVsVesUV ij vk tkrk gS vkSjnwljs ifjorZukad status dk eku MARRIED ekWuhVj LØhu ij fçUV dj fn;k tkrk gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> Declare2 f_title varchar2 (20);3 status varchar2 (15);4 begin5 f_title:=&f_title;6 if f_title=’MRS’ then7 status := ‘MARRIED’;8 dsif f_title = ‘MISS’ then9 status := ‘UNMARRIED’;10 else11 status := ‘UNKNOWN’;12 end if;13 dbms_output.put_line (status);14 end;15 /

Cont....Enter value for f_title : ‘MR’old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;new 5 : f_title:=’MR’;

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UNKNOWN

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>/Enter value for f_title : ‘mrs’old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;new 5 : f_title:= ‘mrs’;UNKNOWN

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>/Enter value for f_title : ‘MRS’old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;new 5 : f_title:= ‘MRS’;MARRIED

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k igys fn, x, mnkgj.k dk gh lq/kjk gqvk :i gSA bl mnkgj.k esa geus dsoy

,d gh çfrcU/k dks u tkap dj nks çfrcU/kksa dh tkap dh gSA ;fn ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk status ifjorZukaddk eku MARRIED gks tk, vkSj ;fn çfo’V fd;k x;k eku MISS gS rks nwljs ifjorZukad Statusdk eku UNMARRIED gks tk, vkSj ;fn ls nksuksa gh çfrcU/k lR; ugha gksrs gS] rks nwljs ifjorZukadStatus dk eku UNKONWN gks tk, A

bl çksxzke dks igyh ckj pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad ds fy, eku ‘MR’ çfo"V fd;kgS] bl eku ls pwafd nksuksa gh çfrcU/k lR; ugha gksrs gS] vr% ekWuhVj LØhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Statusdk eku UNKNOWN çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

bl mnkgj.k dks Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ç;ksx djds iqu% pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad dsfy, eku ‘mrs’ çfo"V fd;k gS] pwafd ;g eku geus Lower Case eas çfo"V fd;k gS] vr% çfrcU/k bldksHkh lR; ugha ekurk gS vkSj ekWuhVj LØhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Status dk UNKNOWN çnf”kZrgksrk gS A

bl mnkgj.k dks Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ç;ksx djds iqu% pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad dsfy, eku ‘MRS’ çfo"V fd;k gS] pwafd vc geus ;g eku Upper Case eas çfo"V fd;k gS] vr% çfrcU/k bldkslR; ekurk gS vkSj ekWuhVj LØhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Status dk eku MARRIED çnf”kZr gksrk gSA;fn geus ‘MRS’ ds LFkku ij ‘MISS’ çfo"V fd;k gksrk rks ekWuhVj LØhu ij nwljs ifjorZukadstatus dk eku UNMARRIED çnf”kZr gksrk A

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ewyHkwr ywIl ewyHkwr ywIl ewyHkwr ywIl ewyHkwr ywIl ewyHkwr ywIl (Basic Loops)iqujko`rh; fu;U=d LVsVesUV~l dh fdlh Ja[kyk dks vusd ckj dk;kZfUor djus dh lqfo/kk

çnku djrs gS A LVsVesUV~l dh ;g Ja[kyk gesa ,d ckj gh fy[kuh gksrh gS] ijUrq bldk dk;kZUo;uiqujko`rh; fu;U=d LVsVesUV~l ds dkj.k ckj&ckj gksrk gS A lcls lk/kkj.k iqujko`rh; fu;U=dLVsVesUV~l Loop gS ALoop....Endloop

çksxzke esa tc Hkh ywi pyrk gS] rks çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds ”kq: esa igq¡p tkrk gS vkSj ywids vUnj fn, x, lHkh LVsVesUV dks dk;kZfUor djrk gS A tc ;g dk;kZUo;u Endloop LVsVesUV ijvkrk gS] rks çksxzke dk fu;U=.k iqu% ywi ds çFke LVsVesUV ij igq¡p tkrk gS vkSj ,d ckj fQj ywids vUnj ds lHkh LVsVesUV~l dk;kZfUor gksrs gSa A bl çdkj ywi ds vUnj ds LVsVesUV~l rd rd pyrsjgrs gSa] tc rd fd ywi esa fn;k x;k çfrcU/k lR; ugha gksrk gS A ;fn ywi esa dksbZ çfrcU/k ughafn;k tkrk gS] rks ywi vuUr dky rd pyus okyk vFkkZr~ dHkh u [kRe gksus okyk ywi cu tkrk gSA

Loop...Endloop dek.M dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &lw= % Loop

......................(statement)(statement)....................Endloop;

bl dek.M eas Loop okyh ykbu ds ckn] LVsVesUV dh og J`a[kyk fy[kh tkrh gS] ftls geckj ckj dk;kZfUor djuk pkgrs gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> Declare2 n_number :=2;3 begin4 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (n);6 n:=n+2;7 end loop8 end;

mijksDr fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d dHkh u lekIr gksus okys ywi dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.keas lcls igys ,d Number MsVkçdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk bls çkjfEHkdeku 2 çnku fd;k x;k gS A blds ckn Loop dk ç;ksx djds bl ifjorZukad ds eku dks ekWuhVjLØhu ij fçUV djk;k x;k gSA blds vxys LVsVesUV eas bl ifjorZukad ds eku esa 2 dh o`f) dh xbZgS vkSj mlds ckn dh ykbu esa ywi dk vUr n”kkZ;k gS A

/;ku jgs dh bl mnkgj.k esa çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vkus dk dksbZ çfrcU/k ugha yxk;k

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x;k gS] vr% çksxzke vuUr dky rd pyrk jgsxk vFkkZr ;g dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh fLFkfr gS A;gka ij bl mnkgj.k dks nsus dk mís”; dsoy Loop....Endloop; dks n”kkZuk ek= gS] bls ;fn

vki vius dEI;wVj ij pykrs gS] rks ifj.kke eas 2 ls nks&nks ds vUrj ij la[;k,¡ yxkrkj rc rdçnf”kZr gksrh pyh tk;sxh] tc rd fd vki ;k rks dEI;wVj dk Restart cVu ugha nckrs vFkokdEI;wVj dks vkWQ ugha dj nsrsAExit LVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUV

çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj ykus ds fy, Exit LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A blLVsVesUV ds igys ,d çfrcU/k fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj çfrcU/k ds lR; gksus ij gh çksxzke dk fu;U=.klh/ks Endloop LVsVesUV ls vxys LVsVesUV ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> Declare2 n number : =2;3 begin4 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (n);6 n:=n+2;7 if n>20 then8 exit;9 end if;10 end loop;11 end;12 /

2468101214161820PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k] fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh ifj"Ñr :i gS A bl mnkgj.k esa ywi ls ckgj vkus

ds fy, Exit LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A bl LVsVesUV ls igys ;g çfrcU/k yxk;k x;k gSfd ;fn n dk eku 20 ls vf/kd gks] rks Exit LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor gks A blds ckn Endif LVsVesUV ls

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çfrcU/k dk iw.kZ gksuk n”kkZ;k x;k gS Abl çksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij 2 dk igkM+k (Table) 20 rd çnf”kZr gksxkA

tSls gh n dk eku 20 ls vf/kd gksrk gS] oSls gh çksxzke dk fu;U=.k end loop LVsVesUV ls vxyh ykbuij pyk tkrk gS] tks fd çksxzke dk vUr n”kkZrh gS vkSj çksxzke dk vUr gks tkrk gS AExit LVsVesUV esa LVsVesUV esa LVsVesUV esa LVsVesUV esa LVsVesUV esa When çfrcU/k dk ç;ksxçfrcU/k dk ç;ksxçfrcU/k dk ç;ksxçfrcU/k dk ç;ksxçfrcU/k dk ç;ksx

Exit dks vdsys ç;ksx djus ds fy, çfrcU/k ds fy, if......endif LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k tkldrk gSA blds fy, çksxzke esa de ls de nks vfrfjDr ykbUl c<+ tkrh gS A ge çfrcU/k ExitLVsVesUV esa When “kCn dk ç;ksx djds Hkh yxk ldrs gS A

/;ku jgs fd fdlh çksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij vkmViqV ekWuhVj LØhu ij rHkh çnf”kZr gksxk]tcfd geus SERVEROUTPUT dks ON fd;k gqvk gksxk A ;fn geus bls ON ugha fd;k gS] rksçksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij dsoy fuEu lUns”k çnf”kZr gksxk &

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kSQL> Declare

2 x number :=2;3 begin4 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (x);6 x:=x+2;7 exit when x>208 end loop;9 end;10 /

2468101214161820

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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mijksDr mnkgj.k] fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh ,d nwljk :i gS A bl mnkgj.k esa ywi ls ckgj vkusds fy, Exit LVsVesUV ds lkFk çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx When ”kCn ds lkFk fd;k x;k gS A

bl çksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij 2 dk igkM+k (Table) 20 rd çnf”kZr gksxkAtSls gh ndk eku 20 ls vf/kd gksrk gS] oSls gh çksxzke dk fu;U=.k end loop LVsVesUV ls vxyh ykbuij pyk tkrk gS AFor ywiywiywiywiywi

For ywi vius vUnj nh xbZ LVsVesUV~l dks ,d fuf”pr nh xbZ la[;k ds vuq:i mruh gh ckjrd dk;kZfUor djrk gSA bl ywi dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS A

lw= & For control_variable In [Reverse] Low_Value . .High_Value Loop...........................(Statements)..........................end loop;

mijksDr esa fu;U=d ifjorZukad (Control Variable) ,d iw.kkZad ifjorZukad (Intger Variable)gksrk gS] ftldk eku ywi ds çR;sd pDdj eas Lor% gh ?kVrk ;k c<+rk jgrk gS A ;g ifjorZukad ywids }kjk gh cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk bldks vU; ifjorZukadksa ds leku Begin ls igys ?kksf"kr djus dhvko”;drk ugha iM+rh gS vkSj bldk vfLrRo ywi ds vUnj rd gh lhfer gksrk gS A

Low_Value vkSj High_Value nksuksa Integer Expressions gksrs gS] tks ywi ds Control_Variableds eku dh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa A bu ekuksa dks Literals, Variables rFkk Expressions ds :iesa fn;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq budk eku fudydj ,d iw.kkZad la[;k ds :i esa gh çkIr gksuk pkfg,Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> begin2 FOR i IN 1 . . 5 LOOP3 dbms_output.put_line (i) ;4 end loop ;5 end ;6 /

12345

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k eas geus For ywi dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa For ywi dk fu;U=d

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ifjorZukad i fy;k x;k gS] ftldk U;wure eku 1 rFkk vf/kdre eku 5 fuf”pr fd;k x;k gS A blywi ds pyus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij 1 ls 5 rd ds vad çnf”kZr gksrs gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 n Number : = 2;3 begin4 for i in 1 .. 10 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (n*1) ;6 end loop ;7 end ;8 /

2468101214161820

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa geus For ywi ds fu;U=d ifjorZukad ds lkFk ,d vU; ifjorZukad dk

ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus ,d Number MsVkçdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr fd;k gS]ftldks çkjfEHkd eku 2 çnku fd;k x;k gS A

blds ckn For ywi dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A bl For ywi dk fu;U=d ifjorZukad i fy;k x;kgS] ftldk U;wure eku 1 rFkk vf/kdre eku 10 fuf”pr fd;k x;k gS A bl ywi ds pyus ij ekWuhVjLØhu ij 1 ls 5 rd ds vad çnf”kZr gksrs gS A

blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi dsfu;U=d ifjorZukad i dks xq.kk djkdj] xq.kuQy dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr fd;k x;k gS A

bl Procedure ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij igyh ckj ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi ds fu;U=difjorZukad dk eku 1 ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy çnf”kZr gksrk gS] nwljh ckj 2 ls xq.kk gksdj vkSj blhçdkj vUr esa 10 ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy çnf”kZr gksrk gS A tSls gh 10 ls xq.kk gksrk gS] ;g blywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS A

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mijksDr fiNys mnkgj.kksa esa For ywi esa fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk eku c<+rk gqvk ç;ksx gks jgkgS A ;fn ge ;g pkgrs gS fd fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk eku ?kVrk gqvk ç;ksx gks] rks blds fy, Forywi esa Reverse ”kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 n Number : = 2;3 begin4 for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (n*1) ;6 end loop;7 end ;8 /

201816141210 8 6 4 2

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus For ywi esa Reverse ”kCn dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl Procedure ds

dk;kZfUor gksus ij igyh ckj ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi ds fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk vf/kdre eku]tks fd 10 gks ldrk gS] ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy çnf”kZr gksrk gS A nwljh ckj 9 ls xq.kk gksdj vkSjblh çdkj vUr esa bl fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk U;wure eku tks fd 1 gS] ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQyçnf’kZr gksrk gS A tSls gh 1 ls xq.kk gksrk gS] ;g bl ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS AWhile LVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUV

;g LVsVesUV çfrcU/k ds vuq:i vius vUnj fn, x, LVsVesUV dks ckj&ckj dk;kZfUor gksus dhvuqefr çnku djrk gS A

ywi ds çR;sd ckj iqu% pyus ij çfrcU/k dh tk¡p gksrh gS] ;fn çfrcU/k lR; gksrk gS] rks ywipyrk gS vkSj ;fn vlR; gksrk gS] rks çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS A ;fn çfrcU/k igysls gh vlR; gS] rks While ywi pysxk gh ugha rFkk mlds vUnj dh ,d Hkh LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor ugha

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gksxh A bl ywi dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &lw= & While condition Loop

....................(statement)....................increment /decrement ;end Loop;

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> declare2 n Number : = 1;3 begin4 while n <11 loop5 dbms_output.put_line (‘3’ | | ‘X’ | | n | | ‘=’ ‘| | 3*n);6 n : = n+1;6 end loop;7 end ;8 /

3 x 1 = 33 x 2 = 63 x 3 = 93 x 4 = 123 x 5 = 153 x 6 = 183 x 7 = 213 x 7 = 243 x 9 = 273 x 10 = 30

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus While LVsVesUV }kjk ywi dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k eas ,d

Number MsVkçdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ftls çkjfEHkd eku 1 bldh ?kks"k.kk dslkFk gh çnku dj fn;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa While LVsVesUV eas çfrcU/k yxk;k gS fd ifjorZukadn dk eku 11 ls de gksA rc n ds eku eas 1 dh o`f) gksrh jgs A

**********

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blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls 3] X] ifjorZukad n dk eku]¾ rFkk ifjorZukad n ds eku esa 3 ls xq.kk djkdj] xq.kuQy dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr fd;kx;k gS AvçfrcfU/kr çksxzke fu;U=.kvçfrcfU/kr çksxzke fu;U=.kvçfrcfU/kr çksxzke fu;U=.kvçfrcfU/kr çksxzke fu;U=.kvçfrcfU/kr çksxzke fu;U=.k

PL/SQL eas fdlh ywi ds lkFk ,d Label uke dks Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gS A ;g Label ywi ds”kq: esa rFkk nksgjs Angle Brackets (<< >>) esa cUn fd;k tkuk pkfg, Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 n Number ;3 s varchar2 (17) : = COMPUTER BOOKS’;4 begin55 <<LOOP>>6 for i in 1..3 loop7 n : = i;8 dbms_output.put_line (n);9 end loop;1010 <<LOOP2>>11 for j in 1..3 loop12 dbms_output.put_line (s);13 end loop1414 end ;15 /

123COMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKS

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.geus nks For ywIl dk ç;ksx fd;k gS A igyk For ywi 1 ls 3 rd ds vad rFkk nwljk ywi rhu

ckj COMPUTER BOOKS dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr djrk gS A

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xqfEQr ywIl xqfEQr ywIl xqfEQr ywIl xqfEQr ywIl xqfEQr ywIl (Nested Loops)PL/SQL esa For ywi dks xqfEQr (Nested) fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ,d For ywi ds vUnj

fdlh vU; for ywi dk ç;ksx Hkh lEHko gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 n Number ;3 s varchar2 (17) : = COMPUTER BOOKS’;4 begin55 <<LOOP1>>6 for i in 1..3 loop7 n : = i;8 dbms_output.put_line (n);9 <<LOOP2>>10 for j in 1..3 loop11 dbms_output.put_line (s);12 end loop;13 end loop;14 end ;15 /

1COMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKS2COMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKS3COMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKS

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.Goto LVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUVLVsVesUV

;g LVsVesUV PL/SQL ds çksxzke esa fcuk fdlh çfrcU/k ds ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij çksxzkedk fu;U=.k ys tkus ds fy, ç;ksx eas ykbZ tkrh gS A bldk ç;ksx de gh fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd

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bldk T;knk ç;ksx çksxzke dh lgh cukoV dks [kks nsrk gS rFkk çksxzke cukus okyk Lo;a gh Hkzfer(Confuse) gks tkrk gSA

,d label dk vfLrRo orZeku CykWd ds vUnj gh fLFkj jgrk gS tgk¡ fd bls cuk;k x;k gks]Goto LVsVesUV çksxzke ds fu;U=.k dks fn, x, label ij igq¡pkrk gS rFkk blds ckn çksxzke ml labells vkxs c<+rk gS Amnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> declare2 i Number : = 1;3 begin44 <<loop 1>>5 loop6 dbms_output.put_line (i);7 i : = i + 1;8 if i > 2 than9 Goto loop 2;10 end if;11 end loop ;1212 <<loop 2>>13 for j in 10..13 loop14 dbms_output.put_line (‘COMPUTER BOOKS’s);15 end loop;1616 end ;17 /

12COMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSCOMPUTER BOOKSPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k eas goto LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa loop ds vUnj

ifjorZukad i dk eku tSls gh 2 gksrk gS] çksxzke dk fu;U=.k goto loop 2 LVsVesUV ds dkj.k loop2 ij pyk tkrk gS A

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vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %vH;kl iz'u %

cgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'ucgqp;ukRed iz'u1- PL/SQL CykWd eas dkSulk Hkkx ugha gksrk gS \

¼v½ Declare ¼c½ Begin¼l½ End ¼n½ Start ¼ ½

2- SELECT LVsVesUV ds lkFk fdl ”kCn dk ç;ksx djuk vko”;d gS \¼v½ Goto ¼c½ Into¼l½ Do ¼n½ mijksDr eas ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

3- PL/SQL eas & dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \¼v½ Input ds fy, ¼c½ Output ds fy,¼l½ Processing ds fy, ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ds fy, ¼ ½

4- VARCHAR 2 çdkj ds ifjorZukad dh yEckbZ gksrh gS \¼v½ fuf”pr ¼c½ ifjofrZr¼l½ mijksDr nksuksa ¼n½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

5- Goto LVsVesUV ds lkFk ç;ksx djuk vko”;d gS \¼v½ Label ¼c½ Control¼l½ End ¼n½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

6- fuEu esa ls dkSulk ifjorZukad PL/SQL esa ugha gksrk gSA¼v½ Integer ¼c½ Char¼l½ Boolean ¼n½ Date ¼ ½

vfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'uvfryÄqRjkRed iz'u1- PL/SQL dk iwjk uke D;k gS \2- PL/SQL CykWd ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \3- PL/SQL dk dkSulk CykWd lekfIr dks n”kkZrk gS \4- PL/SQL ds çksxzke esa fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ fVIi.kh (Comments) djuk gS] rks fdl çdkj fd;k tkrk gS\5- çksxzke dk fu;U=r ¼Control½ ywi ls ckgj ykus ds fy, fdl LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\6- ,sls ifjorZukad tks fd PL/SQL ds ugha gS] muds uke ls igys dkSulk fpà yxkuk vko”;d gS\7- PL/SQL eas %NOTFOUND fdl ,VªhC;wV ds foifjr dk;Z djrs gS \8- PL/SQL fdl izdkj fd rduhdh gSA9- Begin dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA10- End dk mi;ksx fdl ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA11- PL/SQL ds ewyHkwr fu;e crkb;sA

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12- PL/SQL esa fdrus ifjorZukad gksrs gSA13- Constant dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA14- iwoZ&fufeZr QaD’ku dkSu ls gksrs gSA15- while - loop dk Syntex crkb;sA

yÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'uyÄqRjkRed iz'u1- vuke CykWDl D;k gS \2- Exception CykWd dk D;k mi;ksx gS \3- PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx dSls fd;k tkrk gS \4- SET SERVEROUTPUT ON dk D;k mi;ksx gS \5- dbms_output.put_line dk mi;ksx crkb, A6- PL/SQL eas ifjorZukad fdl çdkj ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS \7- %TYPE vkSj ROWTYPE ifjorZukadksa eas foHksn dhft, A8- PL/SQL eas fLFkjkad fdl çdkj ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS \9- fu;U=d izk#i dks Li"V #i ls le>kb;saA10- ewyHkwr Loop dks le>kb;saA11- Exit statement esa When izfrcU/k dks dc iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA12- For-Loop dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA13- While-statement dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA14- Nested Loop fdls dgrs gSA15- Go statement dk mi;ksx crkb;sA

fucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'ufucU/kkRed iz'u1- PL/SQL CykWd ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djs A2- PL/SQL esa IF...ENDIF rFkk FOR.....ENDLOOP LVsVesUV dk mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djs A3- While LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb, A4- PL/SQL ds ifjorZukad fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa izR;sd dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA

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v/;k;&6v/;k;&6v/;k;&6v/;k;&6v/;k;&6

ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kkAdvance Concept of PL/SQL

dlZj ,oa mi&çksxzkEldlZj ,oa mi&çksxzkEldlZj ,oa mi&çksxzkEldlZj ,oa mi&çksxzkEldlZj ,oa mi&çksxzkElvksjsdy dks dke djus ds fy, ,d vyx LFkku dh vko”;drk iM+rh gS ftldks Private SQL

Areas dk uke fn;k x;k gS A vksjsdy dks ;g LFkku fofHkUu SQL LVsVesUV~l dks dk;kZfUor djusrFkk fofHkUu Processing Informations dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, pkfg, gksrk gS A

dlZj (Cursor) PL/SQL dh ,d ,slh cukoV ;k lajpuk dk uke gS] tks gesa dke djus dsLFkkuksa (Work Areas) dks ,d uke nsus rFkk buds vUnj tkudkjh dks lafpr djusdh vuqefr çnkudjrk gS AdlZj ds çdkj dlZj ds çdkj dlZj ds çdkj dlZj ds çdkj dlZj ds çdkj (Types of Cursor)

dlZj fuEufyf[kr nks çdkj ds gksrs gS &vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ (Implicit Cursors) %%%%% ;s dlZlZ PL/SQL }kjk vçR;{k :i ls mu lHkh

DML LVsVesUV~l rFkk mu ekaxksa ds fy, ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS] rks ifj.kke ds :i eas dsoy ,d iafDrgh ykSVkrs gSaA

çR;{k dllZ çR;{k dllZ çR;{k dllZ çR;{k dllZ çR;{k dllZ (Expliclit Cursors) %%%%% ;s dlZlZ PL/SQL çksxzke ds Declare Hkkx ds vUnjçR;{k :i ls vU; igpkudrkZvksa (Identifiers) ds lkFk esa ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSa A çR;{k dlZlZ dksdsoy ekaxksa ds fy, gh ç;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g bldh vuqefr Hkh çnku djrk gS fdekax ds fo”ys’k.k ds i”pkr~ mlls ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka Hkh ifj.kke ds :i esa çkIr gks ldsa AvçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ vçR;{k dlZlZ (Implicit Cursors)

çR;sd çR;{k :i ls cukbZ xbZ ,slh SQL LVsVesUV~ tks fd fdlh çR;{k (Expilcit) dlZj ls tqM+hgqbZ ugha gS] dks fo”ysf"kr (Process) djus ds fy, vksjsdy vçR;{k :i ls ,d dlZj dks [kksyrk gSrFkk çR;sd SQL Statement tks fd Explicitty cuk, x, dlZj ls tqM+h gqbZ ugha gS mUgsa pykrkgS A PL/SQL lcls ckn eas ç;ksx fd, x, vçR;{k dlZj dks SQL dlZj ds uke ls lUnfHkZr djrkgS A

vçR;{k dlZj lcls ckn esa pykbZ xbZ SQL LVsVesUV ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dks çkIr djus ds fy,dlZj ds Attributes dks ç;ksx djus dh btktr nsrk gS A PL/SQL fuEufyf[kr Attributes dks çnkudjrh gS] tks gesa SELECT LVsVesUV~l ds ifj.kke dk ewY;kadu djus ;ksX; cukrs gS &SQL%ROWCOUNT

iafDr;ksa dh ml la[;k dks ifj.kkeLo:i nsrk gS tks fd Insert, Update ;k Delete ds pyk,tkus ij çHkkfor gksus okyh gS vFkok ,d ykbu dh Select LVsVesUV ds }kjk ifj.kkeLo:i vkusokyh gS A

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mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> declare2 result number;3 vempno number;4 vsal number;5 begin6 SELECT empno, sal into vempno, vsal FROM employee7 WHERE sal = (SELECT MIN (sal) FROM employee);8 result := SQL%ROWCOUNT;9 if result>= 1 then10 dbms_output.put_line (vempno | | ‘ ‘ | | vsal);11 end if ;12 end ;13 /

7369 1300PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus SQL%ROWCOUNT Attribute dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl

mnkgj.k esa geus Number MsVkçdkj ds rhu ifjorZukad result, vempno rFkk vsal ?kksf’kr fd, gSAblds ckn PL/SQL CYkkWd ds Begin Hkkx esa ,d Select LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds mudeZpkfj;ksa ds empno rFkk sal dkWye ds eku dks ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vsal esa lafpr djus dhekax dh xbZ gS A bl ekax esa Where “krZ esa ,d mi&ekax dh xbZ gS fd sal dkWye dk eku EmployeeVsfcy ds Sal dkWye esa fLFkr U;wure gksuk pkfg, A blds ckn result ifjorZukad esa mi;qZDr ekax dsifj.kke SQL%ROWCOUNT Attribute ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A

vc if çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx djds ;g tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn result ifjorZukad dk eku 1 vFkkZrmijksDr Select LVsVesUV ifj.kke ds :i esa dsoy ,d iafDr gh ykSVkrk gS] rks dbms_output.put_line()QaD”ku ds }kjk ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vsal ds eku dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr djs ASQL%FOUND

bl Attribute dk ewY;kadu lR; esa rc gksrk gS] tc ;fn ,d Insert, Update vFkok DeleteLVsVesUV ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS A ;fn bu LVsVesUV~l ls dksbZ HkhiafDr çHkkfor ugha gksrh gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; (False) gksrk gS A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> SELECT sal FROM employee;

SAL--------------

13007000

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700029757000285024503000500070001600305030001800

14 rows selected.SQL> DECLARE2 var BOOLEAN;3 BEGIN4 UPDATE employee SET sal=sal-1000;5 var :=SQL%FOUND;6 if var then7 dbms_output.put_line ( ‘change made’);8 end if;9 end;10 /

Change madePL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> SELECT sal FROM employee;

SAL------------ 300600060001975600018501450200040006000

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60020502000 800

14 rows selected.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus SQL%FOUND Attribute dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k

esa geus igys ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds sal dkWye esa fLFkr lHkh ekuksa dks çnf”kZrfd;k gS A blds ckn geus Boolean MsVkçdkj dk ,d ifjorZukad var ?kksf"kr fd;k gS A blds cknPL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkx eas ,d Update LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksads sal dkWye ds eku esa 1000 dh deh fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gS A vc var ifjorZukad eas mi;qZDr ekax dsifj.kke dks SQL%FOUND Attribute ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr ;fn bldk ewY;kadu lR;eas gS] rks bldk ifjorZukad var esa True lafpr gks tk,A

vc if çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx djds ;g tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn var ifjorZukad dk eku True gS]rks dbms_output.put_line() QaD”ku ds }kjk lUns”k change mode ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr djs A

vc bl ifjorZu dks tkapus ds fy, iqu% Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds saldkWye eas fLFkr lHkh ekuksa dks çnf”kZr fd;k gS A bl ckj ifj.kkeksa esa sal dkWye esa fLFkr lHkh ekuigys çnf”kZr gq, ekuksa ls 1000 de gS A

SQL%NOTFOUND;g Attribute SQL%FOUND Attribute ds Bhd foijhr dk;Z djrk gS A bl Attribute

dk ewY;kadu lR; esa rc gksrk gS] tc ;fn ,d Insert, Update vFkok Delete LVsVesUV ls dksbZ HkhiafDr çHkkfor ugha gksrh gS A ;fn bu LVsVesUV~l dh dksbZ Hkh ,d iafDr çHkkfor gksrh gS] rks bldkewY;kadu vlR; (False) gksrk gS A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> BEGIN2 UPDATE employee SET sal=sal + (0.2*(sal)) WHERE sal > &sal;3 if SQL%FOUND then4 dbms_output.put_line (‘No. of record update=’ | | SQL%ROWCOUNT);5 end if;6 if SQL%NOTFOUND then7 dbms_output.put_line (‘No record update’);8 end if;9 end;10 /

Enter value for sal:6000old 2 : update employee set sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > &sal;

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new 2 : update employee set sal + (0.2 * (sal) where sal > 6000;No. of records update = 4

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL>BEGIN2 Update employee SET sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) WHERE sal > &sal;3 if SQL%FOUND then4 dbms_output.put_line (‘No. of records update = ‘ | | SQL%ROWCOUNT);5 end if;6 if SQL%NOT FOUND then7 dbms_output.put_line (‘No records updated’);8 end if;9 end;10 /Enter value for sal : 7000

old 2 : update employee set sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > &sal;new 2 : update employee set sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > 7000;No. records updatedPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus rhuksa Attributes SQL%ROWCOUNT, SQL%FOUND rFkk

SQL%NOTFOUND dk ç;ksx n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k eas geus PL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkxeas ,d Update LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds mu deZpkfj;ksa ds sal dkWye ds eku esa 20çfr”kr dh of) fu/kkZfjr dh gS] ftuds sal dkWye dk eku ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk çfo"V fd, x, eku lsvf/kd gS A vc if çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx djds Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn ;g SQL%FOUNDAttribute gS] rks dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhu ij lUns”k No. ofrecord is update = ds lkFk Attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT dk eku çnf”kZr gks A blds ckn ,dvU; if çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx djds Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn ;g SQL%NOTFOUNDAttribute gS] rks dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj LØhu ij lUns”k No recordsupdated çnf”kZr gksA

bl mnkgj.k eas geus bl çksxzke dks nks ckj pyk;k gS A igyh ckj geus sal dkWye ds fy,eku 6000 çfo"V fd;k gS A ;g eku Employee Vsfcy ds sal dkWye eas fLFkr ekuksa esa lcls cM+k ekuugha gS] blls vf/kd eku ftl&ftl iafDr eas gS] ml iafDr ds sal dkWye ds eku esa ml eku ds 20%

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dh o`f) gks tkrh gS A ;g o`f) fdruh iafDr;ksa eas gksrh gS] bldh x.kuk SQL%ROWCOUNTAttribute eas gksrh gS vkSj ekWuhVj LØhu ij No. of records update=4 lUns”k çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

blds ckn eas bl çksxzke }kj fd, x, ifjorZuksa dks fujLr djus ds fy, Rollback dek.M dkç;ksx fd;k gSA

igyh ckj geus sal dkWye ds fy, eku 7000 çfo"V fd;k gS A ;g eku Employee Vsfcy dssal dkWye esa fLFkr ekuksa eas lcls cM+k eku gS] vc bl çksxzke dks blls vf/kd eku dh dksbZ Hkh iafDrugha çkIr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ Update LVsVesUV ds ifj.kke dk Attribute SQL%NOTFOUND gksrk gSvkSj ekWuhVj LØhu ij No records updated çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

dlZj Attributes ds eku ges”kk gh lcls vUr esa pykbZ xbZ SQL LVsVesUV Hkys gh og fdlh HkhLFkku ij fLFkr gks] ds ekuksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djrs gSa A ;g SQL LVsVesUV fdlh vU; Scope vFkkZr~fdlh mi&CykWd esa Hkh fLFkr gks ldrs gS A vr% ;fn ge bu Attribute ekuksa dks vkxs ç;ksx esa yk,tkus ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kuk pkgrs gS] rks bls ,d Boolean MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad dks lkSai nsukpkfg, vFkkZr~ Assign dj nsuk pkfg,A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> BEGIN2 sqlfound1 BOOLEAN;3 sqlrowcnt1 NUMBER;4 sqlfound2 BOOLEAN;5 sqlrowcnt2 NUMBER;6 BEGIN7 DELETE FROM employee WHERE comm=&comm;8 sqlfound1 := SQL%FOUND;9 sqlrowcnt1 := SQL%ROWCOUNT;10 UPDATE employee SET ename=upper (ename);11 sqlfound2 := SQL%FOUND;12 sqlrowcnt2 := SQL%ROWCOUNT;13 if sql found1 then14 dbms_output.put_line (‘No. of record deleted =’ | | sqlrowcnt1);15 end if;16 if sql found2 then17 dbms_output.put_line (‘No. of record updated =’ | | sqlrowcnt2);18 end if;19 end;20 /

Enter value for comm : 0old 7 : delete from employee where comm= &comm;new 7 : delete from employee where comm=0;

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No. of records deleted =1No. of records updated = 13PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus dlZj Attributes dk ç;ksx mudks ifjorZukadksa dks lkSaidj vU; LFkku

ij djuk n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa nks Boolean MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlfound1 rFkksqlfound2 vkSj nks Number MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlrowcnt1 rFkk sqlrowcnt2 ?kksf"kr fd, gSA

bl mnkgj.k ds okys Begin Hkkx eas igys Delete LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds Employee Vsfcydh mu iafDr;ksa dks feVk;k x;k gS] ftuds comm dkWye dk eku] ç;ksxdrkZ }kjk çfo"V fd, x,eku ds cjkcj gSA bl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ds ifj.kke ds eku dks Boolean MsVkçdkj dsifjorZukad sqlfound1 rFkk ftruh iafDr;ka bl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ls feVh gS] mudh la[;k dksNumber MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad dks sqlrowcnt1 lkSai fn;k gS A

blds ckn update LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy dh lHkh iafDr;ksa ds enamedkWye eas fLFkr Charactertype ekuksa dks Upper Case eas ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gS A bl LVsVesUV dsdk;kZUo;u ds ifj.kke ds eku dks Boolean MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlfound2 rFkk ftruh iafDr;kabl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ls feVh gS] mudh la[;k dks Number MsVkçdkj ds ifjorZukad dkssqlrowcnt2 lkSai fn;k gS A

vc ,d if çfrcU/k ds }kjk ifjorZukad sqlfound1 ds eku dks tkapk x;k gS vkSj ekWuhVj LØhuij dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls lUns”k No. of records deleted = ds lkFkifjorZukad sqlrowcnt1 dk eku çnf”kZr fd;k x;k gS A

,d vU; if çfrcU/k ds }kjk ifjorZukad sqlfound2 ds eku dks tkapk x;k gS vkSj ekWuhVj LØhuij dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dh lgk;rk ls lUns”k No. of records upddated = ds lkFkifjorZukad sqlrowcnt2 dk eku çnf”kZr fd;k x;k gS A

çR;{k dlZj çR;{k dlZj çR;{k dlZj çR;{k dlZj çR;{k dlZj (Explicit Cursors)çR;{k dlZj vksjsdy }kjk ç;ksx esa yk, tkus okyk ,slk dke djus okyk LFkku (Work Area)

gksrk gS] tks fd ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa eas dh xbZ ekaxksa dks ifjpkfyr (Handle) djus ds dke vkrkgS] ;g orZeku eas fo”ysf"kr (Process) dh tkus okyh iafDr ds ckjs esa Hkh crkrk gS vFkkZr~ orZeku le;esa fdl iafDr esa dke fd;k tk jgk gS] ;g Hkh crkrk gSA

,d ekax }kjk ifj.kke ds :i esa “kqU;] ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka Hkh ykSVk ldrh gSAifj.kke ds :i esa çkIr iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ekax esa ç;ksx fd, x, çfrcU/k ij fuHkZj djrh gS A

tc ,d ekax ifj.kke ds :i eas ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa dks ykSVkrh gS] rks ,d dlZj dks çR;{k:i ls fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS && ekax }kjk ifj.kke ds :i esa nh xbZ igyh iafDr ls vkxs fo”ysf"kr djuk A& bl ckr ij utj j[kuk] fd orZeku esa dkSu&lh iafDr fo”ysf"kr dh tk jgh gS A

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dlZj dks PL/SQL CykWd ds declare okys Hkkx esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] lkFk gh bldks ,duke nsrs gq, ,d ekax ds lkFk Hkh tksM+k tkrk gS A dlZj dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;ktkrk gS &

lw= & CURSOR Cursor_Name IS Select_StatementdlZj (Cursor) dks ifjpkfyr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr rhu LVsVesUV~l dk ç;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS A& Open& Fetch& Close

dlZj dks Open LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls ,d çkjfEHkd eku nsuk vko”;d gksrk gS A ,d FetchStatement dh lgk;rk ls dlZj dh orZeku iafDr dks iqu% çkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A FetchLVsVesUV dks ckj&ckj rc rd pyk;k tk ldrk gS] tc rd fd lHkh iafDr;ksa dks iqu% çkIr ugha djfy;k tkrk A dlZj ls lEc) ekax }kjk ykSVk, x, çR;sd dkWye ds eku ds fy, Into ds ckn nhtkus okyh lwph (List) ds vUnj Øe”k% :i esa ifjorZukad gksus pkfg, lkFk gh lkFk mu ifjorZukadksdk MsVkçdkj Hkh dkWye ds MsVkçdkj ds leku gh gksuk pkfg, A bl LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fuEuçk:ikuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS A

FETCH Cursor_Name INTO var1, var2..........PL/SQL eas ,slk lEHko ugha gS fd igys fdlh ifjorZukad] dlZj vkfn dk ç;ksx dj fy;k tk,

rFkk mldh ?kks"k.kk ckn esa dh tk,] vr% dlZj dks Hkh Open, Fetch rFkk Close LVsVesUV pykus lsigys gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, A

blds lkFk&lkFk] os ifjorZukad] tks dlZj ds fy, Into Clause eas fd, tkus okys gS] mUgsa HkhDeclare Hkkx eas dlZj dh ?kks"k.kk ls igys gh ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg, A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%type;3 vename employee.ename%type;4 CURSOR cl IS5 SELECT empno, ename FROM employee;6 BEGIN7 OPEN cl;8 FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename;9 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename);10 CLOSE cl;11 end;12 /

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7369 SANJEEVPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.tc vfUre iafDr dks Hkh fo”ysf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks dlZj dks Close LVsVesUV ds }kjk cUn

dj fn;k tkrk gS A bl LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fuEu çk:ikuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &CLOSE Cursor_NamefiNys fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa geus ,d dlZj dks ifjHkkf"kr rFkk ifjpkfyr djuk n”kkZ;k gS A

bl mnkgj.k esa geus igys nks ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vename ?kksf"kr fd, gS] bu ifjorZukadksa dkMsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy ds Øe”k% empno o ename dkWye ds MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkjds leku gSA

blds ckn geus ,d dlZj ftldk uke C 1 j[kk x;k gS] ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS rFkk blds lkFklEc) Select LVsVesUVesa Employee Vsfcy ds empno o ename dkWyEl ds lHkh fjdkWM~lZ dks n”kkZusdh ekax dh gSA

vc PL/SQL ds Begin okys Hkkx esa igys Open LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds bl dlZj dks [kksykx;k gSA blds ckn Fetch LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx djds dlZj ds lkFk lEc) ekax ds ifj.kkeLo:i çkIriafDr;ksa esa ls igyh iafDr ds empno rFkk ename dkWyEl ds ekuksa dks ifjorZukad vempno rFkkvename esa lafpr djk;k gSA blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaD”ku dk ç;ksx djds buifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dks ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr fd;k x;k gSA

bl çksxzke ds pyus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh iafDr ds empno dkWyedk eku 7369 rFkk ename dkWye dk eku SANJEEV gh çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

Fetch LVsVesUV ,d le; esa orZeku lØh; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ls dsoy ,d iafDr dks gh iqu%çkIr djrk gS A ;fn Fetch LVsVesUV dks fdlh ywi eas ç;ksx fd;k tk,] rks çR;sd ckj bl LVsVesUVds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ;g LVsVesUV orZeku lfØ; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ls vxyh iafDr ij pyktkrk gS A

vxys mnkgj.k esa geus Fetch LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx ,d ywi ds vUnj fd;k gS A ;g mnkgj.kfiNys mnkgj.k dk gh lq/kjk gqvk :i gSA bl mnkgj.k eas geus dlZj C1 dks Open LVsVesUV ls[kksyus ds mijkUr ,d for ywi dk ç;ksx djds Fetch LVsVesUV dks ikap ckj pyk;k gS A

bl çksxzke ds pyus ij gesa ekWuhVj LØhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh ikap iafDr;ksa dsempno dkWye rFkk ename dkWye ds eku çnf”kZr gksrs gS A ,slk blfy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd igyh ckjFetch LVsVesUV ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj LØhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh iafDr ds empnodkWye rFkk ename dkWye dk eku çnfZ”kZr gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%Type;3 vename employee.ename%Type;4 CURSOR cl IS

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5 SELECT empno, ename FROM employee;6 BEGIN7 OPEN cl;8 FOR I in 1..5 LOOP9 FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename;10 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename);11 END LOOP;12 CLOSE Cl;13 end;14 /

7369 SANJEEV7499 AMIT7521 SUDHANSHU7566 SANDEEP7654 REKHAPL/SQL procedure successfully completed.vc çksxzke bl LVsVesUV dks iqu% dk;kZfUor djrk gS] bl ckj dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj LØhu

ij Employee Vsfcy dh nwljh iafDr ds empno dkWye rFkk ename dkWye dk eku çnf”kZr gksrkgS A blh çdkj ikapoh ckj dk;kZfUor gksus ij Employee Vsfcy dh ikapoh iafDr ds ename dkWyerFkk ename dkWye dk eku çnf”kZr gksrk gS A

dlZj dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, ç;ksx dh xbZ ekax esa PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa dks dsoy viusScope ds vUnj gh lUnfHkZr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ekax dh Where “krZ ds lkFk ç;ksx fd, x,ifjorZukad rHkh lfØ; gks ikrs gSa] tcfd dlZj dks Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk igys [kksyk tk, A

fn, x, mnkgj.k esa geus ,d dlZj dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, ç;ksx dh xbZ ekax eas PL/SQLifjorZukadksa dk ç;ksx djuk n”kkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus igys nks ifjorZukad vempno, venamerFkk vsal ?kksf"kr fd, gS] bu ifjorZukadksa dk MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy ds Øe”k%empno, ename rFkk sal dkWye ds MsVkçdkj rFkk vkdkj ds leku gS A ifjorZukad vsal dks bls?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk çkjfEHkd eku 3000 Hkh çnku dj fn;k x;k gS A blds ckn dlZj c1dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs le; blls lEc) ekax esa Where “krZ dk ç;ksx djrs gq, Employee Vsfcy dhmu iafDr;ksa ds empno, ename rFkk sal dkWye ds ekuksa dks pquus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds saldkWye eas Pl/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dkWye ds çkjfEHkd eku 3000 ls vf/kd gksA

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%type;3 vename employee.ename%type;4 vsal employee.sal%type :=3000;5 CURSOR c1 IS

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6 SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM employee WHERE sal>vsal;7 BEGIN8 OPEN cl;9 FOR I in 1 . . 4 LOOP10 FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal;11 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename || ‘ ’ || vsal);12 END LOOP;13 CLOSE Cl;14 end;15 /

7499 AMIT 70007521 SUDHANSHU 70007654 REKHA 70007839 RAKESH 5000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

çR;{k dlZj ds çR;{k dlZj ds çR;{k dlZj ds çR;{k dlZj ds çR;{k dlZj ds AttributesçR;{k dlZj ds Attributes dks ç;ksx djus ds fy, buds uke ls igys dlZj dk uke tksM+uk

vko”;d gksrk gSAçR;sd çR;{k dlZj ds vxzfyf[kr pkj Attributes gksrs gS] tks fd dlZj dh fLFkfr dh lwpuk

nsus dk dk;Z djrs gS A%FOUND

;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV lQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vHkh de ls de ,d iafDr “ks"k gS] rks bldkewY;kadu lR; eas gksrk gS vkSj ;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV vlQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc dksbZ Hkh iafDrugha “ks’k gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; eas gksrk gS A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%type;3 vename employee.ename%type;4 vsal employee.sal%type;5 vdeptno employee.deptno%type;6 FLAG NUMBER : =1;7 CURSOR c1 IS8 SELECT empno, ename, sal, deptno FROM employee WHERE sal>3000;9 BEGIN10 OPEN cl;11 LOOP

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12 FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal, vdeptno;13 IF C1%FOUND THEN14 INSERT INTO t_emp VALUES (VEMPNO, VENAME, VSAL, VDEPTNO);15 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename || ‘ ’ || vsal || ‘ ’ || vdeptno);16 ELSE17 EXIT;18 END IF;19 END LOOP;20 CLOSE Cl;21 END;22 /

7499 AMIT 7000 37521 SUDHANSHU 7000 37654 REKHA 7000 37839 RAKESH 5000 17844 MEENI 7000 37900 SUDHANSHI 3050 3

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus ,d çR;{k dlZj ds %FOUND Attributes dk ç;ksx djuk n”kkZ;k

gSA bl mnkgj.k esa ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, dlZj C1 ds lkFk lEc) ekax esa Where “krZ dk ç;ksx djrsgq, Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa ds empno, ename, sal rFkk deptno dkWye ds ekuksa dks pquusds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds sal dkWye eas PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal ds çkjfEHkd eku 3000 lsvf/kd gks A

vc ,d ywi esa Fetch LVsVesUV ls dlZj ds lkFk lEc) ekax] ds ifj.kke ds :i eas çkIr ekuksadks PL/SQL ifjorZukad vempno, vename, vsal rFkk vdeptno esa lafpr djk;k gS A blds ckn ifçfrcU/k dk ç;ksx djds bl dlZj ds Attribute dks C1%FOUND ls tkapk x;k gS A ;fn ;g lR;çkIr gksrk gS] rks Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa vempno, vename, vsal rFkk vdeptnoesa lafpr ekuksa dks t_emp Vsfcy esa Insert gks tk, rFkk dbms_output.put_line () QaD”ku ds dkj.kbu ifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dk çn”kZu ekWuhVj LØhu ij gks vkSj ;fn ;g vlR; gksrk gS] rks çksxzke dkfu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tk, A

bl çksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij Employee Vsfcy ls N% iafDr;ka pqu yh tkrh gS vkSj mudkst_emp uked Vsfcy eas Insert dj fn;k tkrk gS A ;fn PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dk çkjfEHkd eku7000 vFkok blls vf/kd fn;k gksrk] tks fd sal dkWye dk lcls vf/kd eku gS] rks çksxzke dkfu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS] D;ksafd Employee Vsfcy eas ,slh dksbZ Hkh iafDr ugha gS] ftldssal dkWye dk eku 7000 vFkok blls vf/kd gks A bl fLFkfr eas Hkh dksbZ =qfV lUns”k ugha gksrk gSvkSj Procedure lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksrk gS A

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%NOTFOUND;g Attribute mi;qZDr %FOUND Attributes ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gS A ;fn vfUre

Fetch LVsVesUV vlQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc dksbZ Hkh iafDr ugha “ks"k gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu lR; esa

gksrk gS vkSj ;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV lQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vHkh de ls de ,d iafDr “ks"k gS]

rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; eas gksrk gS A

vkxs fn;k x;k mnkgj.k eas fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh :i gS A bu nksuksa mnkgj.kksa eas vUrj ek=

bruk gh gS fd fiNys mnkgj.k esa dsoy ,d if çfrcU/k dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS] tcfd bl mnkgj.k

esa geus nks if çfrcU/kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dk

çkjfEHkd eku 7000 fn;k gS] tks fd sal dkWye dk lcls vf/kd eku gS A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%type;3 vename employee.ename%type;4 vsal employee.sal%type;5 vdeptno employee.deptno%type;6 FLAG NUMBER : =1;7 CURSOR c1 IS8 SELECT empno, ename, sal, deptno FROM employee WHERE sal>3000;9 BEGIN10 OPEN cl;11 LOOP12 FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal, vdeptno;1313 IF C1%FOUND THEN14 INSERT INTO t_emp VALUES (VEMPNO, VENAME, VSAL, VDEPTNO);15 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename || ‘ ’ || vsal || ‘ ’ || vdeptno);16 END IF;1717 IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN18 EXIT;19 END IF;20 END LOOP;21 CLOSE Cl;22 END;23 /

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PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

bl mnkgj.k esa igys if çfrcU/k eas dlZj C1 ds Attribute dks C1%FOUND ls tkapk x;k gSA

;fn ;g lR; çkIr gksrk gS] rks Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa vempno, vename rFkk

vdeptno esa lafpr ekuksa dks t_emp Vsfcy eas Insert gks tk, rFkk dbms_output.put_line () QaD”ku

ds dkj.k bu ifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dk çn”kZu ekWuhVj LØhu ij gks A

bl mnkgj.k esa nwljs if çfrcU/k esa dlZj c1 ds Attribute dks C1%NOTFOUND ls tkapk

x;k gSA ;fn ;g lR; çkIr gksrk gS] rks çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tk, A

%ROWCOUNT :;g Attribute Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk orZeku lfØ; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ç;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ iafDr;ksa

dh la[;k dks eku ds :i esa ykSVkrk gS A eku yhft, Fetch LVsVesUV ds ifj.kkeLo:i gesa nks iafDr;ka

çkIr gksrh gS] rks ;g Attribute 2 ykSVk;sxk A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &SQL> DECLARE2 vempno employee.empno%type;3 vename employee.ename%type;4 vdname dept.dname%type;5 vsal employee.sal%type;6 vcomm employee.comm%type;7 VNET NUMBER (7, 2);8 CURSOR C1 IS9 SELECT empno, ename, dname, sal, comm, sal+nvl (comm, 0)10 FROM employee, dept WHERE employee.deptno=dept.deptno;11 BEGIN12 OPEN cl;13 LOOP14 FETCH cl INTO vempno, vename, vdname, vsal, vcomm, vnet;1515 IF C1%FOUND THEN16 dbms_output.put_line (vempno || ‘ ’ || vename || ‘ ’ || vdname || ‘ ’ || vsall ||

‘ ’ || vcomm || ‘ ’ || vnet);17 END IF;18 IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN19 dbms_output.put_line (No. of Records Displayed : || C1%ROWCOUNT);20 EXIT;21 END IF;22 END LOOP;23 CLOSE Cl;

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24 END;25 /

7369 - SANJEEV - RESEARCH - 1300 - 1000 - 23007499 - AMIT - SALES - 7000- 300 - 73007521 - SUDHANSHU - SALES - 7000 - 500 - 75007566 - SANDEEP - RESEARCH - 2975 - 1000 - 39757654 - REKHA - SALES - 7000 - 1400 - 84007698 - POOJA - SALES - 2850 - 1000 - 38507782 - AMIT - ACCOUNTING - 2450 - 1000 - 34507788 - MUKESH - RESEARCH - 3000 - 1000 - 40007839 - RAKESH - ACCOUNTING - 5000 - 1000 - 60007844 - MEENU - SALES - 7000 - 0 - 70007876 - MEETU - RESEARCH - 1600 - 1000 - 26007900 - SUDHANSHU - SALES - 3050 - 1000 - 40507902 - SUSHEEL - RESEARCH - 3000 - 1000 - 40007934 - MADHU - ACCOUNTING - 1800 - 1000 - 2800No. of Records Displayed : 14PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

bl mnkgj.k esa geus ,d çR;{k dlZj ds vc rd rhuksa Attribute % FOUND % NOTFOUND

rFkk %ROWCOUNT dk ç;ksx djuk n”kkZ;k gS A Attribute %FOUND rFkk %NOT FOUND

ds ç;ksx ds ckjs eas fiNys mnkgj.kksa esa ge foLrkj ls ppkZ dj pqds gS A

bl mnkgj.k esa ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, dlZj C1 ds lkFk lec) ekax esa Employee rFkk Dept

nksuksa VsfcYl esa ls empno, ename, dname, sal, comm rFkk sal+nvl (comm,0) dkWyEl ds ekuksa dks

pquus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds deptno dkWye dk eku nksuksa VsfcYl ds leku gS A

bl mnkgj.k çksxzke ds nks if çfrcU/kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS A igys if çfrcU/k eas %FOUND

Attribute rFkk nwljs if çfrcU/k esa %NOT FOUND Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS A igys if

çfrcU/k esa %FOUND Attribute ds lR; gkssus ij fofHkUu eku ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr gksrs gSA

nwljs if çfrcU/k eas %NOTFOUND Attribute ds lR; gkssus ij ,d lUns”k No. of Records

Displayed :14 ekWuhVj LØhu ij çnf”kZr gksrk gS A bl lUns”k esa 14 eku] nwljs if çfrcU/k eas ç;ksx

fd, x, Attribute%ROWCOUNT ds dkj.k çkIr gksrk gS A

%ISOPEN

çksxzke eas ;fn ,d çR;{k dlZj [kqyk gqvk gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu lR; eas gksrk gS vkSj ;fn cUn

gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; esa gksrk gS A

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MsVkcsl fVªxlZMsVkcsl fVªxlZMsVkcsl fVªxlZMsVkcsl fVªxlZMsVkcsl fVªxlZ

MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ifjp;MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ifjp;MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ifjp;MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ifjp;MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ifjp; (Introduction of Database Triggers)MkVkcsl fVªxlZ (Database Triggers) fdlh fo”ks"k MsVkcsl Vsfcy ls tqM+h gqbZ PL/SQL dh ,d

lqjf{kr çksxzke bdkbZ gksrh gS A

;s lqjf{kr Procedures vFkok Functions ls fHkUu gksrs gS] D;ksafd Procedure vFkok Functiondks rks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, çR;{k :i ls dek.M ds }kjk cqyk;k tkrk gS] tcfd] tc Hkh dksbZ

MsVkcsl Vsfcy fdlh SQL vkWijs”ku ls çHkkfor gksrh gS] rks ;s Lor% gh vçR;{k :i ls dk;kZfUor

gks tkrs gS A Vsfcy dk çHkkfor gksuk fdlh fo”ks"k fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS A

MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds mi;ksxMsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds mi;ksxMsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds mi;ksxMsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds mi;ksxMsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds mi;ksx

MsVkcsl fVªxlZ dk ç;ksx fuEu dk;ksZa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS &

& MsVk esa fd, x, lq/kkj dk ijh{k.k (Audit) djus ds fy, A

& MsVk dh lqj{kk (Security) djus ds fy, A

& ,dhÑr fu;U=.k çHkkoh djus ds fy, A

& dkWye ds ekuksa dks Lor% gh fudkyus ds fy, A

& nksgjkbZ tkus okyh VsfcYl dk vuqj{k.k (Maintainance) djus ds fy, A

,d MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &,d MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &,d MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &,d MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &,d MsVkcsl fVªxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &

1- Triggerring Event ¼fVªxlZ ls ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVuk½

2- Optional Trigger Constraint ¼oSdfYid fVªxlZ çfrcU/k½

3- Trigger Action ¼fVªxlZ dk dk;Z½

tc dksbZ Event mifLFkr gksrh gS vFkok ?kVrh gS rc MsVkcsl fVªxj py tkrk gS rFkk mlls

lEcfU/kr PL/SQL CykWd dk;Z dks iw.kZ djrk gS A

MsVkcsl fVªxj (Database Trigger) mu fo”ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS tks mlds cukus

okys us igys gh ns j[ks gksrs gS u fd ç;ksxdrkZ ds }kjk] tks fd mldks ,d Vsfcy ds }kjk ç;ksx

eas yk jgk gS A vr% mlds cukus okys dks lgh&lgh mu lHkh Objects dh ig¡qp gksuh pkfg, tks

Trigger ds Action ds }kjk lUnfHkZr fd, tk jgs gSa A

fdlh ,d nh xbZ Vsfcy ls vlhfer fVªxlZ lEc) fd, vFkok tksM+s tk ldrs gSA ,d MsVkcsl

fVªxj dks cukus ds fy, Create Trigger fu;e dk ikyu djuk gksrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk viuh fdlh

Vscy dks lEc) djuk gksrk gS vFkok lEc) Vsfcy ds fy, Alter fu;e dk ç;ksx djuk gksrk gS A

,d MsVkcsl fVªxj dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj cuk;k vkSj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

lw= &lw= &lw= &lw= &lw= & CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <trigger-name>BEFORE / AFTER

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{DELETE / INSERT / UPDATE [Of column [, COLUMN]...]}ON <table>FOR EACH ROW [WHEN (Condition)]BEGIN

:<pl/sql_block>

END;mi;qZDr lw= esa ç;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &mi;qZDr lw= esa ç;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &mi;qZDr lw= esa ç;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &mi;qZDr lw= esa ç;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &mi;qZDr lw= esa ç;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &CREATE : ;g dh&oMZ ,d u;k MsVkcsl fVªxj cukus dk dk;Z djrk gS A

OR REPLACE : ;g dh&oMZ MsVkcsl fVªxj tks fd igys ls gh vfLrRo eas gS] dks nqckjk u, fljs

ls cukus dk dk;Z djrk gS A

BEFORE : ;g dh&oMZ vksjsdy dks MsVkcsl fVªxj dks Triggerring LVsVesUV~l dks

dk;kZfUor djus ls igys pykus ds fy, fufnZ"V djrk gS A

AFTER : ;g dh oMZ BEFORE dh oMZ ds Bhd foifjr vksjsdy dks MsVkcsl fVªxj

dks Triggerring LVsVesUV~l dks dk;kZfUor djus ds ckn pykus ds fy, fufnZ"V djrk gS A

DELETE : ;g dh oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS] vksjsfdy MsVkcsl fVªxj dks ml le; pyk,]

tc mlls lEc) Vsfcy ls fdlh iafDr dks Delete LVsVesUV ds }kjk feVk;k tk jgk gks A

INSERT : ;g dh oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd vksjsdy MkVkcsl fVªxj dks ml le; pyk;s

tc mlls lEc) Vscy esa fdlh iafDr dks INSERT LVsVesUV ds }kjk çfo"V fd;k tk jgk gks A

UPDATE....OF : ;g dh&oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd vksjsdy bl MkVkcsl fVªxj dks

rHkh pyk;s tcfd lEc) Vsfcy esa Update LVsVesUV }kjk bl dh&oMZ ds Of ds ckn fn, x,

dkWyEl ds ekuksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS A ;fn bl dh&oMZ ds ckn Of dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k

x;k gS] rks lEc) Vsfcy ds fdlh Hkh dkWye ds eku eas ifjorZu djus ds fy, Update LVsVesUV dk

ç;ksx djus ij ;g fVªxj pysxk A

FOR EACH ROW : ;g dh oMZ] ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd orZeku MsVkcsl fVªxj ,d RowTrigger gS A vksjsdy Row Trigger dks çR;sd ml iafDr ds fy, ,d ckj pykrk gS] tks fd

Triggerring ls çHkkfor gksrh gks vkSj bl fVªxj ds lkFk ç;ksx fd, x, WHEN dh&oMZ ds

ckn ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, çfrcU/kksa dks lR; ikrh gks A

vxys mnkgj.k esa ,d MsVkcsl fVªxj del_trin cuk;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa lcls igys

CREATE OR REPLACE dh&oMZ dk ç;ksx djds bl MsVkcsl fVªxj dks cuk;k x;k gS A ORREPLACE dh oMZ ds ç;ksx djus ls ;fn igys ls bl uke ls dksbZ fVªxj fLFkr Hkh gS] rks ml fVªxj

ij ;g vksojjkbV gks tk,xk A blds ckn BEFORE dh oMZ dk ç;ksx djds ;g fufnZ"V fd;k x;k

gS fd DEPT Vsfcy ls Delete djus ls iwoZ blds ckn fn, x, LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor gks A bl

LVsVesUV~l esa Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks feVkus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds Deptno dkWye

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dk eku ogh gS] tks fd bl Dept Vsfcy ls feVkbZz xbZ iafDr;ksa dk gS A

vc tc Hkh ge Dept Vsfcy ls dksbZ iafDr feVk;saxs] rks ml iafDr ds Deptno dkWye eas tks

eku gksxk] ml eku okyh lHkh iafDr;ka Employee Vsfcy ls Lor% gh feV tk;sxh A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_trig2 BEFORE DELETE ON DEPT3 FOR EACH ROW4 BEGIN5 DELETE FROM Employee WHERE deptno=L OLD_DEPTNO;6 END;7 /

Trigger created

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> CREATE TRIGGER updt_trig2 BEFORE UPDATE OF item_no ON MASTER3 FOR EACH ROW4 BEGIN5 UPDATE SLAVE SET item_no=:New.item_no, WHERE

item_no=:OLD.item_no;6 END;7 /

Trigger createdmijksDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, MsVkcsl fVªxj Updt_trig ds dkj.k ge tc Hkh MASTER Vsfcy

ds item_no dkWye eas Update LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu djsaxs] rks ;g ifjorZu Lor% gh SALVEVsfcy ds Hkh item_no dkWye ds fy, Hkh çHkkoh gksxk A

mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &mnkgj.k &

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER upper_trig2 BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF ename ON employee3 FOR EACH ROW4 BEGIN

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5 :NEW.ename :=upper ):NEW.ename);6 END;7

Trigger createdmijksDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, MsVkcsl fVªxj Upper_trig ds dkj.k ge tc Hkh EMPLOYEE

Vsfcy ds ename dkWye eas Update LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu vFkok Insert LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkhçfof"V djsaxs] rks ;g lnSo UPPER CASE esa gksxh A

vH;kl ç’uvH;kl ç’uvH;kl ç’uvH;kl ç’uvH;kl ç’uoLrqfu"B ç’u %oLrqfu"B ç’u %oLrqfu"B ç’u %oLrqfu"B ç’u %oLrqfu"B ç’u %

1- EXIT LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \

¼v½ çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds ckgj ykus ds fy,

¼c½ çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds vUnj ykus ds fy,

¼l½ çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi eas Åij ykus ds fy,

¼n½ çksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi eas uhps ykus ds fy, ¼ ½

2- dlZj dks ifjpkfyr djus ds fy, dkSuls LVsVesUV dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\

¼v½ Open ¼c½ Fetch

¼l½ Close ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ¼ ½

3- fdlh fo”ks"k MkVkcsl Vscy ls tqM+h gqbZ PL/SQLdh ,d lqjf{kr çksxzke bdkbZ dks dgk

tkrk gS\

¼v½ Cursor ¼c½ Trigger

¼l½ Event ¼n½ mijksDr eas ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

4- dlZj &&&& izdkj ds gksrs gSA

¼v½ 4 ¼c½ 3

¼l½ 2 ¼n½ 0 ¼ ½

5. %NOTFOUND Attribute _________ ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA

¼v½ %FILL ¼c½ %FETCH

¼l½ %FOUND ¼n½ mijksDr lHkh ¼ ½

6- ________Attribute fetch statement }kjk orZeku iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ

iafDr;ksa fd la[;k eku ds #i esa ykSVkrk gSA

¼v½ %COUNT ¼c½ % TABLE

¼l½ %ROW COUNT ¼n½ mijksDr eas ls dksbZ ugha ¼ ½

AglaSem School

Page 185: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk 179

vfr y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %vfr y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %vfr y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %vfr y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %vfr y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %

1- MsVkcsl fVªxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \

2- MsVkcsl fVªxj ds lEcU/k esa Before dh&oMZ dk D;k mi;ksx gS\

3- PL/SQL eas EXIT LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A

4- dlZj fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gS\

5- Implicit dlZj fdls dgrs gS\

6- Explicit dlZj fdls dgrs gS\

7- Implicit vkSj Explicit dlZj esa vUrj crkb;sA

8- %ROWCOUNT dk D;k dk;Z gS\

9- %NOTFOUND dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\

10- %FOUND dk mi;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gS\

11- Close dk mi;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gS\

12- ,d Database esa fVªxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS\

13- Trigger D;k gksrs gS\

14- Trigger fdrus izdkj fd gksrs gS\

15- After Trigger D;k gksrk gS\

y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %y?kqÙkjkRed ç’u %

1- PL/SQL esa EXIT LVsVesUV ds lkFk When dk ç;ksx djus ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS\

2- While LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A

3- Goto LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A

4- PL/SQL ds fdl Hkkx eas dlZj dks fMdys;j fd;k tkrk gS\

5- MsVkcsl fVªxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS\

6- Trigger dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA

7- After vkSj Befor Trigger esa vUrj crkb;saA

8- %ROW COUNT dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb;sA

9- Database ds izdkj dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA

10- After Trigger dk Syntex crkb;sA

11- Befor Trigger dk Syntex crkb;sA

12- Trigger dks fdl izdkj Delete fd;k tkrk gSa\

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Page 186: Raj Board Class 12 Book - Informatics Practices

bUQkZesfVDl iszfDVl 180

13- FOR EACH ROW dk D;k dk;Z gS\

14- Trigger Ring event dks le>kb;sA

15- Database esa Trigger dk mi;ksx crkb;sA dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA

fucU/kkRed ç’ufucU/kkRed ç’ufucU/kkRed ç’ufucU/kkRed ç’ufucU/kkRed ç’u

1- dlZj D;k gS\ vçR;{k dlZj dks mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A

2- çR;{k o vçR;{k dlZj esa foHksn dhft,A

3- MsVkcsl fVªxj D;k gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft, A

4- mnkgj.k lfgr After Trigger dks Database ij cukb;sA rFkk Delete djds crkb;sA

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