zveli qartuli ena · robt terminebs: zveli qartuli ena, axali qartuli ena... eseni ufro samusao...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli enis saswavlo-samecniero instituti

Zveli qarTuli enisa da teqstologiuri kvlevebis kaTedra

lela cixelaSvili

Zveli qarTuli ena

saleqcio kursi

bakalavriatis safexuris studentebisaTvis

I nawili

sarCevi

qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . 7

xmarebidan gasuli grafemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

mimarTulebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

daniSnulebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

saxelobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

moTxrobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

micemiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

naTesaobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

moqmedebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

viTarebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

-a savrcobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

ricxvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

sazogado saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

kvecad saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

ukvecel saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

kumSvad-kvecad saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

umarcvlo u-ze ( ) daboloebul saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

a-sa da e-ze daboloebul saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

sakuTar saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

anTroponimTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

toponimTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Tandebuli da Tandebuliani brunvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

zedsarTavi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, warmoSobiT mimReoba . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

nasesxebi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

fuZis reduplikaciiT miRebuli viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . 77

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

zedsarTavi saxelis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

ricxviTi saxelis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

piris nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria da nawevari Zvel qarTulSi . . . 110

saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

nawevari Zvel qarTulSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

atributuli msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba

arsebiTTan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arsebiTTan

erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arse-

biTTan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . 126

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arsebiT-

Tan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . 138

substanciuri msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

prepoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

postpoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

ramdenime msazRvreli erT sazRvrulTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

e.w. sammagi brunebis msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis sakiTxi

qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi qarTuli saliteraturo

enis periodizaciis sakiTxi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. pirvel

yovlisa, gasarkvevia, ra unda ewodos saliteraturo enis periodebs _

enebi Tu safexurebi? mag., berZnuli enis periodebad dayofisas miRebuli

erTeulebi imdenad mkveTrad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, rom, faqtobrivad,

sxvadasxva enasTan gvaqvs saqme, Zveli berZnulis gageba Tanamedrove ber-

Zens ar SeuZlia, is mkvdari enaa. amitom gamoyofen Zvel da axal ber-

Znul enebs. aseve gamoiyofa Zveli somxuri da axali somxuri, Zveli

arabuli da axali arabuli, Zveli saeklesio slavuri da rusuli... am

enebis SemTxvevaSi es sxvaoba gamoiwvia iman, rom garkveul dros gawyda

kavSiri cocxal enasa da saliteraturo enas Soris. qarTulis SemTxve-

vaSi ki es kavSiri ar gawyvetila, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis safrTxe

arsebobda (ioane petriwi, antonis sami stilis Teoria). qarTulma

saliteraturo enam saukuneebis manZilze unikaluri stabiluroba

gamoavlina. amis dasturia Tundac is, rom `SuSanikis wamebis~ wakiTxva

da ZiriTadi Sinaarsis gageba skolis maRali klasis moswavles

leqsikonis dauxmarebladac SeuZlia. amitom qarTuli saliteraturo

enis periodebad dayofisas miRebul erTeulebs, wesiT, unda ewodos

safexurebi (//periodebi) da ara enebi. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc vxma-

robT terminebs: Zveli qarTuli ena, axali qarTuli ena... eseni ufro

samuSao terminebia da ara realoba.

qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis Sesaxeb arsebobs

ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba. a. SaniZis azriT, qarTulma sali-

teraturo enam ganviTarebis sami safexuri ganvlo: 1. Zveli qarTuli ena

(V-XI ss.); 2. saSuali qarTuli ena (XII-XVIII ss.) da 3. axali qarTuli ena

(XIX-XX ss.). avtoris azriT, aRniSnuli dayofa miaxloebiTia, zedmi-

wevnilobiTi sazRvris dadeba Zvel, saSualsa da axal qarTuls Soris

SeuZlebelia.1 qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi sami periodis

gamoyofas emxrobian: k. kekeliZe, p. ingoroyva, g. deetersi, v. Tofuria, i.

qavTaraZe, z. WumburiZe, z. sarjvelaZe ...

qarTuli saliteraturo enis samsafexuriani periodizacia ar ga-

iziara arn. Ciqobavam 1938 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `dialeqtizmebis

sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~. man saSuali qarTulis calke safexurad

1 a. SaniZe, al. baramiZe, il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena da literatura, tf., 1934, gv. 01.

gamoyofa ar miiCnia gamarTlebulad: `Zvel qarTuls axali qarTuli

mosdevs~.2 mecnieris azriT, XII-XVIII saukuneTa qarTuls, rogorc garda-

maval safexurs, damoukidebeli saxe ara aqvs arc gramatikuli wyobisa

da arc ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis mxriv.3 misi azriT, `axali qarTuli

saliteraturo ena isaxeba meTormete saukunidan... mexotbeTa (SavTelis,

CaxruxaZis) ena, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~ ena ukve aRaraa Zveli qarTu-

li. saxelTa brunebaSi, zmnis uRvlilebaSi axali qarTulis damaxa-

siaTebeli movlenebi gvaqvs. sityvaTa wyobac arsebiTad axali qarTu-

lisaa~.4 avtoris azriT, axal saliteraturo qarTuls saZirkveli eyreba

TbilisSi. mas politikuri niadagi moumzada daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

1122 w. Tbilisis TurqTagan gaTavisuflebam da politikuri da kultu-

ruli centris quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmonacvlebam.5

arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebiT, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi

unda gamoiyos ori periodi: Zveli qarTuli (V-XI ss.) da axali qarTuli

(XII-XX ss.). es mosazreba gaiziares i. gigineiSvilma da a. kiziriam ...

ismeba kiTxva: romeli enobrivi niSnebiT gamoiyofa qarTuli sali-

teraturo enis istoriaSi sami an ori periodi?

a. SaniZis azriT, gramatikul niSnebs Soris aspeqti yvelaze

mniSvnelovania qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis dasadgenad,

amitom mkvlevarma swored aspeqtis gamoxatvaSi momxdari cvlileba

daudo safuZvlad qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizacias. cnobi-

lia, rom Zvel qarTulSi aspeqti uRlebis kategoria iyo, axalSi warmoq-

mnisaa. ZvelSi I seriis yvela mwkrivi, zmniswinis darTva-daurTvelobis

miuxedavad, iyo usruli aspeqtisa, xolo II seriis yvela mwkrivi _ sru-

li aspeqtisa:

I seria, awmyo: wers, daswers (usruli aspeqti).

II seria, wyvet.: wera, dawera (sruli aspeqti).

moyvanil zmnaTagan axal qarTulSi mxolod zmniswiniani formebia

sruli aspeqtisa (dawers, dawera).

2 arn. Ciqobava, dialeqtizmebis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~, enimkis moambe, III, Tb., 1937, gv. 227, Sen. 1. 3 arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952, gv. 364.

4 arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 018).

a. SaniZis azriT, `aspeqtis kategoriam aRniSna, ase vTqvaT, didi

moxveuli qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi da amiT garkveuli

mijna dado Zvel qarTulsa da axals Soris. am mijnaze Zevs saSuali

qarTuli, romelic asaxavs am ori sistemis paralelur arsebobas da enis

cdas, ufro da ufro meti gasaqani moupovos axal sistemas da miviwyebas

misces Zveli~.6

arn. Ciqobava CamoTvlis 8 ZiriTad enobriv niSans, romelTa

safuZvelze Zveli qarTuli upirispirdeba axals. am TvalsazrisiT,

gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa movlenebi, romlebic `vefxistyaosnis~ enas

axasiaTebs, magram ZvelisTvis ucxoa:

xmovanfuZian sazogado saxelebTan saxelobiTSi aRar ixmareba (mag.,

yrma > yrma).

`vefxistyaosanSi~ boloukveceli saxelebi naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi

iwveven fleqsiis i-s dakargvas, iseve, rogorc axal qarTulSi, oRond

SenarCunebuli aqvT emfatikuri -a~7 (mag., wyaro- s-a > wyaro-s-a... ).

-mdis Tandebulis win viTarebiTi brunvis -d niSani aRar dasturdeba

(mag., sikvdil-ad-mdis > sikvdil-a-mdis; aqamdis, munamdis... ).

pirveli obieqturi piris niSani mravlobiTSi aris g da arasdros m-

(mag., `siyvaruli aRg amaRlebs, viT eJvanni amas JReren~... ).

meSveli zmna ars warmodgenilia a-s saxiT (mag., asre ars > asrea, igi ars > igia: `igia Cemi sicocxle, uwyalo, viTa jiqia~).

`Sedegobriv I-Si III piri a-s dairTavs~ (mag., momZulvebies > momZulvebia; `mas vaqeb, vinca miqia~... ).

igi-s gverdiT isi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelic ixmareba (mag., `isi diaci aqa zis...~).

sityvaTa wyobac Secvlilia, xSiria msazRvrelis prepoziciuri wyoba

(mag., igi mze... ).

rogorc xedavT, arn. Ciqobava saerTod ar exeba aspeqtis kategorias.

z. sarjvelaZem Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis safuZvelze

ganixila orive zemoxsenebuli Sexeduleba da miuTiTa maTs sacilobel

mxareebze. misi azriT, Tu a. SaniZis kriteriums daveyrdnobiT, maSin Zvel

qarTulad unda miviCnioT V-X saukuneTa qarTuli, radgan mxolod am

periodSi emyareba sruli da usruli aspeqtis dapirispireba I-II seriaTa

opozicias. IX-X saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba aspeqtis

6 a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb., 1953, gv. 279.

7 arn. Ciqobava, dialeqtizmebis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~, gv. 226.

axleburi warmoebis SemTxvevebi. amdenad, Zveli qarTuli ena am niSniT

ver gaemijneba saSuals.8

rac Seexeba arn. Ciqobavas mier dasaxelebul axal enobriv

movlenebs, z. sarjvelaZis azriT, `vefxistyaosnis~ ena Zvel qarTuls am

movlenaTa siaxliT ver daupirispirdeba, radgan TiTqmis yvela faqti

jer kidev Zvel ZeglebSive iCens Tavs:

CamoTvlilTagan pirveli ori niSani damaval difTongTa moSlis

(monofTongizaciis) Sedegia. am procesis amsaxveli faqtebi jer

kidev VI-VIII saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi iCens Tavs (mag.,

xufro s > xufros (i. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTx. uZv. xelnaw.),

guda sman > gudasman (616-619 ww. wyisis warwera), xSirdeba IX-X

saukuneebSi. avtoris azriT, `aramcTu XII saukuneSi, aramed X

saukunis enaSi [ ] aRar gvqonda~.9

z. sarjvelaZis azriT, -mdis//-mde Tandebulis win -d brunvis niSnis dakargva VII-X saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSic iCens Tavs (mag.,

aRsasrulamde (xanm. leqc., VII s.); gamoslvamde (adiSis oTxTavi,

897w.)). amdenad, arc es enobrivi movlena ga-modgeba Zveli da axali

qarTulis gamosayofad.10

Semdegi niSania `vefxistyaosanSi~ I obieqturi piris mravlobiT

ricxvSi oden g prefiqsis gamoyeneba, maSin roca Zvel qarTulSi

am funqciiT m-c ixmareboda (mag., Cuen yuars//miyuars). z. sar-

jvelaZis azriT, am funqciiT mxolod gamoyeneba Zveli qarTu-

lis zogierT teqstSic, mag., xanmet mravalTavSi (VIII s. I nax.),

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSi~...11

Tavad arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs, rom ars > a ukve XI saukunis Zvel

werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki normad qce-

ula.12 es movlena pirvelad xanmet teqstebSi gvxvdeba (mag., igia (xanm. leqc., VII s.)).13

z. sarjvelaZis azriT, I TurmeobiTis (SedegobiTis) -ia daboloeba

saliteraturo enaSi VIII saukunidan isaxeba (mag., miyofia (haem.

leqc., VIII s.), xSirdeba IX saukunidan. amitom am niSans ver miviC-

nevT mxolod axali qarTulisTvis niSandoblivad.14

8 z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali, Tb., 1984, gv. 254-255.

9 iqve, gv. 257-259.

10 iqve, gv. 258.

11 iqve, gv. 260.

12arn. Ciqobava, Zvelisa da axali qarTulis komponentebisaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ morfo-logiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi, ike, XV, Tb., 1966, gv. 32. 13

ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 260. 14

iqve, gv. 261.

isi nacvalsaxelic ukve X saukunidan Cans (mag., gvxvdeba oSkis

bibliaSi (978w.), latalisa da kalis leqcionarebSi: `da vixilo

xilva isi didi (kal. leqc.)).

arn. Ciqobavas azriT, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wyoba Zvel qarTulSi

upiratesad postpoziciuria, axalSi ki _ prepoziciuri.15 z. sarjve-

laZis mosazrebiT, roca msazRvrel-sazRvrulis ZvelqarTulisebr

wyobaze vmsjelobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Zegli naTargmnia Tu

originaluri, amasTanave, msazRvrelis tipi (atributulia Tu

substanciuri) da romeli metyvelebis nawiliTaa gadmocemuli.

avtoris azriT, `V-XI saukuneTa yvela originaluri ZeglisTvis

normaa atributuli msazRvrelis prepozicia, xolo naTargmn

ZeglTa umravlesobisTvis _ postpozicia (rac originalis enis

zegavlenis Sedegi unda iyos)~.16 ra Tqma unda, Zveli qarTuli enis

ZeglebSi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri wyobis SemTxvevebi

sWarbobs, magram prepoziciac xSiria, `vefxistyaosanSi~ orive

gvxvdeba, postpoziciuri wyoba, ZiriTadad, poemis metrisa da riT-

mis saWiroebiTaa Sepirobebuli:17`sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili saxelovani~. sazogadod, cnobilia, rom poeziis enas

ufro metad axasiaTebs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri

wyoba. arc ese, ege, igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa prepoziciaa ucxo

Zveli qarTulisTvis. ase rom, mTlad zusti ar unda iyos arn. Ciqo-

bavas mosazreba, rom Zvel qarTulSi `nawevari yovelTvis mosdevs

saxels~.18

amrigad, z. sarjvelaZis mosazrebiT, `vefxistyaosnis~ enisTvis

niSandoblivad miCneuli TiTqmis yvela faqti ukve Zvel ZeglebSive iCens

Tavs. ubralod, `is, rac Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebidan

gadaxvevad iTvleba, `vefxistyaosanSi~ ukve normad iqceva~.19

maSasadame, ori sxvadasxvagvari periodizaciisagan arcerTi ar aris

unaklo, orives aqvs sacilobeli mxareebi.

z. sarjvelaZes miaCnia, rom TviT V-XI saukuneTa werilobiTi

Zeglebis enac ar aris erTgvarovani. aq SeiZleba ori qveperiodi

gamoiyos: 1. V-VIII saukuneebi, roca saliteraturo ena gamoirCeva normaTa

erTianobiT, simyariT, rasac ganapirobebs, ZiriTadad, saeklesio

mwerloba, da 2. IX-XI saukuneebi, roca Seryeulia Zveli qarTuli

saliteraturo enis normebi. V-XI saukuneTa saliteraturo enis mraval- 15

ix. arn. Ciqobavas dasax. naSromi, gv. 19. 16

ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 262. 17

iqve, gv. 263. 18

ix. arn. Ciqobavas dasax. naSromi, gv. 23-24. 19

ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 266.

ferovneba Cans xanmet, haemet da sannarev ZeglebSi. miuxedavad amisa,

Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena aris erTiani, mkveTrad normirebuli

Camoyalibebuli sistema.

saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi sam periods gamoyofs f. erTe-

liSvili, Tumca dayofa gansxvavebulia: Zveli saliteraturo ena (V-XI

ss.), axali saliteraturo ena (XII-XIX ss.), Tanamedrove saliteraturo

ena (XXs.).20

qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi xuT periods (etaps)

gamoyofs b. jorbenaZe:21 1. Zveli qarTuli, klasikuri saliteraturo ena

(V - XI-XII ss.), misTvis damaxasiaTebelia kanonizirebuli formebis mkveT-

rad dacva. 2. saero literaturis damkvidreba da xalxur metyvelebasTan

daaxloeba (XI-XVI ss.). 3. samwignobro enis sami oficialuri stiliT

weris damkvidreba (XVII-XVIII ss.). 4. axali saliteraturo ena (XIX s. 60-

iani wlebidan XX s. 20-ian wlebamde). mxolod cocxali kiloebis Sinaga-

ni ganviTarebis tendenciaTa Sesisxlxorceba gadaarCenda qarTul enas

sruli gadagvarebisagan. es misia itvirTes Tergdaleulebma. 5. Tanamed-

rove qarTuli saliteraturo ena (XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebidan).

qarTuli universitetis daarsebam, erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRorZinebam,

qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebam axali Tvalsawieri gada-

uSala qarTul saliteraturo enas.

g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gaimijnos, ris periodizacias

vaxdenT: qarTuli saliteraturo enisas Tu qarTuli enisas.

saliteraturo ena aris erovnuli enis umaRlesi da daxvewili, normire-

buli saxe, met-naklebad xelovnuri, qarTuli ena ki gulisxmobs ara

marto saliteraturo enas, aramed yvela saxis dialeqts, sxvadasxva sa-

xis koines.22 es ufro farTo cnebaa. g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gamo-iyos ori qarTuli saliteraturo ena: Zveli da axali. calke periodad

ver gamovyofT saSual qarTul saliteraturo enas, radgan `am periodis

saliteraturo enis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda miviCnioT for-

maTa siWrele da erTiani normebis uqonloba~.23 normebis uqonloba ki

f. erTeliSvili, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriisaTvis, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #2, 1968, gv. 11-16. 21

b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, Tb., 1989, gv. 155-171. 22

koine (zedialeqti) ewodeba metyvelebis im nairsaxeobas, romelic ramdenime dialeq-tisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas aerTianebs da, amdenad, dialeqtTaSorisi urTi-erTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. 23

z. WumburiZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodizaciisaTvis, madli deda-enisa, Tb., 1982.

ver iqneba saliteraturo enis maxasiaTebeli, radgan is, pirvel yovlisa,

enis normirebuli saxea.

marTalia, ar arsebobs saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram

arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena. g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gamovyoT saerTo-saxalxo enis (ara mxolod saliteraturo enis) ganviTarebis sami

safexuri: 1. Zveli qarTuli ena; 2. saSuali qarTuli ena; 3. axali

qarTuli ena.24

a. arabulis mixedviT, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis

ganmsazRvreli unda iyos saliteraturo enis uwyvetoba da stabiluri

mTlianoba misi ganviTarebis ori urTierTganuyofeli periodiT. avtoris

azriT, `vefxistyaosania~ is Zegli, romelic unda miviCnioT erTgvar

wyalgamyofad qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis gzaze da amis

mixedviT gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi periodi: `vefxistyaosnamde~ da `vefxis-

tyaosnis~ Semdeg.25

qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis safexurebTan dakav-

SirebiT arsebobs sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac. kerZod, r. Tvara-

Ze saerTod ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodebad

dayofas da mas `TxuTmetsaukunovan mTlianobas~ uwodebs. misi azriT,

specialur literaturaSi xmarebuli terminebi: `Zveli qarTuli ena~,

`Zveli qarTuli literatura~ mxolod mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebisas gamo-

sayenebeli pirobiTi, samuSao terminebia. `Zvel da axal werilobiT

Zeglebs Soris arsebuli enobrivi sxvaoba araviTar safuZvels ar qmnis

dedaqarTulis `Zvel~ da `axal~ qarTulad ganyofisaTvis~.26 r. TvaraZis

Tvalsazrisi, faqtobrivad, aravis gauziarebia, piriqiT, mkacradac

gaakri-tikes.27

qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodebad dayofas ar izi-

arebs t. futkaraZec. igi uaryofs terminebs: Zveli, saSuali, axali da

gamoyofs qarTuli saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli enis stilur variantebs:

sasulieros, saerosa da samecnieros, romlebiTac saukuneebis manZilze

g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli enis periodizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxe-bi, I, 2004, gv. 32-37. 25

a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2004, gv. 21-24. 26

r. TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #3, 1978. 27

ix. S. ZiZiguri, mTlianoba, oRond nairgvari, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #3, 1978; z. WumburiZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodizaciisaTvis, mad-li dedaenisa, Tb., 1982.

iwereboda rogorc saeklesio, ise saero da samecniero xasiaTis

naSromebi.

r. enuqaSvilic gamoyofs ara qarTuli saliteraturo enis isto-

riis periodebs, aramed, zogadad, qarTuli enis saxeobebs: 1. cocxali

sametyvelo ena, 2. sasuliero mwerlobis ena da 3. saero mwerlobis

ena.28

r. enuqaSvilma (arielis (israeli) universitetis samariis centris profesori) qarTu-li saliteraturo enis periodizaciis Sesaxeb leqcia waikiTxa 2012 wlis 4 oqtombers Tsu qarTuli enis institutSi.

xmarebidan gasuli grafemebi

me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebidan qarTuli anbanidan amoRebul iqna

is Zveli grafemebi, romelTac an Tavidanve ar hqondaT dakisrebuli

damoukidebeli fonemebis gamoxatva ( ), an romelTa Sesatyvisi bgera

( -iT gadmocemuli) Tu alofoni29 ( -iT gadmocemuli) saliteraturo

qarTuls dakarguli hqonda. e.i. axalma qarTulma dakarga xuTi grafema.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.

grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis

Zvel qarTul anbanSi s me-8 adgili eWira, aqedan momdinareobs

misi saxelwodebac (ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 8, asomTavrulSi gamoixa-

teboda, rogorc H, nusxurSi _ Y). igi ar gamoxatavda damoukidebel

qarTul fonemas, mogvianebiT daekisra /e damavali difTongis gamo-

xatva: xe- klde- ld … Zvel qarTulSi daSlili dawerilobac

gvxvdeboda da ic (gaaCnia, romel literaturul skolaSi iyo gada-

werili esa Tu is Zegli), Tumca es ukanaskneli ufro xSiri iyo.

Cndeba kiTxva: aucileblobas warmoadgenda Tu ara sakuTriv

qarTulis niadagze /e difTongisTvis specialuri niSnis Seqmna? ara,

radgan sxva damavali difTongebisTvis30 (a , o , u ) niSani ar Seqmnila.

qarTul anbanSi s arseboba berZnuliT ixsneba. igi Semosulia berZnuli

etas (ekvivalentad, me-8 adgilis Sesavsebad, raTa ar momxdariyo

anbanis SemWidroeba da asoTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobis Secvla (berZnuls

orgvari e hqonda: mokle, me-5 adgilze mdgari , igive efsiloni, da me-8

adgilze mdgari grZeli eta). amitom es niSani Tavdapirvelad ixmare-

alofoni _ fonemis varianti (berZ. Phone – bgera, allos – sxva; mag., i da Zvel qarTulSi poziciurad, fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alofonebia). 30

difTongi _ (berZ. ori xmovani) ori saxisaa: aRmavali ( i,U a, e) da damavali (e a ou . Zvel qarTulSi aRmavali difTongi iSviaTia, ufro gavrcelebulia damavali difTongi. damavali difTongis pirveli komponenti sruli xmovania, romelic qmnis marcvals, meore ki _ naxevarxmovani, romelic am unars moklebulia. Zvel qarTulSi damavali difTongis pirvel nawilad gvxvdeba xmovnebi: a, e, o, u, meore nawilad ki _ aRmavali difTongis pirveli komponentia , xolo meore _ i, a, e xmovnebi.

boda berZnulidan nasesxeb sityvebSi etas ekvivalentad. mag., igi siste-

mebraa warmodgenili isra l, ierusal m sityvebSi, Tu isini daqa-

ragmebulia (i li, i mi). srulad daweris SemTxvevaSi am toponimebs31

gadamwerebi iseve werdnen, rogorc gamoTqvamdnen, e-Ti (israeli, ieru-

salemi).

SeniSvna: ganzogadeba imisa, rom berZnuli etas ekvivalentad

qarTulSi yovelTvis gvqonda, ar SeiZleba, Sdr.: eklesia

, epistole , k riake ...

warmodgenili iyo or qarTul zmnur ZirSi: (aR eba) da

(aRmo eba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi s arseboba somxuriT ixsneba. aris

mosazreba, rom es sparsuli warmomavlobis zmnuri Ziri somxuridan unda

iyos Semosuli, sadac igi grZeli e-Ti iyo warmodgenili.32 wminda

qarTul ZirSi s xmareba SesaZloa analogiiT aixsnas. radgan

aRniSnul ZirebSi ar gadmoscemda /e difTongs,33 xelnawerebSi mas e

grafemac enacvleboda (aR eba// aRSeneba, aRmo eba//aRmoceneba).

-s rom qarTul anbanSi fexi moekidebina, saWiro iyo mas qarTuli

sityvebis gadmocemaSi mieRo monawileoba. Aamis gamo -s daekisra -s gamoTqmasTan miaxloebuli /e difTongis gadmocema. am meoreulma

datvirTvam qarTul anbanSi arsebobis ufleba daumkvidra mas.

ra SemTxvevebSia mosalodneli e mimdevroba?

eE-ze daboloebul saxelTa (anTroponimTa34 garda) saxelobiT

brunvaSi:

sax. bWe- bW

mowafe- mowaf

mere- mer

mexuTe- mexuT

eE-ze daboloebul anTroponimTa naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi

(naklebi sixSiriT) brunvebis formebSi:

toponimi _ geografiuli sakuTari saxeli (berZ. topos _ adgili, onoma _ saxeli). 32

`Sen” Ziri saSuali sparsulidan unda iyos Semosuli rogorc qarTulSi, ise somxur-Si. igi niSnavs damuSavebul, keTilmowyobil, sacxovreblad vargis adgils. `Sen” Ziri aqtiurad gamoiyeneba qarTul toponimiaSic (axalSeni, oTaraSeni, TamaraSeni...). 33

Sesabamisad, romelime aRaS na forma ar unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc aRaSe na. 34

anTroponimi _ adamianis sakuTari saxeli (berZ. anTropos _ adamiani, onoma _ saxeli). 35

bWe- _ 1. kari, karibWe; 2. mosamarTle. 36

mere- _ toponimi (gaixseneT `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ mere, meris dedaTa monasteri).

naT. pavle- s//pavl

elene- s//elen

moq. pavle- T(urT)//pavl T(urT)

elene- T(urT)//elen T(urT)37

zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis e.w. grZel formebSi,

roca e daboloebas (udide) mosdevs, warmoSobiT, naTesaobiTi

brunvis - s niSani:

x-u-did-e- s//xudid

x-u-mjob-e- s//xumjob

or zmnizedaSi, romlebic, warmoSobiT, moqmedebiTi brunvis gaqva-

vebuli formebia:

esr esre-

egr egre-

amrigad, Zvel qarTulSi ixmareba berZnulidan Semosul zogierT

sityvaSi -s ekvivalentad (isra l, ierusal m, am n...) da qarTul

sityvebSi /e difTongis gadmosacemad. IX-XI saukuneebSi ki gamovlindeba

darRvevebi -s xmarebaSi, kerZod:

-s nacvlad naxmaria e: pavles mociqulisa, umetesi... es imis

mimaniSnebelia, rom dawyebulia /eჲ/ difTongis moSla: eჲ e es

procesi ukve xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi SeiniSneba (mag., V

saukuniT daTariRebul `wmida qristinas wamebis~ xanmet teqstSi

(Vs.) gvxvdeba ufroobiTi xarisxis forma xutkbiles (<xu-

tkbilჱs), xolo -619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis warweraSi

vkiTxulobT: ` ... Zeman stefanesman (<stefanჱsman) da gudasman ...~).

piriqiT, e-s adgilze naxmaria : kld man, mowaf ni...

SeiniSneba kontaminaciuri e dawerilobac: egre T, aRvaSene

werilobiT ZeglebSi XI saukunidan aRniSnuli grafema,

faqtobrivad, aRar dasturdeba. mxedruls, romelic ukve X saukunidan

gvaqvs, misTvis specialuri niSani ar Seuqmnia. mxedruli niSani

mxolod XVII saukuneSi Seiqmna mrglovaniTa da nusxuriT

Sesrulebuli teq-stebis zustad gadmoweris mizniT39.

anTroponimebi moqmedebiT brunvaSi naklebad gvxvdebian, am SemTxvevaSi ufro ormagi daboloebiT (pavle- s-iT) an Tandebuliani formiT (pavle- T-urT) arian warmodgenili. 38

esre, egre miRebulia ese, ege CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebze -re nawilakis darTviT. 39

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi mxedruli anbaniT gadaiwera mravali sasuliero xasiaTis Zeg-li, amis ZiriTad mizezze warmodgenas Segviqmnis erT-erTi gadamweris sityvebi: ` ... mra-valTa kacTa ... ara Zal-uZs wignTa xucurTa aRmokiTxvad~.

Zvel qarTul anbanSi (saxelwodeba _ ioti, ricxviTi mniSvneloba

_ 60, asomTavruli niSani _ Y, nusxuri _ U) me-15 adgilze iyo moTav-

sebuli, n-s Semdeg. igi gamoxatavda /i/ sonantis40 fonologiurad Sepi-

robebul poziciur variants, mis dasustebul, umarcvlo saxeobas. /i/-s

umarcvlo alofoni, ioti, realizdeboda xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi:

deda- wyaro- s...

am asos Seqmna qarTulSi aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda, radgan,

anbanis Seqmnis principis Tanaxmad, grafema unda gamoxatavdes fonemas da

ara alofons (gavixsenoT, rom /u/ sonantis rogorc marcvlovani, ise

umarcvlo variantebi Zvel qarTulSi erTnairad gamoixateboda: u _ e;

U _ e. maSin rodesac /i/ sonantis marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofo-

nebisTvis anbanSi gansxvavebuli niSnebi gvqonda: /i/ _ b; / _ Q). Cans,

aqac berZnulis gavlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme. berZnulSi n-s mosdevs

am enisTvis specifikuri Tanxmovani (qsi), romlis adgilic qarTulSi

-m daiWira. amiT qarTul anbanSi 23-e asos CaTvliT SenarCunda berZnuli

asoebis rigi da ricxviTi mniSvneloba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, / alofonis arseboba Zvel qarTulSi fono-

logiuradaa Sepirobebuli da realizdeba xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi.

magram igi mxolod saxelur formebSi gvxvdeba da exeba fuZeze darTul

morfologiur formants (deda- petre- s… e.i. i> procesi sityvis

bolo marcvalSi xorcieldeba. saxelur formebSi, Tu i Siga poziciaSia,

i> ar moxdeba (mag., saidumlo, saina e41...). es procesi arc zmnur formeb-

Si xorcieldeba, sadac i fuZiseulia an zmnis morfologiuri kategori-

is (qcevis, vnebiTi gvaris) gamomxatveli formantia (mag., Seiwynara, daiwera...).

SeniSvna: sa dumlo, Se wynara... tipis formebi Zvel qar-

TulSi gamonaklisebad unda CaiTvalos, rogorc analogiiT

gaCenili mcdari daweriloba.

sonanti _ (laT. sonans `srulbgerovani~) fonema, romelsac aqvs marcvlis Seqmnis unaris mqone da am unars moklebuli alofonebi. am mxriv sonantebi upirispirdeba sakuTriv xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebs. saerToqarTvelur fonologiur sistemaSi sonantebia: maTi marcvlovani alofonebia: m xolo umarcvlo:

m Sdr.: qarT. *kl.de, megr. kirda//kirde//kGrde). mogvianebiT calkeul qarTvelur enaSi moxda saerToqarTveluri sonantTa klasis moSla. Zvel qarTulSi moqmedia i (i ~

) da u (u ~ ) sonantebi. axal qarTulSi es opozicia moiSala. 41

sainaჴe _ savarZeli, baliSi.

Zvel qarTulSi realizdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:

xmovanfuZian saxelTa (anTroponimTa garda) mxolobiTi ricxvis

saxelobiTi brunvis formebSi:

sax. wyaro-

meore-

mcxeTa-

o-sa da u-ze daboloebul ukvecel sazogado saxelTa mxolobiTi

ricxvis naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:

naT. ezo-

moq. ezo-

xmovanfuZian anTroponimTa naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi (naklebi

sixSiriT) brunvebis formebSi:

naT. herode-

moq. herode- T(urT)

iesu- T(urT)

postpoziciuri marTuli (marTul-SeTanxmebuli) msazRvrelis

saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:

sax. Ze- kacisa-

naT. Z-isa kacisa- sa

moq. Z-iTa kacisa- Ta

ufroobiTi xarisxis grZel formebSi:

u-did-e- s//udid

u-mjob-e- s//umjob

zmnizedebSi, romlebic, warmoSobiT, moqmedebiTi brunvis formebia:

esr esre-

egr egre-

wina T

Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneba darRvevebi -s xmarebaSi:

VI-VIII saukuneebSi, xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi, normis mixed-

viTaa naxmari, misi klebis SemTxvevebi Zalze iSviaTia, magram es

imaze miuTiTebs, rom dawyebula -s Semcvel damaval difTongTa

gamartiveba (monofTongizacia), mag., xufros < xufro s (es

forma ramdenjerme dasturdeba i. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTxul

xanmet teqstebSi (V-VI ss.), aseve l. qajaias mier amokiTxul

`wmida qristinas wamebaSi~ (Vs.). wyisis haemet warweraSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `...Zeman stefanesman (<stefane- s-man) da gudasman ...~ (<

guda- s-man).

IX saukunidan darRvevebi mravlad gvxvdeba: galileaT (<gali-

lea T), vinaTgan (<vina Tgan), saxareba (<saxareba maT si, sityua

(<sityua- ) RmrTisa

IX-X saukuneebidan damaval difTongTa moSla ori gziT wari-

marTa: 1. s dakargviT, razec ukve gvqonda saubari; 2. s srul

xmovnad qceviT anu gasrulxmovanebiT, mag., `vefxistyaosanSi~

gvaqvs: erTai, yvelai, cotai...

zedmetadaa dawerili (iotametoba): gesma iqmna …

naxmaria i grafemis nacvlad42: xarebd, kaTalikoz …

mxedrul anbanSi aRar gvqonda.

Zvel qarTul anbanSi t-s Semdeg iyo moTavsebuli (ricxviTi

mniSvneloba _ 400, asomTavruli niSani _ K, nusxuri _ y). Zvel qarTulSi

es niSani gamoxatavda / / aRmaval difTongs (mag., T si//T si, daT

daT TT Ta//TT Ta...). qarTulSi am niSnis Seqmna aucileblobas ar

warmoadgenda (iseve, rogorc e mimdevrobisTvis grafemisa , radgan

difTongis gadmocema gansakuTrebuli grafemiT wesi araa, sxva aRmavali

difTongebisTvis ( [ ] ]) enas specialuri niSani arc Seuqmnia.

quT. 363 xelnawerSi sityva `iesu” sistemebr daqaragmebulia, rogorc ჲ~ჳ (ჲesu). am

SemTxvevaSi ჲ-s pozicia ganisazRvreba, rogorc # - V.

misi arseboba qarTulSi mTlianad berZnuliT ixsneba, kerZod, aso

qarTulSi Semosulia berZnuli anbanis -is (vifsilonis) fardad, misi

mniSvnelobiTa da grafikiuli ieriT43. berZnuliTve ixsneba qarTul

asomTavrulSi /u/ fonemis daweriloba ori grafemiT: oK (nusxurSi

maTi gadabmiT miviReT u-s daweriloba erTi grafemiT: o+y=u). Tu /

mimdevrobas davwerT asomTavruliT (oKi), mivxvdebiT, rom sami niSnis

gamomxatvelia, romelTagan erTi Tavadaa, Sedis ra /u/ fonemis daweri-

lobaSi (K=oKi).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, realizacia am niSnisa, upirvelesad,

xdeboda berZnulidan nasesxeb sityvebSi -is fardad: mart li, k riake,

patosi, eg pte, efT me... amasTanave, qarTul sityvebSi / / aRmavali

difTongis gamosaxatavad, romelic dasturdeba:

-ze daboloebul sazogado saxelTa45 saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi da

moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:

sax. leR i//leR

naT. leR is//leR

moq. leR iT//leR

-sa da -ze daboloebul sazogado saxelTa naTesaobiTi da

moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi, romlebSic moxdeba kveca:

naT. sity is//sity (sax. sity

ty is//ty sax. ty

moq. sity iT//sity

ty iT//ty

zmnis dasawyisSi, roca O1 piris g prefiqss mosdevs saTavisi an

sasxviso qcevis i- niSani:

aRmo-g i-yuan-n-a//aRmog yuanna

g i-yuar-s//g yuars

xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi, roca S1 piris prefiqss mosdevs

qcevis an gvaris i-: h- i-qm//h qm.

Tu -s SevadarebT Tavgaxsnil K-s, sxvaobas Seqmnis marjvena vertikaluri xazis Camo-grZeleba. 44

asomTavrulSi rogorc marcvlovani, ise umarcvlo u ( ) erTnairad gamoisaxeboda: oK. 45

Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda 70-mde -ze daboloebuli sityva: daT fes nerwy borc naZiW jaW ...

ze daboloebul zmnur fuZeebTan, roca maT mosdevs mwkrivis -i

niSani:

awmyo v-i-ty i//vity

II xolm. v-Tq i//vTq

zogierTi sityvis fuZeSi (e.i. ara morfemaTa mijnaze, aramed erTi

morfemis farglebSi, leqsemaSi):

g rg ni, mk dri, g an, mS di, S di, t ni, t rTi...

Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneba darRvevebic K -s xmarebaSi:

grafema naxmaria -s nacvlad (wesiT, es ukanaskneli ori niSniT

unda gamosaxuliyo (u), amitom misi gadmocema calfa (K) niSniT

wesidan gadaxvevaa. IX-X da momdevno periodis ZeglebSi xSiria

amgvari faqtebi: moZR ar (moZRKar), T alni (TKalni), kic i (kicKi),

momak dinebel (momakKdinebel)...

grafema naxmaria U -s nacvlad: n (nu), T (Tu).

grafema naxmaria Uv-s nacvlad: Ta yanis-xces, xkla

mxedruls arc y-sTvis Seuqmnia grafema.

xmarebidan gasuli grafemebidan PerTaderTia, romelic realur,

damoukidebel qarTul fonemas gamoxatavda. es iyo /x/ spirantis artiku-

laciisgan gansxvavebuli xaxismieri (faringaluri) yru fSvinvieri

xSuli Tanxmovani,46 romelic anbanSi x-s Semdeg iyo moTavsebuli (ric-

xviTi mniSvneloba _ 7 000, asomTavruli niSani _ P, nusxuri _ O).

xmarebidan gasuli grafemebidan erTaderTia, romelsac mxedrulma

Zvelad, albaT, ise gamoiTqmoda, rogorc dRes gamoiTqmis svanurSi, xevsurulSi, mo-xeurSi, TuSurSi... am bgeris warmosaTqmelad SeiZleba aseT xerxsac mivmarToT: movemza-doT q-s saTqmelad (igi ukanasasismieri yru fSvinvieri Tanxmovania) da warmovTqvaT x.

anbanma niSani maSinve Seuqmna, rogorc imxanad cocxali, damoukidebeli

fonemis gamomxatvels.

Zvel qarTulSi / -is zusti distribuciis dadgena Wirs. igi

Sedioda Zireul morfemebSi (da ara gramatikuli mniSvnelobis morfe-

mebSi), romlebic semantikurad ase SeiZleba davajgufoT:

cocxal arsebaTa calkeuli organoebisa da maTi moqmedebis

gamomxatvel sityvebSi:

eli, fer i, mu li, orci, m ari, ma uneSa ni...

cxovelebisa da frinvelebis saxeldebaSi:

ari, m eci, sa edari, o obi...

iaraRisa da samoslis saxelwodebebSi:

Co a amli, rmali, sa nisi...

garkveul zmnur ZirebSi:

am ( ams), an ( navs), a va (kawvra), seneba, umeva (xmareba) da sxv. SeniSvna: v. Tofurias 47 SeniSnuli aqvs erTi kerZo wesi da

x grafemebis distribuciisa. Mmisi azriT, s, S, c, C, T bgere-

bis wina poziciaSi realizdeboda, momdevnod _ x: seneba ,

sna ... sxua sxma ... magram es wesi moqmedebs mxolod Zire-

ul morfemebSi, morfemaTa sazRvarze ki SeiZleba pirukuc

iyos:48x-Sor-av-s, Tavyanis-x-c-e-s, erT- el-i...

grafemiT aRniSnuli fonema, rogorc Cans, IX-X saukuneebidan

mkveTrad aRar upirispirdeboda /x/-s, misma artikulaciam win gadmoiwia

da amis gamo daemTxva /x/-s, moxda am ori fonemis opoziciis moSla,

neitralizacia, ramac Seqmna am grafemebis Tavisufali Senacvlebis

SesaZlebloba:

x naxmaria -s nacvlad. am tipis Senacvleba xSirdeba XIV-XVIII

saukuneebidan: xeli, ferxi, xelmwife, venaxi...

piruku, naxmaria x-s nacvlad: sa li, ani (dro), ati ...

IX saukunidan x da Tavisuflad enacvleba erTmaneTs ori sityvis

dawerilobaSi: gulisxma//gulis ma, xrwna// rwna. 47

v. Tofuria, fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi, III, da x sibilant-afrikatebTan mezoblobaSi, Sromebi, III, 1979. 48

z. sarjvelaZe, da x grafemaTa da / da /x/ fonemaTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, orioni (saiubileo krebuli), Tb., 1967, gv. 261.

/ da /x/ fonemebs Soris opoziciis moSlam mogvca omonimebi,

romlebic manamde garCeuli iyo: eli (sxeulis nawili) da xeli (giJi);

er i (moxerxeba) da xerxi (iaraRi).

saerTod araa naxmari sulxan-sabas,49 Teimuraz I-is, arCilis,

Teimuraz II-is, vaxtang VI-is, besikis TxzulebebSi. es imaze miuTiTebs,

rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris kiloebSi

(ZiriTadad, qarTl-kaxurSi) / / fonema ukve aRar arsebobda. dRes igi

Semonaxulia svanurSi, mTis kiloebSi: xevsurulSi, moxeurSi, TuSurSi,

fSaurSi, mTis raWulSi; baris kiloTagan: qiziyursa da algeTis xeobis

qarTlurSi, amasTanave, ingiloursa da fereidnulSi.

Zveli qarTuli anbanis ukanaskneli asoa (saxelwodebaa oh, ufro

gviandeli _ hoe, ho ; ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ 10 000, asomTavruli niSani

_ O, nusxuri _ P).

es grafema Tavidanve ar gamoxatavda romelime damoukidebel

qarTul fonemas. is SemoRebul iqna berZnuli anbanis ukanaskneli asos

s (omegas) ekvivalentad.

SeniSvna: grafemis Zveli saxelwodeba daculia Zvel qar-

Tul da somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi:

Tomas saxarebis apokrifis qarTul TargmanSi, romelSic

moTxrobilia uflis siyrme, naTqvamia, rom iesom bolomde

icoda saRmrTo werili `alfa Tgan miohamde~.

me-15 saukunis erT somxur xelnawerSi, romelSic Sesulia

Svidi enis anbani, saxelwodebebi miTiTebulia somxuri tran-

skrifciiT. grafemis saxelwodebad miwerilia `oh~.

radgan niSani ar Seqmnila qarTuli fonemis gamosaxatavad, is

Tavidanve ar monawileobda Zireuli morfemebisa da sityvebis dawe-

rilobaSi. marTalia, is Seiqmna is ekvivalentad, magram berZnuli

sainteresoa, rom `qilila da damanaSi” ჴ dasturdeba.

iani sityvebi qarTulSi iwereboda ara iT, aramed o-Ti: babilon,

iakob...

Zvel qarTulSi ra funqciiT ixmareboda grafema?

Zvel berZnulSi s erT-erTi funqcia iyo misi gamoyeneba

wodebiTSi (vokativSi) dasmuli saxelis win.50 swored am funqciiT

ixmareboda misi Sesatyvisi Zvel qarTulSi:

dedakaco (Sdr. berZ. , naTesavi urwmuno Sdr. berZ.

qarTulSi mxolod oriode sityvaSia naxmari berZnuli s fardad, isic arasistemebr: kle pa (kleopa; sakuTari saxeli); sana (osana). es ukanaskneli berZnulidan Semosuli sityvaa, warmoSobiT,

ebraul-arameuli, niSnavs `gvixsen~, ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT ki

sixarulis gamomxatveli Sorisdebulia.

radgan ar gamoxatavda konkretul qarTul fonemas, saSual

qarTulSi moxda misi mcdarad gadaazreba da ikiTxeboda,

rogorc h ( oe=hoe) an ho52 ( i).

gaimeoreT: fonetikuri movlenebi axal qarTulSi.

waikiTxeT: fonetikis zogi sakiTxi, difTongebi, ZiriTadi

fonetikuri procesebi; ix. zurab sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena,

Tb., 1997, gv. 13-24.

weriTi davaleba: miuTiTeT, romeli fonetikuri movlenebi moxda

qvemoT moyvanil sityvebSi: romel > rome, sulnel >surnel, suli > suni,53 migce > miqce, mzrdeli > mzdeli, davdeg > davdeqi,

davjed > davjeqi, davwev > davweqi, warsvlaჲ > warslvaჲ, wmida >

wminda.

am SemTxvevaSi Sorisdebuls warmoadgens. berZnul artikls vokativis forma ar gaaCnia. 51

Zvel qarTulSi zogjer saxelobiTi gamodioda wodebiTis funqciiT. 52am funqciiTaa es niSani gamoyenebuli baraTaSvilTan: ` i napirno, aragvis pirno~...

53 calke aRebuli suni Zvel qarTulSi ar dasturdeba, magram gvaqvs kompozitSi

sunneli (i. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I, naw. II, gv. 66).

brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi

wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxi

qarTulSi saxels aqvs ori gramatikuli kategoria: brunva da ric-

xvi. zogierT enas, mag., afxazurs, Cinurs bruneba saerTod ar gaaCnia.

a. SaniZe Zveli qarTulisTvis 9 brunvas gamoyofs: 7 is brunvaa,

romlebic dResac gvaqvs, amas emateba wrfelobiTi da mimarTulebiTi, am ukanasknels a. SaniZe naTesaobiTis Semdeg aTavsebda. iv. imnaiSvili

mimarTulebiTs calke brunvad ar gamoyofda. v. Tofuria da arn. Ciqobava

6 brunvas gamoyofdnen. isini wrfelobiTsa da wodebiTs brunvad ar

miiCnevdnen. Aarn. Ciqobava wfelobiTs gauformebel fuZes uwodebda.

termini wrfelobiTi momdinareobs sityvisgan wrfeli. igi Zvel

qarTulSi sakmaod xSirad ixmareboda da niSnavda swors, pirdapirs,

marTals. Mmag., `wrfel yveniT adgilni Tquenni’’. axal qarTulSi es

sityva, faqtobrivad, aRar gamoiyeneba, SemorCa kompozitSi gulwrfeli.

wrf-el-i warmoSobiT mimReobaa, -el sufiqsiani. Mmas daeZebneba Sesat-

yvisebi megrul-lazurSi: laz. m-Wif-a, megr. Wif-e (wminda, sufTa).

termini wrfelobiTi brunvis aRsaniSnavad pirvelad ixmara zurab

SanSovanma 1737 wels daweril `mokle RrammatikaSi’’, oRond sawrfelos saxiT. Aam brunvis qveS igi, faqtobrivad, saxelobiTis formebs gulis-

xmobda (mag., kac-i, deda). Ees termini gaimeora anton kaTalikosma, oRond

wrfelobiTis saxiT, magram isic am brunvis qveS saxelobiTis formebs

gulisxmobda.

termini saxelobiTi pirvelad dasturdeba X1-X11 saukuneebis mij-

naze daweril gramatikul traqtatSi ’’sityua arTronTaT s’’. Semdeg es

termini gamoiyena platon ioselianma 1840 wels daweril gramatikaSi.

dionise Trakieli naSromSi `texne grammatike’’ sawyisi, pirveli brunvis

aRsaniSnavad xmarobda termins (orTe). es termini dResac gvxvdeba

sityvebSi: orTografia, orTopedia da a. S.

ra poziciebSi gvxvdeba wrfelobiTi brunva?

1) rodesac saxels msazRvrelad axlavs ganusazRvrelobiTi nac-

valsaxeli: erT. Mmag., mirbioda `kac erT mirbioda” [2 mef. 18: 26].

2) Tu sityvas msazRvrelad axlavs raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli,

orive wrfelobiTis formiT iqneba warmodgenili, mag., gamoCndes or kac.

3) garkveuli tipis zmnebTan: erqua, ewoda, uvis (`hyavs”), aqus... mag.,

da ewoda mas angelos, erqua mas winamZRuar, ara mivis me qmar.

4) wrfelobiTi ixmareba Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad.

Eesaa misi ZiriTadi funqcia (mag., mS d var da mdabal guliTa).

5) winadadebis meorexarisxovani wevris, kerZod, garemoebis funqci-

iT, mag., dileul (dr. gar.) waremarTa, m edr (viT. gar.) misdevda da a. S.

6) rTuli zmnis pirvel komponentad, mag., ma-yo, RaRad-yo, el-iwifa...

7) kompozitis pirvel nawilad: sulmokle, oTxfer i.

wrfelobiTi brunvaTa sistemaSi yvelaze Zveli brunvaa. misi Ziri-

Tadi, amosavali mniSvnelobaa sagnisTvis saxelis darqmeva, saxelde-

biToba. amitom marjve terminad migvaCnia T. uTurgaiZis mier am

brunvisTvis SerCeuli saxelwodeba _ saxeldebiTi, romelic garkveviT

mianiSnebs mis umTavres funqciur niSans. cxadia, sawyis etapze saopo-

zicio calis (sxva brunvis // brunvebis) ararsebobis gamo ver visaubrebT

enaSi brunebis kategoriis arsebobaze, Sesabamisad, verc kac tipis

formebi CaiTvleboda brunvad. magram sxva brunvaTa gaCenis Semdeg es

gauformebeli saxeli maSinve iqca brunvad.

enaTmecnierTa Soris sadavo sakiTxia: Zveli qarTulis doneze

wrfelobiTi unda CaiTvalos Tu ara damoukidebel brunvad?

z. sarjvelaZis azriT, Zveli qarTulis doneze wrfelobiTs

Tavisuflad enacvleba saxelobiTi. wrfelobiTs ar gaaCnia raime gansa-

kuTrebuli funqcia, romelic ar hqondes saxelobiTs. maTi Senacvleba

ar iwvevs winadadebis struqturisa da Sinaarsis Secvlas. isini

warmoadgenen erTi brunvis variantebs, oRond romelime kac forma iqneba uniSno anu aramarkirebuli saxelobiTi, xolo kaci _ niSniani anu

markirebuli saxelobiTi. z. sarjvelaZe, marTalia, wrfelobiTs ar

gamoyofs calke brunvad Zveli qarTulis doneze, magram igi miuTiTebs,

rom Zveli qarTulis winare qarTulSi, anu mwerlobamdel qarTulSi,

wrfelobiTi calke brunva iyo. am mosazrebas iziarebs T. uTurgaiZe.

k. danelia miiCnevda, rom Zvel qarTulSi wrfelobiTi damo-

ukidebeli brunva iyo. Mmisi azriT, yvela SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba

saxelobiTisa da wrfelobiTis Tavisufali monacvleoba; amasTanave,

romelime kac da kac-i tipis formebSi brunvis niSnis arseboba

Sepirobebulia ara fonologiurad, aramed morfologiurad (e. i. 0 da

-i~- ver CaiTvleba erTi brunvis fonologiurad Sepirobebul alomor-

febad, anu ver visaubrebT erTi brunvis arsebobaze. magram unda

SevniSnoT, rom alomorfebi SeiZleba morfologiuradac iyos Sepiro-

bebuli, mag., vnebiTi gvaris formebSi e- da i- alomorfebis gamovlenas

gansazRvravs ara fonologiuri garemocva, aramed pirTa raodenoba

zmnaSi. Eeseni damatebiTi distribuciis damokidebulebaSi myofi

morfologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebia. romelime kac-eb-i da kac-n-i formebSi -eb an -n sufiqsis gamovlenac araa fonologiurad Sepi-

robebuli, es alomorfebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tavisufali monacvleobis

damokidebulebaSi arian _ l.c.). k. danelias azriT, ricxvis gamoxatvis

TvalsazrisiTac wrfelobiTisa da saxelobiTis Tavisufali Senacvleba

ar xdeba _ wrfelobiTs ar moepoveba -n sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, igi

mxolod saxelobiTs aqvs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, arn. Ciqobava wrfelobiTs gauformebel fuZes

uwodebda, rac araa marTebuli. winadadebaSi, konteqstSi, gvaqvs mxolod

da mxolod brunvis forma, romelic amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs wina-

dadebis sxva wevrebTan. fuZe miiReba konteqstidan amoRebisa da segmen-

taciis Semdeg. Aam brunvis uniSnoba ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, mas fuZe

vuwodoT. rusulSi saxelobiTSi mamrobiTi sqesis saxelebs brunvis

niSani ar gaaCniaT, magram aravis mosvlia azrad isini brunvis formebad

ar mieCniaT.

Cveni azriT, wrfelobiTi Zveli qarTuli enis doneze brunvaa (misi

brunvis niSani Caiwereba, rogorc 0). migvaCnia, rom Zvel qarTulSi

saxelobiTi da wrfelobiTi, marTalia, ZiriTadad, Tavisuflad enac-

vleba erTmaneTs (ar igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, roca forma araa brunebis

paradigmis wevri, mag., oTxfer i, m edr), magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca

maTi Canacvleba SeuZlebelia, mag., roca saxelis saxelobiTi brunvis

formas erTvis nawevari (CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli postpoziciurad): kaci

igi, Zma ese da sxv. Aam SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia wrfelobiTi (e.i. kac

igi). Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zvel qarTulSi saxe-

lobiTsa da wrfelobiTs Soris aris ara Tavisufali varireba, aramed

nawilobrivi kveTa, igive kontrastuli distribucia, maSin isini gamodian

ara erTi brunvis variantebi, alomorfebi (kerZod, brunvisniSniani da

ubrunvisniSno saxelobiTi), aramed damoukidebeli brunvebi.

mimarTulebiTi brunva

1976 wels gamocemul `Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi” a. SaniZem

calke brunvad gamoyo mimarTulebiTi da brunvaTa paradigmaSi naTe-

saobiTis Semdeg Seitana. SaniZemde n. marma gamoyo mimarTulebiTi, magram

ara is forma, romelic SaniZem. n. mari mimarTulebiTs uwodebda viTare-

biTs. vinaidan mas gamokveTilad hqonda es funqcia, mimarTulebis aRniS-

vna (Cor-d `CorSi”, beTlem-d `beTlemSi”...), saxeldebisTvis es aqcia. arn.

Ciqobavac mimarTulebiTs viTarebiTs uwodebs. Aa. SaniZe ki mimarTu-

lebiTis qveS gulisxmobs -isa daboloebian formebs: mivida igi ufl-isa

`ufalTan”, warvida igi kac-isa `kacTan”, mivida igi saxid iovan sa `iovanes saxlSi”, mivida maTa da hrqua `maTTan”...

Fformobriv mimarTulebiTi brunva emTxveva savrcobian naTesa-

obiTs, garCeva moxdeba funqciis mixedviT. Mmagram maT Soris sxvaobaa:

Tu naTesaobiT brunvaSi -is brunvis niSania, xolo -a _ savrcobi, xan

realizdeba, xan _ ara, mimarTulebiTis -a(-is-a) brunvisniSniseulia,

savaldebuloa. erTaderTi, ris safuZvelzec a. SaniZem calke brunvad

gamoyo mimarTulebiTi, iyo anTroponimTa da zogierT CvenebiT nacval-

saxelTa (ese, ege, igi) Cveneba. Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi isini savrcobs

ar dairTavdnen (mag., naTesaobiTSi iqneboda: daviT-is, am-is, mag-is, m-is), magram am formebis gverdiT Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba aseTi formebic:

daviTisa, amisa, magisa, misa... aq -a savrcobad ver CaiTvleba, amitom a.

SaniZem ivarauda, rom igi sxva funqciisa unda yofiliyo, kerZod, brun-

visniSniseuli.

Zvel qarTulSi mimarTulebiTi brunva ixmareba mxolod moZraobis

aRmniSvnel zmnebTan, misi funqciidan gamomdinare. Tu mxolobiTi

ricxvis formaa, brunvis niSnad gveqneba -isa/ sa Tu mravlobiTi _ -Ta.

Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi mimarTulebiTi brunva mxolod adami-

anis (agreTve RmerTis, angelozis) aRmniSvnel saxelebTan gvxvdeba

(rogorc sakuTarTan (daviTisa, iovanჱsa...), ise – sazogadosTan (kacisa,

yrmisa...). Mmag., warvida mTisa SeuZlebelia, magram mogvianebiT igi

araadamianTa saxelebTanac iCens Tavs, mag., X saukuniT daTariRebul

Satberdis krebulSi aris aseTi winadadeba: `mived jinWvlisa, medgaro, hbaZevd mas!” `WianWvelasTan”.

i. imnaiSvili miiCnevda, rom is-ad > is-a, e.i. -a miRebulia viTare-

biTi brunvis -ad niSnisgan d-s dakargviT. k. danelias azriT, -isa/-ჲsa/-Ta

daboloebiani formebi unda iyos sazRvruldakarguli marTul-SeTanxme-

buli msazRvreli anu moxda sintaqsuri (sintagmuri) elipsisi.

mimarTulebiTSi dasmul sazRvrulad SeiZleboda yofiliyo adgilis

aRmniSvneli sityvebi: saxi-d, vana-d, adgi[l]-d da sxv. aseTi araelipsi-

suri srulsintagmiani konstruqciis realizacia Zvel qarTulSi arcTu

iSviaTia, mag.: `waravlina saul eri rCeuli saxid daviTisa” [I mef. 19:11]. elipsisiT: waravlina saul eri rCeuli daviTisa. k. danelias azriT,

sazRvrulis dakargvas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom xazi esmeba moqmedebis

warmarTvas ara konkretuli sivrciTi punqtisaken, aramed vinc am punqtSi

imyofeba, e.i. pirovnebisken (Semdgom _ sulieri arsebisken).54 es mosazreba

gasaziarebelia.

mimarTulebiTi, marTalia, brunvaa, magram brunvaTa paradigmaSi

misi Setana gamarTlebuli ar aris, radgan warmoSobiT ar aris iseTive

brunva, rogoric, vTqvaT, micemiTi, moqmedebiTi. igi meoreuli brunvaa,

fuZed iyenebs naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, romelsac umatebs mimar-

TulebiTis -a niSans. amitom sxvanairad am brunvas nanaTesaobiTar

mimarTulebiTsac uwodeben.

daniSnulebiTi brunva

Zvel qarTulSi gamoyofen agreTve daniSnulebiT brunvas. isic,

mimarTulebiTis msavsad, meoreuli brunvaa, nawarmoebi naTesaobiTis

formisgan, amitom sxvagvarad nanaTesaobiTar daniSnulebiTsac uwodeben.

misi alomorfebia: -is-a/-ჲs-a, mravlobiTSi -Ta, mag., daviT-is-a `daviTis-

Tvis”, kac-is-a `kacisTvis, adamianisTvis”, ra-ჲs-a `risTvis, ratom?” ... am

funqciiT Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba agreTve -is-ad.

`movhkafoT leRu-suleli da naZჳ da viSჱnoT Tavisa Cuenisa godo-

li” [es. 19:15]. `CvenTvis”; `navsadgurni ganfenil da Sesavedrebel arian

morwmuneTa” `morwmuneTaTvis”; `da vqmneT sami talavari: erTi Sendad,

erTi mosჱsad, erTi eliaჲsad” [mrk. 9:5 C].55 `SenTvis”, `mosesTvis”, `eli-

asTvis”.

k. danelia, mimarTulebiTi brunvis adgilisaTvis Zveli qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, #4, 1992, gv. 129-130. 55

jruW-parxlis redaqciaSi Sesabamis adgilebSi -Tჳs Tandebuli gvaqvs: `da vqmneT aqa sam talavar: erTi SenTჳs, erTi mosesTჳs da erTi eliaჲsTჳs” DE.

radgan daniSnulebiTic meoreuli brunvaa, brunvaTa paradigmaSi

arc misi Setanaa gamarTlebuli.

wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxi

jer kidev dionise Trakielma “texne grammatikeSi’’ gamoyo brunvad

wodebiTi. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebamde eWvi aravis Seutania imaSi, rom

wodebiTi brunvaa. 1927 wels pirvelma arn. Ciqobavam gamoTqva mosazreba,

rom wodebiTi aris ara brunva, aramed mimarTvis forma. Semdeg es Tval-

sazrisi gaiziara varlam Tofuriam, magram es pozicia qarTvel enaT-

mecnierebs aRar gauziarebiaT. TviT maTi moswavleebic wodebiTs brunvad

miiCneven.

romeli debulebebis safuZvelze fiqrobda v. Tofuria, rom

wodebiTi brunva ar aris? 1) am bolo xanebSi rusuli enis gramatike-

bidan wodebiTi amoiReso; 2)wodebiTSi dasmuli saxeli sintaqsur

kavSirs ver amyarebs winadadebis sxva wevrebTan, kerZod, ar gvaqvs mar-

Tva; 3) v. Tofuria askvnis, rom wodebiTis adgili funqciis Tvalsaz-

risiT sintaqsSia, xolo wodebiTi, rogorc forma, morfologiaSi unda

ganvixiloT, kerZod, sityvawarmoebaSi.

a. SaniZis azriT, marTalia, marTva ar SeuZlia wodebiTSi mdgar

saxels, magram SeTanxmeba gvaqvs, mag., Cemo kargo megobaro. wodebiTSi

dasmuli saxeli megobaro iTanxmebs msazRvrelebs brunvaSi, e.i. SeTan-

xmeba gvaqvs. Mmagram wodebiTSi dasmuli saxeli ara marto SeiTanxmebs

saxels, aramed marTavs kidec, mag., eqimis megobaro.

a. SaniZem gaabaTila v. Tofurias mosazreba, rom wodebiTis adgili

sityvawarmoebaSia:

xanjal-i xanjl-ian-i

xanjal-ma u-xanjl-o

xanjal-s

Tuki I svetSi saxelis brunebisas misi mniSvneloba ucvleli rCeba,

sityvawarmoebisas ( II sveti ) igi icvleba. Aamis mixedviT, wodebiTis

adgili aris brunebaSi. Tu ganvixilavT opozicias: kac-n-i, kac-n-o,

romelSic kac fuZea, -n _ mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi, -i _ saxelobiTi

brunvis niSani, maSin -o-c brunvis niSani gamodis.

Zvel qarTulSi wodebiTi brunvis niSnad gvaqvs -o, -0. o-s

daviwroebuli varianti -v Zvelma qarTulma ar icis. xmovanfuZian

saxelebTan -v brunvisniSniani formebi XII-XIII saukuneebidan dasturdeba (z. sarjvelaZe).

Zvel qarTulSi wodebiTis funqciiT gamoiyeneboda agreTve

saxelobiTi: ` , naTesavi urwmuno da gularZnili,56 vidremdis Tquen Tana viyo me’’. Bbevr enaSi saxelobiTi brunvis forma ixmareba mimarTvis

formad, es aris tipologia.

brunvaTa sistemaSi wodebiTi yvelaze gvian Camoyalibebuli

brunvaa. sxva qarTvelur enebSi wodebiTi brunva ara gvaqvs, saxelobiTi

gamodis mimarTvis (vokativis) funqciiT.

saxelobiTi brunva

saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs -i~-ჲ

fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebi. -i dasturdeba Tanxmovan-

fuZianebTan (kac-i, mRudel-i...), xolo - _ xmovanfuZianebTan (xe udabno-

...). saxelobiTi brunvis niSani momdinareobs igi CvenebiTi nacval-

saxelisgan: kac igi > kac-i. igi ixmareboda gansazRvrebis, determinaciis funqciiT. aseTive nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa moTxrobiTi brunvis

niSani -man da -a savrcobi. qarTuli -i-s kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi megrul-

lazurSi aris -i TanxmovanfuZianebTan, xmovanfuZianebTan brunvis niSani

warmodgenili araa, rogorc axal qarTulSi. Tanamedrove svanurSi

saxelobiTi ubrunvisniSnoa.

gularZnili _ cbieri, gadaxrili.

moTxrobiTi brunva

Zvel qarTulSi moTxrobiTi brunvis niSania -man rogorc

TanxmovanfuZianebTan, ise xmovanfuZianebTan (kac-man, moyuare-man, yru-

man...), romelic istoriulad warmoadgens igi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis

moTxrobiTi brunvis formas. amrigad, saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi

brunvebis niSnebi nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa. es ori brunva

warmoiSva wrfelobiTis daSlis procesSi, wrfelobiTis safuZvelze,

wrfelobiTze nawevris darTvis Sedegad:

sax. kac igi > kac-i

wrf. kac

moTx. kac man > kac-man

brunvaTa sistemaSi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi gvian warmoqmnili erTgvari `axalgazrda” brunvebia, mxolod wodebiTia maTze gvian formirebuli, isic qarTveluri enebidan mxolod qarTulSi Camoyalibda.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom moTxrobiTis uZvelesi, organuli niSania

-n, romelic Semonaxulia or fuZeSi: vin da man (arn. Ciqobava, h.

Suxardti, a. SaniZe...).57

moTxrobiTi brunva monografiulad Seiswavla arn. Ciqobavam

naSromSi `ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi’’.

-man-is gamartivebiT miviReT TanxmovanfuZianebTan -ma da xmovanfuZi-

anebTan -m. es gamartivebis procesi Zvel qarTulSive dawyebula, kerZod,

-ma daboloebiani formebi ukve 897 wliT daTariRebul adiSis oTxTavSi

gvxvdeba. IX-XI saukuneebSi cocxal metyvelebaSi moTxrobiTis niSnad

ukve -ma unda exmaraT (mefe-ma, mama-ma, moZRuar-ma...). `vefxistyaosanSi~

mainc -man daboloebaa gatarebuli. 58

xmovanfuZianebTan -m brunvisniSniani formebi XI-XII saukuneebis

cocxal metyvelebaSi ukve unda arsebuliyo, rasac `vefxistyaosani~

adasturebs: sawuTro-m, ra-m, ucxo-m... (z. sarjvelaZe).

dawvrilebiT ix gv. 92-93; 95. 58

rogorc arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs gamokvlevaSi `Zvelisa da axali qarTulis kompo-nentebisaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ enis morfologiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi~, poe-maSi `moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani yovelTvis sruli saxiT aris warmodgenili~ (ike, XV, 1966, gv. 5).

micemiTi brunva

micemiTi erT-erTi Zveli brunvaa qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi.

misi funqciebic nair-nairia: 1) gamoxatavs qvemdebares gardamaval

zmnebTan III seriaSi, mag., kacsa uTquams, angelozTa ubrZanebies (I

TurmeobiTi). Aam funqciiT micemiTi TiTqmis yovelTvis gavrcobilia.

2) gamoxatavs pirdapir an irib damatebas: nu miscemT siwmidesa (0p.) ZaRlTa (0ir.), nuca daugebT margalitTa (0p.) winaSe RorTa (0ir.). 3) adgi-

lis garemoebis funqciiT micemiTi, ZiriTadad, gauvrcobelia, zogjer

ivrcoba. amave funqciiT zeda, Soris, Sina TandebulebTan naxmari

micemiTi gavrcobilia, mag., Sen hzi udabnosa Sina. 4) drois garemoebis funqciiT micemiTi, ZiriTadad, gauvrcobelia, zogjer ivrcoba, mag.,

SabaTsa gankurna igi iesu. 5) micemiTi gauvrcobelia, rodesac warmo-

dgenilia rTuli zmnis pirvel nawilad, mag., Tavs-idva, guls-idgina, ambors-uyo. 6) Zvel qarTulSi ufroobiTi xarisxis formebTan Sesada-

rebeli sagani, anu ubralo obieqti, warmodgenili iyo micemiTi brunvis

formiT, mag., raoden xumjobჱs ars kaci sacxovarsa?

naTesaobiTi brunva

naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnad Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda -is~- s

fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebi. -is dasturdeboda Tanxmovan-

fuZian da xmovanfuZian kvecad saxelebTan, - s _ xmovanfuZian ukvecel

saxelebTan.

Zvel qarTulSi naTesaobiTi brunva ixmareba Semdegi funqciebiT:

1) gamoxatavs marTul gansazRvrebas, mag., Zelisa saxl. Aam funqciiT

naTesaobiTi yovelTvis savrcobiania. 2) Tuki adre ufroobiTi xarisxis

formebTan Sesadarebeli sagani iyo micemiT brunvaSi, Semdeg, rodesac

ufroobiTi xarisxis forma daSorda zmnas da saxelis Tvisebebi SeiZina,

obieqti moiTxova naTesaobiT brunvaSi, vinaidan saxeli saxels naTe-

saobiTSi marTavs, mag., raoden umjobჱs ars kaci sacxovrisa. 3) naTe-

saobiTi gauvrcobelia kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilis funqciiT, mag.,

ciskari, urmisTuali. 4) naTesaobiTi gauvrcobelia drois garemoebis

funqciiTac, mag., myis, zamTris.

moqmedebiTi brunva

Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnad gvqonda: -iT, - T, -iTi,

-iTa. Aa. SaniZe fiqrobs, rom moqmedebiTi istoriulad aerTianebs ori

damoukidebeli brunvis funqcias: instrumentalisisas, anu saWur-

vliTobisas, da gamosvliTobisas, anu ablativisas. O

Zvel qarTulSi -iTa daboloebiani forma saWurvliTobas gamo-

xatavda, mag., moikla igi maxჳliTa, xolo -iTi daboloebiani forma _

gamosvliTobas, oRond aseT formas aucileblad mosdevda viTarebiTSi

dasmuli saxeli, mag., qalaq-iT-i qalaq-ad (`qalaqidan qalaqSi”). Semdeg am

bolo i-sa da a-s arasavaldebulobisa Tu ufunqciobis gamo isini

daikarga da brunvis niSnad mxolod -iT dagvrCa, romelmac SeiTavsa am

orive brunvis funqcia.

-iT brunvis niSnis paralelurad Zvel qarTulSi -iv ixmareboda,

magram misi xmareba adreve Sesustda, gadmonaSTis saxiT Semonaxulia

ramdenime sityvaSi, mag., marjvn-iv, marcxn-iv, irgvl-iv, sxvafr-iv, gaswvr-iv, RmrT-iv.

Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi brunva ixmareboda Semdegi funqciebiT:

1) igi yovelTvis gavrcobili iyo ubralo damatebis funqciiT, mag.,

uxeTqna mas kuerTxiTa. 2) moqmedebiTi gauvrcobelia adgilis garemo-

ebis funqciiT, mag., ganvida igi qalaqiT. Tandebulis darTvis drosac

gauvrcobeli forma gveqneba, mag., qalaq-iT-gan, aRmosavl-iT-gan. 3) gauvrcobelia viTarebis garemoebis funqciiT, mag., WeSmaritebiT

aswaveb, sixaruliT Seiwynara. 4) moqmedebiTi gauvrcobelia, rodesac

kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilia, mag., kiriTxuro, xeliTwerili, wyliT-rRuna.

X-XIII saukuneTa ZeglebSi moqmedebiTi brunis erT-erT alomorfad

dasturdeba -id, Tu forma -gan Tandebuliania: vinaidgan, Tavidgan, Zuelidgan... (z. sarjvelaZe). am SemTxvevaSi -id miRebulia -gan Tandebulis g asimilatoris mier brunvisniSniseuli T-s asimilaciuri

gamJRerebis safuZvelze.

viTarebiTi brunva

Zvel qarTulSi viTarebiTi brunvis alomorfebia: -ad, -d, -a. Tuki

axal qarTulSi -d realizdeba mxolod xmovanfuZian saxelebTan, Zvel

qarTulSi garkveuli SezRudviT igi TanxmovanfuZianebTanac gvxvdeba,

kerZod, geografiul saxelebTan, mag., qarTl-d, Cor-d (gavixsenoT varsqenis sityvebi `SuSanikis wamebidan”: `Cord wargce Sen anu karad karauliTa...” (`CorSi gaggzavni...”)).

-a viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad gvxvdeba sadidebela tipis vnebiTi

gvaris momavali drois mimReobebTan, agreTve, -eT, -iT sufiqsian

toponimebTan, mag., yo locvaჲ sadidebela uflisa; warvida igi

saberZneTa, warvida somxiTa;59 STavida igi jojoxeTa... garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, sadidebela tipis formebSi -a momdinareobs viTarebiTi

brunvis niS-nisgan (-ad > -a) d-s dakargviT.

Aarn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, istoriulad viTarebiTSi unda

gvqonoda ori brunvis niSani: -a, -d. Semdeg, rodesac -a aRar gaiazreboda

brunvis niSnad, saWiro gaxda masze ufro aqtiuri -d niSnis darTva. e.i.

-a da -d sxvadasxva kilos kuTvnileba iyo. maTi SeerTebiT miviReT -ad.

a. SaniZe sruliad sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss aviTarebda. misi

azriT, gvqonda erTi brunvis niSani -ad, romlis daSlis Sedegad miviReT

oden -a da oden -d.

viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis dayruebis Sedegad miRebuli -aT/-T alomorfi pirvelad adiSis oTxTavSi (897 w.) dasturdeba: mTaT (z.

sarjvelaZe).

-a savrcobi

Zvel qarTulSi sam brunvasTan: micemiTTan, naTesaobiTsa da moqme-

debiTTan _ ixmareba -a savrcobi. -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi -a savrcobi

gvxvdeba imave brunvebSi, rogorc es gvaqvs mxolobiTSi, magram daerTvis

-T sufiqsiani mravlobiTis yvela brunvis formas. AZvelisgan

somxiTi _ qvemo qarTlis teritoria, sadac moqmedeba mimdinareobs `SuSanikis wame-baSi”.

gansxvavebiT, axal qarTulSi -a savrcobi oTx brunvasTan ixmareba, igi

viTarebiTsac daerTvis.

n. mari mas emfatikur -a-s uwodebda. es termini momdinareobs

sityvisgan emfazi, aRebulia berZnuli enis gramatikebidan da niSnavs

meti gamoxatulebis Zalis mqones. n. mari arabuli enis kvalobaze xsnida

emfatikuri -a-s warmoSobis sakiTxs. Mmisi azriT, naTesaobiTSi -a

nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisa iyo: ha > a. moqmedebiTSi naTesaobiTis

analogiuri warmoeba gvqonda, xolo micemiTSi brunvis niSnis gadasmis

Sedegad unda migveRo es emfatikuri xmovani (Zir-as > Zir-s-a, pir-as > pir-s-a).

sxva TvalsazrisiT, -a miRebulia nawevris, gansazRvrebis funqciiT

saxelze darTuli amas, amis, amiT CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan gacveTis

Sedegad (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili, T. uTurgaiZe...): mic. kac-s amas > kac-s-a, naT. kac-is amis > kac-is-a, moq. kac-iT amiT > kac-iT-a.

z. sarjvelaZe am -a-s mavrcob xmovans uwodebda (zmnis -d, -od

savrcobebisgan gasarCevad).

Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi mkacrad iyo normirebuli -a savrcobis

xmarebis wesebi, upiratesad gavrcobili formebi ixmareboda (mag.,

subieqtTan, obieqtTan, marTul msazRvrelTan). Ggarkveul SemTxvevebSi

savrcobi xmovani ar ixmareboda, mag., anTroponimebTan, miwevniTobis

(waremarTa mcxeTas) an gamosvliTobis funqciiT (ganvida qalaqiT), rTuli sityvebis pirvel nawilad (mag., gulsmodgined, Tavs-idva).

ricxvi

Zvel qarTulSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebas garkveuli

Tavisebureba axasiaTebs. Aaq igulisxmeba asimetria, erTi mxriv, -eb da,

meore mxriv, -n da –T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs Soris. Tu -eb sufiqsian

mravlobiTs moepoveba yvela brunvis forma, -n or brunvaSi gvxvdeba

(saxelobiTsa da wodebiTSi), -T _ samSi (moTxrobiTSi, micemiTsa da

naTesaobiTSi). Tuki axal qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba -T sufiqsiani moqmede-

biTi da viTarebiTi, ZvelSi iSviaTad, magram mainc daiZebneba am brun-

vebis -T sufiqsiani formebi.60 wrfelobiTSi gvaqvs mxolod -eb

sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, -n sufiqsiani _ ara. Zvel qarTulSi ufro xSiria

-n da -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi. -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTi saSual

qarTulSi xSirdeba da axal qarTulSi batondeba. Ees ar niSnavs, rom -eb

sufiqsi meoreulia, igi sakmaod Zvelia da aRdgeba qarTul-zanuris

erTianobis xanisTvis.

mxolobiT ricxvs raime specialuri niSani ar moepoveba (SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom igi ricxvis mixedviT opoziciis aramarkirebuli wevria).

waikiTxeT: korneli danelia, wrfelobiTis adgilisaTvis Zveli

qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi, ix. misi narkvevebi qarTuli

samwerlobo enis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 525-533.

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. T. SaraZeniZis specialuri gamokvleva `Taniani moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi Zvel qarTulSi’’.

sazogado saxelTa bruneba

TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba

fuZis mixedviT saxeli orgvaria: TanxmovanfuZiani da xmovanfuZiani.

TanxmovanfuZiani saxeli, Tavis mxriv, orgvaria: kumSvadi da ukumSveli.

brunebis paradigmas srulad TanxmovanfuZiani ukumSveli saxelebi

warmoadgenen, radgan arc fuZeSi da arc brunvis niSanSi cvlileba ar

xdeba. Zvel qarTulSi, arsebiTad, ikumSeba is saxelebi, romlebic axal

qarTulSic kumSvadia, magram sxvaoba mainc gvaqvs:

1) ZiriTadad ukumSvelia erTmarcvliani saxelebi: kac, qal, ჴar...

2) axal qarTulSi yovelTvis ikumSeba da ZvelSi ukumSvelia: mteri (mter-is), mtueri (mtuer-is), Zuali, mRdeli, juari, hambavi, niori, safuZveli...

3) piriqiT, axal qarTulSi ukumSvelia da ZvelSi ikumSeboda:

mkerdi (mkrd-is), RmerTi (RmrT-is)...

4) Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad ibruneboda xucesi. axalSi es

sityva ukumSvelia. Zvel qarTulSi kumSvis Sedegad Tavs iCenda arabu-

nebrivi cs kompleqsi, romelic martivdeboda s-s disimilaciuri

dakargviT, amitom gvqonda formebi: xuc-is, xuc-eb-i.

5) zogierTi fuZe Zvel qarTulSi SeiZleba ornairad iyos war-

modgenili: SekumSulad da SeukumSvelad: sayofelisa//sayoflisa, cxovarisa//cxovrisa, macxovarisa//macxovrisa, iremisa//irmisa, brZenisa //brZnisa... amis nimuSebi sakmaod bevria Zvel qarTulSi.

6) zogierTi erTmarcvliani sityva ukumSvelia, magram, Tu kompo-

zitis Semadgeneli nawilia, ikumSeba: kar-is _ ciskr-is, Jam-is _ samJm-is, Tav-is _ erisTv-is.

7) gvaqvs garkveuli jgufi fuZeukumSveli saxelebisa, romlebic

-il-ze bolovdeba. maT viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad mxolod -d

moudiT: adg-il-i _ adg-il-d, sikud-il-i _ sikud-il-d. zogjer l-c

ikargeba: adgi-d, sikudi-d. aseTsave formas gvaZlevs viTarebiTSi

sityvebi: Ruawli, saxli (Ruawi-d, saxi-d). zemoaRniSnuli formebis

safuZvelze SesaZloa -il formantis aRdgena: *Ruaw-il-i, *sax-il-i. saxl

viTarebiTSi SeiZleboda am formiTac yofiliyo: saxe-d, romlis

mixedviTac saxelobiTisTvis aRdgeboda forma sax-el. Tu zmna mimar-

Tulebas aRniSnavda, gveqneboda saxid an saxed, sxva SemTxvevaSi _

saxlad.

8) Zvel qarTulSi zogierTi sityva wodebiT brunvaSi SesaZloa

ubrunvisniSnod iyos warmodgenili, mag., macxovar, moZRuar, saxier, quelismoqmed, xuces.61 aseTsave viTarebas gviCvenebs zogierTi nasesxebi

sityva: episkopos, patriarq, keisar, diakon, isra l. zogjer mefec wodebiTSi fuZis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi brunvis niSnad

ivaraudeba nulovani alomorfi.

kumSva istoriulad maxvilis intensivobazea damokidebuli. kumSvas

ufro xSirad ganicdian or- da metmarcvliani fuZeebi. erTmarcvliani

fuZe maSin SeiZleba SeikumSos, roca anlautSi62 TanxmovanTa kompleqsia,

mag., sZal _ sZlisa. kumSvisas fuZis bolo marcvlidan amovardeba a, e, o xmovnebi, uiSviaTesad _ u.

a reducirdeba sityvebSi: isar, zamTar, mstovar, lampar, macxovar, lelwam... e reducirdeba sityvebSi: sanTel, sofel, mgel, sarecel, yurZen, urem, RmerT, xuces...

o fuZidan amovardeba, Tu erTmaneTis mimyol marcvlebSi meordeba

o (godol, foTol, godor, horol, kowol63...) sxva SemTxvevaSi o >

(monazon _ monaz nisa, nigoz _ nig zisa...). u-s reduqciis nimuSad

asaxeleben oriode fuZes: Surdul64 _ Surdlisa, farRul65 _ farRlisa. i-s reduqciis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iaspini66 _ iaspnisa. fuZis

SigniT xmovnis dakargvas ewodeba sinkope.

kumSvas iwvevs xmovniT dawyebuli VC struqturis sufiqsis darTva

(brunvis niSani an mravlobiTi ricxvis -eb sufiqsi). kumSva xdeba

naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTSi, viTarebiTsa da mTel -eb-ian mravlobiTSi, -n da -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi _ ara. kumSvis principi damokidebulia ara

Sdr.: `... da xrusipi hrqua iovanes: `amis madlisaTvis, moZRuaro, moved saxlsa mamisa Cemisasa” [apokrif. mociq. 78:4]; `... da xrqua mas: `moZRuaro saxiero...” [m. 19:16 X]. ZiriTadad, am tipis saxelebi wodebiTSi brunvis niSniTaa warmodgenili msazRvrelTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebis gamo. 62

anlauti _ absoluturi dasawyisi. 63

kowol _ nawnavi. 64

Surdul _ sasroli iaraRi. 65

farRul _ yelsabami. 66

iaspini _ Zvirfasi qva.

marto xmovanTa raobaze, aramed fuZis bolokidur Tanxmovanzec.

upiratesad ikumSeba l, m, n, r sonorebze daboloebuli fuZeebi.

Tuki -eb da -n sufiqsian mravlobiTSi ricxvs gamoxatavs -eb da -n sufiqsebi, xolo brunvas _ Sesabamisi brunvis niSani, es principi darRve-

ulia -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi. Aaq -T gvaZlevs rogorc ricxvis, ise

brunvis gagebas. amosavali ricxvis Cveneba unda yofiliyo, Semdeg SeiZina

brunvis gageba.

warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas:

wrf. isar sofel godol Surdul

sax. isar-i sofel-i godol-i Surdul-i

moTx. isar-man sofel-man godol-man Surdul-man

mic. isar-s-a sofel-s-a godol-s-a Surdul-s-a

naT. isr-is-a sofl-is-a godl-is-a Surdl-is-a

moq. isr-iT-a sofl-iT-a godl-iT-a Surdl-iT-a

viT. isr-ad sofl-ad godl-ad Surdl-ad

wod. isar-o sofel-o godol-o Surdul-o

wrf. isr-eb

sax. isr-eb-i isar-n-i

moTx. isr-eb-man isar-T-a

mic. isr-eb-s-a isar-T-a

naT. isr-eb-is-a isar-T-a

moq. isr-eb-iT-a iSviaTia

viT. isr-eb-ad iSviaTia

wod. isr-eb-o isar-n-o

ormagi kumSvis nimuSia sityva savarZel, romelic etimologiurad

niSnavs mamrisTvis gankuTvnil dasajdom adgils.

wrf. savarZel savrZl-eb

sax. savarZel-i savrZl-eb-i

moTx. savarZel-man savrZl-eb-man

mic. savarZel-s-a savrZl-eb-s-a

naT. savrZl-is-a savrZl-eb-is-a

moq. savrZl-iT-a savrZl-eb-iT-a

viT. savrZl-ad savrZl-eb-ad

wod. savarZel-o savrZl-eb-o

weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi TanxmovanfuZiani

sazogado saxelebi: mter, farRul, macxovar,67 RmerT, horol,

monazon. abruneT mxolobiTsa da orive saxis mravlobiTSi: Zual,

xuces.

xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba

xmovanfuZiani saxelebi, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: kvecadebi

da ukvecelebi. erTi mcire jgufi xmovanfuZiani saxelebisa kumSvad-

kvecadia. Zvel qarTulSi, iseve rogorc axal qarTulSi, ikveceba a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi, ukvecelia o-sa da u-ze daboloebuli saxe-

lebi. Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs gamonaklisebic, magram es saerTo suraTs

ver cvlis:

wodebiT brunvaSi orgvarad realizdeba: brunvis niSniTa da ubrunvisniSnod.

1) zogierTi a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli saxeli Zvel qarTulSi

ukvecelia, mag., kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli ra (raჲsa, raჲTa), elvare, yure.

aseTi sityvebi, ZiriTadad, mainc nasesxebia, uZveles ZeglebSi ar ikve-

ceboda, Semdeg moeqca saerTo yalibSi da IX-X saukuneebidan Seik-

veca.Eesenia: gehenia, manana (a. `bibliuri saWmeli, purismagvari”; b.

`saCuqari, ZRveni”), mana (`palo, sari”), ante (`anteqriste”), are (a. `zaf-

xuli, sezoni”; b. `yana, veli”), iqedne (`qvewarmavali”), afsida (`TaRi”),

baia (`finiki”), antlia (a. `tvirTi”; b. `wylis amosaRebi”), huria, eklesia68

am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTSi gveqneboda formebi: gehenia- s-a, manana- s-a,

mana- s-a...

2) Taviseburad brunebadia: droSa, stavra (`Zvirfasi qsovili,

farCa”), dana.69 erTi SexedviT, ukveceli saxelebia, magram mosalodneli

droSaჲsa tipis formebis nacvlad gvaqvs: droSa-is-a, stavra-is-a, dana-

is-a. Aa. SaniZis azriT, amis mizezi isaa, rom es sityvebi adre Tanxmovan-fuZiani unda yofiliyo: droSak-i, stavrak-i danak-i. Kk Tanxmovnis Ddakar-

gvis Semdeg unda migveRo droSa-is-a tipis formebi.

3) Zvel qarTulSi aris oriode e-ze daboloebuli saxeli, romle-

bic mesame brunvaSic, viTarebiTSic, ikvecebian: arve,70 mrowle (viT. arv-

ad, mrowl-ad). orive niSnavs jogs, faras, naxirs.

4) Taviseburia daba. mxolobiTSi Cveulebrivi kvecadi saxeliviT

iqceva: dab-is-a, dab-iT-a. Taviseburebas arc -n da -T sufiqsebian

mravlobiTSi gviCvenebs: daba-n-i, daba-T-a. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki fuZe-

Si Cndeba n: dab-n-eb-i. es n miCneulia fuZiseulad da aRadgenen formas

*dab-an (Sdr. u-dab-n-o).

gaixseneT bolnisis sionis warwera: `... ze xiqmna dawyeba amis eklesia sa ~ 69

es samive sityva nasesxebia iranuli jgufis enebidan, amitom enam ver moaqcia saerTo yalibSi da ar Sekveca. droSa < droSaki, stavra < stavraki nasesxebia saSuali sparsu-lidan (aqedanaa Sesuli somxurSic, romelSic dResac arsebobs droSa), xolo dana < danaki (Sdr. danakiskudi `finiki~). _ parTulidan. Titus-is monacemTa bazis mixedviT,

droSa saxelobiTSi dadasturda samgvarad: droSai/droSaჲ/droSaki. aseve dadasturda: danaჲ/danaki (am ukanasknelis sakmao magaliTebia). stavra saxelobiTi brunvis formiT ar dasturdeba. Titus-is monacemTa baza jerjerobiT ar aris srulyofili, igi ar moicavs Zveli qarTulis yvela teqsts, swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom zemoaRniSnuli sityvebi naT. da moqm. brunvebis formebiT ver davadastureT, Tumca samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom stavraisa tipis formebis gverdiT dasturdeba stavra sa, dana sa tipis formebic. 70

arve nasesxebi unda iyos skviTur-alanur-osuridan.

Kkvecad saxelTa bruneba

K ikveceba a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi. kveca xdeba mxolobiTi

ricxvis or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. kvecas, iseve ro-

gorc kumSvas, iwvevs VC struqturis mqone sufiqsi. viTarebiT brunvaSi

kveca ar xdeba, radgan brunvis niSani oden Tanxmovania (-d).

a-ze daboloebuli saxeli -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSic ikveceba (Zm-eb), rac Seexeba e-ze daboloebul fuZes, axal qarTulSi -eb-ian

mravlobiTSi igi ukvecelia (klde-eb-i), ZvelSi ki xan ikveceboda, xan _

ara, xan ori e-Ti iyo warmo-dgenili, xan _ erTiT (mdinareebi//mdinarebi, samareebi//samarebi...). ZiriTadad, ikveceboda or- da metmarcvliani

fuZeebi, erTmarcvliani ukveceli iyo (Ze-eb-i Sdr. mefe-eb-i//mef-eb-i).

zogadad, xmovanfuZian saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom

saxelobiTSi, xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi, brunvis -i niSani sustdeba da

gvaZlevs umarclo - variants (fonologiurad Sepirobebul alomorfs),

romelic winamaval xmovanTan erTad qmnis damaval difTongs (deda- xe-

bo- yr ). xmovanfuZian saxelebs, TanxmovanfuZianebisgan gansxva-

vebiT, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad aqvT -d.

wrf. Zma Zm-eb

sax. Zma- Y Zma-n-i Zm-eb-i

moTx. Zma-man Zma-T-a Zm-eb-man

mic. Zma-s-a Zma-T-a Zm-eb-s-a

naT. Zm-is-a Zma-T-a Zm-eb-is-a

moq. Zm-iT-a Zm-eb-iT-a

viT. Zma-d Zm-eb-ad

wod. Zma-o Zma-n-o H Zm-eb-o

aseve ibruneba: arseba, buneba, daba, drama, zeca, iwroeba, queyana,

yana, ZaZa, , afra, deda, dila, Tiva, kona, baga, gza, locva, yrma, rqa...

wrf. mdinare mdinare-eb//mdinar-eb

sax. mdinare- mdinar mdinare-n-i mdinare-eb-i//mdinar-eb-i

moTx. mdinare-man mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-man//mdinar-eb-man

mic. mdinare-s-a mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-s-a//mdinar-eb-s-a

naT. mdinar-is-a mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-is-a//mdinar-eb-is-a

moq. Kmdinar-iT-a mdinare-eb-iT-a//mdinar-eb-iT-a

viT. mdinare-d mdinare-eb-ad//mdinar-eb-ad

wod. mdinare-o mdinare-n-o mdinare-eb-o//mdinar-eb-o

aseve ibruneba: bage, bade, bWe, vake, zRude, cixe, Rone, sZe, siZe, bude, kbode, marcxene, marjuene, meufe, dRe, samare, saunje, sefe (`sasaxle,

samefo saxli”)...

Uukvecel saxelTa bruneba

rogorc aRvniSneT, ukvecelia o-sa da u-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi.

Uukvecel saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba is aris, rom naTesaobiTsa da

moqmedebiTSi, xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi, brunvisviSniseuli i sustdeba

da gvaZlevs -s.

wrf. ku ku-eb

sax. ku- Y ku-n-i ku-eb-i

moTx. ku-man ku-T-a ku-eb-man

mic. ku-s-a ku-T-a ku-eb-s-a

naT. ku- s-a ku-T-a ku-eb-is-a

moq. ku- T-a ku-eb-iT-a

viT. ku-d ku-eb-ad

wod. ku-o ku-n-o ku-eb-o

aseve ibruneba: bu, Zu ZuZu, riJuraJu... saerTod, u-ze daboloebuli

saxelebi metad iSviaTia.

wrf. ezo ezo-eb

sax. ezo- Y ezo-n-i ezo-eb-i

moTx. ezo-man ezo-T-a ezo-eb-man

mic. ezo-s-a ezo-T-a ezo-eb-s-a

naT. ezo- s-a ezo-T-a ezo-eb-is-a

moq. ezo- T-a ezo-eb-iT-a

viT. ezo-d ezo-eb-ad

wod. ezo-o ezo-n-o ezo-eb-o

aseve ibruneba: abano, gemo, dro, erbo, TeZo, wyaro, xuro, oqro, rko, rto, uRmrTo, ayiro (`gogra, xapi”), babilo (a. `nayofis momcemi rto

anu rqa”; b. `xeze aSvebuli vazi”), kinamo (`dariCini”)...

u-ze daboloebulma erTmarcvlianma saxelma SeiZleba ganiviTaros

v. ZiriTadad, es xdeba mxolobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTsa da wodebiT

brunvebSi, aseve, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi: buv-i, buv-o, buv-eb-i, buv-eb-is-a... aseT SemTxvevaSi es saxelebi TanxmovanfuZianTa msgavsad ibruneba.

SesaZlebelia wodebiTSi v ganviTardes or o-s Soris: uSjulovo,

wyarovo, uRmrTovo...

gvaqvs o-ze daboloebuli erTaderTi saxeli, romelic mxolobiTSi

ikveceba, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki ukvecelia, esaa (Rჳn-is-a, Rჳn-iT-a,

Rჳno-eb...). ram ganapiroba am saxelis Taviseburi bruneba?

T. uTurgaiZe am saxelisTvis varaudobs ori fuZis arsebobas:

amosavlad miiCnevs SedarebiT Zvel TanxmovanfuZian Rvin-i formas,

romlis brunebis paradigmis savsebiT bunebrivi formebia: Rvin-is. Rvin-iT; meorea xmovanfuZiani varianti Rvino, romelmac daikava pirvelis

Rvino-Si R ganviTarebuli unda iyos. Ees R gvaqvs qarTvelur enebSic: megr. Rvin-i, laz. R in-i/Rin-i, svan. Rvinal (lSx. Rvinel). Rvinis vin Ziri warmodgenilia indo-

evropul enebSi: rus. вино, ingl. wine, germ. wein, laT. vinum.igive Ziria somxurSic.Nn. mari Rvino-s iafeturi enebidan Sesulad miiCnevda evropisa da wina aziis xalxebSi. mogvianebiT anlautSi R-s arseboba n. marma sxvagvarad axsna. Aam Zirs somxurSi qarTu-lidan Sesulad miiCnevda i. javaxiSvili. qarTvelur enebs, saerTod, axasiaTebs ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa (g, q, R) ganviTareba bagismierTa da, gansakuTrebiT, v-s win (mag., gvale _ `iare!~; qviSna _ `alubali~dasavlur kiloebSi; eqvTime _ Zv. qarT. efT me, nasesxebia berZnulidan, da sxv (v. Tofuria).

adgili da ukve Zvel teqstebSive dasturdeba. xmovanfuZiani saxelis

damkvidrebis Semdeg naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebisTvis enam mainc

Zveli, TanxmovanfuZiani paradigmis formebi gamoiyena, anu moxda ori

paradigmis Sereva. TanxmovanfuZiani formis daSvebas mxars uWers

qarTveluri enebi (megr. Rvin, svan. Rvinel).

Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad, anTroponimiviT ibruneba farao (`faraoni”). Mmizezi isaa, rom aRiqves ara rogorc sazogado saxeli,

aramed rogorc anTroponimi:

wrf. farao

sax. farao

moTx. farao

mic. farao-s

naT. farao- s

wod. farao

kumSvad-kvecad saxelTa bruneba

kumSvad-kvecad saxelebSi erTdroulad xdeba kumSva da kveca

mxolobiTi ricxvis sam brunvaSi: naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTa-

rebiTSi da mTel -eb-ian mravlobiTSi.

axal qarTulSi kumSvad-kvecadia: fanjara, qveyana, pepela, marjvena, marcxena, metiCara, moyvare, mwuxare, simware, mxare, qarxana, tomara, begara, wifela, wurbela. Aam tipis saxelebs aqvT sammarcvliani fuZe

(gamonaklisebia: mxare, metiCara).Aam fuZeebma es Tviseba saSual qarTul-

Si SeiZina. ra viTarebaa am mxriv Zvel qarTulSi?

Tanamedrove qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi ar gvaqvs

fanjara, qarxana. mxolod kvecadi iyo: moyuare (moyuar-is-a), queyana (queyan-is-a), marjvena (Zv. marjuene _ marjuen-iT), marcxena (Zv. marcxene _

marcxen-iT), mwuxare (mwuxar-is-a), simware (simwar-is-a). TanxmovanfuZiani iyo: begar-i, wifel-i (axalSi ornairad realizdeba: wifela//wifel-i),

wurbel-i (ax. wurbela//wurbel-i), tomar-i (//tomara `tomi, wignis nakve-

Ti”), pepel-i. tomari//tomara nasesxebia berZnulidan. SevniSnavT, rom

`sinur mravalTavSi~ (864 w.) tomari etratis an qaRaldis Sekvras niSnavs

(i. imnaiSvili). Semdeg moxda mniSvnelobis cvla: gragnili > Sekvra >

WurWeli, romelSic inaxeba gragnili.

Zvel qarTulSi kumSvad-kvecadia: mowafe, patara, manqana (`moxerxeba,

eSmakoba”): mowf-is-a, patr-is-a, manqn-is-a... aqedan mowafe SeiZleba

SeukumSavadac Segvxvdes (mowaf-is-a). SeukumSavi formebi ufro xSiria.

SesaZloa amave tips mivakuTvnoT moRuawe ( moRuw-is-a). T uTurgaiZe

Zveli qarTulisTvis gamoyofs eqvs kumSvad-kvecad saxels: mowafe, mowame, patara, manqana, sapyrobile, sificxle. Zveli qarTulis kumSvad-

kvecadi saxelebi dRes mxolod kvecadebi arian.

warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas:

wrf. manqana manqn-eb

sax. manqana- manqana-n-i manqn-eb-i

moTx. manqana-man manqana-T-a manqn-eb-man

mic. manqana-s-a manqana-T-a manqn-eb-s-a

naT. manqn-is-a manqana-T-a manqn-eb-is-a

moq. manqn-iT-a manqn-eb-iT-a

viT. manqn-ad manqn-eb-ad

wod. manqana-oYY manqana-n-o manqn-eb-o

miaqcieT yuradReba: Tu, zogadad, kvecad saxelebSi kveca xdeba or

brunvaSi, kumSvad-kvecadebSi is mesame brunvaSic, viTarebiTSic, xdeba

(Sesabamisad, Tu xmovanfuZianebSi viTarebiTi brunvis niSania -d, kumSvad-

kvecadebSi aris -ad, vinaidan mxolod xmovniT dawyebul (VC struqturis)

sufiqss SeuZliaYgamoiwvios rogorc kumSva, ise kveca.

ismeba kiTxva: ramdenad bunebrivia qarTulisTvis saxelur formebSi

erTdroulad kumSva da kveca? cxadia, bunebrivi rom yofiliyo, ufro

didi jgufi gveqneboda am tipis saxelebisa da ara erTeuli gamo-

naklisebi. rogorc T. uTurgaiZe varaudobs, kumSvad-kvecad saxelebs

istoriulad unda hqonoda ori paraleluri fuZe: TanxmovanfuZiani, romelic ikumSeboda (mag., tomar-i _ tomr-is-a) da xmovanfuZiani, romelic ikveceboda (tomara _ tomar-is-a). am paraleluri fuZeebis

brunebis paradigmis SereviT Camoyalibda kumSvad-kvecadi saxelebi,

Tumca yovelTvis ver xerxdeba paraleluri fuZeebis dadgena.

weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiTsa da orive saxis mrav-

lobiTSi xmovanfuZiani sazogado saxelebi: daba, marjuene, bu,

xuro, Rჳno, mowafe.

umarcvlo u-ze ( ) daboloebul saxelTa bruneba

Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs 70-mdeU -ze daboloebuli saxeli: daTu, naZu,

fiWu, fesu, ricxu, jaWu, iWu, leRu, ZarRu, brangu (daTvi), Tagu, mogu,

leku, borcu, kicu, vefxu, ZeZu... am tipis saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba

isaa, rom ibrunebian rogorc TanxmovanfuZianebi (warmoidgineT, rom

abrunebT v Tanxmovanze daboloebul fuZes. am tipis saxelebSi xom dRes

v gvaqvs: daTv-i, naZv-i, fiWv-i...). Bbrunebisas Tavs iCens orTografiuli

Tavisebureba: fuZis bolokiduri sa da brunvisniSniseuli i-s Sexved-

risas saxelobiTSi, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi iqmneba i aRmavali

difTongi, romelic grafikulad -Ti gadmoicema (

wrf. daTu72 daTu-eb

sax. daTu-i//daT daTu-n-i daTu-eb-i

moTx. daTu-man daTu-T-a daTu-eb-man

mic. daTu-s-a daTu-T-a daTu-eb-s-a

naT. daTu-is-a//daT sa daTu-T-a daTu-eb-is-a

moq. daTu-iT-a//daT Ta daTu-eb-iT-a

viT. daTu-ad daTu-eb-ad

wod. daTu-o daTu-n-o daTu-eb-o

a-sa da e-ze daboloebul saxelTa bruneba

A am tipis saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba is aris, rom im brunvebSi,

romlebSic kveca moxdeba, iseTsave viTarebas gviCveneben, rogorc ze

daboloebulni, anu Tavs iyris i difTongi:

wrf. sityua73 sityu-eb

sax. sityua- sityua-n-i sityu-eb-i

moTx. sityua-man sityua-T-a sityu-eb-man

mic. sityua-s-a sityua-T-a sityu-eb-s-a

naT. sityu-is-a//sity sa sityua-T-a sityu-eb-is-a

moq. sityu-iT-a//sity Ta sityu-eb-iT-a

viT. sityua-d sityu-eb-ad

wod. sityua-o sityua-n-o sityu-eb-o

brunebis paradigmaSi umarcvlo u-s Tavze diakritikuli niSani aRar davusviT (

radgan Zvel teqstebSi ar iyo. is anton kaTalikosma SemoiRo marcvlovani da umar-cvlo u-s gasamijnavad. 73

sityua dRes arsebiTi saxelia, magram, warmoSobiT, ityჳs zmnis sawyisia: si-tyu-a.

-ze daboloebuli saxelebia: zRua, lakua (`Wa”), setyua, nerwyua

(`furTxi”), nefxua (`yinva”), eCua (`xis saTleli iaraRi”), xaWua...

wrf. marTue marTue-eb

sax. marTue- marTu marTue-n-i marTue-eb-i

moTx. marTue-man marTue-T-a marTue-eb-man

mic. marTue-s-a marTue-T-a marTue-eb-s-a

naT. marTu-is-a//marT sa marTue-T-a marTue-eb-is-a

moq. marTu-iT-a//marT Ta marTue-eb-iT-a

viT. marTue-d marTue-eb-ad

wod. marTue-o marTue-n-o marTue-eb-o

U e-ze daboloebuli saxelebia: TTue, tyue, marjue, morcxue, saTa ue, menestue (`sayvirze damkvreli”)...

weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi sazogado saxelebi:

ricx lak a, TT

sakuTar saxelTa bruneba

Zvel qarTulSi sakuTari saxelebi, iqneba es adamianis (anTro-ponimi) Tu geografiuli (toponimi), sazogadosgan gansxvavebulad ibru-

neba. geografiuli saxelebi brunebis TvalsazrisiT ufro mihyveba

sazogado saxelebs, anTroponimebi ki gansxvavebul viTarebas gviCveneben.

brunebis ufro Zveli viTareba daucavT anTroponimebs.

anTroponimTa bruneba

anTroponimi (berZ. ՚άνθρωπος _ adamiani, νομα_ saxeli) SeiZleba

iyos rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani (mag., daviT, mariam74, abraham, ioseb, pimen75...), ise xmovanfuZiani (mag., andria76, iuda, petre,77 iovane, nino, azo, iesu...). Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimTa brunebas axasiaTebs ramdenime

Tavisebureba:

1) saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da wodebiTSi ar dairTaven brunvis

niSans.

2) ver awarmoeben yvela brunvas, e.i. nakluli bruneba aqvT.

3) ar dairTaven -a savrcobs.

4) maTi fuZe arc ikumSeba da arc ikveceba.78

5) ar moepovebaT mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi.

74`sinur mravalTavSi” (864w.) vkiTxulobT: `...mariam ewoda, romeli iTargmanebis ganmanaT-lebel”. 75

`pimen mwyemsad iTargmanebis~ (novelebi, II, 160, 20). 76

andria berZnulad niSnavs mxnes. 4e-ze daboloebuli sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis anTroponimebi (da ara nasesxebi) metad mcirericxovania (mag., vaCe, romlis sadaurobac mTlad naTeli araa). qarTul anTroponimebSi o da a daboloeba ufro gavrcelebulia. 78

Zvel qarTulSi xmovanfuZiani anTroponimis kvecis erTi SemTxveva dadasturebuli

aqvs z. sarjvelaZes: hpoo amisve dRisa pavlisa s naqsarsa... (z. sarjvelaZe, qarT. salit.

enis ist. Sesavali, gv. 371). aq asaxulia sakuTar saxelTa sazogado saxelebis brune-

basTan gaTanabrebis tendencia.

bolo ori Tavisebureba anTroponimebs axal qarTulSic SemorCa,

amitom Zveli qarTulisTvis specifikurad ver CaiTvleba.

Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimi gauformebeli iyo oTx brunvaSi:

saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTSi, wodebiTSi da, TavisTavad, wrfelobiTSi. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi brunvebis niSanTa

geneziss, imas, rom isini nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisa arian da saxelis

gansazRvrulobis, nawevris funqciiT ixmarebodnen, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom

anTroponimebs, maTi Taviseburi semantikidan gamomdinare, am elementis

darTva ar sWirdeboda.

vinaidan anTroponimi gauformebeli iyo saxelobiTsa da moT-

xrobiTSi, winadadebaSi rigi gansazRvravda maTs sintaqsur funqcias:

pirvel adgilze qvemdebare idga, meoreze _ damateba, mag., herode (qvem.)

Seipyra iovane (pird. dam.). magram ukve Zvel qarTulSi es principi

dairRva (SesaZloa, jer damateba-obieqti yofiliyo, Semdeg _ subieqti:

Seipyra iesu (pird. dam.) pilate (qvemd.)), amitom aucilebeli gaxda erT-

erTs darTvoda brunvis niSani. anTroponimi jer saxelobiTSi gaformda,

moTxrobiTma ki ufro gvianobamde SeinarCuna arqauli viTareba.

SeniSvna: rogor gavarCioT gauformebeli anTroponimi saxe-

lobiT brunvaSi dgas Tu moTxrobiTSi? Uunda mivmarToT

Canacvlebis xerxs: ukmoiqcia79 stefane (ukmoiqcia kac-i _ sax. brunva); esaia Tqua (kac-man Tqua _ moTx. brunva). Tu

anTroponims axlavs msazRvreli, SesaZloa gaviTvaliswinoT

misi brunva: ganrisxna netari stefane _ sax. brunva; Tqua

netarman stefane _ moTx. brunva.

saxelobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi ukve VII saukunidan

gvxvdeba, kerZod, iakobis pirvelsaxarebaSi (protoevangele). Ees teqsti

xanmetia, apokrifia, inaxeba avstriaSi, venis nacionalur biblioTekaSi.

masSi dasturdeba ori forma: mariami, evha . aseTive formebi gvaqvs 853

wliT daTariRebul buRa Turqis warweraSi: ` ... ziraq Seipyra kaxa da

Z misi Tar uji ... ~ saxelobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi gvxvdeba

agreTve sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.), adiSis oTxTavSi (897 w.)...

SeniSvna: kaxa momdinareobs kax eTnonimisgan kninobiT-aler-

sobiTis -a sufiqsis darTviT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amave da-

niSnulebis -ak sufiqsisganaa miRebuli: -ak>-a, mag., qaTamaki, saxlaki... am warmoebis anTroponimebia: guda (guda qalis

saxelia, Ziria gud, dasturdeba 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul

ukmoiqcia _ dabrunda.

wyisis warweraSi: ` ... Zeman stefanesman da gudasman...~), sula (nawarmoebia sul Zirisgan, dasturdeba 885 wlis atenis

warwereSi da sxv. -a sufiqsiT nawarmoebi anTroponimebi

xSirdeba X saukunidan.

SeniSvna: Tar uji formis paralelurad gvxvdeba Tarxuni (mag., atenis sionis erT-erT warweraSi vkiTxulobT: ` ... miri-

anis ymaman, Tarxunis Zisaman...~).

moTxrobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi gvxvdeba IX sauku-

nidan,80 kerZod, sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.) dasturdeba ori forma:

pavleman, dalilman (z. sarjvelaZe).81 X-XI saukuneebidan xSirdeba aseTi

formebi. `vefxistyaosnisTvis~ mainc normaa anTroponimTa gauformebloba

saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi, mag., `avTandil Tqva: sograt, vhkiTxoT~.82

rogorc aRvniSneT, anTroponimebi wodebiTSi brunvis niSnis gareSe

iyo warmodgenili, anu am brunvis mawarmoeblad nulovani alomorfi

hqondaT. sazogado saxelebTan gaTanabrebis tendenciam wodebiT

brunvaSic iCina Tavi. wodebiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi X

saukunidan dasturdeba. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `basilo, mokled83 Sen xancTas mamasaxlisad dasdgebi~. XII saukuniT

daTariRebul gelaTis bibliaSi vxvdebiT samfsono formas; `vefxistya-osanSia~ asmaTo; `visramianSi~ _ viso. Aam tipis formebi mainc iSviaTia,

maTi arseboba aixsneba cocxali metyvelebis gavleniT, magram salite-

raturo enam es movlena ar miiRo.

80 samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom moTxrobiTSi brunvisniSniani

anTroponimebi ukve VII saukunidan dasturdeba, kerZod, xanmet leqcionarSi (VIIs.-is II

nax.) vxvdebiT aseT formas: `rameTu jer-iCina makedonia da aqaiaman ziareba ra sme

yofad glaxakTa maTT s wmidaTa, romelni arian ierusal ms~ (hrom., 15, 26). sinamdvileSi,

aqaiaman toponimia da ara anTroponmi, xolo toponimebi Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebriv

irTavdnen brunvis niSnebs saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi.

81 marTalia, 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis haemet warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `ese j~i

q~ჱi me konstanti Z~n stefanesman da gudasman aRhumarTe saxelsa mcxeTisa j~isasa...” magram xazgasmuli anTroponimebi sintaqsurad marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelia, nagenetivar moTxrobiTSi mdgari, rac sazRvrul wevrTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebis Sedegia, amdenad, isini ar warmoadgenen `sufTa” moTxrobiTi brunvis formebs. 82

arn. Ciqobavas azriT, `amaSi s t i l i z a c i i s Sedegi unda gvqondes: Zveli normebi xelovnuradaa aRdgenili. meTormete saukuneSi samwerlo ena _ saeklesio Zeglebisac ki _ pirTa saxelebs xsenebul or brunvaSi gauformeblad aRar xmarobda. zepirmetyveleba _ miT ufro~ (Zvelisa da axali qarTulis komponentebisaTvis `vefxis-tyaosnis~ enis morfologiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi, ike, XV, 1966, gv. 7). 83

mokled _ male.

anTroponimTa brunebis Tavisebureba Zvel qarTulSi isicaa, rom

uWirT moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis warmoeba. daviT-iT, daviT-ad tipis formebi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu forma Tandebuliania,

mag., daviT-iT-urT, adam-iT-gan, ma-riam-ad-mde... sxva SemTxvevaSi gveqneba

e.w. ormagi brunvis formebi: naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi moqmedebiTi (-is-iT daboloebiT) da naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi viTarebiTi (-is-ad daboloebiT): daviT-is-iT, daviT-is-ad. Aam tipis formebs aqvT ufro

drouli gageba (mag., qrist siT _ qristes dabadebidan; `yoveli naTesavi

abrahamisiTgan (`abrahamis droidan”) daviTisadmde naTesavi aToTxmet~).

SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, ormagi brunvis formebi SesaZloa

kvalificirdes, rogorc e.w. postpoziciuri marTul-SeTan-

xmebuli msazRvreli84 da dakargulad miviCnioT sazRvruli

wevri, mag., (Sob-iT-gan) qrist siT, (mefoba-d-mde) daviT-is-ad. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa iseTsave viTarebasTan gvqondes saqme,

rogorc mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebTan: warvida (taZr-ad)

daviT-is-a(d).

Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, anTroponimebs ar erTvis -a savrcobi. vinaidan savrcobi nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa da gan-

sazRvrebis funqciiT ixmareboda, anTroponimebs, bunebrivia, maTi

Taviseburi semantikidan gamomdinare, igi ar sWirdeboda. savrcobian

anTroponimTa arsebobaze Zvel qarTulSi miuTiTes: st. Cxenkelma, i.

imnaiSvilma, z. sarjvelaZem. savrcobiani anTroponimebi pirvelad

gvxvdeba sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.) da Semdeg xSirdeba maTi xmareba.

SeniSvna: sainteresoa, rom 1999 wels nekresis naqalaqarSi,

sofel SildasTan, aRmoCenil winaqristianuli xanis Cvenamde

arasrulad moRweul xanmet warweraSi (`... azatisi ars numca

vin xrevs”) swored savrcobis ararsebobis gamo miiCnia z.

WumburiZem, rom azatisi forma anTroponimi unda yofiliyo

da ara socialuri termini, rogorc amas varaudobda l.

WilaSvili. sazogado saxelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi savrco-

biani forma iqneboda mosalodneli (azat-isa-ჲ).

marTalia, Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimebs gramatikulad mravlo-

biTi ricxvi ar ewarmoeba, magram gvaqvs -eT sufiqsiani e.w. koleqtiuri

daviTisiT tipis formebSi gramatikul funqcias asrulebs mxolod bolo brunvis niSani, -is unda kvalificirdes, rogorc fuZes Sexorcebuli warmoqmnis elementi (T. uTurgaiZe).

mravlobiTis formebi: mariam-eT-a, pavle-eT-a... isini gviCveneben ara fuZiT

nagulisxmev mravlobiTobas, aramed koleqtiur mravlobiTobas, krebuls

(mag., abiboseTi _ abibo da misi Tanamzraxvelebi). Eigive -eT sufiqsi

dasturdeba geografiul saxelebSic: saberZneTi, kaxeTi, sparseTi... saxa-rebaSi, im adgilas, romelSic saubaria lazares aRdginebaze, vkiTxu-

lobT: ` ... mirbiodes mariameTa~. Aaq igulisxmebian mariami da misi da

marTa. iSviaTad dasturdeba pavle-eT-n-i (pavles mimdevarni) tipis forme-

bic. Aam SemTxvevaSi -n sufiqsis darTvis mizezi unda iyos -eT sufiqsis

mravlobiTobis gagebis Sesusteba, ris safuZvelzec viRebT e.w. ormagi mravlobiTis formas. XI-XIII saukuneTa zogierT ZeglSi iSviaTad

gvxvdeba anTroponimTa mravlobiTi ricxvis amgvari formebic: mariamni,

s meonni, mariamTasa... (z. sarjvelaZe).

SeniSvna: mariameTa tipis formebSi -a SesaZloa kvalificir-

des, rogorc viTarebiTi brunvis niSani. Mmisi arseboba aq -eT sufiqsiT unda aixsnas (Sdr. toponimTa viTarebiTi brunvis

formebi: kaxeTa, sparseTa ...

warmovadgenT anTroponimTa brunebis paradigmas:

wrf. daviT marTa

sax. daviT marTa

moTx. daviT marTa

mic. daviT-s marTa-s

naT. daviT-is marTa- s

moq. daviT-iT-urT//daviT-is-iT

viT. daviT-ad-mde//daviT-is-ad

wod. daviT marTa

SeniSvna: anTroponimTa brunebisas aRar mivuTiTebT moq-

medebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis formebs maTi iSviaTi

xmarebis gamo. isini iseTsave formebs gamoavlenen, rogorc

daviT anTroponimi: Tandebulian an naTesaobiTisgan nawar-

moeb moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTs.

wrf. pavle abo iesu

sax. pavle abo iesu

moTx. pavle abo iesu

mic. pavle-s abo-s iesu-s

naT. pavle- s//pavl s abo- s iesu- s

wod. pavle abo iesu

SeniSvna: u-ze daboloebuli anTroponimebi uiSviaTesia. iesu berZnulidanaa nasesxebi zepiri gziT, anu vokativis formiT, rogorc esmodaT wirva-locvis dros (Sdr. nom. ;

voc. ). qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi swored iesu forma gvxvdeba. maTes saxarebis TargmanebaSi (Jer.-12), romelic XI saukuniT TariRdeba, vkiTxulobT: `iesu ara berZuliTa eniTa ars, aramed ebrauliTa, romel-ese macxovar iTargmanebis~.

Tu ramdenime anTroponimi erTadaa warmodgenili, brunvis niSans

dairTavs mxolod bolo: ` ... da iyvnes abraam, isaak da iakobis Tana~.

Zvel qarTulSi i-ze daboloebuli xmovanfuZiani sazogado

saxelebi ar gvxvdeba85, magram gvaqvs berZnul-laTinuridan nasesxebi am

tipis anTroponimebi, mag., antoni, basili, akaki, arseni, makari, grigoli, ambrosi da sxv. eseni arian berZnulis nominativSi - daboloebiani

saxelebi, romlebic qarTulma isesxa orgvarad: a) zepiri gziT, berZneb-Tan piradi urTierTobis safuZvelze, mimarTvis anu vokativis (qarT.

wod.) formiT. Aam SemTxvevaSi isini ikvecen os daboloebas da i-ze daboloebuli xdebian (porfiri, antoni...); b) mwignobruli, Targmanis

gziT, berZnuli nominativis (qarT. sax.) formiT. am SemTxvevaSi es

anTroponimebi qarTulSi ios daboloebas avlenen (porfirios,

antonios...):

qarTuli berZnuli nom. berZnuli voc.

gamonaklisia: igi, isi, vi (vin).

giorgi (<georgi)

grigoli86

zogierTi am tipis anTroponimi Zvel qarTulSi orgvarad

realizdeba: korneli //kornelios, porfiri//porfirios...

i-ze daboloebuli xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis bruneba amgvarad

warmogvidgeba:

wrf. basili

sax. basili

moTx. basili

mic. basili-s

naT. basili-s

wod. basili

SeniSvna: rogorc vxedavT, i-xmovanfuZian anTroponimebTan

erTmaneTs emTxveva micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis forme-

bi. gasarCevad viyenebT Canacvlebis xerxs: hrqua man basilis (kacsa _ mic. brunva); ganivrco basilis saqme (kacisa – naT.

brunva).

berZnuli vokativis formiTaa qarTulSi Semosuli e-ze dabolo-

ebuli anTroponimebic (petre, pavle, maTe...), romlebic nominativSi

daboloebiania:87

qarTuli berZnuli nom. berZnuli voc.

grigoli (aseve antoni, arseni...) Tavdapirvelad xmovanfuZiani iyo, meoreulia fuZiseuli i-s gaazreba saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad (`xolo netarman grigoli daiRuawa suli misi~...). 87

amave gziTaa qarTulSi Semosuli berZnuli daboloebiani saxelebi, romlebic qarTulSi a-daboloebiania: andria, Toma, kleopa, kozma...

maTe P

me (<evT me)

stefane

qriste

dasturdeba paraleluri formebic: stefane//stefanos,88 orbane

//orbanos...

SeniSvna: mag., `wmida qristinas wamebis~ xanmet teqstSi (Vs.) anTroponimi orbanos ori variantiTaa warmodgenili:

orbanos da orbane. rogorc aRvniSneT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi

igi gadmocemulia berZnuli nominativis formiT `~: `xolo orbanos ganrisxna friad~... orbane ki berZnuli

vokativis formaa () da qarTul teqstSi dasturdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac konteqstiT swored wodebiTia saWiro:

`x~ wmidaman qristina RaRad-yo da Tqua mamisa mimarT da

Tqua: warmarTo da uRmrToo da brmao orbane~... es faqti

mxars uWers imas, rom teqsti berZnulidan Targmnilad

miviCnioT.

Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad ibruneba qriste. igi narevi bunebisaa:

saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi ibruneba, rogorc sazogado

saxeli, kerZod, saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi dairTavs brunvis niSans,

micemiTSi ki _ savrcobs; danarCen brunvebSi ibruneba anTroponimiviT, ar

ikveceba da ar irTavs savrcobs.

SeniSvna: qriste sityvis brunebis Tavisebureba ganpiro-

bebulia imiT, rom is, warmoSobiT, anTroponimi ar aris.

qriste berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs cxebuls

( _ vcxeb, _ cxebuli). qarTulSi Semosulia voka-

tivis formiT, rogorc esmodaT wirva-locvis dros (Sdr.

nom. da voc. ). cxebuli ebraulad aris maSiax. es sityva berZnulSi Sevida, rogorc mesia (berZnulSi S fonema ar aris, amitom S > s).Ees forma Semovida qarTulSic.

ebrauli maSiax ki qarTulSi odnavi saxecvlilebiTac

gvxvdeba: `gamoCnda mSia, romelsa hrq an qriste~; `romelsa

zeda mSia juars ecua”... a. SaniZis azriT, mSia (=mSiha, mesia), aseve Simon (=simon) asuruli formebia, romlebic somxuris

sinur mravalTavSi vkiTxulobT: `qeleliel asurTa enisagan berZenTa enasa stefanos, da berZenTa enisagan qarTvelTa enad g rg (69, 13-15). e.i stefane gvirgvins niSnavs.

gziT Semovida qarTulSi. es faqti Zveli literaturuli

gzebis maCvenebelia.

qriste Tavidan ixmareboda ara damoukideblad, aramed msaz-

Rvrelis funqciiT: iesu qriste. meoreulia misi xmareba

pirovnebis aRmniSvnelad. yovelime aman ganapiroba misi Tavi-

seburi, narevi bruneba.

wrf. qriste

sax. qriste- qrist

moTx. qriste-man

mic. qriste-s-a

naT. qriste- s//qrist s an qriste-s

moq. qriste- s-iT//qrist siT 89

viT. qriste- s-ad//qrist sad an qriste-d

wod. qriste

waikiTxeT: mzeqala SaniZe, i xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis bru-

nebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, ix. kreb. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti giorgi axvledians, Tb., 1969, gv. 131-143.

weriTi davaleba: abruneT anTroponimebi: ioseb, iuda, iovane, nino,

antoni, qriste.

89qristჱT forma Titus-is monacemTa eleqtronuli bazis mixedviT ar dasturdeba (Sdr.: a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 42).

toponimTa bruneba

geografiul saxelebs sxvanairad toponimebs uwodeben (berZ.

_ adgili, νομα _ saxeli). toponimiaSi gamoiyofa makrotoponimia da

mikrotoponimia. Mmakrotoponimia Seiswavlis didi geografiuli punqte-

bis saxelwodebebs, mikrotoponimia _ patara geografiuli adgilebis

saxelebs. aqve Semodis hidronimia, romelic Seiswavlis mdinareebis,

zRvebis ... saxelwodebebs.

toponimTa mawarmoeblad gvxvdeba: -eT, -iT, sa _ eT, sa –e, sa _ o.

-eT sufiqsiT nawarmoebi toponimebia: kax-eT-i, her-eT-i, spars-eT-i,

ToS-eT-i, ovs-eT-i... igive -eT unda gvqondes sityvebSi: aRmosav(a)l-eT-i, dasav(a)l-eT-i, Crdilo-eT-i, samxr-eT-i. es -eT unda gamoxatavdes

simravles, krebuls, igive odenoba unda iyos, rac gvaqvs vieTTa da mariameTa tipis formebSi. -eT sufiqsis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisia megr.-

laz. -aT, romelic gvxvdeba toponimebSi: jum-aT-i, fers-aT-i, gel-aT-i, quT-aT-i (>quTaT-is-i). -iT sufiqsi gamoiyofa somx-iT90 fuZeSi. a. SaniZis azriT, warmoSobiT mravlobiTis formas warmoadgens agreTve: a) mr.

ricxvis -n sufiqsiT nawarmoebi toponimebi: quab-n-i, rko-n-i... b) -eb

sufiqsiT warmoqmnili: qv-eb-i, bag-eb-i, zarnaZe-eb-i... g) funqci-urad am

ukanasknelis ekvivalenti -ev sufiqsiT miRebuli: Zegl-ev-i, tb- ev-i, bosl-ev-i...

sa- -eT cirkumfiqsiani91 toponimebi iSviaTia: sa-berZn-eT-i, sa-sarkinoz-eT-i.

sa- -e cirkumfiqsiT nawarmoebi fuZeebi: sa-mcx-e, sa-mS ld-e

sa- -o gvaqvs fuZeebSi: sa-qarTvel-o, sa-megrel-o.

toponimi somxiTi werilobiT ZeglebSi X saukunidan dasturdeba qvemo qarTlis aRmniSvnelad. rogorc i. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, `somxiTi, viTarca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare Temis saxeli, uZveles dros ucnobi iyo da ar ixmare-boda. am Tems maSin gugareTi ewodeboda da mxolod SemdegSi amis samagierod qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi termini somxiTi Semodis, viTarca im drois terminologiis naSTi, rodesac somexTa samefos es kuTxe dapyrobili hqonda” (i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli damwerlobaTamcodneoba anu paleografia, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, IX, Tb., 1996, gv. 294). 91

cirkumfiqsi _ (laT. circum `garSemo”) afiqsi, romelic Zirs orive mxridan daerTvis, Ziri TiTqos `xleCs” mas, sxvagvarad, esaa wyvetili morfema, mag., me- -e, sa- -ur, me- -ar... `aseT SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva elementi _ prefiqsi da sufiqsi ara gvaqvs, cirkum-fiqsis nawilebi cal-calke ar funqcionireben. isini semantikurad erTiania” (T. gamyre-liZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003, gv. 184). qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi am funqciiT ufro damkvidrebulia termini konfiqsi, romelic evropuli enebis gramatikebSi sul sxva funqciiT gamoiyeneba.

brunebis TvalsazrisiT toponimebi, ZiriTadad, mihyveba sazogado

saxelebs. anTroponimebTan saerTo aqvT mravlobiTi ricxvis uqonloba,

wodebiTSic, ZiriTadad, fuZis saxiT arian warmodgenili. sxva mxriv

geografiuli saxelebi mihyveba sazogado saxelebs. Aaq igulisxmeba

rogorc fuZis kumSva-kveca, ise brunvaTa warmoeba. toponimi SeiZleba

iyos rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani (mag., Satberd, kaxeT, armaz, Cor...), ise

xmovanfuZiani (mag., mcxeTa, mere, xanZTa, tao...). u xmovanze daboloebuli

toponimi teqstebSi ar dasturdeba.

Tu anTroponimi ar ikumSeba da ar ikveceba, geografiuli saxeli

eqvemdebareba kumSvasa da kvecas (Sesabamisad, Tu marTa, rogorc anTro-

ponimi, ukvecelia, mcxeTa, rogorc toponimi, kvecadi iqneba). ZiriTadad,

ikveceba da ikumSeba qarTuli warmomavlobis toponimebi. Tavidan

ucxouri warmomavlobis geografiuli saxelebi ar eqvemdebareboda

kumSva-kvecas. kerZod, a-ze daboloebuli ucxouri warmoSobis topo-

nimebi adrindel ZeglebSi ukvecelia: asia- s-a, qaldia- s-a, antioqia- T,

aleqsandria- T, sina-ჲT... mogvianebiT aseTi saxelebic saerTo yalibSi

moeqca da kvecas daeqvemdebara: asi-is-a, qaldi-is-a, antioqi-iT, aleqsan-

dri-iT, sin-iT92... aseve ikveceba eg pte da iordane.

saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi geografiuli saxelebi, iseve rogorc

sazogado saxelebi, Cveulebriv daiTaven brunvis niSans.

micemiT brunvaSi mdgari toponimi Tu adgilis garemoebis funqciiT

gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs mimarTulebas, miwevniTobas, gveqneba usavrcobo

forma, mag., waremarTa samcxes. Tu aRniSnavs adgilmdebareobas, loka-

tivs, gveqneba rogorc usavrcobo, ise gavrcobili forma, mag., iqceoda samcxes(a). micemiTSi mdgari toponimi gavrcobilia, Tu: 1) erTvis

Tandebuli, mag., atensa93 zeda, samcxesa Sina... SesaZloa amgvari toponimi

gauvrcobelic iyos mag., meres Sina; 2) axlavs msazRvreli, mag., yovelsa

eg ptesa; 3) gamoyenebulia pirdapiri an iribi damatebis funqciiT, mag.,

ara ganeSora xanZTasa (ir. dam.); mosrvida eg ptesa (pird. dam.).

naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgari toponimi ixmareba mxolod marTuli

msazRvrelis funqciiT, amitom yovelTvis savrcobiania, ara aqvs

`ufali sinaჲT movida da iwrafa mTiT faraniT...” [Satb. kreb. 205:11], Sdr.: `da iyos Tqueni kerZoჲ samxrad mimarTi udabnoჲT siniT vidre maxlobeladmde edomisa...” [ricx. 34:3 G]. 93

atenis etimologia berZnuli enis niadagze ixsneba da niSnavs adgils, saidanac SeiZleba `xedva~, `Wvreta~, `dazverva~. toponimi ateni dasturdeba agreTve saberZneTis kunZul androsze.

mniSvneloba, uswrebs sazRvruls Tu mosdevs, mag., winamZRuari opizisa

opizisa winamZRuari.

moqmedebiTSi mdgari toponimi ixmareba adgilis garemoebis fun-

qciiT da aRniSnavs gamosvliTobas, ablativs. Aam SemTxvevaSi gveqneba

yovelTvis usavrcobo forma, mag., ra ganvides hromiT. usavrcobo

forma gveqneba Tandebulis darTvis SemTxvevSic: `xolo yoveli

ierusalჱmi beTlemiTgan fsalmuniTa da galobiTa ... dResaswaulobdes”

[klarj. mrav. 416:39]. iSviaTad moqmedebiTi gamoxatavs miwevniTobasac, mag.,

evfratiT kerZo (`evfratisken”). am funqciiT sazogado saxelic

usavrcoboa. rac Seexeba moqmedebiTis meore funqcias, saWurvliTobas,

anu moqmedebis iaraRis aRniSvnas, toponims, misi semantikidan gamomdi-

nare, igi ar eqneba.

viTarebiT brunvaSi geografiuli saxeli samgvarad realizdeba: -a, -d an -ad brunvis alomorfebiT. -a (< -ad) dasturdeba -eT, -iT sufiqsebiT

daboloebul toponimebTan:94 saberZn-eT-a, spars-eT-a, somx-iT-a... -d brunvis niSnad realizdeba, ZiriTadad, xmovanfuZian toponimebTan:

mere-d, tao-d... garkveuli SezRudviT -d TanxmovanfuZianebTanac gvxvdeba, Tu gamoxatulia miwevniToba da fuZe sonorze bolovdeba: qarTl-d,

ierusal m-d, Cor-d, beTlem-d95... -d brunvis niSani arasonorebze

daboloebul fuZeebTanac SeiZleba realizdebodes, mag., Satberd-d. Tu viTarebiTSi mdgari toponimi ubralo damatebis funqciiTaa naxmari,

brunvis niSnad gveqneba -ad: `qarTlad friadi queyana aRiracxebis~...

Zveli qarTulis ufro mogviano periodis ZeglebSi miwevniTobis

funqciiT -d brunvis niSnis nacvlad SeiZleba -ad dasturdebodes, mag., `abos wamebaSi~, romlis Cvenamde moRweuli xelnaweri X saukunisaa,

gvaqvs: `abos qarTlad Semoslva da naTlisReba ~.

wodebiT brunvaSi toponimi xan dairTavs brunvis niSans, xan _ ara

(beTlem//beTlem-o), mag.: `keTilad aRorZndi, Satberdo” [agiog. Zegl., I,

73:32]; `Sen, beTlem, saxlo iudaჲso, ixarebd” [sas. poezia, 5, XLIII, 1].

warmovadgenT toponimTa brunebis nimuSebs:

formobrivi msgavsebis gamo analogiur viTarebas gviCvenebs viTarebiTSi sazogado saxeli jojoxeTi (viT. jojoxeT-a), romelic saSuali sparsulidanaa nasesxebi (m. andronikaSvili). Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel qarTulSive SesaZloa am tipis toponi-mebTan -ad brunvis niSanic dasturdebodes: kaxeT-ad, kuxeT-ad, saberZneT-ad, afxazeT-ad... [agiog. Zegl. I]. 95

beTlem (ebr.) _ saxli purisa. beTlemSi iSva macxovari.

wrf. beTlem mcxeTa saberZneT

sax. beTlem-i mcxeTa- saberZneT-i

moTx. beTlem-man mcxeTa-man saberZneT-man

mic. beTlem-s(a) mcxeTa-s(a) saberZneT-s(a)

naT. beTlem-is-a mcxeT-is-a saberZneT-is-a

moq. beTlem-iT mcxeT-iT saberZneT-iT

viT. beTlem-d//-ad mcxeTa-d saberZneT-a

wod. beTlem-(o) mcxeTa-(o) saberZneT-(o)

wrf. mere tao

sax. mere- //mer tao-

moTx. mere-man tao-man

mic. mere-s(a) tao-s(a)

naT. mer-is-a tao- s-a

moq. mer-iT tao- T

viT. mere-d tao-d

wod. mere-(o) tao-(o)

weriTi davaleba: abruneT toponimebi: Satberd, xanZTa, egჳpte,

sparseT.

Tandebuli da Tandebuliani brunvebi

Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuliani brunvebia: wrfelobiTi, micemiTi,

naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi, viTarebiTi, agreTve naTesaobiTisgan nawar-

moebi meoreuli brunvebi: mimarTulebiTi da daniSnulebiTi.96 Tandebuli

ar daerTvis saxelobiTs, moTxrobiTsa da wodebiTs.

axali qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi Tandebulebis

saxelTan mimarTebas ori Tavisebureba axasiaTebda:

1) Tandebulis rigi _ Tandebuli upiratesad brunvis formas

mosdevs, magram Zvel qarTulSi windebuladac gamoiyeneboda.

2) Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara mxolod erT, ramed or brun-

vaSic.

Tandebuli Zvel qarTulSi SeiZleba saxels uswrebdes (mosikudidca) an mosdevdes (qalaqiTgan), windebulic iyos da ukudebulic. Tandebulebis umetesoba ukudebulia (erTmarcvliani TiTqmis ugamonaklisod: mamebr, amisT s, moyusisagan...). zogierTi ormarcvliani Tandebuli ukudebuladac ixmareba da windebuladac, aseTia, mag., zeda da Soris Tandebulebi: `meufebasa zeda~, `huri-aTa Soris~, `zeda kvarTsa Cemsa wili igdes~, `dga igi Soris ezosa~ ... aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiricxeba ucxoenovani teqstebis, kerZod, berZnulis gavlena, sadac Tandebulebi windebulebia. qarTulisTvis ufro bunebrivi Tandebulis postpoziciaa,97 magram misi prepoziciurad xmarebac rom SesaZlebeli iyo, amas adas-turebs Zvel qarTulSi mi- da mo- Tandebulebis windebulad xma-reba (ukudebulis paralelurad): mimkamdis, mimwuxradmde, moaqamom-de... (am SemTxvevaSi xdeba miwevniTobis semantikis mrCoblad gamo-xatva). rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, `ZvelisZvel qarTulSi, romlis-

saSualsa da, sabolood, axal qarTulSi, Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, Camoyalibda e.w. lokaluri brunvebi (adgilobiTi, miwevniTi, gamosvliTi), romlebSic mijna Tandebulsa da brunvis niSnis daboloebas Soris moSlilia fonetikuri cvlilebebis safuZvelze (saxlSi, saxlamde, saxlidan). Zveli qarTulis Tavisebureba isaa, rom jer kidev Tandebulisa da brunvis niSnebis istoriuli saxe Secnobadia: saxl-iT-gan (>saxl-id-gan >saxlidan). Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuli metwilad calke idga, amitom brunvis dabolo-ebaze gavlenis Zala ar hqonda. 97Tandebulis win gadmotanas xels uwyobs prepoziciurad naxmari msazRvreli:

didebulebaTa maT zeda, Sdr. yovelTa maT zeda didebulebaTa. msazRvrelis prepo-

ziciurad xmarebam nawevris win gadmowevac gamoiwvia.

Tvisac werilobiTi Zeglebi ar mogvepoveba, Tandebuli saxels winac erToda~98.

Tandebuli, rogorc wesi, erT brunvasTan ixmareba, magram zogi-

erTi Tandebuli or brunvaSi marTavs saxels. mag., Zvel qarTulSi

winaSe, Tana, zeda, Soris, Sina Tandebulebi saxels marTavda

micemiT an naTesaobiT brunvaSi; kerZo _ moqmedebiTsa da viTare-biTSi; -gan, gamo _ naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi; -ebr _ wrfelo-

biTsa da naTesaobiTSi). erTi da imave Tandebulis mier saxelis

sxvadasxva brunvaSi marTva istoriulad motivirebulia garkveuli

semantikuri faqtoriT, rasac pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia k.

kekeliZem statiaSi `winaSe, Tana da zeda TandebulTa sintaqsuri

funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi~99.

Tu saxeli aRniSnavs usulo sagans, winaSe da Tana Tandebulebi

micemiT brunvaSi marTaven mas, Tu sulieris aRmniSvnelia,

naTesaobiTSi. analogiur viTarebas gviCvenebs Soris Tandebulic:

micemiTi naTesaobiTi winaSe saxlsa winaSe mefisa

saxlsa Tana mamisa Tana Soris ezosa Soris naTesavisa

rac Seexeba zeda Tandebuls, aq kidev ufro SezRudulia semantika:

igi micemiTSi marTavs ra jgufis saxelebs, xolo naTesaobiTSi _

vin jgufisas:

micemiTi naTesaobiTi queyanasa zeda SuSanikis zeda

Zvel qarTulSi es wesi Tandebulis mier saxelebis garCevisa unda iyos naSTi odindeli gramatikuli klas-kategoriis arsebobisa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi karga xnis gadavardnili iyo, magram naSTebi garkveul ubanSi mainc rCeboda, Tanac Zvel qarTulSive xsenebuli wesis darRve-vebi iSviaTi ar aris (gvxvdeba orive SemTxvevis sawinaaRmdego magali-Tebi: micemiTSia adamianis klasis saxeli (ersa mas Soris) an naTesaobiT-Sia nivTis klasis saxeli (Soris keTilisa da borotisa), rac uni-fikaciis Sedegia.100 es xangrZlivi procesi imiT dasrulda, rom axal qarTulSi zeda, Tana, Soris micemiTTan damkvidrda, xolo winaSe _ naTesaobiTTan.

Zvel qarTulSi, rodesac erTi da igive Tandebuli unda daerTos or saxels, SesaZlebelia 3 SemTxveva:

a. SaniZe, mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tb., 1981, gv. 464. 99

saq. mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, 1942, #2, 3. 100

cxrilSi mainc mivuTiTebT normiT mosalodnel formebs.

o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod pirvel saxels (`patiosnebisaT s misisa da siwmidisa~...). yvelaze gavrcelebuli swored es SemTxvevaa.

o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod meore saxels (`...marTa s da mariamis zeda~).

o Tandebuli erTvis orive saxels (`drt nvida eri igi mosesT s da ahronisT s~).

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ama Tu im brunvis formasTan naxmar Tandebu-

lebs warmovadgenT cxrilis saxiT:

brunva

Y Tandebuli

SeniSvna

wrfelobiTi -ebr//-ebriv kac-ebr, warmarT-ebr; kac-ebriv, warmarT-ebriv...

*-ebr//-ebriv Tandebuli msgavsebas gamoxatavs. ** -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-TesaobiTSi.

micemiTi Tana saxlsa Tana

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.

zeda saxlsa zeda, zeda saxlsa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra jgufis saxelebs marTavs mice-miTSi, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiT-Si. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.

Sina saxlsa Sina, ersa Sina

Soris saxlTa Soris, Soris saxlsa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. ** windebuladac ixmareba da uku-debuladac.

** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs mxolobiTSi mdgar saxels, aqvs mniSvneloba -Si: Soris ezosa `ezoSi~. *** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs or saxels an mravlobiTSi mdgar saxels (//krebiT saxels), maSin misi mniSvnelobaa Sua, Soris: Soris ekalTa `ekalTa Soris~. **** aRniSnuli Tandebuli na-TesaobiTi brunvis formaa (Sor-is, Sdr. Sor-s (mic.)).

winaSe saxlsa winaSe, winaSe saxlsa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.

queSe saxlsa queSe, ersa queSe

gare101 velsa gare102, gare qalaqsa

*windebuladac ixmareba da ukude-buladac. ** gvxvdeba agreTve gareSe, rome-lic windebulia: gareSe qalaqsa.

naTesaobiTi -T s kacisa-T s

*ukudebulia da daerTvis mxolod savrcobian formas. **-T s Tandebuli gamoxatavs: a) daniSnulebas (kacisaT s `kacis-Tvis~), b) mizezs (bralisaT s `da-naSaulis gamo~), g) cnobas sagnis an movlenis Sesaxeb (lomisaT s `lomis Sesaxeb~). ***-T s Tandebulis gverdiT gvxvdeba dialeqturi -T n varian-tic.

micemiTis formasTan dasturdeba mo- windebulic: moadgilsa. 102

gare Tandebulis funqciiT niSnavs: Sina, zeda, Tana. Tu aRniSnuli Tandebulebi yovelgvar saxels erTvis, gare _ mxolod iseTi sagnebis saxelebs, romlebic didia da mTqmelisgan Sors imyofeba, sxvagvarad, mTqmeli iqve ar imyofeba: mTasa gare, udabnos gare...

-gan kacisa-gan

* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqemedebiTSi.

-viT kacisa-viT

-ebr kacisa-ebr

* -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-TesaobiTSi103.

Tana kacisa Tana

* saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.

zeda kacisa zeda, zeda kacisa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra jgufis saxelebs marTavs micemiT-Si, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiTSi. ** windebuladac ixmareba da ukudebuladac. ***gvxvdeba agreTve ze Tandebuli, romelic aRniSnavs dros: `mra-valni keTrovanni iyvnes elises ze wina swarmetyuelisa~ (`elises dros”).

mier kacisa mier

gamo kacisa gamo

* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moq-medebiTSi.

Soris erisa Soris, Soris kacisa da

moyusisa

-ebr Tandebuli yovelTvis naTesaobiTSi marTavs saxels, Tu es ukanaskneli: a) anTroponimia (enuqisebr), b) axlavs nawevari an raime gansazRvreba (sity sa misebr, simarTlisaebr mefisa), g) masdaria (brZanebisaebr mefisa), d) mravlobiT ricxvSia (winawarmetyuelTaebr).

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.

winaSe kacisa winaSe, winaSe kacisa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi (Tumca es wesi bolomde gatarebuli ar aris). **upiratesad windebulad ixmare-ba.

queSe queSe kacisa

T nier T nier104 kacisa

mimarTulebiTi momarT daviTisa momarT, Cemda momarT

mimarT daviTisa mimarT, Tquenda mimarT

-mde//-mdis daviTisa-mde, daviTisa-mdis

(daniSnulebiTi) (-da) Cem-da, Cuen-da, Tquen-da

*-da aq -T s Tandebulis ekviva-lentia: Cemda `CemTvis~ (n. mari, i. imnaiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe). sxva TvalsazrisiT, -da brunvis niSania.

moqmedebiTi -gan queyaniT-gan, qarTliT-gan

* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. **Tandebuliani moqmedebiTi brun-vis forma (es exeba yvela Tande-

T nier _ garda, gareSe. zogjer T nier Tandebuli gamodis kavSiris (`Tu ar”) funqciiT: `rameTu ara Sevides kaci sasufevelsa RmrTisasa, viTarca-igi RmrTisa maity s, T nier wyliTa da suliTa~ (am SemTxvevaSi kavSiris funqciiT naxmari T nier aRar marTavs saxels naTesaobiTSi).

buls) yovelTvis usavrcoboa. *** X saukunidan gvxvdeba regre-suli asimilaciuri gamJRerebis Sedegad miRebuli saxlidgan, queyanidgan... formebi.

-urT SviliT-urT

gamo queyaniT gamo

* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. ** gvxvdeba gardamo Tandebulic: ciT gardamo.

kerZo queyaniT kerZo *kerZo Tandebuli gamoxatavs ro-gorc gamosvliTobas (queyaniT kerZo `qveynidan~), ise SedarebiT iSviaTad miwevniTobas (galile-a T kerZo `galileisken~). ** kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi.

viTarebiTi -mde//-mdis105 qalaqad-mde106, qalaqad-mdis

*VII saukunidan Tavs iCens formebi: qalaqamde (<qalaq-ad-mde), qalaqamdis (<qalaq-ad-mdis),

a. SaniZem daadgina -mde Tandebulis etimologia. misi azriT, am Tandebuls safuZvlad udevs dRe sityvis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win erTvoda mi- Tandebuli: mi-dRe-d>mde. rac Seexeba -mdis Tandebuls, misTvis amosavali unda yofiliyo dRe sityvis naTesaobiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win aseve mi- erTvoda: mi-dR-is>mdis (a. SaniZe, mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani, II, 1981, gv. 464). avtoris azriT, am Tande-bulTa pirvandeli funqcia unda yofiliyo drois gamoxatva, meoreuli unda iyos adgi-lis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba. 106

i. imnaiSvilis azriT, -mde Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara marto viTarebiT, aramed naTesaobiT brunvaSic. amis nimuSad avtori asaxelebs ukunisamde formas, romelic

werilobiT ZeglebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis daqaragmebulia (ok~e), xolo, Tu gaxsniladaa warmodgenili, yvelgan d-s gareSea (ukunisamde). i. imnaiSvilis azriT, ukunisamde naTesaobiTis formaa, romelsac erTvis -mde Tandebuli (i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 336). Cveni azriT, ukunisamde da avtoris mier moyvanili sxva formebi (meufisamde, queyanisamde...) nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTia da, amdenad, -mde Tandebulis mier saxelis naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTva saeWvo unda iyos. a. SaniZis azriTac, naTesaobiTi unda gvqondes formebSi: ukunisamde, miuflisamde... (a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 143).

romlebSic Tandebuliseuli d-s gavleniT moxda brunvisniSnise-uli d-s disimilaciuri dakargva. ** X saukunidan gvxvdeba dia-leqturi variantebi: -mdin//-mden// -mdi. *** metad gavrcelebulia vidre qalaqadmde//qalaqadmdis ... tipis formebi, romlebSic vidre zmnizeda Warbia, radgan miwevni-Tobis semantika mrCobladaa gamo-xatuli. vidres xmareba am Sem-TxvevaSi berZnulis gavleniTaa Sepirobebuli, romelSic Tande-buli windebulia.

mimarT cad mimarT

kerZo qalaqad kerZo

*qalaqad kerZo _ `qalaqis-ken~107 **kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi.

-mi Senda-mi, saukunod-mi108

-mo Cemda-mo, Cuenda-mo

mo- mo-sikudid, mo-dRendelad

mi- -mde//-mdis mi-dRed-mde//mi-dRed-mdis

mo- -mde//mdis mo-dRed-mde//mo-dRed-mdis

dRes es Sinaarsi gadmoicema -ken Tandebuliani naTesaobiTiT: qalaq-is-ken. kerZo>kerZ>ker>ken (a. SaniZe, gramat. safuZv., gv. 622). 108

`xolo marTalni saukunodmi cxomden~. -mi Tandebuli dRes iSviaTad gvxvdeba aseT gamoTqmebSi: Sendami, megobrisadmi, xolo -mo aRar ixmareba.

zedsarTavi saxeli

zedsarTavi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis Tvisebas an raime niSans. laTi-

nurad zedsarTav saxels ewodeba adjectivum, rac niSnavs zeddarTuls.

termini zedsarTavi emyareba mis sintaqsur funqcias: is `zed erTvis” ar-

sebiT saxels da gansazRvravs mas. zedsarTavi saxeli orgvaria: pirve-

ladi, anu viTarebiTi, da meoreuli _ warmoqmnili anu mimarTebiTi.

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis erTi nawili uZvelesia (xeli...),

meore jgufi warmoSobiT mimReobaa (grZ-el-i, m-el-i, wiT-el-i...), mesame

miRebuli unda iyos fuZis gaormagebis anu reduplikaciis gziT (didi, TeTri...), meoTxe nasesxebia (kargi, boroti, spetaki, sastiki, Savi...) an maTi

warmomavloba daudgenelia.

a. SaniZis azriT, qarTuli aqtiuri formebis enaa. amosavalia

moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi. vnebiTi gvari meoreulia (cxadia, amaSi ar

igulisxmeba uniSno vnebiTi, e.w. III tipis vnebiTi anu ugvaro dinamikuri

zmnebi, romlebic uZvelesi formaciisaa, da arc nasaxelari sufiqsiani

vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi _ l.c.). es Tvalsazrisi Semdeg ganaviTara

g. klimovma. igi miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli aqtiuri wyobis enaa, am tipis

enebisTvis ki, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia Tavdapirveli anu viTarebiTi

zedsarTavebis ararseboba (viTarebiTi zedsarTavebis umetesobas,

marTlac, ar daeZebneba Sesatyvisebi qarTvelur enebSi). imis gaTvalis-

winebiT, rom qarTuli zedsarTavi saxelebis erTi nawili warmoSobiT

mimReobaa, meore _ nasesxebi, zogic fuZis gaormagebiT miRebuli,

SesaZloa daisvas sakiTxi qarTveluri zedsarTavi saxelis meoreulobis

Sesaxeb (g. klimovi, z. sarjvelaZe).109

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, warmoSobiT mimReoba

-el sufiqsiani mimReoba:

SeniSvna: oden -el sufiqsiani mimReobis warmoeba sakmaod

arqaulia. am tipis mimReobebi, ZiriTadad, zedsarTavi saxelis

mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.

dawvrilebiT ix. g. klimovi, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, m., 1964; z. sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 3, 2000.

vrc-el-i (Sdr. ganvrcnes)

grZ-el-i (Sdr. ganvagrZen)

naT-el-i (Sdr. naTobs)

ficx-el-i (Sdr. ganvaficxo)

cx-el-i (Sdr. dascxa)

Zn-el-i (Sdr. SexuZnda)

m-el-i (Sdr. gan ma)

wiT-el-i (Sdr. wiTs; megr. WiTa)

cxov-el-i (Sdr. cxov-n-eb-a, cxov-ar-i, sa-cxov-ar-i)

zrq-el-i (Sdr. ganzrqna)

SeniSvna: zrq>zq>sq, aqedan: sq-el-i, romelic Zvel qarTul-

Sive gvxvdeba.

wrf-el-i

SeniSvna: wrf-el fuZis segmentacia Zveli qarTulis doneze

aSkarad xerxdeba, Tumca piriani da saxelzmnuri formebi ar

Cans (z. sarjvelaZe).

SeniSvna: SesaZloa warmoSobiT mimReoba iyos: bnel, brtyel,

Txel, mrTel, y Tel, Wrel... romelTa udavo segmentacia ver

xerxdeba (z. sarjvelaZe).

-il sufiqsiani mimReoba:

tf-il-i (Sdr. ganvtef)

tkb-il-i (Sdr. ganatkbo)

keT-il-i (Sdr. akeTebs)

Zvel qarTulSi keTili aRniSnavda kargs (sikeTes, simSvenieres), keTilis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda saxier. Kkargi X saukunemde ar gvxvde-

ba. misi damkvidrebis Semdeg keTilma miiRo dRevandeli mniSvneloba,

xolo saxieri saerTod gadavida xmarebidan. igive keT Ziri gvaqvs

akeTebs zmnaSi, romlis amosavali mniSvneloba iyo akargebs, ganadidebs, alamazebs. dRevandeli mniSvneloba am zmnam mogvianebiT SeiZina.

Mm- -e cirkumfiqsiani mimReoba:

m-war-e, m-Jav-e, m-ZaR-e, m-rum-e...

SeniSvna: mZaRe Zvel qarTul teqstebSi ar dasturdeba, Tumca

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ ukve gvaqvs. samagi-

erod, sinur mravalTavSi gvaqvs piriani forma mZaRus, rac

gvavaraudebinebs, rom mZaRe, warmoSobiT, mimReobaa, anu Zve-

li qarTulis doneze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia.

SeniSvna: qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas

iwvevs mimReobaTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxi, kerZod, morfologiurad romel

metyvelebis nawilad unda iqnes miCneuli Tqmuli, aSenebuli, dasala-

gebeli, damxatavi ... tipis formebi _ mimReobad Tu zedsarTav saxelad?

a. SaniZis mixedviT, `Tu sagnis niSnis gamomxatvel sityvas axlavs rame

gramatikuli niSani zmnisa _ morfologiuri an sintaqsuri, _ is iqneba ara

zedsarTavi saxeli, aramed saxelzmnis is saxe, romelsac mimReoba ewodeba

(umetesad vnebiTi gvarisa): aSenebuli, asaSenebeli”.110 rogorc vxedavT,

SaniZis mixedviT, am tipis formebi mimReobaa, radgan Tundac zmnuri Ziri

an am formebSi arsebuli Temis niSani Tu zmniswini swored zmnis morfo-

logiuri niSnebia da ara saxelisa. erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani, romelic

viTarebiTsa da mimarTebiT zedsarTav saxelebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs,

aris xarisxis formaTa warmoebis unari: viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi

awarmoeben xarisxis formebs, mimarTebiTi _ vera. zemoaRniSnuli formebi

xarisxis formaTa warmoebis unars moklebuli arian, maSasadame, maT ver

miviCnevT viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebad.

SesaZloa Tu ara am tipis formebi kvalificirdnen mimarTebiT zedsarTav

saxelebad? sakiTxi swored asea gadawyvetili 2011 w. gamocemul `Tanamed-

rove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi”: ` ... yvela saxis mimReoba, rogorc

sityvawarmoebis produqti, m i m a r T e b i T i zedsarTavi saxelebis

klasSi eqceva: mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali, mSenebeli, aRwerili, namuSevari, saToxni, daulagebeli ...”111 TavisTavad Cndeba kiTxva: Tu es formebi

morfologiurad mimReobaa, ratomRa unda miviCnioT zedsarTav saxelad?

Cveni azriT, Tu warmoSobiT mimReoba gaarsebiTebulia, anu sagnis an

movlenis aRmniSvnelad ixmareba da dakarguli aqvs drouli gageba, is ukve

arsebiT saxels warmoadgens (mxatvari, mwerali, Svili, werili ...), aseve

viTarebiT zedsarTavadaa qceuli, Tu Seswevs unari xarisxis formaTa war-

moebisa da, amasTanave, dakarguli aqvs drouli gageba (grZeli, Tbili, mJave, mwuxare, mSrali...), sxva SemTxvevaSi sjobs mimReobad kvalificirdes

(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, klasifikaciis principi irRveva: grZeli, Tbili, mJave, mware tipis warmoSobiT mimReobebi viTarebiT zedsarTavad kvali-

ficirdeba, xolo amave warmomavlobisa da struqturis mqone mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali ... formebi _ mimarTebiT zedsarTavad). gvaqvs sxva

winaaRmdegobanic. mag., SaniZiT, `mimarTebiTia zedsarTavi, Tu sagnis niSani,

romelsac is gamoxatavs, sxva saganTan mimarTebiT aris nagulisxmevi”.112

a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Txzulebani, III, Tb., 1980, gv. 39. 111

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia, saliteraturo ena, g. gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 2011, gv. 149. 112

iqve, gv. 39.

aseTia: xavsiani, qviani, uqudo... ramdenad akmayofilebs am pirobas mimRe-

oba? vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnuli formebis kvalifikacia met sizustes

saWiroebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu mimReobas dakarguli aqvs drois gageba,

mimReobisTvis niSandoblivi zmnuri niSani, is SesaZloa ukve saxelad kva-

lificirdes. mag., keT-il-i, rogorc -il sufiqsiani saobieqto mimReoba,

wesiT, warsuli drois gamomxatveli unda iyos (Sdr.: dawer-il-i, gatex-il-

i...), magram mas drois gageba aRar moepoveba, amitom ukve Zveli qarTulis

doneze viTarebiT zedsarTavad kvalificirdeba. mimReoba SeiZleba iqces

rogorc zedsarTav, ise arsebiT saxelad. cnobilia, rom warmoSobiT

mimReobaa: Svili, mxatvari, mwerali, maswavlebeli... isini kvalificirdeba

rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi, martivi arsebiTi saxelebi. amis gaTvalis-

winebiT zedsarTavTa rigebSi Camdgari warmoSobiT mimReobebic (grZeli, xmeli, mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali...) unda kvalificirdes pirvelad

viTarebiT zedsarTavebad. rogorc Svili ar warmoadgens warmoqmnil

arsebiT saxels, ise mwuxarec ar unda kvalificirdes mimarTebiT zedsar-

Tavad.

Nnasesxebi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi

rogorc aRvniSneT, erTi jgufi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisa

nasesxebia. cnobilia, rom qarTvelebs xangrZlivi kontaqti akavSirebT

iranulenovan xalxebTan, swored amiT aixsneba am enebidan nasesxebi

sityvebis siWarbe qarTulSi.113 iranuli jgufis enebidanaa nasesxebi

uSualod Tu sxva enis meSveobiT: farTo (avesturidan), knini,114 Savi (Semosulia skviTur-alanur-osuris gziT), ampartavani, veragi, zepuri (parTulidan), axovani, xaSmi,115 Smagi, nazi, sastiki, Warmagi, xorSaki116

(saSualo sparsulidan).

zogierTi iranuli warmomavlobis sityva somxuris gziT Semovida

qarTulSi:

Bbor-ot-i. bar Ziri falauria, Sevida jer somxurSi, sadac daerTo

-ot sufiqsi (somx. -ot ekvivalentia qarT. -ovan sufiqsisa), Semdeg _

qarTulSi. boroti niSnavs keTrovans, qarTulSi mas ukeTuris

mniSvneloba hqonda.

iranulidan nasesxebi leqsika yvelaze amomwuravad Seiswavla mzia andronikaSvilma (ix. misi narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966). 114

knini _ cota, mcire. 115

xaSmi _ sneuli, arawmida, cudi. 116

xorSaki _ cxeli.

SeniSvna: igive bor Ziri gvaqvs formaSi ganborebisa salmoba (gaixseneT: es sWirda spars dedakacs, romelic mivida SuSa-

nikTan gansakurneblad).

spetaki iranulidan Sevida somxurSi, sadac niSnavs TeTrs. igive

Ziri gvaqvs qalaq spitakis saxelwodebaSi.

Kkargi X saukunemde ar gvaqvs. igi iranulidan Sevida somxurSi

(kargel _ `dalageba”), Semdeg _ qarTulSi.

Ppatara X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba, iranulidan Sevida somxurSi

(patrel - `daxeTqva”, `daskdoma”), xolo somxuridan – qarTulSi.

somxuris gziTaa Semosuli miamiti da walkotic.

Ggvaqvs sxva enebidan nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebic, mag., subuqi Semosulia arabulidan, xarbi _ siriulidan ...117

fuZis reduplikaciiT miRebuli viTarebiTi zedsarTavi

saxelebi

erTi jgufi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisa miRebulia fuZis

gaormagebiT anu reduplikaciiT.

TeTr-i miRebulia Ter- Ziris reduplikaciiT. qarTuli Ter- Ziris

Sesatyvisi unda iyos svanuri Ter- (z. sarjvelaZe).

Ddid-i aSkarad reduplicirebuli formaa (g. klimovi). qarTul did Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. Ddid- da laz. Ddid-.

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis gverdiT gvaqvs warmoqmnili anu

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi (saukuno m covani, qvovani, max lo-

sani...). Ffaqtobrivad, Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs TiTqmis igive mawarmoeblebi,

sazogadod, nasesxebi leqsikis udidesi nawili arsebiTi saxelia (amiT aixsneba nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebis SedarebiTi simcire).

rac axalSi: -evan (> -ean> -ian), -osan, -ovan(> -oan), -ier, -ed, sa- -o, sa- -e,

u- -ur (u- -ul), u- -o, u-.

-evan: naklul-evan-i, sixarul-evan-i...

-evan > -ean: qrist-ean-i, mazd-ean-i qv-ean-i, maril-ean-i, aug-ean-i...

-ean sufiqsisgan disimilaciiT miviReT -ian, romelic gvxvdeba X

saukunidan: qrist-ian-i, maril-ian-i, qv-ian-i...

-osan: horl-osan-i, max l-osan-i, far-osan-i, fiC-osan-i118... am sufiq-siT warmoqmnili saxelebi aRniSnavs mqonebels, matarebels.

-ovan: grZel-ovan-i, kld-ovan-i, vena -ovan-i, m c-ovan-i119... -ze dabo-

loebul saxelebs ekargebaT igi -ovan sufiqsis darTvisas: leRu-i _ leR-ovan-i, naZu-i _ naZ-ovan-i...

-ovan > -oan: vena -oan-i, zeTisxil-oan-i, t n-oan-i...

-ier sufiqsi sakmaod produqtiulia Zvel qarTulSi: Zl-ier-i, sax-ier-i120, col-ier-i, salmob-ier-i, nayof-ier-i, kadn-ier-i, povn-ier-i121, faCun-ier-i122...

-ed: Tual-ed-i, jaWu-ed-i, Saravand-ed-i...

SeniSvna: Saravandi (nasesxebia iranulidan), niSnavs gvirgvins, xolo Saravandedi _ gvirgvinosans. zogjer -ed sufiqsis

funqcia iCrdileba da Saravandedi esmiT, rogorc gvirgvini.

u- -ur (u- -ul disimilaciiT): u-Zl-ur-i, u- am-ur-i, u-sax-ur-i (`ulamazo”), u-keT-ur-i, u-fer-ul-i...

u- -o: u-bral-o- , u-RmrT-o- u-rCul-o- u-biw-o- ...

u-: u-ricxu-i, u-Rirs-i.123

fiCჳ _ beris mosasxami. 119

mჴce _ Tma, WaRara. 120

saxieri _ keTili 121

povnieri _ mflobeli, patroni. 122

faCunieri _ Tmiani. 123

es oriode saxelia.

zedsarTavi saxelis bruneba

zedsarTavi saxelis funqcionirebis bunebrivi formaa misi gamoye-

neba arsebiT (an sxva) saxelTan erTad msazRvrelis rangSi, igi saxelis

atributivia. damoukideblad, saxelis gareSe warmodgenili zedsarTavi

saxeli, romelsac a. SaniZe TavisTavads uwodebs, arsebiTi saxelis fun-

qciiT ixmareba da ibruneba, rogorc msgavsi fuZis mqone sazogado arse-

biTi saxeli:

ukumSveli kumSvadi

wrf. saxier mdabal

sax. saxier-i saxier-n-i mdabal-i mdabal-n-i

moTx. saxier-man saxier-T-a mdabal-man mdabal-T-a

mic. saxier-s-a saxier-T-a mdabal-s-a mdabal-T-a

naT. saxier-is-a saxier-T-a mdabl-is-a mdabal-T-a

moq. saxier-iT-a mdabl-iT-a

viT. saxier-ad mdabl-ad

wod. saxier-o saxier-n-o mdabal-o mdabal-n-o

ukveceli kvecadi

wrf. yru wmida

sax. yru- yru-n-i wmida- wmida-n-i

moTx. yru-man yru-T-a wmida-man wmida-T-a

mic. yru-s-a yru-T-a wmida-s-a wmida-T-a

naT. yru- s-a yru-T-a wmid-is-a wmida-T-a

moq. yru- T-a wmid-iT-a

viT. yru-d wmida-d

wod. yru-o yru-n-o wmida-o wmida-n-o

Uu-s Semdeg SesaZloa ganviTardes v: yru-v-i, cru-v-i.

zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis formebi

zedsarTav saxels moepoveba xarisxis sami forma: a) dadebiTi, anu

neitraluri (TeTri, Zlieri...); b) odnaobiTi, romelic miuTiTebs, rom esa

Tu is Tviseba sagans mcire odenobiT axasiaTebs (moTeTre...); g) ufro-obiTi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom esa Tu is Tviseba sagans ufro metad

axasiaTebs (uTeTresi, uZlieresi...). ufroobiTi a. SaniZis terminia,

Sinaarsobriv igi aerTianebs rogorc SedarebiT, ise aRmatebiT xarisxs.

dadebiT (neitralur) formas raime specialuri mawarmoebeli ar

gaaCnia. odnaobiTs awarmoebs mo- -e cirkumfiqsi (mo-TeTr-e, mo-mrum-e...).

ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi Zvel qarTulSi gansxvavebulad

iqneboda nawarmoebi imis mixedviT, Zegli xanmeti iyo, haemeti Tu e.w.

sannarevi.

ufroobiTi xarisxi iwarmoeboda u- -e- u u- -e cirkumfiqsebiT, oRond xanmetobis dros ufroobiTi xarisxis formas

TavSi eqneboda x- prefiqsi, haemetobis dros _ h-, xolo sannarevobis

dros (IX saukunidan) es prefiqsi saerTod daikarga. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, xanmet teqstebSi ufroobiTi xarisxis mawarmoeblad gveqneboda

x-u- -e- x-u x-u- -e cirkumfiqsebi:

x-u-did-e- s-i // x-u-did- -i // x-u-did-e-s-i; x-u-did-e

x-u-mjob-e- -i // x-u-mjob- s-i // x-u-mjob-e-s-i126; x-u-mjob-e

gvaqvs x-u- -o- s // x-u- -o-s; x-u- -o cirkumfiqsebiT nawarmoebi

formebic:

x-u-fr-o- s-i // x-u-fr-o-s-i; x-u-fr-o

x-u-did- -i tipis formebs a. SaniZem uwoda xarisxis grZeli

formebi, xolo x-u-did-e tipisas _ mokle.

Hhaemet teqstebSi ufroobiT xarisxs awarmoebs cirkumfiqsebi:

h-u- -e- s // h-u- - s // h-u- -e-s; h-u- -e:

h-u-did-e- s-i // h-u-did- s-i // h-u-did-e-s-i; h-u-did-e

TvalsaCinoebis mizniT xarisxis mawarmoebel cirkumfiqss e.w. daSlili daweri-lobiT warmovadgenT, teqstebSi e mimdevroba -Ti iqneboda gamosaxuli. 126

x-u-mjob-e-s-i tipis formebi miRebulia difTongis gamartivebiT, monofTongizaciiT: e >e.

h-u-mjob-e- s-i // h-u-mjob- s-i // h-u-mjob-e-s-i; h-u-mjob-e

savaraudoa, arsebobda h-u-fr-o- s-i // h-u-fr-o-s-i formac.

e.w. sannarev teqstebSi ufroobiT xarisxs awarmoebs cirkumfiqsebi:

u- -e- s // u- - s // u- -e-s

u- -o- s // u _ o-s

mag.: u-did- s-i // u-did- s-i // u-did-e-s-i

u-fr-o- s-i // u-fr-o-s-i

u- -o cirkumfiqsis darTvisas -il sufiqsian zedsarTav saxelebs

ekvecebaT es sufiqsi: tkb-il-i _ u-tkb-o- s-i, msxu-il-i//sx li _ u-msx-o-

s-i. SesaZloa warmoSobiT mimReobis mawarmoebeli -il, -el sufiqsebi

daikargos ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSic: keT-il-i > u-keT-es-i, grZ-el-i > u-grZ-es-i, zrq-el-i > u-zrq-es-i.

IX-XI saukuneTa ZeglebSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba u- -e da

u- -o cirkumfiqsebiT nawarmoebi formebi (u-TeTr-e, u-did-e, u-fr-o, u-mcr-o... )Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilis gadmosacemad (umjobe ars, umcro iyo...).127

ufroobiTi xarisxi, Cveulebriv, viTarebiT zedsarTavTagan

iwarmoeba, magram Zvel qarTulSi igi mimReobebisgan da mimarTebiTi

zedsarTavi saxelebisganac iwarmoeba: u-molxin- s, u-mkueTel- s, u-

ganmkueTel-es, u-sanatrel- s, u-uswavlel-es, u-Tandadebul-es, u-gangrZobil-es, u-gankrZalul-es, u-ganmtkicebul-es, u-gannawilebul-es, u-gancxadebul-es, u-ganwmedil-es, u-gareSemcvel-es, u-aRmatebul-es, u-

gamocdil-es, u-mwuerval-es da sxv.128

SeniSvna: xucesi Zvel qarTulSi aRniSnavs mRvdels an,

sazogadod, sasuliero pirs (mRvdeli, episkoposi...). warmo-

sintaqsurad zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis forma SeiZleba iyos:

a) SeTanxmebuli gansazRvreba: `miiRon xudidჱsi saSjeli” [l. 20:47 X]; `mimcemelsa mas Cemsa Se[nda] xudidჱsi codvaჲ xaqus” [i. 19:11 X]; b) Sedgenili Semasmeneli: `geSinin r~ mravalTa sirTa xumjobჱs xarT Tq~n” [m. 10:31 X]; `... rameTu umjobe ars Senda, raჲTa warwymdes erTi asoTa SenTagani...” [m. 5:29 C];

g) viTarebis garemoeba: `... egre ggo[ni]es v~d galilevelni ese xufroჲs y~lTa galilevelTa xiyvnes codvil” [l. 13:2 X]; `... da umetes ganamravles sibrZniT moRuawebiTa talanti mocemuli maTa RmrTisa mier” [sas. poezia, XIII (1), 2 (136)]. aq morfologiurad zmnizedaa. 128

visargebleT Titus-is monacemTa eleqtronuli baziT.

SobiT, igi ufroobiTi xarisxis formaa da niSnavda ufross (misi Sesatyvisebia svan. xoSa da megr. uCaSi). Sesatyvisoba xucesi _ ufrosi pirvelad n. marma SeniSna. rogorc Cans, jer

kidev warmarTobis epoqaSi xucesi aRniSnavda kultis msa-

xurs, xolo Semdeg es sityva qristianuli religiis msaxuris

aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes. Mmas Semdeg, rac moxda misi amosa-

vali mniSvnelobis dabneleba, misgan xelaxla awarmoes uf-

roobiTi xarisxis forma: uxucesi. sainteresoa, rom es forma

xanmet-haemet teqstebSi x-//h- prefiqsebis gareSe dasturdeba.

SeniSvna: ufroobiTi xarisxi iwarmoeba agreTve

zmnizedebisganac: winare _ u-winar-ჱs (-es), zeSTa – u-zeSTa-

ჱs (-es) / u-zesTa-es, quemo _ u-quemo-ჱs (-es), * aRre _ u-aRr-

ჱs _ (-es), *dare _ u-dar-ჱs (-es) da sxv.129 aqve SeiZleba

davasaxeloT: adre _ u-adr-es, *zeRre _ u-zeRr-es...130 zmnizedis ufroobiTi xarisxis formisgan SesaZlebelia

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis warmoebac: uwinarჱs-i, uzeSTaჱs-i,

uaRrჱs-i...131

ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSi sufiqsebis funqcias pirvelad

yuradReba miaqcia a. SaniZem. Mman 1936 wels Tsu Sromebis I tomSi gamo-

aqveyna statia `piris niSani brunvian sityvasTan qarTvelur enebSi~. Mmisi

azriT, x//h-u-did-e- s-i tipis formeb-Si x-//h- iyo mesame obieqturi piris

niSani, u- sasxviso qcevis niSani, did _ fuZe, -e (aseve -o) _ sakuTriv

xarisxis mawarmoebeli, s _ naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani.

vinaidan x-//h- mesame obieqturi piris niSnebia, a. SaniZis azriT,

Teoriulad SesaZlebelia pirveli da meore pirebis formebis aRdgena:

I.*m-i-did-e- s-i (Cemze ufro didi)

II.*g-i-did-e- s-i (Senze ufro didi)

III. x-u-did-e- s-i (masze ufro didi)

Semdeg unda dakarguliyo I da II pirebis formebi. Kkentad darCe-

nilma III piris formam dakarga pirianobis gageba da ganzogadda. amri-

a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 56. 130

`uzeRres bunebasa kacobrivsa hmetyuelebdi” [sas. poezia, X1 (8), 49 (130)]. 131

uiSviaTesad ufroobiTi xarisxis forma SesaZloa sazogado arsebiTi saxelisganac iwarmoebodes: `rameTu eseni uaznaures iyvnes maT TesalonikelTasa” [saqme mociq. 17:11]. SesaZloa dasturdebodes ormagad nawarmoebi ufroobiTi xarisxis formac: `didi hasakiTa mჴarTaჲTgan zedaჲT da uzeumaRles yovlisa queyanisa” [xronogr. giorgi monaz. 74:5].

gad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom saxels daerTvoda zmnuri afiqsebi da

saxelic iuRleboda. igi avlebs paralels arabul da afxazur enebTan,

romlebSic erTi da igive afiqsi ixmareba rogorc saxelTan, ise zmnas-

Tan. Aaqedan gamomdinare, qarTulSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda saxels dar-

Tvoda zmnuri afiqsebi.

mogvianebiT amave sakiTxs Seexo g. maWavariani statiaSi `SedarebiTi xarisxis formaTa genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi~ (Tsu Sromebi, t. 71,

1958w.). Tu a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT

saxelia da saxeli iuRleboda, g. maWavarianis azriT, ufroobiTi

xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmnaa, wyvetilis mwkrivis forma

(savaraudod, I-II pirisa) da saxelad qcevis gzaze daerTo naTesaobiTi

brunvis niSani:

h//x-u-did-e me (Sen) mas igi

h//x-udid-e ars igi mas (es ukve saxelia)

e.i. subieqtis CavardniTa da Sinaarsis cvlilebiT unda migveRo

zmnisgan saxeli. Tavidan Sesadarebeli sagani, rogorc warmoSobiT iribi

obieqti, micemiT brunvaSi idga, saxelad qcevis Semdeg ki naTesaobiTi

brunvis forma miiRo, vinaidan saxeli saxels swored naTesaobiTSi

marTavs (Sdr. vin mzesaca unaTlea; mzis unaTlesi). istoriulad jer

unda gvqonoda xarisxis mokle formebi, Semdeg _ brunvisniSniani grZeli

formebi.

g. maWavarianis azriT, xudide si tipis formebSi dadasturebuli -e, romelic xarisxis mawarmoebladaa miCneuli, warmoSobiT wyvetilis

mwkrivis niSani unda iyos.

imas, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmnaa, mxars

uWers qarTvelur enaTa Cvenebac:

svan. Nnecin (`wvrili”) x-o-ncin-a (`uwvrilesi”)

megr. Ddidi u-did-a-S-i

rogorc vxedavT, xarisxis formaTa warmoebis yalibi qarTvelur

enebSi absoluturad erTnairia. Aaqac am formaTa SenebaSi monawileobs

sasxviso qcevis niSani (o-, u-) da sakuTriv xarisxis mawarmoebeli (-a),

oRond svanuri imiT gansxvavdeba sxva qarTveluri enebisgan, rom aq

naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani ar gvaqvs. amdenad, svanurSi ufro xelSe-

saxebia, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmna unda yofi-

liyo. Aamas garda, svanurSi gvaqvs ramdenime dadebiTi xarisxis forma,

romlebic warmoSobiT ufroobiTi xarisxisa unda iyos:

x-o-C-a (`kargi”)

x-o-S-a (`didi”)

x-o-l-a (`cudi”)

x-o-dr-a (`mdare”)

x-o-x[ ]r-a (`patara”)

xoCa, romelic dRes niSnavs kargs, warmoSobiT ufroobiTi xaris-

xis formaa da niSnavda ukeTess, xoSa _ udidess, ufross. imas, rom xoSa ufroobiTi xarisxis forma unda iyos, mxars uWers qarTvelur enaTa

Cvenebac. Mmisi kanonzomieri Sesatyvisebia: megr.UuCaSi, qarT. xucesi.

Aamrigad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi

xarisxis forma warmoSobiT iyo saxeli, romelsac daerTvoda zmnuri

afiqsebi, e.i. saxeli iuRleboda; g. maWavariani ki varaudobs, rom

ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT iyo ara saxeli, aramed _ zmna,

romelmac saxelad qcevis gzaze dairTo naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani.

waikiTxeT: zurab sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani

warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, ix. enaTmec-

nierebis sakiTxebi, #3, 2000, gv. 10-17.

weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi zedsarTavi saxelebi:

marTal, saukuno.

weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti giorgi merCulis

Txzulebidan `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, amowereT zedsarTavi

saxelebi da gaaanalizeT morfologiurad.

` amaT netarTa Soris gamobrwyinda madliTa savsჱ, gansrulebuli sib-

rZniTa, didi mRdeli da keTilad ganmgebeli moRuawჱ da udabnoTa qalaq-

myofeli, zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi, sanatreli grigol, suli-

erad mamaჲ da winamZRuari da maSenebeli xanZTisa da Satberdisaჲ, orTa

amaT didebulTa monasterTaჲ, romeli eqmna saxe keTilis yovelTa mis

Jamisa meudabnoeTa mamaTa axlad Senebasa maTsa.

ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTlmorwmuneTa mama-

dedaTaჲ da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTvisasa aRzrdil

iyo ... xolo iyo xilviTa did, ჴorciTa Txel, hasakiTa srul, yolad

keTil sruliad, guamiTa mrTel da suliTa ubiwo”.

daimaxsovreT!

Tu viTarebiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli sintagmas qmnis arsebiT

saxelTan (an gasubstantivebul nazmnar saxelTan) da gamodis atributuli anu

SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis rolSi (am SemTxvevaSi orive _ msazRvrelica da saz-

Rvrulic viTarebiT brunvaSia, sxvagvarad, gvaqvs brunvaSi SeTanxmeba132), saxelis

atributivia, kvalificirdeba rogorc zedsarTavi saxeli, mag.:133

`rameTu qriste aqus mizezad siyuarulisa mis da saxed keTilad...” [Targm.

maTes sax. 160:12, Titus].

`romelTa nayofad keTilad aRmoacennes Rirsni da ubiwoni yrmani” [georg.

2, 077v:10, Titus].

`iyvnen saxlsa iudaჲssa sixarulad da mxiarulebad da dResaswaulad

keTilad da ixarebdiT” [Zv. aRTqma, oSk. da ierus., 8:19, Titus].

Tu formobriv viTarebiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli sintagmas qmnis

zmnasTan an nazmnar saxelTan (masdarsa Tu mimReobasTan), zmnis atributivia,

kvalificirdeba rogorc viTarebis zmnizeda (am SemTxvevaSi igi aRaraa brunebis

paradigmis wevri, formaucvlel metyvelebis nawils warmoadgens da sintagmis

ZiriTad, mTavar wevrs mirTviT ukavSirdeba), mag.:

axlavs zmnis pirin formas:

`keTilad ityჳT, garna nu dagijerebies, Tumca me misa coladRa viyav”

[agiog. Zegl., I, 355:20].

`rameTu keTilad mixugo maT” [mrk. 12:28 X].

`romelman iqorwinos Tჳsi igi qalwulebaჲ, keTilad hyofs...” [agiog. Zegl.,

V, 6:25].

axlavs masdars:

`da Senca kualad gaqus keTilad xilvaჲ da smenaჲ” [Satb. kreb., 75:10].

`ara raჲTa safrჴe dagigo Tquen, aramed Suenierad da keTilad dadgromad

uflisa mimarT uzrunvelad” [pavl. epist., 7:35 CD].

axal qarTulSi, viTarebiT brunvaSi, prepoziciuri msazRvreli brunvis niSans mTli-anad moikvecs, mxolod postpoziciis SemTxvevaSia warmodgenili srulad, brunvis niS-niT: keTil-0 nayof-ad, Sdr.: nayof-ad keTil-ad. 133

magaliTebs warmovadgenT mxolod keTil-i/keTilad formebisTvis.

SeniSvna: mocemul SemTxvevaSi, marTalia, sintagmis orive wevri viTare-

biTSia da, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba SeTanxmebac gvegonos, magram, Tu

sintagmis mTavar wevrs sxva brunvaSi, mag., saxelobiTSi gadaviyvanT

(keTilad dadgromaჲ), cxadi gaxdeba, rom saqme gvaqvs mirTvasTan. Sdr.

SemTxveva, roca mTavari wevri naTesaobiTSia: `...aramed Suenierebisa da

keTilad dadgromisa uflisa mimarT uzrunvelad” [pavl. epist., 7:35 AB].

axlavs mimReobas:

`da iyo igi ჴelovan, keTilad Semzavebel sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa”

[agiog. Zegl., I, 412:20].

`...xolo mis mier Seyuarebul iyvnes viTarca keTilad mimRebelni swav-

laTa misTani” [agiog. Zegl., I, 322:30].

`akurTxen mSobelni SviliTurT da Svilni mSobelTa Tana keTilad mor-

wmuneni...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 259:32].

SeniSvna: SesaZloa am tipis viTarebis zmnizeda erTvodes mimarTebiT

zedsarTav saxels: `da moec amas saxeli keTilad saxelovani Soris

Teslebsa mravalsa...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 25:21]; `...da STavides ornive zogad

venaჴsa mas Senebulsa missa keTilad nayofiersa” [agiog. Zegl., I, 74:41];

`xolo keTilad gulisჴmismyofelman dedakacman ara hsca dabrkoleba

keTilisa aRrCevisagan” [agiog. Zegl., V, 110:18].

rogorc aRvniSneT, zedsarTavi saxelis funqcionirebis bunebrivi formaa misi

gamoyeneba arsebiT (an sxva) saxelTan SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis rangSi, radgan

igi saxelis atributivia. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli warmodgenilia damoukideblad,

sazRvruli saxelis gareSe, igi gasubstantivebulia da arsebiTi saxelis

funqciiT ixmareba, mag.: `da miaqcia maTgan keTilman da daadgra boroti” [Zv.

aRTqma, oSk. da ierus., 1:22, Titus]; `rameTu cvala Tჳsi igi siborote da gardaiqca

keTilad...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 214:31]; `yoveli gonebaჲ adamis naTesavTaჲ Seicvalebis,

romelime keTili borotad, da romelime boroti keTilad...” [mamaTa swav., 310:23].

zedsarTavi saxeli gasubstantivebulia da arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT ixmareba

maSinac, roca naxmaria ara SeTanxmebuli, aramed marTuli msazRvrelis funqci-

iT: `... romeli eqmna saxe keTilis yovelTa mis Jamisa meudabnoeTa mamaTa axlad

Senebasa maTsa” [ix. zemoT].134

naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli zedsarTavi saxeli aseve gasubstantivebulia, Tu

sintagmas qmnis masdarsa Tu mimReobasTan (am SemTxvevaSi sintaqsurad igi ara

gansazRvreba (marTuli), aramed ubralo damatebaa), mag.: `raჲ jer-ars SabaTsa

keTilisa saqmჱ, anu borotisa yofaჲ?” [l. 6:9 DE]; `rameTu iyo kaci ese ukeTuri

da yovlisa borotisa mompovebeli” [agiog. Zegl., V, 35:19].

cxadia, Tu naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli SeTanxmebuli msazRvre-

lis rolSi gamodis, igi zedsarTavad kvalificirdeba, mag.: `... da gviჴsnas pirisa misgan mჴecisa borotisa” [agiog. Zegl., V, 20:28].

ricxviTi saxeli

ricxviTi saxeli aris metyvelebis nawili, romelic gamoxatavs

sagnis raodenobas, rigs an nawils mTelTan mimarTebiT. igi, rogorc

metyvelebis nawili, gvxvdeba ukve dionise Trakielis `texne grammati-

keSi~. Ees termini berZnulidan Sevida laTinurSi, iqidan _ evropuli

enebis gramatikebSi.

qarTveluri enebis Tvlis sistema, zogierT kavkasiur enasTan er-

Tad, ocobiTia, svanuris ori kilos, balszemourisa da laSxuris garda.

am kiloebSi aTobiTi Tvlaa, mag., balsz. er eSd (20, sityvasityviT:

oraTi), semeSd (30, sityvasityviT: samaTi), uoSTx eSd (40, sityvasityviT:

oTxaTi)... qarTuli Tvlis sistemas SeiZleba Sereulic vuwodoT: igi

nawilobriv aTobiTia (mag., aTerTmeti, aTequsmeti...), nawilobriv _ oco-

biTi (mag., ocdaerTi, oTxmeoci...). Tvlis aTobiTi sistemaa berZnulSi,

arabulSi, somxurSi, inglisurSi, rusulSi...

jer kidev a. SaniZem135 miaqcia yuradReba erTgvar Seusabamobas

qarTuli Tvlis ocobiT sistemasa da aTobiT weras Soris (mag., vambobT:

ocdaTerTmeti, vwerT: 31(30+1, nacvlad 20+11). XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi

maTematikosTa erTma jgufma scada am Seusabamobis `gamosworeba~ da

aTobiTi Tvlis SemoReba xelovnurad, skolis saSualebiT, mogvianebiT

a. SaniZemac gaiziara es Tvalsazrisi136, magram enaSi ver damkvidrda.

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis odenobas. fuZis

agebulebis mixedviT raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli orgvaria: martivi da

rTuli. Mmartivia iseTi saxeli, romelic erTi fuZisgan Sedgeba: erT-i,

or-i, sam-i, oTx-i, xuT-i, -i, S d-i,137 rva- cxra- aT-i, oc-i, as-i.138

ix. a. SaniZe, ocobiTi Tvla da aTobiTi wera qarTulSi, Cveni mecniereba, 11-12, tf., 1924, gv. 12-14. 136

ix. a. SaniZe, saliteraturo qarTulis saWirboroto sakiTxebi, Tb., 1979, gv. 125-144. 137

*eqs da *S id- Zirebi saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi unda iyos indoevropuli enebidan uZveles xanaSi, rodesac ivaraudeba winareindoevropuli enis kontaqtebi semiturTan Tu saerToqarTvelurTan, aseve SumerulTan, egvipturTan. aris mosazreba,

SeniSvna: miCneulia, rom equs ricxviT saxelSi q ganviTare-bulia (Sdr. megr. amSvi, Wan. aSi//anSi, svan. usgva). saerTod, qarTvelur enebs axasiaTebs ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa (g, q, k)

ganviTareba bagismierTa da gansakuTrebiT v-s win.

SeniSvna: ar dasturdeba, vinaidan sonorebis momdevnod

arasdros gvxvdeba.

rTulia ricxviTi saxeli, romelic Seicavs or an met fuZes. aq

unda gamovyoT: a) saxelebi, romlebic ar arian `da” kavSiriT SeerTe-

buli (aTerTmeti, aTxuTmeti, as ori...) da b) saxelebi, romlebic `da” kavSirs Seicaven (ocdaerTi, ormeocdaaTi...).

Zvel qarTulSi TerTmetidan cxrametis CaTvliT ricxviT saxeleb-

Si a ikargeba anlautSi IX saukunidan.

SeniSvna: sazogadod, formaTa gamartiveba xdeba sityvis bo-

loSi, mag., movals > mova. ras unda gamoewvia absolutur

dasawyisSi a-s dakargva? Aamis mizezi unda iyos misi moqceva

umaxvilo poziciaSi.

aTerTmeti > TerTmeti

aTormeti > Tormeti

aTsammeti > cameti

aToTxmeti > ToTxmeti

aTxuTmeti > TxuTmeti

aTequsmeti > Teqvsmeti

aTS dmeti > Cvidmeti

aTrvameti > Tvrameti

aTcxrameti > cxrameti

rom indoevropelebis winare samSoblo Zveli axlo aRmosavleTi unda yofiliyo, kerZod, xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTi regioni (T. gamyreliZe... Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003, gv. 584). 138

milioni berZnulidanaa nasesxebi () da xanmet oTxTavSic (VII s.) gvxvdeba: `da Tu vinme wargiZRuanebdes Sen milion erT mived Sen orca~... [m. 5:41]. miliard Zvel qarTulSi ar aris.

garda anlautSi a-s dakargvisa, ramdenime ricxviT saxelSi moxda

sxva cvlilebac:

cameti: a) Ts kompleqsis SerwymiT miviReT c afrikati; b) moxda m-s disimilaciuri dakargva.

Cvidmeti: TS kompleqsis SerwymiT miviReT C afrikati (afrikati-

zacia).

Tvrameti: moxda v-s martivi metaTezisi.

cxrameti moxda T-s disimilaciuri Ddakargva.

Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda:

ormeoci > ormoci

sammeoci > samoci

oTxmeoci > oTxmoci

es formebi Seicaven me elements, romlis mniSvneloba, rogorc v.

Tofuriam139 gaarkvia, -jer unda yofiliyo (mag., oTxmeoci = oTxjer oci). -me elements daeZebneba Sesatyvisebi qarTvelur enebSi, mag., sa-

mociOiqneba:

megr. sumoneCi (3×oci)

Wan. sumeneCi (3×oci)

svan. balsqv. suminer eSd (3×oraTi)

svanurSi -in dResac cocxali elementia da niSnavs -jer.

ormoci tipis gamartivebuli formebi X saukunidan gvxvdeba. me-s e elementi unda dakarguliyo disimilaciuri dakargvis safuZvelze (e da o, orive, saSualo aweulobis xmovnebia). X saukuneSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes

ormioci (<ormeoci), miRebuli regresuli disimilaciis safuZvelze.

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aris orgvari: gansazRvruli

(garkveuli) da ganusazRvreli (gaurkveveli). GganusazRvrelia:

mravali140, uricxჳ, mcir Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda, agreTve, ricxviTi

ix. v. Tofuria, ocobiTi Tvlis sistemisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Sromebi, t. III, 1979, gv. 292-296 (wakiTxulia moxsenebad 1925 w.). 140

mravali m. andronikaSvils parTulidan (iranuli jg.) nasesxebad miaCnia.

saxelebi: bevri142 (aRniSnavda aTi aTass), msgefsi (7 dRe), mrCobli143

(ormagi, aqedan _ marCbivi (tyupi, tyupiscali)), ergasi//ergasisi (ormocdaaTi; erg niSnavs naxevars, anu asis naxevari), ergaseuli (50-50).

sainteresoa sulxan-saba orbelianis cnobac: `aTjer bevri ars bevris-bevri, aTjer bevris-bevri ars uSqari, aTjer uSqari ars uSti, aTjer uSti ars uStis-uSti~... e.i., sabas mixedviT, bevri _ 10 000, bevris-bevri _ 100 000, uSqari _ 1 000 000, uSti _ 10 000 000, uStis-uSti _ 100 000 000.144

SeniSvna: erg Ziris etimologiaze pirvelad yuradReba

gaamaxvila n. marma. Mmisi azriT, es Ziri svanuridan unda

Sesuliyo qarTulSi. svanurSi, marTlac, dasturdeba forma

isg, romelic niSnavs Suas, naxevars. n. maris azriT,

isg>esg>erg, magram igi ar akonkretebs, es cvlileba sad

unda momxdariyo: svanurSi Tu qarTulSi. Ees mosazreba gazi-

arebuli araa, radgan maSin igive procesi (s r monacvleoba)

unda momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevebSic (mag., msgavsi, msgefsi...), magram ar moxda. Eerg Ziris zusti etimologia dRemde dau-

dgenelia.

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis rigs. igi iwarmoeba

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelisgan me- -e cirkumfiqsiT: me-or-e- , me-oc-e-

, me-as-e- ...

`da” kavSiris Semcveli rTuli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelisgan

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis warmoebisas me- -e cirkumfiqsi bolo da-s

momdevno saxels moudis: ocda-me-or-e- , asda-me-or-e- , ormeocda-me-erT-e-

... zogjer SesaZloa gvqondes me-ocdaaT-e- , me-ocdarv-e- ... tipis formebic.

erTisgan nawarmoebi me-erT-e mxolod rTul rigobiT ricxviT

saxelebSi gvxvdeba (ocdameerTe , asdameerTe ...), sazogadod ki pirveli

cota Zvel qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba. 142 bevri nasesxebia saSualo sparsulidan. 143

efrem mciris originalur TxzulebaSi `Sesavali fsalmunTa Targmanebisa~ vkiTxu-lobT: `mrCobl ewodebis orkecsa~ (m. SaniZis gamocema, 97, 8-12). 144

ix. sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, gv. 175.

ixmareba. pirveli a. SaniZem daukavSira pir saxels (pirveli _ pirisken

mdgomi). Mmanve miuTiTa msgavsebaze indoevropul ZirTan (Sdr. laT. prim-

us, rus. первый).145 -v-el igive odenoba unda iyos, rac gvaqvs sadaurobis

aRmniSvnel saxelebSi: qarT-v-el-i, raW-v-el-i...

z. sarjvelaZis azriT, pir-v-el fuZe, warmoSobiT, -el sufiqsiani

mimReoba unda iyos, vinaidan Zvel qarTulSi dasturdeba pir Zirisgan nawarmoebi zmna `gaZRolis” mniSvnelobiT: `upirobda yovelsa ersa

ZnobiT winamZRurad~... [ivdiT 15:13 O]. savaraudod, unda arsebuliyo *h-pir-

av-s (`uZRvis”) statikuri zmnac. pirvel Semdeg gadaazrianda rigobiT

ricxviT saxelad.146

meore formis paralelurad SesaZloa Segvxvdes merme (merme kacman, mermesa kacsa...) da iSviaTad memre. meore>mevre> memre (o-s daviwroebiTa

da v m monacvleobiT, rac qarTulisTvis bunebrivia, mag., qmriv>quriv).

merme147 miRebulia r-s metaTezisiT.

Mmeoris nacvlad xSirad ixmareba, aseve, erTi igi an erTi.

sazogadod, rodesac orzea saubari da erTi orjer aris naxmari, pirve-

li erTi aRniSnavs erTs (pirvels), xolo meore erTi _ meores: `aravin monaman SeuZlos orTa ufalTa monebad, rameTu erTi moiZulos da erTi Seiyuaros, anu erTsa adidebdes da erTi Seuracxyos”.

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs mTelis ra nawilia sagani.

axal qarTulSi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli iwarmoeba rigobiTi ricxvi-

Ti saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan, mag., mesamedi. Zvel qarTulSi

amgvari warmoeba iSviaTia. aq wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli gamoixateba

ramdenime saSualebiT:

Aa. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 135. 146

z. sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmo-mavlobis sakiTxi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #3, 2000, gv. 16. 147

merme Zvel qarTulSi ramdenime mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: 1. Semdegi, momavali; 2. kvlav, isev; 3. meore, sxva.

a) aRweriTad, sityva nawilis gamoyenebiT, mag., mexuT nawili

(`mexuTedi”).

b) -eul sufiqsiT: aT-eul-i (`meaTedi”), xuT-eul-i (`mexuTedi”). -eul sufiqsian formebs sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs Zvel qarTulSi,

kerZod, niSnavs mets: aTeuli = aTjer meti (e.i. -eul = -jer, rogorc SeniSna i. imnaiSvilma).

g) na- -al cirkumfiqsiT, mag., na-sam-al-i (`mesamedi”), na-oTx-al-i (`meoTxedi”)... aseTi warmoeba sakmaod iSviaTia.

d) me- -e cirkumfiqsiT: me-aT-e- (`meaTedi”). Fformobriv aseTi

wilobiTi saxeli rigobiTs emTxveva, garCeva moxdeba konteqstis

mixedviT.

e) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan

nawarmoebi meoTxedi tipis formebi iSviaTia Zvel qarTulSi,

magram normaa axalSi.

SeniSvna: erT- fuZisgan wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli ar

iwarmoeba. SeniSvna: meoredis nacvlad Zvel qarTulSi ixmareba zogi //nazogali da kerZo (samives mniSvnelobaa naxevari), mag.,

`zogi nayofTa CemTa mivsce glaxakTa~; `or wyrTa da kerZo

sivrc misi~ (or-naxevari wyrTaa misi sigane).

ricxviTi saxelis bruneba

fuZis mixedviT ricxviTi saxeli aris TanxmovanfuZiani da

xmovanfuZiani. yvela raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania,

gamonaklisia rva, cxra da am fuZeebiT daboloebuli rTuli ricxviTi

saxelebi. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi ki, garda pirvelisa, xmovan-

fuZiania. wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania, Tu ar iyenebs

rigobiTis formas.

calke naxmari ricxviTi saxeli ise ibruneba, rogorc msgavsi fuZis

sazogado arsebiTi saxeli, oRond gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: a)

TanxmovanfuZiani ricxviTi saxeli mxolod ukumSvelia; b) xmovanfuZiani

_ mxolod kvecadi (vinaidan bolovdeba a an e xmovnebze). Aaq Semova rva, cxra da am fuZeebiT daboloebuli rTuli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxe-

lebi, agreTve, me- -e cirkumfiqsiani rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi;

g) damoukideblad naxmari ricxviTi saxelis wodebiTi brunvis forma

dadasturebuli araa. igi wodebiTSi maSin gvxvdeba, roca arsebiT saxels

axlavs, mag., Zeo Cemo meoreo; d) raodenobiT ricxviT saxels mravlobiTi

ricxvis formebi, wesiT, ar unda hqondes, vinaidan Tavadac simravles

aRniSnavs, magram Zvel qarTulSi moepoveba, oRond mxolod -n da -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi.

wrf. S d cxra mesame

sax. -i -n-i cxra- cxra-n-i mesame- //mesam

moTx. -man -T-a cxra-man cxra-T-a mesame-man

mic. -s-a -T-a cxra-s-a cxra-T-a mesame-s-a

naT. -is-a -T-a cxr-is-a cxra-T-a mesam-is-a

moq. -iT-a cxr-iT-a mesam-iT-a

viT. -ad cxra-d mesame-d

weriTi davaleba: abruneT ricxviTi saxelebi: sam, asdameore,

xuTeul.

weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti Zveli aRTqmidan

(`wigni ricxuTaჲ”), amowereT ricxviTi saxelebi da gaaanalizeT

morfologiurad.

`etyoda ufali moses udabnosa sinas, karavsa Sina wamebisasa, pirvelsa

mas TTuesa, meoresa welsa gamoslvasa maTsa queyaniT egჳptiT da hrqua:

iwye Sen aRracxad yovelTa krebulTa ZeTa israelisaTa... da iyvnes Zeni

rubenisni... yoveli wuli ociT wliTgani da uzeSTaesi, yoveli, romeli

gamovidoda Zlieri, ricxჳ igi maTi, ZeTa rubenisTaჲ, ormeocdaequs aTas

da xuTas. Zeni sჳmeonisni... ormeocdacxramet aTas da oTxas... da iyvnes

Zeni rubenisni... ricxჳ igi maTi, ZeTa rubenisTa ormeocdaequs aTas da

xuTas...”

Nnacvalsaxeli

Nnacvalsaxeli aris metyvelebis nawili, romelic ixmareba

saxelebis nacvlad garkveul SemTxvevebSi. kerZod, igi ixmareba arsebiTi,

zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebis nacvlad. antonis gramatikiSi am

metyvelebis nawilis aRmniSvnelad gvaqvs termini saxelTnacvali.

Nnacvalsaxeli, rogorc metyvelebis nawili, jer kidev dionise

Trakielma gamoyo. igi metyvelebis nawilTa Soris sakmaod Zvelia da

amitomaa defeqturad warmodgenili: zogi maTgani ar icvleba an uWirs

yvela formis warmoeba. rogorc Zveli metyvelebis nawili, gamoyenebulia

morfologiur elementebad, mag., brunvis niSnebad. nacvalsaxels sakuTa-

ri kiTxvebi ara aqvs. igi miugebs mis mier Secvlili metyvelebis na-

wilis kiTxvebze.

Sinaarsis mixedviT gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa 11 (an 10) jgufi:

pirisa, CvenebiTi, kuTvnilebiTi, kiTxviTi, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi, mimar-

TebiTi, gansazRvrebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi, uaryofiTi, urTierTobiTi,

ukuqceviTi.

Ppiris nacvalsaxelebi

Ppiris nacvalsaxelebia: me, Sen, Cuen, Tquen.

Ppiris nacvalsaxelebs III pirSi sakuTari formebi ar gaaCnia. igi

iyenebs CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebs: ese, ege, igi, [isi].148 Tu aRniSnuli

nacvalsaxelebi ukavSirdeba saxels, CvenebiTia (mag., ege kaci ity s), Tu

ewyoba zmnis pirian formas _ pirisa (mag., ege ity s).

sayuradReboa ese, ege, igi, isi nacvalsaxelTa fuZis struqtura.

Zirad gamoyenebulia g, s Tanxmovnebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dialeqturi

wris Semonatani unda iyos. xmovnebi saerTo aqvT aRebuli. swored

xmovnebi iZlevian sagnis sivrcobriv determinacias, deiqturobis 148

savaraudod, CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebs piris nacvalsaxelis funqcia unda SeeZinaT

elipsisis safuZvelze, sazRvruli wevris Cavardnis Sedegad: isi kaci ityჳs > isi ityჳs.

gamomxatvelni arian, anu gansazRvraven mis mdebareobas I pirTan

mimarTebiT:

e-g-e e-s-e

i-g-i [i-s-i]

e xmovani mianiSnebs mosaubresTan axlos myof saganze, i _ misgan daSorebul saganze (v. Tofuria).

Zvel qarTulSi X saukunemde ar aris dadasturebuli isi da isini saxelobiTi brunvis formiT, oRond iribi brunvebis formiT ukve xanmet

teqstebSi gvxvdeba. savaraudoa, cocxal metyvelebaSi saxelobiTis for-

mebic arsebuliyo. isi nacvalsaxelis gamartivebiT miviReT is.149

Mme, Sen mxolobiTi ricxvia, Cuen, Tquen _ mravlobiTi, magram aq

mravlobiToba gramatikulad ki ar aris nawarmoebi, aramed Sinaarsob-

riv mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli sxva fuZe enacvleba. Aam movlenas

supletivizmi150 ewodeba. i. imnaiSvilis azriT, `piris nacvalsaxelebi

unda aRniSnavdnen brunebis im safexurs, roca brunvebi jer kidev ar iyo

Camoyalibebuli; ar gvqonda gramatikuli ricxvis kategoria da erTi da

mravali mxolod fuZeTa mixedviT iyo garCeuli~. rogorc fiqroben, I da

II pirebis nacvalsaxelebi ufro adre Camoyalibda, vidre III pirisa. amas

adasturebs Tundac zmnaTa Cveneba. Tu I-II pirebis niSnebi prefiqsebia, III

pirisa sufiqsebia.

I da II pirebis nacvalsaxelTa bruneba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:

sax. me Sen Cuen Tquen

moTx. me Sen Cuen Tquen

mic. me (Cem-) Sen Cuen Tquen

naT. Cem- (-T s, -gan...) Sen- Cuen- Tquen-

rogorc vxedavT, piris nacvalsaxelebs arc gramatikuli brunvis

kategoria gaaCniaT, vinaidan brunvis niSnebs ar dairTaven. Aaq erTi da

gamartivebuli is forma saSuali qarTulidan iCens Tavs, dasturdeba `qarTlis cxov-rebaSi”, `vefxistyaosanSi” da momdevno periodis ZeglebSi. mag.: `vuTxar: `momkal, uCemosa enaxamca visca is xe!” [vefx. S629/K629:4]. visargebleT `titusis” monacemTa baziT. 150

supletivizmi iseTi gramatikuli movlenaa, roca erTi paradigmis farglebSi xdeba

Zirisa Tu fuZis monacvleoba [J. maruzo, Ж. Марузо, Словарь лингвистических терминов, М.,

1960].

igive forma gamodis oTxi brunvis funqciiT. Ggamonaklisia me, romelsac

naTesaobiTSi, zogjer micemiTSic enacvleba Cem (mag., nu stirT Cem zeda... (mic.)), romelic kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis fuZedaa gamoyenebuli, igi-

ve Cem Seenacvleba moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSic: CemiT, Cemda. vinaidan erTi da igive forma gamodis oTxi brunvis funqciiT, rom gavarkvioT,

romeli brunvaa, unda mivmarToT Canacvlebis xerxs: me (anu kaci) var Tquen Tana (sax.), me (anu kacman) garqu Tquen (moTx.), me (anu kacsa)

miTquams (mic.). kuTvnilebiTi formebi enacvleba agreTve sxva piris nac-

valsaxelebsac: uwinares Tquensa, ufro amaTsa naTesaobiTi brunva

mxolod Tandebuliania: Cemgan, Sen mier...

rac Seexeba Cemda, Senda... tipis formebs, specialur literaturaSi

maT sxvadasxva kvalifikacia eZleva: a) -da viTarebiTi brunvis niSania (b.

gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe151); b) Cemda (momarT), Cuenda (momarT),

Senda (mimarT), misa//misda (mimarT)... tipis formebs a. SaniZe uwodebs

mimarTulebiTs 152; g) -da aq -T s Tandebulis ekvivalentia (n. mari, i.

imnaiSvili): `vqmneT aqa sam talavar:153 erTi Senda, erTi mos sa da erTi

elia sa~, e.i. Senda _ SenT s.

SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, moyvanil winadadebaSi Senda, mos sa da

elia sa formebi erTnairad unda kvalificirdes rogorc

funqciurad, ise formobriv. funqciurad samive forma gamo-

xatavs daniSnulebas, xolo formobriv isini naTesaobiTisgan

nawarmoebi viTarebiTia (sxvagvarad _ daniSnulebiTi). Zvel

qarTulSi arsebobs erTi kanonzomiereba: anTroponimebsa da

piris nacvalsaxelebs uWirT viTarebiTi brunvis warmoeba,

amisTvis isini iyeneben naTesaobiTs fuZed (mag., warvida

saxid iovane- s-a(d) //iovan sa... zemoaRniSnuli formebic

swored am zogad wesSi jdeba, Cemda, Senda... naTesaobiTisgan

nawarmoebi viTarebiTia, sxvagvarad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsa-

xelis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, naxmari piris nacvalsaxe-

lis funqciiT.

Aaqve warmovadgenT arsebiTi saxelis gareSe naxmari III piris

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis paradigmas, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

isini piris nacvalsaxelebis funqcias asruleben:

b. gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTa-ri daniSnulebiTis adgilisaTvis Zveli qarTuli da qarTveluri enebis brunvaTa siste-maSi, kr. mravalTavi, t. 6, 1978. 152

Aa. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 46. 153

talavar _ fanCaturi, facxa.

sax. ese ege igi [isi]

moTx. ama-n maga-n ma-n ima-n

mic. ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s

naT. am-is mag-is m-is im-is

moq. am-iT mag-iT m-iT im-iT

viT. ama-d maga-d [ma-d] ima-d

sax. ese-n-i ege-n-i igi-n-i [isi-n-i]

moTx. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T

mic. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T

naT. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T

aRniSnul nacvalsaxelebs brunebisas Semdegi Taviseburebebi axasi-

aTebT:

1) ar moepovebaT wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebi.

2) mxolobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTSi brunvis niSani ara aqvT.

3) moepovebaT ori fuZe: erTi saxelobiTisTvis, meore _ danarCeni

brunvebisTvis. monacvle fuZe aris a-ze daboloebuli, anu kvecadi.

4) ar ewarmoebaT -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, moepovebaT mxolod -n da -T sufiqsiani. AmravlobiTSi ar aqvT moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi

brunvebis formebi.

5) ar dairTaven mavrcob xmovans.

6) ma-n nacvalsaxelis (aseve vi-n kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis) bolo-

kiduri -n, erTi mosazrebiT, miCneulia moTxrobiTi brunvis

uZveles, organul niSnad (arn. Ciqobava, h. Suxardti,154 a. SaniZe155...).

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebiT, -n ar warmoadgens moTxrobiTi brunvis

niSans (b. kikviZe, d. meliqiSvili, k. gabunia ... ). b. kikviZis azriT, man

hugo Suxardti _ avstrieli (q. graci) qarTvelologi, romelic kavkasiur enebamde baskuri enis kvlevam miiyvana. 155

arn. Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, X,

1929, gv. 178; h. Suxardti, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, kreb.

Эргативная конструкция предложения, 1950, М., gv. 33-73; a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv. 641.

da vin nacvalsaxelebis segmentacia ar xerxdeba, isini warmoadgenen

wminda fuZeebs,156 xolo n unda iyos ara moTx. brunvis organuli

niSani (avtoris azriT, moTxrobiTi brunvis Camoyalibebis procesSi

Tavidanve man gaformda am brunvis niSnad), aramed -na determinanti

elementis naSTi.157 qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi igive de-

terminanti -na elementi gamoyofilia I da II piris nacvalsaxelebsa

(me(na), Sen(a), Cuen(a), Tquen(a)) da zogierT zmnizedaSi (ze-na, qve-na,

ukua-na, wi-na, Si-na). cxadia, Tu am SemTxvevebSi -na elements ver

miviCnevT moTxrobiTi brunvis organul niSnad, gaWirdeba misi am

funqciiT aRWurva vi-n da ma-n nacvalsaxelebSic.

d. meliqiSvili pirisa da kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa sxvagvar segmen-

tacias gvTavazobs da gamoyofs ara -na, aramed VC struqturis

(sufiqsisTvis ufro bunebrivi struqturis mqone) -en, -an, -in deter-

minant sufiqsebs (Sesabamisad, es nacvalsaxelebi Semdegnairad daiS-

leba: m-e(n), S-en, Tqu-en, m-an, v-in)158, romelTac kavSiri ara aqvT

moTxrobiT brunvasTan, radgan nacvalsaxelTa da zmnisarTTa neit-

raluri fuZeebis gamaformeblad aRniSnuli determinanti sufiqsebis

arseboba brunebis kategoriis Camoyalibebamde ivaraudeba. -n-s

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad reinterpretacia meoreulia, radgan igi

aRmoCnda brunvis niSnis adgilas159 (sinqroniul doneze ma-n/ma-s, vi-

n/vi-s opozicia iZleva safuZvels, -n brunvis niSnad miviCnioT, iseve

rogorc -s (l.c.)).

k. gabunias TvalsazrisiTac, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis (aman, iman, man) moTxrobiTad kvalificirebuli forma, sinamdvileSi, fuZes warmoadgens, romelSic gamoiyofa fuZis mawarmoebeli determinanti -n (< -na) sufiqsi (k. gabunia, -m- nacvalsaxeluri Ziris Sesaxeb qarTvelur enebSi, smam, t. 137, #2, Tb., 1990, gv. 439. 157

b. kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2, gv. 62. 158

avtoris azriT, zena, quena, wina ... tipis formebis bolokiduri -a ara determinanti sufiqsiseuli, aramed narTauli, ufunqcio xmovani unda iyos, savaraudod, marcvalT-Riaobisaken midrekilebiT gaCenili (ix. d. meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi, narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan (eZRvneba v. Tofurias), Tb., 1980, gv. 50-51). 159

iqve, gv. 52.

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: ese, ege, igi, [isi], eseviTari, egeviTari, esemlevani160 (`amnairi, amisTana”), egemlevani, eseodeni (`amdeni”), egeodeni,

esr Ti, egr Ti. Aara gvaqvs axali qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forme-

bi: aseTi, amnairi, magnairi, amisTana, magisTana, amdeni, amgvari...

SeniSvna: eseodeni, egeodeni nacvalsaxelebi fonetikuri

cvlilebebis Sedegad SeiZleba gvaZlevdnen variantebs:

eseoden-i>esoden-i>esden-i>esTen-i; egeoden-i>egoden-i>egden-i.

SeniSvna: CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa brunebas arsebiTTan erTad

warmovadgenT msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis ganxilvisas.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: Cem-i, Sen-i, amis-i, magis-i, mis-i,

T s-i, Cuen-i, Tquen-i, amaT-i, magaT-i, maT-i.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi fuZed iyenebs piris an CvenebiTi

nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas. a. SaniZis azriT, T si iyenebs Tavi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas: Tav-is-i>Tv-is-

i>T -is-i>T s-i. amis-i, magis-i, mis-i, T s-i formebSi brunvis niSnis

gramatikul funqcias asrulebs mxolod erTi, terminaluri (bolo)

brunvis niSani, wina (-is) warmoqmnis elementia, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsa-

xelis warmoqmnili fuZis kuTvnilebaa.

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebia: vin? raჲ? romeli? raodeni? (//ravdeni?)

viTari? (`rogori?”).

mlevani – msgavsi, Sesabamisi.

raodeni>ravdeni>ramdeni (o-s daviwroebiTa da v/m substituciiT).

warmovadgenT vin nacvalsaxelis brunebas:

mx. r. mr. r

sax. vi-n vi-n

moTx. vi-n vi-eT//vi-n

mic. vi-s vi-eT//vi-s

naT. vi-s- (-T s, -gan...) vi-eT//vi-s

vin kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli Taviseburia:

1) brunebisas mxolobiTSi mxolod or formas warmogvidgens: vin da

vis. aqedan vin saziaroa saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTisTvis, vis _ micemiTisa da naTesaobiTisTvis.

2) am nacvalsaxelis (aseve man nacvalsaxelis) fuZis Sesaxeb, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT (ix. gv. 92-93), arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi: erTi

TvalsazrisiT, vin fuZea da ar xerxdeba misi segmentacia (b. kikvi-Ze, g. klimovi, d. meliqiSvili ... ); meore TvalsazrisiT, micemiTi

brunvis formasTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze es, udavod, SesaZle-

belia (Sdr. vi-n, vi-s), Sesabamisad, fuZea vi, xolo -n, -s _ brunvis

niSnebi (a. SaniZe,161 i. imnaiSvili,162 z. sarjvelaZe163...). -n unda iyos moTxrobiTis uZvelesi, organuli niSani, vi ki _ i-ze daboloebuli

xmovanfuZiani sazogado saxeli, igi, isi fuZeebTan erTad. vin forma moTxrobiTidan unda gadasuliyo saxelobiTSi (h. Su-

xardti).164

3) ar irTavs mavrcob xmovans.A

4) mravlobiT ricxvSi gvaqvs -eT sufiqsiani formebic. Ggarkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, es igive sufiqsia, romelic gamovlindeba

anTroponimebsa da toponimebSi (mariam-eT-a, sa-berZn-eT-i...). Semdeg

-eT sufiqsis mravlobiTobis gageba unda dabnelebuliyo, amitom

saWiro gaxda masze ufro aqtiuri sufiqsis darTva: vieT-n-i, vieT-

T-a. magram ukve Zvel qarTulSi es formebi niSnavs zogierTebs,

Aa. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb. 1976, gv. 47. 162

i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 512. 163

z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1997, gv. 67. 164

h. Suxardti, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, kreb. Эргативная

конструкция предложения, 1950, М., gv. 33-73.

mag., vieTTa Tques (zogierTebma Tqves). mravlobiTSi SesaZlebelia

igive formebic gvqondes, rac mxolobiTSi.

5) vin nacvalsaxels istoriulad moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brun-

vebis formebic unda hqonoda, rasac gvavaraudebinebs: viT-ar, viT-ar-med, vid-re.

6) aklia wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebis formebic.

ra kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli Zvel qarTulSi Semdegnairad ibrune-

wrf. (ra)

sax. ra-

moTx. (ra-man)

mic. ra-s(a)

naT. (ra- s-a)

moq. ra- T-a

viT. (ra-d)

aRniSnuli nacvalsaxeli avlens Semdeg Taviseburebebs:

1) axal qarTulSi ra mxolobiTSi kvecadia (naT. r-is, moq. r-iT), ZvelSi _ ukveceli.

2) nakluli bruneba aqvs, kerZod, ar moepoveba wrfelobiTi (z. sar-

jvelaZesa da k. danelias brunebis paradigmaSi ra forma SeaqvT)

da wodebiTi brunvebi. werilobiT ZeglebSi ra aRniSnul brunvebSi,

marTlac, ar dasturdeba, Tumca garkveul SemTxvevebSi ra asru-lebs wrfelobiTis funqcias.

3) damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, klasikur Zvel qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxels ver ewarmoeba moTxrobiTi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

enacvleba romeli (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili)166. i. imnaiSvili amas ase

xsnis: moTxrobiTi mxolod subieqtis, pirovnebis brunvaa, romel-

sac ra ar daesmis. Semdeg, roca adamianisa da nivTis kategoria

raჲ Zvel qarTulSi maqvemdebarebeli kavSiris funqciiTac gamoiyeneboda, mag.: `xolo iovanes raჲ esmes sapyrobiles Sina saqmeni igi qristჱsni, miavlinna mowafeni Tჳsni”. 166

ix. a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 47; i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 511-512.

gadavarda, SesaZlebeli gaxda ra-sac gasCenoda moTxrobiTis niSani

-man. k. danelias azriT, raman formac am nacvalsaxelis brunebis

sistemis organul nawils warmoadgens, subieqtad SeiZleba ara-

adamianis saxelic moiazrebodes, amitom mas ver ugulebelvyofT,

Tumca werilobiTad gvian gamovlindeba, X saukunidan.167 `vefxis-

tyaosanSi~ raman oTxjeraa gamoyenebuli.

4) micemiTSi orgvarad realizdeba: ra-s//ra-sa.

5) naTesaobiTis ra sa da Tandebuliani ra saT s, faqtobrivad,

amovardnilia ra nacvalsaxelis brunebis sistemidan da gada-

ricxulia zmnizedur jgufSi, radgan mxolod kiTxviTi zmnizedis

funqciiT gamoiyeneba,168 mag., ra sa gamomcdiT me? (`ratom mcdiT?”).

gasaziarebelia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, ra sa warmo-

adgens ara savrcobiani naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, aramed nanaTe-

saobiTar daniSnulebiTs, igive nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTs (ra-ჲs-

ad), Sesabamisad, terminaluri -a brunvisniSniseulia.169

6) moqmedebiTi brunvis ra Ta forma gamoiyeneba rogorc kiTxviTi

nacvalsaxelis funqciiT (`riT?”), ise dRevandeli rom//raTa maqvem-

debarebeli kavSiris funqciiT (ra Ta > raTa, difTongis gamartive-

biT), mag., `ukueTu marili igi wbil170 iyos, ra Ta (`riT?”) daima-

rilos?” sxva magaliTi: `arara aqus, ra Ta (`rom”) Wamon”. 7) viTarebiTi brunvis rad forma (z. sarjvelaZe ar uTiTebs viTare-

biTis formas),171 aseve, zmnizedur jgufSia gadaricxuli, niSnavs:

ratom? Mmag., `dedakaco, rad (`ratom?”) stir?” ratom zmnizeda

saSualma qarTulmac ar icis.

8) axal qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxeli Cveulebriv awarmoebs -eb sufiq-sian mravlobiTs, saxelobiTSi SesaZlebelia -n sufiqsiani warmo-

ebac (sax. ra-eb-i//ra-n-i), Zvel qarTulSi ki mas ar gaaCnia mravlo-

biTi ricxvis formebi. aq ra mxolobiTsac gamoxatavda da mravlo-

biTsac, mag., `ra arian sityuani ege?” am SemTxvevaSi ra mravlo-

biTSi dasmul saxels daesmis, Tumca, k. danelias azriT, Zvel qar-

ix. k. danelia, ra kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis, narkvevebi qarTu-li samwerlobo enis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1998, gv.518, 522. 168

raჲsa forma saSual qarTulSi iwyebs da axalSi imkvidrebs nacvalsaxelur Sinaarss

(raჲsa = risa//ris). `vefxistyaosanSic” ki iSviaTia misi nacvalsaxeluri SinaarsiT ga-moyeneba: `mas rome elva hkrTeboda, fernimca hgvandes risani” [626:3]. Tumca poemaSi

raჲsa zmnizeduri SinaarsiTac gvxvdeba: `aw tirili aras margebs, cudad cremlni rasa mdian?” [192:4]. (k. danelia, 1998: 523). 169

z. sarjvelaZe, b. gigineiSvili, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTari daniSnulebiTis Sesaxeb..., gv. 128-129. 170

wbil – Zaladakarguli. 171

z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997, gv.67.

TulSi iSviaTad ra-n-i formac gamoiyeneboda.172 am paradigmis ra-

T-a wevri (-T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi) klasikur Zvel qarTulSi ar

dasturdeba, magram gvxvdeba XII saukunidan, kerZod, gelaTur bib-

liaSi, `vefxistyaosanSi~ (`hxedavca, Cemo, sofeli raTa (`raebis”)

saqmeTa mqmnelia?~).

saSual qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxelma daimkvidra rogorc moTxro-

biTi brunvis forma, ise mravlobiTis formebi.

romel-i nacvalsaxeli Semdegnairad ibruneba:

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. romel

sax. romel-i romel-n-i

moTx. romel-man romel-Ta

mic. romel-sa romel-Ta

naT. roml-isa romel-Ta

moq. roml-iTa

viT. [roml-ad]

aseve ibruneba raoden-i//ravden-i, viTar-i kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi.

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia visi?

axali qarTulis risi Zvel qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba, radgan, rogorc

aRvniSneT, ra ukvecelia, misi naTesaobiTi brunvis forma ra sa ki zmni-

zedis funqciiT gamoiyeneba da niSnavs ratom? risi-s funqcias Zvel qar-

TulSi romeli asrulebda.

visi, rogorc wesi, sazRvrulTan ixmareba, mag., vis-i Zma- vis-n-i Zma-n-i...

iqve, gv. 519.

mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi

-ca nawilakiani mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: vinca, ra ca,

romelica ... Zvel qarTulSi SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba, ufro xSirad

nawilakis funqcias ese, ege, igi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi asruleben:

romeli-ese, romeli-ege, romeli-igi, ra -igi, raodeni-igi...

qarTuli enis ganviTarebis adrindel safexurze kiTxviTi,

mimarTebiTi da ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi formiT erTma-

neTisgan ar gansxvavdeboda. kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli ixmareboda samive

funqciiT, meoreulia nawilakebis darTva. amgvarad, mimarTebiT nacval-

saxelTa gamoxatvis sami safexuri gamoiyofa:

1) mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis funqcias asrulebda kiTxviTi nacval-

saxeli. Aam SemTxvevaSi garCeva moxdeboda konteqstis saSualebiT.

mag., `yoveli, ra (`rac”) gaqus, ganyide”. 2) kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs erTvoda ese, ege, igi -c nawilakis

funqciiT: vin-igi (`vinc”), ra -ege (`rac”), romeli-ege (`romelic”),

viTari-igi (`rogoric”)... mag., `ixileT, ra -ese (`rac”) gesmis”. nawilakis funqciiT aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi ubrunvelia.

3) mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli iwarmoeba kiTxviTi an kiTxviT-kuTvni-

lebiTi nacvalsaxelis formisgan -ca nawilakis darTviT: vin-ca,

ra -ca, romeli-ca, raodeni-ca, viTari-ca, visi-ca...

4) gvaqvs mrCobli -ca-ese, -ca-ege, -ca-igi nawilakiani formebi

(romelica-ese, romelica-ege, romelica-igi...).

SeniSvna: SesaZloa mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli nawarmoebi

iyos Semdegnairad: nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare ra nawilaki

erTvodes romel, raoden//ravden kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs:

romel-ra (`romelic”), raoden-ra (`ramdenic”).

mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi (yvela safexuris gaTvaliswinebiT)

amgvarad ibruneba:

mx. r.

sax. vi-n vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi

moTx. vi-n vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi

mic. vi-s vis-igi vis-ca vis-ca-igi

naT. vi-s vis-igi vis-ca vis-ca-igi

mr. r.

sax. vin vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi

moTx. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi

mic. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi

naT. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi

aseve ibruneba sxva mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebic. sicxadisTvis

warmovadgenT romelica nacvalsaxelis brunebas:

wrf. romel romel-ca

sax. romel-i romel-i-ese romel-i-ca

moTx. romel-man romel-man-ese romel-man-ca

mic. romel-sa romel-sa-ese romel-sa-ca

naT. roml-isa roml-isa-ese roml-isa-ca

moq. roml-iTa roml-iTa-ese roml-iTa-ca

viT. [roml-ad] roml-ad-ca

gvxvdeba, agreTve, ormagad gamoxatuli mimarTebiTi forma: romel-i-ca-igi, romel-man-ca-igi, romel-sa-ca-igi... mravlobiTSi gveqneba: romel-n-i-ca, romel-Ta-ca...

SeniSvna: romel Zvel qarTulSi ixmareboda ori mniSvnelo-

biT: a) rogorc mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli (romel =

romelic): `ixilos raჲme keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa

Suenodis da Cuen Soris ara iyos” [xanZT.].

b) rogorc maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri (romel = rom; romel >

rome > rom (> ro): `xolo ese aRmiTqჳT, romel Cemda

sikudidmdჱ ara ganhmravldeT adgilsa amas Sina” [xanZT.];

`rome vefxi Suenieri saxed misad damisaxavs...” [vefx.].

romel leqsema rom kavSiris funqciiT pirvelad `sinur

mravalTavSi” dasturdeba da xSirdeba X-XI saukuneebSi.

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: T T, Tavadi (`TviTon”), yoveli,173

sxua , kacad-kacadi (TiToeuli, magram mxolod adamianze SeiZleba

iTqvas, e.i. TiToeuli kaci), TiToeuli //T Toeuli.

T T ubrunvelia, miRebulia sityvisgan Tavi: Tav-iT>Tv-iT>T -iT

//T T.

Tavadi miRebulia Tav sityvis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan. igi

dasturdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi, iSviaTad naTesa-

obiTSi: Tavad-i, Tavad-man, Tavad-sa, Tavad-isa. danarCeni brunvebi da

mravlobiTi ricxvi ar gaaCnia. mag., `Tavadman miugo da hrqua mas”.

T Toeuli metad iSviaTad ixmareba.

kacad-kacadi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa

da micemiTSi, e.i. subieqtisa da obieqtis brunvebSi, vinaidan mxolod

adamianis aRniSvnelad gamoiyeneba (msazRvrelad araa): sax. kacad-kacad-i, moTx. kacad-kacad-man, mic. kacad-kacad-sa.

Yyoveli ibruneba, rogorc kumSvadi saxeli. wodebiTi ar gaaCnia.

Cveulebriv ewarmoeba -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi. yoveli Zvel

qarTulSi mTelsac niSnavda: `ganabrwyina da ganaSuena yoveli igi cixe~... (`mTeli cixe”).

sx a ibruneba, rogorc a-ze daboloebuli saxeli. Aaklia wode-

biTi, moepoveba rogorc -n da -T sufiqsebiani, ise -eb-iani mravlobiTi.

warmovadgenT gansazRvrebiT nacvalsaxelTa brunebis paradigmebs:

mx. r.

wrf. yovel sxua

sax. yovel-i sxua- Tavad-i

moTx. yovel-man sxua-man Tavad-man

Zvel qarTulSi yvela ar gvqonda. yvela miRebuli unda iyos yoveli nacval-saxelisgan (a daboloeba gaCndeboda mas Semdeg, rac daikargeboda fuZiseuli o xmo-vani) (S. afridoniZe, fonetikur-morfologiuri cvlilebebi da leqsikuri mniSvneloba, moambe, 87, #3, 1977, gv. 750).

mic. yovel-sa sxua-sa Tavad-sa

naT. yovl-isa sxu-isa//sx sa Tavad-isa

moq. yovl-iTa sxu-iTa//sx Ta

viT. yovl-ad sxua-d

mr. r.

wrf. sxu-eb

sax. yovel-n-i sxua-n-i sxu-eb-i

moTx. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-man

mic. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-sa

naT. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-isa

moq. sxu-eb-iTa

viT. sxu-eb-ad

SeniSvna: sazRvrulTan erTad naxmari gansazRvrebiTi nac-

valsaxeli, rogorc wesi, sazRvruls uswrebs.

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebia:

vin (`vinme”), ra rame”), romeli (`romelime”), raodeni,

vinme, ra me, romelime, raodenime// ravdenime,

zogi, erTi.

adreul safexurze, nawilakis darTvamde, kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli

asrulebda ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis funqcias. garCeva moxde-

boda konteqstis saSualebiT, mag., `arca mama vin (`vinmem”) icis~.

mogvianebiT ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli iwarmoeboda kiTxviT

nacvalsaxelze -me nawilakis darTviT: vin-me, romeli-me...

maTi bruneba ase warmogvidgeba:

mx. r.

sax. vi-n-me ra- -me romel-i-me raoden-i-me

moTx. vi-n-me ra-man-me romel-man-me raoden-man-me

mic. vi-s-me ra-s(a)-me romel-sa-me raoden-sa-me

naT. vi-s-me ra- s(a)-me174 roml-isa-me raoden-isa-me

moq. roml-iTa-me raoden-iTa-me

viT. roml-ad-me

mr. r.

sax. vin-me romel-n-i-me raoden-n-i-me

moTx. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me

mic. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me

naT. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me

SeniSvna: gvaqvs vieTnime (zogni, zogierTebi) nacvalsaxe-

lic, romelic Semdegnairad ibruneba: sax. vi-eT-n-i-me, moTx.,

mic., naT. vi-eT-Ta-me.

SeniSvna: Tu ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli naxmaria ara

damoukideblad, aramed axlavs saxels, gasaTvaliswinebelia

Semdegi: erTi sazRvruls, ZiriTadad, mosdevs; vinme, ra

xan uswrebs, xan mosdevs.

micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi SesaZlebelia rogorc savrcobiani, ise usavrcobo formebi: ra-sa-me//ra-s-me, ra- sa-me//ra- s-me.

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebia: aravin, vervin, nuvin, arRaravin,

verRaravin, arara verara nura arRara nurara

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi iwarmoeba vin da ra kiTxviT nacvalsa-

xelebze prepoziciurad Semdegi ukuTqmiTi nawilakebis darTviT: ara

//arRara, ver//vera//verRara, nu//nura.

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi iseve ibruneba, rogorc vin da ra kiT-

xviTi nacvalsaxelebi.

urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebi

urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebia: erTierTi da urTierTas (`erTmaneTs”). erTierTi Zvel qarTulSi dasturdeba micemiTi da naTesa-

obiTi brunvebis formebiT (erTierT-sa, erTierT-isa), urTierTas

(urTierTars) _ mxolod micemiTis formiT, amitom a. SaniZe mas ubrun-

velad miiCnevs.175

erTmanerTi nacvalsaxeli teqstebSi X saukunemde ar dasturdeba.

ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli

ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelia Tavi: `ityoda Tavsa T ssa qristed”; `uCuene Tavi Seni mRdelTa”; `daicveniT Tavni Tquenni yovlisagan angahrebisa”...

E`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi” a. SaniZe mas piris nac-

valsaxelebSi ganixilavs, Tumca iqve miuTiTebs, rom ukuqceviTs uwode-

beno,176 xolo `Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi” ukve pirdapir ukuqceviT

nacvalsaxeladaa warmodgenili. ras unda gamoewvia misi piris nacvalsa-

xelebSi moqceva? vinaidan kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli iyenebs piris an

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, xolo T si

momdinareobs Tavi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formisgan, rom

ar darRveuliyo saerTo principi, es ukanaskneli moTavsda piris nacval-

saxelebSi.

Ddasax. naSr. Ggv. 49. 176

gv. 43.

saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria da nawevari

Zvel qarTulSi

saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria

qarTuli enis brunebis sistemas odiTganve axasiaTebda saxelis

gansazRvrulobis kategoria. Aam sakiTxs jer kidev n. mari Seexo, ufro

mwyobri msjeloba ki hans fogtma177 SemogvTavaza. igi erTmaneTs upiris-

pirebs gvareobiT (ganusazRvrel: kac, kac-s, kac-is, kac-iT) da saxeobiT (gansazRvrul: kac-i, kac-s-a, kac-is-a, kac-iT-a) formebs. saxeobiT for-

mebSi determinaciis, konkretulobis elementebia: -i da -a. am elementTa

nacvalsaxeluri warmomavloba, maTi gansazRvrebiTi xasiaTi, eWvs ar

iwvevs: sax. -i < igi; aqve Semova moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani -man, romelic

brunvis niSanic aris da nacvalsaxelic; -a savrcobic, romelic

miRebuli unda iyos nawevris iribi brunvebis formaTa cveTis Sedegad:

amas > -a, amis > -a, amiT > -a (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili...).

Mmas Semdeg, rac -i, -man brunvis niSnebad iqcnen, -a savrcobic

SeuerTda micemiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis niSnebs, anu daiCrdila maTi amosavali determinaciuli funqcia, daiwyo saxelTa

xelaxali determinacia nawevriT (amitom gasagebia maTi daurTveloba

anTroponimebze, romlebic isedac konkretizirebulia _ l.c.). Zveli

qarTulis nawevriT gansazRvrul saxelebs h. fogti uwodebs saxeobriv

gansazRvrul formebs. Aamrigad, diaqroniul WrilSi saxelTa gansaz-

Rvrulobis sistema SesaZlebelia ase warmovadginoT:

I II III

gvareobiTi saxeobrivi saxeobrivi

ganusazRvreli gansazRvruli

sax. kac kac-i kac-i igi

mic. kac-s kac-s-a kac-s-a mas

naT. kac-is kac-is-a kac-is-a mis

moq. kac-iT kac-iT-a kac-iT-a miT

ix. h. fogti (norvegieli qarTvelologi), brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi, mimom-xilveli, 4-5, Tb., 1968.

nawevari Zvel qarTulSi

nawevari,178 saerTod, Zveli qarTulis Tvisebaa da sxva enebis artik-

lisgan gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT ramdenadme gansxvavdeba.Eh. fogtis

azriT, evropul enaTa artiklian saxelebs mniSvnelobiT Seesabameba

Zveli qarTulis nawevriani saxelebi, mag., kaci igi, kacman man...

zogadad Tu vimsjelebT, evropul enebSi artikli formis mixedviT

SesaZloa iyos formaucvleli (mag., ingl. the, a) da formacvalebadi (mag.,

Zvel berZnulSi artikli icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT); funqci-

urad gamoxatavs sagnis gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobas (igive ingl.

the, a) an sqess (mag., Zvel berZnulSi, germanulSi, frangulSi...); mdeba-

reobis mixedviT orgvaria: prepoziciuri (mag., Zvel berZnulSi, ingli-

surSi...) da postpoziciuri (mag., SvedurSi, norvegiulSi...). am niSnebiT Tu

davaxasiaTebT Zveli qarTulis nawevars, igi iqneba: formacvalebadi

(icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT); funqciurad gviCvenebs ara mar-

to sagnis cnobiloba-gansazRvrulobas, aramed iZleva mis sivrcobriv

determinaciasac, anu gamoxatavs deiqturobas (ese gviCvenebs I pirTan

siaxloves, ege _ II pirTan, xolo igi _ mesame pirTan179); saxels erTvis

rogorc postpoziciurad, ise prepoziciurad. rogorc vxedavT, Zveli

qarTulis nawevari araa identuri evropuli enebis artiklisa.

cnobilia, rom gansazRvruli nawevari mTel rig enebSi CvenebiT

nacvalsaxelTagan momdinareobs, xolo ganusazRvreli _ ricxviTi

saxelisgan erTi (mag., ingl. the<thes<se; a<one). Zvel qarTul-

SicNgansazRvrul nawevrad gamoyenebulia CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: ese, ege, igi,180 xolo ganusazRvrelad _ ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi:

erT, vinme, iSviaTad _ raჲme (dedakac erT, leRჳ erTi, vinme181dedakaci,

kacman vinme182...).

KZvel qarTulSi nawevari orgvaria: gansazRvruli da

ganusazRvreli. konkretulad ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda nawevari? 178

nawevari _ `nakveTi, nawili”. igi na- -ar cirkumfiqsiani warsuli drois saobieqto mimReobaa. am tipis warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod produqtiulia. 179

istoriulad qarTulSic deiqturobis orwevra sistemas gvavaraudebinebs sxva qarTveluri enebi (megrul-lazursa da svanurSi orwevra sistemaa) da Zvel teqstebSi ese/ege nacvalsaxelebis monacvleoba [imnaiSvili, nawevari Zvel qarTulSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 61, Tb., 1956] da amiT mxolod pirvel pirTan siaxlove-siSoris xazgasma. 180

isi gamoiyeneba mxolod iribi brunvebis formiT: imas, imis. 181

vinme nacvalsaxeli wrfelobiTTan ar gamoiyeneba, radgan is saxelobiTis (aseve moT-xrobiTis) formaa. 182

iSviaTad SesaZlebelia erT da vinme erTad gamoiyenebodes: `hrqua erTman vinme mRdelT-moZRurisa monaman” [i. 18:26 C].

Zvel qarTulSi Tu saxeli konteqstSi pirveladaa naxsenebi da mis

Sesaxeb araferi viciT, an saerTod unawevrodaa gamoyenebuli, an erTvis

ganusazRvreli nawevari (erT, vinme, (raჲme)). roca igive saxeli konteq-

stSi meoredaa naxsenebi, anu mis Sesaxeb ukve iyo saubari, sxvagvarad,

nacnobi saxelia (an pirvelad gamoyenebisas, Tu iqve iyo miTiTebuli misi

zogierTi niSan-Tviseba, SesaZloa damokidebul winadadebaSi, an saWiro

iyo meti konkretizacia), ixmareba gansazRvruli nawevriT: ese, ege, igi,

[isi]. moviyvanoT magaliTi saxarebidan: `movals dedakac erT samaria T vsebad wylisa ... hrqua mas dedakacman man samaritelman...~ [i. 4:7-9].

Eese, ege, igi, [isi] nacvalsaxelebidan nawevris funqciiT yvelaze

xSirad igi gvxvdeba, yvelaze iSviaTad _ isi. Zvel qarTulSi isi saxelo-

biTis formiT ar dasturdeba, ZiriTadad, micemiT brunvaSia, iSviaTad _

naTesaobiTSi (mag., `xedavTa kacsa imas”; `man snes me elTagan imis winadacueTilisa”...).

ese, ege, igi, [isi] nacvalsaxelTa fuZis struqturasa da xmovanTa

madeterminebel funqciaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari, aq ki aRvniSnavT,

rom isini Zvel qarTulSi ramdenime funqciiT gamoiyeneba:

1) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobiT mianiSnebs im sagans,

romelsac exeba saubari. Arogorc miuTiTeben, am SemTxvevaSi es

nacvalsaxelebi prepoziciurad gamoiyenebian: ese kaci, ege kaci,

igi kaci... mag., `ese kaci movida da hrqua moyuasTa misTa~.

2) piris nacvalsaxelis funqciiT. am SemTxvevaSi nacvalsaxeli

ewyoba zmnas da ara saxels, mag., `ege movals da ity s sityuasa

T ssa~.

3) nawevris, artiklis mniSvnelobiT. Ees maSin xdeba, Tu, damkvid-

rebuli TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi postpoziciu-

radaa arsebiT saxelze darTuli: kaci igi. 4) nawilakis funqciiT. Tu wina sam SemTxvevaSi es nacvalsaxelebi

ibruneba, am funqciiT ubrunvelia da daaxloebiT dRevandeli -c nawilakis mniSvnelobisaa. kerZod, es mniSvneloba maSin eZleva

maT, roca darTuli arian kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnisar-

Tebze da gvaZleven mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelebs (romeli-igi

`romelic”, raჲ-ese `rac”...) an mimarTebiT zmnisarTebs (sada-igi

`sadac”, raJams-ege `roca”...). SeniSvna: a. SaniZem Zveli teqstebis gamocemaSi daamkvidra

aseTi orTografia: -ca nawilakis mniSvnelobiT es

nacvalsaxelebi kiTxviT sityvebTan defisiT aris SeerTe-

warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas, roca aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi

nawilakis funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli:

sax. romeli-ese romeli-ege romeli-igi (`romelic”)

moTx. romelman-ese romelman-ege romelman-igi

mic. romelsa-ese romelsa-ege romelsa-igi

naT. romlisa-ese romlisa-ege romlisa-igi

moq. romliTa-ese romliTa-ege romliTa-igi

warmovadgenT nawevriani saxelis brunebas, romelic Cveulebrivi

brunebisagan gansxvavdeba SemdegiT:

1) ar moepoveba wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebi. Teoriulad

SesaZlebelia gamoiyenebodes viTarebiTSic, magram iSviaTia. 2) nawevriani brunvis forma yovelTvis gavrcobilia, mag., kacsa

amas, yrmisa mis... (savrcobi erTvis saxels da ara nawevars).

3) mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSi avlens Taviseburebas, kerZod,

mravlobiTSi dasmuli saxeli saxelobiT brunvaSi nawevars ric-

xvSi ver iTanxmebs, es exeba rogorc -n, ise -eb sufiqsebian

mravlobiTs (mag.: `da warmoudginna winaSe misa oTxni igi Zeni

Tჳsni” (xanZT.)). -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi nawevari ricxvSi

uTanxmdeba sazRvrul wevrs (mag.: `ara vidreme movlinebul var,

garna cxovarTa maT warwymedulTa saxlisa israჱlisaTa”

[m. 15:24]), -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki SeTanxmeba ar gvaqvs, nawevari

yovelTvis mxolobiTi ricxvis formiT iqneba warmodgenili (mag.:

`aSenebT Tquen saflavebsa mas winawarmetyuelTasa” [m. 23:29 C].

mx. r.

sax. kac-i ese ege igi [isi]183

moTx. kac-man ama-n maga-n ma-n [ima-n]

isi ar gvxvdeba yvela brunvis formiT, es paradigma savaraudoa.

mic. kac-sa ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s

naT. kac-isa am-is mag-is m-is im-is

moq. kac-iTa am-iT mag-iT m-iT [im-iT]

viT. [kac-ad ama-d maga-d _ [ima-d]

mr. r.

sax. kac-n-i ese ege igi [isi]

moTx. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]

mic. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]

naT. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]

sax. kac-eb-i ese ege igi [isi]

moTx. kac-eb-man ama-n maga-n ma-n [ima-n]

mic. kac-eb-sa ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s

naT. kac-eb-isa am-is mag-is m-is im-is

moq. kac-eb-iTa am-iT mag-iT m-iT [im-iT]

viT. [kac-eb-ad ama-d maga-d _ [ima-d]

rogorc cnobilia, nawevari, Cveulebriv, arsebiT saxels mosdevs,

magram iSviaTad uswrebs, mag., `netar iyvnen igi monani...~ Tu gansazRvre-

bian saxels erTvis nawevari da es gansazRvreba prepoziciuria, naweva-

ric win inacvlebs, sxva SemTxvevaSi mosdevs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba post-

poziciuri gansazRvreba axlavs, Tu ara), mag.:

ganvida mowaf igi sxua

gamovida sxua igi mowaf

rogorc vxedavT, gansazRvrebian saxelTan nawevars mudam Sua

adgili uWiravs, radgan igi uSualod ukavSirdeba saxels.184 es wesi,

faqtobrivad, ugamonaklisoa. uiSviaTesia misi darRvevis SemTxvevebi, mag.:

`mimodadves igi yovelsa queyanasa mas” [m. 9:31 C]. Sdr.: `yovelsa mas

queyanasa” [iqve, FGHIK].

movida mgeli igi taZrad (am SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreba arcaa).

SeniSvna: Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad, magram mainc SeiZleba na-

wevari anTroponimsac daerTos, es maSin xdeba, roca zed-

miwevniT zustad surT mxolod mocemul sakuTar saxels

miuTiTon. ZiriTadad, es maSin xdeba, roca ori saxelia

erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli: `rameTu pirvelman man abra-

ham Sewira Ze T si isaki msxuerplad, xolo aman, meoreman

abraham, Sewirna asulni T sni msxuerplad uflisa~ [warty.

ier. 41: 21-24].185

SeniSvna: roca qvemdebared an damatebad ori an meti arsebiTi saxelia mocemuli, nawevari axlavs pirvel maTgans: hkiTxes

mas farisevelTa maT da mwignobarTa.

SeniSvna: Tu nawevari erTvis Tandebulian saxels, aseTi

Tanmimdevroba gveqneba: arsebiTi saxeli, nawevari, Tandebuli.

mag., `eSinoda erisa misgan”. e.i. Tandebuli erTvis nawevars.

Cven sakmaod vrclad vimsjeleT nawevris Sesaxeb, dasasrul, gvinda

pasuxi gavceT kiTxvebs:

1. moxda Tu ara CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba nawevrad anu

artiklad? sxvagvarad, moxda Tu ara Zveli samwerlobo qarTulis

doneze saxelis gansazRvrulobis gramatikul kategoriad

Camoyalibeba?

2. unda gamoiyos Tu ara nawevari calke metyvelebis nawilad an

nacvalsaxelis calke jgufad Zvel qarTulSi?

pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa ganimartos Tavad termini gramatizeba

(gramatikalizacia), romelic, heines mixedviT, oTx urTierTdakavSirebul

process aerTianebs:

1. desemantizacia (mniSvnelobis gafermkrTaleba, gabundovaneba,

semantikuri reduqcia): amosavali mniSvnelobis dakargva; 184

i. imnaiSvilis azriT, amis mizezi is unda iyos, rom `arsebiTi saxeli nawevriTurT erT cnebas gamoxatavs, erTi mniSvnelobis sityvaa” [imnaiSvili, 1956: 265]. 185

imnaiSvili, 1956: 259.

2. mniSvnelobis gafarToeba (anu konteqstis ganzogadeba): sxva

konteqstebSi gamoyeneba;

3. dekategorizacia: amosavali formis morfosintaqsuri funqciis

Secvla, maT Soris _ damoukidebeli sityvis statusis dakargva

(enklitikurad mierTeba, afiqsacia).

4. erozia (anu fonetikuri reduqcia): fonetikuri substanciis/

Sedgenilobis dakargva [heine, 2007: 3].186

TiToeuli es meqanizmi enis struqturis (enis gamoyenebis)

sxvadasxva aspeqts ukavSirdeba: I safexuri _ semantikas, II – pragmatikas,

III – morfosintaqss, xolo IV – fonetikas.

cnobilia, rom tipologiurad mTel rig enebSi gansazRvruli

artikli miRebulia CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan misi gramatizebis gziT,

xolo ganusazRvreli _ erTi ricxviTi saxelisgan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Zveli qarTuli enis doneze CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba

artiklad ar momxdara, radgan am procesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 4

niSnidan Zveli qarTulis doneze mxolod pirvelis arsebobaze Tu

SegviZlia saubari: esaa postpoziciurad gamoyenebisas CvenebiTi

nacvalsaxelis funqciebidan (deiqturoba da gansazRvruloba)

gansazRvrulobis aqcentireba da deiqturobis neitralizacia, am

funqciis gafermkrTaleba. radgan ese, ege nacvalsaxelebSi miTiTebulia

I an II pirTan siaxlove, rolo igi nacvalsaxelSi, zogadad, siSore,

amitom prepoziciurad ufro xSirad ese, ege nacvalsaxelebi

gamoiyeneboda, xolo postpoziciurad _ igi, romelSic deiqturi funqcia

ufro neitraluri iyo. gramatizebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli danarCeni

safexurebi Zvel qarTulSi CvenebiT nacvalsaxels ar gauvlia,

maSasadame, mis nawevrad // artiklad formirebaze saubari Zveli

qarTulis doneze gaWirdeba, samagierod, mwerlobamdel qarTulSi

CvenebiTma nacvalsaxelma zemoaRniSnuli oTxive safexuri gaiara da,

sabolood, moxda misi formireba saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi brunvebis

niSnebad da irib brunvebSi _ emfatikur -a xmovnad.

amrigad, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba moxda mwerlobamdel

qarTulSi da ara Zveli qarTulis doneze, amitom artiklis anu nawevris

calke metyvelebis nawilad an Tundac nacvalsaxelis calke jgufad

gamoyofa Zvel qarTulSi gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos. formobriv,

masalobriv, nawevari igive CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia (Sdr. inglisuri,

BBernd Heine, Grammaticalization, In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics: Blackwell Reference

Online, 2007.

romelSic isini formobriv gamijnulia), marTalia, postpoziciurad

gamoyenebisas xdeba deiqturobis neitralizacia, anu CvenebiTi

nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobis erTgvari desemantizacia, magram nawevari

SesaZloa prepoziciuradac gamoiyenebodes, Tu saxels axlavs

prepoziciuri msazRvreli.

Zvel samwerlobo qarTulSi teqstis sxvadasxva redaqciis Sedareba

mowmobs, rom erTsa da imave konteqstSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba

gamoiyenebodes rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad. SesaZloa

erTsa da imave konteqstSi sityva erT redaqciaSi nawevriT iyos

warmodgenili, meoreSi – unawevrod (`eri igi Sekrbeboda mas” [l. 8:42

DE]. Sdr.: `eri Sekrbeboda misa” [iqve, C] [martirosovi, 1979: 134]), maSin

rodesac somxursa da Zvel berZnulSi Sesabamis adgilas yovelTvis

artiklia warmodgenili da misi gamoyeneba gansazRvrul wess mihyveba187

[martirosovi, 1979:135].

Zveli qarTuli enis mogviano periodis zogierT ZeglSi nawevari

Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba, xolo XII-XIII saukuneebidan saerTod gamodis

xmarebidan. es procesi dasrulda imiT, rom CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli axal

qarTulSi mxolod prepoziciurad gamoiyeneba [martirosovi, 1979: 137].188

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, gasaziarebelia z.

sarjvelaZis mosazreba: `Zvel qarTulSi nawevari ar aris” [sarjvelaZe,

1997: 64].189 nawevari igive CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia, romelic realizdeba

rogorc prepoziciurad (mag., ege kaci), ise postpoziciurad (mag., kaci ege).

sainteresoa, rom Cvenamde moRweuli XI-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli pirveli qarTuli gramatikuli traqtatis avtori (efrem mcire an arsen iyalToeli) exeba ra berZnuli arTroniani anu artikliani saxelebis qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, araerTxel gaxazavs qarTulSi arTronis ararsebobas da miuTiTebs, rom berZnuli arTroniani sityvebi qarTulad uarTronod unda Targmniliyo [SaniZe, 63]. amdenad, im epoqis moRvawes qarTuli nawevari ar miaCnda berZnuli artiklis ekvivalentad. Tavad gramatikul traqtatSi nawevris gamoyeneba metad SezRudulia da misi gamoyenebis sul samiode SemTxvevaa TerTmeti svetis mqone ZeglSi [iqve, gv. 87]. 188ar. martirosovi, saxelis gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobis kategoria Zvel qarTulSi, arnold Ciqobavas dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, Tb., 1979. 189

z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997.

waikiTxeT: zmnizeda, ix. zurab sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb.,

1997, gv. 158-159.

weriTi davaleba: iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebaSi” sparsi kaci

sam epizodSi Cans. avtori mas sxvadasxva konteqstSi moixseniebs:

a) `uTxra sparsman man farulad...”

b) `kaci erTi sparsi movida...”

g) `movida sparsi igi da mჴurvaled evedreboda mas...”

Tqveni azriT, romeli fraza Seesityveba mis pirvel gamoCenas

teqstSi?

weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti giorgi merCulis

Txzulebidan `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, amoiwereT nacval-

saxelebi (aseve nawevari) da gaaanalizeT morfologiurad.

`kldჱ igi xanZTisaჲ uficxles ars ufroჲs yovelTa maT klarje-

Tisa udabnoTa. da SromiTa didiTa qmnes adgili igi, rameTu ara aqunda

maT culi da weraqჳ, arca sxuaჲ egeviTari saჴmari, aramed opizelTa

mamaTa mosces yoveli, romeli ipova ჴelTa maTTa, da TanaSemwe eqmnnes

yovliTa saჴmriTa da ჴorcTa saRuawiTa, rameTu mas Jamsa sxuaჲ monas-

teri ara Sen iyo maT queyanaTa Tჳnier opizisa, da arca msoflioni eris-

kacni axlvides axlad SenebisaTჳs maT queyanaTaჲsa, rameTu klarjeTs da

taoTa Sina, da SavSeTs da yovelTa maT maxlobelTa queyanaTa mciredni

ipovebodes daSenebul tyeTa Sina adgil-adgil. xolo netarman mamaman

grigol pirvelad aRaSena Zelisa eklesiaჲ da Semdgomad sayudeli Tჳsi

da erTi senaki saostigned didi”.

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba

msazRvreli orgvaria: atributuli anu SeTanxmebuli (mag., moZ-

Ruar saxier, kravi T si...) da substanciuri anu marTuli (mag., saxlisa

ufal, opizisa winamZRuar...). Ppostpoziciuri rigis SemTxvevaSi marTuli

msazRvreli marTul-SeTanxmebulia.

atributuli msazRvreli SeTanxmebulia, radgan sazRvruls (Cveu-

lebriv, arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuls) eTanxmeba brunvasa da zogjer

ricxvSic (mag., ber-i wmida- , ber-n-i wmida-n-i...); substanciuri msazRvreli

marTulia, radgan sazRvrulis mier imarTvis naTesaobiT brunvaSi (mag.,

Zel-is-a saxl-i). postpoziciuri wyobisas igi ara marto marTulia

(naTesaobiTis forma am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens fuZes), aramed SeTan-

xmebulic brunvasa da ricxvSi, anu xelmeored ibruneba, rogorc atribu-

tuli msazRvreli (mag., saxl-i Zelisa- saxl-man Zelisa-man, saxl-sa

Zelisa-sa...). amitom arsebobs mosazreba, rom postpoziciur substanciur msazRvrels oden SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli vuwodoT (T. uTurgaiZe).

Aatributuli msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba

Aatributuli msazRvreli SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos zedsarTavi

saxeliT, ricxviTi saxeliT, nacvalsaxeliT, mimReobiTa da TviT arsebi-

Ti saxeliT.

DmsazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi Zvel qarTulSi arastabiluria,

Tumca, damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, upiratesoba eZleva postpoziciur

wyobas. aqac garkveuli semantikaa CarTuli, kerZod, msazRvrel-sazRvru-

lis rigs gansazRvravs, Tu romeli metyvelebis nawiliTaa gadmocemuli

msazRvreli, kerZod, ricxviTi saxeliT, CvenebiTi, kiTxviTi da gansaz-

RvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebiT gamoxatuli msazRvreli wina rigs ikavebs,

xolo zedsarTavi saxeliT, mimReobiTa da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeliT

gamoxatuli msazRvreli, upiratesad, mosdevs sazRvruls. amgvarad,

calsaxad imis mtkiceba, rom Zvel qarTulSi gabatonebuli iyo

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri wyoba, safuZvels moklebulia.

axal qarTulSi atributulma msazRvrelma metwilad win gadmoiwia da

amis fonze xdeba Sedareba Zvel viTarebasTan.

rodesac vsaubrobT msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigze Zvel qarTulSi,

calke unda ganvixiloT naTargmni da originaluri Zeglebi. rogorc z.

sarjvelaZe miuTiTebs, bibliuri wignebis TargmanebSi sWarbobs postpo-

ziciuri wyoba, magram es aris semituris (kerZod, ebraulis) gavlena ber-

Znulze190 da berZnulisa qarTulze. TviT berZnulisTvisac ar unda yofi-

liyo bunebrivi postpoziciuri wyoba, iq es ebraizmia. radgan bibliuri

wignebis Targmanebi qarTveli avtorebisTvis etalons warmoadgenda, ma-

Ti gavleniT qarTul originalur ZeglebSic iCina Tavi postpoziciurma

wyobam. magram qarTuli cocxali sasaubro metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli unda yofiliyo prepoziciuri wyoba, rasac adasturebs anderZ-

minawerTa da saistorio Tu iuridiul dokumentTa ena. z. sarjvelaZis

dakvirvebiT, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ atributuli msazRvreli, gamoxatuli

zedsarTavi saxeliTa da mimReobiT, 77 SemTxvevaSi uswrebs sazRvruls,

40 SemTxvevaSi mosdevs.

saxelTa brunebas, maT Soris, msazRvrel-sazRvrulisas, vrclad

mimoixilavs i. imnaiSvili fundamentur monografiaSi `saxelTa bruneba

da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi~. z. sarjvelaZisgan gansxvavebiT,

igi miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvrelis prepo-

ziciuri wyoba gacilebiT naklebia, amitom igi postpoziciur wyobas

pirdapirsac uwodebs Zveli qarTulisTvis, xolo prepoziciurs _ Sebru-

nebuls191. amis miuxedavad, avtori miiCnevs, rom msazRvrelis wina rigi

`ufro Zvelia (xazi Cvenia _ l.c.) da igi uZveles qarTulSi yvela tipis

msazRvrelisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli da savaldebulo. amas

amtkicebs, ricxviTs saxelebs garda, ... nacvalsaxelTa umetesoba ...

bolos, amas amtkicebs Zveli kompozitebis Cvenebac, romlebSic

msazRvreli saxeli winaa moTavsebuli: urmis-Tuali, Tavis-ufali...is

talRa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi SemoiWra da scada msazRvrelis bolos

gadatana, merme TandaTan dacxra da minelda, Zveli bunebrivi mdgo-

mareoba TandaTan aRdga da axali qarTuli daubrunda msazRvrelisa da

Zvelebraulad dawerili Zveli aRTqmis wignebi jer berZnulad iTargmna, xolo Semdeg berZnuli septanta (septuaginta) iTargmna qarTulad. axali aRTqmis wignebi ki berZnulad daiwera, garda maTes saxarebisa, romelic arameul enaze unda Seqmniliyo. 191ix. dasax. naSromi, gv. 550.

sazRvrulis uZveles mdgomareobas~.192 cota vrceli citata gamogvivida,

magram, vfiqrobT, igi zustad asaxavs arsebul viTarebas.

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas axal qarTulSi yuradReba eqce-

va or faqtors: rogori fuZe aqvs msazRvrels da rogoria wyoba. Zvel

qarTulSi arcerT am garemoebas yuradReba ar eqceva. msazRvreli, miuxe-

davad imisa, TanxmovanfuZiania Tu xmovanfuZiani, uswrebs sazRvruls Tu

mosdevs, srulad dairTavs brunvis niSnebs.

zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis

bruneba arsebiTTan erTad

I.a) zedsarTavi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania, postpoziciuri wyoba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. ber saxier

sax. ber-i saxier-i ber-n-i saxier-n-i

moTx. ber-man saxier-man ber-T-a saxier-T-a

mic. ber-s-a saxier-s-a ber-T-a saxier-T-a

naT. ber-is-a saxier-is-a ber-T-a saxier-T-a

moq. ber-iT-a saxier-iT-a

viT. ber-ad saxier-ad

wod. ber-o saxier-o ber-n-o saxier-n-o

mr. r.

wrf. ber-eb saxier ber-eb saxier-eb

sax. ber-eb-i saxier-i ber-eb-i saxier-eb-i

i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 556.

moTx. ber-eb-man saxier-man ber-eb-man saxier-eb-man

mic. ber-eb-s-a saxier-s-a ber-eb-s-a saxier-eb-s-a

naT. ber-eb-is-a saxier-is-a ber-eb-is-a saxier-eb-is-a

moq. ber-eb-iT-a saxier-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a saxier-eb-iT-a

viT. ber-eb-ad saxier-ad ber-eb-ad saxier-eb-ad

wod. ber-eb-o saxier-o ber-eb-o saxier-eb-o

rogorc vxedavT, mravlobiT ricxvSi gansxvavebuli viTareba

gveqneba imis mixedviT, mravlobiTis romel warmoebasTan gvaqvs saqme: -n

da -T sufiqsebianTan Tu -eb-ianTan. -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTis

SemTxvevaSi sazRvruli SeiTanxmebs msazRvrels rogorc brunvaSi, ise

ricxvSi. analogiuri viTareba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis drosac.

Tu sazRvruli -eb-ian mravlobiTSia, rogorc wesi, ver iTanxmebs

msazRvrels ricxvSi, es ukanaskneli mxolobiTSia; iSviaTia ricxvSi Se-

Tanxmebis SemTxvevebi, roca orive mravlobiTSia. ricxvSi SeuTan-

xmeblobis sixSire imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom -eb sufiqsis sintaq-

suri Zala Zvel qarTulSi susti iyo.

b) prepoziciuri wyoba

prepoziciuri wyobisas brunvasa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis absolu-

turad igive suraTi gveqneba, rac postpoziciuri wyobisas:

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. saxier ber

sax. saxier-i ber-i saxier-n-i ber-n-i

moTx. saxier-man ber-man saxier-T-a ber-T-a

mic. saxier-s-a ber-s-a saxier-T-a ber-T-a

naT. saxier-is-a ber-is-a saxier-T-a ber-T-a

moq. saxier-iT-a ber-iT-a

viT. saxier-ad ber-ad

wod. saxier-o ber-o saxier-n-o ber-n-o

mr. r.

wrf. saxier ber-eb saxier-eb ber-eb

sax. saxier-i ber-eb-i saxier-eb-i ber-eb-i

moTx. saxier-man ber-eb-man saxier-eb-man ber-eb-man

mic. saxier-s-a ber-eb-s-a saxier-eb-s-a ber-eb-s-a

naT. saxier-is-a ber-eb-is-a saxier-eb-is-a ber-eb-is-a

moq. saxier-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a saxier-eb-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a

viT. saxier-ad ber-eb-ad saxier-eb-ad ber-eb-ad

wod. saxier-o ber-eb-o saxier-eb-o ber-eb-o

II.a) zedsarTavi saxeli xmovanfuZiania, postpoziciuri wyoba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. eklesia wmida

sax. eklesia- wmida- eklesia-n-i wmida-n-i

moTx. eklesia-man wmida-man eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a

mic. eklesia-s-a wmida-s-a eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a

naT. eklesia- s-a wmid-is-a eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a

moq. eklesia- T-a wmid-iT-a

viT. eklesia-d wmida-d

wod. eklesia-o wmida-o eklesia-n-o wmida-n-o

mr. r.

wrf. eklesi-eb wmida eklesi-eb wmid-eb

sax. eklesi-eb-i wmida- eklesi-eb-i wmid-eb-i

moTx. eklesi-eb-man wmida-man eklesi-eb-man wmid-eb-man

mic. eklesi-eb-s-a wmida-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a wmid-eb-s-a

naT. eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-eb-is-a

moq. eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-eb-iT-a

viT. eklesi-eb-ad wmida-d eklesi-eb-ad wmid-eb-ad

wod. eklesi-eb-o wmida-o eklesi-eb-o wmid-eb-o

b) prepoziciuri wyoba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. wmida eklesia

sax. wmida- eklesia- wmida-n-i eklesia-n-i

moTx. wmida-man eklesia-man wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a

mic. wmida-s-a eklesia-s-a wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a

naT. wmid-is-a eklesia- s-a wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a

moq. wmid-iT-a eklesia- T-a

viT. wmida-d eklesia-d

wod. wmida-o eklesia-o wmida-n-o eklesia-n-o

mr. r.

wrf. wmida eklesi-eb wmid-eb eklesi-eb

sax. wmida- eklesi-eb-i wmid-eb-i eklesi-eb-i

moTx. wmida-man eklesi-eb-man wmid-eb-man eklesi-eb-man

mic. wmida-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a wmid-eb-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a

naT. wmid-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-eb-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a

moq. wmid-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-eb-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a

viT. wmida-d eklesi-eb-ad wmid-eb-ad eklesi-eb-ad

wod. wmida-o eklesi-eb-o wmid-eb-o eklesi-eb-o

mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba

arsebiTTan erTad

mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli (mag., cecxlsa da-

uSretelsa, karTa da SulTa, zeTad sacxebelad...) brunebisas iseTsave

suraTs gviCvenebs, rogorsac zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli (nayof-i aRmocenebul-i, nayof-man aRmocenebul-man, nayof-s-a aRmocenebul-s-a...), amitom brunebis paradigmas aRar warmovadgenT.

ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis

bruneba arsebiTTan erTad

a) raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli

Tu atributuli msazRvreli gamoxatulia raodenobiTi an rigobiTi

ricxviTi saxeliT, gveqneba, ZiriTadad, prepoziciuri wyoba, esaa maTi

bunebrivi adgili, mag., or kac, sam Ze, meore yrma... uiSviaTesia postpo-ziciuri wyoba, magram es saerTo wess ver arRvevs. prepoziciuri wyoba

ricxviTma saxelebma dRemde Semoinaxa.

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli, Ziri-

Tadad, srulad irTavs brunvis niSnebs, esaa brunebis yvelaze gavrcele-

buli (sruli) tipi Zvel qarTulSi: or kac, or-i kac-i, or-man kac-man... msazRvrelis win dasma aadvilebs kavSirs msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls

Soris da iwvevs msazRvrelis formis modunebas, Sesabamisad, zogierT

brunvaSi msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis dakargvas.193 Zvel qarTulSi SesaZ-

lebelia msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis mxolod mTliani mokveca (mag., or Z-is, or Z-iT...), axali qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli brunvis niSnis

nawilobrivi mokveca (mag., or-i Z-is, or-i Z-iT...) ZvelisTvis ucxoa. am ti-

pis niSanmokvecili raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli gvxvdeba micemiTSi,

naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi (am ukanasknelSi yvelaze xSi-

rad, mag., sam nawilad ganyofili)Dda mxolod prepoziciuri wyobis dros.

igi arasdros xdeba postpoziciuri wyobisas (am dros mxolod sruli

Aarn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qegl, I, 1950, gv. 048.

bruneba gvaqvs: Z or-i, Ze-man or-man, Ze-sa or-sa...) da msazRvrelis

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi.

GZvel qarTulSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca am tipis msazRvrel-saz-

Rvrulis brunebisas SeTanxmeba gvaqvs ara marto brunvaSi, aramed ricxv-

Sic. Aaq vgulisxmobT -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs (or-n-i kac-n-i,

or-T-a kac-T-a...). ricxvSi SeTanxmeba gviandeli, meoreuli movlenaa, Tav-

dapirvelad SeuZlebelic iqneboda ricxviTi saxelis mravlobiTSi gaday-

vana, radgan is Tavisi fuZiT gamoxatavda mravlobiTobas. magram ricxviT

saxelze darTuli mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi ar gamoxatavs fuZiT

nagulisxmev mravlobiTobas, esaa garegnuli, sintaqsuri SeTanxmeba.

prepoziciuri wyoba

sruli bruneba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. or Ze

sax. or-i Ze- //Z or-n-i Ze-n-i

moTx. or-man Ze-man or-T-a Ze-T-a

mic. or-s-a Ze-s-a or-T-a Ze-T-a

naT. or-is-a Z-is-a or-T-a Ze-T-a

moq. or-iT-a Z-iT-a

viT. or-ad Ze-d

wod. or-o Ze-o or-n-o Ze-n-o

mokvecili bruneba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. or Ze

sax. or-i Ze- //Z or-n-i Ze-n-i

moTx. or-man Ze-man or-T-a Ze-T-a

mic. or Ze-s-a or Ze-T-a

naT. or Z-is-a or Ze-T-a

moq. or Z-iT-a

viT. or Ze-d

wod. or-o Ze-o or-n-o Ze-n-o

Tu arsebiTi saxeli -eb-ian mravlobiTSia, gveqneba mxolod brun-

vaSi SeTanxmeba, radgan ricxviT saxels -eb-iani mravlobiTis formebi

ar moepoveba:

wrf. or Ze-eb

sax. or-i Ze-eb-i

moTx. or-man Ze-eb-man

mic. or-s-a Ze-eb-s-a

naT. or-is-a Ze-eb-is-a

moq. or-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a

viT. or-ad Ze-eb-ad

wod. or-o Ze-eb-o

postpoziciuri wyobis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod e.w.

sruli brunebaa mosalodneli:

postpoziciuri wyoba

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. Ze or Ze-eb or

sax. Ze- //Z or-i Ze-n-i or-n-i Ze-eb-i or-i

moTx. Ze-man or-man Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-man or-man

mic. Ze-s-a or-s-a Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-s-a or-s-a

naT. Z-is-a or-is-a Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-is-a or-is-a

moq. Z-iT-a or-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a or-iT-a

viT. Ze-d or-ad Ze-eb-ad or-ad

wod. Ze-o or-o Ze-n-o or-n-o Ze-eb-o or-o

SeniSvna: msgavsi bruneba gveqneba msazRvrelad xmovanfuZiani

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic.

b) ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli

ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeli mravali sazRvrulTan erTad

ibruneba Cveulebriv, rogorc kumSvadi atributuli msazRvreli, Zalze

iSviaTia wodebiTSi, moepoveba orive mravlobiTi, gvaqvs rogorc prepo-

ziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyoba, Tumca amosavali mainc pirveli unda

iyos (rogorc, zogadad, ricxviTi saxelis SemTxvevaSi).

mx. r.

wrf. mraval Ze

sax. mraval-i Z

moTx. mraval-man Ze-man

mic. mraval-s-a Ze-s-a

naT. mravl-is-a Z-is-a

moq. mravl-iT-a Z-iT-a

viT. mravl-ad Ze-d

mr. r.

wrf. mravl-eb Ze-eb

sax. mraval-n-i Ze-n-i mravl-eb-i Ze-eb-i

moTx. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-man Ze-eb-man

mic. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-s-a Ze-eb-s-a

naT. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-is-a Ze-eb-is-a

moq. mravl-eb-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a

viT. mravl-eb-ad Ze-eb-ad

wod. mraval-n-o Ze-n-o

SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis

drosac.

SeniSvna: mraval mxolod prepoziciurad ixmareba, Tu axlavs

drois aRmniSvnel sityvas da wrfelobiTSia: mraval dRe, mraval Jam... analogiuri viTarebaa zoma-wonis aRmniSvnel

sityvebTan: mraval litra, mraval utevan.194

g) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli

msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli srulad

irTavs brunvis niSnebs da, ZiriTadad, sazRvrulis winaa. iSviaTia post-

poziciuri wyoba. rogorc aRvniSneT, yvela rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli

xmovanfuZiania, erTaderTi gamonaklisia pirveli.

prepoziciuri wyoba postpoziciuri wyoba

wrf. meore Ze Ze meore

sax. meor meor

moTx. meore-man Ze-man Ze-man meore-man

mic. meore-s-a Ze-s-a Ze-s-a meore-s-a

naT. meor-is-a Z-is-a Z-is-a meor-is-a

moq. meor-iT-a Z-iT-a Z-iT-a meor-iT-a

viT. meore-d Ze-d Ze-d meore-d

wod. meore-o Ze-o Ze-o meore-o

wrf. pirvel Ze Ze pirvel

194 utevan _ zomis erTeuli, daaxloebiT 195 nabiji.

sax. pirvel-i Ze- //Z Ze pirvel-i

moTx. pirvel-man Ze-man Ze-man pirvel-man

mic. pirvel-s-a Ze-s-a Ze-s-a pirvel-s-a

naT. pirvel-is-a Z-is-a Z-is-a pirvel-is-a

moq. pirvel-iT-a Z-iT-a Z-iT-a pirvel-iT-a

viT. pirvel-ad Ze-d Ze-d pirvel-ad

wod. pirvel-o Ze-o Ze-o pirvel-o

rigobiT ricxviT saxelebs ar moepoveba mravlobiTi ricxvis

formebi, radgan rigiT gansazRvrul erT cals uCveneben, mag., meS d aci

niSnavs: erTi kaci, romelic eqvsi kacis Semdegaa. Aam mxriv sainteresoa

pirveli, romelic iSviaTad awarmoebs -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs:

sax. pirvel-n-i Ze-n-i

moTx. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a

mic. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a

naT. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a

wod. pirvel-n-o Ze-n-o

SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba iqneba postpoziciuri wyobis

drosac.

d) wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli

Tu wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli iyenebs me- -e cirkumfiqsiT nawar-

moebi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis formas, aseTi msazRvreli ibruneba,

rogorc rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli (mag., mesame wil,195 mesam wili,

mesameman wilman, mesamesa wilsa...).

-eul, na- -al, -d afiqsebiT nawarmoebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxe-

lebis SemTxvevaSi es ukanaskneli gamodis sazRvrulis rolSi, misi

msazRvrelia naTesaobiTSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeli, mag., sameul ifqli-

sa, sameul-i ifqlisa- ...

wrf. sameul ifqlisa

sax. sameul-i ifqlisa-

moTx. sameul-man ifqlisa-man

mic. sameul-s-a ifqlisa-s-a

naT. sameul-is-a ifqlisa- s-a//ifqlisa196

moq. sameul-iT-a ifqlisa- T-a

viT. sameul-ad ifqlisa-(d)

wod. sameul-o ifqlisa-o

nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba

arsebiTTan erTad

nacvalsaxelTa jgufebidan msazRvrelad yvelaze xSirad gamo-

iyeneba kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, Semdeg _ gansazRvrebiTi, Cvenebi-

Ti, kiTxviTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi... am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi

damokidebulia imaze, msazRvrelad romeli jgufis nacvalsaxelia

gamoyenebuli. 195

Zvel qarTulSi orive ixmareba: wili//nawili. 196

naTesaobiTSi msazRvrelTan Tavs iyris naTesaobiTi brunvis ori niSani, amitom erT-erTi SeiZleba daikargos.

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

rogorc aRvniSneT, damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, Tu ese, ege, igi [isi] nacvalsaxelebi sazRvruls uswrebs, CvenebiTia, Tu mosdevs _

nawevari. CvenTvis (l.c.) es CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia, romelic sazRvrul-

Tan xan prepoziciurad ixmareba, xan _ postpoziciurad. bruneba orive

rigis SemTxvevaSi erTnairi iqneba:

prepoziciuri wyoba

mx. r.

sax. ese Z ege Z igi Z [isi] Z

moTx. ama-n Ze-man maga-n Ze-man man Ze-man ima-n Ze-man

mic. ama-s Ze-sa maga-s Ze-sa ma-s Ze-sa ima-s Ze-sa

naT. am-is Z-isa mag-is Z-isa m-is Z-isa im-is Z-isa

moq. am-iT Z-iTa mag-iT Z-iTa m-iT Z-iTa im-iT Z-iTa

viT. ama-d Ze-d maga-d Ze-d _ ima-d Ze-d

mr. r.

sax. ese Ze-n-i ege Ze-n-i igi Ze-n-i [isi] Ze-n-i

moTx. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta

mic. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta

naT. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta

SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba gveqneba postpoziciuri wyobis

drosac.

CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli eseviTari, ZiriTadad, sazRvruls uswrebs,

ibruneba Cveulebriv, rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli, xan ikumSeba,

xan _ ara, awarmoebs -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiT ricxvsac. analo-

giur viTarebas gviCvenebs egeviTari.

Eesodeni, egodeni nacvalsaxelebic Cveulebriv ibruneba, rigi

Tavisufalia: ixmareba rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad, aqvs

mravlobiTi ricxvis formebic.

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi, Cveulebriv, damoukideblad ixmareba da

sxva sityvis msazRvrelad iSviaTad gvevlineba. msazRvrelis funqciiT

SeiZleba Segvxvdes: raჲ, raodeni, romeli. am SemTxvevaSi isini zustad

ise ibrunebian, rogorc damoukideblad aRebulni, oRond yvela brunvis

formiT iSviaTad dasturdebian.

mx. r.

sax. raჲ saqmჱ197 raoden-i wel-i romel-i Z

moTx. ra-man saqme-man raoden-man wel-man romel-man Ze-man

mic. ra-sa saqme-sa raoden-sa wel-sa romel-sa Ze-sa

naT.198 raoden-isa wl-isa roml-isa Z-isa

moq. ra-ჲTa saqm-iTa raoden-iTa wl-iTa roml-iTa Z-iTa

mr. r.

sax. raoden-n-i wel-n-i romel-n-i Ze-n-i

moTx. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-T-a Ze-Ta

mic. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-T-a Ze-Ta

naT. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-Ta Ze-Ta

rani mravlobiTis forma ar dasturdeba. 198

raჲsa nacvalsaxeluri SinaarsiT saSuali qarTulidan mkvidrdeba.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi msazRvrelis rolSi sakmaod xSirad

gvxvdebian, damoukideblad naklebad ixmarebian.Aam tipis msazRvrel-

sazRvrulis brunebas Zvel qarTulSi axasiaTebs Semdegi Taviseburebani:

1. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi gabatonebulia postpoziciuri

wyoba (mag., asuli Seni, mamaman misman, Jamsa maTsa, saxelisa CemisaT s...). prepozicia iSviaTia.

2. moepovebaT mxolod -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi (-eb-ianis

magaliTebi ar dasturdeba).

3. ibrunebian Cveulebriv.Ggveqneba sruli SeTanxmeba brunvaSi (aseve

ricxvSic) rogorc prepoziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyobis dros.

4. ar gaaCniaT wrfelobiTi brunva.

SeniSvna: radgan kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli fuZed iyenebs

piris an CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis

formas, romelsac xelaxla abrunebs, wrfelobiTis arse-

bobis SemTxvevaSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli formis mixed-

viT daubrundeboda piris nacvalsaxels, rac erTgvar uxer-

xulobas Seqmnida. Aamitom ena Tavs aridebs am brunvas (wrfe-

lobiTSi mxolod sazRvrulia) da mis nacvlad viTarebiTs

iyenebs: igi Cemda mter ars (`CemTvis mteria”). oRond es

araa tipuri msazRvrel-sazRvruli, mter ars aq Sedgenili

Semasmenelia.

5. viTarebiTSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli uiSviaTesia, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom klasikur Zvel qarTulSi viTarebiTi brunva msaz-

Rvrelad gamoyenebul kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs, Cveulebriv,

ara aqvT (i. imnaiSvili).199 Zveli qarTulisTvis ucxoa Semdgom

ganviTarebuli formebi (Cemad, Senad...), romlebic `vefxistyaosanSi~

ukve gabatonebulia: `Seni sicocxle meyofis Cemad imedad

gulisad~. maT nacvlad gvaqvs: Cemda, Senda, Cuenda, Tquenda ... tipis formebi, isic aqa-iq da isic sazRvrulad sawyisis formebTan

i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 567.

(daflvad Cemda, aRsrulebad Senda...). amitom brunebis paradigmaSi

Cven ufro gviandel Cemad Senad... tipis formebs SevitanT.200

SeniSvna: yvela brunvisTvis bunebriv romelime mama Tqueni konstruqcias ena viTarebiTSi gaurbis (dadasturebuli

`mamad Tquenda nuvis xadiT~ arabunebrivad, ucnaurad gamo-

iyureba) da mas, mag., moqmedebiTiT cvlis (aq msazRvrelis ga-

reSe): `mamiT nuvis hxadiT~.

6. zogierT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxels moepoveba wodebiTi brunvis

formebi (garda II pirisa, ZiriTadad, I piris nacvalsaxelebs): Zeo

Cemo, mRudelo Cueno, m edaro miso, saqmeo maTo.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli sazRvrulTan erTad Semdegnairad ibruneba:

postpoziciuri wyoba

mx. r.

sax. Z Cem-i asul-i Sen-i qalaq-i mis-i

moTx. Ze-man Cem-man asul-man Sen-man qalaq-man mis-man

mic. Ze-sa Cem-sa asul-sa Sen-sa qalaq-sa mis-sa

naT. Z-isa Cem-isa asul-isa Sen-isa qalaq-isa mis-isa

moq. Z-iTa Cem-iTa asul-iTa Sen-iTa qalaq-iTa mis-iTa

viT. [Ze-d Cem-ad asul-ad Sen-ad qalaq-ad mis-a(d)]201

wod. Ze-o Cem-o qalaq-o mis-o

Cven (l.c.) piris nacvalsaxelebze saubrisas ukve mivuTiTeT Zveli qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad kanonzomierebaze, rom anTroponimebsa da piris nacvalsaxelebs uWirT viTarebiTi brunvis warmoeba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini iyeneben naTesaobiTis fuZes. amis nimuSia e.w. mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebi (warvida iovan sa<iovane- s-ad), anTroponimTa viTarebiTi brunvis formebi (yoveli naTesavi ... vidre daviTisamde...) da Tundac Cemda, Cuenda, Senda, Tquenda ... tipis naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi viTarebiTis formebi. 201

radgan viTarebiT brunvaSi am tipis formebi Zveli qarTulisTvis araa niSandoblivi, kvadratul frCxilebSi warmovadgineT.

sax. da- T s-i mama- Cuen-i Zma- Tquen-i

moTx. da-man T s-man mama-man Cuen-man Zma-man Tquen-man

mic. da-sa T s-sa mama-sa Cuen-sa Zma-sa Tquen-sa

naT. d-isa T s-isa mam-isa Cuen-isa Zm-isa Tquen-isa

moq. d-iTa T s-iTa mam-iTa Cuen-iTa Zm-iTa Tquen-iTa

viT. [da-d T s-a(d) mama-d Cuen-ad Zma-d Tquen-ad]

wod. mama-o Cuen-o

mr. r.

sax. Ze-n-i Cem-n-i asul-n-i Sen-n-i Zma-n-o Cuen-n-o

moTx. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta

mic. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta

naT. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta

wod. Ze-n-o Cem-n-o Zma-n-o Cuen-n-o

SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba iqneba msazRvrelad sxva kuT-

vnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, aseve,

prepoziciuri wyobis dros, amitom maTs brunebas aRar war-

movadgenT.

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli visi, rogorc wesi, sazRvrul-

Tan ixmareba:

mx. r. mr. r.

sax. vis-i Zma- vis-n-i Zma-n-i

moTx. vis-man Zma-man vis-T-a Zma-T-a

mic. vis-sa Zma-sa vis-T-a Zma-T-a

naT. vis-is-a Zm-is-a vis-T-a Zma-T-a

moq. vis-iT-a Zm-iT-a

viT. vis-ad Zma-d

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

Tavadi, rogorc viciT, dasturdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da

micemiTSi, iSviaTad _ naTesaobiTSi, danarCeni brunvebi da mravlobiTi

ricxvi ar gaaCnia. axlavs mxolod anTroponimebs, arasdros sazogado

saxelebs da isic mxolod prepoziciurad: Tavadi daviT (`TviTon

daviTi”) ity s; Tavadsa iovanes emosa...

yoveli msazRvrelad Zalian xSirad ixmareba. ZiriTadad, sazRvru-

lis winaa, iSviaTad SesaZloa mosdevdes mas: yovel-i er-i, yovl-iT-a gul-iT-a, qalaqeb-s-a yovel-s-a... wrfelobiTi brunvis forma moepoveba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca niSnavs mTels: `Rame yovel davSueriT (`mTeli Rame gavisarjeT”). viTarebiTis forma gadaricxulia zmnizedis

jgufSi, radgan niSnavs sruliad, sul: yovlad ubiwod (`sruliad

ubiwod”) iyo. Aaklia wodebiTic (mxolobiTSi), moepoveba mxolod -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi (yovel-n-i gansacdel-n-i, yovel-T-a kac-T-a...).

sxua TiTqmis yovelTvis sazRvrulis winaa, moepoveba orive

mravlobiTi, ibruneba iseve, rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas, amitom

mis brunebas amjerad aRar SevexebiT.

TiToeuli ixmareba mxolod prepoziciurad (TiToeuli x TiTo-

eulsa kacsa...), ibruneba Cveulebrivi wesiT, ver awarmoebs mravlobiTs.

sax. Tavad-i iovane yovel-i er-i yovel-n-i er-n-i

moTx. Tavad-man iovane yovel-man er-man yovel-Ta er-Ta

mic. Tavad-sa iovanes yovel-sa er-sa yovel-Ta er-Ta

naT. (Tavad-isa iovan s) yovl-isa er-isa yovel-Ta er-Ta

moq. yovl-iTa er-iTa

viT. (yovl-ad er-ad)

wod. yovel-n-o er-n-o

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebidan msazRvrelad gamoyenebu-

lia: vinme, ra me, romelime... maTgan yvelaze xSirad ixmareba vinme.

vinme gvxvdeba rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad;

mxolobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls upiratesad mosdevs, mravlobiTSi us-

wrebs (mag., dedakaci vinme, vinme warmarTnica...). SeiZleba Segvxvdes erT ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTan erTad: `erTman vinme mowafeTa misTa-ganman hrqua mas”. vinme xSirad ixmareba zmniswinsa da zmnas Soris

(tmesi): mo-vinme-vida da hrqua mas... sazRvrulTan erTad vinme iseve ibru-neba, rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas.

ra me//rame _ orive saxelobiTia. ZiriTadad, sazRvruls mosdevs,

SeiZleba uswrebdes (mag., Cueneba ra me, ra me sityua saucars rasme...). mravlobiTis formebi ara aqvs.

romelime prepoziciuradac ixmareba da postpoziciuradac:

sofelsa romelsame, romelTame mdgomareTa... sazRvrulTan erTad iseve

ibruneba, rogorc calke mdgari.

mx. r.

sax. vi-n-me mefeTagan-i romel-i-me sityua-

moTx. vi-n-me mefeTagan-man romel-man-me sityua-man

mic. vi-s-me mefeTagan-sa romel-sa-me sityua-sa

naT. vi-s-me mefeTagan-isa roml-isa-me sity sa (sityu-is-a)

moq. roml-iTa-me sity Ta (sityu-iT-a)

viT. roml-ad-me sityua-d

sax. saqm ra- -me

moTx. saqme-man ra-man-me

mic. saqme-sa ra-s(a)-me

naT. saqm-isa ra-

mr. r.

sax. vi-eT-n-i-me mefeTagan-n-i sityua-n-i romel-n-i-me

moTx. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me

mic. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me

naT. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli ufro damoukideblad ixmareba, msaz-

Rvrelad gvxvdeba, isic naklebad: aravin, ara arara sazRvruls xan

uwrebs, xan mosdevs (aravin winawarmetyueli, ara brali, saswauli

ara ...). uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi sazRvrulTan erTad iseve ibrunebian,

rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas, amitom maTs brunebas aRar warmo-

vadgenT.

arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli

arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli, Cveuleb-

riv, axlavs anTroponims da aRniSnavs mis wodebas, profesias, Tanam-

debobas, warmomavlobas da sxv. aseT sintaqsur wyvils a. SaniZe uwodebs

saxelgvarul sintagmas.202

aseTi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi, Cveulebriv, postpoziciuria:

jeraa anTroponimiT gamoxatuli sazRvruli, Semdeg _ msazRvreli, mag.,

Tamar mef , daviT kurapalati, pavle mociquli, iesu nazareveli, mariam

magdaleneli, grigol xanZTeli, evstaTi mcxeTeli, demetre patosi...

iSviaTia Sebrunebuli wyoba. prepozicia, ZiriTadad, maSin gvaqvs, roca

msazRvrelad gamoyenebulia sityvebi: mama , amba deda ... (mama grigol,

deda febronia, amba giorgi...).

postpoziciuri rigis SemTxvevaSi msazRvreli Cveulebriv ibruneba,

wina rigis sazRvruli, rogorc wesi, ubrunveli rCeba:

wrf. iesu nazarevel

sax. iesu nazarevel-i

moTx. iesu nazarevel-man

mic. iesu nazarevel-s-a204

naT. iesu nazarevel-is-a

wod. iesu nazarevel-o

faqtobrivad, am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulTan brunebis iseTive

su-raTi gvaqvs, rogoric axal qarTulSi, magram es meoreuli unda iyos.

Tavidan SeTanxmeba unda gvqonoda, anu sazRvruli sruli saxiT unda

yofiliyo warmodgenili micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi (moqmedebiTsa da 202

a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 89. 203

- _ mama, monastris winamZRvari, mRvdeli. 204aSot kurapalatsa tipis sintagmebSi (`amisa Semdgomad RmrTismsaxursa mefesa aSot

kurapalatsa auwya gabriel erismTavarman...” ) aSot micemiTSia da ara wrfelobiTSi,

rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos.

viTarebiTSi anTroponimi isedac iSviaTi iyo, xolo saxelobiTsa da moT-

xrobiTSi arc iyo gaformebuli): iesus nazarevelsa, iesu s nazareve-

lisa... `SuSanikis wameba~ gavixsenoT: `rameTu masmies me pavl s moci-

qulisagan: ara damonebul ars Zma gina da aramed ganeyenen~.

Pprepoziciuri msazRvrelis SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelica da anTro-

ponimiT gamoxatuli sazRvrulic Cveulebriv ibruneba (irTavs brunvis

niSnebs im brunvebSi, romlebic saerTod aqvs):

wrf. mama giorgi

sax. mama- giorgi

moTx. mama-man giorgi

mic. mama-sa giorgi-s

naT. mam-isa giorgi-s

wod. mama-o giorgi

Tu arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli axlavs

toponims, bruneba srulia (vinaidan Zvel qarTulSi toponimebi

daubrkoleblad awarmoebdnen brunvebs), wyoba Tavisufalia, Tumca

sWarbobs prepozicia: sofeli iwro queyana hereTi, qalaqi tfilisi,

daba curtavi, mdinar fisoni...

sax. mdinar iordan

moTx. mdinare-man iordane-man

mic. mdinare-s-a iordane-s-a

naT. mdinar-is-a iordan-is-a

moq. mdinar-iT iordan-iT206

viT. mdinare-d iordane-d

z. sarjvelaZe ar uTiTebs am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wrfelobiTi (aramar-kirebuli saxelobiTi) brunvis formas, ix. misi Zveli qarT. enis gramatika, gv. 47. 206

z. sarjvelaZes brunebis paradigmaSi Seaqvs savrcobiani forma: qalaq-iTa mcxeT-iTa (iqve, gv. 47).

wod. mdinare-o iordane-o

analogiuri bruneba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis drosac, Tumca

wina rigis toponimebs xSirad ekveceba brunvis niSani: fison mdinarfison mdinareman, fison mdinaresa, fison mdinarisagan... amis mizezi wina rigis saxelis ubrunvelobisken midrekileba unda iyos.

weriTi davaleba: abruneT: xuT yrma (warmoadgineT prepoziciuli

wyobiT mxolobiT ricxvSi sruli da mokvecili brunebis tipebi, aseve,

orive saxis mravlobiTSi), aTeul Wamadisa, ege yrmaჲ (mxolobiTsa da

-n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTSi), raodeni mჴeci (-n da -T sufiqsebian

mravlobiTSi), saqmჱ Seni (mxolobiT ricxvSi), pavle mociqul, qalaqi

tfilisi.

substanciuri msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba

prepoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli

substanciuri anu marTuli msazRvreli marTulia sazRvrulis mier

naTesaobiT brunvaSi, igi, Cveulebriv, gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxeliT da

Sinaarsobriv miuTiTebs kuTvnilebas, masalas an daniSnulebas. Aam tipis

msazRvreli, upiratesad, mosdevs sazRvruls, SedarebiT iSviaTad

uswrebs. prepoziciuri marTuli msazRvreli, Cveulebriv, naTesaobiT

brunvaSia, sazRvruls ar eTanxmeba brunvaSi, mag., kacisa Z soflisa saqmeman, Zelisa saxlsa...).Mmomdevno rigis SemTxvevaSi igi marTul-

SeTanxmebulia, sazRvruls eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSic: saxl Zelisa,

saxl-i Zelisa- saxl-man Zelisa-man, saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i... rogorc

atributuli msazRvrelisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSic cocxal metyvelebaSi

prepoziciuri wyobis siWarbe unda gvqonoda, razec naTel warmodgenas

gviqmnis warweraTa da anderZ-minawerTa ena, mag., bolnisis sionis erT-

erT warweraSi (Vs.) vkiTxulobT: ` ...vin amis eklesia sa d[aviT

e]piskopossa xulocos...~ 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis warweraSi

ikiTxeba: ` ...aRhumarTe saxelsa mcxeTisa juarisasa...~ rogorc vxedavT, orive epigrafikul ZeglSi gvaqvs substanciuri msazRvrelis prepo-

ziciuri wyoba.

ZiriTadad, wina rigis marTuli msazRvreli sazRvrulTan martiv

damokidebulebaSia, mas ar eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSi (vgulisxmobT

rogorc -n da -T sufiqsebian, ise -eb-ian mravlobiTs), igi yvela brunvaSi

warmodgenilia naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT.AmniSvnelovania davimaxsov-

roT erTi ram: am tipis msazRvreli yovelTvis savrcobiania, -a am

SemTxvevaSi savaldebuloa, mag., Zmisa col, savrcobis gareSe kompozi-

tad gaiazreba: Zmiscol.

Aam tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba aseTia:

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. Zelisa saxl

sax. Zelisa saxl-i Zelisa saxl-n-i

moTx. Zelisa saxl-man Zelisa saxl-Ta

mic. Zelisa saxl-sa Zelisa saxl-Ta

naT. Zelisa saxl-isa Zelisa saxl-Ta

moq. Zelisa saxl-iTa

viT. Zelisa saxl-ad

wod. Zelisa saxl-o Zelisa saxl-n-o

analogiuri viTareba gveqneba, rodesac substanciuri msazRvreli

mravlobiT ricxvSia:

wrf. ZelTa saxl

sax. ZelTa saxl-i

moTx. ZelTa saxl-man

mic. ZelTa saxl-sa

naT. ZelTa saxl-isa

moq. ZelTa saxl-iTa

viT. ZelTa saxl-ad

wod. ZelTa saxl-o

arcTu ise iSviaTad prepoziciuri marTuli msazRvreli eTanxmeba

sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSic, anu marTul-SeTanxmebulia, mag.,

Zelisa- saxl-i. am SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelis brunvis niSania termina-

luri -ჲ, xolo Zelisa warmoqmnili fuZea, marTvis safuZvelze miRebuli,

amitom am tipis msazRvrels zogjer oden SeTanxmebul msazRvrelsac

uwodeben (T. uTurgaiZe ...). am tipis msazRvreli gvaqvs, ZiriTadad, maSin,

rodesac msazRvrel-sazRvruli gaTiSulia raime sityviT, umetesad,

nawevriT (CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeliT), mag., RmrTisa igi sityua moguTa

igi Tayuaniscema danielisi igi Tqumuli, zecisasa xolo simdidresa,

iesu si xilva wyalTa buneba zmniT gaTiSuli aseTi msazRvrel-

sazRvrulis nimuSia: RmrTismetyuelebisasa Seswirven galobasa.

SeniSvna:Aam tipis msazRvreli Zveli viTarebis gadmonaSTi

unda iyos. rogorc Cans, wina rigis marTuli msazRvreli

adreve, Zvel qarTulamde, modunda da dakarga momdevno saz-

RvrulTan brunvasa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari. gamTiS-

veli sityvebi ki xels uwyobda SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas.

Pbrunebis nimuSi:

mx. r. mr. r.

wrf. Zelisa saxl

sax. Zelisa- saxl-i Zelisa-n-i saxl-n-i

moTx. Zelisa-man saxl-man Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta

mic. Zelisa-sa saxl-sa Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta

naT. Zelisa- sa saxl-isa Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta

moq. Zelisa- Ta saxl-iTa

viT. Zelisa-(d) saxl-ad

wod. Zelisa-o saxl-o Zelisa-n-o saxl-n-o

postpoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli

momdevno rigis substanciuri msazRvreli sazRvruls eTanxmeba

brunvasa da ricxvSic, amitom igi marTul-SeTanxmebulia, sxva Sexedule-

biT, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, oden SeTanxmebuli. mag., Z kacisa-

saqm soflisa- (ijmna) mefisagan sparsTa- sa...

postpoziciur marTul msazRvrels samecniero literaturaSi nana-

TesaobiTar an nagenetivar msazRvrels uwodeben.207am SemTxvevaSi

naTesaobiTSi marTuli forma warmoadgens fuZes (-is/ s warmoqmnis,

derivaciuli afiqsia) da xelmeored ibruneba, rogorc atributuli (Se-

Tanxmebuli) msazRvreli. Sesabamisad, Tavs iyris ori brunvis niSani, ro-

melTagan brunvis niSnis gramatikul funqcias asrulebs bolo, termi-

naluri niSani. aseT brunebas a. SaniZe ormag brunebas uwodebs.208 i. imna-

iSvilis azriT, ormagi brunebis yoveli formis kvalifikacia ori

brunvis dasaxelebiT unda xdebodes: Zelisa- _ naTesaobiT-saxelobiTi;

Zelisa-man _ naTesaobiT-moTxrobiTi...209 T. uTurgaiZe, rogorc ukve aR-

vniSneT, am tipis msazRvrels oden SeTanxmebuls uwodebs.

postpoziciuri marTuli msazRvrelis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofen

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis 4 saxes:

I. rodesac orive, msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic, mxolobiTSia:

saxl Zelisa, saxl-i Zelisa- ...

II. rodesac sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi:

saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i, saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta... samecniero literaturaSi am

SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelis mxolobiT ricxvSi gulisxmoben imas, rom misi

warmoqmnili fuZea mxolobiTSi, anu marTvis safuZvelze miRebuli

fuZiseuli brunvis niSani mxolobiTi ricxvisaa (-isa). rac Seexeba -n-i daboloebas, amiT msazRvreli sintaqsurad SeeTanxma sazRvruls brun-

vasa da mravlobiT ricxvSi, fuZe ki mxolobiTis formaa.

III. rodesac sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi

(sxvagvarad, msazRvrelis warmoqmnili fuZea mravlobiTSi): saxl ZelTa,

saxl-i ZelTa-

Aa kiziria, nanaTesaobiTari msazRvrelis urTierTobisaTvis sazRvrulTan, sbiqe, gv. 346. 208

a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 164. 209

i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 586; a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, gv. 164.

rodesac orive mravlobiTSia: saxl-n-i ZelTa-n-i... ganvixiloT

TiToeuli SemTxveva cal-calke:

I. msazRvreli da sazRvruli, orive, mxolobiT ricxvSia:

wrf. saxl Zelis(a)210

sax. saxl-i Zelisa-

moTx. saxl-man Zelisa-man

mic. saxl-sa Zelisa-sa

naT. saxl-isa Zelisa- sa//Zelisa

moq. saxl-iTa Zelisa- Ta

viT. saxl-ad Zelisa-(d)

wod. saxl-o Zelisa-o

naTesaobiTSi msazRvrelTan Tavs iyris ori -isa (-isasa), erTia

fuZeSi Sesuli warmoqmnis elementi, meore _ brunvis niSani, amitom bo-

lo SeiZleba daikargos.

SeniSvna: wrfelobiTSi SesaZlebelia gvqondes msazRvrelis

rogorc savrcobiani, ise usavrcobo forma: saxl Zelisa //Zelis. Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, Ze naTlis, marcu-al mdogvis, meore mxriv, Svil naTlisa, naSob RmrTisa... usavrcobo forma ufro Zvelia. wrfelobiTi ganusazRvreli

brunvaa, amitom masTan gansazRvruli nawevari, romlisganac

miRebulia -a savrcobi, SeuTavsebelia. radgan -a am tipis

msazRvrelTan yvela brunvaSi gvqonda, unifikaciis principiT

aqac unda damkvidrebuliyo (i. imnaiSvili).

SeniSvna: msazRvrelis warmoqmnili fuZe ibruneba, rogorc

ukveceli saxeli (Zelisa- sa, Zelisa- Ta).

SeniSvna: viTarebiT brunvaSi msazRvrelTan mogviano peri-

odis teqstebSi -d ikargeba. Aaxal qarTulSi is aRarsad

gvaqvs. Zvel qarTulSi msazRvrelis gamartivebuli forma

ufro gavrcelebulia. msazRvreli Zveli saxiTaa: mzed simar-

Zeli _ aq: xe; joxi, jvari (Zelicxoveli _ cxoveli, macocxlebeli jvari).

Tlisad, Zed RmrTisad, samkaulad oqro sad... msazRvreli

gamartivebulia: Zed RmrTisa, karadmde qalaqisa... Tu am tipis msazRvreli anTroponimia, Cveulebriv, igi -d-s gareSea: Svi-

lad abrahamisa...

II. sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi:

sax. saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i

moTx. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta

mic. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta

naT. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta

wod. saxl-n-o Zelisa-n-o

III. sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi:

wrf. saxl ZelTa

sax. saxl-i ZelTa-

moTx. saxl-man ZelTa-man

mic. saxl-sa ZelTa-sa

naT. saxl-isa ZelTa- sa

moq. saxl-iTa ZelTa- Ta

viT. saxl-ad ZelTa-(d)211

wod. saxl-o ZelTa-o

z. sarjvelaZe paradigmaSi msazRvrelis oden gamartivebul variants warmoadgens: xat-ad kacTa (ix. misi Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, gv. 39).

SeniSvna: viTarebiT brunvaSi msazRvrelis -d umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi dakargulia (mizezi disimilaciuri dakargva unda

iyos): dedad wmidaTa, saqmed mociqulTa... aqa-iq -d

SenarCunebulia: meufed huriaTad, sayofelad veSapTad...

IV. msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic, orive, mravlobiTSia:

sax. saxl-n-i ZelTa-n-i

moTx. saxl-Ta ZelTa-man

mic. saxl-Ta ZelTa-sa

naT. saxl-Ta ZelTa- sa

moq. saxl-Ta ZelTa- Ta

viT. saxl-Ta ZelTa212

wod. saxl-n-o ZelTa-n-o

am SemTxvevaSi e.w. marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis bruneba daem-

Txveva III SemTxvevis msazRvrelis brunebas, vinaidan ori -Ta erTi

sityvis farglebSi SeuZlebelia da meore -Ta-s nacvlad gveqneba

mxolobiTi ricxvis Sesabamisi brunvis niSani.

SeniSvna: i. imnaiSvilis azriT, TavisTavad Znelia -T sufiq-sian mravlobiTSi saxelis brunvis gageba (konteqstis

mixedviT, is SeiZleba iyos moTxrobiTi, micemiTi, naTesa-

obiTi, moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTi (es ori iSviaTad)), ufro

gaugebari iqneboda ori -Ta-s (ZelTa-Ta) SemTxvevaSi.Ee.i. mosa-lodneli -Ta-Ta-s arideba enaSi gamowveulia wminda semanti-

kuri faqtoriT da ara fonetikuri mizeziT (xom gvaqvs:

mTaTa, maTTa, aTTa...).213

SeniSvna: enam ramdenime saSualeba gamoiyena mosalodneli

-Ta-Ta-s Tavidan asarideblad: a) ZiriTadi xazi, roca meore -Ta-s nacvlad warmodgenilia mx. ricxvis Sesabamisi brunvis

niSani, mag., moTx. saxl-Ta ZelTa-man. Zvel qarTulSi absolu-

viTarebiTi brunvis forma z. sarjvelaZes paradigmaSi ar Seaqvs (iqve, gv. 39). 213

i. imnaiSvili, iqve, gv. 612.

turad umetes SemTxvevaSi es normaa gatarebuli. b) msazRvre-

lis ubrunvisniSno, gamartivebuli forma (nuliT). am Sem-

TxvevaSi msazRvreli warmodgenilia fuZiT, mag., moTx. sax-lTa ZelTa-0. msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis dakargva unda

aixsnas enis midrekilebiT gamartivebisken. g) msazRvrelTan

gamoyenebulia micemiTi brunvis niSani (ara micemiTSi) da

naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani (ara naTesaobiTSi): moTx. saxl-Ta

ZelTa-sa//ZelTa- sa; mic. saxl-Ta ZelTa- sa; naT. saxl-Ta

ZelTa-sa. sxva brunvebSi -sa, - sa, i. imnaiSvilis azriT,

analogiiT unda iyos gadasuli da amis mizezi am brunvebis

xSiri gamoyeneba unda iyos.

SeniSvna: -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTis moqmedebiTi da viTa-

rebiTi isedac iSviaTia, miT umetes, bevrad iSviaTi iqneba

SemTxvevebi, rom am brunvaSi myof saxels marTuli msaz-

Rvrelic axldes. arsebuli Zalze mciredi masalis mixedviT,

viTarebiTSi am tipis msazRvreli warmodgenilia an ubrunvis-

niSnod, fuZis saxiT (aR Tamdis cxenTa) an -s-a brunvis

niSniT (mefeTamde sparsTa-sa), viTarebiTis niSniT ar dastur-

deba.214

gansxvavebuli viTareba gveqneba, rodesac msazRvreli toponimiTaa

gadmocemuli. oTxi SemTxvevis nacvlad aq gveqneba ori, vinaidan topo-

nimebs mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi ar gaaCnia:

wrf. mTavar qarTlisa

sax. mTavar-i qarTlisa- mTavar-n-i qarTlisa-n-i

moTx. mTavar-man qarTlisa-man mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta

mic. mTavar-sa qarTlisa-sa mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta

naT. mTavr-isa qarTlisa- sa mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta

moq. mTavr-iTa qarTlisa- Ta

viT. mTavr-ad qarTlisa-(d)

wod. mTavar-o qarTlisa-o mTavar-n-o qarTlisa-n-o

i. imnaiSvili, iqve, gv. 607-608.

I da II SemTxvevebi gveqneba mxolod msazRvrelad anTroponimis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSic, oRond am tipis msazRvreli savrcobs ar dair-

wrf. Ze iosebis

sax. Z iosebis-i Ze-n-i iosebis-n-i

moTx. Ze-man iosebis-man Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta

mic. Ze-sa iosebis-sa Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta

naT. Z-isa iosebis-isa//iosebis Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta

moq. Z-iTa iosebis-iTa

viT. Ze-d iosebis-a(d)

wod. Ze-o iosebis-o Ze-n-o iosebis-n-o

SeniSvna: roca marTul msazRvrels, Tavis mxriv, axlavs

atributuli msazRvreli, sazRvruls es ukanaskneli eTanxme-

ba brunvasa da ricxvSi, marTuli msazRvreli ki naTesao-

biTis formiTaa warmodgenili: Sur-man saxlisa Senisa-man;

ambors-yof-iTa fer Ta CemTa- Ta; Tma-n-i-ca Tavisa Tqu-enisa-n-i... iSviaTad sazRvruls orive msazRvreli eTanxmeba:

locva- monisa- Senisa- ...

SeniSvna: zogjer e.w. ormagi brunebis msazRvreli

warmodgenilia sazRvrulis gareSe, mag., zecisasa eZieb, da

ukueTu zecisa ara iyos, ara Seiwynarebs... am tipis msaz-

Rvrels i. imnaiSvili ganmartoebul msazRvrels uwodebs.215

i. imnaiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 617.

ramdenime msazRvreli erT sazRvrulTan

rodesac erT sazRvruls axlavs ori an meti marTuli msazRvreli,

mosalodnelia, ZiriTadad, ori SemTxveva:

I. sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba yvela msazRvreli.

gavixsenoT wyisis warwera (616-619ww.): `...Zeman stefanesman da gudas-

man...~216 anda SuSanikis TqvenTvis nacnobi sityvebi: `man RmerTi caTa da

queyanisa aRiara da hrwmena...~ es SemTxveva ufro Zveli viTarebis amsax-

velia.

II. sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba mxolod ukanaskneli,

sxvebi ki naTesaobiTis formiTaa (anu axali warmoqmnili fuZiT): dR

wyudiadisa da bnelisa megobari mezuereTa da codvilTa ... es SemTxveva

meoreulia, msazRvrelis gamartiveba merea dawyebuli.

warmovadgenT orive SemTxvevis brunebas:

wrf. megobar mezuereTa217 da codvilTa

sax. megobar-i mezuereTa- da codvilTa-

moTx. megobar-man mezuereTa-man da codvilTa-man

mic. megobar-sa mezuereTa-sa da codvilTa-sa

naT. megobr-isa mezuereTa- sa da codvilTa- sa

moq. megobr-iTa mezuereTa- Ta da codvilTa Ta

viT. megobr-ad mezuereTa-(d) da codvilTa-(d)

wod. megobar-o mezuereTa-(o) da codvilTa-(o)

wrf. megobar mezuereTa da codvilTa

sax. megobar-i mezuereTa da codvilTa-

moTx. megobar-man mezuereTa da codvilTa-man 216

stefanesman (<stefane sman) da gudasman (<guda sman) formebi miRebulia damaval difTongTa gamartivebiT. 217

mezuere _ mebaJe, xarkis amkrefi.

mic. megobar-sa mezuereTa da codvilTa-sa

naT. megobr-isa mezuereTa da codvilTa- sa

moq. megobr-iTa mezuereTa da codvilTa Ta

viT. megobr-ad mezuereTa da codvilTa-(d)

wod. megobar-o mezuereTa da codvilTa-(o)

weriTi davaleba: abruneT: kacisa Ze (msazRvreli mxolobiTsa da

mravlobiTSi), Ze kacisa (oTxive SemTxveva), er qarTlisa (yvela SesaZ-

lo SemTxveva), Ze daviTis (yvela SesaZlo SemTxveva).

weriTi davaleba: qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebi gaarCieT

morfologiurad:

a) `esoden Jam Tquen Tana var”.

b) `arasada vin gamoCnda esrჱT israჱlsa Soris”.

g) `vieT grques Sen CemTჳs?”

d) `dauteos kacad-kacadman mamaჲ Tჳsi da dedaჲ Tჳsi”.

e) `SeWamnes SჳdTa maT zroxaTa Sჳdni igi zroxani”.

e.w. sammagi brunebis msazRvreli

Zvel qarTulSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca marTul msazRvrels

Tavad axlavs marTuli msazRvreli, mag., Soba- Zisa mefisa sa- am

SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa ori sintagma:

I. Soba- Zisa, romelSic Soba- sazRvrulia, xolo Zisa _ msazRvreli.

II. Zisa mefisa sa- romelSic Zisa sazRvrulia, xolo mefisa sa- _

msazRvreli.

rogorc vxedavT, am Sesityvebis pirveli wevri yovelTvis sazRvru-

lia, mesame _ yovelTvis msazRvreli, xolo meore msazRvrelia pirvel-

Tan mimarTebiT, xolo mesamesTan mimarTebiT warmoadgens sazRvruls.

Sesityvebis meore wevri naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTulia (Z-isa) sakuTari

sazRvrulis (Soba- mier; mesame wevri brunvaSi marTulia (mef-isasa )

sakuTari sazRvrulis (Zisa) mier, masve eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSic

(mefisa- ), amasTanave, angariSs uwevs da eTanxmeba Sesityvebis pirvel

wevrs terminaluri niSniT (Soba- Zisa mefisa sa- ). am ukanasknelisTvis

fuZes warmoadgens mefisa sa.

am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoiyofa rva

SemTxveva. brunebisas ucvlelia Sesityvebis meore wevri, igi mudam

(warmoqmnili) fuZis saxiTaa, sxvagvarad, naTesaobiTis formiTaa, mxo-

lobiT an mravlobiT ricxvSi. warmovadgenT brunebas:

I. Sesityvebis samive wevri mxolobiTSia:

wrf. Soba Zisa mefisa

sax. Soba- Zisa mefisa

moTx. Soba-man Zisa mefisa man

mic. Soba-sa Zisa mefisa sa

naT. Sob-isa Zisa mefisa sa// mefisa

moq. Sob-iTa Zisa mefisa Ta

viT. Soba-d Zisa mefisa (d)

wod. Soba-o Zisa mefisa o

II. pirveli wevri mravlobiTSia, meore da mesame _ mxolobiTSi:

sax. Soba- Zisa mefisa

moTx. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa Ta

mic. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa Ta

naT. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa

moq. ` ` `

viT. ` ` `

wod. Soba-n-o Zisa mefisa o

III. meore wevri mravlobiTSia, pirveli da mesame - mxolobiTSi:

wrf. Soba ZeTa mefisa

sax. Soba- ZeTa mefisa

moTx. Soba-man ZeTa mefisa man

mic. Soba-sa ZeTa mefisa sa

naT. Sob-isa ZeTa mefisa sa

moq. Sob-iTa ZeTa mefisa Ta

viT. Soba-d ZeTa mefisa (d)

wod. Soba-o ZeTa mefisa o

IV. mesame wevri mravlobiTSia, pirveli da meore _ mxolobiTSi:

wrf. Soba Zisa mefeTa

sax. Soba- Zisa mefeTa

moTx. Soba-man Zisa mefeTa man

mic. Soba-sa Zisa mefeTa sa

naT. Sob-isa Zisa mefeTa sa// mefeTa

moq. Sob-iTa Zisa mefeTa Ta

viT. Soba-d Zisa mefeTa (d)

wod. Soba-o Zisa mefeTa o

V. pirveli da meore wevrebi mravlobiTSia, mesame _ mxolobiTSi:

sax. Soba-n-i ZeTa mefisaTa-n-i

moTx. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa man//mefisaTa

mic. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa sa// mefisaTa

naT. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa sa//mefisaTa

moq. ` ` mefisaTa Ta//mefisaTa

viT. ` ` mefisaTa

wod. Soba-n-o ZeTa mefisaTa-n-o

VI. pirveli da mesame wevrebi mravlobiTSia, meore _ mxolobiTSi:

sax. Soba-n-i Zisa mefeTa sa n-i

moTx. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta

mic. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta

naT. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta

moq. ` ` `

viT. ` ` `

wod. Soba-n-o Zisa mefeTa sa-n-o

VII. meore da mesame wevrebi mravlobiTSia, pirveli _ mxolobiTSi:

wrf. Soba ZeTa mefeTa sa

sax. Soba- ZeTa mefeTa sa

moTx. Soba-man ZeTa mefeTa sa man

mic. Soba-sa ZeTa mefeTa sa sa

naT. Sob-isa ZeTa mefeTa sa sa)

moq. Sob-iTa ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta

viT. Soba-d ZeTa mefeTa sa (d)

wod. Soba-o ZeTa mefeTa sa o

VIII. samive wevri mravlobiTSia:

sax. Soba-n-i ZeTa mefeTa sa n-i

moTx. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta

mic. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta

naT. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa-Ta

moq. ` ` `

viT. ` ` `

wod. Soba-n-o ZeTa mefeTa sa-n-o

weriTi davaleba: qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebi gaarCieT

sintaqsurad da morfologiurad:

a) `iqmna mRdel monastrisa dedaTaჲsa”.

b) `mesamჱ dRჱ movals”.

g) `raoden xumjobჱs ars kaci sacxovarsa?”

d) `miegebvodes mas monani misni sixaruliT da Tques, viTarmed yrmaჲ igi

Seni cocxal ars”.

e) `Tavsa Tჳssa RmrTad gamoaCineb”.

v) `raჲsaTჳs Tquenca gardaxualT mcnebasa RmrTisasa?”

z) `gamovirCio Cemda aTi aTasi eri”.

T) `qriste igi raJams movides, aravin uwyis”.

i) `mouwoda iovane orTa mowafeTa TჳsTa”.

k) `ubrZana ersa mas dasxdomaჲ queyanasa zeda”.

zveli qartuli ena · robt terminebs: zveli qartuli ena, axali qartuli ena... eseni ufro samusao...

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