ojaxis gayris wesebi zveli qartuli samartlis...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti

mariam xoferia

ojaxis gayris wesebi

Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT

xelmZRvaneli: nugzar surgulaZe,

istoriis doqtori, profesori

sadisertacio naSromi wardgenilia samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

Tbilisi 2015

avtoris stili daculia

sarCevi

gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi ............................................................................................................4

Sesavali...........................................................................................................................................................5

pirveli Tavi ............................................................................................................................................. 11

ojaxis warmoSoba da misi formebi............................................................................. 11

I. 1. ojaxis institutis warmoSoba..........................................................................12

I. 2. gvarovnuli ojaxi .........................................................................................................13

I. 3. didi patriarqaluri ojaxi .................................................................................15

I. 4. individualuri ojaxi............................................................................................... 22

meore Tavi................................................................................................................................................... 27

ojaxis gayris cneba da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ........................... 27

II. 1. ojaxis gayris cneba .................................................................................................. 27

II. 2. didi ojaxis moSliT gaxSirebuli ojaxis gayris Cveulebis Sesaxeb ..................................................................................................................... 28

II. 3. ojaxis gayris mizezebi ..........................................................................................32

mesame Tavi ...................................................................................................................................................37

saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis gayrisadmi ........................................37

III. 1. ojaxis gayris samarTlebrivi normebi qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi................................................................................................................37

III. 2. gayris wignis aRweriloba ................................................................................ 42

meoTxe Tavi................................................................................................................................................ 49

ojaxis gayris formebi ............................................................................................................ 49

IV. 1. ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSe........ 49

1V. 2. ojaxis gayra gareSe piris/pirTa monawileobiT: mediatorobis instituti................................................................................................... 57

IV. 3. mediatorTa SerCevis wesi ................................................................................. 59

IV. 4. mediatorTa funqciebi .......................................................................................... 60

IV. 5. didi ojaxis gayra da memkvidreoba....................................................... 64

mexuTe Tavi................................................................................................................................................ 69

didi ojaxis gayris mowile subieqtebi................................................................. 69

V. 1. mama, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros ............. 69

V. 2. qvrivi qali, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros........................................................................................................................................................73

V. 3. vaJiSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros....................................................................................................................................................... 78

V. 4. qaliSvili, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros..................................................................................................................................................................... 89

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V. 5. SviliSvili (oboli), rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros.................................................................................................................................... 92

V. 6. ze[d]siZe, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros 95

V. 7. bastardi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros97

V. 8. geri, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros ........... 99

V. 9. naSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros................................................................................................................................................................... 100

V. 10. orsuli, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros....................................................................................................................................................................101

V. 11. sneuli da Sromisuunaro pirebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros .............................................................................. 102

meeqvse Tavi.............................................................................................................................................. 104

didi ojaxis gayris obieqtebi ....................................................................................... 104

VI. 1. saTemo-saojaxo qoneba........................................................................................ 104

VI. 2. ojaxis gayris dros qonebis gayofis wesi................................... 108

VI. 3. ojaxis gayris dros mSoblebis wilad gacemuli qoneba....................................................................................................................................................................112

VI. 4. ojaxis gayris dros vaJiSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba....................................................................................................................................................115

VI. 5. ojaxis gayris dros qaliSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba................................................................................................................................................... 123

VI. 6. ojaxis gayris dros miwis ganawilebis wesi.............................. 128

VI. 7. keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargvis wesi............................................. 134

VI. 8. valis gadaxa ojaxis gayris dros........................................................ 136

VI. 9. beiTalmani qonebis gankargva...................................................................... 137

VI.10 ojaxis Seyra ....................................................................................................................... 139

VI. 11. gayril ojaxTa urTierToba ...................................................................... 140

VI. 12. ojaxis Seyris mizezebi................................................................................... 143

daskvna .......................................................................................................................................................... 152

gamoyenebuli literatura....................................................................................................... 162

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gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi a.S. _ ase Semdeg gaz. _ gazeTi gv. – gverdi e.i. – ese igi e.w. – egreT wodebuli Jurn. – Jurnali rv. _ rveuli s. – saukune t. – tomi cssa _ centraluri saqarTvelos saistorio arqivi

с. ст. – страница

т. – том

изд. – издательство

СПб. – Санкт-Петербург

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Sesavali Tanamedrove epoqaSi kidev ufro meti aqtualuroba SeiZina

erTaderTi bunebrivi da uZvelesi socialuri institutis _ ojaxis _ samarTlebriv problematikasTan dakavSirebulma sakiTxTa kvlevam rogorc monaTesave, ise aramonaTesave civilizaciaTa samarTlebriv sistemebSi. ojaxis institutisa da misi ganviTarebis kvlevis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze sakmaod mdidari literatura Seiqmna dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Sveicarieli mecnieris i.baxofenis (Johann Jakob Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, 1861) Sroma. ojaxisa da sazogadoebis genezisisa da ganviTarebis kvleva axal doneze aiyvana amerikelma eTnografma l.morganma (Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society, 1877). XIX-XX saukuneebSi ojaxis SeswavlaSi saTanado wvlili Seitanes xsenebuli epoqis mkvlevrebma, maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos j.maklenani (John Ferguson Mclennan, Primitive Mariage, 1865) da j.leboki (John Lubbock, The Pleasures of Life, 1887). meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ojaxisa da saojaxo yofis problemur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul gamokvlevaTagan, Zalze Rirebulia i.bromleis (Бромлей Ю.В. `Этнические процессы в современном мире, 1987 da Бромлей Ю. В.(отв. ред.) История первобытного общества. Эпоха классообразования~, m.kosvenis, l.Stenbergis, a.perSicis, i.semionovis da sxvaTa Sromebi.

istoriul-eTnografiuli kuTxiT ojaxis warmoSobisa da saojaxo yofis sakiTxebis kvlevis kargi tradicia arsebobs saqarTveloSi. ojaxis institutis Taobaze Seqmnil samecniero naSromTagan sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT qarTvel eTnograf-

mecnierTa _ r.xaraZis `qarTuli saojaxo Temi~ (Грузинская

семейная община), T.aCugbas `ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi~, v.iToniSvilis `centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa~, g.mamardaSvilis `saojaxo yofa da rwmena-warmodgenebi leCxumis mosaxleobaSi~, g.cecxlaZis `guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, m.beqaias `Zveli da axali saqorwino tradiciebi aWaraSi~, r.TofCiSvilis `kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia~, n.mgelaZis, `bunobis mniSvnelobisaTvis guriis mTianeTSi~, i.Wyonias, `qorwinebis instituti mTiuleTSi~, g.cecxlaZis, `guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa~ da sxv. _ Sromebi, romlebSic asaxulia qarTuli ojaxisa da saojaxo yofis sakiTxebi.

kvlevis procesSi Cven gamoviyeneT Teoriuli xasiaTis masala im mecnierebisa, romelTa naSromebmac gaamdidres

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qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovneba da gansazRvres misi Rirebuleba (iv. javaxiSvili, `qarTuli samarTlis istoria~, is. doliZe, `qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~, iv.surgulaZe, ` qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi~, g.nadareiSvili, `qarTuli saojaxo samarTali~, gansakuTrebiT gvsurs gamovyoT b.zoiZe, `Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali~, romlis naSrommac didi daxmareba gagviwia sadisertacio Temaze muSaobisas; aseve g.daviTaSvili, `sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi~, d.bostoRanaSvili, `miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~ da sxv.), radgan ZiriTadi postulati, romelsac efuZneba Cveni kvleva es aris samarTlis istoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTa SromebSi gamoTqmuli sruliad marTebuli mosazrebebi uSualod ojaxis gayris Taobaze.

kvlevis sagani winamdebare naSromSi Cveni kvlevis sagania ojaxis gayris

mizezebis, gayris subieqtebisa da gayris Sedegad gasayofi obieqtebis sakiTxTa Seswavla Zveli qarTuli samarTlebrivi regulirebis kuTxiT.

sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sagulisxmoa Semdegi faqti: Teoriuli xasiaTis iuridiul naSromebSi ojaxis gayra, istoriul-samarTlebrivi kuTxiT, Zalze zogadadaa ganxiluli da calke sakiTxad gamokvleuli da siRrmiseulad Seswavlili praqtikulad ar aris; gamokvleva ZiriTadad eTnografiul-kulturuli xasiaTisaa, ris gamoc ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi arasaTanadodaa problematizebuli.

kvlevis mizani ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa Seswavla

samarTlebrivi kuTxiT; ojaxis gayris gansxvavebul da msgavs mizezTa gamokveTa qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturisa daiuridiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis WrilSi. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, arsebul interpretaciaTa Sejereba; aseve, rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri iuridiuli wyaroebidan moxmobili masalis safuZvelze ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv sakiTxTa eqspliciturad formulireba.

kvlevis wyaroebi zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, msjeloba ganyenebuli rom ar

gamogvsvloda, konkretuli masalis _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis, saarqivo masalebis, iuridiul-istoriuli da eTnografiuli Sromebidan moxmobili magaliTebis _ safuZvelze ganvixileT is, rac, Cveni azriT, Rirebulia ojaxis gayris institutTan dakavSirebul TaviseburebaTa naTelsayofad qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi.

kvlevis meTodi

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ojaxis gayris kvlevis procesSi erTi romelime konkretuli kvlevis meTodiT xelmZRvaneloba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, Sesabamisad, Cven vixelmZRvaneleT istoriul-SedarebiTi da samarTlebrivi analizis meTodiT.

naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba naSromSi dadgenilia samarTlebrivi azrovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli specifika, CveulebiTi samarTlis azrovnebis kuTxiT gansazRvrulia ojaxis gayris Taviseburebebi, saTanado formebi, saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis gayrisadmi; sakvlevi sakiTxi gaanalizebulia wyaroebisa da saarqivo masalis safuZvleze, warmoCenilia samarTlebrivi azronebis maRali done im epoqebis Sesabamisad.

msjeloba ganyenebuli rom ar gamogvsvloda, SevecadeT da konkretuli masalis _ ZiriTadad wyaroebidan da eTnografiuli masalebidan moxmobili magaliTebis _ safuZvelze ganvixileT is, rac, Cveni azriT, Rirebuli iyo ojaxis gayris institutTan dakavSirebul TaviseburebaTa naTelsayofad qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi.

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba gamokvleva SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes iuridiuli

fakultetis studentebis mier ojaxis Seswavlisas an iuristebis mier ojaxis institutis samarTlebrivi kuTxiT Seswavlis istoriul aspeqtSi, miT umetes, rom ojaxis instituti CveulebiTi samarTlis kuTxiT gamokvleva arc ise farTodaa gamokvleuli.

sadisertacio naSromis struqtura naSromi Sesrulebulia qarTul enaze, Sedgeba Sesavlis,

Svidi Tavis (Tavebi dayofilia qveTavebad), daskvnisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis siisagan.

Sesaval nawilSi saubaria sakvlevi Temis aqtualurobaze, misi damuSavebis Teoriuli donze; Camoyalibebulia sadisertacio naSromis miznebi da amocanebi, daxasiaTebulia misi Teoriuli safuZvlebi, formulirebulia Temis samecniero siaxle, praqtikuli da Teoriuli mniSvneloba; dadgenilia ojaxis gayris specifika. aRniSnuli kvleva Catarebuli iqna saarqivo masalebis, iuridiul-istoriuli da eTnografiuli literaturis Seswavlis safuZvelze.

naSromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi naSromis pirveli Tavi – ojaxis institutis warmoSoba da

misi formebi _ Sedgeba oTxi qveTavisagan (ojaxis institutis warmoSoba, gvarovnuli ojaxi, didi patriarqaluri ojaxi, individualuri ojaxi) da eTmoba ojaxis institutis zogad

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mimoxilvas saqarTveloSi da aseve kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi. warmodgenilia qarTul enaSi ojaxis institutis aRmniSvneli yvela is termini, romlebic kvlavac ixmareba qarTul enaSi. aRniSnulia, rom civilizebuli samyaros msgavsad, CvenSi arsebobda ojaxis sami tipi (gvarovnuli, didi patriarqaluri, patara anu individualuri ojaxi). gamokveTilia TiToeuli maTganis struqtura; matriarqaluri ojaxis arseboba iribad, magram mainc dasturdeba im damokidebulebiT, romelic qarTvelebs hqondaT oboli dis Svilisa Tu dis Svilebis mimarT.

naSromis meore Tavi – ojaxis gayris cneba da misi

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi _ Sedgeba sami qveTavisagan (ojaxis gayris cneba, didi ojaxis moSliT gaxSirebuli ojaxis gayris Cveulebis Sesaxeb, ojaxis gayris mizezebi) da eTmoba didi ojaxis moSliT gayris institutis warmoSobas. warmodgenilia yvela is termini, romelic gamoiyeneboda gayris aRsaniSnavad qarTul enaSi; ganxilulia didi ojaxis gayris yvela arsebiTi mizezi.

naSromis mesame Tavi – saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis

gayrisadmi _ Sedgeba ori qveTavisagan (ojaxis gayris samarTlebrivi normebi qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi da gayris wignis aRweriloba); xazgasmiT aRniSnulia berZnul-romauli warmomavlobis samarTlis gavlena qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebaze; aRniSnulia, rom ojaxis gayrasaTan dakavSirebuli yvela arsebiTi sakiTxi kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeboda. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebidan moxmobili gvaqvs gayrasTan dakavSirebuli saTanado muxlebi; mocemuli gvaqvs gayris wignebi da aRweriloba, riTac dasturdeboda ojaxis gayris kanoniereba.

naSromis meoTxe Tavi – ojaxis gayris formebi _Sedgeba

xuTi qveTavisagan (ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSe, ojaxis gayra gareSe piris/pirTa monawileobiT, mediatorobis instituti, mediatorTa SerCevis wesi, mediatoris funqciebi, didi ojaxis gayra da memkvidreoba). am TavSi laparakia im ori wesis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac regulirdeboda didi ojaxis gayris procesi. aRniSnulia, rom mowonebas imsaxurebda is ojaxi, romelic gayris dros gareSe piris/pirebis Carevas ar saWiroebda. moxmobilia ganCineba aseTi saxis gayris Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT, rodesac ojaxis gayris dros uTanxmoebebma imata, ojaxis gayra gareSe piris meSveobiT xdeboda. ase mieca warmoSoba mediatorobis instituts saqarTveloSi. moxmobili gvaqvs yvela is termini, romliTac aseTi piri iwodeboda. miTiTebuli gvaqvs mediatorTa SerCevis wesi anu is pirovnuli kriteriumebi, romelTa mixedviTac xdeboda mediatorTa SerCeva; is, Tu ra evaleboda maT. naTqvamis dasturad moxmobili gvaqvs sabuTebi saarqivo masalebidan. aRniSnuli gvaqvs is faqtic, rom, sxvaobis miuxedavad, ojaxis

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gayraSi ikveTeba memkvidreobiTi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi xasiaTi. E

naSromis mexuTe Tavi – didi ojaxis gayris mowile

subieqtebi _ Sedgeba TerTmeti qveTavisagan (mama, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, qvrivi qali, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, vaJiSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros, qaliSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros,SviliSvili (oboli), rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, ze[d]size, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, bastardi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros,geri, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, naSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, orsuli qali, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros, Sromisuunaro piri, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros). am Tavis qveTavebis siWarbes bunebrivad ganpirobebs didi ojaxis gayris mowile subueqtTa raodenoba. TiToeul qveTavSi, rogorc CveulebiTi samarTlis, ise kanonis Tanaxmad, aRniSnulia mowileTa (mamis, qvrivi qalis, vaJiSvilis, qaliSvilis) wilis saxeldebebi; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebidan moxmobili gvaqvs Sesabamisi muxlebi, romelTa mixedviTac regulirdeboda ojaxis gayris dros mowile subieqtTa wilis gansazRvra; aseve, gayrilobis wignebi, romlebSic miTiTebulia gayris mowile pirebi.

naSromis meeqvse Tavi – didi ojaxis gayris obieqtebi _

Sedgeba eqvsi qveTavisagan (saTemo-saojaxo qoneba; ojaxis gayris dros qonebis gayofis wesi; ojaxis gayris dros mSoblebis wilad gacemuli qoneba; ojaxis gayris dros vaJiSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba; ojaxis gayris dros qaliSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba; ojaxis gayris miwis ganawilebis wesi). xazgasmiT aRniSnuli gvaqvs is, rom, didi ojaxis gayramde, saTemo-saojaxo qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba gauyoflad ekuTvnoda mTel ojaxs; qveTavebSi aRniSnulia, Tu ra odenobiT eZleoda wili saerTo qonebidan gayris monawile pir subieqtebs. moxmobili gvaqvs saTanado muxlebi qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebidan, romelTa mixedviTac ganisazRvreboda ojaxis gayris dros TiToeuli subieqtis qonebis odenoba wilis saxiT. aseve, moxmobilia ojaxis gayris sabuTebi, romlebSic zustad aris gansazRvruli is, Tu vis ra qoneba ergeboda. mravali qveynis msgavsad, CvenSic sagangebo yuradRebis obieqti iyo. amdenad, calke qveTavi aqvs daTmobili miwis ganawilebis wess.

naSromis meSvide Tavi – ojaxis Seyra _ Sedgeba ori

qveTavisagan (gayril ojaxTa urTierToba da ojaxis Seyris mizezebi); meSvide TavSi laparakia imis Sesaxeb, rom Zvel qarTul samarTalSi erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad ganixileboda ojxis Seyrac. aRniSnulia ganayar ojaxTa Seyris ZiriTadi mizezebi; aseve isic, rom ganayar ojaxTa Seyris erTgvari

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winapiroba iyo gayril ojaxTa urTierTobis tradiciac. gayris msgavsad, Seyrilobac werilobiTi formdeboda da zustad ganisazRvreboda Seyrili ojaxis wevr-subieqtTa uflebebi maT mflobelobaSi arsebul qonebaze. dasturad moxmobili gvaqvs ojaxis Seyrilobis sabuTebi.

daskvna _ Sejamebis saxiT, Catarebuli mecnieruli kvleva-

Ziebis Sedegebi warmodgenilia naSromis daskvniT nawilSi. naSroms erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.

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pirveli Tavi

ojaxis warmoSoba da misi formebi ojaxi aris sazogadoebaTa Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi da

bunebrivi sazogadoeba cnobilia, rom swored didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma daudo warmoSoba ojaxis mecnierul kvlevas. evropeli mogzaurebi, misionerebi, eTnografebi da sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebi interesiT akvidrebodnen amerikisa da avstraliis aborigenebis cxovrebis wess, im instituts, romelSic naTlad ikveTeboda mravali da maT Soris ojaxuri cxovrebis wesi.

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ojaxi gaxda ara erTi mecnierebis kvlevis obieqti. realurad ojaxi `warmoadgens mecnierebis sxvadasxva disciplinaTa (eTnografiis, sociologiis, samarTlis, fsiqologiis, pedagogikis da sxv.) erT-erT aqtualur problemas~.1

ojaxis warmoSobidan moyolebuli, ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebsa da ganviTarebas Soris arsebul mudmiv kavSirze metyvelebs is, rom faqtobrivad, ojaxi ara marto asaxavs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebs, aramed, garkveulwilad, zemoqmedebs kidec masze. `ojaxis wevrebs aerTianebs mTeli maTi eqsistencia [...] ojaxi aris erTiani sazogadoebis erTgvari saxeoba, romlis zemoqmedeba vrceldeba rogorc Cvens ekonomikur saqmianobaze, ise religiur, politikur, samecniero da a.S. aqtivobebzec~.2 did rols asrulebs pirovnebis aRzrdaSi, misTvis idealebisa da maRali Rirebulebisadmi swrafvis CamoyalibebaSi, kulturuli memkvidreobisadmi pativiscemis STagonebaSi, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri tradiciebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemaSi, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, individis socializaciaSi.

amdenad, istoriul WrilSi ojaxis institutis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva `Tvali gavadevnoT [mis] warmoSobas ris Semdegac gamoCndeba, Tu rogor ganviTarda da garTulda igi TandaTanobiT, rogor iqca imad, rac aris drois mocemul monakveTSi~.3

ismis kiTxva: formaTa genezisisa da struqturis mixedviT, rogor ganviTarda ojaxis instituti saqrTveloSi?

1 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 3. 2 diurkemi e., socialuri Sromis danawileba, Carpe diem, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 30. 3 diurkemi e., sociologiis meTodis wesebi, ioane petriwi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 18.

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I. 1. ojaxis institutis warmoSoba erT-erTi gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, romelsac gvTavazobs

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, sityviT ojaxi èrTad mcxovreb uaxloes naTesavTa jgufi (col-qmari, mSoblebi, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi)~4 aRiniSneba. qarTul enaSi ojaxis aRsaniSnavad aseve ixmareboda sityvebi: `jalabi~5, `jalaboba~6, `saxl-kari~.7 `saxli~,8 `saxleuli~,9 `saxleuloba~,10 `saxloba~,11 `qulfaTi~,12 `kera~,13 `komli~,14 `komleuli~,15 `col-Svili~,16 `kerZoba~,17 `komloba~,18 `Sinaoba~.19

ojaxi aris is rTuli socialuri instituti, romelic ukavSirdeba mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferos. ès kavSiri sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobisaa ojaxis wevrTaTvisac da mTeli sazogadoebisaTvisac. mTavari am urTierTobaSi isaa, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis cxovrebaze damokidebulicaa da erTgvar gavlenasac axdens masze~.20

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi òjaxi, rogorc sazogadoebis ganuyofeli mikroujredi, istoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze asaxavs ama Tu im xalxis an eTnografiuli jgufis cxovrebis yvela ZiriTadi aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT.~21

ojaxis organizaciis Seswavlis mizniT, Tavdapirvelad, unda ganisazRvros misi yvelaze rudimentuli tipi, raTa CavwvdeT masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa im wres, rogoric aris qorwineba, sakuTreba, memkvidreoba da a.S., mTeli civilizebuli samyaros darad CvenSic rom arsebobda, Semdeg ki, evoluciis procesis Tanadroulad, ganvixiloT ojaxis struqturuli cvlilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.

TandaTan qorwineba gaxda ojaxis Seqmnis legaluri safuZveli. qorwineba, rogorc sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli qalisa da mamakacis sanqcionirebuli sqesobrivi urTierToba,

4 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, ènciklopedia~, Tbilisi, 1986. gv. 365. 5 qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni, al. neimanis avtorobiT, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1978. gv. 553. 6 iqve, gv. 553. 7 iqve, gv. 371. 8 iqve, gv. 371. 9 iqve, gv. 371. 10 iqve, gv. 371. 11 iqve, gv. 371. 12 iqve, gv. 438. 13 iqve, gv. 217. 14 iqve, gv. 222. 15 iqve, gv. 222. 16 iqve, gv. 503 17 iqve, gv. 217. 18 iqve, gv. 222. 19 iqve, gv. 330-331. 20 beqaia m., saojaxo da saqorwino tradiciebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove qarTuli ojaxis simtkicisaTvis, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 15. 21 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 5.

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yovelTvis iyo mTeli sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagani.

Tumca `qorwinebaze sazogadoebis sanqcia sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva xasiaTs atarebda. iyo dro, rodesac qorwinebaze sruli sanqciisaTvis marto xalxuri wes-Cveulebebi kmaroda (magaliTad, dasaqorwinebelTa ojaxebis SeTanxmeba, niSnoba, qorwili da sxv.)~.22 mogvianebiT, jvrisweris SemoRebiT, es funqcia religiam itvirTa. dabolos, dadginda samoqalaqo qorwineba. dResdReobiT meqorwine pirebi TavianT Tanxmobas qorwinebaze xelis moweriT adastureben, rac registrirdeba samoqalaqo reestris erovnuli saagentos adgilobrivi biuros mier.

saojaxo yofis Seswavla didad iyo da aris damokidebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis kanonzomierebaTa dadgenaze, radgan ojaxuri cxovreba icvleboda misi sididisa da imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Caketili iyo igi sakuTar wiaRSi. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, formaTa genezisisa da struqturis mixedviT, arsebobda ojaxis sami tipi: gvarovnuli, didi patriarqaluri da individualuri ojaxi.

I. 2. gvarovnuli ojaxi ojaxis istoriaSi iyo iseTi epoqa, rodesac qorwineba ar

arsebobda; pirTa Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobebi maTive survilisamebr iwyeboda da wydeboda, wyvils araviTari iuridiuli valdebuleba ar akavSirebda. kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, velur mamakacsa da velur qals Soris sqesobrivi urTierToba – promiskuiteti _ SeuzRudavi iyo, rasac mogvianebiT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, jgufuri qorwineba mohyva. jgufebi mkacrad gansazRvruli Seiqna, Sesabamisad, jgufis wevrTa Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobis erTgvari wesrigi damyarda; erTi jgufis wevrebs mxolod meore jgufis wevrebTan hqondaT sqesobrivi urTierTobebis ufleba, anu erTi jgufis nebismier mamakacs SeeZlo sqesobrivi urTierToba meore jgufis nebismier qalTan da piriqiT; Tumca Tavad jgufis wevrTa Soris sqesobrivi urTierToba SezRuduli iyo.

jgufis wevrebs Soris sqesobrivi urTierTobis SezRudva naTesaur princips efuZneboda; Tavdapirvelad, sqesobrivi urTierToba mSoblebsa da Svilebs, Semdeg da-Zmebs, mogvianebiT, ki Soreul naTesavebs Sorisac aikrZala; sabolood, erTi mamakacisa da erTi qalis kavSiris safuZvelze warmoiSva qorwineba, romelic Tavdapirvelad aramyari iyo da advilad iSleboda.

m. beqaias azriT, `dualur-gvarovnuli gaerTianeba, romelmac pirvelyofili jogi Secvala, aris swored ukve biologiurad

22 beqaia m., saojaxo da saqorwino tradiciebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove qarTuli ojaxis simtkicisaTvis, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 13-14.

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Camoyalibebuli, ukve mza, Tanamedrove tipis adamianis pirveli sruliad funqcionirebadi socialuri gaerTianeba. gvarovnuli urTierTobebis wiaRSi yalibdeba dedis uflebaze damyarebuli erToba _ matriarqatis instituti~.23

mkvlevarTa mier dadgenil iqna matriarqaluri ojaxis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi; kerZod, b. zoiZe aRniSnavs, rom: `gviani matriarqatisaTvis [...] damaxasiaTebelia is, rom aq isev dediseuli gvari batonobs da mis SigniT mwifdeba kerZo sakuTreba, klasebi da saxelmwifo~.24

Cveulebriv, matriarqaluri tipis ojaxSi yvela sameurneo saqmianobas uZRveboda qali; ojaxis ufrosadac igi miiCneoda. mamakaci uuflebo iyo, igi eweoda nadirobas an mesaqonleobas. samkvidro gadaicemoda dedis xaziT, ojaxis qonebis memkvidreebi iyvnen dedis naTesavebi. aRniSnuli viTarebis erT-erTi mizezi gaxldaT is, rom arsebuli saqorwino urTierTobis pirobebSi, cnobili iyo mxolod bavSvis deda. amasTan dakavSirebiT b. zoiZe aRniSnavs, `radganac memkvidreoba efuZneboda sisxliT naTesaur princips, qoneba gadadioda dedis naTesavebze, bavSvis naTesavebze dedis xaziT. [...] amrigad, Svilebis uflebrivi mdgomareoba damokidebulia dedis uflebriv mdgomareobaze, xazi evleba ara mamis mxridan naTesaobas, aramed dedis xaziT~.25

matriarqatis kvali SeiniSneba saqarTveloSi. daoblebul diswuls/diswulebs, romelTac mamis mxridan patroni ar hyavdaT, dedis Zmebi zrdidnen; zogjer Tavis saxlSive daaqorwinebdnen xolme. ojaxis gayris dros qonebasac aZlevdnen, Tumca moxevuri Cveulebis mixedviT, diswuli dedis Zmis ojaxis mowiled ar iTvleboda. amitom diswulebisaTvis wilis saxiT raime qonebis micema uSualod dedis Zmis survilze iyo damokidebuli. maqs. kovalevskis azriT, amas cxadyofs qarTvelTa damokidebuleba dis Svilsa da dedis Zmis mimarT. ase iyo, magaliTad, fSavsa da xevsureTSi. `iq dedis Zma cvlis mamas zogierTi movaleobis Sesrulebisas. saxeldobr, roca saqme exeba sisxlis aRebas. mkvlelis gvarTan morigebisas pasuxismgeblobis sazRauris meti wili mas ergeba. aseve xevsurebSi oboli bavSvis meurve mxolod dedis Zmaaa~.26 matriarqatis kvali aseve SeiniSneba centraluri kavkasiis mkvidrTa yofaSic.

isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom matriarqaluri ojaxi bolomde gasdevs gvarovnul wyobilebas da mxolod misi daSlisa da adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg yalibdeba patriarqaluri urTierTobebi.

23 iqve gv. 18. 24 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 28. 25 iqve, gv. 27-28. 26 Ковалевский Мак., Очерки происхождения и развития семьи и собственности, Пер. с Фр. Б. Иолшина, СПБ., 1896,г. с. 25-27, miTiTebulia zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 29.

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I. 3. didi patriarqaluri ojaxi sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

kvaldakval, erTi mamakacisa da erTi qalis colqmruli kavSiri, gacilebiT myari monogamiuri ojaxis sawyisi Seiqna. `wyviladidan monogamiurze gardamavals ki warmoadgenda patriarqaluri ojaxi, romelic uSvebda calkeul SemTxvevebSi mravalcolianobasac (poliginia) da mravalqmrianobasac (poliandria), romlebic samecniero literaturaSi poligamiis saxeliTaa cnobili~.27

didma patriarqalurma ojaxma ganviTarebis grZeli gza ganvlo, Tumca misi Semadgenloba yovelTvis axlo naTesaur erTobas efuZneboda. didi ojaxis struqturis dasaxasiaTeblad da misi bunebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTia ganvixiloT, Tu rogoria misi struqtura. cxadia, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba ojaxis Semadgenloba TaobaTa da wevrTa asakisa da sqesis raodenobis mixedviT, rac ojaxis Sromisunarian da araSromisunarian wevrTa raodenobis dadgenis saSualebas warmoadgens.

didi patriarqaluri ojaxi iyo ori, sami da oTxi Taobis sisxliTmonaTesave adamianTa jgufi. am tipis ojaxis gansazRvrisas i. bromlei wers: `didi SeiZleba ewodos iseT ojaxs, romelSic cxovrobda `gverdiTi monaTesave ori daqorwinebuli mamakaci~.28 `daaxloebiT amave azrisaa m. kosveni. igi werda: `didi SeiZleba ewodos iseT ojaxs, romelic Sedgeba ori, sami da meti daRmavali da gverdiTi Taobebisagan~.29

adrefeodaluri xanidan, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTad ujredsac didi ojaxi warmoadgenda. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, didi ojaxis zogi saxelwodeba uSualod ojaxis wevrTa naTesaur kavSirs gamoxatavs. ase, magaliTad, terminebi: moZmeSi cxovreba, ganuyofeli saxloba, saZmo saxli, rac sityvasityviT miuTiTebs Zmebis erT WerqveS cxovrebas. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, `sanam termini `saxli~ sacxovrebeli nagebobis aRmniSvnel sityvad gadaiqceoda, erT saxuravs qveS mcxovreb adamianTa axlo naTesaur jgufs anu did ojaxs niSnavda~.30

zemo imereTis saojaxo Temi gansxvavebuli saxeliT–jalabi ojaxi _ ixsenieba. `terminiT jalabi qarTul enaSi ojaxis wevrebi aRiniSneba, xolo ojaxi _ ojaxis aRmniSvneli zogadi terminia. sityvasityviT jalabi ojaxi aRniSnavs ojaxsa da ojaxis wevrebs, e.i. ojaxs mravalricxovani wevrebiT~.31

27 beqaia m., saojaxo da saqorwino tradiciebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove qarTuli ojaxis simtkicisaTvis, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 14-15. 28 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 14. 29 iqve. 30 iqve, gv. 32. 31 Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, с. 67.

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didi ojaxis aRmniSvnelad da gauyrelad cxovrebis tradiciaze naTlad metyvelebs aWarul dialeqtSi damkvidrebuli terminebi: didi ojaxi, jalabi ojaxi, jarisuli ojaxi, didi kvamli, erTianobis saxli, romelic sacxovrebeli saxlis aRmniSvneladac ixmareboda. xevSi aseT terminad gvxvdeba rogorc èrTianobis saxli~, ise èrTobis saxli~, riTac axlo naTesavTa ramdenime Taobis gauyrelad cxovreba igulisxmeboda. Zmebis gauyrelad cxovrebaze sityvasityviT migvaniSnebs termini `saZmo saxlic~.

samecniero literaturaSi didi ojaxebis arseboba axsnilia `rogorc tradiciiT, ise sameurneo mizanSewonilobiT~.32 erTsaxlad cxovreba arsebul pirobebSi, rogorc Cans, am interesTa dakmayofilebis met garantiebs qmnida, rasac naTlad mowmobs is, rom, rogorc mTiani regionis – svaneTi, xevi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, aWara, aseve baris _ samegrelo, guria, imereTi, qarTli, kaxeTi _ didi patriarqaluri ojaxebis erTianobas saerTo-saojaxo sakuTreba ganamtkicebda. magaliTad, m. maCabelis, m. kovalevskis, vaJa-fSavelas monacemebiT, fSavSi patriarqaluri ojaxis qonebis didi wili saojaxo sakuTreba iyo, igive mdgomareoba iyo TuSeTSic. aseT viTarebaSi gayris safuZveli naklebad iyo.

didi ojaxis siZlieris garanti misi erTianoba da gauyofloba iyo. marTlac, vidre adamianTa aseTi erToblioba Tavs erT korpusad miiCnevda, maT hqondaT erTi neba, romlis mizani am mTelis SenarCuneba da saerTo keTildReobaze zrunva iyo. `Tuki ojaxi Zlieria, misi urTierToba gvarsa, Temsa da xevisadmi mtkice da Seuvalia, riTac CveulebiTi samarTlis normaTa dacvis meti SesaZlebloba iqmneba~.33

Cveulebis mixedviT, `did ojaxebSi funqciebi sqesis, asakis da unaris mixedviT iyo ganawilebuli. mis saTaveSi idga ufrosi mamakaci, komlis `meTauri~, Tavkaci an rogorc mas zogierT sofelSi uwodebdnen `saxlis didi~. aseTad swored ufrosi Taobis mamakacTa unariani warmomadgeneli rom gvevlineba, es dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxisa Tu CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis magaliTzec. svanur didi ojaxebTan mimarTebaSi egnate gabliani miuTiTebda _ àseT ojaxebs saTaveSi udgas yvelaze ufrosi mamakaci, xolo Tu igi amisaTvis Seuferebelia, fizikurad sustia, am sazogadoebaSi avtoritetiT ver sargeblobs, maSin aseTad SeiZleba dainiSnos misi Zma an ufrosi Svili~.34

faqtobrivad, TiToeuli ojaxis saTaveSi iyo mama, romelsac hqonda despotizmis zRvarze myofi xelisufleba. d. bostoRanaSvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom òjaxis SigniT komlis Tavkaci iRebda saboloo gadawyvetilebas sameurneo sakiTxebze,

32 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 267. 33 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 66. 34 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 34; moxmobilia eg. gabliani, `Tavisufali svaneTi~, Tbilisi, 1927, gv. 91.

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anawilebda mozrdil muSaxelze samuSaos, gansazRvravda Tu vin ra saqmes waruZRveboda ojaxSi~.35

fSavSi, sadac Zvelad did patriarqalur ojaxebad cxovrobdnen, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs ojaxis saxeliT axorcielebda ojaxis ufrosi. radgan `patriarqalur ojaxebSi SeuzRudavia ojaxis mamis Zalaufleba, aseT viTarebaSi Znelia raime qonebriv Tanasworobaze saubari~.36 aRniSnulis dasadastureblad movixmobT m. maCabels, romelsac mohyavs erTi Cargleleli moxucis sityvebi, rom igi `ojaxis ufrosis Tanxmobis gareSe, ver iyidda ubralo barsac ki, romelic SeiZleba Zalian saWiroc yofiliyo ojaxisaTvis~.37

qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, komlis sakuTrebas Seadgenda saxl-kari, boseli da sxva nagebobani; aseve pirutyvi, saojaxo nivTebi, sabrZolo da Sromis iaraRebi. did, gauyrels ojaxSi ojaxis ufrosis nebarTvis gareSe ojaxis arc erT wevrs ar hqonda ufleba ara Tu gaeyida saojaxo qonebidan raRac, aramed ojaxis saxsrebiT SeeZina raime. ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci iyo, misi sityva kanoni iyo ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis.

eTnografiuli da saarqivo masalebis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom sakomlo qoneba ojaxis yvela mamakacis saerTo sakuTrebad iTvleboda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom `did ojaxebSi mamakacTa raodenoba Warbobda dedakacTa ricxvs. amgvari gansxvaveba, SedarebiT mcirericxovan, did ojaxebSi erTi an ori erTeuliT iyo warmodgenili, mravalsulian did ojaxebSi mamakacTa xvedriTi wili SesamCnevad maRldeba.38

qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, `mTaSi didi ojaxi gvevlineba yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis subieqtad, sadac ojaxis qonebis gayidvisas an ojaxis saerTo saxsrebiT raimes yidvisas, rogorc wesi, ojaxis wevrTa saerTo Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. aseTive wesebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen saojaxo qonebis gacvlis, gaqiravebis da gaCuqebis drosac~.39

mravalricxovani didi ojaxis magaliTebad r. xaraZes moxmobili aqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sof. did ilaanSi mcxovrebi saojaxo Temebi; erT SemTxvevaSi saojaxo Temi `aerTianebda or Zmas TavianTi colebiTa da SvilebiT. gayofis Semdeg erT-erTi Zmis – Tedos Svilebi erT ojaxad, did Temad cxovrobdnen~40, meore SemTxvevaSi `saojaxo Temi gebianT ubani _

35 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 35. 36 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 31. 37 maCabeli m., Экономический быт государственных крестьян Тиaнетского уезда, Тифлисской Губернии. Материалы для экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказского Края, Т. 5, Тифлис, 1887, с. 399. 38 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 33-34. 39 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 107. 40 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, , изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси 1960, с. 68.

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eliozaani, 1918 wlamde arsebobda; igi warmoadgenda xuTi Zmis gaerTianebas maTive colebiTa da SvilebiT~.41

imave avtoris Tanaxmad, `ioselianebis saojaxo Temi, romelic 27 wevrisagan Sedgeboda, [...] oTx Zmas, maT colebs, Svilebsa da SviliSvilebs aerTianebda~.42

`did ojaxebSi gauyrelad cxovrobda ara marto komlis Tavkaci Tavisi SvilebiT, aramed misi axlo naTesavebic (Zmebi, ZmiSvilebi, biZaSvilebi da a.S.). amitom aseTi ojaxebi oci-ocdaaTi, ufro iSviaTad ki ormocdaaTi-samoci wevrisagan Sedgeboda. a. arRuTinski aRwers sofel zurabaanSi (dRevandeli qvemo bodbe) gigia koWlamazaSvilis ojaxs, romelic ocdarva sulisagan Sedgeboda. erTad cxovrobdnen misi eqvsi vaJi, xuTi ZmiSvili da ori biZaSvili Tavisi ojaxebiT. aqedan TerTmeti mozrdili mamakacia, romelic SeiZleboda muSaxelad CaTvliliyo (e.i. TxuTmet wels gadacilebuli). a. arRuTinski dasZens aseve, rom me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi `yvela sofelSi xSiria SemTxvevebi oci-ocdaaTsuliani ojaxebisa, erT sofelSi ki ormocdarva suliani ojaxi iyo~.43

zaqaria fulisaSvili Tavis werilSi, sadac qiziyis did ojaxebze saubrobs wers, rom aq `xSirad samocamde suli~ cxovrobdao~.44 r. xaraZis Tanaxmadac: `qiziyuri saojaxo Temebi mravalricxovani iyo da Cveulebriv Sedgeboda ara mxolod ZmaTa individualuri ojaxebis gaerTianebisagan, aramed umetes SemTxvevaSi naTesaobis meoTxe muxlamde misula biZaSvilTa ojaxebis gaerTianebisaganac~.45

mTian aWaraSi didi patriarqaluri ojaxi oTxTaobiani iyo da 25-35 da 47-sulian ojaxsac ki iTvlida. eTnografTa Sromebis Tanaxmad, aseT viTarebas sxva faqtorebTan erTad, xels uwyobda alpur mesaqonleobasTan, miwaTmoqmedebasa da saojaxo meurneobis sxvadasxva saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli Sromis organizaciis Tavisebureba; kerZod, sezonis xanmokleoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, muSa xelis simravleze iyo damokidebuli.

aWaraSi didi ojaxis arsebobis erT-erT mizezad mkvlevarebs aseve miaCniaT osmalTa batonobis dros moqmedi sagadasaxado sistema, romlis mixedviT, gamosaRebTa erTi nawili sakomlo xasiaTs atarebda da rogorc Zlier, ise ekonomikurad sust ojaxebs erTnairi odenobis gadasaxadi unda gaeRoT. aseT

41 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, , изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси 1960, с. 64. 42 iqve, с. 68. 43 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 33; moxmobilia a. arRuTinski, Аргутинский А., Матерялы для изучения экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказского края, т. 4, часть 2, с. 190-191. 44 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 33; moxmobilia gaz. `droeba~, 1884, #168. 45 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 33; moxmobilia r. xaraZe, `qarTuli saojaxo Temi~, t.I, Tb. 1960. gv. 94. (rusul enaze).

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gamosaRebTa rigs miekuTvneboda: saliani – guberniis, mazris da ubnis administraciis Sesanaxi Tanxa, saRerbo gamosaRebi, zafTiebisa da Sikrikebis sagzao xarjebi.

aWarul did ojaxs, romelsac mama edga saTaveSi, solidarobis niSnebi ar hqonda dakarguli. ojaxis ufrosisa da axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenelTa urTierTobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, CveulebiTi samarTali iTvaliswinebda ojaxis tips, anu samamo iyo ojaxi Tu saZmo. specialur literaturaSi e.w. samamo didi ojaxi klasobriv urTierTobasTan Seguebul despotur ojaxadaa miCneuli, magram samamo ojaxSi samamakaco saqmeebs ojaxis ufrosi anu wenda xelmZRvanelobda. mas, rogorc saxlis dids, meti uflebebi hqonda, T. aCugbas mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, `wenda ganagebda ra ojaxs, mas sxvebis daukiTxavad SeeZlo ojaxis ekonomiuri warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ojaxis ufrosad idga mama. mas SeeZlo qonebis gayidva, ijariT gacema, magram faqtiurad aseTi nabijis gadadgma dasaSvebad iTvleboda mxolod ojaxis srulwlovan mamakacebTan daTaTbireba-SeTanxmebis Semdeg. Tu ojaxis wevrTagan vinme winaaRmdegi iqneboda qonebis gayidvisa, wendas an unda uareyo Tavisi gadawyvetileba, anda daeSva ojaxis gayra. ojaxSi yvela saxis Semosavali bardeboda wendas. TviT saSovarze gasuli wevric valdebuli iyo damorCileboda aseT reJims. ojaxis ufrosis gadayeneba ojaxs ar SeeZlo: ukmayofilo pirebs SeeZloT mxolod moeTxovaT gayra~.46 aseTi iyo samamo didi ojaxi.

aseve, uSualod ojaxis ufross evaleboda axalgazrdis saqcielis gansja. eTnografiuli masalebiT dasturdeba, rom aWaruli didi ojaxisaTvis ar yofila damaxasiaTebeli despotizmis iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa: saxlis didis mier piradi Sexedulebisamebr qonebis TviTneburad ganawileba, gayris dros yvelaze meti qonebis miTviseba, ojaxis asakovani wevrebis azris ugulebelyofa, Svilis an SviliSvilis fizikuri Seuracxyofa an urCi axalgazrdis uwilod datoveba, misi saxlidan gagdeba an ojaxidan misi uwilod mokveTa; urCi axalgazrdis mimarT is, ZiriTadad, sityvieri SeuracxyofiT kmayofildeboda, an ojaxis wevrebTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, mas kuTvnil wils miscemda da calke daasaxlebda.

erTi sityviT, ojaxis winamZRoli iTvaliswinebda saxlobis yvela wevris survils. T. aCugba mis mier mokvleuli savele eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze wers: `aWarul did ojaxSi imdenad mtkiced iyo fexmokidebuli ZirZveli qarTuli tradiciebi, rom SariaTma ver SeZlo Rrmad SeeRwia ojaxis SigniT arsebuli urTierTobis sferoSi da aWaraSic, iseve rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi, ojaxis mmarTveloba ZiriTadad solidarul principebs efuZneboda~.47

46 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 16. 47 iqve, gv 77-78.

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saqarTveloSi mamis xelisufleba vrceldeboda ara marto ojaxis qonebaze, colsa da mcirewlovani Svilebis pirovnebaze, aramed srulwlovan daqorwinebul vaJebsa da maT STamomavlebzec. ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi igulisxmebodnen ara marto erTi gvaris pirebi, aramed biZaSvilebi da maTi ojaxebi, gankargavda maT beds, aqorwinebebda vaJiSvilebsa da SviliSvilebs, aTxovebda qaliSvilebsa da SviliSvilebs; yvela usityvod emorCileboda mas.

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb `mTis ebraelTa ojaxis ZiriTadi tipi XX s-is pirvel mesamedamde gauyreli, didi ojaxi iyo. aseT ojaxebSi sulTa raodenoba 10-dan 40 kacamde meryeobda. erTi winapridan momdinare ramdenime ojaxi Tuxums Seadgenda~.48

kavkasiis mkvidr xalxTa adaT-wesebis mkvlevar r. TofCiSvilis monacemebis safuZvelze, msgavsi viTareba mowmdeba kavkasiis mkvidr sxva xalxebSic. aRmosavleT somxeTSi XIX s-is bolos didi ojaxi 50 da met wevrasac iTvlida. kerZod, `somxeTSi XIX s-is mTel manZilze SemorCenili iyo didi ojaxi (`gerdastan~). didi patriarqaluri ojaxi somxeTSi gvxvdeba ara marto erevnis, aramed Tbilisis guberniaSic. didi ojaxis wevrebi erT sacxovrebel saxlSi cxovrobdnen da maT saerTo meurneoba hqondaT. aseT gerdastanebSi zogierT miyruebul adgilas TurqeTis somxeTSi ki didi ojaxi bolo dromde, maT fizikur ganadgurebamde da deportaciamde SemorCa~.49

`somxeTSi ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci (`tanteri~) erTpirovnulad ganagebda gerdastanis rogorc moZrav, ise uZrav qonebas, aseve misi wevrebis pirad beds. tanteris funqciaSi Sedioda saerTo-saojaxo meurneobis organizacia, samamakaco sameurneo saqmianobis xemZRvaneloba, ojaxis mTeli Semosavlebis kontroli~.50

centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic didi ojaxis saTaveSi iyo mama, romelsac hqonda despotizmTan axlos myofi xelisufleba. v. iToniSvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `magram Tu mas surda ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi avtoriteti hqonoda, valdebuli iyo yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gadaewyvita ojaxis wevrebTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg. sakmarisi iyo ojaxis ufross borotad gamoeyenebina Tavisi mdgomareoba da despoturi, erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisadmi midrekileba gamoemJRavnebina, rom ojaxis mTlianobas saSiSroeba damuqreboda, xolo misi xelmZRvanelis avtoriteti dacemuliyo. aseTi viTareba gansazRvravda ojaxis ufrosis uflebebs, gzas uRobavda despotzims da apirobebda gauyrelad cxovrebis SesaZleblobas~.51

r. TofCiSvilis Tanaxmad, `XIX saukunisa da XX s-is dasawyisSi kavkasiis mkvidri sxva tomebis yofaSi, kerZod,

48 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 119. 49 iqve, gv. 348. 50 iqve 345-346. 51 iTon,iSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 247.

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balyarebSi, CerqezebSi, kapuWelebSi didi ojaxebi meti raodenobiT mTaSi arsebobda. ojaxSi gabatonebuli iyo patriarqaluri urTierTobebi; qalebi emorCilebodnen mamakacebs, ufrosebi – umcrosebs. xinaluRebs Soris bevri didi ojaxi arsebobda. xSirad erT ojaxSi oTxi-xuTi colSviliani Zma cxovrobda. kavkasiis mkvidri Cerqezebi da andielebi gaerTianebulni iyvnen damoukidebel da samezoblo-sasoflo TemebSi~.52 `noRaelebSi XIX s-Si ojaxis forma arsebobda (didi) patriarqaluri da patara~.53

imave avtoris informaciiT, `XIX s-is 80-ian wlebis erT-erTi mogzauris CanawerebSi aRwerilia, rom inguSeTSi iSviaTi araa didi ojaxi, romelSic aTamde mamakacia. saerTod, inguSuri didi ojaxi 20-40 sulisagan Sedgeboda. Cveulebriv, rogorc kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi, inguSebSic ojaxis meTaurs asakiT ufrosi mamakaci warmoadgenda. patronimiis wevrebi erTmaneTs exmarebodnen sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis dros, qorwilisa da dakrZalvisas. naTesavebs Soris didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda asakiT ufrosi (uxucesi), romlis monawileobis gareSe arcerTi mniSvnelovani saqme ar wydeboda (magaliTad, qorwinebis, mesisxleTa Serigebis saqmeebi). mogvianebiT ojaxebis raodenobis zrdam patronimiebis rRveva da axali patronimiebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia~.54

ojaxTa ganviTarebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, gvsurs sagangebod aRviniSnoT romauli ojaxis tipi, romelic Zalze originaluri fenomeni iyo. faqtobrivad, es iyo samoqalaqo ojaxi, romelic efuZneboda mamis ZalauflebaSi myof pirTa gaerTianebis princips da ara sisxliT naTesaobis princips. romauli didi ojaxi iyo erTgvari korporacia; xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac axlo sisxlismieri naTesavebi moralurad Tu iuridiulad ucxoni iyvnen erTmaneTisaTvis, magram mis wevrebs Soris namdvili Zmoba sufevda. amis magaliTia kognatebi romaul ojaxSi. faqtobrivad, ojaxis wevrebs aerTianebda mTeli maTi eqsistencia _ ekonomikuri saqmianoba, religiuri aqtivoba, garda amisa, ojaxi iyo erTgulebisa da Tavdadebis, zneobis upiratesi skola. ojaxis wevrad iTvleboda is, vinc iyo mamis ZalauflebaSi, da Sesabamisad, memkvidreobis uflebiTac is sargeblobda. `es iyo agnaturi memkvidrobis xana romis istoriaSi, roca memkvidreebia mamakacis xaziT naTesavebi (agnatebi), xolo qalis xaziT naTesavebi (kognatebi) ar iTvlebodnen memkvidreebad raTa erTi gvaris qoneba ar moxvedriliyo sxva gvaris xelSi~.55 memkvidreobis aseTi wesi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom erTi gvaris qoneba sxva gvaris mflobelobaSi ar moxvedriliyo. magram, Semdgom, iustinianes

52 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 51-52. 53 iqve, gv. 150. 54 iqve, gv. 60-61. 55 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 31.

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droidan mdgomareoba icvleba da Semodis memkvidreobis agnaturi anu sisxliT naTesaobis principi.56

punikur omamde romSi, sadac umTavresad, ojaxi iyo patriarqaluri da pirTa sakmaod did raodenobas moicavda. didi ojaxis wevrebi iyvnen qmari, coli, orive sqesis Svilebi, klientebi da monebi. romSi aseTi tipis ojaxs `kerZo ojaxi~ ewodeboda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, `ramdenime pirs, vinc an bunebiTi an samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, imyofebian erTi Zalauflebis qveS, uwodeben `kerZo ojaxs~. aseTi pirebi arian ojaxis mama an deda, vaJiSvili an qaliSvili da mTeli maTi Camomavali – SviliSvilebi, SvilTaSvilebi da a.S… `ojaxi~ monebsac gulisxmobs~.57

marTalia romauli didi ojaxi da qarTuli didi ojaxi bevri ramiT hgavda erTmaneTs, Tumca romauli didi ojaxisagan gansxvavebiT _ sadac Tavisi xelisuflebis farglebSi mama uflebamosili iyo daesaja coli, Svilebi da ojaxis sxva wevrebi Tuki isini raimes daaSavebdnen, metic paterfamilias-s ojaxis wevrebis sicocxlisa da sikvdilis uflebac (ius vitae necisque) ki hqonda _ saqarTveloSi ojaxis ufross aseTi ufleba ar gaaCnda.

I. 4. individualuri ojaxi

warmoebis kapitalisturi wesis mzardi ganviTarebis kvalobaze, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi saojaxo yofazec aisaxa. wlidan wlamde ojaxis patriarqaluri wyobis rRvevis gamo didma saojaxo gaerTianebebma daSla daiwyo. ojaxis tipur formad patara ojaxi iqca. ase gaCnda XIX saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi individualuri anu patara ojaxebi da, TandaTan, ojaxis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli forma Seiqmna.

didi ojaxisagan gansxvavebiT, individualur ojaxSi, mxolod col-qmari da maTi Svilebi cxovrobdnen; ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis mesakuTre iyo ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci; igi gadawyetilebas erTpirovnulad iRebda.

patara ojaxis struqturis Sesaxeb m. kosveni wers: `patara SeiZleba ewodos orTaobian ojaxs [...] magram amosavali mainc sakuTrebis saerTo-saojaxo formaa, rasac, [...] pirvelad f. engelsma miaqcia yuradReba~.58

amgvarad, saojaxo Temis gayofa gulisxmobs rogorc didi, ise patara axali, damoukidebeli ojaxebis gamoyofas, sadac TiToeul maTganSi yalibdeba damoukidebeli qoneba.

d. bostoRanaSvilis Tanaxmad, `saojaxo Temebis daSlis Sedegad warmoSobil individualur ojaxebSi, sadac mxolod col-qmari da maTi Svilebi icxovrebda, ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebis (sakarmidamo nakveTebi, baR-venaxi da

56 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 31. 57 Digeste ou Pandectes, Livre Cinquantième, 16.195.1, Paris, 1995, pp. 633-634. 58 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 14.

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daCemebuli miwebi) gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis ufrosi aRar iqneboda SezRuduli, didi ojaxis msgavsad, ojaxis wevr ufros mamakacTa Tanxmobis aucileblobiT. amdenad, igi saWiroebisamebr gankargavda kidec am qonebas da maSasadame erTpirovnulad ganaxorcielebda sakuTrebis uflebasac~.59

T. aCugbas Tanaxmad, XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis msgavsad, aWaraSi òjaxis ZiriTad formas individualuri anu patara ojaxi warmoadgenda, romelic aerTianebda or an sam Taobas. orTaobian patara ojaxSi cxovrobdnen col-qmari TavianTi SvilebiT, xolo samTaobianSi – mSoblebi erTi dacolSvilebuli vaJiT~.60 aWaraSi patara anu individualuri ojaxis wevrebad, faqtobrivad, moiazrebodnen mSoblebi da dauqorwinebeli Svilebi, anda mSoblebi, erT-erTi daqorwinebuli Svili da SviliSvilebi. àmgvar ojaxSi, bunebrivia, wevrTa raodenoba da maT Soris Sromisunarian wevrTa ricxvi mcire iyo~.61

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisSi soflad mimdinare Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis gavleniT, ojaxis wevrTa Semadgenloba mravalferovnad iyo warmodgenili aWaraSi. aRniSnul periodSi patara ojaxis rogorc ricxobrivi, ise TaobaTa Semadgenloba, Zalze icvleboda da Sesabamisad 4-6, zogjer met wevrs da 2-3 Taobas aRwevda. didi ojaxebi ki am mimarTebiT sagrZnob cvlilebebs ganicdidnen: mcirdeboda rogorc TviT did ojaxTa raodenoba, ise mis wevrTa ricxvi da TaobaTa Semadgenloba. ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba damokidebuli iyo im konkretul pirobebze, romelSic ama Tu im ojaxs uxdeboda arseboba.

savele eTnografiuli masalebi mowmobs, rom àlpur mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebul centralur gzebsa da savaWro centrebs daSorebuli mTiani aWaris soflebSi did ojaxTa saerTo raodenobac iyo da ojaxSi mcxovrebTa ricxvic maRali, xolo xeobaTa gzispira soflebi, dablob raionebSi da savaWro Tu samrewvelo centrebTan axlo ganlagebul dasaxlebul punqtebSi, piriqiT, _ didi ojaxis ricxvic naklebi iyo da masSi mcxovrebTa saSualo raodenobac sagrZnoblad dabali. qvemo aWaris dablob raionebsa da mTiswina soflebSi iSviaTad Tu gvxvdeboda 20 sulze meti da oTxTaobiani ojaxebi~.62 aWaraSi didi ojaxidan gamoyofili patara ojaxi yvela zemoxsenebul gadasaxads imave raodenobiT ixdida, ramdensac didi ojaxi.63

r. TofCiSvilis Tanaxmad, igive viTareba iyo afxazeTSic. `XIX saukuneSi afxazebi ZiriTadad patara ojaxebad cxovrobdnen. magram arc Tu cota iyo didi ojaxic~.64

59 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 46. 60 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 14. 61 iqve, gv. 32- 33. 62 iqve, gv. 29-30. 63 iqve, gv. 29-30. 64 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 390.

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kapitalistur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis Sedegad, didma saojaxo gaerTianebebma daSla daiwyo aRmosavleT somxeTSi. `am droidan [XIX saukunidan] mokidebuli ojaxis tipiur formad patara ojaxi iqca~.65

saqarTvelos msgavsi viTareba iyo centraluri kavkasiis mTianeTSi; eTnografiuli literaturis gacnobis Sedegad, r. TofCiSvilis TqmiT, aSkarad ikveTeba, rom `didma ojaxma poziciebi daTmo da wamyvani poziciebi individualurma ojaxma moipova~.66 v. iToniSvilis Tanaxmad, centralur kavkasiaSi, ZiriTadad, gabatonebuli iyo `individualur ojaxebad cxovrebis wesi, magram, amasTan erTad, gadmonaSTuri formiT iyo SemorCenili saojaxo Temi~.67

imave avtoris Tanaxmad, centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi individualur ojaxSi, ojaxis marTvisa da saojaxo saqmianobis organizaciis sferoSi ganmsazRvreli iyo ojaxis wevrTa sqesi da asaki. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `rogorc saojaxo TemSi, ise individualur ojaxSi yvelaze didi uflebiT sargeblobda uxucesi mamakaci, romelsac Cabarebuli hqonda ojaxis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba’’.68

eTnografiuli monacemebiT aseve dasturdeba, rom patara ojaxebis gverdiT jer kidev arsebobda didi ojaxebi; magaliTad, `lezgebSi didi gauyofeli ojaxic bevri iyo SemorCenili. aseT ojaxebSi xSirad 50-dan 100 sulamde adamiani iyo gaerTianebuli. qorwineba endogamiuri iyo. magram aucilebeli ar iyo mxolod Tuxumis SigniT daqorwineba~.69

v. iToniSvili aseve adasturebs im faqts, rom `centraluri kavkasiis mTielTa yofaSi XIX saukunis bolomde adgili hqonda ori tipis ojaxis – individualuri anu patara ojaxis da saojaxo Temis anu didi ojaxis Tanaarsebobas, romelTagan didi ojaxi saojaxo Temis gadmonaSTur saxes inarCunebda da rom is individualuri ojaxisagan gansxvavebul socialur ujreds warmoadgenda~.70 aseTi viTareba iyo magaliTad, abazebSi; am xalxis yofaSi arsebobda ojaxis ori forma: patara anu individualuri (erTi, ori, zogjer samis TaobiT) da didi anu gauyreli ojaxi (ori da meti saqorwino wyviliT, romelic sami da meti Taobisagan Sedgeboda. didi ojaxis Semonaxuloba saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis pirobebiT ganisazRvreboda. did ojaxSi Semaval yovel saqorwilo wyvils saerTo kar-midamoSi calke saxli hqonda dakavebuli. SedarebiT patara saojaxo Temi saerTo saxlSi cxovrobda, romelSic yvela calkeul saojaxo wyvils calke oTaxi ekava. abazebSi gabatonebuli iyo monogamia.

65 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 345-346. 66 iqve, gv. 129. 67 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 11. 68 iqve, gv. 246. 69 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 249. 70 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 12.

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Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom imave periodSi `Zalze daCqarda didi ojaxis daSlis procesi centralur kavkasiaSi; zog tomSi, magaliTad, bagulalebSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma orTaobiani (patara) ojaxi iyo. XX s-is dasawyisSi iSviaTad gvxvdeboda gauyofeli ojaxebic~.71 ZiriTadad, nukliaruli tipis ojaxi iyo andielTa tomSi. adaTis Tanaxmad, umcrosi Svili mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT saxls iRebda, ufrosi Svilebi ki mSoblebis qonebidan mxolod wilis miRebiT kmayofildebodnen. `aq Temi (jamaaTi) iyofoda ramdenime (samidan Svidamde) Tuxumad. Tuxumebi monaTesave monogamiuri ojaxebis erTobliobas warmoadgendnen.72

r. TofCiSvilis mier mokvleuli masalebis Tanaxmad, `XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi kavkasiis mkvidr mraval tomSi (magaliTad, WamalelebSi73, kapuWelebSi74, hunzibebSi75, lakebSi76, TabasaranelebSi77, boTlixelebSi78) gavrcelebuli iyo individualuri anu patara ojaxi. ojaxis ZiriTadi forma patara ojaxi iyo, romelic meuRleebis, bavSvebisa da zogjer qmris mSoblebisagan Sedgeboda. ojaxs patriarqaluri yofis araerTi niSani hqonda SemorCenili. ojaxis sruluflebiani ufrosi, mamakaci iyo.79 TaTebSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma patara ojaxi iyo. gauyofeli, didi ojaxi TaTebs Soris iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.80

imave avtoris monacemebiT, XIX saukunesa da XX s-is dasawyisSi didoelebi, udiebi, axvaxelebi, ruTulebi, lezgebi, hinuxelebi, darguelebi `daqorwinebisTanave cdilobdnen axalgazrdebi calke daesaxlebinaT~.81 avtori Tavisi sityvebis dasturad imowmebs 1886 wlis saojaxo siebs. `am dros ojaxis saSualo sidide dargos okrugSi 4.2 kaci iyo, xaitayTabasaranSi ki _ 4.9. Tumca am periodSi didi ojaxebic gvxvdeboda. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mTel daRestanSi XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze didi ojaxebis raodenoba 13.4%-s Seadgenda. darguelebSi aseTi ojaxebis procentuli raodenoba gacilebiT naklebi iyo~.82 amgvarad, zemoxsenebul xalxTa ojaxis ZiriTadi forma iyo patara ojaxi.

r. TofCiSvili aseve aRniSnavs, rom XX s-is dasawyisamde aseve gvxvdeba didi, gauyofadi ojaxebic. `SemorCenili iyo didi gauyreli ojaxebic, romlebic ramdenime saqorwino wyvilisagan Sedgebodnen. aseT ojaxebs saerTo meurneoba hqondaT~.83 didi

71 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 184. 72 iqve, gv. 174. 73 iqve, gv. 202. 74 iqve gv. 212. 75 iqve, gv. 223. 76 iqve, gv. 243. 77 iqve, gv. 263. 78 iqve, gv. 189. 79 iqve, gv. 81-82. 80 iqve, gv. 113. 81 iqve, gv. 180. 82 iqve, gv. 231. 83 iqve, gv. 259-260.

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ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciis Tanaxmad, aseT ojaxebSi `Sidasaojaxo urTierTobebi patriarqalur sawyisebs efuZneboda: umcrosebi emorCilebodnen ufrosebs, qalebi _ kacebs, ojaxis yvela wevri _ ojaxis ufross~.84

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven mier ganxiluli

eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze, aSkarad gamoikveTa ramdenime arsebiTi faqti:

1. adrefeodaluri xanidan, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTad ujredsac didi ojaxi warmoadgenda; saqarTveloSi didi ojaxi qmnida erTian religiur, naTesaur da sameurneo sawyisebze dafuZnebul organizms, xolo saojaxo urTierTobebi, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis msgavsad, CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT regulirdeboda.

2. mravalricxovani saojaxo Temidan individualur ojaxze gadasvlis procesi xangrZliv periods moicavda. warmoebis kapitalisturi wesis ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoqmnili individualuri ojaxi didi patriarqaluri ojaxisagan gansxvavebul socialur mikroujreds warmoadgenda.

84 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 180.

26

meore Tavi

ojaxis gayris cneba da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi sazogadoebis evoluciis Tanadroulad, didi ojaxebis

daSlis procesi sul ufro mzard, intensiur xasiaTs iZenda msoflios civilizebul qveynebSi. Cveni azriT, es sayovelTao movlena sruliad bunebrivi procesi iyo.

faqtobrivad, uSualod didi ojaxis moSliT daedo safuZveli ojaxis gayris instituts. igive viTareba SeiniSneba saqarTveloSic, sadac XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisisaTvis mravalsuliani ojaxebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

ismis kiTxva: rodis da ra mizeziT iyreboda didi ojaxi?

II. 1. ojaxis gayris cneba qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi didi ojaxis daSla anu

gayra, arsebiTad, erT mizans isaxavda da aRiniSneboda terminiT _ òjaxis gayra~, riTac axali, damoukidebeli ojaxebis Seqmna da TiToeuli maTganis myarad gansazRvruli sakuTari qonebis gamoyofa igulisxmeboda. ojaxis gayris aRsaniSnavad qarTul enaSi aseve ixmareboda sityvebi òjaxis gayofa~. ase rom, yoveli ojaxis gayofa, roca igi Tavisi simwifis periods daasrulebda, mizanSewonili iyo

eTnografiuli masalebis Tanaxmad, gayris procesis aRsaniSnavad igive terminebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda guriaSi. g. cecxlaZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im faqts, rom, `terminebi òjaxis gayra~, òjaxis gayofa~ guriis eTnografiul yofaSi iSviaTad dasturdeba. maT Sesabamisad ixmareba termini `garigeba~. mag.: `Zmebi garigdnen, òjaxis garigeba mamis surviliT xdeba~, `garigebas eswreba~ da sxva~.85 g. cecxlaZis Tanaxmad, `garigeba~ imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda aWaraSic~.86

Tumca termini `garigeba~ ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda da niSnavda rogorc `gayofas~, ise `ganawilebas~, Sesabamisad, ixmareboda rogorc ojaxis gayris, aseve qonebis ganawilebis aRsaniSnavad. èrTi mxriv, amboben _ òjaxi garigda~, `Zmebi garigdnen~, e. i. moxda ojaxis gayra. meore mxriv, ki ityvian, `qoneba geiriges~, `qoneba garigda~. am SemTxvevaSi igulismeboda qonebis ganawileba~.87

g. cecxlaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs kidev erT terminze, romelic qonebis ganawilebis (magram ara ojaxis gayris)

85 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 84. 86 iqve. 87 iqve.

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mniSvnelobiT aseve gamoiyeneboda guriaSi da wers: `guriaSi qonebis ganawilebis, magram ara ojaxis gayris mniSvnelobiT, aseve ixmareboda termini `gafardeba~, rac ganawilebas, gayofas niSnavs da sityva `fardidan~ momdinareobs~.88 es sityva gvxvdeba daviT batoniSvilis `samarTalSic~. ojaxis gayrisas igi momxrea, rom saerTo-saojaxo qoneba ganawildes samarTlianobis dacviT `fardi wesieri kargiTa ganfardon [...] `raTa ara ufardoebisa gamo warmoiSuas SfoTi~.89

ojaxis gayris sakiTxs calke kari eZRvneba vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignSi `q. aqa kari – dasawyisi gayrisa, da erTmaneTis daSorvebisa Tu viT unda~. am karSi warmodgenili kanonTa muxlebiT saTanadod regulirdeboda ojaxis saerTo qonebis gankargvis wesi da wili mowile subieqtTa Soris.

II. 2. didi ojaxis moSliT gaxSirebuli ojaxis gayris Cveulebis Sesaxeb

adrefeodaluri xanis saqrTveloSi individualuri ojaxebi

inarCunebdnen saojaxo Temis garkveul niSnebs. amis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvili wers: `V saukunidan moyolebuli IX saukunemde qarTuli individualuri ojaxebi kidev inarCunebdnen winamorbedi saojaxo Temis calkeul elementebs, rogoricaa uZravi qonebis gauyofloba, mSoblebis gardacvalebamde Svilebis gauyreloba~.90

gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos yvela mxaresa da yvela socialur fenaSi gaxSirda didi ojaxis gayris Cveuleba. rodesac didi ojaxi miaRwevda, ganviTarebis ase vTqvaT, `srulyofil~ saxes, amis Semdeg misi danawileba savsebiT marTebuli iyo. didi ojaxis gayris Sedegad dasabami eZleoda axal ojaxebs, Sesabamisad, icvleboda didi ojaxis struqtura. `ojaxuri cxovreba icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad met-naklebad didi iqneba ojaxi, ramdenad met-naklebad Caketilia is sakuTar TavSi~.91

didi ojaxis gayrisa da saojaxo qonebis ganawilebisas saWiro iyo didi sifrTxile, raTa ar darRveuliyo ojaxis wevrTa uflebebi da saqme ar misuliyo konfliqtamde. ojaxis gayris dros mTavari sityva ojaxis ufros mamakacs ekuTvnoda, magram xSirad (magaliTad, guriaSi), gayofas SeiZleba ufrosi qalic daswreboda da gayris sakiTxi maT erTad gadaewyvitaT.

88 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 84. 89 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (d. furcelaZis redaqtorobiT), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 23. 90 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, t. II, nakveTi 2, 1965, gv. 389; 376; miTiTebulia g. mamardaSvili, saojaxo yofa da rwmena-warmodgenebi leCxumis mosaxlebaSi, `universali~, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 5. 91 diurkemi e., sociologiis meTodis wesebi, ioane petriwi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 149.

28

Cveulebriv, didi ojaxis gayra pirveli Taobis Semdeg iyo mizanSewonili. magram XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisisaTvis sruliad sapirispiro ram SeiniSneba saqarTveloSi. rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi araerTi saojaxo Temi gaiyara. aWaraSi am movlenas gazeT `droeb~-is erT-erTi statiis avtori ukavSirebda batonymobis gauqmebas da werda: ìgi mxaris [igulisxmeba aWara] kapitalistur sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobaSi CarTviT unda aixsnas~.92

amave movlenasTan dakavSirebiT 1886 wels siRnaRis mazraSi arsebuli viTarebis Taobaze gazeTi ìveria~ werda: `Zvel sakomlo siebTan SedarebiT, komlTa ricxvma saSinlad imata. im sofelSi, sadac iricxeboda Zveli sakomlo siebiT xuTasi anu eqvsasi komli, axla aTas komlamde aRmoCnda. bevrgan erTi komli aTad aris gayrili da iseTi ojaxi xom iSviaTia, rom or komlad ar iyos gasuli~.93

r. xaraZis informaciiT, `bolo gayra XIX s. 90-ian wlebis pirveli gayridan 25 wlis Semdeg moxda~.94 imave avtoris Tanaxmad, èrT-erTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi `gaiyara ioselianebis saojaxo Temi, romelic 27 wevrisagan Sedgeboda, manamde igi oTx Zmas, maT colebs, Svilebsa da SviliSvilebs aerTianebda~.95

marTalia, Tavisi raobiT didi ojaxi ar yofila gauyofeli erTeuli, magram zemoxsenebul periodSi didi ojaxis moSliT gaxSirebuli ojaxis gayris Cveuleba, faqtobrivad, am tipis ojaxis degradaciaze migvaniSnebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom ojaxis gayra ar gaxldaT mxolod sazogadoebis erTi romelime konkretuli nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena, igi xdeboda mosaxleobis rogorc dabal, ise maRal fenaSi.

gvsurs aseve aRvniSnoT, rom mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg Zmebis gayra gacilebiT adrindeli movlena iyo, vidre mamis sicocxleSi ojaxis ganawileba. colSviliani Zmebi mSoblebTan erTad sacxovreblad iSviaTad rCebodnen didxans, radgan mravalsulian ojaxSi uTanxmoeba maleve iCenda xolme Tavs; Tu didi ojaxi mainc axerxebda TanxmobiT Tanacxovrebas, misi wevrebi mezobel-naTesavTa gansakuTrebul pativscemas imsaxurebdnen.

qarTuli feodaluri samarTliT Tavaduri saxlis gayras misi socialuri da politikuri damdableba mosdevda. amdenad, gvaris erTobis dacvas TviT gvarisave interesebi moiTxovdnen. magram, imavdroulad, am erTianobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebdnen sakuTrebis gankerZoebis interesebi. `saxlis rigis~ darRveva,

92 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 100-101. 93 gazeTi ìveria~, 1886, #147, citirebulia d. bostoRanaSvilis statiidan òjaxis gayris wesebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~, Jurn. samarTali, #1-2, 1998, gv. 76. 94 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, 1960, с. 52. 95 iqve, с. 68.

29

`sakuTrebis individualizaciisaken~ miswrafeba, `saerTo mamulis~ Semosavlis erTmaneTisagan `gardaparva~ da sxv. iwvevda zogjer Tavaduri saxlis gayras, magram gayra yovelTvis ar niSnavda saTavados daSlas. saerTo qarTuli wesebi moqmedebda guriis warCinebulTa wreSic~.96

eTnologTa Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayris Cveulebis aRmoceneba pirdapir dakavSirebulia didi ojaxis moSlasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, mTel rig socialur, upirveles yovlisa ki ekonomikur mizezebs ukavSirdeba. Tu davemowmebiT S. l. monteskies, òjaxi sakuTrebis erTgvari formaa~.97 faqtobrivad, kerZo sakuTrebis pirveli niSnebi imTaviTve ojaxSi isaxeboda, amdenad, gayris ZiriTadi arsi, realurad, qonebis ganawileba, sakuTrebis gankerZoebuloba anu yoveli ganayari individualuri ojaxisaTvis saerTo saojaxo qonebidan misi kerZo sakuTrebis gansazRvra da gamoyofa iyo.

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi saojaxo Temis gayofiT igulisxmeboda rogorc didi, ise patara, damoukidebeli ojaxebis gamoyofa, ris Semdegac xdeboda wlebis manZilze erTian, gauyofel ojaxSi dagrovebuli qonebis gayofa da TiToeul individualur ojaxSi qonebis damoukidebeli saxiT Camoyalibeba.

qarTvel mTielebSi gavrcelebuli wesis Tanaxmad, ojaxis siZlieris garanti misi erTianoba iyo. l. boZaSvilis TqmiT, òjaxis gayofa fSavSi sircxviladac ki iTvleboda~.98 sanam ojaxis mama cocxali iyo, ojaxis gayra yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. wesiT, didi ojaxis gayra, ojaxis ufrosis e. i. pirveli Taobis uxucesebis gardacvalebis Semdeg miiCneoda mizanSewonilad; xSir SemTxvevaSi, ojaxSi erTad cxovrebis xangrZlivoba swored amitom emTxveoda ufrosi Taobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas.

ase rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis gayris safuZveli mSoblebis gadacvalebac xdeboda. hegelis azriT, òjaxis bunebriv daSlas, romelic gamowveulia mSoblebis, gansakuTrebiT mamakacis sikvdiliT, Sedegad mosdevs qonebis memkvidreoba~.99

Tumca iyo SemTxvevebi, roca uxucesis gardacvalebis Semdegac ojaxi ar iyreboda; aseTi ram ufro mTiani regionebisTvis iyo niSandoblivi. T. aCugbas Tanaxmad, àWaris sinamdvileSi damowmda iseTi ojaxebic, romlebic saxlis didis gadracvalebis Semdegac inarCunebda gauyoflad cxovrebis tradicias~.100 amave avtoris Tanaxmad, didi ojaxi, zogjer, meore,

96 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 85. 97 monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 495. 98 boZaSvili l., fSavi da fSavelebi, gv. 64; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 108. 99 Гегель Г, Философия права, Соч. т. 7, М-Л; 1934 г. с.205; miTiTebulia zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 21. 100 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 23-25.

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mesame Taobamdec ki erTad cxovrebas amjobinebda èTnografiul sinamdvileSi vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs, roca gauyoflad cxovreba pirveli Taobis Semdegac grZeldeboda da didi ojaxi ZmaTaSvilebisa da ramdenime safexuriT daSorebuli biZaSvilebis wris Seqmnis Semdeg iSleboda~.101

Tumca mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg `Zmebis gayra ufro adrindeli movlenaa, vidre mamis sicocxleSi ojaxis ganawileba~.102 is, Tu rodis xdeboda gayra `mamis sicocxleSi [...] Tu misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, SeiZleba vimsjeloT ama Tu im ojaxis tradiciulobis Sesaxeb~.103

Tu didi ojaxis gayra mSoblebis sicocxleSi mxolod saojaxo Temis daSlis momentisaTvis iyo damaxasiTebeli, individualuri mravalricxovani ojaxebis gayra, ZiriTadad, mSoblebis, kerZod, mamis sicocxleSi xdeboda; g. mamardaSvilis mier moZiebuli masalis Tanaxmad, leCxumSi ìndividualuri ojaxis ufrosis aRmniSvnel terminad SeiZleba `colqmara kaci~ [...] CaiTvalos~.104

individualuri saojaxo qonebis ganawileba mamis surviliT mis sicocxleSive rom xdeboda, amis nimuSad movixmobT ojaxis gayris erT-erT sabuTs:

`1904 wlis Tebervlis 17 dResa me qvemore amazed xelis momwerma, mcxovrebma surebis sazogadoebaSi ozurgeTis mazrisa almasxan giorgis Ze ramiSvilma Cemis surviliT da nebayoflobiT da ara sxvis ZaldatanebiT TandaswrebiT Cemis Svilebis grigol, rafiel da arCil almasxanis Ze ramiSvilebisa, imaTive TanxmobiT dRevandels ricxvs gavyavi Cems SvilTa Soris yovelive uZrav-moZravi qoneba Semdeg nawilebad...~105

maSasadame, didi ojaxis gayra dasaSvebi iyo mamis, mSoblebis

sicocxleSic. am faqts adasturebs b. zoiZe da wers: òjaxis gayra mosalodnelia maSinac, roca mama cocxalia. marTalia Tavdapirvelad iuridiuli cxovreba ver egueboda am viTarebas, magram bolos amgvari gayrac iqna aRiarebuli~.106

ojaxis ufrosis e. i. pirveli Taobis uxucesebis gardacvalebis Semdeg didi ojaxis gayris Cveuleba arsebobda ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic. Seswavlili eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze v. iToniSili adasturebs im faqts, rom adaTis Tanaxmad, ojaxis

101 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 101. 102 Косвен М.О., Семейное община и патримогия, изд-во AH СССР, Москва, 1963, c. 54. 103 aCugba T., xalxuri saojaxo samarTlis normebi aWaraSi (qonebriv-uflebrivi mdgomareoba), sdsyk, X, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 144. 104 mamardaSvili g., saojaxo yofa da rwmena-warmodgenebi leCxumis mosaxleobaSi, Tbilisi, universali, 2006, gv. 11. 105 fardis furceli, 1904, Cmm xelnaweri fondi, #1566. 106 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvdreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 41.

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gayofa miuRebeli iyo ara marto ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa sicocxleSi, aramed òjaxis gayra ar SeiZleboda ara marto mamis sicocxleSi, aramed aseve miuRebeli iyo cal-calke gasvla yvela mowilis daqorwinebamde~107; imave avtoris TqmiT, ès Cveulebac didxans Semoinaxa mTa inguSeTis saojaxo yofam~.108

kavkasiis mkvidr zog xalxSi gauyoflad cxovreba pirveli Taobis Semdegac rom grZeldeboda, amis magaliTad v. iToniSvils moyavs naxebi: `Cans, ramdenime Taobis gauyrelad cxovrebis wesi naxebma XIX saukunebde Semoinaxes. amave masalis mixedviT, isic aSkaraa, rom aseTi ojaxis gayra miuRebeli iyo ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa sicocxleSi~.109

amrigad, moxmobili magaliTebi naTlad mowmobs im viTarebas, rom òjaxis gayram, romelic Zvelad iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgenda bolo dros sakmaod didi gavrceleba hpova. gayofa daiwyes ara marto didma ojaxebma, aramed iseTebmac, romlebic mxolod 5-6 wevrisagan Sedgeboda~.110

II. 3. ojaxis gayris mizezebi vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 98-e muxlSi ojaxis gayris mizezad

kanonmdebeli wers: ùkeTu Zmani anu mama-Svilni, anu biZa-Zeni, anu biZaSvilni, gina sxva naTesavni, erTsaxlni da erTad memamuleni, veRar moTavsdnen da gaiyarnen, am wesiT da rigiT aris maTis daSorvebis rigi...~.111

zemoxsenebuli kanonidan gamomdinare, ojaxSi, sadac qonebis ZiriTadi nawili saerTo-saojaxo sakuTreba iyo, ojaxis ufross angariSi unda gaewia ojaxis wevrTa interesebisaTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis ufrosTan uTanxmoebas magaliTad, saojaxo qonebis gasxvisebis gamo, SeiZleba gamoewvia ojaxis ufrosisadmi ojaxis wevrTa daumorCilebloba da ojaxis gayofac ki.

ojaxis gayofis Sesaxeb eTnologTa mier mopovebuli cnobebi nawilobriv warmodgenas mainc gviqmnian iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa ojaxis gayris safuZvlebi Tu mizezebi, gayraSi monawile pirTa samosamarTlo uflebamosilebani, ojaxis calkeul wevrTa qonebrivi uflebebi da sxva.

ojaxis gayofis mizezad araerTi faqtori saxeldeba; mTxrobelebi ojaxis gayris sxvadasxva mizezs asaxeleben. ase

107 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 114. 108 iqve. 109 iqve, gv. 100. 110 Аргутинский Д.М., Материалы для изучения экономического бытия государственных крестян Закавказского края, т.VI, Тбилиси, 1886, с. 218; miTiTebulia d. bostoRanaSvilis statiidan, ojaxis gayris wesebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #1-2, 1998, gv. 76. 111 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507.

32

magaliTad, erTni aRniSnaven, rom didi ojaxis gayris mizezi iyo mis wevrTa simravle, ris gamoc saerTo sacxovrebeli saxlis farTobis simcire ojaxis wevrebs diskomforts uqmnida. meoreni gayris mizezad miiCneven ojaxis wevrTa uTanxmoebas, gansakuTrebiT qalebis dapirispirebas, raime yofiTi sakiTxis gamo urTierTobis gamwvavebas. am mosazrebas g. cecxlaZec iziarebs. guriis eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze, igi ojaxis gayris erT-erT mizezad ojaxis wevrTa uTanxmoebas asaxelebs, riTac, umTavresad, ojaxis wevrebTan rZlebis uTanxmoeba igulisxmeba.

mesameTa azriT, ojaxi mxolod maSin iyreboda, rodesac pirveli Taobis warmomadgenelebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi Svilebis anu meore Taobis warmomadgenelTa meTaurobiT SeiZleboda axali ojaxebi damoukidebel erTeulTa saxiT gamoyofiliyvnen. am Sexedulebis momxreTa azriT, `didi ojaxi unda moicavdes uaxloesi naTesaobis wres mSoblebis, Svilebis, SviliSvilebisa da SvilTaSvilis Svilebis saxiT. rodesac gamravleba aRniSnul sazRvrebs gascdeboda da mexuTe Taobidan sisxliT naTesavTa gaerTianebis axali konturebi gaCndeboda, socialuri erTeulis is CarCoebi, romelSiac didi ojaxi iyo Casmuli, irRveoda da naTesavTa es wre ukve patrimoniuli gaerTianebis CarCoebSi eqceoda~.112

`didi ojaxis danawilebis mizezebis Sesaxeb mTxrobelebi sxvadasxva ganmartebas iZlevian. erTni aRniSnaven, rom didi ojaxis gayris sakiTxi dgeboda misi metismetad gazrdis gamo. meoreni gayris mizezad Tvlian ojaxis wevrTa uTanxmoebas, gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxva Taobis rZlebis dapirispirebas da rZlebsa da mulebs Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebas. mesameni ki aRniSnaven, rom ojaxi iyreboda mxolod maSin, rodesac pirveli Taobis warmomadgenelebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi Svilebis anu meore Taobis warmomadgenelTa meTaurobiT SeiZleboda gamoyofiliyvnen axali damoukidebeli ojaxebi. am Sexedulebis mqone mTxrobelebs miaCniaT, rom didi ojaxi unda moicavdes uaxloesi naTesaobis wres mSoblebis, Svilebis, SviliSvilebisa da SvilTaSvilis Svilebis saxiT. rodesac gamravleba aRniSnul sazRvrebs gascdeboda da mexuTe Taobidan sisxliT naTesavTa gaerTianebis axali konturebi gaCndeboda, socialuri erTeulis is CarCoebi, romelSiac didi ojaxi iyo Casmuli, irRveoda da naTesavTa es wre ukve patrimoniuli gaerTainebis CarCoebSi eqceoda~.113

`savele-eTnografiuli masalebi ojaxis gayris sxvadasxva mizezebze mianiSneben: erT SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis gayra dakavSirebulia mis wevrTa uTanxmoebaze. gansakuTrebiT SilTa (rZalTa) dapirispirebul urTierTobaze, rZlebsa da mulebs Soris an rZlebisa da dedamTilebs Soris wamoWril uTanxmoebaze. rZlebis urTierSeugueblobis niadagze ojaxis

112 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 273. 113 iqve.

33

gayrasTan dakavSirebiT xalxSi ambobdne: `Zma Zmis WkuiT geiars, magram Sili Silis WkuiT _ arao~, an `Zma Zmas SerCeba, magram rZali rZals verao~. meore SemTxvevaSi ojaxis ganawilebis mizezad iTvleba ojaxis wevrTa iseTi simravle, rodesac isini mocemul sacxovrebels saxlSi Seviwroebulad cxovrobdnen; sxva SemTxvevaSi pirveli Taobis Semdeg danarCen Taobebs TavianTi damoukidebeli ojaxebi unda SeeqmnaT~.114

ikveTeba, rom Tavisi raobiT didi ojaxi ar yofila gauyofeli; aqedan naTelia: `yoveli ojaxis gayofa, roca igi simwifis periods daasrulebda, [sruliad] mizanSewonili~115 da bunebrivi iyo.

didi ojaxis daSlis mizezad a. arRuTinski asaxelebs `komlSi Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebas, dargobrivi specializaciis ganviTarebas, ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetis Seryevasa da axal pirobebSi (igulisxmeba kapitalisturi urTierTobebis damkvidreba) did ojaxebad cxovrebis mouxerxeblobas~.116

g. cecxlaZec ojaxis gayris erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs `ojaxis wevrTa raodenobriv zrdas _ jarsulianobas, rac sacxovrebeli farTis siviwroves ganapirobebda~.117

igive avtori mis mier mopovebuli masalebis safuZvelze daskvnis saxiT wers: `guriis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT ojaxis gayris, garigebis mizezebi ase SeiZleba dajgufdes: 1. ojaxis wevrTa uTanxmoeba. pirvel rigSi, aq igulisxmeba rZlebis uTanxmoeba ojaxis wevrebTan; 2. ojaxis wevrTa raodenobrivi zrda, jarsulianoba; 3. sacxovrebeli farTis siviwrove~.118

samarTlebriv Cveulebebze dafuZnebuli fSauri ojaxis wevrTa uflebebi da movaleobebi ganskuTrebiT kargad mJRavndeba im dros, roca ojaxi iyreba. Tanmimdevrulad ganvixiloT informatorTa mier mowodebuli cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba gamxdariyo ojaxis gayofis safuZveli Tu mizezi:

`roca ojaxi gaizrdeboda imdenad, rom erTad cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo, ojaxi iyreboda...~ _ ambobs erT-erTi informatori. misive TqmiT `ojaxis gayris safuZveli xSirad mSoblebis gadacvalebac xdeboda~.119 j. merabiSvilis Tanaxmad, gayofis mniSvnelovani piroba, rogorc Cans, iyo ojaxSi yvela

114 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 99-100. 115 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasiis mTielebis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 129. 116 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 45. 117 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 84. 118 iqve. 119 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv. gv. 9 miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 160.

34

srulwlovani mamakacis daqorwineba, radgan `gayofas ZiriTadad maSin hqonda adgili, roca yvela Zma daqorwinebuli iyoo~.120

Tumca zog mkvlevars, magaliTad, AT. aCugbas, aWaraSi Sinasaojaxo konfliqti ar miaCnia didi ojaxis gayris arsebiT mizezad, `radgan aseT ojaxSi damkvidrebuli Sromis maRali organizacia, mmarTvelobis struqtura da saojaxo wesrigi, Cveulebriv, gamoricxavda ojaxis wevrTa ukmayofilebis konfliqtSi gadazrdas~.121

magram didi ojaxis ganviTarebis bolo etapze ojaxis gayra, saerTo qonebis gayofa da individualuri ojaxebis Seqmna sayovelTao movlena iyo; igive iTqmis gvianifeodaluri xanis saqarTvelosa da kavkasiazec. `XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisisaTvis didi ojaxebis daSlis procesma imdenad intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo saqarTveloSi, rom gazeTi `droeba~ sruliad marTebulad ukavSirebda am process batonymobis gauqmebas aWaraSic da werda, rom igi mxaris kapitalistur sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobaSi CarTviT unda aixsnas~.122

d. bostoRanaSvils qiziySi didi ojaxis gayris ZiriTad mizezad miaCnia `miwebis perioduli gadanawilebis gavrceleba. miwebis gadanawilebisas aTvlis erTeuli iyo komli. TiToeul komlze miwis Tanabari nakveTebis Sexvedrisas, bunebrivia, mravalsuliani ojaxebi wamgebian mdgomareobaSi xvdebodnen. swored es mizezi ubiZgebda daSlisaken ara marto mravalsulian, aramed ufro mcirericxovan ojaxebsac~.123

ojaxis gayrisas msgavsi faqtorebi moqmedebda saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic. ojaxis gayra, miuxedavad mizezisa (ojaxis ufrosTan uTanxmoeba, misdami ojaxis wevrTa daumorCilebloba, ojaxis mravalricxovnoba, ojaxis wevr qalebs Soris uTanxmoeba da sxva) sruliad miznaSewonilad da bunebrivad miiCneoda. ase rom, `erTi romelime calkeuli faqtoris gadamwyveti roli sakvlevi sakiTxis Taobaze Seqmnil specialur literaturaSic uaryofilia~.124

marTalia, ojaxis gayris mizezad ramdenime faqtori ganixileba, magram, Cveni azriTac, didi ojaxis daSlis zemoxsenebul mizezTagan ZiriTad faqtorad romelimes aRiareba araswori iqneba. odiTganve, raki kerZo sakuTrebis pirvelive niSnebi isaxeboda ojaxSi, amdenad, gayris ZiriTadi arsi, realurad, umal qonebis ganawileba, yoveli ganayari ojaxisaTvis misi kerZo sakuTrebis gansazRvra, saerTo saojaxo qonebidan

120 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv. gv. 9 miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 160. 121 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 99-100. 122 iqve, gv. 100-101. 123 bostoRanaSvili d., ojaxis gayris wesebi aRmosavelT saqarTveloSo, Jurn. samarTali, #1-2, 1998, gv. 76. 124. Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.II Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, 1961, с43; iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasiis mTielebis saojaxo yofa I naxebisa da osebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 274.

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gamoyofa unda yofiliyo. didi ojaxi ar yofila gauyofeli erTeuli; roca igi Tavisi simwifis periods daasrulebda, gayra bunebrivi ram iyo, e.i. mizanSewonil aqts warmoadgenda. amitom uwodebdnen am process gayofasac.

Cveni azriTac, ojaxis gayris erT-erT mizezad, nawilobriv mainc aseve unda miviCnioT ojaxis ufrosis uflebebSi momxdari cvlilebebi (anu misi uflebebis ugulebelyofa, an piriqiT, swrafva erTmmarTvelobisadmi) da qalebs Soris uTanxmoeba.

Cveni azriT, qonebis erToba, did ojaxebad cxovrebiT gamowveuli uxerxuloba, asustebda da amaxinjebda sisxliT naTesaur kavSirebs; sakuTari keTildReobis zrdis mizniT, Zmebi iZulebulni iyvnen erTi da imave bilikiT evloT, ris gamoc maTi interesebi xSirad ejaxeboda erTmaneTs da konfliqtic ar ayovnebda, rasac naTlad mowmobs imdroindel ojaxur davaTa araerTi faqti; Tundac gayris dros warmoqmnili uTanxmoebebi da mediatorobis institutis sixSire; amas cxadyofs is literaturuli Txzulebebic, romlebSic xsenebulma viTarebam hpova asaxva.

miuxedavad ojaxis gayris sxvadasxva subieqturi mizezisa, obieqturad, yoveli maTgani mainc ekonomikuri faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli, rasac, drois kvalobaze, sul ufro amwvavebda, erTi mxriv, ojaxis axalgazrda wevrTa swrafva qonebis damoukideblad flobisa da gankargvisadmi, meore mxriv, ojaxSi ojaxis ufrosis rolis daknineba da qalis emansipacia.

Tumca didi ojaxis ganviTarebis bolo etapze ojaxis gayris erT-erT mizezad, nawilobriv mainc, unda CaiTvalos ojaxis ufrosis uflebebSi momxdari cvlilebebi (misi uflebebis ugulebelyofa, an piriqiT, erTmmarTvelobisadmi swrafva). amdenad, vfiqrobT, gayris arsebiTi safuZveli, mizezis miuxedvad, mainc iyo, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri faqtori, Sromis danawilebis sul ufro metad specializacia, da, meore mxriv, ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetis daknineba.

36

mesame Tavi

saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis gayrisadmi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam Zalze didi

gavlena iqonia qarTuli kulturisa da samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebaze. gaZlierda berZnul-romauli warmomavlobis samarTlis zegavlena qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis normebze. berZeni Tu romaeli iuristebis msgavsad, qarTveli iuristebic gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen ojaxis instituts; ojaxTan dakavSirebul yvela arsebiT sakiTxTan mimarTebiT kanonmdebeli saqmis faqtobriv mdgomareobas iTvaliswinebda da kanonis mixedviT moqmedebda.

Sesabamisad, ismis kiTxva: rogor regulirdeboda saxelmwifos mier ojaxis gayra da ra samarTlebrivi dokumenti mowmobda ojaxis gayris namdvilobas?

III. 1. ojaxis gayris samarTlebrivi normebi qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi

saerTod, ojaxis Sida saqmeebSi saxelmwifo ar ereoda.

adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi ojaxis gayra imdenad miuRebeli da iSviaTi movlena iyo, rom qarTuli samarTlis adreul ZeglebSi ojaxis gayris Sesaxeb muxlebi ar gvxvdeba.

mogvianebiT, rodesac ojaxis gayram intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo, gvianfeodaluri xanis ZeglebSi ramdenime muxli, zogan ki mTeli karic dauTmes am sakiTxs. qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebiT dasturdeba, rom kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayris Taobaze sarCelis maSinve dakmayofileba mizanSewonilad ar miiCneoda; ojaxis gayra xdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxis gauyrelad SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo.

Cveulebriv, ojaxis wevrebi sxva pirTa Carevis gareSe gayras amjobinebdnen. `xSirad xalxi Sinaurulad morigebas aniWebda upiratesobas, vidre xelisuflebis Carevas~.125 saxelmwifo moxeleebi sasurvelad miiCnevdnen didi ojaxebis, rogorc ekonomikurad Zlieri sameurneo erTeulebis, gauyrelad cxovrebas. gauyrelobis moTxovna dastureba rogorc TavadTa da aznaurTa, ise glexebis mimarT. amitom didi ojaxebis patara da ekonomikurad sust ojaxebad daSlas ara mxolod gabatonebuli klasi, aramed saxelmwifoc ewinaaRmdegeboda.

125 daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 209.

37

aRniSnulis dasturad movixmobT erT-erT wyaros – ganCineba erekle I-isa amilaxvarTa erTsaxlobis saqmeze, romlic 1692 wlis 15 martiT TariRdeba.

`da amisaTvis Cven vigulmodgineT da Tavad mefeni Sua CavdeqiT da Cveni episkopozni da darbaiselni Sua CamovayeneT da maTi gayra aRar movaxdineT da isev erToba da erTsaxeloba movandomebineT da ase gavaerTianeT da am wesiT SevarigeT~.126

didi ojaxis gauyrelobis momxrea vaxtang VI, ris Sesaxebac

sagangebod aris aRniSnuli vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 98 muxlSi:

`batonma unda daibaros, ufrosi swvarTos da daaxedos, umcrosi datuqsos; Tu ymani sCxubevden, avad moepyran, nu moiSlebiT, nu gaiyrebiT-Tqo; amgvarebi daaxedon, urCion Tavis moyureT, karis kaciT, gauyrelobas ecaden. da Tu ar iqnas da ar daiSalon, asre gahyaron~.127

cxadia, ojaxis mTlianobis dacvas Tavad gvaris interesebi

moiTxovda, magram realisti kanonmdebeli imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom adamianTa cxovrebaSi yovelTvis gauyrelad cxovrebac SeuZlebeli iyo. amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 99 muxlSi weria:

`[304r] 99. adams aqeT queyana gayriT aris moSenebuli, rom ar iqnas, arc iqnebis. [...] gayra Zneli saqme aris~.128

rogorc sabuTebidan Cans, iyo SemTxveveebi roca

xelisufalTa, sasuliero pirTa da didebulTa didi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, ojaxi mainc iyreboda. ojaxis erTianobis sawinaaRmdegod sul ufro Zlierad moqmedebda sakuTrebis gankerZoebis interesebi _ `saxlis rigis~ darRveva, `swrafva sakuTrebis individualizaciisaken~, `saerTo mamulis~ Semosavlis erTmaneTisagan `gardaparva~ da a. S. _ rac Tavadis saxlis gayras da patara ojaxebad daSlas iwvevda.

`sami da oTxi weliwadi uSaleT da gauyrelobas urCevdiT, maTi saxliskacobis saqmec gaurCevlad iyo, magram ar iqna da yularaRasi gauyrelobas ar moeSva~.129

126 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 158. 127 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 128 iqve.

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gayris Taobaze ramdenime muxlia mocemuli bagrat

kurapalatis samarTalSi. erTi maTgani didebulTa, xolo meore glexTa gayris wess exeba. orive SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli erTi principiT xelmZRvanelobs: ufrosisaTvis adgens ukeTes sofels anu mdebareobiTa da mosavlianobiT ukeTes mamuls e. i. privilegia eniWeba asaks, riTac kanoni SesabamisobaSia Zvel adaTTan da danarCeni qonebis Tanabrad gayofas moiTxovs. es norma aseve mowmobs, rom gayra xdeboda sazogadoebis rogorc maRal, ise dabal fenaSi.

[275r] 154 Tu didebulni gaiyarnen, erTi ukeTesi sofeli sauxucesod aiRon da sxuaÁ Sua gaiyon. da monagebica asre gaaCinon.130

155. Tu glexni gaiyarnen, uxucessa imasa anu Tavi saxli, anu erTi venaÂi, anu ufrosni Wurni _ sauxucesod; sxuaÁ Sua gaiyon.131

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 98-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo

ojaxis gayras dasaSvebad miiCnevs im SemTxvevaSi, roca mravalricxovani ojaxis erTsaxlad cxovreba SeuZlebelia, Sesabamisad ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebic daZabulia da ojaxis gayra saukeTeso gamosavalia:

`ukeTu Zmani anu mama-Svilni, anu biZa-Zeni, anu biZa-Svilni, gina sxva naTesavni, erTsaxlni da erTad memamuleni veRar moTavsdnen da gaiyarnen, am wesiTa da rigiT aris maTis daSorvebis rigi. rodesac saxlis jalabni aiSalnen da damdurden, moyvareman da ymam maTi aSla Seityon, da TiTqmis batonTanac miawion, da maTi saqme moÃsendes, manamdin ar gaiyarnen da an isrev kargad erTsaxloba ar mouÃdes, nurc ymasRa arbeven da nurc pursa da Rvinos urigod xarjvas dauwyeben, Torem, Tu gayra mouÃdebisT, erTmaneTs uangariSeben da cudad ar SerCebisT. rodesac magaze gamoCenili Seiqnan, rome aiSalneno da veRar moTavsdebiano, batonma kaci uCinos, nuRarc mamuls arbevinebs, nuRarc urigod axarjvinebs~.132

129 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 557. 130 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 131 iqve. 132 iqve.

39

vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs kidev ramdenime muxli, romelSic kanonmdebeli ojaxis gayris msurvel rogorc mamas, ise Svils urTierTpativiscemisaken mouwodebs. kerZod, 80-e muxlSi weria:

`[80] Svils mamis upatiuroba [...] ar marTebs~.133 da kidev:

`[80] iqneba mamas Svili erTimeoreze an uRonobisaTvis, an siavisaTvis sZuldes da sCagravdes da sxvas Svils ufro hkerZevdes, mama nu uzams, ara Âams – ufrosi ufrosad imyofos da umcrosi – umcrosad~.134

kanonis poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, vaxtang VI-is

samarTlis 78-e muxli Svils mamisadmi pativiscemas religiis meSveobiTac Seaxsenebs:

`[781] Tu Svilman mama an galaÂa, an ukadrisi ram hkadra, imas avad mopyoba unda, amitom [rome] meaTe mcneba mamisa da dedis pativis-deba aris~.135

gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi ojaxis gayrisa da

saojaxo qonebis ganawileba ufro met sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas saWiroebda. Sesabamisad, saqmis sirTulidan gamomdinare kanonmdebeli mosamarTles avaldebulebda, rom ojaxis gayris dros maqsimaluri sifrTxile gamoeCina da samarTlianobiT exelmZRvanela.

`[304r] 99. ...magrame, zeiTac daguiweria, mosamarTles Tavad yov[e]ls samarTalSi sifrTxile da uqrTamoba marTebs, da nametnavad amaSi, rom gayra Zneli saqme aris~.136

rodesac ojaxi iyreboda saxelmwifos CareviT, kanoni

mosamarTles avaldebulebda ZmaTa ufros-umcrosobis mixedviT ara marto uZravi qonebis, aramed yma-glexebis gayofasac.

`[1034]. iqnebis, glexi oci ar yuandes, an meti, an naklebi iyos, da imisi saufrosos micema an gasamyrelos aReba, an

133 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 501. 134 iqve gv. 502. 135 iqve, gv. 501. 136 iqve, gv. 507.

40

saSualos aReba gaWirdebis. amas karga gasinjva da mosamarTlisagan garkveva unda, CaTula da angariSi unda~.137

amgvarad, vaxtang VI-is samarTliT zustad iqna

gansazRvruli is safuZvlebi, rodesac ojaxis gayra dasaSvebad miiCneoda.

frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebiTa da suliskveTebiT aRzrdili daviT batoniSvili iziarebs vaxtang VI-is moTxovnas gayrasTan dakavSirebiT da mosamarTleebs ufro meti simkacrisa da samarTlianobisaken mouwodebs:

`[29] ib. gayrisaTÂs garna emkacrnen mosamarTleni, raTa fardi wesieriTa kargiTa ganfardon da gamswilon, raTa ara ufardebisa gamo warmoeSuas SfoTi~.138

ojaxis gayris dros, daviT batoniSvili Tavis naSromebSi,

`obozrenie~ (muxli 342, 735) da `samarTali~ qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxebg vaxtang VI-is wesebs ucvlelad tovebs. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, movixmobT Sesabamis muxlebs:

`[102.]kg. mama-Svilis gayrisaTvis ukeTu mamaman Svili gaiyaros da ukeTu dauSTes mamuligauyofeli, Semdgomad missa ZeTa ganiyon, da nivTica, danaSRomi winaparTagan; xolo mamisa danaSTeni nivTi, romela sakuTari, vizedaca anderZ eqmnas, nuravin ecilebis mas~.139

`[117] lÀ. mSobelTAgan sicocxlesa Sina mamulis gacemisaTvis ukeTu sicocxlesa Tvissa mSobleTa mamuli gascen, maSin memkvidresa ara eqmnebis saqmeÁ, amad romel si[42]cocxlesa mSobelTTasa araraÁme uqmnies gamocxadebad msajulTa winaSe saCivari Tvisi memkvidresa mas. da ukeTu uanderZos visme mSobelTa, maSin mdgmoobisamebr saqmisa gansinjon mosamarTleTa~.140

[160] iÀ. saZmo mamulisaTvis raÁca saZmod iyos mamuli dadebuli, igi, mebr Cveulebisa, saZmod iqmnebodes.

137 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 509. 138 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (d. furcelaZis redaqtorobiT), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 23. 139 iqve, gv.62. 140 iqve, gv.67.

41

da iqmnebis; romel saZmo mamuli eboZos ymaTa; igi mamulisa ymaÁ gayrisa Sina visca ergebis, igi dapatrondebis. da ukeTu iqmnes, romel nawyalobevisa misgani meti raÁme gardasdvan ZmaTa, misi Ãams saZmod gayofaÁ~.141

Tumca saufroso da saumcroso wilis Taobaze daviT

batoniSvilis naSromidan moxmobili muxli Seicavs Zalze sayuradRebo dadgenilebas, romliTac daviT batoniSvili tradiciulad damkvidrebuli wesis gauqmebas adgens da yvela ZmisaTvis Tanabari wilis gadacemis iniciativiT gamodis.

`[29] ib. gayrisaTÂs `magra saufrososa da saumcrosaTÂ ara raimesa movixsenebT [...] uxams ars saufrososa, gina saumcrososa da saSualisa gamoZieba da ganyofa, miT rome yovelive SfoTi da siZulili amis mier ars erTa Soris CvenTa warmodebul, da raica warmoSobs siZulilsa, uxams ars da bunebiTisagan sjulisa garegan. da vinaiTgan es[v]reT ars, maSa jer-ars yovlisave Tanaswor zomiT ganyofaÁ~.142

m. gariSvilis azriT, daviT batoniSvili `met simtkices iCens

da Tanmimdevrulad aRiqvams ganmanaTlebelTa Sexedulebebs samarTlisa da kanonierebis Sesaxeb. misi Sexedulebis progresuli xasiaTi [...] gamoixateba kanonebis uzenaesobis, kanonierebis da marTlwesrigis sayovelTao aRiarebaSi ~.143 drois moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, daviT batoniSvili `cdilobda axleburad Camoeyalibebina samarTlis, kerZod ki samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtis cneba da ganesazRvra misTvis damaxasiaTebeli uflrbaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba~.144

III. 2. gayris wignis aRweriloba Cven mier Seswavlili saarqivo masalebiT SegviZlia

vivaraudoT, rom saqarTveloSi ojaxebis gayris sabuTebis Sedgena daaxloebiT XVI saukunidan daiwyes. ojaxis gayris ufro adrindeli sabuTebi ar mogvepoveba. Cveni azriT, ojaxis gayris dokumentaluri gaformeba manamade an saerTod ar xdeboda, an Zalze iSviaTi movlena iyo, an saTanado dokumenti, savaraudod, Cvenamde Semonaxuli ar aris.

sakuTriv didi ojaxebis gayra, romelTa dokumentaluri aRwera zemoxsenebuli saukunidan SeiniSneba TandaTan intensiur xasiaTs iZenda da mTel rig cvlilebebs iwvevda samarTlebrivi

141 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (d. furcelaZis redaqtorobiT), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 90. 142 iqve, gv. 24. 143 gariSvili m., daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis (batoniSvilis) politikuri da iuridiuli Sexedulebani, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 111. 144 iqve, gv. 114.

42

kuTxiT. ojaxis gayris kanoniereba dadasturebuli unda yofiliyo saTanado dokumentiT, romlis gareSec gayra kanonierad ar miiCneoda anu `gayra ar aris WeSmariti~.

`Tu vinc Zmani gaiyarnen da gaiyon mamuli da saqoneli, da kacTa wina gaiyarnon da ar dasweron gasamyrelos wigni marTali, uwignoT gayofa risac da gayra ar aris WeSmariti~.145

samarTlis normaTa Sesabamisad, gayris dokumenti saTanado

formiT da wesebis dacviT dgeboda. Cven mier gacnobili ojaxis gayris wignebis umravlesoba, wesisamebr, iwyeba mama RmerTis, Ze RmerTis, suliwmindisa da RvTismSobel mariamisadmi mimarTviT. ase magaliTad,

`q. nebiTa SewevniTa mRTisa mamisa misisa sulisa wmindisa awada kurTxeulis Cvenis dedu-flis ?? ?? marndis qanwulis mariamisiT da zeciT maRliTa uxiTa da meuxebiTa aT Tormetis mowamis mociquliTa petre da pavlisiTa maTvar angel-zis miqel da gabrielisiTa da iSvne uqar-s pirisa da iSvne maxr-mlisa da iSvne naTlis mcemisa samas samucda samis wminda giorgisiTa amTis SuamdgumelobiTa da TavdebobiTa da qalaqis melqi da mamasaxlisis qevxudebis sal?iTa ese gasamyrelo wigni da sigeli dagiwerae da momeci me mamednas Svilma aruTinam Tqvuem Cemis mama da papas ase r-me Tu ram gavebad cota an bevri an saxli an saxlis avtnasi wvrT gavyaviT da ergo papas TavianTi saxlebi naxevari darbazi da SigniT saTorne da darbazis wina derefani da amisi magier ergo prunensa wilad naxevari Wala Tavisi rigiTa da iaraRiTa da erTi ?? riTa da deda Cvenis, samarxi miveciT da Turam mamiCvenisa aslebi gamoCndes an misacemi erTaTa und pasuxi gavceT da CvenSi aRar darCa sadavo arca slparak arca erTi iotis ?si mamebis da moyvrobis meti da amas iqiT yvelas xeli da ?mari TavianT da aes amisi mowame TvTlT da misi yvela wmindni da kacTman qalaqis meliqi mamasaxlisi amaxrbuma da xarimnT osefa da oqoanT nsaca dm da baJli avi-fnT aruefxm... 1726, ivlisi~.146

zogi gayris wigni iwyeba RmerTis da wmindanebis moxseniebiT,

Semdeg CamoTvlilia ojaxis gayris monawile saero pirebi da moxeleebi [mamasaxlisebi]. magaliTad,

`aris amis mowame Tavad RmerTi da misni wmindani da xorcielni da uxurconi; kacTagan: meliqi avTandil. beWedi meliqi avTandil da mamasaxlisi giorgi. beWedi: mamasaxlisi

145 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 257. 146 Zvel sabuTTa arqivi, fondi #1448, saqme #1109.

43

giorgi da iavangulTa garsua da osina da yaryaSa, papua da meliqanT varTan. da me, ohanas damiweria da mowameca var. daiwera qoronikonsa tni, martis À. † †~.147

arqivSi daculia iseTi gayris wignebi, romlebic uSualod

wmindanebis moxseniebiT iwyeba. magaliTad,

ganCineba banduras da Svilebis aruTenasa da giorgis gayris saqmeze

1716 w. martis naxevars ...[pe]tre, pavle, an[d]riasiTa, wmindis winaswarmetyvelis [da iovane] maxaroblis, iovane naTlismcemlis da iovane oqros pirisiTa; didebulis wmindis giorgis sadgris, wmidis giorgis goris jvaris, wmidis giorgis moRninis, wmidis giorgis TeleTis maTiT SuamdgomlobiTa da meliqis da mamasaxlisis da qalaqis qeTxudebis sahliTa gaveyareniT Cven, banduras Svilebman, aruTenama da Cemi Zmama giorgiman. roca roma saxlis rigi gvqonda, Sua gaviyaviT. da giorgis ergo yalmoaTa saqoa rom zis, is duqani; da gareTa ubanSi zeiTa napirs qhnas diswuli rom zis, is duqani; da baRis naxevari; da axalqalaqs javaxisSvili faremuzisagan nasyidi wisqvili; da SaprnTagana, Tavisi erTi kaciTa da erTis qaliTa da Tavis saxlkariTa; da kidev iase, Tavisi ZmiTa da Tavisis dediTa. aruTena rome duqanSi zis, im duqnis fasi saerTo oci Tumani vali qo[n]daT da aruTenam unda pasuxi misces. da kidev baRis naxevaric giorgis miveciT. aris amisi mowame Tavad RmerTi. kacTagan: meliqi aSxarbeg beWedi: meliqi aSxarbeg mamasalixisi zurab beWedi : mamasaxlisi zurab CiTxaT osefa beWedi : ar irCeva zaqarT beria beWedi : ar irCeva fodoaT griqora beWedi : griqur surgunT osefa beWedi: ar irCeva xudinT nasyida beWedi: nasyida aslanbegT avetisa beWedi: ar irCeva. me, solaRis Svils Tandinas damiweria, mowamec var. daiwera ese wigni da sigeli martis naxevars, qoronikons ud +148 wmindanebis xsenebis garda gayris wignSi vxvdebiT saero

pirebis CamonaTvals. TvalsaCineobisaTvis movixmobT erT sabuTs:

147 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 127-128. 148 iqve, gv. 269.

44

q. nebiTa da SewevniTa RmrTisaTa da brZanebiTa mefeT-mefis patronis SahnavazisaTa davsxediT Cven, mdivanbegi batoni ediSer da mdivnebi SanSiaSvilis papiasa da misis Zmisa dolmazas gasayrelad da gasacalcalkeveeblad. 149 q. Cuen mefe saqarTvelosi irakli meore. am garigebis adgils, wigns vamtkicebT martis vd : eqvs uoS q. Cuen qemiqCmaSi aSamime ioane ezronika Svili zaal da erastiSvilebi mamulzed vlaparakobdiT misis umaRlesobis mefis samarTalSi mivediT magram Cuen erT maneTis mSoblisa da siyvarulisaTvis samarTalSivi aRar vilaparakeT da mdivanbegi beJan WavwavaZe emivaRaSami garsevan vaCaZe luarsab jimiTis mouravi zal mayaSvili ioseb da yorCibaSis Svil beJan eseni damvisxdnen dase memva raimes Cuen am garigebas davjerdiT dayabulebuli gvaqvs. q. beJan SaRi davaWreni qvemoT saqiziyosS aramdis es samaT unda gaiyos erT wilve miqCbaSis ioanesia erT wili zalisa aris da erT wili erastiSvilebis aris amave beJan Salisa davaWreTis mo da saqiziyos maras qvemoT rac aris es samTavisi saerTo aris magram gayofamdis erTmaneTs bevri moxnavs Tu cotas xvnas ar dauSlian q. amas garda ziaris bolo rac gauyofeli aris is saerTo aris ziarelTyaulas vaJma unda xsnas magram metnaklebis moTxovnas erTmaneTs ar daumlian da verc veravin samamuleT daiWers Cuens kacs garda sxvam kacma rom moxnas iqi dam rac Rala adges samaT unda gaiyon. q. ziaris tye rac aris aqedam TviT saxodabuze Tanaswore am zemoxsenebulT samTav Zmani unda aiRon sxva rac darCeba ziaris mTeli savomdi unda Cagdon da sakomlzed gaiyon qninamxarSi roca mouravianTTan saerTo mamuli gvaqvs mouravianTadam rasac Cuens wils gamovitandeT roca mouravianTadam Cuen Cili gamovitanT sanamdis gaviyofdeT isic am zemoxsenebulsaviT saerTo unda exnaT rodesac gaiyon samTav saZmoT unda gaiyon martis vb ?? uoS qrimTavs. TviT amisTana ganaCeni migvicia... 1784150

zog SemTxvevaSi ojaxis gayris sabuTi iwyeba kaTalikozisa

da saero didebulTa xsenebiT. magaliTad,

ganCineba anton I-isa maRalaZeTa gayris saqmeze 1755 w. 1 ivlisi

q. Cven, yovlisa saqarTvelosa makurTxevelman, maRalTa

mefeTa Saravandedma, kaTalikoz-patriarqma, Zeman qarTvelTa mefisa iesesma, patronma antonim gverT viaxeli orbeliani

149 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 123-124. 150 Zvel sabuTTa arqivi, fondi@1448, saqme #682.

45

mdivanbegi ioane da yovelni mcxeTelni aznaurSvilni da maRalaZe mdivani nikoloz da misi Zma daviT svimon Tavis biZaSvilis saxlTuxuces[s] giorgis gavyareT.

da samarTliani saqmiT miveciT nikolaozsa da imis Zmebs wiliTa da baraTiTa yma da mamuli.

q. zerts : terunaSvili ivane Tavisi saxlisakacebiTa, dRes risac mamulis mqonebelni iyvnen.

q. cixebdavs : maisas Svili saba, dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli iyos.

q. iqav cixebdavs : xomizuris giorgis mamuli da diRoms kopaZis beris naqonis mamuliTa, dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli yofiliyos.

q. Trialeli axaSneli bogveli giua Tavis saxliskacebiT axaSens rac mamuli qonebodes da CoCeTs qofitis naqonis mamuliTa, dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli iyos.

q. mcxeTas : xaxutasSvili iase Tavis ZmebiTa da saxliskaciTa, risac saxlisa da alagis mqonebeli iyos.

q. winarexs : aRapisSvili goderZa, umamulo. q. Zegvs : erTi SaSutasSvili mamuli, dRes risaca mamulis

mqonebeli yofiliyos. q. Trialeli ZmasarasSvilis mamuli, dRes risac mamulis

mqonebeli iyos. q. iqav leui mamukas mamuli, dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli

yofiliyos. q. iqav saxlkarisa da saÃdelisa naxevari qvemoubans. q. tfilis[s] qalaqs gareTubans qaSoeTTan qarvaslis

alagi, rac wili uZes. q. da kidev gareTubans sasaxlis alagi da rac wili uZesT. q. da axoSi bacaniZis naqoni miwebi imis naxevari, da rac

saxlTuxuces[s] giorgis da mdivans nikolaozs da imis Zmebs wili xodabunebi aris zertsa, niab-CoCeTsa da cixedids da an Zveli nazvrevi aqvT, iseT orTav Sua unda gaiyon.

eseTi wiliTa da baraTiT ergoT. q. da amas da garda sauncrosoT ergoT nikolaozsa da

imis Zmebs : sasaxle koSkTan, rogorc Zvels gayris wignSi uweriaT; da kidev zeiT saxlTxucis amilbaris aSenebuls saxlebs, darbazsa da sawols garda, rac saxlTxucis revazisa da arqimanadritisa nikolozisa aSenebuli ZvelTave saTorne da marani Camoitans, Sig rom baRi dahyveba, iqiT gverdamdi da qvemo Saramdi _ es naxevari, rac vardis baRi Camait[an]s, nikolozsa da imis Zmebs darCa da sauncrosoT ergoT.

da im vardis baRs iqiT amilbar salTxucis aSenebuli nasaxlarebi da sajinibo rasac gaitans iqiT Saramdi _ es salTxuce[s] giorgis darCa.

da Tu ram solomon mdivans da imis Svilebs nasyidoba da naSovni yma da mamuli da saxelo TavTavisTvis calcalke hqondesT, rogorc uwin qonebiaT, axlac ise calcalke hqondesT.

46

nasyidoba wilSi arc Caigdeba samarTliTa, arc Cven Cagvigvdia.

amas winaT bevri dava da laparaki hqondebodaT da hqondaT. Cven es samarTliT gavarCieT, gavsazRvreT, gavasamarTleT da gavarigeT.

da numca vinme mkadre ars Slad da qcevad garigebasa amas Cvensa.

da ukeTu mciredi rame baraTi anu wigni am Cvens garigebuls uwindeli gamoCndes, wigniTa amiT gagvicudebia.

q. da saxeloebic ase ganvsazRvreT da gavasamarTleT. salTxucoba dRes aRamomde wilSi da baraTSi ar iyo da Cven ase gavarigeT salTxucoba.

da cixedids gelxauri salTxuces[s] giorgis ergo; da mis fardaT mdivnoba, qadagoba da samamamTavro nikolaozsa da imis Zmebs ergo.

Cven es samarTlianis saqmiT gagvirigebia. aRiwera Tvesa ivlissa a, ÃeliTa Cvenisa arqidiakvnis

kirilesiTa, qoronikons umg, qristes aqeT CRne.151 Cveni yuradReba miipyro erTma ganCinebam, romelic exeba

mamulaSvilebis gayris saqmes.

ganCineba mamulaSvilebis gayris saqmeze 1731 w. 10 ianvari

q. mamulaSvilebi erTmaneTs rome Zmebi gaeyarnen, rac an

saxlosnoba, an sisxliani saqoneli yvandaT da an mamulebi qondaT, yvela Cven, batonma Tqvenman, mdivan sulxan gagiyaviT.

da am erTs Zmas ebalas Zala daemarTa gayraSi: saqoneli ara gayva ra da imis samuwfoT, radgan saqonelisagan uwilod rCeboda, brali iyo.

da win rome saerTo nafuzari erTi dRis miwa qondaT, is am ebalas davanebeT. sxvebs Zmebs Ãeli ara aqvs, samarTlis amas darCa.

daiwera ianvris i, qoronikons uiT. beWedi: mdivani sulxan152 moxmobili dokumenti ar iwyeba arc wminda samebis, arc

wmindanebis da arc mefe-didebulTa moxseniebiT. Tumca, Cveni varaudiT, es dokumentic iseTive wesiT iqneboda Sedgenili,

151 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 440-442. 152 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 324-325.

47

rogorc Cven mier zemoT moxmobili dakumentebi; amdenad, gamovTqvavT varauds, rom es dokumenti, ubralod, arasruli formiTaa Semonaxuli Cvenamde.

Cven mier ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze aSkarad gamoikveTa Semdegi:

mogvianebiT, rodesac samarTlis werilobiTi Zeglebi Seiqmna, ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebiT mowile subieqtTa qonebis sakiTxis regulirebisas kanonmdebeliE xelmZRvanelobda saxelmwifo interesebiT; gadawyvetilebas kanonis safuZvelze, saqmis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad iRebda; Tumca, imavdroulad, CveulebiTi samarTlis odindel wesebsac iTvaliswinebda.

Sejamebis saxiT, saarqivo masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: imis miuxedavad, Tu visdami (RmerTi, Ze RmerTi, wminda sameba, suliwminda, RvTismSobeli mariami, wmindanebi, mefe-didebulebi) mimarTviT iwyeba werilobiT Sedegenli gayris dokumenti, is aSkarad metyvelebs qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, gayris sabuTis samarTlebriv gamarTulobaze, rasac mowmobs gayris wignSi zustad gansazRvruli Semdegi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi:

1. rogor da ra formiT iyreboda ojaxi (gareSe pirebis Caurevlad Tu mediatoris daxmarebiT);

2. vin iyvnen ojaxis gayris subieqtebi; zustad iyo miTiTebuli TiToeuli subieqtis vinaoba;

3. aseve is, Tu romel mowiles qonebis ra wili ergeboda ojaxis gayris dros;

4. vin eswreboda da adasturebda ojaxis gayris faqts; 5. vis mier da ramden egzemplarad xdeboda gayris sabuTis

Cawera. bolos mieTiTeboda ojaxis gayris zusti TariRi da

dokumenti mowmeTa xelmoweriT da/an beWdiT dasturdeboda. amgvarad, gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi gayris

dokumenti, saTanado formiTa da wesebis dacviT, samarTlis normaTa Sesabamisad dgeboda.

48

meoTxe Tavi

ojaxis gayris formebi rogorc aRvniSneT, ojaxis gayris Cveulebis aRmoceneba

pirdapir dakavSirebulia didi ojaxis institutis moSlasTan. am procesis Sedegad, msoflios civilizebuli qveynebis msgavsad, XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisisaTvis saqarTvelosa da centraluri kavkasiis regionSi mravalsuliani ojaxebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda. didi ojaxebis individualuri ojaxebiT Secvlis mzard process, umTavresad, saerTo saojaxo qonebis gayofa-danawileba, koleqtiuri interesebis Sesusteba, ojaxis wevrTa qonebrivi da uflebrivi mdgomareobis dadgena moyva, rac bunebrivad aisaxa ojaxis struqturasa da ojaxis wevrTa sakuTrebis formaze.

amdenad, saojaxo yofis Sesawavlis mizniT, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba didi tradiciuli ojaxebis gayris formisa da qonebis ganawilebis principebis daxasiaTebas.

ismis kiTxva: rodis da ra formiT xdeboda didi ojaxis gayra?

IV. 1. ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSe

didi ojaxis gayris mizezis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxeSi, mTasa Tu barSi, arsebobda didi ojaxis gayris ori wesi:

1. gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSe; 2. gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobiT. gayris wesebi mtkiced iyo gansazRvruli vaxtang VI-is

samarTliT. kerZod, 98-e muxli gvauwyebs:

`ukeTu Zmani anu mama-Svilni anu biZa-Zeni, anu biZa-Svilni, ginda sxva naTesavni, erTsaxlni da erTad memamuleni, veRar moTavsdnen da gaiyarnen, am wesiTa da rigirT aris maTis daSorebis rigi~.153

qonebis gayofis dros mosamrTles (rangis miuxedavad) unda

emoqmeda kanoniT dadgenili Semdegi wesiT:

`[104] mefe, Tu vinc mosamarTle brZandebodes, iman Ãelisa ÃocSi unda Cayaros, aurios, amoiRos da TviTo-TviTos

153 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 510.

49

gardugdos. romelic romels ergos, mdivanma zed mouweros. magrame gardagdeba rigiT unda, ramdenic Zmanic iyunen, SefardebiT~..154

kanonis Tanaxmad, qoneba nawildeboda Zmebis rigiTobis

mixedviT. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi vkiTxulobT:

`104. iqnebis, ZmebSi sul erTman, mcodnem Zmam Seafardos, iqnebis, rigiT Seafardos, iqnebis, ymam Seafardos, _ radgan baraTs Seyrian, ara icis ra. rCevac iqnebis, _ jer erTman irCios Sefardebuli da merme rigiT yuelam irCios~.155.

am wesis arsebobaze metyvelebs agreTve erT-erTi

`gafardebis xelwerili~, romelSic naTqvamia:

`1886-sa welsa novembris TuTxmetsa dResa me qvemoT amisa ozurgeTi vezdis juruyveTis sazogadoebis mcxovrebma ymebma esika ivane gabriel da iobi otias Ze saluqvaZnebma Cveni survilisamebr visurveT Cveni mamis da Cveni namoqmedis gafardeba uZravisa da kidevac gavafardeT. amave sazogadoebis mcxovreb ymebis maqsime da ivane saluqvaZis ivane nikolozis Ze tuyuSis da ivane giorgis Ze tuyuSis daswrebiT da ama sama Zmama miveciT meoTxes Cvens Zmas ivanes misi sawilo kopitis saxlis Zeli da kopitis xulis Zeli, erTi uremi, qvis Camuri da xuTi maneTi, Sefasebuli fulaT TerTmet TumnaT (da) danarCen Zmebs gvrCeba – aSenebuli saxli Rirebuli orasi maneTisa nalia TuTxmeti maneTisa kopitis xula da saxlis Zeli wiflis Rirebuli ormoci maneTisa saRore da Tobi (?) aTi maneTisa, erTi uremi TuTxmeti maneTisa cali xari Rirebuli ormoci maneTisa erTi fujenduri (?) Rirebuli xuTi maneTisa ori wisqvili Rirebuli eqvsi maneTisa.~156

Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis gayris procesi regulirdeboda

CveulebiTi samarTlis wesebiT, romlebic, mogvianebiT, saTanadod aisaxa qarTuli samarTlis werilobiTi Zeglebis sakanonmdeblo normebSi. Cveulebriv, ojaxuri yofis Sida saqmeebSi saxelmwifo ar ereoda. sakuTar ojaxSi saxelmwifo xelisufals, romis paterfamilias157-is msgavsad, ganasaxierebda ojaxis ufrosi, _

154 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 510. 155 iqve. 156 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 85-86. 157 ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi romaul samarTalSi.

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romelic aWaraSi wendad158, svaneTSi maxvSad, xolo leCxumSi komlis Tavad159 iwodeboda; adaTis Tanaxmad, qonebis gayofis sakiTxsac igi ganagebda. svaneTSi `yovels kerZo saqmeSi da ojaxSi maxvSs ise miuwvdeboda xeli, rogorc sazogadoebriv saqmeze~.160

xalxi miiCnevda, rom ojaxis gayris saqme Tavad ojaxs unda moegvarebina, mis saqmeebSi saxelmwifo moxeleTa Carevis gareSe. ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli Cveulebis mixedviT, es asec xdeboda. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis movixmobT ucxo pirTa gareSe ojaxis gayris erT-erT sabuTs:

ganCineba xucnT srapionas Svilebis gayris saqmeze

1741 w. 24 dekemberi

q. gaviyareniT Cven, xucnT srapionas Svilebma, ter-osefam da farsiRam da m[i]k[i]rtumam. Tu rame Cveni qoneba iyo samwilaT gavivaviT an saxlis ajnsi. ter-osefas ergo: saxlis wili qveiTi da zeiTi sami oTaxi da mTliv WiSqari, rac oTaxis kedeli gaitans. da amisi fardi mikirtumas ergo: saxlis wili, darbazis ukan marani da saTorne da patara oTaxi da gverdiT carieli alagi Tavisis kariTa da gziTa. da amisi fardi farsiRasa ergo: darbazi da sakuWnavi derefani da ezo da baRCa da Tavla kariTa da darbazis kedeli gaitans. da farsiRam Tavisi qiridam darbazisaTvin sami Tumani sarTi misca. da es sami Tumani TavianT dedas samarxaT misces. da amas aqeT yvelas xeri da Sari TavTavianTia da CvenSi ara darCa ra salaparako da sadavo, arca erTis iotis fasi karkacobis meti. da Tu Zveli mameuli asaRebi gamoCndes an misacemi samTav Zmisa [aris]. da es wigni mikirtumasia. da erTi amisi fardi terosefasa aqvs da erTi farsiRasa aqvs. da aris amisi mowame TavaT RmerTi da misi yvela wmindani da kacTagan: Tbilisis qalaqis meliqi mamasaxlisi aRa da baRdidanT nasyidas Svili giorga da narimanT osefa, yoryanaT farsadanasSvili zuraba da garsoas Svili martirosa da SaroanT gasparas Svili isaia da ter-sahakas Svili papa. da me, zurabas Svils farsadans damiweria da mowamec var.

158 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 62. 159 mamardaSvili g., saojaxo yofa da rwmena-warmodgenebi leCxumis mosaxleobaSi, `universali~, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 5. 160 kekelia m., svaneTis sulxan-sabas – besarion niJaraZis – dakvirvebebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 66.

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daiwera ese wigni da sigeli qristiSobis kd, qoronikons ukT. +++161

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT, mowonebas imsaxurebda

iseTi ojaxebi, romlebic garigebis dros saojaxo qonebis gasanawileblad gareSe pirisa Tu pirebis Carevas ar saWiroebdnen; gareSeE piris daxmarebiT qonebis ganawilebas aseTi ojaxebi sircxvilad miiCnevdnen; ojaxis yofiT saqmeebs ufrosi Taobis wevrebi damoukideblad da imdenad kargad agvarebdnen, rom qonebis gayofa ukonfliqtod xdeboda. ojaxis gayris dros mTavari sityva ojaxis ufros mamakacs ekuTvnoda; ojaxi imdenad mSvid viTarebaSi iyreboda, rom, zogjer, am mniSvnelovan ambavs naTesavebi da mezoblebi mxolod ramdenime xnis Semdeg igebdnen.

g. mamardaSvilis mier moZiebuli informaciis ATanaxmad, Cveulebriv, leCxumSi ufrosis sicocxleSi ojaxis gayra mSvid viTarebaSi xdeboda; wilis gamo raime gaugebroba Tu uTanxmoeba iSviaTad xdeboda,[162] `ojaxis qonebas Tanabrad anawilebda ojaxis ufrosi da mis gadawyvetilebas yvelani emorCileboda~.163

guriaSi ojaxis gayra da qonebis ganawileba ojaxisaTvis erT-erT arsebiT movlenad miiCneoda. amitom, Cveulebriv, es dRe sagangebod aRiniSneboda. ojaxis gayrisTvis zogi romelime religiur dResaswaulsac ki irCevda xolme. qonebis ganawilebis Semdeg iSleboda sufra, imarTeboda lxini, ufrosi mamakaci locavda ojaxs da `garigebul Zmebs siamtkbilobiT cxovrebas usurvebda~164.

guriaSi ojaxis gayris dros saojaxo qonebis ganawilebisas demokratiuli principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. ojaxis gayrisas mTavari sityva `ojaxis ufros mamakacs ekuTvnoda~.165 g. cecxlaZe mis mier Seswavlili eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze daskvnis saxiT wers: `guriaSi ojaxis gayrisa da ojaxis wevrTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris dros individualuri, patara ojaxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebi moqmedebda, romelTac didi ojaxebis daSlisa da patara ojaxebad cxovrebis wesze gardamaval periodSi CaeyaraT safuZveli. es wesebi SemdegSi gamoixateboda: 1. ojaxis gayra mSoblebis sicocxleSi SeiZleboda da mSoblebsac wili ergebodaT. 2. ufros Zmas zogjer eZleoda saufroso. 3. iseT ojaxSi, romeliSic mamakaci

161 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 353. 162 mamardaSvili g., saojaxo yofa da rwmena-warmodgenebi leCxumis mosaxleobaSi, universali, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 38. 163 iqve. 164 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, 104. 165 iqve, gv. 87

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ar iyo, SeiZleboda memkvidre qali yofiliyo. 4. saojaxo qonebis ganawileba demokratiul princips emyareboda~.166

imave avtoris Tanaxmad, `Tu didi ojaxis gayra mSoblebis sicocxleSi mxolod saojaxo Temis daSlis momentisaTvis iyo damaxasiTebeli, individualuri mravalricxovani ojaxebis gayra, ZiriTadad, mSoblebis, kerZod, mamis sicocxleSi xdeboda, rac mxolod individualuri ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo, sadac ufros mamakacs ufleba hqonda ojaxis kerZo sakuTreba gaeyo~.167 magram im SemTxvevaSi, `Tu ojaxi mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaiyreboda, maSin saojaxo qonebas anawilebda is Zma, romelic ojaxis ufrosis movaleobas asrulebda~.168

guriaSi ojaxis gayris dros Zmebis gamoyofis orgvari wesi arsebobda: `1. colSviliani Zmebi garkveuli droiT erTad cxovrobdnen; am ojaxis gayrisa da qonebis ganawilebisTanave xdeboda Zmebis erTdrouli gasvla ojaxidan. aseTi wesiT guriaSi iSviaTad iyrebodnen. 2. guriaSi, iseve rogorc imereTSi, aWaraSi. xSiri iyo qonebis ganawilebis dros jer ufrosi Zmis, Semdeg ki danarCeni Zmebis, qorwinebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT gamoyofa, eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT `pirvelad rigdeboda qoneba, magram Zmebi nel-nela gadiodnen ojaxidan~.169

r. xaraZis azriT, `Zmebis TandaTanobiTi gamoyofa ar aris miCneuli didi ojaxis segmentaciis tipiur formad; zogadad gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, es iyo mxolod individualuri ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena~.170

T. aCugba xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aWaraSi ojaxis gayrasa da qonebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi normebi CveulebiTi samarTlis saTanado wesebiT regulirdeboda. `ojaxis gayra, iseve rogorc saojaxo Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadaWra, ZiriTadad tradiciuli xalxuri samarTlis safuZvelze xdeboda~.171

imave avtoris mixedviT, `Tu ojaxi mamis sicocxleSi iyreboda, qonebis gamanawileblad am SemTxvevaSi TviT mama gvevlineboda, romelic saojaxo qonebas Tanasworad yofda. mas ar hqonda ufleba meti an naklebi qoneba mieca romelime SvilisaTvis. amave dros, mamas arc romelime mowilis uwilod datoveba SeeZlo, e.i. qonebis gayofaSic tradiciulad Tanasworobis principi moqmedebda~.172

166 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 106. 167 iqve, gv. 86. 168 iqve, gv. 87. 169 iqve, gv. 85-86. 170 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1961, с. 76. 171 aCugba T, ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 99. 172 iqve, gv. 102-103.

53

T. aCugbas azriT, ès teqsti migvaniSnebs rogorc ojaxis wevrTa mravalricxovnobaze, ise maT naTesaur kavSirsa da mamulis saxiT saerTo saojaxo qonebis arsebobaze~.173

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTian regions, d. jalabaZis Tanaxmad, .òjaxSi yvelas hqonda Tav-Tavisi qoneba~.174 aq `gayrisas qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da organizacia [TuSeTSi], informatorTa cnobebiT, es sakiTxi wydeboda, rogorc viwro ojaxur farglebSi, aseve soflis `Tavkacebisa~ da `sabWos kacebis~ [...] monawileobiT: òjaxis gayra SeiZleboda momxdariyo rogorc kacebis [...] monawileobiT, ise urTierTSeTanxmebiT, ucxo pirTa monawileobis gareSe~.175 j. merabiSvilis TqmiTac, fSavelebSi da qistebSi òjaxis gayofas amorCeuli kacebi eswrebodnen, gaanawilebdnen yvelafers Tanabrad, mSoblebi samarxs iRebdnen. ramdenadac vici, samarxi damatebiTi wili iyo. ufros Zmas saufrosos aZlevdnen~.176 ojaxis gayrisas mSoblebi iRebdnen samarxs. Semdeg ufrosi Zma aiRebda saufrosos (cota met wils), danarCeni qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda.

Cveulebriv, fSavSi didi ojaxis gayofa vaJebis daqorwinebis Semdeg xdeboda `roca vaJebi daqorwindebodnen, maSin ojaxi gaiyreboda. moxdeboda ganayroba. gayrisas jer mSoblebi aiRebdnen samarxs, danarCeni Zmebs Soris nawildeboda~.177

fSavSi didi ojaxis gayofis wesTan dakavSirebiT, d. jalabaZe wers: ìnformatorebi Zalze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian. kerZod yuradsaRebia informatoris cnoba imis Taobaze, rom gayofa SeiZleboda momxdariyo `wiliT~ (kenWisyra), anda `ganaCeniT~, miTumetes, rom CveulebiT samarTalze damyarebuli, rogorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilva, wesisamebr zepirad, werilobiTi aqtebis gareSe xdeboda. xsenebul cnobaSi ki swored werilobiT aqtzea (`ganaCeni~) laparaki. ai, es cnobac: `Zmebis gayrisas TviT Zmebi dawerdnen ganaCens, am ganaCenSi aRiniSneboda, Tu romel Zmas ra qoneba ergeboda da masze xels moarewdnen. am ganaCens yvela inaxavda, davis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi am ganaCeniT imarTlebdnen Tavs. Tu gayrisas Zmebi SeTanxmebas ver miaRwevdnen, maSin amorCeul kacebs (sam kacs) moiwvevdnen da qonebas maT

173 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 31 174 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; 12; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 161-162. 175 kekelia m., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1967, rv; gv.15; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 160. 176 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv., gv. 108; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 163. 177 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; gv. 69; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163.

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gaayofinebdnen. jer SeTanxmdebodnen wiliT, e.i wilis yriT gayofiliyvnen Tu ganaCeniT...~.178

aseTi cnobis Tavidan bolomde gaziareba, saTanado werilibiTi sabuTis ararsebobis pirobebSi, eTnograf-mkvlevarTa da Cveni azriTac, ar iqneboda swori, Tumca, igi mTlad safuZvelmoklebulic ar unda iyos. mcire komentaris saxiT unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnul cnobaTa araerTgarovnebis mTavari mizezi unda iyos, erTi mxriv, gayris maregulirebel CveulebaTa mniSvnelovani transformacia da maTi nawilis saerTod gaqroba, meore mxriv, `aRniSnulis miuxedavad, am cnobebs mainc pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvT regionis saojaxo samarTlebrivi institutebis Sesaswavlad. miTumetes, rom sxva ram eWvmiutaneli cnobebi saamisod TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba~.179

sofel dedisferulis mkvidri maTe qeSikaSvilis informaciis Tanaxmad, ojaxSi `qonebis gayofa TviT ojaxis wevrTa SeTanxmebiT xdeboda, magram SeiZleba masSi sabWos kacebic CaeriaT. TviTon ramdenjerme mimiRia aseT ganayrobaSi monawileoba, rogorc sabWos kacs~.180

gvianfeodaluri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenaTa Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayrisas qonebis wils iRebda yvela, visac ki raime wvlili hqonda Setanili saerTo saojaxo dovlaTis mopovebaSi. saojaxo uZrav-moZravi qonebis ganawilebis dros mowilis asaksa da ojaxur mdgomarebas yuradReba ar eqceoda. mowileebs Soris qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda.

didi ojaxis gayris dros qonebis ganawilebis daaxloebiT igive wesi moqmedebda centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi; v. iToniSvili mier moZiebuli masalebis safuZvelze vgebulobT: `ojaxis gayra Temis kacebis CareviT moewyoboda Tu maTgan damoukidelad, qonebis gayofa unda momxdariyo imden Tanabar wilad, ramdeni kacic ojaxis gayris momentSi wilis (x a Á) moRebis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. aseTi uflebis mqone pirs erqva mowil (x a Á j i n), romelic gvevlineboda didi ojaxis dayofis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli axali ojaxis meTaurad~.181

aqve unda aRiniSnos Semdegi faqtic: ramdenime Taobis momcveli didi ojaxis gayrisa da saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis Sedegad, marTalia, individualuri ojaxebis saxiT axali ekonomikuri ujredebi iqmneboda, magram gayra ar niSnavda ganayarTa srul izolacias. gayrili ojaxebi mainc inarCunebdnen erTianobas; amis erT-erTi niSan-maxasiaTebelia is, rom didi ojaxidan gamoyofil patara ojaxSebic, garkveul wilad, ZiriTadad ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis uflebebi vrceldeboda. 178 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; 14. miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 161. 179 iqve, gv. 164. 180 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; gv. 8; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 161. 181 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 274-275.

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mamas didi gavlena hqonda ganayof Svilebze da maT ojaxze. mogvianebiT, rodesac mSoblebis sicocxleSi ojaxis gayra wesad Semovida, mSoblebi calke ojaxad icxovrebdnen Tu romelime SvilTan damkvirdebodnen, yvela Svili valdebuli iyo monawileoba mieRo maTi dasaflavebisaTvis saWiro xarjebis gaRebaSi. es mowmobs, rom dasaflavebis Zveli tradicia mainc arsebobda.

m. mgelaZis Tanaxmad, guriaSi `ojaxebis gayris Semdeg iqmneboda naTesauri gaerTianebebi (magaliTad, negro, bunoba da sxva), rasac naTlad mowmobs mkvlevarTa mier Seswavlili faqtebi, kerZod, surebis xeobis (guria) eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze~.182

gayrili ojaxebis urTierTobis es wes-Cveuleba gavcrelebuli iyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. urTierTobis SenarCunebis mizniT, ganayari ojaxebi da axlo naTesavebi erTad ikribebodnen. mTaSi es wesi dRemde SemorCa. gayril ojaxTa erToba gansakuTrebiT vlindeboda winapris kultTan dakavSirebul saerTo wes-CveulebaTa erTad CatarebaSi.

dResdReobiTac salocavebi imdenad mniSvnelovan rols asruleben saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis (xevi, fSavi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, svaneTi) mcxovrebTa yofaSi, rom salocavebTan mimarTebiT kvlavac sagangebo ridsa da krZalvas iCenen. amis naTeli magaliTia isic, rom dResaswaulebis dros (magaliTad, aTangenobis, an lomisobis da a. S.) salocavebTan erTmaneTs xvdebian rogorc adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi, aseve barSi gadasaxlebulebi. garda amisa mTaSi urTierTdaxmarebis gareSe cxovreba praqtikulad dResac SeuZlebelia; es mkveTrad vlindeba zamTris periodSi, rodesac erToblivad umklavdebian saerTo problemebs. es procesi xels uwyobs adgilobrivTa Soris erTianobis simtkices.

maSasadame, gayris Sedegad ojaxis wevrTa urTierToba erTmaneTTan srulad ar wydeboda da naTesavTa Soris ama Tu im saxiT mainc grZeldeboda. b. zoiZis Tanaxmad, `ekonomikurad da sulierad mainc rCeba raRac saerTo Rirebulebebi, romelzec maTi ufleba Tanasworia~.183

centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic igive principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. rodesac didi ojaxi Tavisi simwifis periods daasrulebda da misi danawileba ukve mizanSewonili iyo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, qonebis gayofac ukonfliqtod xdeboda. ojaxis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi Tavis Sinaur saqmes damoukideblad awarmoebdnen, gareSe pirTa Carevas ar saWiroebdnen. rodesac gayris pretendentebi ver SeTanxmdebodnen,

182 mgelaZe n., bunobis mniSvnelobisaTvis guriis mTianeTSi (surebis xeobis eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT), sdsyk, XIII, Tbilisi, 1986, 72-90; miTiTebulia cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 105. 183 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 43.

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maTi morigeba, iseve, rogorc bevri sxva saWirboroto sakiTxis gadawyveta, nixasSi bWeebs evalebodaT.184

ojaxis gayris Semdeg ganayofTa Soris urTierToba, faqtobrivad, arc centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi wydeboda; piriqiT, ganayari ojaxebis Semdgomi urTierToba garkveul valdebulebaTa Sesrulebas, kerZod, Wirsa Tu lxinSi mxarSi dgomas, ekonomikur Semweobas iTvaliswinebda. moyvasisadmi Tanadgomis es wesi mTel kavkasiaSi moqmedebda. sayuradReboa, rom inguSeTSi SeZlebuli ojaxis mier Raribisadmi daxmarebis normebic ki gansazRvruli iyo. v.iToniSvili mis mier mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze wers: `SeZlebuli ojaxi Raribs Tavisi mosavlidan yovel 10 fuTze 1 fuT marcvleuls, xolo yovel 60 sul cxvarze 1 cxvars aZlevda. gansakuTrebiT xSirad xdeboda daxmareba puriT, radganac mTieli yvelaze metad puris naklebobas ganicdida. [...] garda amisa, ganayrebi valdebuli iyvnen erTmaneTs daxmarebodnen yalimisa da sisxlis sauravis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSic~185.

1V. 2. ojaxis gayra gareSe piris/pirTa monawileobiT: mediatorobis instituti

Tavdapirvelad, gayris dros wilis gamo ukmayofileba Tu

iSviaToba iyo, mogianebiT, qonebis ganawilebisas mowileebs Soris _ mamasa da Svilebs, an Zmebs Soris _ uTanxmoebebma imata; aseT SemTxvevaSi, dacinviTac ki ityodnen xolme `ise aqvs saqme, garigebaze kaci sWirdebao~186 da problemur sakiTxTa mosagvareblad moyavdaT gareSe piri, romelic `gamriged~, `Svakacad~187, `Suakacad~188, svaneTSi `nemsgamezalad~ iwodeboda; Tumca romauli samarTlis zegavleniT, qarTulSi terminad laTinuri sityva mediator damkvidrda.

sxvisi TandaswrebiT qonebis gayofis sixSireze miuTiTebs mediatorobis institutis arseboba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. ojaxis gayrisa da qonebis ganawilebis dros `mediatore maSin moyavdaT, roca mamasa da Svilebs, an Zmebs Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebisa da ojaxis wevrTa damokidebulebis gamo uTanxmoeba warmoiSoboda~.189 es instituti rom Zalze farTod iyo gavrcelebuliAamis Taobaze mravali werilobiTi masalaa Semonaxuli.

184 Каргинов С., Из народных преданий и oбычаев Осетии, ИКОИРГО, т. XXIV, №2,Тифлис, 1916, с. 231-234; Гаглоев Х., Из истории судопроизводства у осетин, ИЮОНИИ АН ГССР, XIII, 1964; miTiTebuylia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasiis mTielTa saojaxo yofa Tbilisi, 1969, 185 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 135-136. 186 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 87. 187 iqve, gv. 88. 188 iqve. 189 iqve.

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g. cecxlaZe imowmebs 1852 wlis erT-erT sabuTs imis Taobaze, rom gayrisas ojaxi ver morigda da mediatored gareSe pirTa Careva gadawyvites; `radganac Cven erTad ver movrigdiT, [...] mediatored aRmovirCieT Cvenis nebiTa~.190 rogorc Cans, aseT SemTxvevbSi mediatorTa sityva iyo gadamwyveti.

imave avtoris Tanaxmad, guriaSi ` xolo imereTSi `mesame mediators orive mxare irCevda urTierTSeTanxmebiT, romelsac zedamxedveli mediatori erqva~.191

g. daviTaSvilis cnobiT, `ojaxis gayofisas ki imdeni mediatori irCeoda, ramdeni ojaxis wevric iyreboda da isini kidev urTierTSeTanxmebiT, erT ufros mediatorsac irCevdnen. ojaxis gayofisas, umravles SemTxvevaSi mediatorebad ojaxis axlobel-naTesavebi gvevlinebodnen~.192

saarqivo masalebSi Cven mier moZiebuli iqna saintereso sabuTi, romelSic gadmocemulia didi ojaxis gayra mediatoris monawileobiT.

Cy?z? welsa ivnisis d? dResa Cven sinidisiT aRmorCeulTa TavadTa farsadan beJanis Zis beJan, daviT, elene da efemia tuxievTagan mediatoreTa aznaurT aleqsandre sexniasZe javrovma, raJden giorgi Ze javrovma da daviT gabrielis Ze otitovma Tanaxmad meoce muxlis, sams ricxvsa ama ivnissa tuxievTagan xelwerilisa, ganvixileT maTi saqme da Cvenis wminas sindisiT gardavswyvteT esreT, radganac amaT Soris daibada esiamovnoba da veRar icxovres damSvidebiT erTTa, amisaTvis ganunawileT maT yovelive qoneba, raÁca aRmoCnda uZravca da moZravca. farsadans mieca savris miwa ordRe naxevrisam eqvsis dRisac Saqros venaxTAna, agreTve zemoTi venaxica mieca da vali prikazisa unda amanve gardixados ormocda aTi Tumani, ufros Wvils beJans miecamiwis oTxdRe naxevrisa tuxianT varsa, oris dRisa naTlismcemlis miwa da Wirian lelis venaxi, romelsac dRes Cven dausxiT sammdRiurgzi. daviTs mieca saydarswin dREnaxevaris miwa, Saqros saxliswin orizdisa, sanaleSi erTis dRis miwa, vakis miwa tuxianT zvarSi oTxis dRisa, venaxi ergo qvemoTi da prikazis valica ormocda aTi Tumani amanve gardaixados.193

Cveni azriT, konfliqtur situaciebSi ojaxis gayra

mediatorTa daxmarebiT, mxareTaTvis imdenad samarTliani forma aRmoCnda, rom gasul saukuneSic ki misaRebad miiCneoda. g.

190 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1991, 88. 191 kekelia m., masalebi imereTis CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1989, gv. 1,11,41; miTiTebulia g. daviTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 112-113. 192 daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 222. 193 saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1448, anaweri #1, saqme@# 6229.

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daviTaSvilis Tanaxmad, `mediatorTa arCeva ojaxis gayrisas XX saukunis ganmavlobaSic ki Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda~.194

IV. 3. mediatorTa SerCevis wesi mediatorTa garkveuli kontigenti ar arsebobda; Cveulebriv,

yvela ojaxi Tavisi surviliT irCevda sxvadasxva kacs. mTavari moTxovnis Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayofis saqmeze mediatorad arCeuli kaci unda yofiliyo sofelSi gonierebiT gamorCeuli da gamocdili kaci; mas kargad unda scodnoda adgilobrivi wesebi da Cveulebebi, wera-kiTxva da miwis gazomva. mediatorad SeiZleboda moewviaT rogorc gareSe piri, romelsac aranairi naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonda im ojaxTan, romlis gayofis saqmesac agvarebda, ise ojaxis axlobeli, xSirad moZme an mezobeli; mTaSi mediatorad iwvevdnen romelime xeviskacs. qiziySi ojaxis gayra yovelTvis mediatorTa da mamasaxlis TandaswrebiT xdeboda. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi mediatorad iwvevdnen mowileTa dedis Zmebs.

T. aCugbas Tanaxmad, `mediatorebad iwvevdnen uxuces gamrigoebs, xan mowileTa dedis Zmebs. am ukanasknelT umetesad maSin iswrebdnen, roca mowileebi naxevradZmebi an biZaSvilebi iyvnen~.195

imave avtoris azriT, mediateorad dedis Zmebis mowvevis faqti aseve mowmobs Semdegs: `dedis Zmis roli disSvilis bedsa da momaval saqmeSi imdenad Zvelia, rom marto es faqti sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom saerTo-saojaxo sakuTreba migveCnia sakuTrebis Zvel formad~.196

ojaxis gayofis dros gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mediatori moqmedebda CveulebiTi samarTliT damkvidrebuli wesebis mixedviT da ojaxis TiToeuli wevris interesebs iTvaliswinebda. mediators samarTlianobaSi imdenad darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom xSirad mas `marTal pirsac~197 eZaxdnen. magaliTad, martyofeli mediatorebi imdenad kargi saxeliT sargeblobdnen, rom ojaxis gasayofad mezobel soflebSic ki iwvevdnen xolme. `SeiZleboda, erT kacs ramdenime ojaxis qonebis ganawileba moswreboda. es mis avtoritetze iyo damokidebuli~.198 im SemTxvevaSi, `Tu erT mxares ar moswonda meoris mediatori, meore valdebuli iyo mediatorad sxva moeyvana, mediatorTa gadawyvetileba ki orive mxarisaTvis savaldebulo iyo~.199

194 daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 209. 195 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 101-102. 196 iqve. 197 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 88. 198 iqve. 199 kekelia m., masalebi guriis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1989, eTnografiuli rveuli, gv. 12; miTiTebulia g. daviTaSvili, sasamarTlo organizacia da

59

aseve unda aRiniSos is gamonaklisi SemTxveva, romelic SeiniSneboda imereTSi. m. kekelias Tanaxmad, `imereTSi iyo SemTxvevebi, Tu Zmebi SeTanxmdebodnen qonebis gayofaze, maSin mediatorebi, rogorc gayris damswreni gayofis faqts iuridiulad adasturebdnen~.200

adaTis Tanaxmad, mediatorad qals ar irCevdnen. d. baqraZis Tanaxmad, `qali moklebuli iyo samediatoro, sasamarTlo procesebSi mxared monawileobis uflebas, Tumca zogjer gamoricxuli ar iyo am xasiaTis saqmianobaSi Carevao~.201 marTlac, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi qalsac irCevdnen mediatorad. qalisTvis didi dafaseba iyo qonebis gamyofad anu mediatored arCeva. mediatorad qalis arCeva ufro gviandel periods ganekuTvneba da qarTuli sazogadoebis realobaSi qalis emansipaciasa da mis mimarT pativicemaze metyvelebs. mamakaci mediatoris msgavsad, mediatorad SerCeuli qalic unda yofiliyo gonierebiT, avtoritetiT, samarTlianobiT gamorCeuli anu misi ndoba unda hqonodaT.

g. cecxlaZis TqmiT, eTnografiulma masalebma mediatori qalebis vinaobac Semogvinaxa. kerZod, `guriaSi mediatorebad yofilan aneta mgalobliSvili, kato asaTiani (ozurgeTi r-ni, sof. baxvi). qonebis gamyofad arCeva qalisTvis didi dafaseba iyo. vfiqrobT, mediatored qals Tavdapirvelad col-qmris gayris dros irCevdnen, Semdeg daiwyes qalis dasaxeleba saojaxo qonebis gamyof mediatoreTa ricxvSi~.202

IV. 4. mediatorTa funqciebi mediators evaleboda ojaxis mTeli qonebis (rogorc

moZravi, ise uZravi qonebis) aRwera da ojaxis gayrisa da qonebis ganawilebis sabuTis Sedgena. b. zoiZis Tanaxmad: `qonebis gayofis wesebi Zveli CveulebiT iyo dadgenili da mediatorebs isRa darCenodaT, keTilsindisierad SeefasebinaT qoneba~.203

ojaxis qonebis gayofamde `yvela dainteresebuli piri xelwerils aZlevda mediatorebs, rom maTi gadawyvetileba usityvod iqneboda miRebuli maT mier. gayofisas mediatorebi gansazRvravdnen ojaxis TiToeuli wevris mier Setanil wvlils qonebis SeZenaSi, rasac iTvaliswinebdnen gayofisas, aseve imas, Tu saerTo qonebis romeli nawili ergeba ojaxis ama Tu im

procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113. 200 kekelia m., citirebulia daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 61. 201 Бакрадзе Д., Сванетия – Записки Кавквзского отдела императорского русского географического общества. Тифлис, 1864, №6 _ qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, Tbilisi, 1988, 60. 202 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 88-89. 203 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 171.

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wevrs. rogorc Cans, mediatorebi arsebiTad ganixilavdnen sakiTxs da Semdeg iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas~.204 aseve, unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom `CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yovel mowiles `gayris sabuTi~205 eZleoda; amis Semdeg, Zmebs erTmaneTTan `aRaraferis saqme eqnebodaT~.206

eTnografiul masalebsa da arqivebSi daculi XIX s. da XX saukunis dasawyisis dokumentebSi ganawilebis sabuTi Semdegnairad moixsenieba: `fardis furceli~, `fardis qaRaldi~, `gafardebis xelwerili~, `sia qonebis gayofis Sesaxeb~, `ganCineba qonebis gayofis Sesaxeb~, `sabuTi~, `xelwerili qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb~ da sxva. g. cecxlaZis mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, am saxis sabuTs imden calad werdnen, ramdeni mowilec iyo, amasTanave erTi piri mediatoresac unda darCenoda. maT Zalze gulmodgined da didxans inaxavdnen; zogierT ojaxSi gasul saukuneSi Sedgenili ramdenime `fardis furceli~ moiZies eTnografebma. am sabuTebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT rogorc ojaxis gayrisa da qonebis ganawilebis wesebis, aseve ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seswavlis saqmeSi~.207

aWaraSi sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis, saojaxo inventarisa da pirutyvis ganawilebac Tanasworobis principze iyo agebuli. informatorTa Tanaxmad, `Tu eqvsi mowilidan xuT mowiles TiTo xari mouwevda, meeqvses ori Zroxa ergeboda an erTi cxeni, anda ramdenime suli Txa an cxvari, zogjer saqonlis safasuric~.208

aWaraSi mediatori mTlian qonebas, Tanabar wilad dayofda da gayris pretendentebs kenWisyris wesiT urigebda. kenWisyra fiSeqis yrad (fiSeq – Turq. vazna) iwodeboda. `moxucebi qudSi Cayridnen imden niSandasmul Cxirs, ramdeni mowilec iyo. Cxirze aRniSnuli iyo Wdeebi – erTi Wde, ori Wde, sami Wde da a.S. calkeuli Cxiri romelime winaswargansazRvuli wilis kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli iyo, romlis Sesaxebac, saidumloebis pirobebSi, mxolod mediatorebma icodnen. isini qudSi Cayril Cxirebs erTmaneTSi aurevdnen, TiToeuli monawile TiTo Cxirs amoiRebda da amis mixedviT isakuTrebda Tavis wilxvedr qonebas~.209

iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac miwis gayofa `ganxeTqilebis vaSli iyo calkeul Temsa da sazogadoebriv erTeulebs Soris~.210 amitom meditored mowveul pirebs

204 daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 60-61. 205 gayrilobis wigni, cssa, 1448, 8109. 206 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 172. 207 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 88-89. 208 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 102-103. 209 iqve. 210 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, т. I, Тифлис, 1887, с. 93.

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gansakuTrebiT `didi windaxeduloba marTebdaT saojaxo qonebis, gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi da saTibi miwebis gayofis dros, radgan miwis nakveTebi erTmaneTisagan xarisxiTac gansxvavdeboda da axlo Tu Sori mdebareobiTac. garda amisa, isedac mcire farTobis nakveTi, daqucmacebas Znelad eqvemdebareboda. zogjer, rodesac nakveTis danawileba ar xerxdeboda, gamosavals poulobdnen miwebis `urTierSebadlebaSi~,211 romlis drosac `nakveTis mdebareobasac iTvaliswinebdnen da mis mosavlianobasac~212. am faqts mowmobs 1801 wlis gayrilobis erT-erT baraTi, romelSic vkiTxulobT:

`mamuli rogorc zemoT dagviweria ise unda gaiyon da navenaxobebi romelsac kacs dRes xelT uWiravs da SemouRobavs is misTvis ar CamogvirTmevia da imisi zoma sxvas ZmebisaTvin sxvagan migvicia rac kacebi am ganaCenSi dagviweria saufroso sasaSualo saWirnaxulo Tu saumcrosos sasaxleze rom SenobisTvis kaci davadeviT yvelasi baraTebi migvicia da TavTavisi baraTebi yvelas xelT uWiravT rac iosebis sasaxlis zoma aris Tavisis meidniTa imden samnic Zmani sadac unda mozomon saerTos mamulSia zvarsa da xodabuns garda~213.

informatorTa umravleobis Tanaxmad, mediatori Tavis

movaleobas usasyidlod asrulebda. m. kekelia xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi informatori `ojaxis gayofisas orjer yofila mediatorad, Tumca gasamrjelo arc erTxel ar auRia~.214 magram m. kekelias mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, `zog mxareSi (magaliTad, imereTSi) marTalia mediatorebi Tavad arafers iTxovdnen, magram Tu qonebis ganawilebisas mediatorebs didi droisa da Zalisxmevis gaReba mouwevdaT, maSin `mxareebi Tavad asaCuqrebdnen fuliT an pirutyviT~.215

msgavsi wesi hqondaT qiziySic: ojaxis gayris procesSi gaweuli SromisaTvis mediators, wesisamebr, saCuqars aZlevdnen. d. bostoRanaSvilis Tanaxmad, qiziySi ojaxis `gayrisas mediatorebi da mamasaxlisi iRebdnen gasamrjelos. zogierT soflebSi maTTvis dawesebuli iyo dReSi erTi maneTi TiToeulze, zogan ki gayris damTavrebisas maT aZlevdnen raime saCuqars _ Zroxas, xars an cxvars, SeZlebisda mixedviT~.216

aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT is SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukve gayril Zmebs Soris qonebis gamo dava warmoiSoboda da mediatorTa

211 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, 102-103. 212 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, т. I, Тифлис, 1887, ст.93. 213 gayrilobis wigni, cssa, 1448, 8109. 214 kekelia m., masalebi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalze, 1976-77, 42. miTiTebulia daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 120. 215 iqve. 216 bostoRanaSvili d., ojaxis gayris wesebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Jurn., `samarTali~, #1-2, 1998, gv. 77.

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meSveobiT sadao qoneba xelmeored nawildeboda. amis sailustraciod movixmobT Semdeg sabuTs:

ganCineba SaSiaSvilebis gayris saqmeze

1696 w. 1 maisi

[71] amas winaT Sanavaz mefis JamSi SaSiaSvili papia, misi Zma donmaz da elizbara gayriliyvnen, sosnis nasoflari gasayofaraT darComodaT da zogs rasme sxvasac erTmaneTs edaveboden. axla erTmanerTs edavebodnen da ver Sejerebuliyvnen. movidnen da Cven – sardals luarsabTan ilaparakes da orTavesi saCivari gavigoneT. zogi rac ram maSin gayraSi darComodaT, axla CvenTan iCivles, sxvas ganaCeniT gagvirigebia. arRuTaSvil[i] farsadana, zindari vaxuS[t]i da yafiCi Sanazara gavaCineT da es ganaCeni amaT gavataneT. ase, rom mividnen da sosnis nasoflari amgvarad gayon: avkargobiT TavisTvi[s] saufrosod aiRon da papiaSvilebs da[a]nebon. sxva rac darCes, samaT gaiyon, da rogorc sam ZmaT Svilebi arian, isre samaT daiWiron. q. kidev papiaSvili da donmazaSvili elizbaraSvils saWirnaxulozed elaparakebodes sosnisasa. is am mosaqmeT somxiTis mokiTxuli qnas, rogorc sxva eqnas, amaTac isre gaurigos. q. kidev patara saxundrule axoebi samaT gaiyon. di[v]vanxana da sajinibo dolmazaSvilebs darCa da amireizas qali. q. amis fardiT amirezas saxlkari oris dRis Tavis naqonis miwiT da ori dRis daviTuri miwiT ergo elizbaraSvils nazarasa. rac dolmazaSvilebs nasyidoba eqna. elaparaka nazara. magram samarTalSi veras Seuvida da nasyidoba dolmazaSvilebs darCa. q. kidev saxundars dolmazaSvilebs papiaSvilTan saxlisa, kalo-sabzlisa da bostnebisa salaparako hqondaT. mosaqmem gasinjos da gaurigos. q. kidev nasyidas saxli da bostani, mamukas saxli dolmazaSvilma da nazaram gaiyon. rac ilaparakes amgvarad gavarigeT da rac darComila, kidev ilaparakon da imasac gavarogebT qoronikonsa tpd.217

T. aCugba yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom didi ojaxis

ganviTarebis bolo etapze, ojaxis gayris procesSi, iSviaTad, magram zogjer xdeboda Zalmomreoba. eTnolog-mkvlvarTa azriT,

217 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 171-172.

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es `qonebis uTanasworo ganawilebaSi gamoixateboda~218. amgvari SemTxvevebi, marTalia, specifikur movlenad ver iqneba miCneuli, magram garkveulwilad mainc yuradsaRebia.

mediatorobis instituti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic. magaliTad, rodesac naxebSi gayris pretendentebi ver SeTanxmdebodnen, maTi morigeba iseve, rogorc bevri sxva saWirboroto sakiTxis gadawyveta, adaTis mtkiced dacva, mindobili hqondaT sidarbaisliT saxelganTqmul moxuc mediators.

mediatoris upirvelesi movaleoba saxlis gayofa iyo, `saxlisa, romelic gamravlebis Sedegad warmoqmnil yvela axal ojaxs veRar itevda. amis gamo, gamoyofili ojaxebis erTi nawili rCeboda fuZe saxlSi, xolo nawili ojaxebisa sacxovrebeli farTobis nacvlad Rebulobda safasurs saqonlis, saojaxo inventaris an miwis nakveTis saxiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aniWebdnen yvelaze xnier mowiles, romelsac evaleboda mama-papeul kerasTan ganayrebis kavSiris kvlav SenarCuneba~219.

ojaxis gayra xdeboda soflis `Tavkacebisa~ da `sabWos kacebis~ mier (`sabWoSi~ igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis gvarovnul-Temobrivi struqtura). `ojaxis gayra SeiZleboda momxdariyo rogorc kacebis monawileobiT, ise urTierTSeTanxmebiT, ucxo pirTa monawileobis gareSe~220, qonebis gayofis amave wess adasturebs j. merabiSvilic, rodesac igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs rom `ojaxis gayofas, amorCeuli kacebi eswrebodnen~.221

IV. 5. didi ojaxis gayra da memkvidreoba Cveulebriv, ojaxis saerTo qonebis gayofa xdeboda rogorc

ojaxis gayris, ise qonebis memkvidreobiT datovebis Sedegad. Tavisi arsiT, ojaxis saerTo qonebis gayofa aris is saerTo piroba, romelic ganapirobebs gayrisa da memkvidreobis institutTa msgavsebas: orive SemTxvevaSi qonebas yofda misi mflobeli subieqti _ ojaxis ufrosi; qonebis ganawilebis Semdeg ojaxis wevr subieqtTa _ mowileTa Tu memkvidreTa _ ufleba-movaleobebi EerTmaneTisa da saflob nivTTa mimarT imTaviTve adaTis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, rodesac ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSi adaTis Tanaxmad gayra dauSvebeli iyo, sakuTrebis damkvidreba, Cveulebriv, mSoblebis sikvdilis Semdgom SeiZleboda, e i. ojaxis wevrebs qonebis gayofis ufleba eZleodaT mxolod ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, anu memkvidreobis principiT qonebis ganawilebis sakiTxi avtomaturad dgeboda

218 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 109. 219 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 100-101. 220 kekelia m., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1967, rv; 15. 221 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; 108, qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, Tbilisi, 1993, 159.

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ojaxis cxovrebaSi da Tavad es faqti (ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba) xdeboda memkvidreobis safuZveli. cxadia, ojaxic garkveul transformacias ganicdida. amdenad, qonebis daufleba iyo memkvidreobiT-samarTlebrivi, radgan, gayriT, faqtobrivad, `samkvidros gaxsna~ igulisxmeboda.

adrefeodaluri periodis saqarTveloSi, ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba iyo rogorc gayris, ise memkvidreobis is aucilebeli piroba, romlis Semdegac ojaxis wevrebi iyofdnen da euflebodnenY ojaxis saerTo qonebas. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zmebi mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdegac ar iyrebodnen da maT danatovar qonebasac ar iyofdnen. b. zoiZis Tanaxmad, `amis istoriuli cnobebi uamravia. xSirad ise iyo, rom mSoblis gardacvalebis Semdegac ar iyrebodnen Zmebi, ar iyofdnen saerTo, mSoblebisagan danatovar qonebas. faqtiurad ojaxi xdeboda qonebis memkvidred misi meTauris gamoklebiT~.222 aseT SemTxvevaSi qonebis floba da gankargva efuZneboda koleqtiur princips, misi mesakuTre individis _ ojaxis ufrosis _ garSe. ojaxis wevrebi, rogorc damoukidebeli subieqtebi, TavianTi wilis saxiT ki ar Rebulobdnen samemkvidreo qonebas, aramed rogorc erT mTlians. Sesabamisad, ar iqmneboda qonebriv ufleba-movaleobaTa is axali saxeoba, romelsac ojaxis gayra daefuZneboda.

marTalia, gayraSi naTlad ikveTeba memkvidreobiTi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi xasiaTi, magram gayrasTan SedarebiT, memkvidreobis instituti bevrad ufro Zveli da farToa. b. zoiZis Tanaxmad, `mTeli memkvidreobiTi samarTlis istoria, esaa brZola sxvadasxva sawyisebs Soris, saojaxo da sagvareulo memkvidreobas Soris, koleqtiur sakuTrebasa da kerZo sakuTrebas Soris. am brZolaSi xazic ikveTeboda: es iyo xazi kerZo interesis gamarjvebisa koleqtiurze, memkvidreobis saojaxo principisa – sagvareuloze~.223

arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom, rogorc ojaxis gayofis, ise memkvidreobis wesi da rigi Sesabamisi samarTlis normebiT wesrigdeboda. maT Soris arsebiTi ganxvaveba aris is, rom isini ojaxis arsebobis sxvadasxva moments miekuTvnebian: Cveulebriv, memkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi mamkvirdeblis gardacvaleba igulisxmeba, gayofa ki, rogorc ojaxis daSlis uSualo Sedegi, SeiZleba ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSive moxdes. ase rom, rogorc b. zoiZe wers: `esaa droismieri sxvaoba, memkvdireobasa da ojaxis gayofas Soris. [...] gayra da memkvidreoba [...] erTimeores avseben. amasTan arc identuri movlenebia. memkvidreoba ufro farTo institutia da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gayrasac moicavs. SeiZleba sulac ar qondes adgili gayras, magram memkvidreoba saxeze iyos~.224

222 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 41. 223 iqve, gv. 46. 224 iqve, gv. 41.

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imereTsa da guriaSi rogorc ojaxis gayofis, ise memkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis gayofis erTi da igive safuZvliT xelmZRvanelobdnen. mamis sicocxleSi mSoblebis ojaxs gamoyofili da calke gasuli vaJi ra odenobis qonebasac iRebda, igive odenobis qoneba ekuTvnoda mamis samkvidrodan. saerTo saojaxo uZravi sakuTrebis gayofidan qals wili ar ekuTvnoda; isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aseve ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, pirdapiri an gvedriTi xazis mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidred qalis mowveva dasaSvebad miiCneoda.

zogjer Zmebi mSoblebis gardacvalebisTanave iyrebodnen, zogjer garkveuli drois Semdeg. cxadia, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT ikveTeba arsebiTi sxvaoba. b. zoiZis azriT, `aq gansxvaveba imaSia, rom ispoba imis SesaZlebloba, rom igi gadava maTs saerTo mflobelobaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi, swored drois faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli is, rom ojaxis wevrebi samemkvidreo qonebas Rebuloben ara, rogorc damoukidebeli subieqtebi TavianTi wilis saxiT, aramed rogorc erT mTlians. magram, aq sulac ar iqmneba qonebriv ufleba-movaleobaTa raRac axali saxeoba, romelsac aseTi ojaxis gayra daefuZneba. igi emyareba igive principebs, ra principebic moqmedebda mSoblis sikvdilisTanave qonebis gayofisas. cxadia, garkveuli transformacia ki xdeba, magram isic umniSvnelod~.225

memkvidreobis msgavsad, adaTiT qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da organizacia xdeboda ojaxis farglebSi, uSualod mesakuTris (ojaxis ufrosis) mier. mogvianebiT, memkvidreebs qonebiT sargeblobis ufleba kvlavindeburad mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis Semdeg eZleodaT; magram rodesac gayra ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSic daiSveboda, viTareba Seicvala: msgavsebis miuxedavad, saojaxo qonebis miReba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda memkvidreobisagan. jer erTi, wili mSoblebsac ergebodaT, magram iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac mSobeli (mSoblebi) uars ambobda wilze da, Cveulebriv, sacxovreblad erT-erT (umcros) SvilTan rCeboda; qonebis gankargvisas mamkvidrebeli erTpirovnulad moqmedebda; isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qonebis ganawilebis Sedegad axali ekonomikuri erTeulebi _ individualuri ojaxebi iqmneboda, rac qonebis memkvidreobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis ar xdeboda.

Cveni azriT, am or instituts Soris msgavsebas da gansxvavebas Zalze kargad gamokveTs b. zoiZe. igi adasturebs, rom, garkveuli azriT, gayris wesi es igive memkvidreobis safuZvelze qonebis ganawilebas niSnavs. `gayra dakavSirebulia ojaxis meTauris sikvdilTan e. i. iseT faqtTan, romelic afuZnebs TviT memkvidreobas [...] gayris wesi es igive memkvidreobis safuZvelze qonebis ganawilebas niSnavs [...] TviT dauflebis wesi gayrisas aSkarad memkvidreobiT-

225 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 42.

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samarTlebrivia~.226 magram ojaxis gayris Sedegad axali ojaxebi iqmneba, rasac memkvidreoba yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs. memkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi, es aris meorxarisxovani faqti. b. zoiZe arsebiTad miiCnevs imas, rom erTi subieqtis qonebas eufleba meore. Tumca gayrisas qonebis dauflebis wesi memkvidreobiT-samarTlebrivia. Cven viziarebT mis sruliad marTebul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `Cven gayra da memkvireoba ar unda davupirispiroT erTmaneTs. gayra da memkvidreoba [...] erTimeores avseben. amasTan arc identuri movlenebia. memkvidreoba ufro farTo institutia da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gayrasac moicavs. SeiZleba sulac ar qondes adgili gayras, magram memkvidreoba saxeze iyos~.227

zogadad, adaTiT dadgenil memkvidreobis obieqtur wesebsa da mSoblis nebas Soris sruli Tanxmoba sufevda. magram drois kvalobaze, icvleboda misi damokidebuleba qonebis gaRebisas. memkvidreobis ganawilebisas zogjer Tavs iCenda subieqturi faqtori _ mSoblis neba. am viTarebas kargad gansazRvravs J.J. ruso. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, raki `qoneba, romlis realuri baton-patronic mamaa, is SemakavSirebelia, Svilebs mamis qvemdebarebaSi rom aCerebs, [...] amdenad, igi uflebamosilia misive neba-survilTa Sesrulebis safuZvelze gaixados Svilebi memkvidreebad~.228 rodesac ojaxis ufrosi umal gulisTqmas miyveboda, sakuTari surviliT ixdida Svilebs memkvidreebad da maTi samkvidro wilis met-naklebobasac subieqturi nebiT gansazRvravda, mis gadawyvetilebaSi gareSe pirebs Carevis ufleba ar hqondaT. xsenebuli subieqturi faqtori (`sayvareli Svili~) cxadyofs memkvidreobis principiT saerTo qonebis gayofisaTvis damaxasiTebel Taviseburebas, rasac mowmobs eTnografiuli masalebi da samarTlis Zeglebi.

Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gayris formis miuxedavad (ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirebis monawileobiT, Tu ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirebis monawileobis gareSe) qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulirebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu rodis xdeboda gayra _ ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSi Tu misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. ojaxis gayofis msgavsi formebi moqmedebda ara mxolod saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, aramed centralur kavkasiaSic. ojaxis gayris institutis orive formis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis fonze, gamovkveTeT ramdenime sakiTxi:

laTinur termin `mediatoris~ ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobiT qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi ixmareboda terminebi _ `Suakaci~, `gamrige.~ ojaxis gayris dros mediatorTa meSveobiT qonebis gayofa samarTlianad regulirdeboda; am faqts mowmobs maTi meSveobiT ojaxis gayris sixSire da am mediatorobis institutis

226 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 41. 227 iqve 228 ruso J.J., msjeloba adaminaTa Soris uTanasworobis dasabamisa da safuZvelbis Sesaxeb, Carpe Diem, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 140.

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arsebobis xangrZlivoba. mediatorTa monawileobiT ojaxis gayris forma gasuli saukunis bolomde gamoiyeneboda.

ojaxis saerToO qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulireba rogorc ojaxis gayris, ise memkvidreobis dros CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT xdeboda. saerTo miznisa da Sedegis miuxedavad, gayrisa da memkvidreobis instituti mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, marTlac, aramizanSewonilia rogorc maTi dapirispireba, ise gaigiveba.

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mexuTe Tavi

didi ojaxis gayris mowile subieqtebi didi ojaxis gayris dros qonebis gayofisas mTeli

sisruliT iCenda Tavs misi calkeuli wevris qonebrivi uflebebi. arsebiTad, swored am momentidan xdeboda TiToeuli mowile gancalkevebuli qonebis mflobeli; manamde maTi ufleba qonebaze mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa iyo.

Cveulebisamebr, ojaxis gayris dros saojaxo qonebas imden Tanabar nawilad dayofdnen, ramdeni mowilec iyo. arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu rodis iyreboda ojaxi _ mamis sicocxleSi, Tu misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, radgan amis mixedviT dgindeboda is Tu:

a) vin anawilebda didi ojaxis qonebas; b) vin iyvnen didi ojaxis qonebis mowileebi anu ojaxis

gayris subieqtebi.

V. 1. mama, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, rogorc barSi, ise mTaSi,

yvelaferi efuZneboda ufrosobis instituts. j. merabiSvili TuSTa CveulebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `ojaxis ufrosi mamaa, romelic ganusazRvreli uflebiT sargeblobs~.229 didi ojaxis erTaderTi sruluflebiani mesakuTre iyo ojaxis saTaveSi myofi mama, Sesabamisad, mis gareSe umniSvnelo wvrilmanic ki ar wydeboda. `saojaxo Temis wevrebi yvela sakiTxSi ojaxis ufross eqvemdebarebodnen, romlis qmedebac ojaxis sabWos Sesabamisi iyo~.230

Tu didi ojaxis gayra mSoblebis sicocxleSi mxolod saojaxo Temis daSlis momentisaTvis iyo damaxasiTebeli, individualuri mravalricxovani ojaxebis gayra, ZiriTadad, mSoblebis, kerZod, mamis sicocxleSi xdeboda; aseT SemTxvevaSi mTavari piri iyo mama, romelic uflebamosili iyo ojaxis kerZo sakuTreba gaeyo.

rodesac ojaxis gayrisas qonebas yofda mama, cxadia, erT-erTi mowile anu gayris subieqtebi iyvnen mSoblebic. saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros mSoblebis wili calke gamoiyofoda. g cecxlaZis informaciiT, `es wesi mamis sicocxleSi ojaxis

229 merabiSvili j., ivane ciskariSvilis cnobebi TuSur CveulebiT samarTalze; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 44. 230 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, с. 49.

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gayris wesTan erTad, mecnier-mkvlevarTa mier axal movlenad aris miCneuli~.231

mamis wili mecnier-mkvlevarTa mier sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT aris moxseniebuli. gardacvalebamde mamas wilis saxiT eZleoda samarxi an sauxuceso. mTiuleT-gudamayarSi mamis wils, j. merabiSvilis Tanaxmad, `sanax-samarxi~ ewodeboda. fSavSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, `ojaxis gayrisas yvelaferi Tanabrad nawildeboda, mSoblebi zedmet samarxs iRebdnen mxolod~232[..] imave avtoris Tanaxmad, `mSoblebs wilis gayofisas samarxi rCebodaT. dauqorwinebel Svils saqorwilos aZlevdnen damatebiT. qoneba ZiriTadad sulTa raodenobis mixedviT iyofoda~.233

T. aCugbas TqmiT, aWaraSi mSoblebis wils `mosamlelo da asamwevro~ ewodeboda, rac eTnolog-mkvlevarTa mier sanax-samarxis identuradaa miCneuli. imave avtoris Tanaxmad, `mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg Zmebis gayra ufro adrindelia, vidre mamis sicocxleSi ojaxis ganawileba. amas unda moyoloda asamwevros gaCena, romelic Rrmad moxucebuli mSoblis sicocxleSi ojaxis gayras ukavSirdeba da Semdeg – mosamlelo wilis gamoyofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, jer kidev Warmagi mSoblebis sicocxleSi Svilebis gayrasTanaa dakavSirebuli~.234

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac gayrisas moxuci mSoblebi Tavisive surviliT aiRebdnen nakleb wils an, zogjer, saerTod uars ityodnen masze, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom TavianTi SromiT kvlav garkveul wvlils Seitandnen im Svilis ojaxSi, romelTanac isini icxovrebdnen. magram Tu gayrisas moxuci mSoblebi TavianT wilze im mizniT ityodnen uars, rom Svilebs meti rgebodaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi, Svilebi valdebulni iyvnen mSoblebisaTvis yovelwliurad sarCo eZliaT.

ojaxis gayrisas, qonebasTan dakavSirebiT, guriaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen Semdegi wesiT: Tu ojaxis gayra xdeboda mSoblebis sicocxleSi, maSin wili mSoblebsac ergebodaT; zogjer, ufros Zmas saufroso eZleoda; aseT SemTxvevaSi mTavari figura iyo mama. ojaxis ufrosis daukiTxavad araferi ar keTdeboda, mowileebs Soris qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda `qonebas mama, ufrosi Zma an mediatore anawilebda~.235 msgavsi wesiT xelmZRvanelobdnen aWarasa da svaneTSic.

guriaSi, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, mama Svilebis Tanabar wils iRebda, zogjer naxevars, ufro xSirad ki wilis mesameds.236 mSoblebisaTvis gankuTvnili wili guriaSi sarCod iwodeboda. g.

231 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 93. 232 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv., gv. 28, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 159. 233 iqve, gv. 162. 234 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107. 235 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 89. 236 iqve, 1991, gv. 93.

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cecxlaZes `sarCo~ miaCnia gamaerTianebel terminad, `radganac is mSoblebis sicocxleSi maTi saarsebo, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg – dasamarxi saSualeba iyo~.237

fSavSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, Tu `mSoblebi sikvdilis win daubarebdnen Svilebs, vinc Cven dagvmarxavs da xarjebs gaiRebs, Cveni qoneba mas darCebao. aseTi, rogorc wesi, umcrosi Zma iyo~.238

mamis gardacvalebamde ojaxis gayris SemTxvevaSi Svilebi Rebulobdnen Tanabar wils da Tav-TavisTvis iSenebdnen saxlebs. mamasTan rCebodnen coli da qalebi. ojaxis gayrisas mSoblebi iRebdnen samarxs. `Semdeg ufrosi Zma aiRebda saufrosos (cota met wils), danarCeni qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda~,239 xSir SemTxvevaSi mSobeli umcros SvilTan rCeboda. j. merabiSvili fSavsa da qistebSi mokvleuli masalebis safuZvelze wers, rom iq moqmedi wesis Tanaxmadac, `gaanawilebdnen yvelafers Tanabrad, mSoblebi samarxs iRebdnen. ramdenadac vici, samarxi damatebiTi wili iyo. ufros Zmas saufrosos aZlevdnen~.240

aWaraSi mokvleuli masalebis safuZvelze, T. aCugba yuradRebas amaxvilebs im wesze, rodesac `mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg Svilebi saqonels yiddnen da aRebul fuls mSoblebis dasakrZalavad xmarobdnen, xolo miwis nakveTebs ganayari Zmebi erTmaneTSi iyofdnen, an saziarod itovebdnen, zogjer ki im Zmas akuTvnebdnen, visTanac mSoblebi gayris Semdeg cxovrobdnen~.241

T. aCugbas aWaruli didi ojaxis solidarobis damadasturebelad miaCnia isic, rom `mas [mamas] ar hqonda ufleba meti an naklebi qoneba mieca romelime SvilisaTvis. amave dros, mas arc romelime mowilis uwilod datoveba SeeZlo, e.i. qonebis gayofaSic tradiciulad Tanasworobis principi moqmedebda~.242

Tumca b. zoiZe sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs im calkeul SemTxvevebzec, rodesac vaJiSvilebi ojaxis gayrisas araTanabar wils iRebdnen da `mSoblis neba [...] am wesidan gadaxvevas gulisxmobs [...] mSobels zogierTi SvilisaTvis meti miukuTvnebia, zogierTisaTvis ki – naklebi~.243

237 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 93. 238 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv., gv. 13; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163. 239 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSuar da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv., 108, citirebulia: qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163. 240 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSuar da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv., 108, citirebulia: qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 161. 241 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107. 242 iqve, gv. 102-103. 243 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 44.

71

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mSoblebi Tavisi kuTvnili wiliTa da samarxiT romelime SvilTan mividodnen masTan samudamod cxovrebis surviliT, aseT SemTxvevaSi am Svils evaleboda rogorc maTi movla-patronoba, ise Tavisi xarjiT maTi damarxva. sxva Svilebs araviTari movaleoba ar ekisrebodaT. Tu TavianTi wilis miRebaze mSoblebi uars ityodnen, mxolod samarxis gamoyofas dajerdebodnen da romelime SvilTan cxovrebas gadwyvetdnen, maSin maT SenaxvaSi yvela Svili monawileobda, xolo samarxis gaReba im Svils evaleboda, romelTanac mSoblebi imyofebodnen.

ganCineba amsarqisanT mamukoas Svilebis gayris saqmeze

1729 w. ivlisis damdegs

da qinam arc saxli indoma, arc vali. valica da dedaca siofma ikisra. danelsa da qinas dedasTan xeli ara aqs; samarxi siofma unda misces.244

mSoblebis wilTan mimarTebiT saintereso paralelis

gavleba SeiZleba centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxTa CveulebiT samarTalTan. did patriarqalur ojaxSi erTaderTi sruluflebiani mesakuTre iyo ojaxis saTaveSi myofi mama. i. xaruzinis TqmiT, `aqac [CeCneT-inguSeTi] ojaxis ufross didi uflebebi hqonda, magram, rogorc fSavSi, SezRuduli, radgan, Tu ojaxis romelime mamakaci wevri uarze iyo gaeyidaT qoneba, ojaxis ufross an uari unda eTqva amaze, anda ojaxis gayofa unda daeSva. ojaxis ufrosi mxolod ojaxis gayofis SiSiT iyo SezRuduli~.245

v. iToniSvilis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi soflis yriloba CveulebiTi simarTlis normebis246 gamoyenebiT wyvetda iseT sakiTxsac, rogoric iyo ojaxis gayra, romelic, Cveulebriv, mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg xdeboda. ase rom, `bunebrivia, rom mSoblebi TavisTavad gamoricxulni iyvnen monawileTa rigebidan, ramdenadac ojaxis gayofa mxolod maTi gardacvalebis Semdeg iTvleboda kanonzomier movlenad~.247

amgvarad, Cven mier ganxiluli masalidan aSkarad ikveTeba is, rom mamis sicocxleSi gayrisas qonebas yofda mama, Sesabamisad, erT-erT mowile anu gayris subieqtebi iyvnen

244 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 321-323. 245 Харузин И. Н., Заметки о юридическом быте Чеченцев и Ингушей. Сборник материалов по Этнографии, вып. Ш. 1888, ст. 122; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 108-109. 246 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 100-101. 247 iqve.

72

mSoblebic. saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros mSoblebis wili calke gamoiyofoda.

ojaxis gayrisas mSoblebis wilTan mimarTebiT msgavsi wesiT xelmZRvanelobdnen rogorc lokalur (saqarTvelo), ise regionalur doneze (centraluri kavkasia); aseve isic, rom es wesi mniSvnelovnad Seesabameboda romaul samarTlSi moqmed wessac.

V. 2. qvrivi qali, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros

CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, ojaxSi qoneba suladobis

mixedviT nawildeboda. magram daqvrivebul dedas ara marto vaJiSvilebisa da SviliSvilebis, aramed, gverdiTi naTesavebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic mxolod samkvidros sargeblobis ufleba hqonda.

vaxtang VI-is Tanaxmad, qmris wili qonebidan qvrivs mxolod erTi mesamedi eZleoda, magram mamulidan wili ar eZleoda.

231. da Tu ram Tavis qmris kerZi saqoneli da suladi aris, misi mesamedi samkuidrod gayues im dedakacsa, mamuls garda.248

ojaxis gayris dros, saojaxo qonebidan qvrivi qalisaTvis

misacem wilTan mimarTebiT iTvaliswinebdnen ramdenime faqtors: fSavsa da qistebSi, Cveulebis mixedviT, Tu qals Svili hyavda, mas ojaxis wevrTa SeTanxmebiT qonebis ori wili eZleoda; qonebis gayofis dros, `SeiZleboda masSi sabWos kacebic CaeriaT~.249

kanonis Tanaxmadac, Tu qvrivs Svilebi hyavda, maSin beqa-

aRbuRas samarTlis mixedviT:

81. Svilosani daqvrivdes, abjari SvilTa marTebs, sasaqonlo – diacsa, sada ginda iyos, anu qmari SeirTos, anu Taviswina sadme iyos. samamuleca asre, rome nuca ras gauyidis, nuca ras gaucems.250

248 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 541. 249 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, rv., 87, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 161. 250 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 457.

73

Tu qvrivi qali xelmeore qorwinebaze uars ityoda da erTaderTi Svilis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic qmris ojaxSi darCeboda, mas iseTive pativiT unda mopyrobodnen, rogorc qmris sicocxleSi.

231. q. vis Svili darCes, mas ukan mokuides, dedakaci darCes uSvilod, Tu saxlSi dadgebis, radgan qmari da Svili iq mokvdomia, isrev Tavis pativiT iyos.251

Tu qvrivi meored gaTxovdeboda, gardacvlili qmris ojaxSi

wilze yovelgvar uflebas kargavda; magram es wesi ar vrceldeboda mis pirad qonebaze: mziTevi mas srulad eZleoda, radgan misi piradi qonebis gankargvis ufleba sxvas aravis hqonda:

261. qmari rom kidec moukudes da sxva SeirTos. Tavis mziTviT nasyidi Tan gayuebis, rome mis mepatrones Ãeli ara aqus.252

Tu uSvilo qvrivi qali xelmeored gaTxovdeboda, maSin ganCineba amsarqisanT mamukoas Svilebis gayris saqmeze

1729 w. ivlisis damdegs

q. am sigelSi rom danelas wili saxli sweria, radgan danelas Svili kakloa uZeod amovarda da amisma meuRlem sxva qmari SeirTo [Tavis qmris] kakloas diswuli aruTinas mieca, radgan Tavis dedis mziTvisa iyo, isev am aruTinas mieca. sxvas aravis Tavis Ãeli ara aqvs am saxlTan. 253

Tu qvrivi qali ojaxs datovebda, mSoblebis ojaxSi

dabrundeboda an monazvnad aRikveceboda, maSin mas qoneba wilis saxiT ar eZleoda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Tanaxmad, igi

`saxlidan sakacos saqonels ver waiRebs~.254

Tu qvrivi qali uSvilo iyo an Tu qmars miatovebda maSin

kanonis Tanaxmad, sakuTari qoneba mziTevis saxiT, romelic

251 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 540-541. 252 iqve, gv. 549. 253 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 321-323. 254 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 541.

74

ojaxis yvela wevris saerTo sargeblobaSi iyo, uklebliv ubrundeboda mas. vaxtang VI-is samarTliT:

81. diacsa Tu RmerTi Serisxdes da Svili ara edgas, misi ziTevi Tana gayves dauklebad. 84. Tu ram Tavisi ziTevi gaetanos, qmaryofili imas nuRar sTxovs. [...] agreTve, Tu ram samamule ziTevi darComodes, misi aris.255

fSavSi arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, Tu qals vaJiSvili ar eyoleboda, daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi mas `ojaxidan uwilod uSvebdnen~.256

iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qvriv qals qonebis gankargvas im mizeziT edavebodenen, rom mas vaJiSvili ar hyavda. movixmobT gayris erT-erT sabuTs, romlis Tanaxmad irkveva: gardacvlil kacs darCa coli da qaliSvili. gardacvlili qmris naTesavebi qvrivs wils edavebodnen im motiviT, rom ojaxSi vaJiSvili ar iyo, qaliSvili gaTxovdeboda da qmris ojaxSi wavidoda; aqedan gamomdinare, maT qvrivs moZravi qonebis gankargva ar daanebes. ai, ras vkiTxulobT am sabuTSi.

ganCineba vaxtang VI-isa farsadan ciciSvilisa da misi rZlis

saqonlis gayofis saqmeze 1716-1724 ww.

q. brZanebiTa misiTa asre iqna: qvemo cicisVii farsad[a]n [da] misi Zmiswuli iase da vaxtang Tavis [r]Zlis papunas colyofili, papunas saqonelze elaparakeboden. da nusxa mogvarTves, rome amdeni Cemis Zmis saqoneli dagrCao, Cven unda mogvceso. Cven rome gavSinjeT, papunas Tu ram hqonoda, batonis samsaxurzed da gareT sxvas alags eSovna, rome Tavis mamulisa da alagisa ara hqoneboda ra. da radgan qalic darComoda an qalsa da an imis samkvdrozed rome ar moxmaroda da ar daxarjuliyo, marTebuli ar iyo. am saqolnisagan qals – ziTevi da imis cols – samkdro da sarco da papunas samarxs – am[a]ebs rome gamovediT, Zirs magodni aRara darCa ra. da zogierTi papun[a]s sikvdilzed mis Zmebac w[a]eRoT. axla kidev am sakacos iaraRisagan rac rome Zirs darComila, unda mieces: daferuli xanjali, Caxmaxis Tofi, cxeni, karavi, kidev patara karavi, sabazieros karabadini, qargadnis fari,

255 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 502. 256 merabiSvili j., ivane ciskariSvilis cnobebi TuSTa CveulebiT samarTalze, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 44.

75

tabli, kidev Caxmaxis Tofi, verxclis xanjlis qarqaSi, moWedili kula da kulis Zabri, saTli. rac TeTris Tamasuqebi iyos – ese[e]bi Tavisman undom[m]a rZalman farsadans da mis Zmiswulebs mosces. sxva rigad am saqmezed da saqonelzed salaparako ara aq[v]s ra. raginda ra Tavisis rZlisa rome w[a]eroT, imazedac Tavis rZali elaparakeboda, magram esec Cagvitarebia, erTmanerTT]an xeli ara aqvT. xelrTva: vaxtang.257

b. zoiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs qvrivi qalis wilze –

sasapyroze, romelzec saubaria Zeglis dadebis me-18 muxlSi. kanonis Tanaxmad, `qmris mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi Tu coli ar gaTxovdeba, Rebulobs sisxlisagan sasapyros _ `mis mokluli kacis sisxlisagan sasapyro mieces Zalisa msgavsad~.258

mogvianebiT, individualuri tipis ojaxis gayrisa da saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros mamakacis msgavsad, qvrivi qalic igive uflebebiT sargeblobda. g. cecxlaZis mier mokvleuli masalis safuZvelze dasturdeba, rom guriaSi `mas [qvrivs] qonebis ganawilebis uflebac hqonda, rac mxolod individualur ojaxSi iyo SesaZlebeli. deda, ZiriTadad, umcros vaJTan rCeboda sacxovreblad da wilad masac sarCo eZleoda. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, igi calke cxovrebas moiTxovda~.259

v. iToniSvils miTiTebuli aqvs is wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac moqmedebdnen kavkasiis xalxebi qvirvTan mimarTebiT. zogjer, ojaxis gayris momentSi Tu mowile gardacvlili iyo, misTvis gankuTvnili wilis miRebis ufleba eniWebodaT mis memkvidreebs vaJiSvilis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar hqonda Svilebis asaks. `oblebis dedas wili sruli saxiT bardeboda da es qoneba misi vaJebis xelSeuxebel qonebas warmoadgenda, romlis Tanabrad ganawileba maT SeeZloT cal-calke dabinavebis dros. mTxrobelebma isic aRniSnes, rom mowileebi an mowileebTan am sakiTxze SeTanxmebuli Suakacebi [...] qvrivs yvelaze did wilsac ki akuTvnebdnen, vinaidan mas kiserze awveboda oblebis aRzrdis mZime movaleoba~.260

centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi sul sxvanairad dgeboda sakiTxi maSin, rodesac mowilis qvrivs mxolod qaliSvilebi hyavda. Cveulebis mixedviT, `uSvilo an mxolod qaliSvilebis patron qvrivs qmrisTvis wlisTavis gadaxdamde SeeZlo Tavis gankargulebaSi hqonoda qmris kuTvnili qoneba.

257 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sasamarTlo ganCinebani (XVI-XVIII ss., (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 303. 258 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 248. 259 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 94. 260 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 292-293.

76

erTi wlis Semdeg es qoneba gadadioda gardacvlilis biZaSvilebis xelSi, romlebTanac qvrivi sacxovreblad darCeboda. Tu qvrivi maTTan cxovrebas ar moisurvebda, mis gasaTxovar qalebs biZaSvilebi TavisTan amyofebdnen, xolo calke cxovrebis msurvel qvrivs sarCod gamouyofdnen umniSvnelo qonebas~.261

garda amisa, ojaxidan qvrivis calke gamoyofis sakiTxi misive iniciativiT SeiZleboda dasmuliyo ojaxis gayramdec. aseT viTarebaSic mas eZleoda sarCo saqonlisa da fulis saxiT, xolo SedarebiT iSviaTad miwis nakveTic. m. kovalevskis cnobiT, `qvrivis gardacvalebis Semdeg mis saxelze arsebuli qoneba kvlav mowile mamakacebis xelSi gadadioda. [...] amave avtoris cnobiT, gauyrel ojaxSi darCenis SemTxvevaSi qvrivi iseTsave mdgomareobas inarCunebda, rogoric hqonda mas qmris gardacvalebamde. magaliTad, daqvrivebamde rom is diasaxlisi yofiliyo, daqvrivebis Semdegac mis sapatio movaleobad movaleobad rCeboda isev diasaxlisoba~.262

sayuradReboa aRiniSnos isic, rom osuri adaTi `uZeo qvrivs uflebas aZlevda efiqra Tavis momavalze. gardacvlili qmris naTesavebTan winaswari SeTanxmebis Semdeg, Tu is sxva kacTan iyoliebda vaJs da mas qmris gvars miakuTvnebda, qvrivi mowilis uflebas iZenda, iseve rogorc memkvidred SeiZleboda CaeTvalaT qvrivis qaliSvilis is vaJi, romelic daibadeboda qvrivis ojaxSi, oRond im pirobiT, Tu qvrivis qaliSvilisaTvis qmris moyvanis ufleba sazogadoebsaTan SeTanxmebuli iqneboda~.263

CeCneTsa da inguSeTSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, radgan dedas da qalebs wili ar eZleodaT, xSirad mowile vaJs, romelTanac deda da debi Zmebis TanxmobiT rCebodnen, sxva mowileebze met qonebas aZlevdnen.264 samagierod, dedas ufleba hqonda amoerCia Zroxa da mieyvana im SvilTan, visTanac cxovreba gadaewyvita. gayris Semdegac Zmebs evalebodaT debze mzrunveloba. `qali Tu gaTxovdeboda an gaTxovebis Jams gardaicvleboda, misi dasaflaveba xdeboda Zmebis saerTo xarjiT. dedis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic xarjs eweoda yvela Svili da ara marto is, romelTanac deda sikvdilamde imyofeboda~.265

amgvarad, ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze naTlad gamoikveTa Semdegi faqti: rogorc saqarTvloSi, ise centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi (mciredi sxvaobis miuxedavad), adaTis Tanaxmad

261 Леонтиевич Ф., Адаты Кавказских горцев, II, Одесса, 1883, ст.6; miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 292-293. 262 iqve, gv. 293. 263 iqve. 264 Харузин Н., Заметки о Юридическом быте чеченцев и ингушей, СМЭ, Москва, 1888, III, с.. 125 miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tb.ilisi, 1969, gv. 112. 265 Харузин Н., Заметки о Юридическом быте чеченцев и ингушей, СМЭ, Москва, 1888, III, с.. 125 miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 112.

77

qvriv qals uwilod ar tovebdnen, Tumca misTvis misacem wilTan mimarTebiT ramdenime arsebiT faqtors iTvaliswinebdnen.

V. 3. vaJiSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros

marTalia, ojaxis institutma ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo,

magram mainc patriarqaluri urTierTobis princips inarCunebda; radgan saojaxo qonebis mowileebad, upiratesad, vaJiSvilebi miiCneodnen. gviandeli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenaTa Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayrisas qonebis wils iRebda yvela Zma, visac ki raime wvlili hqonda Setanili saerTo saojaxo dovlaTis SeqmnaSi. aseTi uflebis mqone pirs mowile ewodeboda.

zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayrisas iTvaliswinebdnen ojaxis wevr mamakacTa raodenobas, radgan gayrisas qonebis gayofa unda momxdariyo imden Tanabar wilad, ojaxis ramden mamakacsac hqonda wilis miRebis ufleba. es wesi moqmedebda saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi.

mowile ZmebisaTvis gansxvavebuli wilis micemac icodnen. aman Sesabamisi asaxva hpova kanonebSi. `vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignma [...] daakanona saufrosos, saSualos da saumcrosos institutitebi“.266 Zmebis wilis aRmniSvneli ZiriTadi terminebi mocemulia vaxtang VI-is samarTlis me-100 muxlSi: `gayraSi es oTxi aris: saufroso, gasamyrelo, saumcroso da saSualo~;267

qiziyis eTnografiuli masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze d. bostoRanaSvili wers, rom [qiziySi] `ojaxis gayrisas sisxlismieri principi vrceldeboda mxolod mamapapeul qonebaze, xolo SeZenili qoneba nawildeboda ojaxis wevrebis mier, saerTo SromaSi miRebuli monawileobis mixedviT~.268

g. cecxlaZis Tanaxmad, guriaSi `naTesauri urTierTobebis xaziT mravalricxovan ojaxSi mowileebi iyvnen Zmebi, zogjer mSoblebic~.269 qonebis gayofisas mama adaTiT dadgenil wess emorCileboda; `mamas ar hqonda romelime vaJiSvilis uwilod datovebis ufleba~.270 am wesidan zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevas qvemoT aRvniSnavT.

ojaxis gayris xasiaTi aseve damokidebuli iyo mis sulad Semadgenlobaze. `qarTuli terminebiT _ gauyreli Zmebi da erTsaxli Zmebi _ moiazreboda rogorc didi ojaxisadmi pirTa

266 doliZe i., saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 117. 267 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 268 bostoRanaSvili d., ojaxis gayris wesebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Jur. `samarTali~, #1-2, 1998, gv. 77. 269 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 89. 270 iqve.

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naTesauri kuTvnileba, aseve, gayofis dros maTi qonebrivi uflebebi wilTan mimarTebiT~.271

fSavSi, j. merabiSvilis Tanaxmad, `rogorc informatorebi erTxmad aRiareben, gayofisas moqmedebs qonebis Tanabarad ganawilebis zogadi principi. miuxedavad amisa, fSauri saojaxo samarTali icnobs, agreTve, garkveul SeRavaTebsa da gamonaklisebs am principidan~.272

j. merabiSvili aseve dasZens, rom mis mier mokvleul informaciebSi igi xvdeba cnobebs `im qonebrivi xasiaTis uflebebze, rac ojaxis TiToeul wevrs eniWeba gayris dros. Tumca [...] es cnobebi yovelTvis ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis qalisa da bavSvis, agreTve mSoblebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze, romlebic, zogierTi cnobiT, gaTanabrebulni arian sxva wevrebTan, sxva cnobebiT ki maT an sul ar eZlevaT qonebis wili, an eZlevaT igi gansakuTrebuli raodenobiT~.273

d. jalabaZis Tanaxmad, fSavebsa da qistebSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, `Zmebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebs eZleodaT samarxi, qals ki saTavno, Zmebs Soris ki mxolod amis Semdeg moxdeboda qonebis gayofa~.274

gayrilobis wigni nasyidasi, baRdasarasi da januasi

1672w. 8 marti q. nebiTa, SewevniTa da mRTis uwin RmTis TavdebobiTa da pirobiTa da SuamdgomlobiTa da wmindis zecis ZalTa TavarangelozTa miqel gabrielisaTa maTis pirobiTa da TavdebobiTa da wmindis maxatis masatebisa da wmidis giorgisa da rac rome sinaqusarSi swerian maTis TavdebobiTa da pirobiTa es gayrilobis wigni mogec me, nasyidama da baRdasarama Sen, Cuens ufros[s] Zmas januasa ase da ama pirsa zeda, rome: ZmaT viyaviT, gaviyarneT. awe rac mamis Cuenis mamulis, saxlis, karis Cueni kerZi da wili srul yuela Tquenzed mogyideT da aviReT fasi, riTac Cueni guli Sejirdeboda da RmrTiT asre gebednieros, rogorc Tqueni guli gindodes. gaTavda, gaviyareniT, CuenSi aRara darCa ra aras ferisa sadavo da sayaryaSo Zmobis meti.

271 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, , Заря Востока, 1961, с. 43. 272 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; gv.7-11; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 162. 273 iqve. 274 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiTi samarTalze, rv. gv. 30. citirebulia: qarTuli CvelebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1993, gv. 163.

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da Tu ram saxlis keTili iyo an spileZeuri da an sxua rame, yuela SuaCi gavxyaviT. dRes iqiT arc Cuen TquenTan Ãeli qondeT da arc Cueni Svilebi Tquens Svilebsa.275 da amas ukan rom kacman erTmanerTsa meoreT SilTaxi uyos, uwin mRTis Semcode iyos, merme yovlis wmidisa zecisa da queyanisa da misi sulimc nu ixsnebis iudas saxeriTa da kaenisa. amin da amin. aris amis mowame Tavad RmerTi da misni wmindani da xorcielni da uxurconi; kacTagan: meliqi avTandil. beWedi meliqi avTandil da mamasaxlisi giorgi. beWedi: mamasaxlisi giorgi da iavangulTa garsua da osina da yaryaSa, papua da meliqanT varTan. da me, ohanas damiweria da mowameca var. daiwera qoronikonsa tni, martis À. † †276

garda Cven mier zemoxsenebuli terminebisa, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi Zmebis wilis aRsaniSnavad aseve gamoiyeneboda Semdegi terminebi: sasaSualo, sagamZRolo, saqorwino, saemego sauxuceso, sadido, sauareso. svaneTSi mas namxoSiers uwodeben, aWaraSi ki ojaxis gayofis dros, saojaxo Temis ufrosisaTvis saZmo wils zeviT micemul aseT danamat qonebas saemegos anu saumfrosos uwodebdnen.277

T. aCugbas varaudiT, `jer unda gaCeniliyo saemego, radgan igi mxolod ZmebSi erT-erT mowile Zmas ojaxis gaZRolisaTvis eZleoda~.278

ojaxis ufrosisaTvis damatebiTi qonebis micema saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebisaTvisac (mesxeTi, qarTli, kaxeTi, TuSeTi, raWa, guria) iyo niSandoblivi da aqac saufrosos saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi ojaxis ufrosisaTvis gamoyofili damatebiTi wilis aRmniSvnelad sxva terminebic gvxvdeba. esenia imereTSi _ sauxuceso, svaneTSi _ namxoSier. svanuri namxoSieri anu saufrosos wili Tavad Zmebis mier ganisazRvreboda.279

zog saojaxo TemSi damatebiTi wilis saxiT gamoiyofoda ara marto saufroso, aramed mmarTvelobisaTvis kuTvnili damatebiTi wilic. am SemTxvevaSi termin saufrosos nacvlad gamoiyeneboda termini sagamZRolo, rac SedarebiT gviani periodis warmonaqmnia. kerZod, imereTSi ojaxis ufrosi ZmisaTvis gamoyofil damatebiT qonebas sagamZRolos uwodebdnen. ufrosi ZmisaTvis saufroso wilis gamoyofis tradicia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSic dasturdeba da igi sauxucesos saxelwodebiTaa

275 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv.127-128. 276 iqve. 277 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 105. 278 iqve. 279 iqve.

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cnobili. magaliTad, bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 155-e muxli gvauwyebs:

Tu glexni gaiyarnen, uxucessa Zmasa anu Tavis saxli [Tavni] saxli anu erTi venaÃi, anu ufrosni Wurni sauxucesod sxvad Sua gaiyon.280

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,

`saufroso didi ojaxis ganviTarebis gviandel etapze, kerZod ki, saojaxo Temis ganviTarebis im safexurze unda iyos gaCenili, rodesac mis SigniT fexs ikidebda SromiTi kooperaciis normebi, rac saerTo-saojaxo sakuTrebis sferoSi kerZo mesakuTrul elementebs nergavda~.281

imave avtoris TqmiT, ùfrosisTvis gamoyofil wils guriaSi saufrosos/saumfrosos uwodebdnen~.282

guriis samTavros sabuTebSi aseve Cans, rom Tavadis saxlis qonebis gayofis drosac saufrosos calke gamoyofdnen.283 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ùfrosi Zma uSvilo iyo, maSin, kanonis Tanaxmad, saufroso mis momdevno Zmas eZleoda~.284

108. Tu ufrosi Zma uSvilod amovarda, saufroso misi Sedegisa aris; da Tu Svili darCa, Svilisa aris. agreve, Tu umcrosi amovarda da Svili ar darCa, saumcroso sxva Zmisa aris.285

eTnografiuli masala imasac mowmobs, rom saufrosos

gamoyofa icodnen `mxolod ufrosi ZmisTvis da ara saerTod ojaxis ufrosisTvis~.286 Tumca guriaSi saufroso yvela ufros Zmas rodi eZleoda, `mas mxolod imas gamouyofdnen, visac raime gansakuTrebuli SromiTi an materialuri wvlili hqonda ojaxSi~.287

yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom, marTalia, guriaSi saufrosos micemis wesi eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, magram ojaxis gayrisa da qonebis ganawilebis dros XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze Sedgenil sabuTebSi, saufroso iSviaTad aris moxseniebuli. g. cecxlaZes TqmiT, amis mizezad ìs unda miviCnioT, rom saufrosos yvela ojaxi ar gamohyofda da Tu gamohyofda, danarCen qonebas mxolod amis Semdeg gaanawilebdnen.

280 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 105. 281 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 95. 282 iqve. 283 iqve. 284 iqve. 285 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 510. 286 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 95. 287 iqve.

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gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tu qonebas mama anawilebda, es sabuTebi zogjer arc iwereboda~.288

rogorc eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze irkveva, saufrosos gamoyofa damokidebuli iyo ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobazec. pirvel rigSi, amisTvis aucilebeli iyo mamis survili da mowile Zmebis Tanxmoba. Tu gayra mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg xdeboda, Zma Zmas, saufrosos ar gamoufda mas saufrosos moTxovnis ufleba ar hqonda. amgvarad, rogorc ikveTeba, ufrosi ZmisTvis guriaSi saufrosos gamoyofa mamis sicocxleSi xdeboda da isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas ojaxSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRoda.

ojaxis gayris dros, aWaraSi `didi ojaxis qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda mowileebs Soris. magram eTnografiuli masalebi aseve gviCveneben, rom qonebis ganawilebis dros, mowileTa saerTo SeTanxmebiT, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, ufros mowile Zmas, Tu igi gayramde ojaxis winamZRoli iyo, eZleoda damatebiTi qoneba~.289 Tu Zmebi mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaiyofodnen, maSin ZiriTad ojaxSi ufrosi Zma rCeboda. es imiT aris axsnili, rom ufros Zmas meti amagi hqonda ojaxSi da ganayrebze zrunvac mas evaleboda. es wesi didi ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo.

dasavleT saqarTvelosagan gansxavebuli viTareba iyo saqarTvelos mTian regionSi, sadac, magaliTad, fSavSi `ufros vaJs araviTari saufroso ar ergeboda~.290 Cveni azriT, savaraudod es aixsneba imiT, rom fSavSi icavdnen tradiciul Zvel wess, romlis mixedviTac, ojaxis qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda da raime privilegia arc erT mowiles ar eniWeboda.

ojaxis gayrisas zogjer mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen mowilis pirad mdgomareobasac _ daojaxebuli/dasaojaxebeli. rogorc wesi, Tavis droze yvela colSviliani mowile Zmis saqorwino xarjebi saerTo saojaxo qonebidan gaiReboda. amitom ojaxis ganviTarebis mogviano etapze, rodesac ojaxis gayra yvela mowilis daqorwinebamde misaRebi gaxda, saufrosos garda, ojaxis gayofisas gamoiyofoda dasaojaxebeli Zmebis wilic e.w. gaTanabrebis wili; T. aCugbas TqmiT, aWaraSi `gaTanabrebis wils saqarTvelos regionebis msgavsad, saqorwino anu saumcroso wilic ewodeboda, ramdenadac saumcroso wili Sinaarsobrivad yovelTvis saqorwinos identuri iyo, radgan igi mxolod ucolo mowiles eZleoda~.291

amrigad, damatebiTi qonebis saxiT (pirutyvi, fuli) dauqorwinebel mowiles saqorwino anu saumcroso miecemoda,

288 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 96. 289 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 105. 290 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv., gv. 28; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 164. 291 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107-108.

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raTa misTvis gamoyofili saZmo wili mowile Zmebis qonebis Tanabari yofiliyo da momavalSi dasaojaxebel Zmebs saojaxo Temis daxmarebis gareSe SesZlebodaT qorwilis gadaxda.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu rodis moxdeboda ojaxis gayra _ mSoblebis sicocxleSi, Tu maTi gardacvalebis Semdeg _ mamiseul ojaxSi tradiciulad umcrosi vaJi rCeboda da, Sesabamisad, mSoblebis dakrZalvis xarjebi umcros Svils ekisreboda. miT ufro, Tu mSoblebs ojaxis gayrisas TavianTi kuTvnili wili miRebuli hqondaT. iSviaTad xdeboda, rom mSoblebs ufros an SuaTana SvilTan moendomebinaT cxovreba.

`zogjer umfros Zmas saumcrosos gamouyofdnen. saufrososa da saumcrosos (xazgasma Cvenia – m.x.) gamoyofis Semdeg iyofoda danarCeni qoneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT XVIII s. imereTis samefos erT-erT sabuTSi naTqvamia:

`yovelnive Cu?nni mama-papad naRuawni wilxdomiT ufrosisa saufrososaTa da wilxdomiT umcrosisa saumcrososaTa da sxuani yovelnive sworad wil-vigdeviT da baraTiT ganvikerZeT da TÂs-Tâsni kerZo ganvisakuTreniT~.292

qonebis saufroso da saumcroso wilTan dakavSirebiT Zalze

sayuradRebo informacias gvamcnobs T. aCugba, romlis Tanaxmad, aWaraSi `saojaxo uZrav-moZravi qonebis ganawilebis dros mowilis asaksa da ojaxur mdgomarebas yuradReba ar eqceoda. saqorwino qonebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi mowiles hqonda misi moTxovnis ufleba, maSin, rodesac saufroso gamoyofis ufleba ar hqonia ufros mowiles. es ukanaskneli momenti naTlad migviTiTebs, rom saumcrosos gamoyofis wesi mowileTa Soris Tanasworobis princips eqvemdebareboda, iseve rogorc amave principiT ufros mowiles zedmeti qonebis, saufrosos miRebis pretenziis ufleba ar hqonda~.293

mowileebze qonebis gayofis zemoaRniSnuli principi erTnairad iyo daculi rogorc cocxali, ise gardacvlili mowileebis mimarT. gardacvlilTa wils maT vaJiSvilebs akuTvnebdnen. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Tanaxmad:

112. Tu nasisxli rame aris, swored unda gaiyon. magram romlis[308r]ac nasisxli aris, an Svili, an mama momkudara, imas ufrosi wili daedebis.294

saqarTveloSi arsebuli Cveulebis mixedviT, `CveulebiTi

samarTliT, yvela Zma Tanasworuflebiani aris mamis samkvirodan

292 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 96-97. 293 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 108. 294 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511.

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Tanabar wils iRebs~.295 Tumca es Cveuleba aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba vaxtang VI-is samarTlis muxls, romelic `ara marto adgens saufrososa da saumcrosos, aseve saSualos, romlis ZaliTac Zmebi saerTo qonebidan an mamis samkvidrodan Tanabar wils iReben. es dadgenileba mxolod aznaurebze vrceldeboda da Zneli dasaSvebia, rom glexebis yofaSi ucxo yofiliyo saufrososa da saumcrosos uflebebi, rom ufros Zmebs umcros ZmebTan SedarebiT aranairi upirateoba ar hqondeT. da masTan dakavSirebuli upiratesobebi da SezRudvebi, rogorc Cans ar arsebobs~.296

iyo SemTxveva, roca gayofisas erTi Zma meore Zmas Tavisi nebiT uTmobda garkveul qonebas. magaliTad, 1661 wlis gayris erT-erT sabuTSi vkiTxulobT:

`ambriam ase uTxra: me Ãeli aRara maqus, srul SenTvis daminebebia~. 297

xSirad isec xdeboda, rom mowiles, romelTanac deda da debi rCebodnen, Zmebis TanxmobiT sxva mowileebze met qonebas aZlevdnen.

da Tu [186 v] gaTxovili debi yuandes, orT erTis Zmis waiRon. da Tu erTi Zma iyos da erTi da yuandes, da gaTxovili iyos, ori wili da naxevari Zmam aiRos da erTis wili da naxevris naxevari im das miscen [Sdr. muxl.252]. da erTi dangi – dedasa.298

128. q. gayra rom moÃdes ZmaSia da Zmani yuelani kacobaSi Sesuliyunen, rom ara yuandesT mama da iyunen Tavis ÃelTmqoneni [145r], da gaiyarnen, Tu wigniT da Tu uwignoT, maT erTmaneTisaTvis eRalatebinos da daemalos rame, da Zali eqnas erTmaneTSi, bZanebs rigi ar arian marTali gayrilni

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac asakiT ufros anda

sxva ZmebTan SedarebiT fizikurad bevrad ufro Zlieri Zma ufro irjeboda da `met saqmes akeTebda~.299 Sesabamisad, meti Sehqonda ojaxis saerTo qonebaSi. aseTi monagaris Sesaxeb `hsjulni~ `gayrisaTvis~ karSi naTqvamia: `rac Seexeba Zmebis keTilmonagars,

295 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, Том I, Тифлис, 1887, с.168-169. 296 iqve. 297 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, (XVI-XVIII ss.), t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 111. 298 iqve, 317. 299 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 95.

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`romels Zmasac... sakuTris garjiT TeTri Tu qoneba mopovebuli eqneboda da Tavisis RvawliT Semotanili iqidam imis garjis da mogebis mixedviT saWirnaxulos miscemdnen da danarComs ZmaT gauyofdnen~.300 111. Tu kacman mamuli rame iyidos, gina sxva rame, TavisiT anu saerToTi, misi asre aris. Tu an Zma, an saxlis kaci wignSi sweria, gayraSi wili daedebis.301 magrame, Tu im kacs sasaxlo ara dauxarjavs ra da Tavisis saqonliT uyidia, im sxvas Zmebs, rogorc saqonlis wili Sexudes gamoiRos, im zomiT im nasyidis wili daidvan.302

rogorc aRvniSneT, gauyofeli ojaxis mTeli qoneba –

moZravic da uZvaric _ mamis gankargulebaSi iyo. mamis sicocxleSi vaJiSvilebs ar hqondaT arc samkvidros moTxovnis da arc sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr saojaxo qonebis gayofis ufleba.303 saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mxareSi didi ojaxis gayrisas ojaxis saerTo qonebas mama Tanabrad anawilebda. Tumca mama uflebamosili iyo daesaja bedovlaTi Tu mflangveli vaJiSvili, gamoyofoda mas, Tavidan moexsna pasuxismgebloba; aseve SeeZlo misTvis ar mieca wili. g. cecxlaZis TqmiT, `mamas SeeZlo erTi SvilisaTvis meti mieca, xolo meores – Tu undoda _ `mSralze datovebda~. Svilis uwilod datovebis wesi cnobili iyo kavkasiis sxva xalxebSic304.

aRniSnulisagan gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo aWaraSi, sadac ojaxis ufrosi urC wevrsac ki ar tovebda uwilod. mas ojaxis saerTo qonebidan `kuTvnil wils miscemda da calke daasaxlebda~.305

CveulebiTi samarTali Zalze did xelisuflebas aniWebda mamas, magram imavdroulad did pasuxismgebobasac akisrebda mas. ase magaliTad, vaJiSvilis valsa da mis mier miyenebul zianze pasuxs agebda mama. vaJiSvilis kreditorebi Tu mis mier dazaralebuli pirebi zaralis asanazRaureblad mamas mimarTavdnen; mamas ufleba ar hqonda Tavi aeridebina pasuxismgeblobisaTvis im motiviT, rom misma vaJiSvilma misgan daukiTxavad aiRo vali. mama uflebamosili iyo daesaja mflangveli vaJiSvili, droulad gamoyofoda mas, anda, bolos da bolos, uari eTqva masze da amiT Tavidan moexsna pasuxismgebloba mis aramarTebul saqcielze. magram vidre mama

300 furcelaZe d., samoqalaqo hsjulvileba, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 33. 301 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511. 302 iqve. 303 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, с. 48. 304 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 89-90. 305 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 93-94.

85

da vaJiSvili gauyrelad cxovrobdnen erTWer qveS, mama pasuxs agebda masze.

didi ojaxis gayrisas centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic igive principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. ojaxis suladobas pirvelyovlisa gansazRvravda Zmebis raodenoba da maTi erTad yofnis xangrZlivoba. Tu Svilebi mSoblebs gamoeyofodnen daqorwinebisTanave, ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba maT gayramde ganisazRvreboda mxolod mSoblebisa da Svilebis ricxviT. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac Svilebi mSoblebTan didxans rCebodnen sacxovreblad, ojaxs axali wevrebi emateboda rZlebisa da bavSvebis saxiT.306

Tu ojaxis wevrebs Seadgendnen mxolod mSoblebi da maTi ori colSviliani vaJi, aseT viTarebaSi SesaZelebli iyo ojaxis gayra erTdroulad momxdariyo, vinaidan ori Zmis cal-calke dasaxlebisa da romelime SvilTan mSoblebis darCenis an maTi calke gamoyofis Semdeg ojaxis segmentaciis procesi mTavreboda. am mxriv SedarebiT gansxvavebuli iyo mdgomareoba im ojaxSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic imyofeboda mravali sxvadasxva asakis mqone Zma. amgvari ojaxis danawileba zogjer erTdroulad ar xdeboda da adgili hqonia Zmebis sxvadsxva dros gamoyofas, Cveulebriv, es procesi iwyeboda ufrosi Zmis gamosvliT, ris Semdeg SesaZlebeli iyo asakis Sesabamisad aseTive nabiji gadaedgaT momdevno Zmebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki ufrosi Zmis gamoyofis Semdeg sxvebis TandaTanobiT da sxvadasxva dros gamocalkevebis process ki ar hqonia adgili, aramed danarCeni Zmebi erTad cxovrebas ganagrZovnen manamde, sanam yvela maTgani ar dacolSvileboda da mxolod amis Semdeg erTdroulad iyrebodnen.307

qonebis gayofisas zog mxareSi yuradReba eqceoda mowilis asaks (miT ufro, sqess), zogan – ara. v. iToniSvilis mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi `Zmebs Soris qonebis ganawilebis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReboda maTi asakic, magram ZiriTad princips mainc maT Soris Tanasworobis dacva warmoadgenda~.308

ojaxis gayra Temis kacebis CareviT moewyoboda Tu maTgan damoukideblad, qonebis gayofa unda momxdariyo imden Tanabar wilad, ramdeni kacic ojaxis gayris momentSi wilis (x a Á) miRebis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. aseTi uflebis mqone pirs erqva mowil (x a Á j i n), romelic, v. iToSvilis Tanaxmad, gvevlineboda didi ojaxis dayofis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli axali ojaxis meTaurad~.309 [...] kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi `didi ojaxis gayris Semdeg momaval axal ojaxebs saTaveSi eqceodnen meore meore Taobis warmomadgenlebi, mowileebadac isini

306 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 147. 307 iqve, gv. 177-178. 308 iqve, gv. 277. 309 iqve gv. 274-275 .

86

iTvlebodnen~.310 monawiled miiCneoda yvela is mamakaci, romelic gayris Semdeg gamoyofil individualur ojaxs eqceoda saTaveSi. amdenad, Tu ojaxi gayris momentSi 3-5 Taobas moicavda, mowileebad gvevlinebodnen meore Taobis warmodadgenlebi e.i gardacvlil moxucTa (ojaxis yofil meTaurTa) Svilebi da ZmaTa Svilebi.311

yvela zemoxsenebul viTarebaSi qonebis miRebis sruli uflebiT sargeblobda yvela asakisa da mdgomareobis mqone Zma. is rasac wili (Âooj day – wili) erqva da romelic warmoadgenda ojaxis ZiriTadi dovlaTs (win boxam – ojaxis dovlaTi), iyofoda imden Tanabar nawilad, ramdeni Zmac ojaxSi imyofeboda. ojaxi nel-nela gaiyreboda Tu erTbaSad, sul erTia, qoneba Zmebis raodenobis mixedviT gadanawildeboda. oTxi Zmidan rom erTi calke gamosuliyo, xolo nadarCeni kidev erTad darCeniliyvnen, gayrili Zma gaitanda qonebis 1/4 nawils, xolo danarCeni rCeboda gauyrel Zmebs, romelTa saxelzedac wilebi pirveli Zmis gayris momentSi ukve gapirovnebuli iyo da TiToeul maTgans kuTvnili wilis gatana nebismier dros SeeZlo.312

magaliTad, qistebSi `konkretuli monacemebis mixedviTac aSkarad Cans, rom yvela Zma qonebis miRebis erTnairi uflebiT sargeblobda, gindac rom maT Soris erTi yofiliyo mravalSviliani, xolo sxva martooden erTi Svilis mama. Zmebs Soris qonebis ganawilebaSi maTi Svilebis raodenoba araviTar rols ar asrulebda. magram Zmebis gayris momentSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda, erTi mxriv, ucolo Zmis mdgomareoba, xolo, meore mxriv, romelime Zmis mravalcolianoba. orive es momenti dakavSirebuli iyo saTanado xarjebis gamoRebasTan, saxeldobr urvadis gadaxdis wesTan~.313

msgavsi wesi iyo osebSic. osTa adaTebis saTanado muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg mis qonebaze memkvidreobis uflebiT sargeblodbnen vaJiSvilebi, romlebic Tanabrad iyofdnen rogorc mamisagan memkvidreobiT miRebul, ise Tavisi SromiT Seqmnil dovlaTs.314

somxeTSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, Tu gayrisas erT-erTi Zma arasrulwlovani iyo da Tu miiCnevda, rom mas qoneba usamarTlod gauyves, aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is miaRwevda 25 wlis asaks, mas SeeZlo xelaxla wamoeWra qonebis gayofis sakiTxi.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi, mas Semdeg, rac wesad Semovida mSoblebis sicocxleSi ojaxis gayra, aseT viTarebaSi mSoblebis dasaflaveba saerTo saojaxo xarjiT

310 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 274-275. 311 iqve, gv. 100-101. 312 iqve, gv. 177-178. 313 iqve, gv 179-180. 314 Леонтиевич Ф., Адаты Кавказских горцев, II, Одесса, 1883, ст.24,26,34-35 miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 277.

87

xdeboda, radgan `dasaflavebis Zveli tradicia mainc cocxlobda. mSoblebi calke ojaxad icxovrebdnen Tu romelime SvilTan damkvirdebodnen, yvela Svili valdebuli iyo monawileoba mieRo maTi dasaflavebis saWiro xarjebis gamoRebaSi~.315 ojaxis wilis gayofisas, mSoblebis damarxvis xarjebisaTvis gaRebul wils pankisis xeobaSic samarxi an sayie (qistebis enaze) ewodeboda. ojaxis SesaZleblobis mixedviT, mSoblebs ramdenime suli pirutyvis gayvanac SeeZloT.

mamis xelisuflebis sisrule da usazRvroba vlindeba vaJiSvilis qonebis gamoyofis dros kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic, radgan vaJis wilis gansazRvra mamis nebaze iyo damokidebuli. rogorc batoni zelenksi aRniSnavs, mama uflebamosili iyo da Tavisuflad SeeZlo `araferi ar misces [vaJs] arc misi sakuTrebidan da arc moZravi sakuTrebidan~. CveulebiTi samarTali amiT mamis uzomo xelisuflebis faqts gamoxatavs. cxadia, mamas SeeZlo am uflebis gamoyeneba gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, roca vaJiSvili saTanado pativiscemiT ar epyroboda mamas, an Tu vaJi iyo mflangveli. aseve, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom realur cxovrebaSi mamis despotizmi qarwyldeboda Svilebisadmi mSobliuri siyvaruliT, colisa da ojaxis wevrebisadmi mijaWvulobiT. ganviTarebis Semdegi etapi aris saerTo nagebobaSi individualuri ojaxebisaTvis gansazRvruli niSebis gamoyofa kedlebSi, xolo mogvianebiT – calke oTaxebSic ki. es niSebi gankuTvnili iyo qonebis im nawilis calke Sesanaxad, romelic saTemo-saojaxo sakuTrebas ar warmoadgenda.

kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi mSoblebis damarxvis xarjs yvela Svili, ZiriTadad, erToblivad eweoda, riTac isini TavianT Zmas mdgomareobas umsubuqebdnen. xarjis gaweva savaldebulo iyo orjer, gardacvalebis Jams da wlisTavze. Tu ojaxs hqonda SeZleba, mamis qelexebis moTavebis Semdeg marTavdnen doRsac, rac ar ewyoboda dedis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan, wesis Tanaxmad, qalis saxelze doRis gamarTva miuRebeli iyo.

saqarTveloSi msgavsi SemTxveva ar fiqsirdeba. qistebSi arsebobda erTi sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo SemTxveva, kerZod, `mama sacxovreblad rCeboda erT SvilTan, xolo deda meoresTan~, magram aseTi ram ufro iSviaTad xdeboda da umTavresad mSoblebis adgilsamyofels warmoadgenda maTi umcrosi vaJis bina~316.

amgvarad, Cven mier ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze aSkarad ikveTeba, rom saojaxo-saTemo qonebis TviTneburi gasxviseba ojaxis ufross ar SeeZlo. ojaxis ufross es ufleba mxolod patara, kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebul ojaxSi hqonda. adaTis Tanaxmad, didi ojaxis gayris dros patriarqalur-gvarovnuli principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, saojaxo qonebidan yvela Zmas Tavisi wili gamoeyofoda; wilTan mimarTebiT ZmaTa qonebrivi

315 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi. 1969, gv 134-135. 316 iqve, gv. 186.

88

uflebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda; gauyofel ojaxSi gaweuli ufro meti Sromisa Tu saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolisaTvis ufros Zmas damatebiTi qonebis wili eZleoda.

V. 4. qaliSvili, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros adaTis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi qaliSvils saojaxo

qonebidan wili ar ergeboda, mas mxolod mziTevi eZleoda; mis gankargulebaSi iyo aseve saTavno. ojaxis gayrisas mziTevi da saTavno gayofas ar eqvemdebareboda. mziTevi iyo `qoneba, romelsac qals Tan atandnen mSoblebi gaTxovebisas~.317 saqarTveloSi qaliSvilis gamziTveba wesad hqondaT yvela socialur fenaSi. qaliSvilis mziTevi damokidebuli iyo ojaxis ekonomikur SeZlebaze.

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 257-e muxlis Tanaxmad,

Tu mdidari aris, mis qals mis wesiT kai saziTo miecemis.318 gauyrel ojaxSi mziTevs saerTo qonebidan gamoyofdnen,

xolo ojaxis gayris Semdeg qaliSvilis gamziTveba im ojaxis movaleobas Seadgenda, romelSic igi cxovrobda. mama mziTevs sxva mowileebis TanxmobiT gamoyofda. qaliSvilisaTvis mziTevis micema, misi kargad gastumreba mamis movaleobad, mis Rirsebad miiCneoda. mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg disTvis mziTevis micema ufros Zmas evaleboda. amis Sesaxeb sagangebod aris miTiTebuli vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 110-e muxlSi:

da [307v] Tu qali aris, unda gaaTxoos da ga[a]mziTos ymis qalsaviT. da Tu enamusebis, namusiani kaci amas xom ar ikadrebs, kargad ar gaistumros! 319

xevSi mziTevTan erTad qaliSvils gaTxovebisas mamis

saxlidan `atandnen erT dekeuls an 1-2 cxvars, rasac erqva saTavno~.320 mziTevi iyo sikvdilamde qalis piradi sakuTreba, rac Seexeba saTavnos, xevSi gaTxovili qali Tu ar gayidda saTavnos, droTa ganmavlobaSi saerTo saojaxo qonebis nawili xdeboda.321 amgvarad, xevSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, Tavisi xasiaTiT saTavno gansxvavdeboda saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi arsebuli

317 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, `enciklopedia~, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 292. 318 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 546. 319 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511. 320 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 119. 321 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 119.

89

saTavnosagan, romelic yovelTvis qalis pirad sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da ojaxis sxva wevrebs ar SeeZloT misiT sargebloba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CveulebiTi samarTliT, gauyofel ojaxSi piradi sakuTreba ar arsebobda. saerTo saojaxo qonebidan mziTevi mxolod ojaxis gayofisas gamoiyofoda. vidre ojaxi erTiani iyo, qals Tavisi mziTviT sargeblobis gansakuTrebuli ufleba ar hqonda, amitom qmris ojaxis yvela wevri sargeblobda mziTviT.

`saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros rZlis mziTevi da qaliSvilisaTvis samziTvod gankuTvnili nivTebi gasayof qonebaSi ar Sedioda. deda Tavisi mziTevis garkveul nawils qaliSvils miscemda, nawili ki ZiriTad ojaxSi rCeboda. dedis mziTevze aseTive uflebebi hqondaT Svilebs dedis gardacvalebis Semdegac~.322

fSavelebisa da qistebis CveulebiTi samarTliT, ojaxis gayrisas qaliSvils wili ar ekuTvnoda; ojaxSi arsebuli qoneba suladobis mixedviT nawildeboda, xolo qaliSvilebi unda gaTxoviliyvnen da Sesabamisad, ojaxidan wasuliyvnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `daoblebul qalebs axlo naTesavebi zrdidnen da aTxovebdnen [...] saerTo ZalebiT umzadebdnen maT saTanado samkaulebsa da tansacmels, e.i. risi waRebac evaleboda saerTod qals qmris ojaxSi. Tu gaTxovili qali uSvilod gardaicvleboda, tansacmeli da samkulebic ukanve ubrundeboda qalis mSoblebs~.323

zemoxsenebul mxareebSi `Tu qali iyo, romelsac Svili yavda, mas ori wili eZleoda. qonebis gayofa TviT ojaxis wevrTa SeTanxmebiT xdeboda. magram SeiZleboda masSi sabWos kacebic CaeriaT~.324

ojaxis gayofis dros, d. jalabaZis cnobiT, `Zmebs [...] Tu dac yavdaT, mas gayofisas mziTevis garda araferi eZleoda _ `qal wil ar aqvs~ _ xolo Tu is gauTxovari darCeboda, mas darCeboda mSoblebis samarxi qoneba~.325 amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 257-e muxlis Tanaxmadac, gauTxovar qaliSvils wilis saxiT eZleoda qoneba, magram ara miwis nakveTi:

Tu gauTxovari saxlSi darCes, Tu Raribia, naxevari saqonlisa miscen _ Cvens queyanas mamuls ar miscemen.

322 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 98. 323 merabiSvili j., ivane ciskariSvilis cnobebi TuSTa CveulebiT samarTalze, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 45. 324 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSaur da qistur CveulebiT samarTali, rv., gv. 87; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163. 325 iqve, 163-164.

90

esec iqneba, rome qali davardes mamis saxlSi, imas am gaCenilisagan ziTevisa ufrosi unda mieces.326

T. aCugbas mier moZiebuli eTnografiuli masalebis Tanaxmad,

aWaraSi `damowmebuli gaTanabrebis wili farTo mniSvnelobisaa. masSi, garda saumcroso (saqorwino) wilisa, Sedioda gasamziTvi Tanxa, romelic gayris dros mowileTa gasaTxovar debs gadaecemodaT. magram gvxvdeba sxva SemTxvevac, roca gasaTxovari disaTvis calke qonebas ar gamoyofdnen da gaTxovebis dros mas yvela Zma erToblivi ZalebiT gaamziTvebda da qorwilsac erTad gadauxdida~.327

TuSebisa da xevsurebis msgavsad qistebSic ojaxis gayrisas mTeli qoneba Zmebs Soris iyofoda, gasaTxovar debs mziTevis garda arafers aZlevdnen.

mogvianebiT, mziTevis saxiT qaliSvilisaTvis miwis nakveTic gaicemoda, Tumca guriaSi Zmebi cdilobdnen miwis nakveTi fuliT CaenacvlebinaT.328 imis dasturad, rom qaliSvils wilis saxiT miwis nakveTi gadaecemoda, mowmobs gayris erT-erTi sabuTi. is exeba Tavadi debisa da Zmebis gayras.

`elenes mieca beJanT vars samis dRis jibiTken erTis dRisa, naqvrimali erTis dRisa, dampalvaldaTan erTisa dRisa, agreTve vadis lelis miwa da gaverdisa ori xuTis dRisa unda gaiyos Suazeda naxevari mieces elenesa da naxevari nikolozasa, venaxis fardSi ergo Wirian Rele nikolozis mijnidan qvemoT efemias mijnamde. efemias ergo mamis vakis miwaxuTis dRisa saRareebis miwa da erTis dRisaca gZel miwa, savenaxeT mieca Wirian Relis qvemoTi miwa elenes mijnidan xevamdina. elenes da efemias miecaT erTis dRis miwa saxelad Wyantisa. mcirewlovans nikolozas, romlis nawilis miReba ikisra mSobelma mamam farsadan tuxievma, daido mis wilaT TelasTan erTis dRisa, saydris gverdze samis dRisa da ordRe naxevarisaca vadis Relis miwidan elenesTan nargebisa da venaxis fardSi beJanis venaxidan elenes za venaxamde amasaca Cven dausxiT~.329

`CeCneTsa da inguSeTSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, radgan

qalebs wili ar eZleodaT, xSirad [xdeboda isedac], rom] mowile vaJs, romelTanac rCebodnen debi, Zmebis TanxmobiT sxva mowileebze met qonebas aZlevdnen. gayris Semdegac Zmebs evalebodaT debze mzrunveloba. qali Tu gaTxovebis Jams

326 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 546. 327 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 108. 328 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 97. 329 saistorio centraluri arqivi fondi 1448, anaweri #1, saqme@# 6229.

91

gardaicvleboda, misi dasaflaveba xdeboda Zmebis saerTo xarjiT~.330

v. iToniSvilis mier mokvleuli masalebi cxadyofs, rom, kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi `ojaxis gayris dros qoneba nawildeboda ara sulebis raodenobaze, aramed mxolod mowile mamakacebis ricxvze~.331 am informacias adasturebs f. leontieviCic. kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi gasaTxovari qali moklebuli iyo uZrav-moZrav qonebaze memkvidreobis uflebas. amitom ojaxis gayris momentSi misTvis wilis gamoyofis sakiTxi arc dgeboda. igi aseve dasZens, `mamas rom vaJi ar hyoloda, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki adaTi misi qonebis flobis uflebas aniWebda ara qaliSvilebs, aramed gardacvlilis axlo naTesav vaJebs~.332

amgvarad, Cven mier ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze naTlad gamoikveTa, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, qals saojaxo qonebidan wili ar ergeboda; magram yvela wodebisa da mdgomareobis qalisaTvis mamis ojaxidan qonebis (ZiriTadad moZravi qonebis) gatanebis wesi mziTevis saxiT, erTgvarad, mowmobs, rom qals sruliad uwilod mainc ar tovebdnen. qalisaTvis mziTevis micema mamis (misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi ki ufrosi Zmis) movaleobad da Rirsebad miiCneoda. saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros saTavno da mziTevi gasayofi qonebis wilSi ar Sedioda; qalis qonebas veravin Seexeboda.

V. 5. SviliSvili (oboli), rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros

adaTis Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayrisas qonebis bunebriv

mowileebad vaJiSvilebi miiCneodnen, magram Tu vaJiSvilebi mamis sicocxleSive gardaicvlebodnen, maSin mowileebi iyvnen SviliSvilebi.

qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi oblebTan mimarTebiT gardacvlili mamis valTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime muxlia mocemuli. kerZod; vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 133-e da 134-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

133. ...Tu mokuda [mevalem] oblebis dazdamdi unda moicados, sanamdi oblebi ToTxmeti-TxuTmetis wlisa Seiqneboden.333

330 Харузин Н., Заметки о Юридическом быте чеченцев и ингушей, СМЭ, Москва, 1888, III, ст. 125. 331 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 115 332 Леонтиевич Ф., Адаты Кавказских горцев, II, Одесса, 1883, ст.24, 96-97,177-178. miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 116. 333 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 515.

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134. Tu qvrivi iyos da oblebi wvrili yuandes, da movalem vals vals Txovna dauwyos, sanamdis oblebi ar daizrdebis, vali ar eTxoebis. da Tu obolsa da qurivs aqus rame, da im movales sxva movale hyavs da aRonebs, ra ginda ra unda miaceminos, rome, diaR, sargebliT saqme ar gauWiros. 334

daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSi ramdenime muxli exeba

obols. kanonis Tanaxmad, aznaurTa wris arasrulwlovan oblebs eniSnebodaT meurve, romelic gankargavda maT wil qonebas.

[109]113 [11] veqiliaTÂs obolTasa. muxli v veqili miibarebs uZravsa da moZravsa saqonelsa obolTasa da miscems yovelsa welsa angariSsa mdivanbegTa, raodenica warugies yrmaTa zeda SenaxvisaTÂs maTisa da hswavlasa zeda; xolo danaSTi miuces sargebliTa obolTa maT.335

Zveli saojaxo tradiciiT, obols ergeboda mowile mamis

mTliani qoneba da biZebic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mas kidec akuTvnebdnen mTlian saZmo wils. am faqts adasturebs T. aCugba; aWaraSi mis mier Seswavlili eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze, igi wers: `gardacvlili mowilisaTvis gamoyofil qonebas, Cveulebriv, mis vaJiSvilebs akuTvnebdnen. vaJs, Tundac igi akvnis bavSvi yofiliyo, mamis wili mTlinad eZleoda~.336

ojaxis mesame Taobis anu mowileTa SvilebisaTvis gaTanabrebis wilis micemis wesi momdinareobda didi ojaxis sameurneo yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SromiTi bunebidan; am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba is Sromisunariani wevri, romelsac Tavisi wvlili hqonda Setanili ojaxis saerTo qonebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, ojaxis gayris dros, mas gaweuli Sromis Sesabamisad eZleoda wili.

eTnografiuli masalebiT aseTi SemTxvevebi dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. g. cecxlaZe aRniSnavs, rom guriaSi `naTesauri urTierTobebis xaziT mravalricxovan ojaxSi mowileebi iyvnen Zmebi, zogjer mSoblebic~.337 gamonalisis saxiT, ojaxis gayrisas SromiTi damsaxurebisaTvis mowiled xdidnen SviliSvilebsac. naTqvamis dasturad avtors magaliTad moxmobili aqvs Semdegi faqti: `estate doborjginiZem Svilsac misca wili da moswrebul SviliSvilsac, imitom rom im SviliSvils naSromi hqonda ojaxSi~.338 Tumca g. cecxlaZe iqve xazgasmiT aRniSnavs amgvari wesis iSviaTobas guriis regionSi da

334 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 515. 335 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 174. 336AaCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 104. 337 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 89. 338 iqve, 1991, gv. 90.

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wers: `guriaSi igi iSviaTi iyo da miRebul wesad ver miviCnevT~.339 guriaSi ojaxi, sadac pirdapiri memkvidre ar iyo, qoneba gverdiTi xazis uaxloes naTesavebs (Zmas, ZmisSvils, biZaSvils da sxva) rCebodaT.340

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gaTanabrebis wiliT igulisxmeboda mowile Zmebis SvilTa daqorwinebisa da gaTxovebisaTvis gamoyofili qonebac. kerZod, Tu sami mowile Zmidan ors TiTo daqorwinebuli Svili hyavda, maSin mesame Zmis dauqorwinebeli vaJisaTvis saerTo saojaxo qonebidan unda gaRebuliyo saqorwino xarji.341

T. aCugbas Tanaxmad, dasturdeba, rom àm dros saerTo-saojaxo qonebaSi Cndeba garkveuli zRvari e.w. babuis (papis) qonebasa da SromiT SeZenil anu naSrom qonebas Soris. es igivea, rac qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi cnobili mamuli da monagebi, xolo zogadqarTul eTnografiul yofaSi damowmebuli mamapapeuli qoneba da ofliT mopovebuli qoneba. rac didi ojaxis ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgenda da klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis pirobebSi warmoSobil samarTlebriv normebs efuZneboda. swored SromiT SeZenili qonebidan xdeboda Sromisunariani aramowile wevrebisaTvis garkveuli wilis micema~.342 n. xaruzinis mier moZiebuli eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT, msgavsi wesi moqmedebda centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic.

zog SemTxvevaSi biZebi winaaRmdegi iyvnen, rom mamis sruli wili miecaT obolisaTvis. aseTi ram umetesad maSin xdeboda, rodesac didi ojaxi SviliSvilis mfarveli papis gadracvalebis Semdeg iyreboda. T. aCugba mis mier moZiebuli eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze imasac dasZens, rom àmgvari movlena Zveli saojaxo samarTlebrivi normebisadmi daumorCilebas niSnavda, rac ojaxis ganviTarebis mogviano periodSi unda iyos gaCenili. sakiTxi iolad wydeboda, Tu papa winaswar werilobiT an sityvierad daubarebda ojaxis wevrebs, rom gayris dros oboli SviliSvilisaTvis mamiseuli wili srulad miecaT~.343

Cveulebriv, obols uwilod ar tovebdnen, magram misi arasrulwlovnobis gamo misTvis gankuTvnil wils dedas aZlevdnen. centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi adaTis Tanaxmad, oblebTan mimarTebiT maT asaks mniSvneloba ar hqonda. v. iToniSvilis Tanaxmad, òblebis dedas wili sruli saxiT bardeboda da es qoneba misi vaJebis xelSeuxebel qonebas warmoadgenda, romlis Tanabrad ganawileba maT SeeZloT cal-calke dabinavebis dros. mTxrobelebma isic aRniSnes, rom mowileebi an mowileebTan am sakiTxze SeTanxmeebuli Suakacebi

339 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 90. 340 iqve. 341 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 108. 342 iqve, gv 108-109. 343 iqve, gv. 104.

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(Suakaci) qvrivs yvelaze did wilsac ki akuTvnebdnen, vinaidan mas kiserze awveboda oblebis aRzrdis mZime movaleoba~.344

amgvarad, Zveli saojaxo tradiciiT obols mowile mamis

mTliani wili ergeboda. mogvianebiT, kanonis Tanaxmadac, oboli SviliSvili uwilod ar unda daetovebinaT.

V. 6. ze[d]siZe, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros eTnografiuli masalebiT dasturdeba, rom zedsiZeoba

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. ojaxi, romelsac Ze ar hyavda, qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas siZe Sedioda simamris saxlSi.

zedsiZeobis instituti naTlad aris ganmartebuli vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 145-e muxlSi, romelSic weria:

Tu kaci amovardes da vaJiSvili ar darCes, da qali darCes, is qali vinc SeirTos, Tavisis mamis saxl-kari, saqoneli, mamuli imaqals mieces. im kacis valic im qalman da misma qmarman gadaiÃados.345

windaxedul mamas erTaderTi qaliSvili naTesavebis mxridan

qonebrivi davisagan rom daecva, siZe sicocxleSive Svilad ahyavda, riTac CasiZebuli vaJiSvilis statuss iRebda.

amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi weria:

157. siZisa Svilebulisa asre icodiT: Tu wigniTa Sesrul iyvnen, mamuli daeweros, ra gaiyvnen, sauxuceso – mamulisa patronsa; sxuaÁ Sua gauyaviT da Setanili da daxuedrebuli Tav-Tavisi gaitanon.346 257. esec iqnebis, rome Tavis adgilze qmari SeirTos, patroni bevrs nuras ukiTxavs.347

b. zoiZis azriT, `zedsiZeoba siZis Svilebis msgavsia [...] siZis Svilebaze ufro maSin laparakoben, rodesac siZis ojaxSi Seyvana moxdeboda mamis sicocxleSi. aseTi faqtebi ki mravlad iyo~.348 siZis Svilebis yvelaze Zveli dokumenti TariRdeba XV saukuniT.

guriaSi, imereTSi, aWaraSi uvaJo ojaxSi CasiZeba wesad hqondaT. amis ufleba hqonda rogorc mamas, aseve dedas;

344 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 292-293. 345 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 517. 346 iqve, gv. 469. 347 iqve, gv. 546. 348 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 197.

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mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg, zogjer, TviT qaliSvilsac, rac wesis darRvevad miiCneoda. samagierod, saqarTvelos mTaSi (xevSi, xevsureTi, fSavSi) CasiZeba miuRebeli iyo.349 msgavsi wesi arsebobda centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic.

qaliSvili, romlic zedsiZes miiyvanda mamis saxlSi, uflebamosili iyo mamrobiTi memkvidris msgavsad, samkvidro mieRo.

r. xaraZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Tu vaJiSvili mamis saxlSi ar rCeboda, `simamaris saxlSi zedsiZed SesvliT vaJiSvili Tavis wils kargavda mamis saxlSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CasiZeba qarTlelebSi gamonakliss warmoadgenda, rogorc wesi, ar iRebda Tavis wilsa da [ojaxSi] gayofa mxolod Zmebs Soris xdeboda~.350 magram g. cecxlaZe sapirispiros wers: `zedsiZed wasul kacs mamis ojaxidan wilad ergeboda garkveuli (mcire) raodenobis fuli, an rame saojaxo nivTi, zogjer saqoneli. wilSi miwis nakveTis micemis arc erTi SemTxveva ar dagvidasturebia~.351

r. TofCiSvilis mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, `afxazebSi erTaderTi qaliSvilis yolis SemTxvevaSi icodnen zesiZeobac, rac xalxSi arapopularuli iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi qoneba qaliSvils da mis ojaxs gadaecemoda. sxva SemTxvevaSi qonebis patronebi saxlikacebi, mogvareebi xdebodnen~.352

saqarTveloSi CasiZeba daiSveboda rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa, ise glexTa Soris. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac Tavadis ojaxSi zedsiZed misuli piri colis gvars iRebda, `raTa ara daviwyebul iqmnes gvarovnebaÁ keTilSobilTa CvenTa~.353 glexebSi CasiZeba siZis batonis nebarTvis gareSe ar daiSveboda. `glexTa ara aqus nebaÁ ucxoTa ymaTa zedsiZed Semosayvanelad, ukeTu ara ars neba patronisa zedsiZed Semosayvanelisa mis, amad, vinaTagan uxams ars miRebaÁ ymaTa keTilSobilTa~.354

amgvarad, zedsiZeoba, rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa, ise glexTa Soris, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli saqrTvelos barSi; saqarTvelos mTaSi (xevSi, xevsureTSi, fSavSi) CasiZeba miuRebeli iyo. zedsiZeobas mowmobs rogorc eTnografiuli masalebi, aseve vaxtang VI-is samarTalic. zedsiZed SesvliT vaJiSvili Tavis wils kargavda mamis saxlSi, samagierod uvaJo ojaxis mTeli qoneba mis xelSi gadadioda.

349 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 200; 202. 350 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, , Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, ст. 54-55. 351 cecxlaZe g., masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis XXIII, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 105. 352 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 390. 353 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 23. 354 iqve.

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V. 7. bastardi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros Tavdapirvelad, qarTuli Cveulebis mixedviT, ukanonod

Sobils ojaxidan wili ar ekuTvnoda. amave Sinaarsis norma gvxvdeba moses samarTalSi.355 magram qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi (vaxtang VI-is samarTali, mux. 110 nabiWurisaTvis, daviT batoniSvili samarTali, mux. 125 z. nabiWurisaTvis) gaTvaliswinebulia bastardebis mdgomareoba da maTTvis mciredi qonebis gaRebas adgens.

qaliSvilisaTvis mziTevis micema imdenad savaldebulo iyo adaTiT, rom zemoxsenebuli Zeglebis Tanaxmad, ukanonod Sobili qaliSvilic ki ar unda daetovebinaT umziTvod. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ukanonod Sobili qaliSvili Tavis Zmebs eymoboda, maSin Zmebs evalebodaT misi, rogorc ymis ise, gamziTveba.

da [307v] Tu qali aris, unda gaaTxovos da ga(a)mziTos ymis qalsaviT. da Tu enamusebis, namusiani kaci amas xom ar ikadrebs, kargad ar gaistumros.356 an kidev da ukeTu iyos asuli, maSin mieces mciredi raÁme mziTevi.357

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis imave muxlis Semdegi nawili

ipyrobs Cvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, romlis Tanaxmadac ikveTeba, rom ukanonod Sobil qaliSvils wilis saxiT miwis nakveTs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aZlevdnen, Tu erT-erTi mowile Zma `amovardeboda~.

Tu erTi Zma amovarda da buSis meti ara darCa ra, Cvens samarTalSi Zmebman erTi ymis mamulis odeni mamuli unda miscen. Tu undodes, imaTTan dadges, da Tu undodes, batons eymos. magrame saqonelic unda uwiladon biZaSvilebman.358

adaTis Tanaxmad, buSs wilis saxiT mamuli ar eZleoda; amas

kanoni krZalavda. `nabiWuris wili ar aris mamulSi~.359 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bastardi Tavis Zmebs ymad daudgeboda,

maSin, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 110-e muxlis Tanaxmad:

355 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, samarTali mosesi, (gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 115-116. 356 iqve, gv. 511. 357 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 73. 358 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511. 359 iqve.

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`sxvaT Ãeli ara aquT, arc biZasa da arc biZaSvilsa, Zmebman erTis ymis alags unda arCinon. [...] da Tu Zmebs eymos, ZmaT sityua ara aqusT, unda arCinon ymurad~.360

marTalia, kanoniT bastardi arc mowile iyo da arc memkvvidre, magram Tu uZeo mama moindomebda misTvis qonebis datovebas, mis nebas veravin SeewinaaRmdegeboda. amis Sesaxeb daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis 125-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

xolo, uke[v]Tu ara esvas Ze da enebos memkvidreoba misi TnebiTa mefisaTa, nuraraÁme damayenebeli Zali miecemis.361

marTalia, wilTan mimarTebiT bastardebis qonebrivi

uflebebi SezRuduli iyo, magram gvian feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi maT qonebis miRebis ufleba srulad ar hqondaT CamorTmeuli. am faqts mowmobs Cven mier moxmobili Semdegi sabuTi:

ganCineba germanoziSvilis buSisaTvis mamulSi

wilis dadebis Taobaze 1707 25 ianvari

q. germanozisSvili papua uSvilod gardaicvala, Svili ar darCa, erTi buSi darCa. dastur saqarTveloSi buSs sawilod mamulSi Ãeli ara aqv[s], magram papua Tavis mamulsze da saxlSi Wirnaxuli da didad garjili kaci iyo. amisTvis papuas buSs beJuas es wili daudeviT mcovreTs: q. zubitaSvili gogia kvamli erTi; q. zaraqaSvili abisona kvamli erTi, q. iqiv iremaSvili xucis sakvamlo erTi; q. iqiv aslamazaSvilis sakvamlo erTi. es glexni da sa[k]vamlo dRes risac mamulis mqonebelni iyvnen, papuas buSs beJuas uboZeT; da gugunam da iesem da[a]nebon. da sxvas amis mets mamulTa Ãeli ara aqvs sawilod, isrev biZebTan da biZaSvilebTan dadges, sxvasTan nurvisTan wava. da rodesac guguna da iese gaiyarnen, sawilod da gasayofad Ãeli ara aqvT. da romelTanac biZasTan da biZaSvilebTan undodes, imasTan mivides da dadges, sxvasTan ki nuravisTan wava da nurs vis

360 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511. 361 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 73.

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eymoba; Tunda gugunasTan iyos, Tunda iesesTan am sarCoTa. qoronikonsa tJe, ianvris ke.362

maq. kovalevskis cnobiT, svanebi ganasxvavebdnen ori kategoriis bastardebs. pirvel kategoriaSi Sediodnen meore qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi, xolo meore katorigaSi _ sayvarlisagan gaCenili bavSvebi. pirveli katogoriis bastardebi uflebrivad kanonieri Svilebs utoldebodnen da qonebis naxevar an mesamed wils Rebulobndnen, xolo sayvarlisagan gaCenili bavSvebs wili ar eZleodaT. aseTive wesi moqmedebda fSavsa da xevsureTSi. mTisagan gansxvavebiT, a. arRuTinskis cnobiT, imereTSi ojaxis gayramde mSoblebi bastardebs miwis mcire nakveTs aZlebdnen.363

`marTalia, samarTlebriv principad miRebuli iyo is, rom `nabiWvris wili ar aris mamulSi~, magram, amasTan erTad TviT samarTalica da iuridiuli praqtikac icnobs aqedan gadaxvevebs; meorec qarTvel mTielebSi nabiWvarTa samemkvidreo uflebebze igrZnoba romauli gavlenebi~.364

msgavsi wesi moqmedebda kavkasiaSi bastardebis anu kavdasarebis mimarT; kanonieri Svilebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, maT wili ar eZleodaT.

amgvarad, marTalia, ukanonod Sobils qarTuli Cveulebis

mixedviT ojaxidan wili ar ekuTvnoda, magram Tu uZeo mama moindomebda misTvis qonebis datovebas, mis nebas veravin SeewinaaRmdegeboda. humanurobis principidan gamomdinare, vaxtang VI-is samarTali da daviT batoniSvilis samarTali iTvaliswinebs bastardebis mdgomareobas da adgens maTTvis mciredi qonebis gaRebas; aseve, mziTevis micemas ukanonod Sobili qaliSvilisTvis.

V. 8. geri, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros geris, rogorc mowile subieqtis Sesaxeb, qarTuli

samarTlis ZeglebSi veraferi moviZieT; ramdenime muxli exeba gers somxuri samarTlis qarTul versiaSi. erT-erTi muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu kacma colad qvrivi SeirTo da piroba dado, rom mis gerebsac gazrdida, maSin igi valdebuli iyo ezruna maT aRzrdaze da colisTvis ar esayvedurebina; xolo Tu aseTi piroba misTvis micemuli ar hqonda, maSin SeeZlo gerebi simamrTan gaeSva da amiT yovelgvari – maT Soris wilis an samkvidros micemis _ movaleobisagan Tavisufldeboda.

362 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sasamarTlo ganCinebani (XVI-XVIII ss., (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 223. 363 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 228. 364 iqve, gv. 227-228.

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165. q. Tu qmari colsa missa aginebdes da avad epyrobodes, dRe yovel dauw[162r]ynareblad uwyrebodes, Tu coli misi naqurivali iyos da gerebebi moyolodes, da gerebis gulisaTvin isre epyrobodes, Tu TxovnaSi mas kacs piroba daedvas, momeciTo da oblebsac me Sevinaxao da davzdio, _ radgan piroba dauc, pasuxi ara aqus, unda Seinaxos, dasTmos da nuR arcaras urigos cols Tavissa hkadrebs. da Tu Senaxvis piroba ar dauc, gaabrunon colis mamis naTesavTa maTken.365

imave Zeglis 252-e muxlSi aris Canaweri, rac gvaZlevs imis

varaudis safuZvels, rom ojaxis gayofisas an samkvidros ganawilebisas, cdilobdnen geri uwilod daetovebinaT; amitom es problema gerisaTvis Tavidan rom aecilebina, papa sicocxleSive werda sabuTs, riTac gers garkveuli saxis qonebas akuTvnebda.

252. ...Tu sicocxleSi papam wigniT daapatronos, SeuZlia. da imgvarad gerisac SeuZlia Tavis sicocxleSi dapatroneba, ginda sxvisa amaTi, Tavis saxlSi. 366

amgvarad, gerisaTvis wilis micema damokidebuli iyo an

maminacvlis windawin gacxadebul pirobaze, an papis mier sicocxleSive daweril sabuTze, riTac papa qonebis garkveul wils gers akuTvnebda.

V. 9. naSvilebi, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros

Temaze muSaobisas, naSvilebis wilTan mimarTebiT, aSkara

Seiqna kveTa or sakiTxs Soris: naSvilebi, rogor mowile da naSvilebi rogorc memkvidre.

Cveulebriv, Svileba xdeboda uSvilo ojaxebis mier. mSvilebeli SeiZleba yofiliyo orive sqesis piri, xolo naSvilebi umeteswilad qmris romelime arasrulwlovani naTesavi. ase xdeboda naSvilebi mSvilebelis qonebis mowile; mas iseve ekuTvnoda wili, rogorc RviZl Svils. `cols (qvrivs) SeeZlo qmris axlomonaTesavTagani Svilad aeyvana da qmris qonebazed daepatronebina~.367 es SeiZleba imiT avxsnaT, rom qvrivs ar surda qmris qoneba sxva ojaxis xelSi gadasuliyo.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mSvileblebi uSvilo meuRleebi iyvnen, maSin vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 261-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mTeli maTi

365 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, mxiTar goSis samarTali, (gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv 283-284.. 366 iqve, gv 316. 367 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 206.

100

qoneba naSvilebs rCeboda. amiT meuRleebis qonebaze pretenzias verc veravin ganacxadebda da qoneba verc beiTalmanad gamocxaddeboda.

colman da qmarman erTi sxvis kacis Svili, dedmamiani Tu udedmamod napovni, oboli, vinme gagdebuli, iyidos Tu ipovnos, iSvilos da gazardos, Tavisi mamuli da qoneba Svilisebr miasakuTros da mas uanderZos. 368

amgvarad, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu mSvileblebi uSvilo

meuRleebi iyvnen, mTeli maTi qoneba naSvilebs rCeboda; Tu naSvilebi qmris romelime arasrulwlovani naTesavi iyo, mas iseve ekuTvnoda wili, rogorc RviZl Svils.

V. 10. orsuli, rogorc mowile subieqti ojaxis gayris dros orsuli qalis wilTan mimarTebiT, fSavSi arsebuli

Cveulebis Sesaxeb urTierTsapirispiro cnobebs gvawvdian j. merabiSvili da d. jalabaZe. j. merabiSvilis Tanaxmad, `ojaxis gayrisas yvelaferi Tanabrad nawildeboda, mSoblebi zedmet samarxs iRebdnen mxolod. ufros vaJs araviTari saufroso ar ergeboda. arc orsul qals aZlevdnen arafers zedmets. ityodnen: `wyalSi Tevzi vis ufasebiao~.369 aRniSnulis sapirispiro informacias gvawvdis d. jalabaZe; `Tu orsuli qalic iyo, maSin masac garkveul (mcire) wils akuTvnebdnen. qals Tavis wils aZlevdnen maSin, Tu ki isini jvardawerilebi iqnebodnen~.370

imereTSi orsuli qalis wilis Sesaxeb a. arRuTinski wers: `qonebis gayofis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReboda qalis orsuloba da momavali SvilisTvis mis dedas nametad gamouyofdnen erT kod (sam fuT) purs, zogjer kidev simindsac, daaxloebiT or fuTs~.371

qvrivi orsulis Sesaxeb erTi muxli mocemulia berZnuli samarTlis qarTul versiaSi, sadac 121-e muxlSi weria:

368 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 548. 369 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv., gv.28; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 164. 370 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSuar da qistur CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv., gv. 30; 36, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163. 371 Аргутинский А., Семейные разделы у имеретин. новое обозрение. Тбилиси, 1893 г., #3175, miTiTebulia zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 127.

101

q. romelic dedakaci vaJze orsuli iyos, misTvis vbrZanebT – mama rom mokudes, _ rameTu mamisa misisa yovlis samkuidrebelisagan ara umkuidro iqnebis.372

amgvarad, orsuli qalis qonebis wilTan mimarTebiT

marTalia mkvlevarTa mier urTierTsapirispiro cnobebi ikveTeba, magram qonebis gayofis dros zogjer mainc mxedvelobaSi miiReboda qalis orsuloba da mcired wils masac gamouyofdnen xolme, miT ufro Tu qali jvardawerili iyo.

V. 11. sneuli da Sromisuunaro pirebi, rogorc mowile subieqtebi ojaxis gayris dros

ojaxis gayrisas ojaxis sneuli an Sromisuunaro wevris

wilis Sesaxeb qarTuli samarTlis adreul ZeglebSi Sesabamisi normebi ar gvxvdeba. saqarTveloSi xsenebuli pirebis wili da maT mimarT damokidebuleba berZnuli da somxuri samarTlis qarTul versiebSi mocemuli normebiT regulirdeboda. kanoni moiTxovda, rom ojaxis wevrebs ezrunaT rogorc sneulis, ise Sromisuunaro piris mkurnalobasa da kvebaze; ojaxis wevrebs RvTis anabara ar unda daetovebinaT da ar unda gayrodnen, vidre isini ar gamojanmrTeldebodnen.

ojaxis sneul pirebTan mimarTebiT bevrad ufro progresuli da humanuria daviT batoniSvilis samarTali; batoniSvilis samarTlis 167-e muxli saTauriT `sneulTa ZeTaTvis~ exeba avadmyof pirebs. kerZod, Tu gauyrel ojaxSi aris sneuli Zma, romelsac ar SeuZlia damoukideblad Tavis rCena, anu Sromisuunaroa (Tumca kanonmdebeli ar akonkretebs Sromisuunaro Zmis sulier Tu fizikur sneulebas), daviT batoniSvilis azriT, calke mowiled Sromisuunaro Zma mxolod misi gankurnebis Semdeg SeiZleba ganxiluliyo.

xolo ukeTu iyos Zma erTi sneul, nu ikadreben mosamarTleni gayrad misa, aramed miscen mas sazrdo da saeqimo; da odesca ganTavisufldes, maSin Zal-ucs gayrad ZmaTa TÂsTa. da ukeTu sneuli ganyaron ZaliT, ara ars Sesawynar gayraÁ misi, amad romel msajulTa Zalisa hxams Sedrgineba(!) samarTlisa da ara usamarTlosa.373

kanoni aseve moiTxovda senul pirTaTvis meurvis dawesebas;

daviT batoniSvilis 167-e muxlSi CamoTvlilia yvela is daavadeba, romlis drosac ojaxis sneul pirze meurveoba unda dawesebuliyo; kanoniT dadgenil am movaleobas vinc ar

372 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, samarTali berZnuli, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 161. 373 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 24.

102

Seasrulebda, mas pasuxi kanonis Tanaxmad unda ego. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sromisuunaros an sneuls ucxo piri mouvlida da upatronebda, maSin misi kuTvnili wili qoneba srulad rCeboda ucxo kacs.374 aqedan naTlad ikveTeba, rom ojaxis saerTo qonebidan wili Sromisuunaro wevrsac eZleoda.

`da ucxom kacma rom Seiwynara da mouara imaTs saxlis kacs, [105r] misi mamuli yovelive imas misces, amisTvis rome imaT Tavis saxlis kacsa ratom ar mouares da ar uyures, im ucxom kacma mouara da Seiwynara~.375

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis wignis 295-e muxli

sagangebod exeba ama Tu im fizikuri naklis (yru, munji,koWli, kuti) da ara gonebrivi naklis mqone pirs da naTlad ikveTeba, rom ojaxis gayris dros wili masac gamoeyofoda.

`daTu sxvagvari iyos: koWli, anu brma, anu bnediani, ar iyos Seutyobari anu asre ar unda, rome Tavis Tavis rCola ar icodes, da Wkuaze ara sWirdes ra, an iyos kuti da sabyari da WkuiT brZeni _ da sxvanic amisTanani, rome bevrni arian, _ dahpatrondnen mamuls, nu gardaagdeben sapatronodam~.376

amgvarad, ojaxis gayris dros kanoni aseve adegnda garkveul

wils ojaxis Sromisuunaro pirisTvisac, Tumca masTan mimarTebiT, ojaxis janmrTel wevrebs garkveul valdebulebebsac uwesebda.

374 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidroebiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 28. 375 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, samarTali berZnuli, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 198. 376 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 92.

103

meeqvse Tavi

didi ojaxis gayris obieqtebi kerZo sakuTrebis pirveli niSnebi yvelgan, maT Soris

CvenSic, faqtobrivad, ojaxSive isaxeboda. rogorc aRvniSneT, didi ojaxis gayofamde ojaxis arc erT wevrs ar SeeZlo saojaxo qonebidan wilis moTxovna da aseve Tavisi uflebis daTmoba gareSe pirisaTvis.

amdenad, ojaxis gayris dros qonebis ganawileba ojaxisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. mraval mkvlevarTa msgavsad da Cveni azriTac, didi ojaxebis daSlisa da individualuri ojaxebiT TandaTanobiT Secvlis mzard procesSi, gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda im princips, riTac ganisazRvreboda ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebidan mowileTa qonebis tipi da raodenoba. erTi mxriv, ojaxis qonebis gayofa-danawileba didi ojaxis segmentacias iwvevda, meore mxriv ki, piris qonebrivi da uflebrivi mdgomareobis dadgenas. Sesabamisad, saojaxo yofis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, yvelgan da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, swored amitom ojaxis gayrisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda zemoxsenebul princips.

ismis kiTxva: rogor da ra odenobiT ganisazRvreboda mowileTa wili ojaxis gayrisas?

VI. 1. saTemo-saojaxo qoneba mamis sicocxleSi Svilebs damoukidebeli wilis qona ar

SeeZloT. ojaxis wevrebis qonebrivi uflebebis gansazRvris ZiriTadi kriteriumi ojaxisadmi maTi faqtiuri kuTvnileba iyo. Tavis mxriv, es viTareba Zmebis gauyrelobis princips efuZneboda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 109-e muxlis Tanaxmad:

[307r] 109. Zveli rigi asre aris. sanamdin Zmani erTad arian, Wiri, lxini, saSovari, uSovroba, wanarTmevi Tu naboZebi, napovni Tu dakarguli, rac ram feri, yuela erTi aris.377

saTemo-saojaxo qonebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wili,

upiratesad, winaparTagan memkvidreobiTi miRebuli uZravi qoneba iyo. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 106-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saziaro qonebasTan erTad patronimiis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda.

377 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 511.

104

106. sasaflao, xati, jvari, saydris mamuli erTia. Tu ar gahyofen, isis sjobs, saydris ymasa.378

`komlis sauTrebas Seadgenda saxl-kari, boseli, sxva

nagebobani, pirutyvi, saojaxo nivTebi, iaraRi, Sromis iaraRebi~.379 garda amisa, ojaxis yvela wevris saerTo mflobelobaSi iyo mosavali.

didi ojaxis qonebis warmoSobis wyaros miuxedavad, aseve, Tu ra niSniT flobda mas piri (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT saTavnos, romelic imTaviTve gankerZoebuli iyo misi mesakuTris xelSi), did ojaxSi arsebuli mTeli qoneba saerTo sakuTrebad miiCneoda.

saTemo-saojaxo qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba gauyoflad ekuTvnoda mTel ojaxs; Sesabamisad, saojaxo qonebis ama Tu im nawilze ojaxis calkeul wevrebs sakuTrebis ufleba ar hqondaT.

sakuTrebis uflebis koleqtiur xasiaTze aSkarad metyvelebs isic, rom ojaxis romelime wevrisaTvis naCuqari nebismieri nivTi Tu pirutyvi (cxadia, es ar exeba qalis mziTevsa da saTavnos) ojaxis saerTo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. ojaxis gayrisas naCuqari nivTi SeiZleba darCenoda imave pirs, visac igi aCuqes, magram komlis sxva wevrebi mis sanacvlo nivTs aiRebdnen. saerTod, saojaxo qonebis amgvari samarTlebrivi reJimi didi ojaxisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

v. iToniSvilis Tanaxmad, `ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxvarSi namyofi pirisaTvis gamoyofil saCuqars xevSi ewodeboda sajoxe. [...] cxvrebis an Sekazmuli cxenis saxed sajoxes gamoyofa damaxasiaTebeli iyo im ojaxebisaTvis, romelTa ZiriTad ekonomiur safuZvels warmoadgenda mecxvareoba. sauforos analogiurad, arc sajoxes norma iyo gansazRvruli~.380

imave avtoris informaciiT, `mowileebis saerTo SeTanxmebis Sedegad sajoxes aZlevdnen ara marto mowile mecxvares, aramed umcrosi Taobis im warmomadgenelsac, romelsac am mxriv didi wvlili hqonda Setanili ojaxis ekonomikaSi~.381 v.iToniSvili aseve dasZens: `kacs, romelic wilis miRebis uflebiT ar sargeblobda, magram ojaxis erT-erT moamaged iTvleboda, saqoneli saCuqrad eZleoda im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac is sxva saqmianobas (memindvreoba, qiraze siaruli) eweoda~.382

378 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis VI-is samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963 weli, gv. 510. 379 zoiZe o., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, t. IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 55. 380 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 116. 381 iqve, gv. 117. 382iqve.

105

marTalia, ojaxis wevrebs hqondaT piradi sakuTreba, magram sakuTrebis es ufleba mxolod maT mier piradi moxmarebis sagnebsa da nivTebze vrceldeboda. am faqtis Sesaxeb d. jalabaZe imowmebs erT-erTi informatoris naTqvams: `ojaxSi yvelas hqonda Tav-Tavisi qoneba. xolo sanam gaiyrebodnen, maSin ojaxis mTeli qoneba saerTo iyoo~.383

ase rom, qonebis mflobeli iyo ara individi, aramed ojaxi, romelic Sedgeboda ara erTi Taobis, aramed ramdenime Taobis individebisagan. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom gauyrel ojaxebSi uZrav da moZrav qonebaze (magaliTad, miwaze, saxlze, wisqvilze, saqonelze da a.S.), sakuTrebis uflebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi iyo gauyreli didi ojaxis patara ojaxisagan ganmasxvavebeli erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani.

sagvareulo qoneba ganusxvisebeli iyo, misi gankargva ojaxis arc erT wevrs ar SeeZlo. `qoneba ojaxis iseTive kuTvnilebaa, rogorc funqcia kastisa [...] samemkvidreo mamulis gasxviseba jer kidev movaleobis darRvevad, ficis gatexvis tolfas danaSaulad miiCneoda~.384

eTnologebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqts, rom saojaxo qonebis gayofisas qonebis garkveul nawilis TanasakuTrebaSi datovebdnen. es iyo iseTi saxis qoneba, romlis `gayofa ver xerxdeboda, an misi romelime mowilis xelSi CagdebiT mosalodneli iyo axladSeqmnili ojaxis gamdidreba, mowileebi mas saziarod itovebdnen. aseTebi iyo: wisqvili, safreqo (saqsovi dazga), xilis baRi, iala sazafxulo saZovrebze, tye da zogjer saTibi an saxnavi miwac ki~.385

g. cecxlaZis Tanaxmad, `gauyoflad datovebuli qonebis saxeoba ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze iyo damokidebuli.~386 guriaSi saziarod SeiZleba darCeniliyo saxli; Tu ojaxis gayris dros ar xerxdeboda axalgamoyofili ojaxisTvis saxlis ageba, gayrili Zmebi droebiT erT saxlSi cxovrobdnen, aseT SemTxvevaSi isini oTaxebs inawilebdnen. imave avtoris TqmiT, ezosa da sacxovrebeli saxlis ziarad datovebis wesi guriaSi calkeul SemTxvevaSi dRemde aris SemorCenili~.387

gayris Semdeg, xSirad Zmebi erTmaneTis maxloblad saxldebodnen, rac g. cecxlaZis Tanaxmad, gapirobebuli iyo Semdegi faqtorebiT: `1. erTmaneTTan teritoriuli siaxloviT advildeboda Zmebs Soris urTierTdaxmareba. 2. xSiri iyo mtris Tavdasxmebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganayari ojaxebis siaxlove aucilebli iyo. mamakaci Tu gare samuSaoze wavidoda, col-Svils SinaurebTan axlos uSiSrad datovebda. swored am mizeziT iyo

383 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1987, rv; 12; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, t. I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 161-162. 384 diurkemi e., socialuri Sromis danawileba, `Carpe diem~, Tbilisi, 2012, gv.437. 385 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 110. 386 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 104. 387 iqve, gv. 104-105.

106

gamowveuli is, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zmebi erTmaneTis gverdiT, zogjer saziaro ezoSic ki cxovrobdnen. miuxedavad amisa, ganayari ojaxebi gafantuladac saxldebodnen, rac sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli~.388

pirutyvidan saziarod SeiZleba daetovebinaT Zroxa, xarebis yola yvela ojaxisaTvis aucilebeli iyo. sameurneo nagebobidan ziarad xmarobdnen wisqvils, Camurs, Wur-marans, sawnaxels; saziarod tovebdnen Was, sazedaSe qvevrs, romlis daZvra ar SeiZleboda.389 aqedan gamomdinare, `vinc ojaxSi rCeboda, sazedaSe qvevri imis kuTvnileba iyo. zogan gayris SemTxvevaSi sazedaSe qvevri xeluxlebeli rCeboda da ZmaTa Svilebs Soris saerTo sakuTrebad iTvleboda. gayofis Semdeg ojaxidan wasuli sazedaSe qvevrs calke gaiCenda. uzedaSod ar SeiZleboda, radganac mas dovlaTi da baraqa hqonda~.390

Cveulebriv, `saerTo qonebaze yvela moziares Tanabari, magram droebiTi ufleba hqonda. garkveuli xnis Semdeg saziaro qonebas romelime Zma Seisyidda da is am ukanasknelis mudmiv mflobelobaSi gadadioda~.391

T. aCugbas azriT, saojaxo qonebis sakuTrebis saerTo bunebaze aseve migvaniSneben àWaris TiTqmis yvela xeobaSi. mravlad SemorCenili toponimebi: ziaryana, saziaro, orziari, samziari, samTziari, samTaziari, oTxziari, xuTziari, eqvsziari da a.S. es gauyofeli qoneba momavalSi naTesauri jgufis negros (patronomiis) sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. es faqti adasturebda àra marto mocemuli naTesauri jgufis yofili erTiani ojaxidan warmomavlobas, aramed es aris am erTobis zogierTi momentis damamtkicebeli faqtoric~.392

Cveulebriv, rogorc mTaSi, ise barSi Sesasrulebeli samuSao xasiaTisa da sirTulis mixedviT iyo dayofili; ojaxsa da saojaxo meurneobaSi Sesasrulebeli saqmis ramdenime saxeobas imis mixedviT gamoyofdnen, Tu vin asrulebda samuSaos. es iyo èrTi mxriv, saqaluri da sakacuri, meore mxriv, saumfroso da saumcroso samuSaoebi~.393 T. aCugbas mixedviT, aWaraSi àmgvari wesi gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo ramdenime asakobrivi jgufisa da Taobisagan Semdgari didi ojaxisaTvis~.394

amgvarad, didi ojaxis patara ojaxisagan ganmasxvavebeli erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani iyo sakuTrebis uflebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi. qonebis warmoSobis wyaros miuxedavad, mTeli qoneba didi ojaxis saerTo sakuTrebad miiCneoda, romlis gankargva ojaxis arc erT wevrs ar SeeZlo. Tumca saojaxo qonebis

388 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 104-105. 389 iqve, gv. 103-104. 390 iqve. 391 iqve. 392 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 110. 393 iqve, gv. 73. 394 iqve, gv. 73-74.

107

gayofis dros TanasakuTrebaSi tovebdnen gauyofel qonebas, Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda da naTesauri jgufis erTiani ojaxidan warmomavlobas mowmobda.

VI. 2. ojaxis gayris dros qonebis gayofis wesi did patriarqalur ojaxSi, sadac ojaxis daqvemdebarebaSi

Sediodnen ara marto erTi gvaris pirebi, aramed biZaSvilebi da maTi ojaxebi, yvelaferi efuZneboda ufrosobis instituts. samkvirdo qonebis gadacema da saojaxo sakuTrebis gayofis rigiToba, aseve saerTo qonebidan misaRebi wili da moculobac uSualod ojaxis samarTlebrivi mowyobis formaze iyo damokidebuli da saojaxo samarTliT ganisazRvreboda.

gayris Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi [VII, gayrisaTvis mux. 40] vkiTxulobT:

gauyrel ZmaTa, biZaTa da biZaSvilTa erTobasa Sina SemTxveuli Wirsa da lxinSi xarji, zarali, mogeba, vali, asaReb-misacemi: ese yovelive saerTod aReTvlebodaT...395

`Cvenamde moRweul mravalricxovan aqtebSi aRniSnulia

ojaxis qonebis gayofis sami ZiriTadi saxe: saxlosnoba, saqoneli, mamulebi. magaliTad, 1731 wlis saubaria Zmeb mamulaSvilebs Soris qonebis gayofaze, roca Tanabar saZmo wilebad gaiyo saojaxo Tems mikuTvnebuli nagebobebi, saqoneli da samemkvidreo miwebi~.396

saojaxo qonebas mama an ufrosi vaJi anawilebda, rac kenWisyriT xdeboda. `dayofa SefardebiT icoden ise, rom TviToeul wilSi `swori~, e.i. Tanaswori kerZi yofiliyo. gasayofi qonebis nawilebis aseT Sefardebas `urTierTas Sesworeba~ hrqmevia. [...] amgvarad Sefardebul qonebas monawileTa Soris wilis yriTa hyofden xolme~.397 vaxtang VI samarTlis 104-e muxlSi aRwerilia wilisyris wesi:

...Sefardebuli mdivanman swores, erTsnairs baraTze unda daweros, swored wakvecos, dakecos, rome erTi-meorezed metobiT ar icnobodes. mefe, Tu vinc mosamarTle brZandebodes, iman ÃelsaÃocSi unda Cayaros, aurios, amoiRos da TviTo-TviTos gardugdos, romelic romels ergos, mdivanma zed mouweros. magram gardagdeba rigiT unda, ramdenic Zmanic iyunen SefardebiT. [...]

395 doliZe i, saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 115. 396 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.II, , изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1961, с. 44. 397 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni meore, nakveTi meore, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1929, gv. 377.

108

rCevac iqnebis, _ jer erTman irCios Sefardebuli da merme rigiT yuelam irCios.398

am wesiT gayofa imdenad misaRebad miaCndaT, rom mowileebi

xvedrebul wils aRar asaCivrebdnen.

104. ...ramdenic Zm[306r]ani arian, imdeni komli da komli unda Seafardon, rom yuelani dasjerden, rom swori fardi ariso, da romelic mergebis, vjervaro.399

vaxtang VI-is samarTalis zemoaRniSnul muxlSi xsenebuli

terminebi fardi da Sefardeba gvxvdeba ojaxis gayrisas guriisa da imereTis yofaSi.

gayofas eqvemdebareboda ara marto materialuri qoneba, aramed momsaxure personalic (yma-glexebi). amis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 103 muxlSi.

[1034]. iqnebis, glexi oci ar yuandes, an meti, an naklebi iyos, da imisi saufrosos micema an gasamyrelos aReba, an saSualos aReba gaWirdebis. amas karga gasinjva da mosamarTlisagan garkveva unda, CaTula da angariSi unda. iqnebis, amdeni glexi iyos gamorCeuli, saufroso ergos da sauareso aRar miscen; iqnebis, arc gamorCeuli mieces da arc uaresi, SuaTana, glexi mieces, an ara _ ori: erTi, romelic kai glexia, daagdon da isre sxvaSi aarCevinon. amas kargi gasinjva unda.400

amas mowmobs tatiSvilebis gayris saqmeze miRebuli ganCinebac, romelic 1674 wlis 11 ianvriT aris daTariRebuli:

mosamsaxure biWebi iyo gasayofi. papuas mixvda xarSilaZe mamuka, misis col-SviliTa; da Tamazas – guliverdaSvili daTuna, da xosias – xarSilaZes Zma beri.

kacis mefariZes ecileboda papuas. da kacia wadga da Tavisi Tavi gamoifica da papuas darCa misis col-SviliTa.401

398 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-s samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1696, gv. 510. 399 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-s samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1696, gv. 510. 400 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-s samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1696, gv. 509. 401 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 133.

109

informatorTa cnobiT, gayrisas qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da organizacia xdeboda uSualod ojaxis farglebSi, ojaxis ufrosis (mama, ufrosi Zma) mier. ojaxis gayofisas gasayofi qoneba zustad aRiwereboda da zustad ganisazRvreboda Tu vis ra qonebis wili unda gadascemoda. es procesi, Tavis mxriv, mTel rig socialur-ekonomikur mizezebs ukavSirdeboda, vinaidan didi ojaxis gayofis Semdeg TiToeul maTganSi qoneba damoukidebeli, sakuTrebis gankerZoebuli saxiT yalibdeboda. am faqts naTlad mowmobs 1672 wlis 8 martis wigni nasyidas, baRdasaras da juanuas gayrilobis Sesaxeb:

ZmaT viyaviT, gaviyarneT. ase rac mamis Cuenis mamulis, saxlis, karis Cueni kerZi da wili srul yuela Tquenzed mogyideT da aviReT fasi, riTac Cueni guli Sejirdeboda da RmrTiT asre gebednieros, rogorc Tqueni guli gindodes. gaTavda, gaviyareniT, CuenSi aRara darCa ra aras ferisa sadavo da sayaryaSo Zmobis meti. da Tu ram saxlis keTili iyo an spileZeuri da an sxua rame, yuela SuaCi gavxyaviT. dRes iqiT arc Cuen TquenTan Ãeli qondeT da arc Cueni Svilebi Tquens Svilebsa.402

xevSi `sulze anawilebdnen mxolod im wlis sarCos

(marcvleuls, fqvils, produqtebs), romel welsac ojaxis gayra moxdeboda. am wesiT ganawilebul sarCo-sabadebels xevSi ewodeboda suladi~.403

r. xaraZis Tanaxmad, saTemo-saojaxo qonebis gamoyofisas ojaxis yvela wevrs Soris Tanabrad iyofoda mosavali. `mxolod meRvineobis mimdevar ojaxSi xdeboda Rvinis ganawileba gansxvavebulad. qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da imereTSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda ojaxis wevris sqesi da asaki, rac miuTiTebda mocemuli piris mier venaxis damuSavebis SesaZleblobaze [...] zogierT saojaxo TemSi amave wesiT nawileboda simindisa da fetvis maragi, maSin roca [qiziySi] xorbali da qeri yovelTvis suladobrivad nawileboda~.404

sulads asre gaiyofen. ymasa da mxlebels garda, purs, ramdenic arian Svili Tu SviliSvili, nabiWvari, yvelaze miscemen. Rvinos, ramdensac saxliSvils muSis Tavs dgoma SeuZlia, isre barzed gaiyofen.

402 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 127. 403 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 118. 404 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т. II, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, т.II, Тбилиси, 1961, с. 44.

110

Tu beri yavs visme da saÃelo ara aqvs, suladi imasac miecemis.405 im kuTxeebSi, sadac mevenaxeobas misdevdnen, sawnaxels

iyofdnen; magaliTad, tatiSvilebis gayris saqmeze 1674 w. 11 ianvaris ganCinebaSi vkiTxulobT:

sawnaxeli ocda[a]T marCilaT davafaseT TaRrianaT, fasi xosiam gaiRo.406

`damowmebulia qonebis ganawilebis iseTi wesic, roca erTi

mowile sacxovrebel da sameurneo nagebobebs daanawilebda, meore ki – saxnav miwebs, mesame – saTibebs, meoTxe – pirutyvs da a.S. calkeuli gamanawilebeli cdilobda Tanabrad gaeyo qoneba, radganac mis mier dayofil wilebs jer sxvebi airCevdnen da bolo wili mas xvdeboda. ase rom, Tu araTanabrad gayofda qonebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleboda mcire wili rgeboda~.407

garda amisa, eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT aseve cnobilia, rom guriaSi `yvelafers rom gayofdnen, gaarigebdnen, mere calkeul wilze latarias moawyobdnen, visac romeli wili mouwevda, imiT dakmayofildeboda [...] iseve rogorc saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, guriaSic suladobis mixedviT nawildeboda gayris momentSi arsebuli produqti _ simindi, Romi, Rvino, arayi, xili, lobio da sxva. imereTsa da raWaSi Rvino Zmebze nawildeboda, da ara suladobiT~.408

mTian regionebSi, `TuSeTSi, fSavsa da xevSi, sadac saojaxo Temis ZiriTadi saqmianoba mecxoveleoba iyo, suladobrivad iyofoda rogorc marcvleuli, ise rZis [produqtebis] maragi. saojaxo Temis wevrebs Soris purisa da Rvinis maragis gayofis xsenebuli sistemis Sesaxeb laparakia aris vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi~.409

rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi didi ojaxis gayris dros gayofas eqvemdebareboda ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli yvela saxis obieqti. v. iToniSvilis TqmiT, centralur kavkasiaSi moqmedi adaTis Tanaxmad, `qonebis ganawilebis momentSi ar uwevdnen angariSs arc mowileTa Svilebis wlovanebas da arc raodenobas. erT mowiles rom aTi Svili hyoloda da maT Soris colSvilianebic, xolo meore mowile sul uSvilo yofiliyo, qoneba maTze

405 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-is samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963 weli, gv. 512. 406 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 134. 407 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 101-102. 408cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 91; 102.. 409 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.II, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1961, с. 44-45.

111

Tanabrad nawildeboda. sulebze iyofoda mxolod im wlis sarCo – pureuli da produqtebi~.410

osebis naTesaobisa da memkvidreobis sakiTxis Seswavlis safuZvelze maq. kovalevskim xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom qonebriv-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis analogiuri sistema arsebobda osebSic, saojaxo Temis wevrebs Soris. `roca mamebi da bavSvebi/Svilebi, Zmebi da ZmisSvilebi gamoTqvamen gayris survils da winaswar iReben savaraudod TavianT wils, pirvelad xdeba aucilebeli, rom ganisazRvros maTi wili – da am aucileblobiT akmayofileben samkvidros miRebis rigiTobis Cveulebas. pirvel rigSi isini sazRvraven samkvidroSi TiToeulis rigiTobasa da moculobas, ganasxvaveben agnatebsa da sui-s xazs, romelTaganac erTni gamodevnian meoreebs, aseve wyveten sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, orive sqesis warmomadgenlebs miuwvdebaT Tu ara xeli samkvidroze”.411

amgvarad, didi ojaxis gayofis dros gayofas eqvemdebareboda rogorc materialuri qoneba, ise yma-glexebi. qonebis gayofa xdeboda SefardebiT. am wesiT qonebis gayofa imdenad misaRebad miaCndaT mowileebs, rom xvedrebul wils aRar asaCivrebdnen.

VI. 3. ojaxis gayris dros mSoblebis wilad gacemuli qoneba roca didi ojaxi pirveli Taobis, kerZod, mamis da dedis

sicocxleSi iyreboda, maSin qonebas yofda mama. ojaxis gayrisas saerTo qonebidan mowileebisaTvis gamoyofil `qonebis TviToeul `nawil~-s `xuedri~-c ewodeboda~;412 saerTo qonebidan mowilis mier Tavisi wilis miRebas ki – wilis gatana ewodeboda.413 xuedris,414 rogorc wilis aRmniSvneli terminis Sesaxeb g. cecxlaZe wers _ guriaSi TiToeul mowiles Tavisi wili anu xvedrebuli wili ergeboda.415

saerTo qonebis garkveuli wili mSoblebis saxelzec gamoiyofoda. maT wil qonebas samarxi ewodeboda da sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva saxeliT iwodeboda. kerZod, sadido, sanax-samarxi, asamwevro, awevis wili, xuedri, mosamlelo, samkvdrino, sarCo.

410 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 100-101. 411 Ковалевский М.М., Современной обычай и древный закон. Обычное право осетин в

историко-сравнительной освещений, Т. I, М. 1886, с. 318. 412 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni meore, nakveTi meore, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1929, gv. 377. 413 menTeSaSvili s., qiziyuri leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1943, gv 243. 414 xuedri _ ese ars wilad xvedrebuli; orbeliani s.s., leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, merani, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 432. 415 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 90.

112

ismis kiTxva _ ra saxis da ra odenobis qoneba gaiReboda mSoblebis wilis saxiT?

ojaxis gayris dros mSoblebisaTvis micemul qonebis nawils sadido ewodeboda. Cveulebriv, `Zmebi roca gaiyrebodnen, mSoblebi Svilebs an wilSi Caudgebodnen da imdensaves miiRebdnen, ramdensac TiToeuli Svili (es ar iyo miRebuli), an saerTo qonebidan nawils, TavianT samyofs sikvdilamde, aiRebdnen (wilze naklebi gamodioda xolme Cveulebriv, magram Tu cota dovlaTi hqondaT, maSin wilze metic gamovidoda), danarCens Svilebi samkvidros, anu samarxsac aiRebdnen. gayris Semdeg Tu undodaT, romelsame SvilTan gavidodnen, Tu arada calke iqnebodnen~.416 wilSi Cadgoma xdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxs mcire qoneba hqonda da ojaxis gayrisas ZmebisaTvis gacilebiT momgebiani iyo mSoblebis sadidosa da samarxis micemis an disaTvis mziTevis gatanebis nacvlad, isini wilSi CaeyenebinaT da ojaxis qoneba maTTvis, rogorc mowileebisaTvis, ise gadaecaT. Tu ojaxi did qonebas flobada, maSin mSoblebi da debi Tavad iTxovdnen Zmad Cayenebas `im azriT, rom bevri gaetanaT saxlidan, rac ukanonod iTvleboda~.417 Tu ojaxis qoneba Zalze mcire iyo, maSin Zmebi Tanasworad gaiyofdnen qonebas, xolo mSoblebsa da das uwilod datovebdnen_ wilidan amoagdebdnen, magram mSoblebs maT gardacvalebamde rig-rigobiT upatronebdnen.

s. menTeSaSvili qiziyur leqsikonSi samarxs ase ganmartavs: `1. dasamarxavad (dasasaflaveblad) gadadebuli qoneba; 2. samkvidro, dasamarxavad micemuli wili mSoblebisaTvis gayris dros, roca ojaxi irRveoda da Zmebi iyrebodnen, mSoblebs aZlevdnen samarxad cxvars samiodes, Zroxas da misT. es xeluxlebeli iyo, veravin Seecileboda~.418

mSoblebis wils aWarSi asamwevro ewodeboda. zogierT sofelSi awevis wils an samkvdrinos uwodebdnen. asamwevros saxiT mSoblebs eZleodaT TiTo Zroxa an ramdenime Txa-cxvari. mSoblebs sxva qoneba ar eZleodaT, TavianTi wilis miRebis Semdeg, isini erT-erT maT mier arCeul, umetesad umcros SvilTan rCebodnen. maTi gardacvalebis Semdeg asamwevrod gamoyofil pirutyvs Svilebi gayidnen da fuls moxucebis asawevad anu dasakrZalavad gaRebuli Tanxis dasafaravad moixmardnen. T. aCugbas azriT, `amitomac mSoblebisaTvis gamoyofil pirutyvs asamwevro daerqva. im SemTxvevaSic, roca ojaxis gayris dros mSoblebidan mxolod deda iyo cocxali, am ukanasknels mainc eZleoda asamwevro, xolo ufros Svils – saemego~419.

igive avtori mis mier mokvleuli masalebis safuZvelze wers, rom ojaxis gayris dros aWaraSi, asamwevrosTan erTad, arsebobda mosamlelo qonebis gamoyofis wesic. `mosamleloSi~

416 menTeSaSvili s., qiziyuri leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1943, gv. 151-152. 417 iqve, gv. 237; 243. 418 iqve, gv. 151-153. 419 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 106.

113

igulisxmeba rogorc `pirutyvi, ise garkveuli raodenobis saxnav-saTibi miwebi, mosamlelo wili eZleoda rogorc mamas, ise dedas. mSoblebi maTTvis gamoyofil mosamleloebs isini aerTianebdnen erT-erTi Svilis qonebasTan, kerZod, imasTan, visTanac gadawyvetdnen cxovrebas. mosamlelod gamoyofili qoneba mSoblebis movla-patronobas xmardeboda. rogorc Cans, aqedan warmodga sityva `mosamleloc~.420

Tu moxuci mSoblebi gayrisas uars ityodnen wilze im mizniT, rom Svilebs meti rgebodaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi, Svilebi valdebulni iyvnen mSoblebisaTvis yovelwliurad eZliaT sarCo, rac eTnografiuli masaliT, ZiriTadad, sxvadasxva raodenobis siminds warmoadgenda. sarCos saxiT mSoblebisaTvis aseve gamoiyofoda rogorc uZravi, ise moZravi qoneba. amis Sesaxeb g. cecxlaze wers: `guriis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, sarCo SeiZleboda yofiliyo: 1. miwis nakveTi, 2. nageboba, iSviaTad saxli, xSirad mcire zomis nageboba, mag.: xula//beReli an nalia, 3. saqoneli, ufro Zroxa. sarCo es iyo mSoblebis ZiriTadi saarsebo wyaro~.421

mTiuleT-gudamayarSi Tu didi ojaxis gayofa mSoblebis sicocxleSi xdeboda, isinic iRebdnen TavinT wils. mamas, wesis mixedviT, SeeZlo gamoetana erTi dRiuri saxnavi miwa da, ojaxis SesaZleblobis mixedviT, cxvari, Txa, Zroxa, pureuli da produqtebi. mamisaTvis gankuTvnil miwis nakveTs mTiuleT-gudamayarSi erqva sanaxi anu Sesanaxi, xolo cxvar-Zroxas da sursaTs samarxi anu dasamarxi. erTad mTeli es dovlaTi sanax-samarxad iwodeboda. maSasadame, sanaxi da mosamlelo es iyo miwis nakveTi, zogjer pirutyvi, romelic gankuTvnili iyo mSoblebis sarCenad, xolo samarxi da asamwevro ki iyo pirutyvi da sursaTi, romelic mSoblebis dasamarxad. iyo gankuTvnili. msgavsi viTareba mowmdeba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic. yovel mowile vaJs aseve evaleboda gaeRo saTanado wili mSoblebis dasakrZalavad, e.w. `samarxi~. T. aCugbas azriT, `sanaxi da samarxi aWaruli mosamlelo-asamwevros identur movlenad unda CaiTvalos~.422

qonebis gasxvisebisas, fSavSi ojaxis ufross unda gaeTvaliswinebina ojaxis wevr srulwlovan mamakacTa azri. g. daviTaSvils es sruliad marTebulad miaCnia, `radganac saubaria saojaxo sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebaze, maTi mesakuTreni fSavSi mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen~.423

Tumca g. daviTaSvili ar gamoricxavs, rom im qonebis gasxvisebisas, romelsac qalebi iyenebdnen saojaxo meurneobaSi,

420 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107. 421 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 93. 422 aCugba T, ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107. 423 daviTaSvili g,, masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, rv., 1990, gv. 5. miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, t. IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 108.

114

`ojaxis diasaxlisis Tanxmobac yofiliyo saWiro, rogorc amas erT-erTi informatori aRniSnavs~.424

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qals Tavis qonebaze (saTavno, mziTevi) sakuTrebis ufleba hqonda. Tu qvrivi Tavis kuTvnil wil qonebas (magaliTad, pirutyvs) monasters Seswiravda, aseT SemTxvevSi, kanonis Tanaxmad, qonebis moTxovna Svilebs ekrZalebodaT.

ese egebis, rome monasterTa Siga Seswiros, da mas Svilni nu ecilebian.425

qvrivi qalis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi mziTevi mis

mSoblebs ubrundeboda.

da Tu diaci mokvdes, [ziTevi] misa samSoblosa marTebs, agreve daukleblad.426

kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, dedas

ufleba hqonda amoerCia Zroxa da mieyvana im SvilaTan, visTanac cxovrebas gadawyvetda. [...] dedis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic xarjs eweoda yvela Svili da ara marto is, romelTanac deda sikvdilamde imyofeboda.427

amrigad, mSoblebis sicocxleSi didi ojaxis gayris dros qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlisa da qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis Tanaxmadac, saerTo qonebis garkveuli wili mSoblebis saxelzec gamoiyofoda. maT wil qonebas samarxi, sadido, sanax-samarxi, asamwevro, awevis wili, mosamlelo, samkvdrino, sarCo ewodeboda.

VI. 4. ojaxis gayris dros vaJiSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba

adaTis Tanaxmad, Zmebis mier qonebis mflobeloba mxolod

didi ojaxis gayofis Semdeg xdeboda. ojaxis wevrebs Soris qonebriv-samarTlebriv urTierTobas qonebis gayofis sistema ganapirobebda. did gauyofel ojaxSi vaJiSvilebis mTeli qoneba _ individualurad gamomuSavebuli fuli, maT mier SeZenili nebismieri saxis moZravi Tu uZravi qoneba, yvelaferi mamis srul

424 daviTaSvili g,, masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, rv., 1990, gv. 5. miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, t. IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 108. 425 samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 456-457. 426 iqve, gv. 456-457. 427 Харузин Н., Заметки о Юридическом быте чеченцев и ингушей, СМЭ, Москва, 1888, III, ст. 125, miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 112.

115

gankargulebaSi gadadioda. marTalia, ojaxis wevr mamrobiTi sqesis pirebs hqondaT piradi sakuTreba, magram maTi es ufleba mxolod Casacmel-dasaxuravze vrceleboda; TviT iaraRic ki ojaxis saerTo sakuTrebad iTvleboda. amrigad, gauyrel ojaxSi cxovrebisas vaJiSvilebs piradi moxmarebis nivTebis garda, sakuTrebis ufleba sxva araferze hqonodaT.

didi ojaxis qonebis gayofis dros, vaJebs Soris qonebis gayofa mamis mier Tanabrad xdeboda. CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, gayofas eqvemdebareboda rogorc moZravi qoneba, ise yvela sanadelo gamosaRebi, aseve Senoba-nagebobac. amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignSi vkiTxulobT:

107. saqoneli gayraSi rac qondesT, an mamisa, an dedisa, an uSvilos biZisa Tu Zmisa, aseTi rome sicocxleSi ar mieces Tav-TavisaTvis da isre saerTod daegdosT, imisi asre iqnas. romelic saerTod saxalxod an qrTamad, an batonze, an saerTos Zvelsa da axals valze daxarjula, is Cavlili aris. rac alags aris, saZmo aris. Tu erTs meorezed ufrosi saTavisTaod dauxarjavs, imisi pasuxi unda gasces. ziTevi TavTavisi aris; Tu ram saxalxod daxarjula, pasuxi unda miscen. Zmurad _ ufrosman _ saufroso, umcrosman _ saumcroso, asre yofila. axla asre aris. Tu Tavisis naSovnis saqonliT an iSovna rame, an iyida, magdens wils ZmaTaTvis aras miacemineben. magram Zmebs an valisagan, an sisxlisagan, an sxvis risganme naqnari saqme gauWirdes da vali daedvas, da mamulis gasyidvis meti Rone ara qondes, meores Zmas qondes rame, Tavisi wilic iman misces _ is mamuli imisi daÃsnili iqnebis, sxvaT Ãeli ar eqnebis.428

qalebTan SedarebiT, piradi qonebis saxiT vaJiSvilebs bevri

araferi gaaCndaT. m. baliauri da n. makalaTia yuradRebas amaxvileben vaJisTvis gamoyofil `saferxeze~. fSavSi arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, `SeZlebuli ojaxi `mamakacs~ gamouyofda cxens, romelsac `saferÃe~ erqva~. l. boZaSvili wers, rom fSavSi `saferÃes bargs ar ahkidebdnen.429 saferÃe `mamakacis~ mflobelobaSi iyo manam, sanam igi ojaxis ufrosis movaleobas asrulebda. ojaxis sxva wevris `mamakacad~ arCevis SemTxvevaSi, saferÃe masze gadadioda~.430

imave avtorebis Tanaxmad, saTavnod gamoyofili `saferÃe~ gansxvavdeboda ojaxis `mamakacis~ kuTvnili `saferÃisagan~;

428 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 510. 429 boZaSvili l., fSavi da fSavelebi, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 41, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 56. 430 zoiZe o., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 56.

116

avtorebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom vaJisTvis saTavod gamoyofil `saferÃeze~ dums yvela is avtori, visac fSavis Cveulebebze raime dauweria. maT miaCniaT, rom `fSauri ojaxis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze (XX saukune), qalis saTavnos gavleniT gaCnda vaJis saTavnoc. SesaZloa, informatorTa xsovnaSi `mamakacis~ `saferÃem~ transformacia ganicada da vaJis saTavnos saxe miiRo. an kidev SeiZleba informatorebi aRweren im wess, romelic xevsureTSi arsebobda da romlis moqmedebas fSavSi ar gamovricxavT. xevsureTSi Tu ojaxs cxeni ar ebedeboda, cxens Svilis saxelze zrdidnen: ìqneb cxenebis iRbali gamahyveso~. cxens etyvian: àmis saxelzedamc iqneba; amis bed-iRbalimc zidiasa-d gaSvema-d, didm angelozm gagamravlas-gagabevroso~.431

qarTuli feodaluri samarTliT, Tu ojaxis gayra ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis Semdeg moxdeboda, `maSin saojaxo qonebas anawilebda is Zma, romelic ojaxis ufrosis movaleobas asrulebda~.432

rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, `gayraSi es oTxi aris: saufroso, gasamyrelo, saumcroso da saSualo~.433 xsenebuli wilis gamoyofis Sesaxeb mraval ZeglSi aris miTiTeba. magaliTad, saufroso wilis gamoyofa mowmdeba beqasa da aRbuRas samarTalSi 48 da 49 muxlebiT; bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 153-155 muxlebiT; vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 100-101, 103 muxlebiT.

saufroso qiziyur leqsikonSi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: òjaxis gayrisas, Zmebis TanxmobiT, ufrosi ZmisaTvis saerTo qonebidan windawin gadadebuli nawili. ufros Zmas amas akuTvnebdnen imitom, rom man ojaxSi Zmebze uwin daiwyo monagreba. darCenil qonebas `Zmaze Áyofdnen~.434

is, Tu ra da ra raodenobis qoneba gaicemoda saufrosos saxiT, amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignSi vkiTxulobT:

saufroso asre aris da asre unda. risac an aznaurisa, an glexisa patronni iyunen, umamulos, boganos gardaisad yuela mefis mdivansa aanusxvinon, iangariSon.435 ramdenic komli dadges oc komlze erTs ukeTess, romelic unda, ufrosi gamoirCevs da erTs uaress – sxva Zmebi, romelic imaT unda, imas miscemen. da ramdenic oci komli eyolebis,

431 baliauri m., makalaTia n., masalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa sameurneo yofis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 22-23; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 58. 432 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 87. 433 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-is samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 434 menTeSaSvili s., qiziyuri leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1943, gv. 161. 435 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507

117

yuelaze asre iqmonen. darCebis bogano da imazedac asre unda iqnas. magram bogano amas quian, rome venaÃi ara qondes, TviTo saxli da rCobis alagi eqnebis, da miwa an eqnebis da an ara. amgvari [304v] bogano im zeiTs glexebSi ar CaiTvlebis, amaze calke unda aaRebinon. venaÃis mqones glexs bogano ara quian, ragind sxv mamuli naklebad qondes.436

eTnografiuli masalebis Tanaxmad, ojaxSi ufros ZmisaTvis

damatebiTi qonebis micema wesad hqondaT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi: guria, aWara, imereTi, mesxeTi, qarTli, kaxeTi, TuSeTi, raWa da ZiriTadad yvelgan saufrosod iwodeboda. garda amisa, `am zedmet nawils `sauxuceso~-s eZaxdnen [...] sauxucesos rom gamovidoden, saerTo qonebas Zmebs Soris Tanasworad gahyofden xolme~.437

aWaraSi ufros mowile Zmas, `Tu igi gayramde ojaxis winamZRoli iyo, eZleoda damatebiTi qoneba pirutyvis, Senobis, samSeneblo masalis zogjer fulis saxiT~.438

T. aCugbas azriT, `saufroso wilis gamoyofis safuZveli unda veZioT ara ubralod ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetSi, aramed ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, saojaxo meurneobis unariani gaZRolisa da saojaxo dovlaTis gamravlebisaTvis gaweul SromaSi~.439

guriaSi ufros Zmas saufrosod `miwis nakveTs iSviaTad miscemdnen [...] saufrosod gamohyofdnen Zroxas, sawnaxels, Wurs an raime saojaxo nivTs~.440

g. cecxlaZe imowmebs iv. SilakaZes, romlis cnobiTac, guriaSi `saufrsod uzdaxuT manac eiRebdnen da clke gadmodobdnen, mere xdeboda danarCeni qonebis ganawileba~. saufrosod fulis gamoyofa gviandeli movlena Cans. ufrosi Zmisadmi pativiscemas imiT gamoxatavndnen, rom mas wilSi SedarebiT ufro moSenebul miwis nakveTs miscemdnen xSirad, saufrosos saxiT gamoiyofoda saukeTeso cxeni, miwis nakveTi an nageboba, samSeneblo masala da sxva; xolo mecxoveleobis mimdevar saojaxo TemSi – suladi saqoneli~.441

436 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 437 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni meore, nakveTi meore, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1929, gv. 377. 438 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 102-105. 439 iqve. 440 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 96. 441 iqve.

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j. merabiSvilis mier moZiebul informaciis Tanaxmad, fSavSi icodnen saufroso wilis micema, `magram ar iyo aucilebeli~.442

saufroso wili gayris mraval sabuTSi ixsenieba. magaliTisaTvis movixmobT, ganCinebas roin da paata javaxiSvilebis mamulis gayofis Sesaxeb, romelic 1632-1658 wlebiT TariRdeba.

da Ãelmwifis brZanebiT eliazaras mamuli, dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli iyos, uklebriv saufrosod pa[a]tas daudeviT. da amas gareTad, rac an venaÃi, an miwa-wyali, sasaxle da Wur-marani iyos, sworad gaiyon. da ori glexi roins darCa msaxlobeli da sxua pa[a]tasa.443

aseve Tanabrad iyofoda qvevrebi. gamonaklisi iyo sazedaSe

qvevri, romlis daZvra ar SeiZleboda. mas akuTvnebdnen im Zmas, romelic ojaxSi rCeboda da saerTo sakuTrebad iTvleboda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 103-e muxlis mixedviT,

quevris saufroso aiRebis da sxva quevri Zmaze unda gaiyon.444

kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi saufrosos gamoyofa

damokidebuli iyo mxolod mowileebis saerTo SeTanxmebaze. Cveni yuradReba miipyro im faqtma, rom saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, sadac mSoblebis saxlSi umcrosi vaJiSvili rCeboda, kavkasiaSi piriqiT iyo _ `ufros mowiles, pirvel rigSi uTmobdnen mamapapeul saxls, vinaidan erTobis keraze darCena da am keridan ganayari ojaxebis Semdgomi kavSiris SenarCuneba, rac ZiriTadad gamosaxulebas poulobda sulieri kulturis sferoSi, mis kompetencias Seadgenda~.445

mogvianebiT, ojaxis gayrisas SuaTana ZmisaTvis/ZmebisaTvisac gamoiyofoda wili ojaxis saerTo qonebidan. SuaTana ZmisTvis/ZmebisaTvis gacemul wils sasaSualo ewodeboda.

sasaSualo wilis gamoyofa mowmdeba vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 102 da 103 muxlebiT. 102-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom adre sasaSualo wili ar arsebobda da misi daweseba mefe giorgi XI-is saxels ukavSirdeba.

442 merabiSvili j., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 1986, rv; gv. 19, miTiTebulia miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 163. 443 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 111-112. 444 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang VI-is samarTali, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. is. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 508. 445 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 280.

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102. saSualo asre aris: aqamdin Suas Zmas aras miscemden, Tu ar didad moWirnaxulesa, magram axla mefeman patronman giorgim ganawesa, rome SuaTanas Zmebsac erTs rasme miscemen. Tu sami da oTxi SuaTana Zmebi arian, am glexebis ocisTavi iangariSon, ramdenic komli dadges, is SuaTanas Zmebs gauyon erTi meoreze; romelic ufro moWirnaxule iyos, isre gauyon.446

SuaTana Zmebis wilis Sesaxeb eTnografiul masalebSi mwiri

informaciaa. Cveni azriT, es imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom Tavdapirvelad ojaxis gayrisas Zmebs Soris saojaxo qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda; mogvianebiT, saufroso da saumcroso wili sagangebod gamoyves raTa xazi gaesvaT ufrosi Zmis mier ojaxSi gaweuli meti garjilobisaTvis da umcrosi ZmisaTvis im varaudiT, rom is dasaqorwinebeli unda yofiliyo. asakis gamo mas ufros ZmebTan SedarebiT imdeni ar moeTxoveboda; isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom, Cveulebirv, umcrosi Zma mSoblebis saxlSi rCeboda da saxli asaSenebli ar hqonda.

Tu ojaxSi ramdenime SuaTana Zma iyo, TiToeul maTgans Tanabari wili ekuTvnoda. am faqts adasturebs saarqivo masalebSi sasaSualo wilis Sesaxeb Cven mier moZiebuli cnobebi. aRniSnulis dasturad movixmobT sabuTs oTxi Zma soloRaSvilis ojaxis gayris Sesaxeb:

...aTze erTi ieses mieciT saufrosod, mieci erTi zazasa da ioanes sasaSualod [xazgasma Cvenia – m. x.] da sxva oTxTan ZmaTa sasworomad gauyaviT. da yvelgan mijnebi CausxiT da sxvagan soflebSi navenaxobebi sadac hqodesT yvelgan ise gaiyon rogorc borbalisa da tagnageTsa da sxvis soflebSi Cven arsad gagviyvia da isic ase gaiyon gazo manaTze erTi iesem aiRos saufrosod da ocze erTi zaza da ioanem sasaSualod [xazgasma Cvenia – m.x.] aiRon. sxva oTxTav ZmaTa sasworod gaiyon...447

SuaTana Zmis wilis Sesaxeb moxivmobT kidev erT sabuTs,

romelSic aseve Cans, rom ojaxis gayris dros wili SuaTana ZmisaTvisac gamoiyofoda. ganCineba gostaSabiSvilebis gayraze, daTariRebuli 1711-1724 ww.

q. gostaSabiSviliebis amilRanbarisa da maTis Zmebis beJanisa da gostaSabis erToba da Zmoba aRar moÃda, gaiyarnen. romelic saqarTvelos wesi da rigi iyo, isre gagviyria; mamuli gagviyvia, yvelas baraTi uWiravs: ufros[s] saufroso, saSualos beJans saSualo [xazgasma Cvenia – m.x.] miveciT;

446 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 507. 447 saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1448 saqme # 8109.

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umcros[s] sasaxlis Senoba ara hqonda ra, da imisTvin weraqvis erTi komli begTaSa miveciT. 448

rac Seexeba umcrosi Zmis wils anu saumcrosos, amis Sesaxeb

saubaria beqasa da aRbuRas samarTlis 49-e muxlSi, aseve vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 103-e muxlSi.

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 103-e muxlSi zustad aris miTiTebuli, Tu ra eZleoda umcrosi Zmas wilis saxiT.

[305r] 103. umcrosi Zmisa saumcroso – sasaxle: romelic mamasa, gina ZmaTa sasaxled SemoufarglavT anu fuZed dauWiravT, imaSi rac Senoba uqniaT, yuela umcrosisa aris; Sig rac baRi iyos da dahyuebis, isic misi aris. da gareT – kalo-sabZelica.449

Tu gasayofi iyo koSki, maSin vaxtang VI-is samarTlis imave

muxlis Tanaxmad: umcross fasi unda gamoarTvan da daaÃsnevinon.450 saumcroso wili qiziyur leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc

`umcrosisaTvis gankuTvnili qoneba. gayris dros Zmebi Tanabar wils iRebdnen, magram ufrosi Zma Tu saufrosos (n) aiRebda, maSin mcirewlovan umcros Zmas (an Zmebs) saumcroso eZleoda imdeni, ramdenic mas davaJkacebamde eyofoda. saumcroso eZleoda qonebis kvalobaze da agreTve ZmaTa SeTanxmebiT~.451

adaTis Tanaxmad, radgan mSoblebi umcros vaJTan rCebodnen, amitom mamiseuli saxli mas rCeboda, samagierod mas evaleboda ufrosi ZmebisaTvis sacxovrebeli saxlis wili fulis saxiT gadaexada, an raime sxva nageboba mieca. `umcrosi Zmis upiratesoba is iyo, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, mas saxlis aSeneba ar uwevda~.452

Tu sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis Tanabrad ganawileba ver xerxdeboda, maSin nagebobas Seafasebdnen da ise gayofdnen. g. cecxlaZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im faqts, rom `sacxovrebel saxlze es wesi iSviaTad vrceldeboda. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, `saxlis daSla ar varga~, `Tavnaklav ojaxs aravin ar daSlis~, saxlis daSlas xalxi avis

448 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 259-260. 449 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 508. 450 iqve. 451 menTeSaSvili s., qiziyuri leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1943, gv. 161. 452 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 92.

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momaswaveblad miiCnevda~.453 xolo `samzadi saxli, e. w. quxna mowileebs cal-calke hqondaT~.454

saumcroso wils aseve ewodeboda saqorwino wili, radgan igi mxolod ucolo mowiles eZleoda.455 Tu umcrosi vaJiSvili saqorwino wils ar miiRebda, mas ufleba hqonda aRniSnuli wili moeTxova. magram aWaraSi `saufrosos gamoyofis ufleba ar hqonia ufros mowiles~.456

saumcroso anu saqorwino wils gaTanabrebis wilic ewodeboda.457 `ojaxis ganviTarebis mogviano etapze, roca yvela mowilis daqorwinebamde ojaxis gayra misaRebi gaxda, dauqorwinebel mowiles damatebiTi qoneba e.w. gaTanabrebis wili (pirutyvi, fuli) miecemoda saqorwino xarjebisaTvis, raTa masze gamoyofili saZmo wili sxvebisas gawonasworeboda~.458

ojaxis gayrisas Tu romelime Zmas cudi wili Sexvdeboda (anu Tu mis mamulze gza gadioda, an miudgomeli iyo, an saRvare anu xevis piras mdebare mamuli ergeboda da wvimis dros niaRvriT Carecxvis saSiSroeba iyo), aseT wils sauareso ewodeboda. ojaxis gayris dros amas iTvaliswinebdnen da aseT mowiles kompensaciis saxiT cota met wils gamouyofdnen xolme.459

wilebis sakiTxis damuSavebisas Cveni yuradReba miipyro erTma sabuTma, romelSic Semdegi saintereso faqti ikveTeba. sabuTi exeba Zmebis gayras, romelTa Sorisac imdenad kargi urTierToba iyo, rom erTma Zmam sakuTari nebiT dauTmo Tavisi wili qoneba meore Zmas. ganCineba paatasa da ambrias gayris saqmeze

wamovediT, venaxebSi CamovediT. ori sawnaxeli oris TaRriT uwiloT davanebe. im sawnaxels win sigrZiT erTi sabeli gani uwiloT davanebe. sami sabeli axalSenSi mergeboda, magram uwiloT davanebe. erTi sabeli Zvels SenSi iyo. da ese[e]bi yuela uwilod ambrias davanebe.460

ojaxis qonebis gayofisas aseve gamoiyofoda mefis wili anu

gasamyrelo. am saxis wilis Sesaxeb naxsenebia vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 101-e muxlSi:

453 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 92. 454 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 103. 455 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 107-108. 456 iqve, gv. 108. 457 iqve. 458 iqve, gv. 107-108. 459 menTeSaSvili s., qiziyuri leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1943, gv. 161; 163. 460 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 118-119.

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gasamyrelo Ãelmwifosa aris. ra rom ufrosi saufrosos aRebas gaaTavebs, mere ocisTavs, rogorc Ãelmwifes eprianebis, imisTanas glexs aiRebs, Tu unda erTs alags, Tu unda dafantviT; iqnebis dids Tavadze sofelic aiRos. magram ese gasamyrelo asre Ãelmwifisa aris, rome rogorc Tavisi saxaso isre es aris. eprianebis, TviTan daiWers; iqnebis, sxvas uboZos; iqnebis, imaTSive erTsa da erTs uboZos, da iqnebis, orTavs aqrTamebinos erTad, isi sjobs. aznauri-Svilzedac aiRebs gasamyrelosa, da Tu eprianeba, ar aiRebs.461

amrigad, rogorc qarTuli CveulebiTi, ise qarTuli

samrTlis ZeglebiT didi ojaxis gayris dros mTavar mowileebad vaJiSvilebi ganixilebian. vaJebs Soris ojaxis moZrav-uZravi qonebis gayofa mamis mier Tanabrad xdeboda. wili yvela vaJiSvils eZleoda, uwilod arc erTi vaJi ar rCeboda; gansakuTrebuli wilis saxiT Zmebs aseve eZleoda saufroso, sasaSualo da saumcroso. garkveuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xsenebuli wilis odenobac zustad ganisazRvreboda.

VI. 5. ojaxis gayris dros qaliSvilebis wilad gacemuli qoneba ojaxis gayofisas qaliSvils wili ar miecemoda. ojaxis

ufrosis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic, qaliSvili gamoiricxeboda mowileTagan. adaTis Tanaxmad, qaliSvils SeeZlo mxolod moZravi qonebis waReba, isic mziTevis saxiT. uZrav qonebaze, da miT ufro miwaze, sakuTrebis ufleba qals qmris ojaxSic SezRuduli hqonda.

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, qonebis flobis TvalsazrisiT, qaliSvili bevrad privilegirebuli iyo mamakacTan SedarebiT. igi bavSvobidanve flobda piradi SromiT SeZenil qonebas, romelic misi asakis matebis kvalobaze matulobda da sikvdilamde mis erTaderT mesakuTred rCeboda. `xSirad baSvebi (gogonebi) mezoblis pirutyvs mwyemsavdnen gansazRvruli safasuriT da am gziTac zrdidnen sakuTar qonebas; TavianTi ojaxis pirutyvis mwyemsva maT movaleobad iTvleboda da masSi raime gasamrjelos ar iRebdnen~.462

bavSvobidanve am gziT SeZenil qaliSvilis qonebas saTavno ewodeboda; saTavnos warmoSobis wyaro iyo mSoblebis mier qaliSvilisaTvis qonebis gamoyofa da saojaxo movaleobis

461 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 508. 462 zoiZe o., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 56-57.

123

Sesrulebis Semdeg qalis mier daxarjuli piradi Sroma. saTavnoSi Sedioda moqsovil-Sekerili fardagebi, tansacmeli, saqorwino saCuqrebi.

r. xaraZe Tavis naSromSi `qarTuli saojaxo Temi~ kargad da amomwuravad gadmogvcems qalis qonebis _ saTavnos – arss. igi aRniSnavs, rom `saTavno es aris konkretulad qalisTvis gankuTvnili saqoneli da fuli; is qoneba, romelic qalisTvis dabadebis dRidanve mihqonda saCuqris saxiT; qorwilSi piradad misTvis gadacemuli saCuqrebi~.463 qaliSvilis saTavnos Seadgenda `moqsovil-Sekerili fardagebi, tansacmeli, saqorwino saCuqrebi~.464

rogorc maCabeli wers, mas Semdeg, rac gogonas damoukideblad SeeZlo ama Tu im samuSaos Sesruleba, igi iZenda, `piradi kapitalis qonis uflebas~,465 da mSoblebi mas saTavnod gamouyofdnen erT an ramdenime saqonels, cxvars. pirutyvi qalis sakuTrebad miiCneoda da Tavad uvlida mas. mTeli namati saTavnos mesakuTrisa iyo. qaliSvilis mcirewlovnobis gamo, Svilis saTavnos mSoblebi ganagebdnen, magram isini valdebulni iyvnen ojaxis wevrebis TandaswrebiT angariSi CaebarebinaT saTavnos mesakuTrisaTvis.466

`fSavSi qals kerZo sakuTrebaSi hqonda Tavis saTavno. mas yovelgvari nebarTvis Tu Tanxmobis gareSe Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo, gaeyida mis saTavnoSi Semavali nebismieri qoneba. es dasturdeba al. oCiaurTanac, igi erT-erTi Suafxoeli ojaxis qalebze wers: qali ara mxolod yidda mis saTavnoSi Semaval qonebas da yidulobda raimes misi `saTavno fuliT~, aramed asesxebda, aqiravebda, aCuqebda, cvlida mas. igi am xelSekrulebaTa subieqtic iyo~.467

ojaxSi qaliSvilebis saqmianobisa da maT mier SeZenili qonebis Sesaxeb al. oCiauris mier fSavSi Cawerili masala gvamcnobs: `pavle CarbodaSvilis ojaxis qalebi, Tavis mokrefil xils da anwlis arays yvela maTgani TviTon yidda da Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda imiT naSovn fuls. [...] roca Tavis saTavno fuls gaiCendnen, mere am fuliT yidulobdnen qers, amzadebdnen da hxdidnen arayebs da arays isev fulad aqcevdnen. Tavis sakuTar qers Tesavdnen kidec. muSasac amuSavebdnen sakuTari TanxebiT da mosavalic xom sakuTari iqneboda. mosavlis qers qalebi TavTavisTvis inaxavdnen, zogs araysac gamoxdidnen da gayiddnen [...] qalebi Tavis saTavno Zroxebsac aq inaxavdnen da

463 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, , изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси 1960, с .55. 464 zoiZe o., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 57. 465 Мачабели М., Экономический быт государственных крестьян Тионетского уезда, Тифлисской Губернии. Материалы для экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказского Края, т. 5. Тифлис, 1887, ст. 400. 466 iqve, gv. 400. 467 al. oCiauris arqivi, mesaqonleoba da momTabareoba fSavSi, sof. Suafxo, rv., I. gv. 30, 1951, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 109.

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imis nawvel-nadRvebs ki patronebi Tavis sasargeblod iyenebdnen, e.i. visic saTavno iyo, is sargeblobda Tavis Zroxis nawvel-nadRvebiT~.468

d. jalabaZe imowmebs erT informators, romlis TqmiTac, `zogjer mama qals saTavnod xorbleulsac ki uTesavda~.469 aseTi gziT miRebuli mosavali qaliSvilis saTavnos gazrdis erT-erTi forma iyo.

garda amisa, saTavnos saxiT glexi qaliSvilis pirad sakuTrebas Seadgenda dedis mier naCuqari Zroxa, qals ekuTvnoda `krunCxis puri~ da `qeris nabolari~, [...] romelsac qalebi agrovebdnen, fqvavdnen da miRebul marcvals an yiddnen an mezobelTan erTad Tesavdnen. glexi qalis qoneba mis Svilebze gadadoda. Tu mziTevi mcire iyo, maSin qaliSvils gadaecemoda; Tu ara, maSin vaJiSvilebsa da qaliSvlebs Soris nawildeba.470

amgvarad, saTavnos saxiT ojaxSi qaliSvils sakmaod mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba SeeZlo da rac arsebiTia, am qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebac mas ekuTvnoda. gaTxovebis Semdeg qaliSvils qmris ojaxSi mihqonda rogorc saTavno, ise mziTevi.

rac Seexeba mziTevSi gatanebul qonebas, Cveulebriv, mSoblebis ojaxidan qaliSvils mziTevSi atandnen moZrav nivTebs _ piradi moxmarebis nivTebs – tansacmels, saojaxo-sayafacxovrebo daniSnulebis sagnebs _ xurjinebs, sufra-fardagebs, WurWels, spilenZis Tungs, kidobans, zogjer pirutyvsac. Tavdapirvelad mziTevSi qveSagebs mxolod maRali wris ojaxebis qaliSvilebs aZlevdnen, mogvianebiT, es wesi dabali fenis ojaxebSic damkvidrdda.

guriaSi, g. cecxlaZis TqmiT, `gaTxovebisas qals aZlevdnen agreTve: 1. fuls – mcire raodenobiT, 2. saqonels – ZiriTadad, Zroxas, [...] 3. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi _ miwis nakveTs. qals miwis nakveTs sakuTrebad ki ar aZlvebdnen, aramed imisTvis, rom esargebla. saqonlisa da miwis micema mziTevSi, guriis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, sasurveli, magram ara aucilebeli wesi iyo. mziTevSi fulis gataneba XIX saukuneSi gaCenili movlena Cans. guriaSi es wesi, ZiriTadad, warCinebuli da saeklesio wris ojaxebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, da mas ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gansazRvravda~.471

mTeli am qonebis sruli mesakuTre da ganmkargulebeli iyo qali, magram sanam ojaxi erTiani iyo, qals mziTviT sargeblobis gansakuTrebuli ufleba ar gaaCnda, rameTu, CveulebiTi

468 al. oCiauris arqivi, mesaqonleoba da momTabareoba fSavSi, sof. Suafxo, 1951, rv. 3, gv. 30-32, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 57. 469 jalabaZe d., masalebi fSavis CveulbiT samarTalze, 1987, rv. gv. 37, miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 56. 470 Харадзе Р.Л., Грузинская семейная община, т.I, , изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси 1960, с.55. 471 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 98.

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samarTlis mixedviT, gauyofel ojaxSi mTeli qoneba saerTo iyo, am gagebiT, qali gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda. mziTviT sargeblobda qmris ojaxis yvela wevri. saerTo saojaxo qonebidan mziTevi mxolod ojaxis gayofisas gamoiyofoda calke. `saojaxo qonebis ganawilebis dros rZlis mziTevi da qaliSvilis samziTvod gankuTvnili nivTebi gasayof qonebaSi ar Sedioda~.472

fSavSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmadac, `rZlis mziTevsa da saTavnoze arc qmris ojaxs da arc TviTon qmars hqonda raime ufleba. komlis valebze qali Tavis qonebiT pasuxs ar agebda. Tu qalis TanxmobiT misi qoneba ojaxis saWiroebisaTvis daixarjeboda, SemdegSi danaxarji aucileblad unda anazRaurebuliyo~.473

XIX saukuneSi ukve gamonaklisebic daiSveboda da wilis saxiT uZrav qonebas qaliSvilic iRebda. .`qaliSvilebi mamis miwebidan, gaTxovebisas Tanabar wils iReben~.474

dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT regionSi, kerZod, ozurgeTis mazraSi, rusi mkvlevaris (m. nosoviCis) Tanaxmad, qaliSvili mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iRebda uZrav qonebas, Tu ojaxSi vaJiSvili ar iyo; qaliSvili miwis nakveTs mziTevis saxiT iRebda; magram gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi miwis nakveTi qaliSvilis qonebad ki ar iTvleboda, aramed misi qmris mflobelobaSi gadadioda.

qaliSvilisaTvis wilis Tu mziTevis saxiT uZravi qonebis gatanebaze wers daviT batoniSvili. kerZod, Tu ojaxis gayris Semdeg kacs wilis saxiT ergo miwis nakveTi da am kacs mxolod qaliSvili hyavda, maSin `bunebiTisamebr sjulisa da samarTlisa~475 qaliSvils mziTvad ergeboda mamis wili mamuli; xolo Tu mama gauyreli iyo, maSin qaliSvils `mziTevi biZawulTagan da biZaTa TvisTagan, da mziTevica igi, romelica dedasa missa mohyolia, uZravi, gina moZravi, da SeZenilica mamisagan [...] miT rome meaTvramete wili ars mamulisa asulTaTvis maradis ganwesebuli~.476 da iqve dasZens, rom am mamuls qaliSvils nuravin Seecileba, `aramed izedsiZos vinme ima mamulzed~.477

fulisa da miwis nakveTis urTierTSenacvlebis sakiTxs mamisa da siZis ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareoba gansazRvravda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, mamis ojaxs qaliSviliss gamziTveba sirTules

472 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 93. 473 zoiZe o., qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 57. 474 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, т.I, с. 184. 475 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 23. 476 iqve 477 iqve, gv. 204.

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uqmnda. rodesac ojaxi xelmoklebis gamo qaliSvilisaTvis moZravi qonebis micemas ver axerxebda, ojaxi uZrav qonebas miwis saxiT `umziTvebda~; aseT SemTxvevaSi Zmebi cdilobdnen disTvis miwis fasi miecaT da miwa TavisTvis daetovebinaT.478

Tu erTi soflis mcxovrebi qorwinebda meore, sxva soflis mcxovreb obol gogoze, romelic mamiseul uZrav-moZrav qonebas flobda, siZe gogos saxlSi zedsiZed Sedioda; xdeboda ojaxis ufrosi, misi qonebis mflobeli da Sesabamisad, valdebuli iyo gadaexada yvela gamosaRebi da begara, risi gadaxdac Tavis droze simamrs ekisreboda.479

dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT regionSi, kerZod, ozurgeTis mazraSi, rusi mkvlevaris (nosoviCis) Tanaxmad, qali mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iRebda uZrav qonebas, Tu ojaxSi mamrobiTi sqesis memekvidre saerTod ar arsebobda; Tu qaliSvili erTaderTi memkvidre iyo, igi rogorc memkvidre miwis nakveTs iRebda mziTevis saxiT, am SemTxvevaSi mziTevi icvleboda memkvidreobiT. magram gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi miwis nakveTi qaliSvilis qonebad ki ar iTvleboda, aramed misi qmris, anu siZis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda.

garda amisa, imave avtoris TqmiT, mamis qonebis gayofa qaliSvilebs Sorisac Tanabari wilis safuZvelze xdeboda. Cveulebis Tanaxmad, yvela qaliSvili Tanasworuflebiani iyo; .`qaliSvilebi mamis miwebidan, gaTxovebisas Tanabar wils iReben~.480

guriaSi gaTxovil qaliSvils mamis ojaxidan yovelwliurad eZleoda garkveuli saxis qoneba, romelsac arCivi ewodeboda. `arCivi es iyo sursaTi, romelic qaliSvilisTvis ded-mamas an maTi davalebiT vinmes unda mietana, arCivis mitana axali wlidan wyalkurTxevamde (naTliRebamde) periodSi icodnen, ufro xSirad ki naTlisRebas. zogi arCivs kalandasac waiRebda. arCivis Sesaxeb eTnografiuli masala aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: arCivSi unda yofiliyo: erTi naWeri Roris xorci, aucileblad; SeZlebisdagvarad: qaTami, indauri, xaWapurebi (Rvezeli), arayi, Rvino da sxva. [...] qaliSvilisTvis arCivis mitana 3 weliwads savaldebulod iTvleboda, Semdeg ki es survilze da rogorc qalis, aseve siZis ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze iyo damokidebuli. Zmebi ar iyvnen valdebulni disTvis arCivi mietanaT, Tumca zogjer aseT SemTxvevebsac hqonda adgili~.481

105. iqnebis, zogs ZmaSi saTavisTaod nasyidoba ician; an mandilosani Tavisis mziTviT iyidis rasme mamulsa. amis gasinjva unda. Tu [306v] sasaxlosa da mamulis gamosaRebiT

478 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 97. 479 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, Т. I, Тифлис, 1887, с. 839. 480 iqve, gv. 839. 481 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 101.

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ar aris nasyidi. da wignSi dasyidvaSi aras gareula, aras emarTlebian; Tu arada, saerTod uyidniaT da erTi iqnebis.482

ojaxis gayris Semdegac Zmebs evalebodaT debze

mzrunveloba. qali Tu gaTxovdeboda an gaTxovebis Jams gardaicvleboda, misi dasaflaveba xdeboda Zmebis saerTo xarjiT.483

igive iTqmis centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSi arsebul adaTebzec. did ojaxebSi qalebis uflebebi Zalze SezRuduli iyo; ojaxidan maT ara wili, aramed mziTevi eZleodaT TviT ojaxis ufrosis meuRlec ki mxolod sxva wevr qalebTan mimarTebiT sargeblobda mciredi upiratesobiT. qalebs mxolod azris gamoTqma SeeZloT, magram maTi azri ojaxis mamakaci wevrebis mier misaReb gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas ar axdenda.484

amrigad, qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayofisas qaliSvils wili ar eZleoda. mziTevis saxiT mas eZleoda mxolod moZravi qoneba; mziTevze ufleba gaaCndaT ukanonod Sobil qaliSvilebsac. qaliSvilis piradi SromiT SeZenili qoneba iyo saTavno, romelic mis sakuTrebad miiCneoda. komlis valebze qali Tavisi qonebiT pasuxs ar agebda. vaxtangis samarTlis ZaliT zedsiZeobis dros dediserTa qaliSvili mSoblebis moZrav-uZravi qonebis sruli mflobeli xdeboda.

VI. 6. ojaxis gayris dros miwis ganawilebis wesi ojaxis gayris dros moZravi nivTebis gayofa SedarebiT

martivad wydeboda. didi ojaxis gayris dros mciremiwian saqarTveloSi sagangebo yuradRebis obieqti iyo miwa. mflobelobis mixedviT miwebi iyofoda: saxelmwifo, saTemo, sakomlo, aseve saeklesio sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwebad, ris safuZvelzec miwa gansxvavebul samarTlebiv reglametnacias eqvemdebareboda.

TemSi Semavali soflebis miwebs saTemo miwebi ewodeboda. d. jalabaZe wers: `ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel saTemo miwebi nawildeboda egreT wodebul aRlumebad. aRlumis qveS igulisxmeboda miwis Tanatoli raodenobiT ganawileba gvarebze, TemSi Semavali soflebis mixedviT, e.i. TemSi imdeni aRlumi igulisxmeboda, ramdeni gvaric iyo TemSi Semaval soflebSi. miwa aRlumis SigniT nawildeboda ojaxebis mixedviT komlze. Tu aRlumis SigniT raime cvlileba moxdeboda, mag., komlTa ricxvis zrda-daklebasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin aRlumis SigniT miwa

482 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 510. 483 Харузин Н., Заметки о Юридическом быте чеченцев и ингушей, СМЭ, Москва, 1888, III, ст. 125, miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 112. 484 iqve.

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xelaxla unda gadanawilebuliyo. aRlumis mTliani amowyveta an gadasvla, sacxovrebeli adgilis mitoveba, iwvevda mTlianad aRlumis miwebis xelaxali saTemo bWobis sagnad qcevas~.485

sakomlo miwebs ganekuTvneboda sakarmidamo nakveTebi, baR-venaxebi (anu miwebi, sadac venaxi, an sxva mravalwliani nargavebi hqondaT gaSenebuli) da daCemebuli (saxnavi) miwebi.486 saqarTvelos aRmosavleT regionSi (kaxeTSi) komlis miwebi (baRi, venaxi, bostani) Tanabrad iyofoda Zmebze, aseve ojaxis wevr ZmisSvilebsa da biZaSvilebze.

qonebis ganawilebis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda miwebis dazomvas da maT Tanabar danawilebas, radgan `imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra rols asrulebda miwa xalxebis cxovrebaSi, miwis sakuTreba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganxeTqilebis vaSli iyo calkeul Temsa da sazogadoebriv erTeulebs Soris~.487

aRniSnul sirTules ganapirobebda sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli Sexeduleba: sagvareulo miwa unda ganawilebuliyo vaJiSvilebs Soris da ar unda moxvedriliyo sxva gvaris sakuTrebaSi. CveulebiTi samarTliT, saxlis damfuZneblad mamakaci miiCneoda. mowileebs Soris miwa Tanabrad nawildeboda, ar SeiZleboda, rom erT mowiles mxolod saxnavi miwebi rgeboda, meores saTibi, mesames zvari da a.S. am faqts mowmobs gayrilobis Semdegi wigni:

ganCineba tatiSvilebis gayris saqmeze

1674 w. 11 ianvaris

[...] saxaso miwebi rac iyo mZvivleTebma gavyaviT, TviTon Cven gavyaviT, mesamedi papuasa sasaxlis sanaclo miwa miveciT; Tamazasa da xosias – aqaT salTxucis midgmamdi, zeiT gzamdin, qveiT kido gzamdin, qvemoT daTuas miwis midgmamdi; RverTeTs WiWinaZe, risac mqonebeli iyo; saxaso zvris mesamedi, zeiT kerZi axalSeni iyo, cota misis kordiTa, mesamedi.488

saqarTvelos rogorc mTian regionebSi, ise barSi, ojaxis

ufross ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sakomlo miwebis erTpirovnulad gankargva ar SeeZlo. fSavel informatorTa umravlesobis cnobiT, qonebis gasxvisebisas ojaxis ufrosi valdebuli iyo miwasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi ojaxis

485 jalabaZe d., miwaTmoqmedeba fSav-xevsureTSi, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 6-7; miTiTebulia qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, wigni IV, mecniereb~, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 63. 486 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 31. 487 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, Том I, Тифлис, 1887, ст. 93. 488 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 132-134.

129

srulwlovan mamakacebTan SeeTanxmebina da maTi azri gaeTvaliswinebina, radgan sakiTxi exeboda saojaxo sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebas, romlis mesakuTreni fSavSi mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen. saerTo qonebidan misaRebi wili da moculobac uSualod ojaxis samarTlebrivi mowyobis formaze iyo damokidebuli. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, `igi [ojaxis ufrosi] SezRuduli iyo ojaxis wevr, ufrosi Taobis mamakacTa Tanxmobis aucilebeli pirobiT mainc~.489

msgavsi piroba moiTxoveboda aWaraSic. T. aCugba wers, rom `amgvari sakuTrebis pirobebSi miwis nakveTis yidva-gayidva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod da mxolod ojaxis srulasakovan wevrTa saerTo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze~.490

saqme sxvagvarad iyo individualuri ojaxis SemTxvevaSi. amis Sesaxeb d. bostoRanaSvili wers: `didi ojaxisagan gansxvavebiT, individualur ojaxSi, sadac mxolod col-qmari da maTi Svilebi cxovrobdnen, ojaxis ufrosi iyo individualuri mesakuTre, ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebze gadawyetilebas ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci individualurad iRebda. kerZo mesakuTreebis rolSi gamodiodnen didi ojaxis daSlis Sedegad warmoSobili individualuri ojaxis meTaurebi, romelnic ukve erTpirovnulad axorcielebdnen sakuTrebis uflebas kuTvnili miwis nakveTebze da siRnaReli vaWrebi, romlebic iZendnen sakomlo Tu glexTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwebs~.491

soflad umiwo saxli iSviToba iyo. glexebis yofaSi saxli da ojaxi ganuyrelad iyo dakavSirebuli miwis mflobelobasTan. calke damoukidebeli ojaxis Seqmna SeeZlo mxolod im pirs, visac miwis nakveTi sakuTrebaSi hqonda. didi ojaxis uZravi qonebis umTavres saxeobas saxnav-saTesi miwebi ganekuTvneboda. saqarTvelos mTian regionSi aRniSnuli kategoriis miwebi, ZiriTadad, `soflis teritoriaze iyo ganlagebuli, nawili ki patar-patara nakveTebis saxiT gafantuli iyo dasaxlebuli ubnis ganapiras, maxlobeli mTebis ferdobebze da tyis zolSi~.492

didi ojaxis (saojaxo Temis) uZrav qonebaze sakomlo sakuTreba ganisazRvreboda sisxlismieri principiT da igi ojaxis wevr mamakacebs ekuTvnodaT.493 sakomlo miwebi ojaxis wevrTa ganuyofel kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda da ar daubrundeboda soflis sazogadoebas, Tuki komlis Tundac erTi wevri cocxali iyo (maT Soris bolo kameraluri aRweris Semdeg gamoyofilnic).494

489 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 50. 490 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 53. 491 iqve, gv. 50-51. 492 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 52. 493 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 31. 494 Аргутинский А., Матерялы для изучения экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказского края, т. 4 ,ч. 2, с. 209, miTiTebulia bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 32.

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ganCineba tatiSvilebis gayris saqmeze

1674 w. 11 ianvari

saxaso miwebi rac iyo mZvivleTebma gavyaviT, TviTon Cven gavyaviT, mesamedi papuasa sasaxlis sanacvlo miwa miveciT; Tamazasa da xosias – aqaT salTxucis midgomamdin, zeiT gzamdin, qveiT kido gzamdin, qvemoT daTuas miwis midgmamdi; RverTeTs WiWinaZe, risac mqonebeli iyo; saxaso zvris mesamedi, zeiT kerZi axalSeni iyo, cota misis kordiTa, mesamedi.

xevSi ojaxis gayris aRwerisas v. iToniSvili aRniSnavs, rom

TiTeul mowiles ver Sexvdeboda xarisrxobrivad erTnairad kargi miwis wili, amitom `erT wilad Caagdebdnen mamulis mcire, magram saukeTeso naWers, xolo meore wilad masze didsa da SedarebiT miusavlian nakveTs. xariasxiani da uxarisxo nakveTebis ganawileba ise unda momxdariyo, rom yvela mowiles Sexvedroda erTic da meorec~.495

ojaxis gayofis dros miwis nakveTebis ganawilebisas didi yuradReba eqceoda yvela mowilisaTvis kargi `samosaxlo~ adgilis gamoyofas. iTvaliswinebdnen miwis nakveTis farTobs, miwis xarisxs, mdebareobasa da mosavlianobas. `SesaZloa, gayofis dros miwis nakveTebi gansxvavebuli zomiT SexvedrodaT mowileebs, magram maTze miRebuli mosavali Tanabari unda yofiliyo~.496

ase magaliTad, Zmebis paatasa da ambrias 1661 wlis gayris sabuTSi vkiTxulobT:

`CamovediT. Cems venaxebs Sua imisi venaÃi aris, isic wylis mamuli aris. gavzomeT, eqvsi sabeli gamovida. naxevari me mergo da naxevari ambriasa. imaSi meti movida da isic ambrias miveciT. [...] sxva mindris miwa, mTa da bari, wyali, wisquili – naxevari ivanasa da naxevari ambriasa. 497

g. cecxlaZis TqmiT, `ojaxis kuTvnili miwa umravles

SemTxvevaSi, erT mTlian nakveTs ar warmoadgenda. es miwebi 2-3 an met adgilas mdebareobda, amitomac Zalze Zneli iyo maTi Tanabari ganawileba, miT ufro, rom miwis sxvadasxva nakveTi daniSnulebiT gansxvavdeboda. [...] amasTanave mxedvelobaSi

495 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 113. 496 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 91 497 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 119.

131

miiReboda isic, rom ganayar ojaxs wilSi unda rgeboda, pirvel rigSi, ezo (karmidamo), aseve sayaned vargisi miwac da venaxiani adgilic. [...] uZravi qonebis siaSi CamoTvlilia 13 sxvadasxva dasaxelebisa da zomis nakveTi, romelic mas ojaxis gayris Semdeg wilSi hqonda miRebuli. CamoTvlisas miTiTebulia agreTve miwis nakveTis sazRvrebi, saxeoba da fasi~.498

samosaxlo adgilisaTvis aucilebli iyo wyali, amitom wyalsac mowile ganayarTa raodenobis mixedviT yofdnen nakadulebad, rasac mowmobs vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 114-e muxli:

rus sarwyavs wyals, rogorc mamuls gaiyofen Zmani, isre wyali imden nakadulad gaiyofis.499

aseve iTvaliswinebdnen baR-venaxTan misasvleli gzis

moxerxebulobas. magaliTad, amis Taobaze miTiTebulia ganCinebaSi tatiSvilebis gayris saqmeze

zvris gza asre gagviCenia: nexvisa da muSis drosa, sexnias ymis samZRvars aqeT Seiaros, Tamazma da xosiam ver dauSalos da simwifis dros Tavisi kerZis Robidam iaros.500

miwis nakveTs Zmebi saerTo sargeblobaSic itovebdnen. aseT

saziaro adgilebs gayrili Zmebi rig-rigobiT amuSavebdnen, zogjer aqiravebdnen da miRebul Semosavals iyofdnen an `saubno dReobaSi xarjavdnen an Seswiravdnen TavianT sagvareulo salocavs~.501 es imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom saziarod datovebuli nakveTi bevr muSa xels iTxovda; Cveulebriv, aseTi miwis nakveTi soflidan moSorebiT mdebareobda da masze miRebul mosavals Zmebi Tanabrad iyofdnen. saziarod Zmebs aseve SeiZleba daetovebinaT maRlari venaxi. am saxis venaxi TiToeul mowiles unda Sexvedroda, raTa ojaxi Rvinis gareSe ar darCeniliyo. mciremiwianobis gamo ezoc SeiZleba saziarod daetovebinaT.

T. aCugbas TqmiT, aWaraSi arsebuli adaTis Tanaxmad, `zogjer, rodesac nakveTis danawileba ar xerxdeboda, gamosavals poulobdnen miwebis `urTierSebadlebaSi~,502 aseT SemTxvevaSi, iTvaliswinebdnen Semdeg garemoebebs:

1. nakveTis mdebareobas _ axlo Tu Sori, miwis xarisxs da mis mosavlianobas;

498 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1991, gv. 91 499 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 512. 500 iqve, gv. 133. 501 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 113. 502 aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 102.

132

2. im faqts, rom isedac mcire farTobis nakveTi daqucmacebas Znelad eqvemdebareboda,

3. aseve, imasac, rom `misi romelime mowilis xelSi CagdebiT mosalodneli iyo axladSeqmnili ojaxis gamdidreba [...] calkeuli ojaxebi da gvarebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT flobdnen da sargeblobdnen xilis baRs, iala sazafxulo saZovrebs, tyes da zogjer saTib an saxnav miwasac ki~.503

CveulebiTi samarTali saxlis damfuZneblad mamakacs miiCnevda; pirs, romelsac SeiZleba miwis nadeli hqonoda, nebismieri miwis nakveTis mflobelis msgavsad, SeeZlo damoukidebeli ojaxis Seqmna. ojaxis gayofisas miwis nakveTebis danawilebis Sedegad, mSoblebis uZravi qoneba umcros Taobebs Soris ramdenime mcire nawilad iyofoda. Tumca saojaxo sakuTrebis gauyoflobis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fizikurad SeuZlebeli iyo sakuTrebis gancalkeveba, gauyofadi sakuTreba saerTo sagvareulo qonebaSi rCeboda, riTac misi mflobeli calkeuli ojaxebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT sargeblobdnen. amgvarad, miwis Tanamflobeloba nakarnaxevi iyo saerTo interesebiT.

miwis Tanamflobeloba mizanSewonilad miiCneoda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nakveTi gauyofadi iyo anu rodesac mflobelTa raodenoba didad aRemateboda miwis nakveTis moculobas. amis Sesaxeb xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli erT-erT naSromSi: `xSir SemTxvevaSi miwis nakveTis faqtobrivi gauyofadobiT iyo ganpirobebuli nakveTis Tanamflobeloba mflobelebs Soris. Tu nakveTis moculoba mcire, mflobelTa raodenoba ki didi iyo, maSin gayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneboda damuSavebisaTvis gamousadegari mcire zomis miwis nakveTebi, romlebic yovelgvar sameurneo daniSnulebasa da Rirebulebas kargavda. amitom, aseT SeTxvevaSi Tanamflobeli-mogvareebi miwis gayofas koleqtiur mflobelobas amjobineben~.504

miwis ijariT aRebis drosac koleqtiur miwaTsargeblobas amjobinebdnen.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasuliero pirebic sargeblobdnen sasoflo miwebiT. amis Sesaxeb d. bostoRanaSvili wers, rom `saxazino glexebis garda sasoflo miwebiT, Tumca SezRudulad, sargebloben sasuliero pirebi da aznaurebi (memamuleebi) glexebis uflebebiT. maT kerZo sakuTrebaSi gaaCniaT agreTve sakarmidamo nakveTebi da baR-venaxebi~.505

guriaSi qaliSvils im SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo miwis nakveTs daufleboda, Tu ojaxs vaJi ar hyavda; maSin mTeli qoneba, maT Soris miwis nakveTic, gardacvlili ojaxis ufrosis meuRlis – qvrivis an qaliSvilis mflobelobaSi gadadioda. Tu ojaxSi ramdenime qaliSvili iyo, isini mamiseul qonebas Tanabrad

503 iqve, gv. 110. 504 Свод материаловъ по изученію экономического быта государственныхъ крестьян Закавказского края, Том I, Тифлис, 1887, ст.168-169. 505 bostoRanaSvili d., miwaTmflobeloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 50-51.

133

inawilebdnen, e.i. `mamuli umkvidros daSTomili~, mdedrobiT sqessa da mis Camomavlobaze gadadioda. aseTive uflebebi hqonda qals samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWaraSi; xolo imereTSi qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas miwa arasodes gadadoida mis mflobelobaSi. uZeo ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis Semdeg naTesavebi yvela Rones xmarobdnen, rom miwa sxva gvaris xelSi ar gadasuliyo.506

miwis mowileebTan mimarTebiT, msgavsi adaTi moqmedebda centralur kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic. r.TofCiSvili wers: `CveulebiTi samarTliT pirdapir memkvidreebad mxolod mamakacebi iTvlebodnen. umemkvidreod darCenili ojaxis saxvneli miwa da saTibi Temis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. danarCen uZrav qonebas (baRi, wisqvili, sameurneo nagebobebi) da moZrav qonebas uaxloesi naTesavebi euflebodnen~.507

v. iToniSvil adasturebs im faqtsac, rom `didi ojaxis gayris Semdeg momaval axal ojaxebs saTaveSi eqceodnen meore Taobis warmomadgenlebi, mowileebadac isini iTvlebodnen~.508

VI. 7. keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargvis wesi. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT isic, Tu rogor xdeboda ojaxis

gayris dros keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargva. Cveulebriv, vidre ojaxi gauyreli iyo, ojaxs gare samuSaobze wasuli vaJiSvili Tavis naSovn fuls ojaxis saerTo qonebas SeurTebda xolme, magram ojaxis gayris dros amas mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen.

Zmis keTili monagaris Sesaxeb daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis 227-e muxlSi `Zmisagan ucxosa quÀyniT nivTis motanisaTvis~ weria:

ukeTu Zma erTi warvides ucxosa quÀynasa da muniT garjilobiTa TvisiTa moitanos raÁme, ukeTu ikonomiaÁ ZmaTa gauyrelTa erTi ars, maSin gayrasa sxvaTaca ucs wili, _ romelica Semdgomad gayrisa mieces momtanelsa mas wili ori: erTi garjilobisaTvis, xolo meore arSivi TÂisi, da mesamedi _ sxuaTa ZmaTa, amad vinaÁdgan yovelive saxlisa naklulevanebaÁ anu sargebeli erTi hqoniesT. [...] da ukeTu iSovnon wyalobaÁ da erTi umetesobdes an keTilkacobiT, an batonis kargis ymobiT da an metiTa raÁTame, romlisa mizeziTa gamoiwyalobon, maSin naSovnisa misgan aiRos saWirnaxuloÁ mSovnelman, miT rome Sroma da

506 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 100. 507 TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 345-346 508 iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 274-275.

134

Rvawli moizidven gansvenebasa, da sxva mebr kanonisa ganiyon.509

aseve, qonebis ganawilebisas calke gamoyofdnen monageb

miwebs (ase iwodeboda `ofliT mopovebuli~ miwa) da samkvidro anu mama-papeul miwebs. monagebi miwebis gayofisas TavianT wils iRebdnen ara marto ojaxis mamis vaJiSvilebi, aramed is ufrosi biZaSvilebic, romelTac TavianTi SromiT qonebis gazrdaSi wvlili Seitanes.510 amrigad, keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargvis ufleba saojaxo Temis yvela monawileze vrceldeboda, radgan isini saojaxo Temis axal samarTlebriv kategorias warmoadgendnen.

Tu erT-erTi Zma gamWriaxi aRmoCndeboda da Tavisi garjiT ojaxis saerTo qonebas sagrZnoblad gazrdida, maSin ojaxis gayrisas vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Tanaxmad:

[1031]. Tu dakarguli mamuli iSovna romelmac Zmam, ginda ufrosi iyos da ginda umcrosi da ginda saSualo, romelic isre gamoCeniT iSovnis, rom misis sikeTiT Seematnos, imazed ocisTavi saWirnaxulo miecemis.511

Tu gauyreli ojaxis romelime wevri Tavisi piradi

moxmarebisaTvis saTavisod SeiZenda raimes, maSin ojaxis gayrisas unda daedginaT ra saxsrebiT iyo SeZenili saTaviso qoneba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saTaviso qoneba piradi saxsrebiT hqonda SeZenili, maSin rogorc daviT batoniSvili aRniSnavs,

`da odes romelmanme ZmaTaganman da gauyrelman saxliskacman sakuTrad iSova rame TÂT da mun moZmeni da monaTesaveni ara moxsenebulan da arc ars maTs Soris pirobis wigni, igi gayrisa wilsa nu STavardebis, aramed dauSTes mxolod SemZinebelsa~.512

xolo Tu qoneba saerTo saxsrebiT iyo SeZenili, maSin

ojaxis gayrisas saTaviso qoneba saerTo wilSi iangariSeboda.

[105]. iqnebis, zogs ZmaSi saTavisTaod nasyidoba ician; an mandilosani Tavisis mziTviT iyidis rasme mamulsa. amis gasinjva unda. Tu [306v] sasaxlosa da mamulis gamosaRebiT

509 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 127-128. 510 Харадзе Р., Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, 1960, с. 54. 511 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 509. 512 furcelaZe d., samoqalaqos hsjulvileba, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 34

135

ar aris nasyidi. da wignSi dasyidvaSi aras gareula, aras emarTlebian; Tu arada, saerTod uyidniaT da erTi iqnebis.513

VI. 8. valis gadaxa ojaxis gayris dros Cveulebriv, ojaxis gayris dros valic gayofas

eqvemdebareboda. Tu ojaxs vali saerTo saojaxo saWiroebisaTvis hqondaT aRebuli, maSin ojaxis gayris dros yvela mowiles vali Tanabrad unda gadaexada, an SeiZleboda erT Zmas dakisreboda valis srulad gastumreba, maSin mas ojaxis gayrisas meti wili miecemoda; anda vali Tavad amRebs an mis STamomavlebs unda gadaexadaT. amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 141-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

papas Tu papis mamas rom vali aeRos, misi Svili da SviliSvili bevrad gayriliyvnen an dakarguliyon, imisi wili mamuli rogorc gaeyosT, isre vali miscen.514

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom qals (qvrivs,

qaliSvils, das) valis gadaxda ar evaleboda.

146. Tu kaci amovardes da dedisa da dis meti ara darCes ra, misi vali dedasa da das ar eTxoveba, Tu ram kacs saqoneli darCoamia, imiT unda gardiÃadon, dedisa da dis saqonelTan Ãeli ara aquT.515

srulwlovanebamde valis gadaxda oblebsac ar moeTxovebodaT.

Tu qvrivi iyos da oblebi wvrili yuandes, da movalem vals Txovnda dauwyos, sanamdis oblebi ar daizrdebis, vali ar eTxoebis.516

daaxloebiT imave Sinaarsis muxlia mocemuli daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis wignSi; mxedvelobaSi maqvs muxli valis aRebisaTvis.

da ukeTu emarTos obolsa vali, nu eTxoebis mas da nurca mzrdelsa, garna movaleman miiRos mamuli misi da iqmens patron, vidre movides yrma igi hasaksa; da ides movides

513 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 509. 514 iqve, gv. 517. 515 iqve, gv. 518. 516 iqve, gv. 515.

136

hasaksa, maSin mividen ornive msajulTa winaSe da angariSiTa met-nakleboba maTi ganasrowon msajulTa winaSe.517

samoqalaqo hsjulvilebaSi valis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT:

(gardacvlil kacTaTvis. mux. 37) `gayrisas [...] rac qoneba anu vali eqnebodaT [...] yovelsave Tanaswor gaiyofdnen~; (VII. gayrisaTvis. mux. 47) gayrisas Tumca romlisame Zmisagan aRebul valsac saerTos qonebidam miscemdnen anu rogorc qonebas gauyofden [...] ise valsaca...; gayris dros visac ra erTi vali Sexvdeboda [...] is imas unda gardaexada...~.518

ganCineba xoluaSvilebis valis saqmeze

1675-1685 q. xoluaSvilebi gaiyaren, bat[on]Tan iCivles, valozed deobdes da xosika aRar miudga, ase uTxra: `Cemi da qiotiSvils yavso da Cemi kerZi vali imaSid gamibarebia, vals aRar gadavixdi~. da es batonma uwyina xosikasa. axla am Zmebma uTxres xosikasa, mamukama da gigiama: es gogo sworeT gamoviyvanaTo da valic sworeT gadavixadoTo. da xosikam aRar qna: `Cem kerZs valSid Cemi da mimicemia~. axla xosikas ubrZana batonma paata abaSiZem: `codva da madli Seni iyos Seni disa~. axla davsxediT batonis brZanebiT qiSoti sax[lTx]ucesi, giorgi, orTav zurab asisT[a]vi, xaena mamasaxlisi, giorgi mRvdeli. batonis brZanebiT da RmrTiTa es ase gagvisam[a]rTlebia: vali sama[T] gadavaxdevineT da mamuli oTxad gagviyvia.519

VI. 9. beiTalmani qonebis gankargva rac Seexeba upatrono qonebas. ismis kiTxva: vin eufleboda

upatronod darCenil qonebas? cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ojaxi ise amowydeboda, rom

arc pirdapiri naTesavi darCeboda da arc gverdiTi xaziT naTesavi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ojaxis qoneba upatronod iwodeboda. saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT, qarTul enaSi aris upatrono qonebis aRmniSvneli ramdenime termini. magaliTad, dapsebuli, gadasuli, gadaSenebuli, gatialebuli, upatrono, gumokileri

517 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 39. 518 furcelaZe d., samoqalaqos hsjulvileba, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 32-34. 519 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sasamarTlo ganCinebani (XVI-XVIII ss.), (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 150-151.

137

ojaxi.520 magram upatrono qonebis aRsaniSn terminad, ZiriTadad, mainc arabuli warmoSobis sityva beiTalmani damkvidrda da dRemde ase ixmareba.

rogorc wesi, aseT qonebas eufleboda mefe an batoni. saero piris upatronod darCenil anu beiTalman qonebas ZiriTadad xelmwife gankargavda. amas mowmobs vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 113-e muxli:

Tu kaci uSvilod amovarda, misi mamuli Ãelmwifisa aris, visac unda, uboZebs.521

al. oCiauris mier moZiebul masalebze dayrdnobiT, b. zoiZe

aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mTian regionSi _ xevsureTi, fSavi, mTiuleTi _ icodnen beiTalmani qonebis salocavebisaTvis gadacema. svaneTSi umemkvidreo ojaxis qoneba Zmebs, Soreul naTesavebsa da xats Soris nawildeboda; beiTalmani qonebis gayofis dros meti wili eklesias ergeboda.522

rac Seexeba Tavad sasuliero piris beiTalman qonebas, episkoposis uZravi beiTalmani qoneba srulad rCeboda eklesias, xolo moZravi qoneba samad iyofoda. amis Sesaxeb vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi 175-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

ebiskopozis beiTalmali Cvens mixdomaSi srulobiT saydrisa unda iyos, magrame viTac saqarTvelo Raribi da usaqonlo queyana aris, agre rigad arc Ãelmwifis Semosavali aris [...] da imaT gar[321r]eTad Tu rame darCebis TeTri, farCa, vercxli, puri, Rvino da pirutyui, imisgan erTi wili saÃelmwifo aris, erTi wili sayrdisa, erTi wili ebiskopozis Zmebisa, rom ebiskopozi damarxon.523

daviT batoniSvili nawilobriv iziarebs vaxtang VI-is

pozicias episkoposis beiTalman qonebasTan mimarTebiT:

garna episkoposisa da sxuaTa ekklesiisaganTa danaSTomi miecemis ekklesiaTa, garda kondakisa mier monaRvawisa

520 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 270. 521 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 512. 522 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 285. 523 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 524-525.

138

nivTisa, romlisaca nebaÁ damokidebul ars nebasa zeda missa.524

magram mas miuReblad miaCnia sxva saxis qonebis

naTesavebisaTvis wilad gadacema.

kvaladca vixile me samarTalsa Sina mefisa vaxtangisasa, romel danaSTomsa episkopo[14]zisasa pursa da Rvinosa uyofda monaTesaveTa misTa, romelica ujerod vracxe me, miT rome ekklesiisa mamulisa da ymaTa namuSavari sakuTrad ars ekklesiisa da ara sxuaTa.525

amgvarad, eTnografiuli masalebisa da qarTuli feodaluri

samarTlis Zeglebis ganxilvis safuZvelze SevecadeT warmogveCina ojaxis gayris Sedegad miwis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli uZravi qonebis, valisa da beiTalmanis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulaciis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. xsenebuli qonebis saxeebTan dakavSirebiTac yuradRebiT ekidebodnen gamyof pirTa uflebebs. kanonmdebeli gadawyvetilebas iRebda saqmis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad, Tumca CveulebiTi samarTlis odindel wesebsac iTvaliswinebda.

VI.10. ojaxis Seyra

didi ojaxebis gayra, marTalia, sul ufro intensiur xasiaTs iZenda saqarTveloSi, magram arcTu iSviaTad xdeboda ojaxebis Seyrac. Zvel qarTul samarTalSi ojaxTa Seyris procesi erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad ganixileboda. am procesis aRsaniSnad termini Seyriloba gamoiyeneboda. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis Seyra CveulebiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda; mogvianebiT ojaxis Seyris wesebi saTanadod aisaxa qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi.

ojaxis Seyra ufro gviandeli institutia. saqarTveloSi ojaxebis Seyra yvela socialuri wrisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Cveulebriv, ojaxis Seyra iyo adre gayrili saglexo Tu safeodalo didi ojaxis – gauyreli Zmebis, maTi mSoblebis, Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis anu aRmavali da daRmavali axlo naTesavebis ramdenime Taobis _ kvlav gaerTianeba.

Cvenamde moRweuli mravalricxovani eTnografiuli da iuridiuli dokumentebis safuZvelze r. xaraZe wers: `Seyriloba odesRac dakarguli naTesaobis aRdgenas warmoadgenda. es

524 samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa, (teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZe), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 14. 525 iqve.

139

kavSiri ideboda rogorc saglexo, ise safeodalo wreebSi~526 da urTierTdaxmarebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgenda.

ismis kiTxva: rodis da ratom xdeboda ojaxis Seyra?

VI.11 gayril ojaxTa urTierToba pirvel rigSi, unda SevexoT ganayar ojaxTa Soris

urTierTobis tradicias; Cveni azriT, es iyo Seyris erTgvari wina piroba, radgan, faqtobrivad, ojaxis gayra ar niSnavda ganayofTa Soris urTierTobis srulad moSlas; piriqiT, ganayari ojaxebi mxarSi edgnen erTmaneTs Wirsa Tu lxinSi. es erToba vlindeboda winapris kultTan dakavSirebul saerTo wes-Cveulebebis CatarebaSi, rodesac urTierTobis SenarCunebis mizniT, ganayari ojaxebi da axlo naTesavebi erTad ikribebodnen. es Cveuleba gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, gansakuTrebiT mTaSi, sadac salocavebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda adgilobrivTa cxovrebaSi da adgilobrivi mamakacebis identobis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens adgilobrivTa religiuri ritualebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da a. S. dawvrilebiTi eTnografiuli aRwera. es masala warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnes moZiebuli am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebul specialur literaturaSi, mogzaurTa CanawerebSi, samecniero gamokvlevebSi. unda aRiniSnos is, rom dadgenili adaT-wesebis dacva da salocavebTan mimarTebaSi ridisa da krZalvis gamoCenis tradicia dRemde SemorCa. amas mowmobs is, rom dResaswaulebis dros (lomisobis, aTangenobis da a.S.) mTaSi salocavebTan erTmaneTs kvlavideburad xvdebian rogorc adgilobrivebi, aseve, barSi gadasaxlebuli xevsurebi, moxeevebi, TuSebi da fSavelebi.

garda amisa, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom mTaSi urTierTdaxmarebis gareSe cxovreba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. es gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeboda zamTris periodSi, rac aseve xels uwyobda adgilobrivTa erTobis ganmtkicebas. sameurneo Tu yofiTi saqmeebis Sesrulebisas aseTi urTierTdaxmarebac dRemde SemorCa saqarTvelos mTaSi.

garda amisa, gayrili ojaxebis erTianobis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo isic, rom gamoyofil ojaxSic, ZiriTadad, ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis uflebebi vrceldeboda. mamas kvlavindeburad didi gavlena hqonda ganayof Svilebsa da maT ojaxebze.

ganayari ojaxebis wevrTa Soris urTierTobas aseve xels uwyobda ZmaTa saerTo sargeblobaSi saTibis, saZovris, saxnavi miwebis datovebis faqtebi,527 aseve dadasturebulia saojaxo

526 Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, с. 46. 527 aCugba T., xalxuri saojaxo samarTlis normebi aWaraSi (qonebriv-uflebrivi mdgomareoba) krebulSi: samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos yofa da kultura, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1983, t. X, gv. 61-62.

140

gamoyenebis sagnebis _ wisqvilis, didi spilenZis qvabis, samuSao iaraRebis gauyoflobis SemTxvevebi.528

eTnografiuli masalebiT dgindeba, Zveli memkvidreobiTi samarTli ki mowmobs: `amdenad, gayra ar aSorebs ojaxis wevrebs erTimeorisagan, ekonomikurad da sulierad mainc rCeba raRac saerTo Rirebulebebi, romelzec maTi ufleba Tanasworia~.529

iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, `Seyriloba mxolod kerZo cxovrebis movlena iyo da amis gamo mxolod sabuTebSia aRnusxuli~.530 iseve rogorc ojaxis gayras, ojaxebis Seyrasac Tavisi wesebi hqonda da Cveulebriv, Seyriloba sagangebod formdeboda werilobiTi xelSekrulebiT Seyrilobis wignis saxiT, romelSic zustad iyo gansazRvruli Seyril ojaxis wevr-subieqtTa uflebebi maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebisadmi da is pirobebi, romelTa Sesruleba Seyrili ojaxis yvela wevrisTvis savaldebulo iyo.

1798 wlis Seyrilobis sabuTSi weria:

`tfilisis aoxrebis Semdgom, Cemma Zmam yizlariTgan Cemi rZali gamoisyida da me imis Camosayvanad yizlarSi wavedi da Camoviyvane. Tumca me da Cemi Zma da rZali gayrilebi viyaviT da cal-calke vcxovrobdiT, magram Cveni saerTo keTildReobis gulisaTvis erT ojaxad SeviyareniT. Cven unda erTi erTmaneTs vuSveloT, vimuSaoT da vaWroba vawarmovoT da yvelaferi gavakeToT, rac Cveni saxlisaTvis sasargeblo iqmneba da Cven Soris sityvebi `Cemia~, an `Senia~ ar unda iyos, aramed yvelaferi raca gvaqvs da rac gveqmneba, velasa Tanaswor wilad unda gvekuTvnodes. vinc Cvengan gamoyofas moisurvebs, Cveni saxliTgan uarafrod gavides, saxlSi Semosul Cven patarZals Cveni saxlis ufrosma unda misi mziTevi CamorTvas da mas amis xelwerili misces. Tu mas fulebi eqmneba, Cveni saxlis ufrosma saTavnos miumatos. Cveni saxlis qvrivs gaTxoveba SeuZlia da Tu gaTxovda, unda mziTevic daubrundes da samarxavic mieces sofluri wesiT. saxlSi yvelafers Cveni saxlis ufrosi [...] ganagebs: imis daukiTxavad veravin Tavis daniSnul sacolosac-ki verafers aCuqebs. qalebs ufleba ara aqvT TavianTTvis TavisiT raime iyidon. maT eZlevaT yovel kvira wminda sanTeli da rac-ki eklesiisaTvis aris saWiro. yvela imaT unda erTnairad Caicvan da daixuron: qalebs ufleba ara aqvT sxvadasxvanairi da Zvrifasi tanisamosebi Caicva, xolo Tu vinme maTgani didi kacobas moindomebs, unda Cveni saxliTgan xelcarieli gavides. mTel Cven saxleulobaSi yvelas erTi

528 Бахиа С., Порядок раздела семьи в Абхазии в прошлом. В кн.: Исторический сборник, Т. 1971, Т. 2, ст. 448-449; miTiTebulia zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 43. 529 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, ufleba, Tbilisi., 2000, gv. 43. 530 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni I, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 153.

141

moZRvari unda hyavdes da erTi naTlia. Tu naTlia xelmokle iqneba, naTlobis xarjs Cveni saxlive kisrulobs~-o.531

ojaxebis Seyra gvianobamde, XX saukunemde SemorCa, rasac

mowmobs Seyris sabuTi, romelic TariRdeba 1924 wliT. es sabuTi moipova g. Citaiam da gadasca iv. javaxiSvils.

vdebT pirovnobis xelwerils Cven goris mazra axalqalaqis Temis amave Temis sofel grakalSi mcxovrebni ninika suarisZe da misi Svilebi vano da niko da svimoni ese mama SvilianaT oTxive pirni mazeda exla SaverTdiT 1924 w. ianvris 3 dResa rogorc yofila ZvelaTa da amiT vdebT pirovnobis xelwerilsa orive pirni visac ojaxSi amogvaCndes simtyuvne da Ralati es mtyuani pirni gavideT carilezeda wilidana da mtyuans pirs ar gagvivides saCivarSi razedac vemowmebiT erTi meores Cvenis sakuTaris xelis moweriTa.

1. vano suarisZe 2. +++ ninika suarisZe 3 +++ niko suarisZe 4. +++ simon suarisZe

gayris wignis msgavsad, ojaxebis Seyris sabuTic iwyeboda

RvTis, mamisa, Zisa da suliwmindis xsenebiT. Semdeg iwereboda Seyris msruveli pirebi da is qoneba, rac ojaxebis Seyris Sedegad erTiandeboda. Seyris sabuTis bolos ideboda piroba, rom TanxmobiT erTad gankargavdne saerTo uZrav-moZrav qonebas; da sruldeboda Seyrili ojaxebis ufrosebis xelmowerebiT. iv. javaxiSvils moxmobili aqvs ojaxis Seyris ramdenime aseTi sabuTi. ase magaliTad, 1717 wlis sabuTSi weria:

nebiTa da SewevniTa RvTisaTa... ese Zmobis wigni mogarTviT Tqvenma Zmiswulebma daTunam da paatam Tqven biZa Cvens ieses, Svilsa Tqvensa oTarsa da germanozsa, ase da ama pirsa zeda: gayrilni viyaviT da isev erTmaneTis Tavi movindomeT da isev ZmaT SeviyareniT. es piroba davzdeviT (sic), rom mamis mamuli da biZis da oTarisac da rac Cveni mama-papaT mamuli iyos, nasyidica da usyidica, yvela gagvierTebia; rac erTobaSi SevimatoT, saerTo iyos, rac dagvekargos isic saerTo iyos. ...Cven rom vali gumarTebs oci Tumani, saerTod gadavixadoT, da sxva, rac darCes Tav-TavisTvis gardavixadoT. Tqvenda ukiTxavad arc mamuli gavsce, arc dagirbio kaci, arc gamoviyvano msaxuri da mxlebeli; Tu puri da Rvino

531 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni I, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 155-156.

142

gadaguoCes, saerToT movixmaroT, an mamuli viqrTamoT, an viyidoT, yvela saerToT iyos.532

amgvarad, ojaxis gayra ar niSnavda ganayofTa Soris

urTierTobis srulad moSlas; ganayar ojaxTa Soris urTierTobis tradicia _ Wirsa Tu lxinSi Tanadgoma _ Seyris erTgvari wina piroba iyo. am procesis aRsaniSnad termini Seyriloba gamoiyeneboda.

VI. 12. ojaxis Seyris mizezebi Seyriloba imdenad gavrcelebuli yofila, rom am instituts

sagangebod eZRvneba Tavi daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSic; kerZod, ke Tavis À muxli `SeyrisaTvis~; `moyvasTa~ SeyrisaTvis saWiroa `Tanxmoba mefeTa da msajulTaTa~.533 amis Sesaxeb 210-e muxlSi weria:

ukeTu swaddes moyvasTa SeyraÁ moyvsisa, maSin iqmnebodes ese TanÃmobiTa mefeTa da msajulTaTa.534

qonebis gaerTianeba Seyrilobis dros, ra Tqma unda,

erTmaneTis keTilsindisieri gataniT unda gamarTlebuliyo, bedovlaTobis gaxSireba ki sakanonmdeblo Carevas moiTxovda.535

126. q. Tu undodes visme visic Seyra Zmaficad wigniT, da Seiyaros, da Seiqnas imaTSi erToba, rac ram qondesT da an rac moigon, saerTo iqnes Tu ara? 536

158. Tu uwignod Sesrul iyvnen, Setanili da Wirnaxuli gahyves da Sesmul-SeWmuli ara iÃsenos.537

ojaxebis Seyra sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo gapirobebuli. d.

furcelaZes miaCnia, rom ojaxis Seyra ZiriTadad ekonomikuri faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli. `roca ganayrebs Soris erT-erT ojaxs gauWirdeboda da siduxWiridan gamosvlis saSualeba espoboda, gayrili ojaxebi kvalav erTad Seiyrebodnen da mTel

532 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni I, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 153. 533 xelnaweri H 2330, ix. agreTve daviT bagrationi, dasax. Txz. mux. 946-947 534 samarTali batoniSvilisa daviTisa, teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZem, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 118. 535 furcelaZe d., samoqalaqos hsjulvileba, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 35-38. 536 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 259. 537 iqve, gv. 469.

143

qonebas Seaziarebdnen, ganurCvelad imisa vis meti SeZleba hqonda da vis naklebi”.538

zogi `Seyrilobis wigni~539 mowmobs, rom XVIII s. `Seyrilobisadmi miswrafeba da procesi qarTveli eris yvela wreSi iyo umaRlesiTgan moyolebuli soflelebamde. cxovrebis uSiSroebis Sesaqmnelad gayril-daSorebuli wevrebi saerTo gasaWiris dasaZlevad SeerTeba-SekavSirebaze zrunavdnen. amnairad gayrili an daSlili ojaxi, an sagvareulo kvlav erTdeba, mamuls aerTebs da saerTo meurneobis warmoebas iwyebs~.540

1798 wlis Seyrilobis sabuTSi weria:

`tfilisis aoxrebis Semdgom, Cemma Zmam yizlariTgan Cemi rZali gamoisyida da me imis Camosayvanad yizlarSi wavedi da Camoviyvane. Tumca me da Cemi Zma da rZali gayrilebi viyaviT da cal-calke vcxovrobdiT, magram Cveni saerTo keTildReobis gulisaTvis erT ojaxad SeviyareniT. Cven unda erTi erTmaneTs vuSveloT, vimuSaoT da vaWroba vawarmovoT da yvelaferi gavakeToT, rac Cveni saxlisaTvis sasargeblo iqmneba da Cven Soris sityvebi `Cemia~, an `Senia~ ar unda iyos, aramed yvelaferi raca gvaqvs da rac gveqmneba, velasa Tanaswor wilad unda gvekuTvnodes. vinc Cvengan gamoyofas moisurvebs, Cveni saxliTgan uarafrod gavides, saxlSi Semosul Cven patarZals Cveni saxlis ufrosma unda misi mziTevi CamorTvas da mas amis xelwerili misces. Tu mas fulebi eqmneba, Cveni saxlis ufrosma saTavnos miumatos. Cveni saxlis qvrivs gaTxoveba SeuZlia da Tu gaTxovda, unda mziTevic daubrundes da samarxavic mieces sofluri wesiT. saxlSi yvelafers Cveni saxlis ufrosi [...] ganagebs: imis daukiTxavad veravin Tavis daniSnul sacolosac-ki verafers aCuqebs. qalebs ufleba ara aqvT TavianTTvis TavisiT raime iyidon. maT eZlevaT yovel kvira wminda sanTeli da rac-ki eklesiisaTvis aris saWiro. yvela imaT unda erTnairad Caicvan da daixuron: qalebs ufleba ara aqvT sxvadasxvanairi da Zvrifasi tanisamosebi Caicva, xolo Tu vinme maTgani didi kacobas moindomebs, unda Cveni saxliTgan xelcarieli gavides. mTel Cven saxleulobaSi yvelas erTi moZRvari unda hyavdes da erTi naTlia. Tu naTlia xelmokle iqneba, naTlobis xarjs Cveni saxlive kisrulobs~-o.541

Seyril ojaxebs qonebaze Tanabari ufleba eniWebodaT.

rodesac garkveuli dro gavidoda, Seyrili ojaxebi kvlav

538 furcelaZe d., samoqalaqos hsjulvileba, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 35-38. 539 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni I, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 153. 540 iqve, gv. 156. 541 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni I, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 155-156.

144

iyrebodnen da qonebas Tanabrad inawilebdnen. Tanabrad iyofoda ara marto Seyris momentSi, aramed erTad cxovrebis dros erToblivi SromiT Seqmnil-dagrovili dovlaTic. amgvari urTierTobebis ganxilvis safuZvelze r. xaraZe gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom `Seyrilobis institutSi SemorCenilia saojaxo Temis ZiriTadi mxareebi, im saxiT, rogoriTac isini warmoiqmnen~.542

Seyrilobis erTgvar saxeobad ganixileboda siZis Svileba, rasac mowmobs bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 157-e muxli

siZisa Svilebulisa asre icodiT: Tu wigniTa Sesrul iyvenen, mamuli daeweros; ra gaiyvnen, sauxuceso _ mamulisa patronisa; sxuaÁ Sua gauyaviT da Setanili da daxuedrebuli Tav-Tavisi gaitanon.543

Tumca iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac saerTo meurneobisa da

muSaxelis gazrdis mizniT, ojaxis ricxovnobis zrda xdeboda ara ganayari ojaxis wevrTa SeyriT, aramed ramdenime monaTesave ojaxis erT saojaxo Temad gaerTianebiT. werilobiTi da savele eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze XIX s. bolos da XX s. dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi damowmebulia naTesav da aranaTesav ojaxTa Seyris magaliTebi, rac ucxo movlena ar iyo arc aWarisaTvis da arc kaxeTisaTvis, sadac gonelaanebis saojaxo Temis masStabebi ojaxis muSaxelis raodenobas ar emTxveoda. xelovnuri gaerTianebis (Seyrilobis) nacvlad, romelic, rogorc irkveva, Tanabar saZmo pirobebs efuZneboda, ojaxma gazarda muSaxelis raodenoba samuSaod daqiravebis gziT~.544

r. xaraZis Tanaxmad, `Seyrilobis ZiriTadi principi srulad pasuxobda saTemo ojaxis wyobilebas, romelic dainteresebuli iyo saerTo meurneobis SemoRebiTa da gaZRoliT”.545

mokvleuli masalebis gacnobis safuZvelze, faqtobrivad dasturdeba, rom, wesisamebr, Seyriloba sagangebod formdeboda werilobiTi xelSekrulebiT, romelSic zustad iyo gansazRvruli Seyril ojaxis wevr-subieqtTa uflebebi maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebisadmi da is pirobebi, romelTa Sesruleba Seyrili ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis savaldebulo iyo Cveulebriv, Seyrilobis xelSekrulebis dasawyisSi moxseniebuli iyvnen Sesayreli ojaxebis ufrosebi, Semdeg mocemuli iyo xelSekrulebis dadebis mizani, Seyrili ojaxebis qonebis

542 Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, с. 47. 543 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 469. 544 Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, ст. 67. 545Харадзе Р. Грузинская семейная община, т. I, Тбилиси, изд-во Советский писатель Грузии, Заря Востока, Тбилиси, 1960, ст. 67.

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detaluri CamonaTvali da bolos mowmeebi, romlebic xelmoweriT adasturebdnen dadebul xelSekrulebas.

Seyrilobis wigni meralibeg ciciSvilisa

daviT ciciSvilisadmi 1744-1750ww.

q. nebiTa da SewevniTa mRTisiTa ese Zmo[bis] wigni mogeciT Cven, Tqvenman biZaSvilman qalanTarman meralibeg, Zmiswulman Cem[m]an ivaneman, Svilman Cem[m]an ediSer, Zmaman Cem[m]an Tamazman Tqven, Cvens biZaSvils daviTs da pa[a]tas da demetres. ase rom cotas xans mama Cvenebi gayriliyvnen. mas ukan isev saxliskacoba eqnaT. avi dros gulisaTvis erTmaneTSi cota ram samduravi gamogveria. batonis mefis Teimurazis brZanebiT isev Zmobaze SevrigdiT. rac erTmanerTzed danaSauloba gvqonda, xeli eviReviT, Zmoba da saxliskacoba movindomeT da isev SeviyareniT ZmaTa. daviTs da pa]a]tas unda gaxldesT: `buniaTisSvili nikoloz Tavis ymiTa da mamuliTa, qimaZe Tavis mamuliT, nasyidaSvilebi Tavis mamuliT, kopaZe Tavis mamuliT, qobulaSvili Tavis mamuliTa, abramisSvili Tavisis mamuliT. amaT arc eTxovebodes xemwifis saTxovari, arc Cveni, arc Rala, arc kuluxi. [...] dRes da dReis iqiT rac xemwifidam SemovimatoT, an rac mamulidam nasyidoba SemoviyidoT, saerTo iyos; rac saTavnodam viyidoT da SemovimatoT, erTmanerT[T]an xeli ara gvqondes. Cven sanam cocxali viyvneT ar gaviyarneT. romelmac erTmanerTze davaSaoT rame da gayra movindomoT, mamulidam xeli aviRoT. Tu Cvenman Svilebman gayra moindomon, rogorc qarTlis dasturi iyos im rigiT gaiyaron. xemwfis saTxovars TqvenTan xeli ar qondes. Tu xemwifis saTxovari ar eTxovebodes, Tqven mamuls gamosavalTan xeli ara qondes, arc ar[a] mTxovoT. Tu amaSi vimtyuvnoT rame, jer viyoT mxTis Sem[co]de, merme Cvenis xemwifisa. daiwera ese wigni kar[isa?]... marcxena kideze q. Cven, batoni arCil, amis mowame varT. q. Cven, sardali q[a]ixosro, amis mowame varT. q. Cven, abaSiZe vaxuSti, amisi mowame var. q. me, qeSiqCibaSi revaz, amisi mowame var. q. me, Tarxani luarsab, amisi mowame var. q. me, CxeiZe gorgasal, amisi mowame var.

146

q. me, farsadan uzbasi, amisi mowame var.546 zemoTqmulis dasturad movixmobT saqarTvelos centralur

arqivSi dacul 1834 wlis Seyrilobis erT-erT xelSekrulebas.

welsa Cyld-sa ianvris k-s dResa es Seyris werili davwereT Cven axmanSi mocovrebelma da Tan da sosai da Cuenis biZaSvilma gabrilis oblebma Cuens batons ioseb --- ase rom Cuen Seviyarenit erT ZmaTa da Tam da sosaim una SevinaxoT Cueni biZaSvilebi erTgulT valis erTi una iyos saSvaric erTi unda iyo romelzedac vaskvniT Cuen --- daTisa da sosais aqvT: aq. ori kameci fur kambeCa aq cxeni faSaSi va aq ocdaxuTi msxvili Rori iq aTi wvrili goWi --- ori bati aq --- culi aq erTi bari --- ori quabi ar erTi qafqiri bq ori mofi aq erTi tafa eq xuTi futkari da q Àvari rva wvril msxvili gabrielis oblebs aqvT dq xar-kameCi oTxi dq fur-kameCi aq erTi Txa aq erTi bari aq ori culi aq erTi quabi aq tafa aq erTi ryi aq erTi ?texe aq xuTi Ziri futkari --- daTm ara aqvs vali xuTi Tumani im oblebs aqvT vali Svidi Tumani samarxs garda aris amisi mowame da nad mocre natuali zaqaria dedauri ise kotoraSvili gogila avuSelaSvili gavrca JoJola--- s.z. axmanSi mcxovreb sandro zaqariasze dudaurisagan 2 sabuTi

546 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, sasamarTlo azra-oqmebi da kerZo-samarTlebrivi aqtebi, (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 898-899.

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1834~ 547 vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Sedgenis wina xanebSi, rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, Seyrili ojaxis wevrebi nasyidze uflebas mainc pirovnulad, TavisTvis inarCunebdnen, rasac mowmobs sabuTi (1675-1685 w.)

piroba mogec me sardalman Tamaz Tqven, Cems Zmasa, mdivanbegs vaxtangs... Zmobisa da saxlis kacobis pirobaze viyo... erTni viyvneT, rac an R~TiTa da an batoniT, momces da viSovoT, nasyids garda, saerTo iyos. (sq~s sZv~lni II, 208)

1717 wlis `Zmobis wignSi~ uSualod valis erToblivad

gadaxdazea saubari:

gayrilni viyaviT... da isev ZmaTa SeviyareniT. es piroba davzdeviT... rom... mamuli... nasyidica da usyidica, yvela gagierTebia: rac erTobaSi SevimatoT, saerTo iyos, rac dagvekargos isic saerTo iyos... Cven rom vali gumarTebs oci Tumani, saerTod gadavixadoT, da sxva, rac darCes, Tav-TavisTvis gardavixadoT... an mamuli viqrTamoT, an viyidoT, yvela saerTo iyos...~ (sq~s sZv~lni I, 445).

marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi valis gadaxdaze sagangebod

araferia naTqvami, magram ojaxis Seyris Semdeg saerTo qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba mainc calsaxad ivaraudeba, rasac mowmobs 1778 wels `erTobis wignis~ erTi aseTi Canaweri:

...papa Cemi da mama Seni... gayriliyvnen da mas ukan Zmobisa da saxlis kacobis siyvaruliT ZmaT Seyriliyvnen... mas ukan kidev gayriliyvnen da axla Cven... movindomeT ZmaT Seyra da erTad yofna... rac papas Cems... wili gamohyolia samkvidro, Tu nasyidoba da Tu mas ukandeli Sematebuli yma da mamuli, dRes risac mqonebeli var... amiT ZmaTa Segyrivar... Seni wili nasyidi... lxinSi Tu WirSi saZmoT unda movixmaroT...~ (sq~s, sZv. 1, 102-102).

daaxloebiT amasve mowmobs 1777 wlis sabuTic:

`...rac gvabadia da momavalSi gveqneba Cven Tanasworad unda gvekuTvnodes... da rasac SeviZenT, saerTo unda iyos...~

saqme rom swored Seyrilobis instituts exeba, amas ufro

damajerebelad mowmobs 268-e muxli:

547 Seyriylobis wigni, cssa, 1448, saqme 8399.

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<kaci rom> Tavis saxliskacs gaeyaros... (Tu uSvilo kaci iyos da) Seeyaros visme... isrev uSviloT mokvdes, imisi mamulica da qonebaca visac Sehyria, imas unda darCes548.

erTi sityviT, vidre ojaxebi Seyrilebi iyvnen maT Tanabari

ufleba eniWebodaT qonebaze. daviT batoniSvilis samarTali iTvaliswinebda xelaxal gayras, rac iSviaTi ar yofila.549 rodesac garkveuli drois Semdeg Seyrili ojaxebi kvlav gaiyrebodnen, Cveulebriv, erTad SeZenil mTel qonebasa da dovlaTs Tanabrad inawilebdnen; saerTo mflobelobaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebi ki kvlav maT mesakuTre ojaxTa xelSi gadadioda. `is miwebi ki, rac ojaxebs Seyrilobamde hqondaT SeZenili, ojaxebis gaerTianebis momentSi erTiandeboda da misi mosavalic gayramde erToblivad moixmareboda, magram gayris dros es nakveTebi kvlav maTi mesakuTre ojaxebis xelSi gadadioda~.550

gvarTa Seyrilobas erT-erTi safuZveli Tavdacvis mizniT Zlier gvarTan sustis mikedleba iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi sust gvars evaleboda saTanado wesis Sesruleba – xaris dakvla Zlieri gvaris koSkTan. `am dRidan is iRebda mfarvelis gvars da uzrunvelyofda Tavis uSiSroebas. susti gvari iRebda imis uflebasac, rom esargeblna Semfarebeli gvaris saZovrebiT, saTibebiT da tyiT, xolo saxnavebi maT calke hqondaT kerZos sakuTrebaSi~.551 r. xaraZe aRniSnavs xsenebuli wesis msgavsebas xevsurul CveulebasTan da wers: `gvarebis Seyrisa da amasTan dakavSirebiT xaris dakvlis es wesi mogvagonebs Âar – qvabiT Semoyris xevrusul Cveulebas~.552

Tumca, rogorc g. cecxlaZe aRniSnavs, ojaxis Seyras masobrivi xasiaTi ar hqonia. eTnografiul masalebze dayrdnobiT igi wers: `Tu kacs coli moukvdeboda da Svili ar darCeboda, is romelime ZmasTan cxovrebas irCevda, saxl-kars gayidda da Tavisi qonebiT ZmasTan da misi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad ganagrZobda cxovrebas~.553 imave avtoris Tanaxmad, guriaSi ojaxebis Seyris meore mizezi iyo ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. am SemTxvevaSi, es ganpirobebuli iyo ojaxis siduxWiriT. Tu gayril gaRaribebul ojaxs damoukideblad arsebobda uWirda,

548 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli (teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 551. 549 xelnaweri H 2330, ix. agreTve daviT bagrationi, dasax. Txz. mux. 946-947 550 Далгат Б. Материалы по обычному праву ингушей, ИИНИИК, II-III, ст. 351, miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 135-136. 551 Далгат Б. Материалы по обычному праву ингушей, ИИНИИК, II-III, ст. 312-313., miTiTebulia iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasielebis saojaxo yofa, Tbilisi, 1969, gv.135-136. 552 xaraZe r. xevsuruli Ziri da gvari, `mimomxilveli~, I, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 553 cecxlaZe g., guriis mosaxleobis saojaxo yofa, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 18.

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maSin ojaxi `mamiseul ojaxs an romelime Zmis ojaxs Seekedleboda~.554

mTaSi (xevi, mTiuleTi, gudamayari, Trusos xeoba) gayrili ojaxebis xelaxali Seyris procesi komlobrivi gadasaxadis gamoRebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ojaxebis gayra iwvevda sakomlo gamosaRebis zrdas xazinis sasargeblod, xolo Seyris Sedegad xelovnurad mcirdeboda komlTa ricxvi da amdenad, xazinis Semosavalic.555

`amgvarad, XIX saukunis werilobiTi da eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT aSkara unda iyos, rom ojaxebis Seyrilobas xevSi apirobebda ekonomiuri interesebi. amitom im procesSic, romelic n. WilaSvilma gagvacno, unda davinaxoT fiqtiuri Seyriloba, iseve rogorc xSir SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen fiqciur gayrilobasac. [...] rogorc n. Nnikiforovi556 wers, xelisuflebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miuqcevia ojaxebis gayris saqmisaTvis, vinaidan didi ojaxebis danawileba individualur ojaxebad iwvevda muSa xelisa da dovlaTis Semcirebas. am procesis Senelebis mizniT, xelisfulebas SeumuSavebia proeqti, romlis mixedviT gayra dasaSvebi yofila mxolod ojaxis ufrosis, sasoflo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da guberniis ufrosis TanxmobiT~.557

faqtobrivad, es iyo formaluri Seyriloba, erTgvari gamosavali, radgan ojaxebis SeyraSi mTielebi poulobdnen sakomlo gadasaxadis Semcirebis realur gzas.558

v. iToniSvilis Tanaxmad, marTalia, ojaxebis realuri Seyris faqti mTxobelebma ver daasaxeles. samagierod, aRniSnes araerTi SemTxveva, roca ekonomiurad gaWirvebuli kaci, Tavisi ojaxiT axlo naTesavebma garkveuli droiT Seixiznes da Semdeg, rodesac ojaxi gaiyara, mTeli saojaxo qoneba Tanabrad imden wilad gayves, ramdeni mowilec iyo ojaxSi da erTi-erTi mowile Sexiznebuli naTesavi iyo. aseTi Seyris mizani iyo siRatakidan Tavis daRweva, rac axlobeli naTesavebis humanuri mxardaWeriT gamoixateboda.559

Seyrilobis instituti arsebobda centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic. ojaxebisa da gvarebis Seyriloba sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo gapirobebuli. ZiriTadad, gayrili ojaxebis kvlav Seyra urTierTdaxmarebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgenda. ase magaliTad, inguSebis yofaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, roca ganayrebs Soris erT-erT ojaxs gauWirdeboda da siduxWiridan gamosvlis saSualeba espoboda, gayrili ojaxebi kvalav erTad

554 iqve. 555 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 122. 556 Никифоров Н., Экономический быт государственных крестьян Душетского уезда Тифлисской губернии, МИЭБГЗК, т. V, ч. II, Тифлисб 1887, ст. 24 557 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 126. 558 iToniSvili v., moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 123. 559 iqve gv. 124

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Seiyrebodnen da mTel qonebas Seaziarebdnen, ganurCvelad imisa vis meti SeZleba hqonda da vis naklebi.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom, marTalia, Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxi ar yofila Seyriloba, magram am sakiTxs SevexeT zogadad imdenad, ramdenadac _ qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli rigi istoriuli mizezis gamo _ sakuTrebis gankerZoebasTan brZolaSi ojaxis da qonebis erTianobis SenarCunebis mizniT samoqalaqos hsjulvilebaSi daxasiaTebuli viTareba sinamdvilisagan didad ar gansxvavdeboda.

amgvarad, ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze Sejamebis saxiT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom Seyril ojaxebs qonebaze Tanabari ufleba eniWebodaT; mizezis miuxedavad, Seyrilobis institutTan mimarTebiTac yvela sakiTxi Tavdapirvelad CveulebiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda, mogvianebiT ki ojaxis Seyris wesebi saTanadod aisaxa qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi..

yovelive es kidev erTxel naTlad mowmobs qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovnebis maRal doneze. rodesac garkveuli dro gavidoda, Seyrili ojaxebi kvlav iyrebodnen da qonebas Tanabrad inawilebdnen.

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daskvna kvlevis procesSi ganvixileT is, rac, Cveni azriT,

Rirebulia ojaxis gayris institutTan dakavSirebul TaviseburebaTa naTelsayofad qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi. Cven mier sakvlevi sakiTxi gaanalizebuli iqna qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis, saarqivo masalebis, iuridiul-istoriuli da eTnografiuli Sromebidan moxmobili magaliTebis safuZvelze. kvlevisas SevecadeT, gamogvevlina kavSirebi erTi mxriv, mkvlevar-mecnierTa Teoriul midgomebs Soris da, meore mxriv, kvlevis procesSi wamoWril konkretul sakiTxebsa da problemebs Soris. SevecadeT, samarTlebrivi kuTxiT warmogveCina ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, romlebic, Teoriuli xasiaTis iuridiul naSromebSi istoriul-samarTlebrivi kuTxiT, calke sakiTxad gamokvleuli da siRrmiseulad Seswavlili praqtikulad ar aris. Aamdenad, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs eTnografTa mier moZiebul cnobebs, romlebic gviqmnian warmodgenas adrefeodaluri da gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi moqmedi rogorc ojaxis gayris safuZvlebze, mizezebsa da pirobebze, ise gayris subiqtTa samarTlebriv uflebamosilebaze da maT qonebriv uflebebze.

qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlebrivi kulturisa da iuridiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis WrilSi, Cven mier problematizebuli iqna ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebul konkretul arsebiT sakiTxTa (ojaxis gayris mizezebi da formebi _ gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobiT da ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSe, ojaxis gayris subieqtebi da gayris Sedegad gasayofi obieqtebi, saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis gayrisadmi) farTo wre da maTi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gamovkveTeT ojaxis gayris gansxvavebuli da msgavsi mizezebi. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, SevajereT eTnografTa da iuristTa interpretaciebi; SevecadeT, ojaxis gayris institutis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis demonstrirebas. Cveni azriT, mxolod lokaluri (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saqarTvelo) kvlevis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli lokaluris mniSvnelobis gaazreba regionaluris (centraluri kavkasia) farglebSi; meore mxriv, lokalurisa da regionaluris kvlevisas Tavs iCens globaluric.

sadisertacio naSromSi warmodgenili kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da mecnieruli siaxle Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba SevajamoT:

1. SedarebiTi istoriis WrilSi ojaxis institutis ganxilvam (misi ganmsazRreli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT), naTeli suraTi mogvca imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganviTarda da ra cvlilebebi ganicada ojaxis institutma saqarTveloSi. formaTa genezisisa da struqturis mixedviT, saqrTveloSi arsebobda gvarovnuli, didi patriarqaluri da individualuri ojaxi; aseve, SeiniSneba matriarqatis kvali, ris arsebobasac naTlad mowmobs dis Svilebisadmi biZis (dedis Zmis) damokidebuleba da movaleoba;

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kerZod, oboli disSvilis aRzrda, zog SemTxvevaSi, misTvis qonebis garkveuli wilis micema.

Cven mier ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze aSkarad ikveTeba, rom, msoflios civiluri samyaros msgavsad, saqarTveloSic ojaxis tipi icvleboda sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa cvlilebis kvalobaze. adrefeodaluri xanidan, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTad ujreds warmoadgenda didi ojaxi, romelic qmnida erTian religiur, naTesaur da sameurneo sawyisebze dafuZnebul organizms, xolo saojaxo urTierTobebi, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa msgavsad, CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT regulirdeboda. didi ojaxis siZlieris garanti misi erTianoba da gauyofloba iyo, rasac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda erTad cxovrebis tradiciad qceuli fsiqologiuri faqtori, meore mxriv ki, ekonomikuri da TavdacviTi interesebi. qonebis warmoSobis wyaros miuxedavad, mTeli qoneba didi ojaxis saerTo sakuTrebad miiCneoda. patara ojaxisagan didi ojaxis ganmasxvavebeli erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani iyo sakuTrebis uflebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi, romlis gankargva ojaxis arc erT wevrs ar SeeZlo. saojaxo-saTemo qonebis TviTneburi gasxviseba ojaxis ufrossac ar SeeZlo; aseTi ufleba mas hqonda mxolod patara, warmoebis kapitalisturi wesis ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoqmnil kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebul ojaxSi, romelic didi patriarqaluri ojaxisagan gansxvavebul socialur mikroujreds warmoadgenda.

2. adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi ojaxis gayra imdenad miuRebeli da iSviaTi iyo, rom qarTuli samarTlis adreul ZeglebSi ojaxis gayris Sesaxeb muxlebi ar gvxvdeba. ojaxis gayris Cveulebis aRmoceneba pirdapir dakavSirebulia didi ojaxis institutis moSlasTan. qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi ojaxis gayris aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneboda terminebi `gayra~` `gayofa~, `garigeba~, `gafardeba,~ riTac axali, damoukidebeli ojaxebis Seqmna da TiToeuli maTganis myarad gansazRvruli sakuTari qoneba igulisxmeboda. ojaxis gayris procesi regulirdeboda CveulebiTi samarTlis wesebiT; mogvianebiT, rodesac ojaxis gayram intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo, CveulebiTi samarTlis wesebi saTanadod aisaxa qarTuli samarTlis werilobiTi Zeglebis sakanonmdeblo normebSi.

ojaxis Sida saqmeebSi saxelmwifo ar ereoda. qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebiT dasturdeba, rom ojaxis gayris Taobaze sarCelis maSinve dakmayofileba mizanSewonilad ar miiCneoda; ojaxis gayra xdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxis gauyrelad SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. mizezis miuxedavad, gayris arsebiTi safuZveli mainc iyo, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri faqtori, Sromis danawilebis sul ufro metad specializacia da, meore mxriv, ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetis daknineba.

3. ojaxis saerTo qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulireba rogorc ojaxis gayris, ise memkvidreobis dros CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT xdeboda. saerTo miznisa da Sedegis miuxedvad, orive SemTxvevaSi qoneba damoukidebeli sakuTrebis

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gankerZoebuli saxiT yalibdeboda da mTel rig socialur-ekonomikur mizezebs ukavSirdeboda. saerTo miznisa da Sedegis miuxedavad, gayris instituti da memkvidreobis instituti mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aramizanSewonilia rogorc maTi dapirispireba, ise gaigiveba.

didi ojaxis gayris mizezis miuxedavad, saqrTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, mTasa Tu barSi, arsebobda ojaxis gayris ori forma: gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSeE da gayra ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobiT. ucxo piris/pirTa monawileobis gareSeE gayrisas qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da organizacia xdeboda uSualod ojaxis farglebSi, ojaxis ufrosis (mama, ufrosi Zma) mier. ojaxis gayofisas gasayofi qoneba zustad aRiwereboda da ganisazRvreboda, Tu vis ra qonebis wili unda gadascemoda. qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulirebis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu rodis xdeboda gayra _ ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSi Tu misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. ojaxis gayofis msgavsi formebi moqmedebda ara mxolod saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, aramed centralur kavkasiaSic.

ojaxis gayris orive formis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis fonze, gamovkveTeT ramdenime sakiTxi: a) qonebis ganawilebis dros mowileebs Soris uTanxmoebebisa da problemur sakiTxTa mosagvareblad moyavdaT gareSeE piri mediatori; b) laTinur termin `mediatoris~ ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobiT qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi ixmareboda terminebi _ `Suakaci~, `gamrige~. Gg) ojaxis gayris dros mediatorTa meSveobiT qonebis gayofa samarTlianad regulirdeboda; am faqts mowmobs maTi meSveobiT ojaxis gayris sixSire da mediatorobis institutis arsebobis xangrZlivoba. mediatorTa meSveobiT ojaxis gayris forma gasuli saukunis bolomde gamoiyeneboda.

4. ojaxis gayrasTan dakavSirebiT mowile subieqtTa qonebis sakiTxis regulirebisas kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelobda saxelmwifo interesebiT; gadawyvetilebas iRebda kanonis safuZvelze, saqmis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad; Tumca, imavdroulad, CveulebiTi samarTlis odindel wesebsac iTvaliswinebda. Oojaxis gayris dros dgeboda gayris wigni, romelSic zustad iyo gansazRvruli Semdegi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi: a) rogor da ra formiT iyreboda ojaxi; b) vin iyvnen gayris subieqtebi; zustad iyo miTiTebuli TiToeuli subieqtis vinaoba; g) romel mowiles qonebis ra wili ergeboda ojaxis gayris dros; d) vin eswreboda ojaxis gayris faqts; e) vis mier da ramden egzemplarad xdeboda gayris sabuTis Cawera; bolos mieTiTeboda ojaxis gayris zusti TariRi da dokumenti mowmeTa xelmoweriT an beWdiT dasturdeboda. gvianfeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi gayris wigni iyo saTanado formiTa da wesebis dacviT, samarTlis normaTa Sesabamisad Sedgenili dokumenti. Cven mier Seswavlili gayris dokumentebi aSkarad metyvelebs qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, gayris sabuTis iuridiul [samarTlebriv] gamarTulobaze.

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5.gayris formis miuxedavad (ojaxis gayra ucxo piris/pirebis monawileobiT Tu maT gareSe), qonebis gayofis samarTlebrivi regulirebis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu rodis xdeboda gayra _ ojaxis ufrosis sicocxleSi, Tu misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. gvianfeodaluri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenaTa Tanaxmad, ojaxis gayrisas qonebis wils iRebda yvela, visac ki raime wvlili hqonda Setanili saerTo saojaxo dovlaTis mopovebaSi; qonebis ganawilebis dros mowilis asaksa da ojaxur mdgomareobas yuradReba ar eqceoda; mowileebs Soris qoneba Tanabrad nawildeboda. didi ojaxis gayris dros gayofas eqvemdebareboda rogorc materialuri qoneba, ise yma-glexebi.

ojaxis gayris institutis orive formis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis fonze gamovkveTeT ramdenime sakiTxi:

a) ojaxis gayris dros saerTo qonebis gayofa-danawileba didi ojaxis segmentacias iwvevda, meore mxriv ki, piris qonebrivi da uflebrivi mdgomareobis dadgenas. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi saojaxo yofis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, mraval mkvlevarTa msgavsad da Cveni azriTac, didi ojaxebis daSlisa da individualuri ojaxebiT TandaTanobiT Secvlis mzard procesSi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda im princips, romlis safuZvelzec ganisazRvreboda ojaxis qonebis mowile subieqtebi, ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli gasayofi qonebis tipi da raodenoba.

wilis miRebis uflebis mqone piri mowiled iwodeboda. saerTo qonebidan mowileebisaTvis gamoyofil qonebis wils `xuedri~-c ewodeboda; qonebis gayofa xdeboda SefardebiT. am wesiT qonebis gayofa imdenad misaRebad miaCndaT mowileebs, rom xvedrebul wils aRar asaCivrebdnen. mowilis mier Tavisi wilis miRebas wilis gatana ewodeboda. arsebiTad, swored am momentidan xdeboda ojaxis TiToeuli wevri gancalkevebuli qonebis mflobeli da masze uflebis matarebeli. ojaxis qonebis gayofisas aseve gamoiyofoda mefis wili anu gasamyrelo. am saxis wilis Sesaxeb naxsenebia vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi.

b) mSoblebis sicocxleSi ojaxis gayris dros, yvelaferi Tanabrad nawildeboda, mSobeli umcros SvilTan rCeboda. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlisa da qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis Tanaxmadac, qonebas yofda mama; saerTo qonebis garkveuli wili mSoblebis saxelzec gamoiyofoda. Sesabamisad, erT-erTi mowile anu gayris subieqtebi iyvnen mSoblebic. maT wil qonebas samarxi, kuTxeTa mixedviT ki, aseve, ewodeboda sadido, sanax-samarxi, asamwevro, awevis wili, mosamlelo, samkvdrino, sarCo. ojaxis gayrisas mSoblebis wilTan mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, msgavsi principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic.

g) mamis sicocxleSi did gauyofel ojaxSi Svilebs damoukidebeli wilis qona ar SeeZloT; vaJiSvilebs piradi moxmarebis nivTebis (Casacmel-dasaxuravi) garda sakuTrebis ufleba sxva araferze hqonodaT; TviT iaraRic ki ojaxis saerTo

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sakuTrebad iTvleboda. ojaxis wevrebis qonebrivi uflebebis gansazRvris ZiriTadi kriteriumi ojaxisadmi maTi faqtiuri kuTvnileba iyo. es viTareba Zmebis gauyrelobis princips efuZneboda. vaJiSvilebis mier individualurad gamomuSavebuli fuli, maT mier SeZenili nebismieri saxis moZravi Tu uZravi qoneba, yvelaferi mamis srul gankargulebaSi gadadioda.

didi ojaxis gayris dros, rogorc qarTuli CveulebiTi, ise qarTuli samrTlis ZeglebiT, mTavar mowileebad vaJiSvilebi ganixilebodnen. ojaxis wevrebs Soris qonebriv-samarTlebriv urTierTobas qonebis gayofis sistema ganapirobebda. gayofas eqvemdebareboda rogorc moZravi qoneba, ise yvela sanadelo gamosaRebi, aseve Senoba-nagebobac. vaJebs Soris ojaxis moZrav-uZravi qonebis gayofa mamis mier xdeboda, arc erTi vaJi ar rCeboda uwilod. garkveuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wilTan mimarTebiT ZmaTa qonebrivi uflebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda; gauyofel ojaxSi gaweuli ufro meti Sromisa Tu saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolisaTvis ufros Zmas damatebiTi qonebis wili saufroso eZleoda. SuaTana ZmisTvis/ZmebisaTvis gacemul wils sasaSualo ewodeboda. mcirewlovan umcros Zmas (an Zmebs) saumcroso wili eZleoda imdeni, ramdenic mas davaJkacebamde eyofoda. ZmaTa SeTanxmebiT, saumcroso wilis odenoba zustad ganisazRvreboda ojaxis qonebis kvalobaze; saumcroso anu saqorwino wils gaTanabrebis wilic ewodeboda. ojaxis gayrisas romelime Zmas Tu cudi wili Sexvdeboda, aseT wils sauareso ewodeboda. ojaxis gayris dros aseT mowiles kompensaciis saxiT cota met wils gamouyofdnen xolme.

d) marTalia, ojaxis institutma ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo, magram didi ojaxis gayris dros patriarqalur-gvarovnuli principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: saojaxo qonebis mowileebad, upiratesad, vaJiSvilebi miiCneodnen. es wesi moqmedebda saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. adaTis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi qaliSvils saojaxo qonebidan wili ar miecemoda. ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic, qaliSvili gamoiricxeboda mowileTagan. adaTis Tanaxmad, qaliSvils SeeZlo mxolod moZravi qonebis waReba, isic mziTevis saxiT. Zalze rTuli wesebi moyva mziTevis institutis warmoqmnas; dadginda meuRleTa uflebebi rogorc sakuTari, ise meorenaxevris wili qonebis mimarT. yvela wodebisa da mdgomareobis qalisaTvis mamis ojaxidan mziTevis saxiT moZravi qonebis gatanebis wesi mowmobs, rom qals mainc ar tovebdnen sruliad uwilod. qalisaTvis mziTevis micema mamis (misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi ki ufrosi Zmis) movaleobad da Rirsebad miiCneoda.

qonebis flobis TvalsazrisiT, qaliSvili bevrad privilegirebuli iyo vaJiSvilTan SedarebiT. igi bavSvobidanve flobda piradi SromiT SeZenil qonebas saTavnos, romelic misi asakis matebis kvalobaze matulobda da sikvdilamde mTeli am qonebis sruli mesakuTre da ganmkargulebeli iyo. sanam ojaxi erTiani iyo, qals mziTviT sargeblobis gansakuTrebuli ufleba

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ar gaaCnda, rameTu, CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, gauyofel ojaxSi mTeli qoneba saerTo iyo, am gagebiT, qali gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda. mziTviT sargeblobda qmris ojaxis yvela wevri. saerTo saojaxo qonebidan mziTevi mxolod ojaxis gayofisas gamoiyofoda calke. didi ojaxis gayrisas mziTevi da saTavno gayofas ar eqvemdebareboda. komlis valebze qali Tavisi qonebiT pasuxs ar agebda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom qals ojaxis valis gadaxda ar evaleboda.

e) ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze, qvrivi qalis wilTan mimarTebiT naTlad gamoikveTa ramdenime faqti: 1.adaTis Tanaxmad, uwilod ar tovebdnen qvriv qals, Tumca misTvis misacem wilTan mimarTebiT ramdenime arsebiT viTarebas iTvaliswinebdnen. 2.vaxtang VI-is samarTali da daviT batoniSvilis samarTali adgens mziTevis micemas ukanonod Sobili qaliSvilisaTvisac. 3.orsuli qalis qonebis wilTan mimarTebiT, marTalia, mkvlevarTa mier urTierTsapirispiro cnobebi ikveTeba, magram qonebis gayofis dros zogjer mainc mxedvelobaSi miiReboda qalis orsuloba da mcired wils masac gamouyofdnen xolme, miT ufro Tu qali jvardawerili iyo.

v) Zveli saojaxo tradiciiT, didi ojaxis gayris dros qonebis wili eZleoda obols, zedsiZes, naSvilebs, ojaxis Sromisuunaro wevrs. obols ergeboda mamis mTliani wili; mogvianebiT, kanonis Tanaxmadac, oboli SviliSvili uwilod ar unda daetovebinaT.

zedsiZeobas mowmobs rogorc eTnografiuli masalebi, aseve vaxtang VI-is samarTalic. vaxtangis samarTlis ZaliT, zedsiZeobis dros dediserTa qaliSvili mSoblebis moZrav-uZravi qonebis sruli mflobeli xdeboda; zedsiZed SesvliT vaJiSvili Tavis wils kargavda mamis saxlSi, samagierod uvaJo ojaxis mTeli qoneba mis xelSi gadadioda. zedsiZeoba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli saqrTvelos barSi, rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa, ise glexTa Soris; saqarTvelos mTaSi (xevSi, xevsureTSi, fSavSi) CasiZeba miuRebeli iyo.

kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu mSviloblebi uSvilo meuRleebi iyvnen, mTeli maTi qoneba naSvilebs rCeboda; Tu naSvilebi qmris romelime arasrulwlovani naTesavi iyo, mas iseve ekuTvnoda wili, rogorc RviZl Svils.

ojaxis gayris dros kanoni aseve adgenda garkveul wils ojaxis Sromisuunaro pirisTvisac, Tumca masTan mimarTebiT, ojaxis janmrTel wevrebs garkveul valdebulebebsac uwesebda.

gerisTvis wilis micema damokidebuli iyo an maminacvlis windawin gacxadebul pirobaze, an papis mier sicocxleSive daweril sabuTze, riTac papa qonebis garkveul wils gers akuTvnebda.

qarTuli Cveulebis mixedviT, ukanonod Sobils ojaxidan wili ar ekuTvnoda, magram Tu uZeo mama moindomebda misTvis qonebis datovebas, mis nebas veravin SeewinaaRmdegeboda. humanurobis principidan gamomdinare, vaxtang VI-is samarTali da daviT batoniSvilis samarTali iTvaliswinebs bastardebis

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mdgomareobas da adgens maTTvis mciredi qonebis gaRebas; aseve, mziTevis micemas ukanonod Sobili qaliSvilisTvis.

z) eTnografiuli masalebisa da qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis ganxilvis safuZvelze SevecadeT warmogveCina ojaxis gayris Sedegad miwis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli uZravi qonebis gayofis, aseve, valisa da beiTalmanis samarTlebrivi regulaciis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi.

mciremiwian saqarTveloSi mflobelobis mixedviT miwebi iyofoda: saxelmwifo, saTemo, sakomlo, aseve saeklesio sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwebad, ris safuZvelzec miwa gansxvavebul samarTlebiv reglametnacias eqvemdebareboda. didi ojaxis gayris dros sagangebo yuradRebis obieqti iyo miwa. CveulebiTi samarTliT, saxlis damfuZneblad mamakaci miiCneoda. sagvareulo miwa unda ganawilebuliyo vaJiSvilebs Soris da ar unda moxvedriliyo sxva gvaris sakuTrebaSi. qonebis ganawilebis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda miwebis dazomvas da maT Tanabar danawilebas; mowileebs Soris miwa Tanabrad nawildeboda; ar SeiZleboda, rom erT mowiles mxolod saxnavi miwebi rgeboda, meores saTibi, mesames zvari da a.S. am faqts mowmobs gayrilobis araerTi wigni.

soflad umiwo saxli iSviToba iyo. glexebis yofaSi saxli da ojaxi ganuyrelad iyo dakavSirebuli miwis mflobelobasTan; calke damoukidebeli ojaxis Seqmna SeeZlo mxolod im pirs, visac miwis nakveTi sakuTrebaSi hqonda. pirs, romelsac SeiZleba miwis nadeli hqonoda, miwis nakveTis mflobelis msgavsad, SeeZlo damoukidebeli ojaxis Seqmna. saojaxo sakuTrebis gauyoflobis SemTxvevaSi, gauyofadi sakuTreba saerTo sagvareulo qonebaSi rCeboda, riTac misi mflobeli calkeuli ojaxebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT sargeblobdnen. amgvarad, miwis Tanamflobeloba nakarnaxevi iyo saerTo interesebiT. miwis mowileebTan mimarTebiT, msgavsi adaTi moqmedebda centralur kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic.

miwis nakveTs Zmebi saerTo sargeblobaSic itovebdnen. aseT saziaro adgilebs gayrili Zmebi rig-rigobiT amuSavebdnen, zogjer aqiravebdnen da miRebul Semosavals iyofdnen an saubno dReobaSi xarjavdnen an Seswiravdnen TavianT sagvareulo salocavs. saziarod datovebuli nakveTi bevr muSaxels iTxovda; Cveulebriv, aseTi miwis nakveTi soflidan moSorebiT mdebareobda da masze miRebul mosavals Zmebi Tanabrad iyofdnen. saziarod Zmebs aseve SeiZleba daetovebinaT maRlari venaxi. am saxis venaxi TiToeul mowiles unda Sexvedroda, raTa ojaxi Rvinis gareSe ar darCeniliyo. mciremiwianobis gamo ezoc SeiZleba saziarod daetovebinaT.umemkvidreod darCenili ojaxis saxvneli miwa da saTibi Temis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. danarCen uZrav qonebas (baRi, wisqvili, sameurneo nagebobebi) da moZrav qonebas uaxloesi naTesavebi euflebodnen.

Cven mier ganxilulia isic, Tu rogor xdeboda ojaxis gayris dros keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargva. Cveulebriv, vidre ojaxi gauyreli iyo, ojaxs gare samuSaobze wasuli vaJiSvili

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Tavis naSovn fuls ojaxis saerTo qonebas SeurTebda xolme, magram ojaxis gayris dros amas mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen. qonebis ganawilebisas calke gamoyofdnen monageb miwebs (ase iwodeboda `ofliT mopovebuli~ miwa) da samkvidro anu mama-papeul miwebs. monagebi miwebis gayofisas TavianT wils iRebdnen ara marto ojaxis mamis vaJiSvilebi, aramed is ufrosi biZaSvilebic, romelTac TavianTi SromiT qonebis gazrdaSi wvlili hqondaT Setanili. amrigad, keTilmonagebi qonebis gankargvis ufleba saojaxo Temis yvela monawileze vrceldeboda, radgan isini saojaxo Temis axal samarTlebriv kategorias warmoadgendnen.

Cveulebriv, ojaxis gayris dros gayofas eqvemdebareboda valic. Tu ojaxs vali saerTo saojaxo saWiroebisaTvis hqondaT aRebuli, maSin ojaxis gayris dros yvela mowiles vali Tanabrad unda gadaexada, an SeiZleboda erT Zmas dakisreboda valis srulad gastumreba, maSin mas ojaxis gayrisas meti wili miecemoda; anda vali Tavad amRebs an mis memkvidreebs unda gadaexadaT. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 141-e muxlis Tanaxmad, srulwlovanebamde valis gadaxda oblebsa ar moeTxovebodaT. daaxloebiT imave Sinaarsis muxlia mocemuli daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis wignSi; mxedvelobaSi maqvs muxli valis aRebisaTvis.

cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ojaxi ise amowydeboda, rom arc pirdapiri naTesavi darCeboda da arc gverdiTi xaziT naTesavi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ojaxis qoneba upatronod iwodeboda. saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT, qarTul enaSi aris upatrono qonebis aRmniSvneli ramdenime termini. magaliTad, dapsebuli, gadasuli, gadaSenebuli, gatialebuli, upatrono, gumokileri ojaxi. magram upatrono qonebis aRsaniSn terminad, ZiriTadad, mainc arabuli warmoSobis sityva beiTalmani damkvidrda da dRemde ixmareba. rogorc wesi, saero piris upatronod darCenil anu beiTalman qonebas ZiriTadad xelmwife gankargavda. Aam faqts mowmobs vaxtang VI-is samarTlis 113-e muxli. sasuliero piris uZravi beiTalmani qoneba srulad rCeboda eklesias, xolo moZravi qoneba samad iyofoda, rasac mowmobs vaxtang VI-is samarTalis 175-e muxli; daviT batoniSvili nawilobriv iziarebs vaxtang VI-is pozicias episkoposis beiTalman qonebasTan mimarTebiT, magram mas miuReblad miaCnia sxva saxis qonebis naTesavebisaTvis wilad gadacema.

eTnografiuli masalebisa da qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis ganxilvis safuZvelze, naSromis bolo TavSi SevecadeT zogadad warmogveCina is faqtic, rom ojaxis gayra ar niSnavda ganayofTa Soris urTierTobis srulad moSlas. gayris Sedegad ojaxis wevrTa urTierToba erTmaneTTan srulad ar wydeboda da naTesavTa Soris ama Tu im saxiT mainc grZeldeboda. saojaxo qonebis gayofis dros TanasakuTrebaSi tovebdnen gauyofel qonebas, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda da naTesauri jgufis erTiani ojaxidan warmomavlobas mowmobda. xSiri iyo gayrili ojaxebis kvlav Seyra. qarTul samarTalSi Seyris procesis aRsaniSnad termini

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Seyriloba gamoiyeneboda. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis Seyra CveulebiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda; mogvianebiT, ojaxis Seyris wesebi saTanadod aisaxa qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi. Seyrilobis instituts sagangebod eZRvneba Tavi daviT batoniSvilis samarTalSic. ojaxebis Seyra imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom XX saukunemde SemorCa, rasac mowmobs 1924 wliT daTariRebuli Seyris sabuTi. Seyrilobis instituti arsebobda centraluri kavkasiis mkvidr xalxebSic.

ojaxebis Seyra gapirobebuli iyo sxvadasxva mizeziT, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri faqtoriT da urTierTdaxmarebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgenda. gayrili ojaxebis xelaxali Seyris procesi komlobrivi gadasaxadis Semcirebas iwvevda; gvarTa Seyrilobas erT-erTi safuZveli Tavdacvis mizniT Zlier gvarTan sustis mikedleba iyo. Seyris erTgvari wina piroba, Cveni azriTac iyo ganayar ojaxTa Soris urTierTobis tradicia _ Wirsa Tu lxinSi Tanadgoma, winapris kultTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebis erTad Catareba; es erToba aseve vlindeboda ZmaTa saerTo sargeblobaSi arsebuli moZravi Tu uZravi qonebiT. Seyril ojaxebs qonebaze Tanabari ufleba eniWebodaT. rodesac garkveuli dro gavidoda, Seyrili ojaxebi kvlav iyrebodnen da qonebas Tanabrad inawilebdnen. Tanabrad iyofoda ara marto Seyris momentSi, aramed erTad cxovrebis dros erToblivi SromiT Seqmnil-dagrovili dovlaTic. saerTo mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebi kvlav maT mesakuTre ojaxTa xelSi gadadioda. Cveulebriv, Seyriloba sagangebod formdeboda werilobiTi xelSekrulebiT, romelSic zustad iyo gansazRvruli Seyril ojaxis wevr-subieqtTa uflebebi maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebisadmi da is pirobebi, romelTa Sesruleba Seyrili ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis savaldebulo iyo amrigad, Seyrilobis institutis zogadi mimoxilvac naTlad mowmobs Seyrilobis institutTan dakavSirebuli samrTlebrivi regulirebis wesis gamarTulobas

dasasrul, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disertaciaze muSaobis procesSi Cveni mizani iyo eTnografiuli masalebisa da qarTuli feodaluri samarTlis Zeglebis ganxilvis safuZvelze gamogvekveTa, erTi mxriv, didi ojaxis gayris institutis arsebiTi mizezebi, formebi, meore mxriv, didi ojaxis gayris mowile subieqtTa uflebebi, maTi wili da gasayofi nivTebis samarTlebrivi regulaciis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. Yyovelive aRniSnulis fonze ki warmogveCina ojaxis gayris institutTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovnebis kultura, romlis maRal doneze naTlad metyvelebs gayris mowile subieqtebis mimarT da gayofis obieqtebisadmi (uZrav-moZravi qonebis saxiT) qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTliT moqmedi normebi da regulirebis wesi. mogvianebiT, rodesac samarTlis werilobiTi Zeglebi Seiqmna, kanonmdebeli gadawyvetilebas iRebda saqmis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad, Tumca CveulebiTi samarTlis odindel wesebsac iTvaliswinebda.

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yovelive es kidev erTxel naTlad mowmobs qarTuli CveulebiTi da feodaluri xanis samarTlebrivi azrovnebis maRal dones.

Cveni azriT, ojaxis gayris safuZvelTa Seswavla, zogadad, msgavs principTa Ziebis saSualebaa. vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT kvleva saintereso da Rirebulia imdenad, ramdenadac saSualeba gveZleva xelaxla gaviazroT da naTelvyoT ojaxis gayris formebi, ojaxis gayris institutTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburebebi qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi, saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ojaxis gayrisadmi. gamokvleva SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes iuridiuli fakultetis studentebis mier istoriul WrilSi ojaxis gayris institutis samarTlebrivi kuTxiT Sesaswavlad.

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ojaxis gayris wesebi zveli qartuli samartlis...

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