saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

dodo WumburiZe

qaquca ColoyaSvili

saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri

meomris biblioTeka #5

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mexuTe wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

mecnierebaTa doqtori,

vice polkovniki Temur dalaqiSvili

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili

3

1988 wlis Semodgomaze, qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis axali talRis azvirTebis Jams, Tbilisis quCebSi gamosuli

axalgazrdebis xelSi qarTulma sazogadoebam pirvelad ixila qamar-

xanjalze xeldadebuli, amayi mzeriT da keTilSobiluri qarTuli

garegnobiT gamorCeuli ucnobi vaJkacis portreti. samocdaaTwliani

sabWoTa diqtaturiT sulSexuTulma qarTvelobam, Tavis erovnul

droSasTan erTad, es portreti saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da

saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis simbolod aqcia. cota vinmem Tu icoda

maSin, vin iyo es idumali da misabaZi gmiri, totalitarul∗ reJims misi

xsenebac ki moespo, raTa qarTvelebSi brZolisa da dakarguli

Tavisuflebis aRdgenis Jini ar gacocxlebuliyo da es adamiani erisTvis

Tavdadebisa da TavSewirvis etalonad ar qceuliyo. es CurCuliT

saTqmeli da eriskacobis magaliTad qceuli gvar-saxeli iyo qaixosro,

igive qaquca ColoyaSvili _ portretze gamoxatuli XX saukunis 20-

iani wlebis qarTuli legenda, erovnuli moZraobis beladi da

yvelasaTvis sayvareli gmiri. qamar-xanjalic sul ramdenime kviris

Camotanili iyo san-franciskodan, sadac maSin qaqucas SeficulTa razmis

ukanaskneli wevri _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvili cxovrobda da vinac es

reliqvia samSobloSi gamoatana amerikis did qalaqebSi mowyobili

samSvidobo svlis monawile Jurnalists _ paata nacvliSvils. maSin

aseTi nivTebis Semotana qveyanaSi SeuZlebeli aRar iyo, e.w.

`perestroikam~ demokratiis elementebi gaaCina da rac manamde

warmoudgeneli Canda, realuri gaxada. Tumca jer kidev ar iyo advili

warsulSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol gmirebTan

dakavSirebuli masalebis propaganda. arc maTi Tavgadasavlis

sazogadoebisaTvis Sexseneba siamovnebda maSindel sabWoTa xelisuflebas.

magram `ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara gacxaddes~. Cven cxovrebaSi

Semoabija ase saguldagulod gadamalulma erovnulma gmirma _ qaquca

ColoyaSvilma.

cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, erovnul-demokrat aleqsandre asaTianis

azriT, qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi mebrZolebis legendaruli

simtkice sikvdilis winaSe Rirseuli masalaa `Seqspiris zomis mweralTa

kalmisaTvis~.

marTlac rom Wirdeba didi Semoqmedi im Rvawlis asaxvas, rac

qarTvelma gmirebma gaiRes samSoblos gadasarCenad, qarTveli erisa da

qarTuli sulierebis dasacavad.

qarTvel ers gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis udidesi istoria

gaaCnia. es brZola samiaTasi wlisa da ufro metisac kia. qarTvelTa

winaprebi icavdnen Tavs mezobeli Zlieri dampyroblebisagan,

inarCunebdnen sakuTar kulturas, tradiciebs, TavisTavadobas, ar

aTqvefilan did xalxebSi da ar gadaSenebulan, rogorc mravali xalxi

da bevri qveyana gaqra msoflios ruqidan. Cveni qveynis gadarCenis

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saidumlo, upirvelesad, misi Svilebis simamaceSi, mSobeli qveynisadmi

uszRvro siyvarulsa da TavdadebaSi mdgomareobs. xSirad Cveni

winaprebis brZola uazroc Canda: mteri uricxvi da veragi iyo da

mcirericxovani Zala mas ver daamarcxebda, magram qarTveloba maSinac

ibrZoda. damarcxebac ki, zogjer gamarjvebas udris. lado asaTiani

werda: `Torem mters isic ki SeaSinebs, erTxel xmamaRla rom vTqvaT

marabda~-o. marabdis omSi qarTuli jari, marTalia, sabolood

damarcxda iranelebTan, magram imdeni zarali miayena maT, imdeni

vaJkacis brwyinvale mxedruli niWi aCvena, rom qarTvelebs marcxad aRar

CauTvliaT, arc Sah-abass miuCnevia am omSi Tavi gamarjvebulad, radgan

mravali jariskaci datova brZolis velze, qarTveli mebrZolebisagan

gangmiruli. meomruli Tavganwirva, zogjer, mimaluli cecxliviTaa:

Cainavleba sadRac, xalxSi, ramdenime vaJkacSi da maSin ifeTqebs xanZrad,

rodesac qveyanas daWirdeba. ase iyo qaqucas SemTxvevaSic: qarTvel

gmirTa Soris Camdgari, minavluli cecxli afeTqda da mTeli

saqarTvelo moicva. gmirebi xom ar kvdebian, maTi magaliTiT eris

saukeTeso Svilebi izrdebian.

1801 wels ruseTisagan dapyrobilma saqarTvelom dakarga yvelaferi

sakuTari: aRar hqonda saxelmwifo, aRar hyavda mefe, qarTuli ena

saSinao enad iqca, qarTuli kultura _ eTnografiul samSvenisad...

xalxi Rirseba-ayrili iyo, Rirseba ki sicocxleze metia, radgan

sicocxles xSirad swiraven Tavmoyvare adamianebi Rirsebis dacvas. eri

ruseTisaken erTmorwmuneobis gamo, mfarvelisa da megobris ZebnaSi

miiswrafoda, man ki mahmadian mtrebze uaresi gaukeTa: arc irans, arc

TurqeTs saqarTvelos samefo taxti ar gauuqmebiaT. marTalia, iranelebi

Sahis vals (nacvals) eZaxdnen qarTvel mefeebs, magram es verafers

cvlida. qarTveli xalxisTvis is mefe iyo. qarTuli ena da kultura

iseve arsebobda, rogorc adre, mahmadianobazec ar gadasula mTeli

qveyana, eklesia-monastrebsac aSenebdnen da qristianobasac Zveleburad

eTayvanebodnen. 1801 wlidan 1918 wlamde ar Sewyvetila qarTveli

xalxis brZola ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg. pirvelad

es sisxlismRvreli ajanyebebiT aRiniSna: 1802, 1804, 1812 wlebSi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ajanyda, mTiuleTi da kaxeTi, 1819-1820 wlebSi

imereTi da guria, 1832 wels SeTqmuleba moewyo didi ajanyebisa da

saqarTvelodan rusebis gayris gegmiT, magram SeTqmulebi gasces. ise

daaSines eris mowinave Svilebi, rom lamis xeli Caaqnevines, Seagues

rusul uRels. magram qarTveli xalxi didxans ver egueba momxdurTa

Zaladobas, brZolis sxvadasxva xerxebidan imas irCevs, rac yvelaze

gamosadegi da drois Sesaferisia. ruseTic icvlida xerxebs: sisxliani

ajanyebebis Semdeg, mcire xniT daTmobis politikas mimarTavda xolme.

aseTi iyo mixeil simonis Ze voroncovis∗ politika saqarTveloSi misi

mefisnacvlobis _ 1844-1854 wlebSi. es adamiani, SesaZloa, nawilobriv

5

gulwrfelic yofiliyo qarTvelebis mimarT pativiscemaSi, radgan misi

mama da biZa iyvnen grafebi _ aleqsandre da simon voroncovebi∗,

liberal-demokrati adamianebi XIX saukunis dasawyisis reaqciul

ruseTSi, romlebic urCevdnen leqsandre I-s∗ ar daepyro saqarTvelo, ar

gaeuqmebina bagrationTa aTaswlovani taxti, radgan es iqneboda

saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRveva. aleqsandre I imperatori iyo da

imperiebi dapyrobebiT iqmneba, amitom, Tumca pativs scemda Zmeb

voroncovebs, mainc reaqcionerebs daujera, is gaakeTa, rac imperias

gazrdida da ganamtkicebda: jer qarTl-kaxeTi daipyro, Semdeg imereTi

da danarCeni saqarTvelo, nawil-nawil, ise rogorc es imperiul devizs

_ `gaTiSe da ibatones~ (`divide eT impera~) Seefereboda. ruseTi ase

TiSavda da apirispirebda erTmaneTTan saqarTvelos kuTxeebs, qarTveli

xalxis Svilebs, radgan yvelaze saSiSi misTvis gaerTianebuli xalxi da

qveyana iyo.

voroncovis Semdeg kvlav sisxlismRvreli mmarTvelebi movidnen. rusi

moxeleebi uxeSebi, uvicebi, daundoblebi iyvnen. gaixseneT ilia

WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSi~ rusi oficeri, rogori yeyeCia da

sakuTar Tavze uzarmazari warmodgenis, rac mkiTxvelis Rimilsa da

dacinvas iwvevs.

am oficers bevriT arafriT Camouvardebodnen saqarTveloSi moRvawe

rusi moxeleebi _ mTavarmmarTeblebi: ganaTlebis sistemis xelmZRvaneli

kirile ianovski∗, imperiis centrSi moRvawe Cinovnikebi, magaliTad:

moskovis mTavari gazeTis `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtori katkovi∗...

am adamianebma bevrjer Seuracxyves qarTuli kultura, mTlianad

ganaTlebis rusuli sistema danerges da qarTuli `ZaRlis enad~

monaTles. maSin wamovida axali ganmaTavisuflebeli talRa, romelsac

saTaveSi qarTveli eris didi sulieri moZRvari, Tavdadebuli moRvawe

da uniWieresi mwerali ilia WavWavaZe Caudga. swored misma ideebma,

Tavganwirvam da piradma magaliTma aiyolia eri da didi gamarjvebac

moapovebina: 1918 wlis 26 maiss aRsdga saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo, Seiqmna demokratiuli respublika. udidesi zeimi iyo

qarTveli xalxisaTvis es dRe, bednieri iyo eri am gamarjvebiT.

amdroindel mravalpartiul speqtrSi aRmoCnda erTi partia,

gansakuTrebiT reaqciuli, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisadmi

Seurigebeli, kosmopolitur∗-internacionaluri suliskveTebiT

gamorCeuli. es iyo bolSevikuri partia, romlis ideologiac mTlianad

ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTveli xalxis erovnul idealebs.

swored, qarTveli bolSevikebi gamoiyena ruseTis sabWoTa

xelisuflebam saqarTvelos xelaxla dasapyrobad. ruseTis me-11 armiam,

romlis ideuri xelmZRvaneli sergo orjonikiZe iyo, jer azerbaijani

daipyro, _ 1920 wlis aprilSi, Semdeg somxeTi _ 1920 wlis noemberSi,

ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos okupacia∗

6

da aneqsia∗ moaxdina. qarTveli xalxisTvis mZime iyo es dartyma, Znelad

Sesaguebeli. aki qarTuli poezia sul gmirobiTa da samSoblos

siyvaruliT unTebda suls qarTvel vaJkacebs. ramdeni Tavdadebis

magaliTi hqondaT im biWebs, kojorTan da tabaxmelasTan rom Seakvdnen

pirsisxlian bolSevik dampyroblebs. qarTveli iunkrebis ZvlebiT aris

mofenili Tbilisis Semogareni. isini magaliTad iqcnen uamravi

adamianisaTvis da yovelTvis mogviwodebden: `sjobs monobaSi

gadidkacebuls, Tavisuflebis ZebnaSi mkvdari~. kojrisa da tabaxmelas

gmirebic ar damarcxebulan, maT pirnaTlad moixades TavianTi movaleoba

samSoblos winaSe. vinc gadarCa, maTac TavianTi movaleoba hqondaT: an

unda Serigebodnen monobas, an ebrZolaT, Tundac amaod Seskdomodnen

wiTeli borotebis mier aRmarTul kedels. eris mamacma nawilma brZola

airCia. am brZolis meTauri gaxda polkovniki qaixosro ColoyaSvili,

kaci, romelic yovelTvis gamorCeuli iyo qarTvel mxedrobaSi

patriotizmiTa da gmiruli TvisebebiT da romelic pirveli iricxeboda

`Cekas~∗ mier Sedgenil dasaWerTa siaSi.

saqarTveloSi Semosulma wiTlebma∗ devna dauwyes saukeTeso qarTvel

mamuliSvilebs, bevri gadaasaxles, bevri daxvrites, qveyana daawiokes,

eklesia-monastrebi daarbies da Sebilwes. damoukideblobis momxre

qarTvelebi saeWvod iyvnen miCneulni, bolSevikuri `Ceka~ yvelas

dasdevda da iWerda. imdenad TvalsaCino gaxda erovnuli ideebisa da

faseulobebis Seuracxyofa, rom daiwyo winaaRmdegobis ZalTa Sekreba-

mobilizeba da brZolisaTvis mzadeba. antirusuli brZolis saukeTeso

formad am mZime dros partizanuli brZolebis gaCaReba CaiTvala. amiT

SeiZleboda mtris banakSi arev-darevis Setana, xalxis gamxneveba da

erTiani saxalxo frontis gaSla wiTeli okupantebis winaaRmdeg.

ColoyaSvilis saxeli legendad iqca. is namdvili saxalxo gmiri iyo,

masze leqsebs werdnen poetebi, dedebi Svilebs mis vaJkacobaze

uyvebodnen, xalxSi Tqmulebebi vrceldeboda mis gmirobaze.

• ukiduresad gamwvavebul politikur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda qarTveli

eri. misi Segnebuli, erovnulad ganwyobili nawili xedavda, rogor

daiRupa 117 wlis brZolis Semdeg mopovebuli damoukidebloba,

erovnuli idealebi rogor Seewira kosmopolitur-internacionalur

ideologias. daiwyo brZola erovnulobis gadasarCenad. qaquca

ColoyaSvili am brZolis liderad iqca.

qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili pirdapiri Camomavalia kaxeTis 1659

wlis ajanyebis mTavari gmiris _ biZina ColoyaSvilisa∗. saxelovani

winapris sisxli da geni kargad gamoCnda misi cxovrebis wesSi,

mtrebisadmi qedmouxrelobasa da TavganwirvaSi. igi 1888 wlis 14

ivliss daibada kaxeTSi, mama-papaTa samkvidro sofel matanSi. mSoblebma

7

_ ioseb da daria ColoyaSvilebma didi roli iTamaSes qaqucas

sulierad da maRalzneobrivad aRzrdaSi. qaquca ColoyaSvili Tbilisis

saTavadaznauro qarTul gimnaziaSi swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg,

samxedro samsaxurSi Sevida. moRvaweobda tveris dragunTa∗ polkSi,

samSobloSi oficris xarisxiT dabrunda. 1913 wels daojaxda. colad

SeirTo nino ilias asuli meRvineTuxucesi, romelTanac ori qaliSvili

SeeZina _ Tamari, igive cicna da qeTevani.

1914 welsve daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. qaquca ColoyaSvili

frontze gaiwvies da mTeli omi sabrZolo qarcecxlSi gaatara. qaqucas

uaxloesi megobari, sikvdilamde masTan ganuyreli aleqsandre

sulxaniSvili mas ase axasiaTebs: `igi iyo gansaxiereba qarTveli

raindisa, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. dinji, darbaiseli da

uaRresad keTili gulis patroni. iseTi TvisebebiT daejildovebina

bunebas, aTas kacSi rom ageriaT, sruliad ucnobi adamianic ki miaqcevda

mas yuradRebas. is Zalian uyvardaT jariskacebs da maTi saerTo

pativiscemiT sargeblobda kidec. rogori mxdalic ar unda yofiliyo

jariskaci, saukeTeso vaJkacad iqceoda qaqucas xelSi. udavod, mxedrad

iyo igi dabadebuli~.

pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSive ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz

meorem neba darTo qarTvel generals, ruseTis cxenosani jaris

kavalerist daviT WavWavaZes, Camoeyalibebina qarTvel cxenosanTa

aTaseuli. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo, rusul jarSi qarTuli nawilis

Seqmnisa. daviT WavWavaZe, romelic SemdgomSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis

uaxloesi TanamebrZoli da megobari gaxda, mTeli ruseTis masStabiT

iyo cnobili Tavisi sabrZolo gmirobiT. mas yvela rusuli nawilidan

misces qarTveli oficrobis gamowvevisa da Tavis aTaseulSi gadayvanis

neba. ase moxvda masTan qaquca ColoyaSvilic. qarTvel cxenosanTa

aTaseulma didad gaiTqva saxeli meomruli SemarTebiTa da frontze

miRweuli gamarjvebebiT. es cxenosanTa aTaseuli sparseTis frontze

ibrZoda. qaquca ColoyaSvilma Tavisi aseuliT gaiara mesopotamiis

mTeli udabno da iq mebrZol ingliselebs SeuerTda

1914 wels qaquca avstriis frontze ibrZoda, sadac daiWra da

kavkasiis frontze gadmoiyvanes. rogorc daWrili, zurgis jaris

aseulis meTaurad daniSnes. am dros daiwyo rusebis ieriSi sarayamiSze.∗

sarayamiSi saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare TurqeTis

strategiuli punqtia. ruseTis jari am obieqtis ieriSisaTvis ar

kmaroda, osmalebi aSkarad sWarbobdnen. maT zurgidan Semouares rusul

jars da alyaSi upirebdnen moqcevas. am dros qaquca ColoyaSvilma

miiRo sabrZolo davaleba: Tavis jariskacebiT ukan daebrunebia

sarayamiSis friad strategiuli mniSvnelobis mTa _ `arwivis bude~,

romelic osmalebs ekavaT. ColoyaSvilma brZaneba miiRo, Tavis

jariskacebs iaraRi dauriga da mTaze ieriSi miitana. qarTvelma

8

meomrebma, ColoyaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, davaleba brwyinvaled

Seasrules. `arwivis mTa~ osmalebisagan daibrunes. saerTod, qarTuli

jari simamaciT da mxedruli niWierebiT gamoirCeoda yovelTvis,

osmaleTis frontze ki qarTvelebi gansakuTrebulad mamacobdnen. maTi

mizani saqarTvelos istoriuli miwebis dabruneba iyo. Zveli

saqarTvelo, osmalebisagan mitacebuli, aq egulebodaT da istoriis

bedukuRmarTobis gamosworebas sakuTari TavganwirviT cdilobdnen.

WaneTi, lazeTi, SavSeTi, olTisi, speri, tao, klarjeTi, artaani,

eruSeTi, kola _ ai, is uZvelesi qarTuli provinciebi, sadac odesRac

hyvaoda qarTuli kultura, suliereba, Sendeboda eklesia-monastrebi,

iqmneboda xelovnebisa da literaturis Sedevrebi. yvela punqtis aRebas

TurqeTis frontze didi ovaciebiT xvdeboda qarTveli sazogadoeba,

qarTveli mxedrebi ki iq ukanasknel Zalas ar iSurebdnen da

sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi arnaxul simamaces iCendnen. osmalebi ver

Seeguen `arwivis budis~ dakargvas da samkvdro-sasicocxlo omi

gamarTes. ColoyaSvili Caeba am omSi da fexSi daiWra. man winadadeba

miiRo, rom lazareTSi∗ wasuliyo samkurnalod, meTauroba ki sxvisTvis

gadaeca. mamacma meomarma uari Tqva mkurnalobaze, frontze darCa,

`arwivis bude~ sabolood daisakuTra da brZolaSi kidev erTxel

daiWra. amjerad ufro mZimed, mkerdSi miiRo Wriloba. mZimed daWrili

ColoaSvili dabrunda TbilisSi da wminda ninos saavadmyofoSi dawva,

sadac avadmyofs cnobili eqimi grigol muxaZe mkurnalobda.

sarayamiSis dacvisaTvis ColoyaSvili oqros xmliT daajildoves.

omi damTavrda, aRsrulda 117 wlis naocnebari: qveyanam Tavi daixsna

rusuli koloniuri uRlisgan da daiwyo qarTuli saxelmwifos

mSenebloba. mmarTveli partia da mTavrobis wevrebi social-demokratebi

gaxdnen. adre maT menSevikebs uwodebdnen, radgan rusuli social-

demokratiuli partiis menSevikur frTas ekuTvnodnen. damoukidebel

saqarTveloSic SerCaT es saxeli, Tumca yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvites

ruseTTan, Tavi qarTul partiad gamoacxades da erovnuli idealebi

gaixades partiuli moRvaweobis mTavar miznad. miuxedavad amisa,

mmarTveli partia ZiriTad postebze Tavis wevrebs niSnavda, jaric

gamohyo partiuli niSniT _ Seqmna erovnuli gvardia,∗ romelic

mTavrobis momxre social-demokratebisagan dakompleqtda. qarTul jarSi

dabrundnen qarTveli samxedroebi, oficroba, romelTac saxeli gaiTqves,

I msoflio omSi araerTi warmatebiT asaxeles qarTuli mxedruli niWi.

miuxedavad amisa, bevrma maTganma samuSao ver iSova, ufunqciod darCa. ra

icodnen I msoflio omis monawile qarTveli oficrobis niWierma

warmomadgenlebma, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg im armiasTan mouxdebodaT

samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola, romlis didebasac adre emsaxurebodnen,

romlis warmatebasac ganapirobebdnen TavianTi mxedruli mamacobiT.

sarayamiSis gmiri qaquca ColoyaSvilic, ubralo jariskaci ki ara,

9

rusuli armiisa da politikis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTveli xalxis

meTauri gaxdeboda.

qaquca ColoyaSvilic, iseve, rogorc mravali qarTveli oficeri,

ganTavisuflebul saqarTveloSi dabrunda, ruseTSi arsebul qarTvel

cxenosanTa aTaseulis wevrebTan erTad. is aqac Sevida jarSi da yvela

im brZolaSi monawileobda, romelic qveyanam gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg

gadaixada. ase gamZafrebul partiul dapirispirebasac aerida: ar Sevida

arcerT partiaSi, Tumca Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT erovnul-

demokratiuli mimarTulebis moazrovne iyo. Tavis mowodebas didi

mamuliSvili mxolod saqarTvelos samsaxurSi xedavda da ilias

anderZis uerTgulesi damcveli iyo. anderZi ki aseT Sinaarss Seicavda:

Cven isedac patara qveyana da eri varT, Tu gvinda, rom Tavi davicvaT,

ar gavqreT istoriidan, gavumklavdeT yvela mtersa da yovelgvar

dabrkolebas, ar unda daviyoT partiebad, politikur dasebad, socialur

klasebad, unda viyoT erTiani da mTliani, Torem sxvanairad ver

gadavrCebiT. `viT mamali sxvis mamalsa dahmterdes da waekidos,/ mas

scemos da TviT icemos, daqoCros da daekidos,/ ra ornive daRalulni

ZaRlman naxos, piri hkidos.../ ai, ase daamarcxebs dapirispirebul Zalebs

mteri cal-calke da Cveni isedac mcire SesaZleblobebi daifanteba.

erTianoba, ilias msgavsad, qaqucasac miaCnda gamarjvebis sawindrad da

Tavisi piradi TvisebebiT sul cdilobda qarTveli xalxisaTvis

konsolidaciis, gamTlianebis Jini da wyurvili Caenerga.

qaquca ColoyaSvili ebrZoda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmul

Turqebs, somxebs, xan yazbegidan, xanac afxazeTidan Semosul

bolSevikebs, denikinsa da mis momxreebs. ibrZoda cnobili qarTveli

generlebis _ giorgi mazniaSvilis, giorgi kvinitaZis, daviT WavWavaZis,

varden wulukiZis da sxvaTa gverdiT. qaqucas didi wvlilic iyo im

gamarjvebebSi, qarTvelma samxedroebma rom moipoves mtrebis winaaRmdeg.

maT Rirseulad daicves damoukidebloba da saqarTvelos sazRvrebi.

magram mteri mainc jiqur modioda, ar Tmobda Cven miwa-wyals, romelic

ukve 117 weli iyo, sakuTar miwad gamoecxadebina. arc saerTaSoriso

viTareba aRmoCnda maSin Cveni qveynisaTvis xelsayreli: evropis qveynebi

marto moralurad aRmoCndnen saqarTvelos gverdiT: maT 1920 wlis

ianvarSi `de-faqtod~ aRiares saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, erTi wlis

Semdeg ki _ `de-iured~, misi istoriuli sazRvrebic daadgines,

saqarTvelo Tavisi jariT am sazRvrebs realuradac akontrolebda,

magram mcire ZalebiT ar SeeZlo im mtruli garemocvis garRveva, rac

mas mezoblebma Seuqmnes, gansakuTrebiT ki I msoflio omSi daSlilma,

magram xelaxla gasacocxleblad gamzadebulma orma mezobelma imperiam:

ruseTma da TurqeTma. omgadatanili evropa ar apirebda axal omSi Cabmas

saqarTvelos gulisTvis, ruseTis winaaRmdeg. amitom uTxres uari

qarTvel politikosebs erTa ligaSi∗ Cveni qveynis miRebaze. TuU

10

saqarTvelo 1919 wels Seqmnili am saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri

gaxdeboda, maSin, gareSe safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, is jariT unda daecvaT,

es iqneboda Cveni qveynis gadarCenis yvelaze mTavari garanti. es

garantia ver miiRo saqarTvelom da ruseTis pirispir marto aRmoCnda;

im ruseTis, romelic ar scnobda araviTar civilizebul formebs

brZolisas Tu diplomatiuri urTierTobebisas, mxolod dapyrobis

veluri JiniT moiwevda saqarTvelosken. ruseTma daarRvia 1920 wlis 7

maisis xelSekruleba saqarTvelosTan, romlis mixedviTac scnobda mis

damoukideblobas, ar Seasrula uamravi dapireba, maT Soris isic, rom

gamoricxavda qarTveli xalxis mimarT iaraRiT dapirispirebas. aseTi iyo

rusuli bolSevizmis buneba. am Zalas `wiTel xoleras,~

`monRoloidur Semosevas~ yvelafris gamanadgurebels uwodebdnen

araTu qarTvelebi, aramed mTel msoflioSi saRad moazrovne adamianebi

da, maT Soris rusebic. magaliTad, 1918 wlis ivnisSi rusi mwerali

maqsim gorki samxreT ruseTis erT-erT gazeTSi, romelic Semdeg

qarTulma `erTobamac~ gadmobeWda, damRupvelad da evropis ubedurebad

ganixilavda bolSevizms.

am didi `monRoloiduri~ (pavle ingoroyvas terminia) Zalis winaSe

marto darCenili saqarTvelo, ramdenime dRe TavganwirviT ebrZoda

mters. rodesac rusebma Semoteva daiwyes, qaquca ColoyaSvili da

generali daviT WavWavaZe mTavrobis mier samegreloSi iyvnen gagzavnilni,

am regionSi cxenosani armiis Camosayalibeblad. saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis pirvelive TveebSi, qveynis mTavrobam daviT WavWavaZes

sTxova cxenosani jaris Seqmna. generalma, romelic kargad erkveoda am

saqmeSi, sakuTari moTxovnebi wamoayena: ramdenime brigadis Seqmnas da

srul uflebamosilebas moiTxovda, rac xelisuflebas ar moewona.

jaris meTaurebisgan damoukideblad moqmedebis moTxovna, am urTules

periodSi, xelisuflebas TavisTvis saSiSad miaCnda. miTumetes, socil-

demokratebi, klasobrivi ideologiis gamo, Tavadebs naklebad

endobodnen. ar endnen arc daviT WavWavaZes da es sakiTxi moixsna.

rodesac 1920 wlis Semodgomaze rusi bolSevikebis mtruli interesebi

da maTTan SesaZlo omi realuri gaxda, mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe

mTarobam daiviwya SiSi da daviT WavWavaZes kvlav daevala kavaleriis

Seqmna. manac am saqmeSi gamocdili, Tanamoazre da niWieri sardali

qaquca ColoyaSvili airCia da erTad daiwyes saqarTvelos yovel

kuTxeSi cxenosani razmebis Camoyalibeba. rodesac daviTma uari Tqva, _

sanam dro iyo, manam unda mogecaT ufleba, axla mteri karze momdgaria

da veRaraferi moeswrebao, maSin WavWavaZisaTvis piradad noe Jordanias∗

uTxovia: `gviSveleT Tavado, samSoblo gansacdelSia, Tqvenc iseve unda

dagvexmaroT am gansacdelis Jams, rogorc Tqvens mama-papas ubrZolia

samSoblosTviso~. samegreloSi daviT WavWavaZes da qaquca ColoyaSvils

ramdenime oficeric axldaT, maT iq asiode cxenosnis Segrovebac ver

11

moaswres, rom saqarTvelo bolSevikebma daipyres, mTavrobam Tbilisi

datova da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. sajavaxos sadgurze

Sexvdnen erTmaneTs ukan daxeuli qarTuli jaris nawilebi da daviT

WavWavaZe, qaqucasTan da Tavis cxenosnebTan erTad.

qaquca didi gmiric iyo da didi diplomatic. aCqarebulad ar uyvarda

saqmis gadawyveta, grZnobebiT ar moqmedebda, aRelvebul meomrebs ise

daamSvidebda da daarigebda, rom wamsve Seacvlevinebda gadawyvetilebas.

sajavaxos sadgurze masTan misul aleqsandre sulxaniSvils

gadaaTqmevina ukan dabruneba da kaxeTSi gadasvla, jer baTumSi CavideT

da Semdeg erTad wavideT TbilisSi, sadac kote abxazs vnaxav da momaval

gegmebs ganvixilavTo. baTumi am dros Turqebs hqondaT dapyrobili,

Turqebi da rusebi damegobrebulebi iyvnen, radgan pirvel msoflio

omSi orive erTnairad dazaralda _ maTi imperiebi daingra. leninsa da

TurqeTis axalgazrda patriotebis belads _ mustafa qemal-faSas Soris

saidumlo molaparakebebi da politikuri garigeba moxda. mustafa qemal-

faSa, SemdegSi aTa-Turqad (TurqeTis mamad) wodebuli, Tavisi qveynisa

da xalxis am umZimesi situaciidan gamomyvani da gadamrCeni Seiqmna.

Turqebs saqarTvelos miwebis dapyrobis survili sul hqondaT,

miTumetes ar asvenebdaT aWaris mitacebis wyurvili, radgan es qarTuli

kuTxe ramdenime saukune maT xelSi iyo da mxolod 1878 wels

daubrunda samSoblos. sabWoTa ruseTi iaraRiT da fuliT exmareboda

aTa-Turqs, evropis did qveynebs ar aZlevda TurqeTis dapyroba-

danawilebis saSualebas. magram ruseTi ar apirebda misTvis kavkasiis

daTmobas, amitom aWaraSi maTi interesebi erTmaneTs ejaxeboda.

qarTvelma patriotebma, romelTa Soris iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili,

daiviwyes is didi zizRi, rac maT dampyrobeli bolSevikebisadmi

hqondaT, gverdze gadades yvela grZnoba da politikuri angariSi da

baTumSi bolSevik-meTaurebTan daiwyes molaparakeba aWaris Turqebisagan

erToblivad gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. molaparakebis sxvadasxva donidan

aRsaniSnavia qaqucas Sexvedra rus bolSevik general JlobasTan. qaquca

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis am mZvinvare mters adridanve icnobda. igi

polkSi msaxurobda, romelic TurqeTis frontze, TuqurmiSaSi idga I

msoflio omis dros. Jlobas ise gaxarebia qaqucasTan Sexvedra,

cxenidan gadmomxtara da Zveli CveulebiT wamouZaxebia: `ox, Tqveno

brwyinvalebao~. swored misi wyalobiT ar ganuiaraRebiaT qarTuli

cxenosani divizia. Jlobam Tavisi cxenosani razmebi qarTulTan SeaerTa

da am jaris meTauroba qaqucas SesTavaza, rogorc Zvel nacnobsa da

niWier meomars. magram qaqucam uari Tqva. meTaurad, misi miTiTebiT,

generali wulukiZe dainiSna, TanaSemwed ki qaquca.

is, rom qaquca ColoyaSvili faqtiurad am cxenosan armiaSi Sevida da

Tanamdebobac miiRo, aramcdaaramc ar niSnavs mis Serigebas Semoseul

mtrebTan. is samxedro iyo da viTareba imgvarad warimarTa, rom

12

baTumSive ver gamoxatavda Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas maSin am

erTaderT cxenosan samxedro SenaerTSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT.

miTUumetes, diviziis ufrosad Tavisi didi xnis megobari, patrioti da

uniWieresi sardali wulukiZe Tavad daaniSnina Jlobas. daviT WavWavaZis

yofili kavaleristebi, yvelani am armiaSi Sevidnen, magram arcerT

maTgans ar ufiqria bolSevikur reJimTan Serigeba. maTi mizani iyo

yvelanairi saSualebiT moemzadebinaT niadagi saxalxo ajanyebisaTvis.

miTumetes, bolSevikuri xelisufleba aiZulebda cnobil samxedroebs _

Sesuliyvnen maT samsaxurSi. maSindeli saqarTvelos bolSevikurma

dazvervam umetesi maTgani 1923-24 wleSive daxvrita, maTi ojaxebi ki

ruseTis Soreul mxareebSi gadaasaxla. saSineli tanjva-wameba

gadaitanes am patrioti adamianebis axloblebmac. yvela maTgani

Tavgadadebuli iyo didi miznisaTvis: saqarTvelos dakarguli

damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. qaqucac am mizniT Seurigda beds, Sevida

cxenosanTa razmSi da movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas daeloda.

baTumidan qaquca ColoyaSvili, cxenosan diviziasTan erTad, quTaisSi

dabrunda, iqidan TbilisSi, jariT gaCerda navTluRis yazarmebSi,

saidanac mokle xanSi gadavida borCaloSi _ ekaterinofeldSi. aq

gaumJRavna man Tavis TanamebrZolebs gadawyvetileba partizanuli

brZolebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, raSic maSinve aubes mxari saqarTvelos

bediT Sewuxebulma patriotma qarTvelebma.

qaquca ColoyaSvili kargad xedavda ra mZime saokupacio reJimi

daamyares bolSevikebma, rogor Seuracxyves qarTuli siwmindeebi da

qarTveli xalxis Tavisufali neba. didi biZina ColoyaSvilis

STamomavals ar SeeZlo am reJimTan Segueba, saWirod CaTvala

sicocxlis bolo wuTamde ebrZola qveynisaTvis damoukideblobis

dasabruneblad. is Cumad Sexvda general kote abxazs, ilia WavWavaZis

umcrosi dis, ninos vaJiSvils, romelic damoukideblobamde aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos TavadaznaurTa marSali iyo, damoukideblobis dakargvis

Semdeg ki saTaveSi Caudga e.w. samxedro centrs.

qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da qarTvel partizanTa antisabWoTa gamosvlebs

1921-1924 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobdnen paritetuli komiteti, damkomi anu

damoukideblobis komiteti da samxedro centri. damoukideblobis

komiteti daarsda 1922 wels da masSi gaerTiandnen social-

demokratiuli, social-federalisturi, erovnul-demokratiuli,

socialist-federalisturi da `sxivistTa~ partiebis warmomadgenlebi.

es iyo interpartiuli organizacia, romlis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna

social-demokrati gogita faRava, Semdeg nikoloz qarcivaZe, misi

dapatimrebisa da daxvretis Semdeg ki _ konstantine andronikaSvili.

imave wels Camoyalibda samxedro centri general kote abxazis,

aleqsandre andronikaSvilis, varden wulukiZis, giorgi ximSiaSvilis da

13

rostom musxeliSvilis SemadgenlobiT. es centri xelmZRvanelobda

gamosvlebs kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi.

qaquca moelaparaka kote abxazs momavali brZolebis Taobaze. gadawyda

partizanuli brZolebis gamarTva mTels saqarTveloSi, romelic bolos

erTiani qarTuli ajanyebiT dasruldeboda rusi bolSevikebis

winaaRmdeg.

ukve 1921 wlis ivlisSi qaquca ColoyaSvilma, TanamoazreebTan erTad

daiwyo fiqri brZolis dawyebaze. is eZebda sababs, raTa daetovebina

Tbilisi, mis axlo-maxlo armiis dislokaciis adgilebi da kaxeTSi

gadasuliyo. man es moaxerxa kidec da kaxeTSi gadavida. aqedan unda

dawyebuliyo partizanuli moZraoba. kaxeTidan igi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gzavnida sando pirebs da qmnida farul

organizaciebs bolSevikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

pirvelad aseTi organizaciebi duSeTsa da goris mazraSi Seiqmna. maTi

Seqmna evaleboda patara birTvs, romelSic sando pirebi Sediodnen.

birTvis saqmianoba da Semadgenloba mkacrad iyo gasaidumloebuli.

mebrZolebs hqondaT iaraRi, romliTac maT `paritetuli komiteti~

amaragebdaT, an rusebze Tavdasxmis Semdeg TviTon Soulobdnen.

qaquca Tavas afarebs tyes saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis

mebrZol patriotebTan erTad, Tanac cxenosan aTaseulSic iTvleba,

romelic sabWoTa saqarTvelos oficialuri jaris nawili iyo. sidumlo

razmebi da organizaciebi mkacri konspiraciulobiT dgeboda. saxelmwifo

jarSi ki moRvaweobdnen, rogorc bolSevikTa momxre oficrebi, aseve is

qarTveli samxedroebi, romlebsac kargad esmodaT Seqmnili viTareba,

gulSi ar eTanxmebodnen mimdinare politikur procesebs, sZuldaT

saokupacio reJimi da Sinaganad qaqucas moZraobis mxares idgnen. isini,

yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevisas, amJRavnebdnen TavianT simpaTias da

qaqucas razmelebs exmarebodnen. magaliTad: mTavar komisrad daniSnuli

iyo giorgi ximSiaSvili, romelmac gaafrTxila qaqucas megobari

aleqsandre sulxaniSvili _ wiTlebi almacerad uyureben qaqucas, eg

saqarTvelos gamosadegi kacia, Tqvenc gaufrTxildiT da TviTonac

gafrTxildeso. qaqucas razmelebs istoria icnobs `Seficulebi~-s

saxeliT. es sityva mravlismetyveli da bevri ramis Semcveli iyo. isini

Seificnen saqarTvelos erTgulebisaTvis, misi Selaxuli Rirsebis

aRdgenis, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, qarTveli xalxis bednierebis,

erTmaneTisa da sazogadoebrivi humanuri idealebis erTgulebis ficiT.

bolomde Seasrules kidec, Tumca bevri maTgani daiRupa am uTanasworo

brZolaSi.

mebrZoli birTvis wevrebi xvdebodnen gavlenian pirebs da yofil

meomrebs, uziarebdnen maT TavianT gegmebs, isini ki xalxs amzadebdnen.

kaxeTis soflebSi maT bevri faruli organizacia Seqmnes, Camoayalibes

sabrZolo razmebi, romelTac saTaveSi sando da mamaci meTaurebi

14

Cauyenes. drodadro, qaquca xvdeboda maT, rCeva-darigebebis misacemad.

jarisaTvis saWiro sursaT-sanovages TviTon Soulobdnen. Seficulebis

razmSi Tavdapirvelad iyvnen: mixa baliaSvili, vaso TamazaSvili, soso

losaberiZe, miSa nacvliSvili, simon CiTinaSvili, qiziyeli biWi qaruma;

SemdegSi Seematnen: aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, qaqucas Zma svimon (siko)

ColoyaSvili, elizbar vaCnaZe, rafiel erisTavi, lelo Ciqovani,

elizbar mayaSvili, aleqsandre kargareTeli, sergo maisuraZe, dimitri

WinWarauli, mixa xelaSvili, aleqsandre baduraSvili, ilia qarumiZe,

aleqsandre cxvedaZe, gola pavliaSvili, merab jorjaZe, Salva nebieriZe,

miSa laSqaraSvili, aleqsi feiqriSvili, Salva da levan javriSvilebi

da sxvebi. qaqucas Zma _ siko, kaxelebSi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda,

amtom xalxi daxmarebaze uars arasodes eubneboda. rodesac xma gavarda,

qaquca partizanul razmebs ayalibebso, sadac ki xma miawvdines, maSinve

didi sixaruliT daeTanxmnen, ColoyaSvilis dasaxmareblad erT kviraSi

dadga kaxeTi fexze da rac gaaCndaT, yvelafriT exmarebodnen

gaficulebs. rodesac cxenosani aTaseuli TbilisSi gadmoiyvanes, qaqucam

datova jari da isev kaxeTSi wavida. igi mTlianad partizanul

muSaobasa da aralegaluri organizaciebis Camoyalibebaze gadavida,

iSviaTad Camodioda TbilisSi, umetesad, Telavis, siRnaRisa da duSeTis

mazrebSi imyofeboda. masze ukve eWvi hqondaT aRebuli da TbilisSi

Camosvlasac amitom erideboda. erTi-ori RamiT Tu darCeboda, isic

uaRresad farulad. iyo SemTxveva, rodesac Rame cnobili bolSevikis,

saSa gegeWkoris binazec gaaTia, rogorc misma megobarma. ra Tqma unda,

maSin gegeWkorma araferi icoda qaqucas saqmianoba-miswrafebaTa Sesaxeb.

iqneb xvdeboda kidec, rom qaqucas verasdros miimxrobda maSindeli

bolSevikuri xelisufleba, magram gegeWkori ar amJRavnebda amas,

megobruli damokidebulebiT cdilobda Tbili urTierTobis SenarCunebas

meamboxe sulis patriot ColoyaSvilTan. qaqucasTvisac yvelaze

usafrTxo mis binaze Ramis gaTeva iyo, orives, _ stumarsac da

maspinZelsac sakuTari miznebi amoZravebdaT da amaSi arc araferia

gasakviri. im urTules droSi saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo dapirispireba

mZvinvarebda da patara ers did safrTxes uqmnida. erTmaneTTan brZolaSi

adamianebi yvelanair xerxs iyenebdnen mowinaaRmdegeze gasamarjveblad.

bolSeviki gegeWkorisa da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli

mebrZoli qaquca ColoyaSvilis zemoT naxsenebi Sexvedrac am brZolaSi

gamoyenebuli taqtikis nawili iyo.

pirveli Setakeba mTavrobis wiTel razmebTan qaqucasa da mis

TanamebrZolebs siRnaRTan mouxdaT, 1922 wlis ivnisSi. amis gamo, qaquca

daapatimres. es im dros moxda, rodesac siRnaRis revkomSi∗ Cekas

saidumlo brZaneba hqondaT miRebuli imis Taobaze, Tuki iq ColoyaSvili

gamoCndeboda, unda daetusaRebinaT da TbilisSi gadmoegzavnaT. siRnaRis

revkomSi muSaobda cxenosanTa aTaseulis yofili oficeri, kapitani daTa

15

gomelauri, romelic TanaugrZnobda ColoyaSvilsa da mis moZraobas. man

gadamala brZaneba da qaqucas megobrebs saswrafod Seatyobina misi

datusaRebis ambavi. imave Rames revkoms Tavs daesxa eqvsi kaci. maT

iaraRi ahyares milicionerebs, karga gvarianad cemes kidec isini da

qaquca gaaTavisufles. qaquca, Tavis SeficulebTan erTad, alvanis tyeSi

dabanakda. cota xnis Semdeg daiwyes saimedo bazis moZebna. saamisod

pankisis xeoba airCies. aq mosaxle qistebs Soris Seficulebs didi xnis

nacnobebic hyavdaT da mokavSireebic. qistebi did mxardaWeras

ucxadebdnen razmelebs da yovelnairad exmarebodnen. adgili daculi

iyo, aqedan gadadioda gzebi kavkasionis qedisa da TuSebis sazafxulo

ialaRebisaken. erTi mxriv, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, CeCneTSi SeiZleboda

gadasvla, meore mxriv, aq zafxulobiT Camosul TuSebs gamoiyenebdnen.

pankisis bazaSi uamravi xalxi modioda qaqucas razmTan SesaerTblad.

wvimiani gazafxuli idga. erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dReSi ramdenjerme

modioda TqeSi wvima. rogorc aleqsandre sulxaniSvili ixsenebs Tavis

mogonebebSi, dasvelebuli tansacmlis gaSrobas Zlivs aswrebdnen

cecxlTan, rom cota xnis Semdeg isev usveldebodaT. aRdgomamde,

romelic im weliwads martSi iyo, amnairma amindebma gastana. Zneli iyo,

magram didi mizniTa da sabrZolo JiniT damuxtuli qarTveli

vaJkacebisaTvis es siZnele araferi iyo. maT saaRdgomo dResaswaulic

Cinebulad Caatares da swored am dRes miawers sulxaniSvili

`Seficulobis~ ideis gaCenas. am ambavs igi ase gadmogvcems: aRdgomis

zeimze sufra gaiSala qaqucas razmSi, stumrebic hyavdaT, maTi

Tanamoazre adamianebi, romelTa Soris iyo qaqucas mokavSire, xevsuri

dimitri WinWarauli, zedmetsaxelad `babo~. orklasiani ganaTlebis

miuxedavad, am adamians didi mWevrmetyveleba da saqarTvelos istoriis

kargi codna gamoarCevda. is Telavis raionSi Camosaxlebuli xevsurebis

xevisberi iyo. dimitrim esperanto icoda, ise rom, am xevsur kacs ara

marto inglissa da amerikaSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic hqonda miwer-

mowera. saaRdgomo sufraze mas sityva warmouTqvams, romelic

daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsisa yofila:

dRes Cven aRdgomis brwyinvale dResaswauls da masTan erTad wminda

saqmisaTvis brZolis dasawyiss vzeimobT. ai, am mTebSi balaxma aitana

aleqsandre batoniSvilis mier daqnili bilikebi. ruseTis usamarTlobas

ebrZodnen Cveni winaprebi. viTomda moyvrulad mosulni, mtrad rom

gadagveqcnen, ojaxebs gviwiokebdnen da qalebs gviupatiurebdnen. igive

meordeba dResac. Sen, qaquca, _ mimarTa ColoyaSvils, _ Sena gxvda

wilad Seni winaprebis nabrZolis saqmis gagrZeleba Seni samSoblos

sakeTildReod. Sen unda aRadgino aleqsandre batoniSvilis∗ naTeli

bilikebi. Tqven, razmelebo, _ mimarTa axla qaqucas razmis wevrebs, _

albaT gaxsovT, rom aleqsandre batoniSvils Seficulebi hyavda

Semokrebili Tavis irgvliv. Tqvenc unda SeificoT da gerqvaT

16

SeficulTa razmi, romelic samudamod darCeba. Tqven SemogyurebT mTeli

sqarTvelo. es patara razmi unda gadaaqcioT qarTul jarad. Tqvenzea

damokidebuli Cveni lamazi qveynis bedi. Cven medgrad unda vebrZoloT

ruseTs. is aris Cveni mTavari mteri. Cven unda gavakeToT is, rac ver

SeZlo Cvenma mama-papam. Cveni winaprebis Tavganwiruli Rvawlis meoxebiT

kvlav Rvivis saqarTvelos naperwkali. Cven ar unda CavaqroT es

naperwkali. dRes Tqvenzea damokidebuli am naperwklis gaRviveba. maS,

gaumarjos didi Tamaris da erekles saqarTvelos!..~

dimitri WinWaraulis am sityvis Semdeg qaqucam mimarTa damswre

sazogadoebas. man Tqva: iseTi sityva warmoTqva dimitrim, rom bevri

ramis damateba aRar aris saWiro. dRes Cveni samSoblo gasaWirSia.

ruseTma xelmeored gamoggvlija Cveni qveynis damoukidebloba,

mravaljer yofila awiokebuli Cveni qveyana, magram iaraRi ar dauyriaT

Cven winaprebs da mtrebs ar damorCilebian. maT brZola ugrZelebiaT.

dRes Cven gvxvda wilad, rom es brZola pirvelebma daviwyoT da mTel

qveynierebas vaCvenoT, rom saqarTvelos Tavisufleba surs Tavis miwa-

wyalze da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daemorCileba mters. gaumarjos Cveni

samSoblos momavals da am Cveni patara razmis miswrafebas!

qaqucas sityvis Semdeg moxda Seficva. dimitri WinWaraulma

xevsuruli wesiT daafica da xevisberuli locviT daloca tyeSi

gasuli Zmebi. man sakuTari xeliT gamoWra Txilis swori da grZeli

wneli, Seaba qarTuli droSa, gauZRva win da razmelebma mTiuluri

salaSqro simRera daagugunes.

bindisas daiSalnen, magram mTvrali aravin yofila. qaqucas

Seficulebi arasodes Tvrebodnen. es maT ficSi Sedioda. svamdnen

mcireds, metwilad dResaswaulebze, Tumca Rvino bevri modioda

xalxisgan, es tradicia maT arasodes daurRveviaT.

•

qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmebi mudmivad moZraobdnen. maTi erT adgilze

gaCereba ar SeiZleboda, radgan komunisturi milicia fexdafex

dasdevdaT. erT Rames razmma matanSi tyeSi gaaTia, saidanac meore Rames

axmetis bolos gavida. am tyeSi darCnen RamiT, meore dRes Telav-

siRnaRis mazrisaken apirebdnen wasvlas.

axmetis tyidan ori axalgazrda razmeli – qiziyeli qaruma da qisti

qerimi sofelSi gagzavnes sanovagis saSovnelad. biWebi gamoucdelebi

iyvnen da gaufrTxileblad moiqcnen, ris gamoc, milicias Cauvardnen

xelSi. qiziyel qarumas veraferi daacdenines, qistma ki ver gauZlo

wamebas da yvelaferi Tqva, qaqucas adgilsamyofeli gaagebina mters.

rodesac biWebma Zalian daigvianes, qaquca mixvda, ra SeiZleboda

momxdariyo da mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad moamzada

razmelebi. Seficulebi frTxilad aTvalierebdnen gzebs, xom aravin

17

modioda maTken. patara, meCxeri tyiT dafarul gorakze imyofebodnen da

aqedan xelisguliviT Canda aremare. uceb SeniSnes, rogor artyamdnen

alyas, erTi TeTrxalaTiani uTiTebda milicionerebs _ ra pozicia

daeWiraT. maTi saubaric ki aRwevda SeficulTa banakamde. sulxaniSvili

saukeTeso msroleli iyo da ver isvenebda, sxvebic nerviulobdnen,

eCqarebodaT mterTan angariSis gasworeba, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi qaquca

dinji iyo da aCqareba ar uyvarda. rodesac milicionerebi dalagdnen,

qaqucam dauZaxa aleqsandre sulxaniSvilsa da daTiko fareuliZes,

icoda, rom es ori mizans ar aacdenda, fareuliZe qisti iyo, didi

vaJkaci. daweqiT orive, rigianad amoiReT mizanSi age, is TeTrxalaTiani

da Cemi karnaxiT esroleTo _ uTxra qaqucam. asec moiqcnen. orma Tofma

erTdroulad iquxa, TeTrxalaTiani maRla Sexta da iqve daeca,

danarCenebi gaiqcnen. ori tyviiT gangmiruli TeTrxalaTiani axmetis

komisari iyo. Seficulebi ganicdidnen ori axalgazrda wevris dakargvas,

gansakuTrebiT qiziyeli qaruma enanebodaT, romelic TelavSi gadaiyvanes

da, rom ver gamotexes, saswrafod daxvrites. qisti qerima ki

daapatimres, cixeSi daamuSaves da gamouSves, erTi pirobiT, unda eTqva,

viTom patimrobidan gamoiqca, qaqucas razmSi dabrunebuls, moekla

ColoyaSvili da, Tu moaxerxebda, kidev ramdenime razmelic. CekaSi

ColoyaSvilis TanamgrZnobi adamianebic muSaobdnen, romlebmac es ambavi

Seatyobines, amitom momxdarSi garkveva ar gaWirvebiaT. rodesac qerimi

dabrunda, gamotexes da iZulebuli gaxdnen, daexvritaT. qaquca iSviaTad

iCenda sisastikes, is lmobieri, namdvilad didi gulis adamiani iyo,

magram kargad icoda brZolis dauwereli kanonebi. qisti rom gaeSvaT,

sulerTia, mas mainc moklavdnen komunisti milicionerebi.

•

1922 weli mousavliani iyo saqarTveloSi. SimSilobam qaqucas

razmSic SeaRwia. xalxs Tavad ar hqonda sakvebi da TavianT sayvarel

mebrZolebsac verafriT exmareboda. sanam SeeZlo, kaxeli glexoba

arafers zogavda, xSirad, TavisTvis ufro mcires itovebda. iyo

SemTxvevebi, rodesac SimSilisagan RonewarTmeul razmels siaruli

uWirda da megobrebs mihyavdaT banakamde. zogierTma maTganma icoda

saWmelad vargisi balaxebis cnoba da ramdenime kvira ase

ikvebebodnen,magram, amis miuxedavad, erTi wuTiTac ar Camqrala

enTuziazmi da patriotuli suliskveTeba ara marto razmSi, aramed

ubralo kaxelebSic. yvelam icoda ra siZneleebis gadatana, sikvdil-

sicocxlis zRvarze gavla uxdebodaT SeficulTa razmebis wevrebs.

sicive, wvima, tyeSi cxovreba, mudmivi devna da tyviis cecxlSi xetiali

saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi. brZolis mizani sanukvari da naTeli iyo, magram

gamarjvebis Sansi _ naklebi, radgan wiTeli bolSevikuri reJimi xalxs

18

ise aSinebda, imdenad Trgunavda, rom cxadi iyo _ misi damarcxeba ase

advili tyidan ki ara, pirispir mdgari, organizebuli jarisganac ki

SeuZlebeli gamxdariyo. magram xalxs swamda Tavisi gmirebis,

istoriuli geni qarTveli erisa Zalumad feTqavda da uRirs sicocxles

adamianebi sikvdils amjobinebdnen. erTi magaliTic kmara qarTveli

xalxis vaJkacuri sulis dasaxatad:

erT dRes qaquca kisisxevSi iyo winandlidan gadmosuli. masTan mivida

aqauri soflis mwerali, uaRresad patrioti da patiosani kaci _ Saqro

baduraSvili. mas raionSi didi gavlena, pativiscema da siyvaruli hqonda

damsaxurebuli. SeiaraRebuli pirtitvela, jerac uwlovani vaJiSvili

moiyvana ColoyaSvilTan da uTxra: `belado, oTxi biWi myavs, Sen

moggvare ufrosi, Cveni samSoblos Wiris sanacvalod, imsaxure da

aswavle samSoblos siyvaruli da misTvis Tavganwirva.~ Zalian imoqmeda

razmze ubralo qarTveli kacis am saqcielma. biWi daitoves, misgan

kargi mebrZoli da vaJkaci dadga, Tavic gaswira samSoblosaTvis. aseTi

magaliTebiT savsea saqarTvelos istoria, romelic qaquca

ColoyaSvilisa da misi Seficulebis moRvaweobiT axali furclebiT

ivseboda. rom ara is Tavganwirva da piradulze maRla qveynis

interesebis dayeneba, Cveni samSoblo dRemde verc moaRwevda.

•

qaquca ColoyaSvilis xasiaTi gamobrZmedil-gamowrTobili iyo im

istoriuli gamocdilebiT, rac qarTvel xalxs gadautania. masSi

erTnairad iyo Sezavebuli yvela adamianuri, amaRlebuli Tviseba. amitom

miiRo is uyoymanod xalxma, rogorc beladi da winamZRoli, amitom

hqonda aseTi didi avtoriteti da zegavlena Tanamedroveebze. mas mteric

ki pativs scemda, radgan pirovnulad imsaxurebda mowiwebasa da

Tayvaniscemas. partizanuli brZolebis meTaurs, zogjer, gadametebulad

moWarbdeboda xolme adamianis Sebralebis, danaSaulis mitevebis unari.

erTxel, qodalos tyeebidan qiziyisken wasulebma, gzad erTi xeoba

gaiares, saidanac soflebi karga moSorebiT iyo. xeobaSi uamravi

misaxvev-mosaxvevi Canda. qaqucam win mebrZolebi gauSva, _ aleqsandre

sulxaniSvili da sergo maisuraZe _ kaxeTSi Casaxlebuli raWveli,

mamamaci patrioti, romelic adre xurod muSaobda. zogadad, raWvelebi

xis ostatebi arian, magram komunistebis Tavxedobam es alali da

patiosani glexic tyeSi gaiyvana. winwasulebs qaqucasTvis unda

ecnobebiaT gamvlelebis Sesaxeb, rom razmelebi mimaluliyvnen da ase

erTad aravis danaxebodnen. erT mosaxvevSi anazdad waawydnen eqvs

miliciels, romlebsac mxarze Tofebi gaedoT da arxeinad midiodnen.

maisuraZem da sulxaniSvilma maT rixianad ubrZanes iaraRis dayra.

qaqucas razmidan ori kacic uceb gaCnda da eqvsive milicieli

ganaiarRes. razmelebi mivardnen milicionerebs da dauwyes Cxubi, lamis

19

xelSi SemohkvdomodaT, rom ara qaquca. razmelebi aginebdnen da

uyvirodnen iaraRayrilebs: Tqve urjuloebo, nu gaviwydebaT rom

qarTvelebi xarT, sxva samuSao ver moZebneT, Cveni qveynis mtrebs rom ar

mihkedlebodiT, komunistebis samsaxurSi ar SesuliyaviT da CvenTvis ar

gediaTo. qaqucam Zlivs daawynara Tavisi mebrZolebi, mama-Svilurad

daariga milicionerebi, nu imsaxurebT miliciaSi, nurc komunistur

partiaSi SexvalT, Torem axla ki dagicavT da gadagarCenT, magram sxva

dros Tu kidev CagvivardebiT xelSi, veRar giSveliTo.

qaqucas ebraleboda Secdenili qarTvelebi, miaCnda, rom es adamianebi

gaunaTleblobis gamo ver erkveodnen simarTleSi. dro movidoda da es

`Ze Secdenilebic~ gaarCevdnen avsa da kargs, mtris samsaxuris nacvlad,

eris samsaxurSi Cadgebodnen. mas SeeZlo YyaCaRis patiosan kacad qceva,

ubralo adamianis gmirad gamozrda.

•

qaqucas razmSi ingiloebic∗ iyvnen. erTi axalgazrda, lado ozaneli,

manamde yaCaRad iyo gavardnili. es uswavleli axalgazrda mwyemsi

Zalian amayi da bunebiT samarTliani iyo, ver egueboda bolSevikebis

terors da Zaladobas. moxuci deda da da hyavda. komunistebma ver

miimxres da ver daimorCiles, risTvisac misi saxl-kari ramdenjerme

aawiokes, rac wasaRebi iyo, waiRes.. erTxelac sastikad cemes misi

moxuci deda da da, radgan avejs ar atandnen. es ver apatia ladom da

mis ojaxze moZalade erT-erTi bolSeviki mokla. amis Semdeg, yaCaRad

gavardnili, TavzexelaRebuli ebrZoda komunisturi xelisuflebis

adgilobriv warmomadgenlebs. sofelSi kreba rom gaimarTeboda,

miipareboda da srolas utexda Sekrebil xalxs, krebis Catarebis

uflebas ar aZlevda, visi javric sWirda, imas tyidan uTvlida, _ fuli

gamomigzavne, Torem mogklavo. SeSinebulebi ugzavnidnen kidec. saocrad

amayi da vaJkaci iyo, magram es gza mas uazrod daRupavda, amitom erT-

erTma TanamebrZolma _ vaso TamazaSvilma qaqucas sTxova, eg ubeduri,

marTalia yaCaRia, magram bunebiT kargi adamiania, ZaliT gaayaCaRes, Tuki

Sens razmSi miiReb, gadavarCenTo. qaqucas bevri ar ufiqria, moiyvaneTo,

uTxra. lados auxsna, risTvis ibrZoda Tavad da risi gakeTeba undodaT

mis razmelebs. isic uTxra: CvenTan yaCaRobas adgili ara aqvs, Tuki

migiReT, imedia, Cveni razmisaTvis samarcxvino saqmes aRar Caideno. `Seni

RmerTis Wirime, mec eg mindao~ _ uTxra ladom da muxlebze moexvia

qaqucas. ColoyaSvilma wamoayena, aba Sen ici da Senma vaJkacobamo. biWs

sixarulis cremlebi gadmoscvivda Tvalebidan; man pirnaTlad Seasrula

Tavisi movaleoba da gmiruladac Seewira saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.

20

•

mTelma saqarTvelom icoda qaqucas mebrZolebis Sesaxeb, yvelgan

vrceldeboda xma: ColoyaSvilma razmi Seadgina, romelic rusebs

ebrZviso. mTavrobam dainaxa, rom qarTveli xalxi mas ki ara, tyeSi

gasulebs uWerda mxars da siyvaruls maT mimarT gamoxatavda. amitom

bolSevikebi arafers zogavdnen, qaqucas winaaRmdeg razms razmze

agzavnidnen, did jildos hpirdebodnen mis mkvlels, an cocxlad

Sempyrobs.

erTi SemTxveva iyo: mTavrobisagan Sedgenili milicielebisa da

komunisti aqtivistebis razmi erTi kvira gamwarebuli dasdevda

ColoyaSvilis razms, mis momwyvdevas cdilobda. igive mizani hqondaT

qaqucas da mis xalxsac. erT dilas, qaqucam dainaxa TuqurmiSis

mimarTulebiT mimavali mTeli misi mdevari, romelic dedofliswyarosken

miemarTeboda. maSin qaquca swored am midamoebSi moZraobda da mtersac

iq eguleboda. ra Tqma unda, iq rom ver naxavdnen, ukan dabrundebodnen,

magram dedofliswyarodan ukan, maT samyofamde, ori gza modioda, aravin

icoda, romeli gziT dabrundeboda mdevari. am gzebs Soris

oTxkilometriani tyis monakveTi iyo. qaqucam ase gadawyvita: razmi

Caesafrebina ori gzis Sua monakveTSi, raTa orives gakontroleba

SesZleboda da advilad gadaeketa maTTvis savali. orive gzis

moTvalTvaled TiTo cxenosani gauSva, romelTaganac gaigebda mtris

moZraobis mimarTulebas. man mtkiced gadawyvita, rom am dRes, radac

ar unda dajdomoda, xelSi Caegdo sagangebod mis sadevnad da

Sesapyrobad Seqmnili razmi. uceb movarda erTi mziri (moTvalTvale), es

iyo qaqucas Zma, siko, romelmac ambavi moitana, uzundaris xeobis

SaragziT modiano. TiTqmis sirbiliT daeSvnen, rom xelidan ar

dasxltomodaT mteri. mdevrebi cxenebiT iyvnen, razmelebi ki fexiT.

Tanac gzispiras sul meCxeri buCqnari iyo, kaci ver daimaleboda, rac

garkveul safrTxes uqmnida qaqucas razms. qaqucas am dros sul

ocdaori kaci axlda, danarCenebi saqmeze iyvnen gagzavnilebi. meTaurma

razmi sam nawilad gahyo da erTmaneTisagan karga moSorebiT ganalaga.

razmis wevrebi buCqebSi Casxdnen, ori kaci win gagzavnes, karga Sor

manZilze, imisTvis, Tu vinicobaa vinme gaeqceodaT, imaT daeWiraT, an

moeklaT. qaqucasTan erTad iyvnen vaso TamazaSvili, malaqia maisuraZe,

soso CiTinaSvili, iliko iaSvili (ingilo) da aleqsandre

sulxaniSvili. es jgufi SuaSi idga da sanam Tavad qaquca ar isroda,

manamde srolis ufleba aravis hqonda. marcxniv elizbar vaCnaZe iyo

Casafrebuli xuTi kaciT, xolo marjvniv jamaspaSvili, aseve xuTi

mebrZoliT. qaqucas razmebi dasamalad buCqnarSi gawvnen, sulxaniSvili

naxevradwamomdgari aTvalierebda gzas, raTa mtris gamoCenisTanave niSani

mieca qaqucasaTvis. rodesac gamoCndnen, cota acales, sasrol manZilze

moaRwia Tu ara maTma naxevarma, qaqucam SesZaxa, iaraRi dahyareTo da

21

Tan win momavals esrola. atyda saSineli srola. zogi tyviiT, zogi

SiSiT Tu Tavisi nebiT cviodnen cxenebidan, zogierTebi arxSi Cawvnen da

gamagreba moindomes, magram male danebdnen ColoyaSvilis razmelebs. win

gadaxtnen sulxaniSvili da malaqia maisuraZe, arxSi Cawolilebs

dauwyes srola. qaqucam uiyvira da maT ukan dabruneba ubrZana. SemdegSi

mixvdnen, rom meTauri marTali iyo, mtris am uTavbolo dabneulobaSi,

SesaZloa, amaod nasrol tyvias gaefuWebina es vaJkacebi, rasac qaquca

yovelnairad erideboda. misTvis yoveli Seficulis sicocxle Zvirfasi

da gasafrTxilebeli iyo. sasacilo is iyo, rom is win momavali, visac

qaqucam esrola, aRmoCnda komkavSireli milicioneri, romelsac

daekvexna, qaqucas gakoWils Camoviyvano. qaqucam is sasikvdilod ar

gaimeta, tyvia sajdomze esrola da daWrili Camoagdo cxenidan. qaqucas

razmelebma icodnen am milicioneris kvexnis ambavi da micvivdnen: aba,

rogoraa saqme, daiWire qaqucao? maT am axalgazrdis mokvla undodaT,

magram qaqucam ar daaneba, oRond brZaneba gasca, CaxadeT qveda sacvali

da iara gamouCineTo. ase Searcxvina, magram cocxali gauSva da

wasvlisas uTxra, wadi da meti aRar daikvexoo.

miuxedavad aseTi loialobisa, im dRes qaqucas mainc mouxda eqvsi Tu

Svidi mowinaaRmdegis daxvreta, lado ozanelma erTi axalgazrda,

romelsac misi ojaxis awiokebaSi edo wili, Tavad mokla, brZolaSi

sul 12-15 adamiani daiRupa, danarCenebi qaqucam gauSva, magram sanam

wavidodnen, aseTi saubari gaumarTa: Cven, qarTvelebi, erTmaneTs

tyuilad vxocavT da es rusebis bralia. Tu qarTvel xalxs unda

komunisturi wyobileba, ar davuSliT, oRond ruseTma jari gaiyvanos,

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba daubrundes, mere ki, xalxs rac unda, misi

neba aRsruldebao. am sityvebis Semdeg, iaraRayrili tyveebi

gaaTavisufles da gauSves. vin icis, gaigones Tu ara, ColoyaSvilis

Segoneba am qarTvelebma, mixvdnen TuU ara misi sityvebis simarTles, rom

mTeli es ubedureba da kaciskvla rusi bolSevikebis mogonili da

qarTvelebisTvis Tavsmoxveuli Wiri iyo. xvdebodnen ki maSin

xelisuflebisa Tu misi mowinaaRmdege banakis warmomadgenlebi rom

saqarTveloSi kidev didxans iboginebda es Wiri da mteri

urTierTwakidebis, dasmenis, Ralatis, daundoblobis bacilas kidev 70

weliwadi gaavrcelebda isedac mcire da saukuneobiT natanj erSi. ra

Tqma unda, amis zusti gansazRvra maT ar SeeZloT. pirvelni _ samudamo

gamarjvebasa da komunizmis aSenebaze ocnebobdnen, meoreni, qaqucas

Tanamoazreni, ki damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenaze, risTvisac maT,

qarTvel xalxTan erTad, msoflios keTili nebis adamianTa daxmarebis

imedi hqondaT da gamarjvebis rwmenas aZlevdaT sakuTari brZolis

samarTlianoba.

22

•

qaquca ColoyaSvils yvelaze metad aRaSfoTebda saqarTvelos saTaveSi

moqceuli bolSevikebis mier eklesiebis rbeva, saeklesio qonebis

ganiaveba, dawva, Sebilwva. vinc ase iqceoda, samagaliTod moiTxovda maT

dasjas. erTmorwmuneobis niadagze daaxloebulma ruseTma jer kidev

XIX saukuneSi Sebilwa qarTuli samociqulo eklesia, 1921 wlidan ki

masiurad daiwyes Cveni taZrebis gaZarcva-ngreva. isini sawyobebad da

biblioTekebad iyenebdnen qarTul saydrebs, aq iaraRsa da marqsis tomebs

inaxavdnen, romelsac ZaliT akiTxebdnen da unergavdnen xalxs. zogi

eklesia komkavSirul klubebad aqcies. mkrexeloba amaze Sors ver

wavidoda. RvTis gmobisken mouwodebdnen yvelas. xalxs Caagonebdnen

galaSqrebas eklesiebis winaaRmdeg, saamiso magaliTebs Tavad iZleodnen.

cnobilia, rogor daangries wminda giorgis eklesia quTaisis centrSi,

Tbilisis centrSi _ aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis taZari. gaZarcves

mowameTa, gelaTi, uamravi sofeli saydris gareSe datoves. am dros

saqarTveloSi sul 1500 eklesia daingra. komkavSiruli da partiuli

aqtivistebi, aqaoda, Wkvianebi da ganaTlebulebi varTo, TviTon

angrevdnen eklesiebs da xalxis winaSe Tavi mohqondaT. qaqucam

gadawyvita, erTerTi aseTi aqtivistisa da urwmuno qarTvelisaTvis Wkua

eswavlebina. winandlis, qvemo xodaSnisa da kisisxevis raionSi iyo erTi

komisari _ buliaSvili, romelic mTel soflebs awiokebda Tavis

xalxTan erTad, eklesiebidan gamohqonda xatebi, wminda wignebi,

samRvdelo Sesamoseli da wvavda. erTxelac ganacxada: Cemi xeliT

movxsni jvars eklesiis gumbaTidan da naxavT, RmerTi Tu rames mizamso.

specialuri dRe daniSna, raTa es amazrzeni sanaxaoba moewyo. vinc ar

mividoda, yvelas dasjidnen, rogorc Tavad gamoacxada. xalxi gminavda,

magram Zala aRmarTs xnavda. qaqucasTan mividnen am raionebis

warmomadgenlebi. Sewuxebuli adamianebi Svelas iTxovdnen, buliaSvilis

moSorebas da am mdgomareobis SeCerebas evedrebodnen. imis Tqmac ar

daviwyniaT, ra `sanaxaoba~ daniSna buliaSvilma. qaqucam moismina Tu ara,

Tqva, gumbaTze unda mokvdes es aramzadao da daiwyo operaciis mzadeba.

man razmelebi gagzavna adgilmdebareobis Sesaswavlad da wina RamiT

Caasafra ori mebrZoli eklesiis mimdebare teritoriaze, ise SerCeul

adgilas, saidanac kargi msroleli gumbaTze asul buliaSvils ar

aacdenda. mebrZolebad gamocdili sulxaniSvili da axalgazrda baduri

(qaqucasTan mamis xeliT moyvanili baduraSvili) gauSva. man kargad

icoda es adgilebi, wina dRiT SearCia samizne, is Ramec iq gaaTenes.

meore diliT didZali xalxi Seiyara, yvela ukmayofilo da SeZruli

iyo im sanaxaobiT, rac iq gaimarTa. buliaSvili iaraRebiT mixoxavda

gumbaTisaken jvaris Camosaxsneld. ai, miuaxlovda jvars da dauwyo

Tu ara CaquCis cema, imwamsve gavarda wyvili Tofidan tyviebi da

RvTismgmobi gumbaTidan gadmovarda. xalxma wivil-kivili daiwyo, bevri

23

maTgani aRfrTovanebas ver malavda da wivil-kivilSi sixaruliT

gaiZaxoda: aki, RmerTi veras mizamso! es ambavi mTel saqarTveloSi

gavrcelda da xalxma yvelgan gaixara. legenda legendas emateboda,

saqarTveloSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis saxeli yvelam gaigo da yvela xsnas

misgan eloda. ambobdnen, uTvalavi jari hyavso, Tumca aWarbebdnen,

rogorc legendebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram ColoyaSvili cocxali

legenda iyo, romelic xan sad da xan sad gaCndeboda xolme Cagrulebis

dasacavad da mtrebis gulis gasagmirad.

•

qaquca ColoyaSvilis sabrZolo istoriaSi gamorCeulia 1922 wlis

zafxulSi xevsureTSi mowyobili antisamTavrobo amboxeba. xevsureTSi

qaqucas razmi duSeTidan avida. amboxi pirvel agvistomde unda

momxdariyo. amboxebamde erTi kviriT adre daiZrnen razmis wevrebi

xevsureTisaken. aragvis xeobaSi mosaxleoba arc imdenad bevri iyo,

amitom dRisiT-mzisiT moZraobdnen. gzad patara sofeli _ orTvali

gaiares, sadac qarTvel Cekistebs gadaawydnen. pirveli brZolac maTTan

gamarTes. brZolaSi erTi Cekisti mokvda, ramdenime daiWra, zogic

gaeqcaT. aq aRar gaCerebulan da maRaroskarisaken gaswies. dabinavdnen

vaJa-fSavelas daarsebul skolaSi. skolas irgvliv tye ertya, qaqucas

vaSlis xis ZirSi eZina, avad iyo, drodadro aciebda, magram erTi

wuTiTac ki ar aZlevda Tavs modunebis uflebas. aq akiTxavdnen fSavlebi

da ewerebodnen mis razmSi. mebrZolebma uSiSar adgilad miiCnies es

banaki da gaTamamdnen, xan tyeSi gadiodnen Txilisa da Sindis mosaZebnad,

xanac Tavisuflad mxiarulobdnen. maT fexdafex dadevnebulma miliciam

erTi fSaveli, maRaroskareli axalgazrda gamotexa da xifaTic gaCnda:

mdevari sami mxridan wamovida maRaroskarisaken: erTi pirdapiri gziT,

saidanac Tavad razmi amovida, meorem zurgidan dauara, mesamem ki _

skolis gaRmidan, saidanac aseve xelisguliviT Canda Seficulebis bina.

razmelebs erTi daraji hyavdaT gamoyofili, metsaxelad kurdRela.

Tavdapirvelad mas mdevari mgzavri hgonebia, rodesac garkveula,

gaqceula razmisaken da srola autexavs, radgan dagvianebis SeSinebia.

razmSi am dros, adgilze mxolod Tormeti kaci iyo. qaquca wamoxta,

razmelebic uceb Cadgnen sabrZolo formaSi, mteric Tavze wamoadgaT.

wamoSlisTanave autexes srola qaqucas razms. strategiulad

araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen razmelebi, radgan skolis Ria

ezoSi idgnen, maSin, rodesac mdevars tyis safaris gamoyeneba SeeZlo.

mowinaaRmdege sul axlos movida, skolis yoresTan, gzis piras da

srola daiwyo. sanam tyeSi mimofantuli razmelebi gaigonebdnen srolis

xmas da mixvdebodnen, rom banaki safrTxeSi iyo, brZolis simZime

qaqucasa da mis Tormetiode mebrZolze gadavida. qaquca skolis gverdze

mdebare eklesiis nangrevebTan idga, radgan razmelebi iqiT iyvnen

24

wasulebi. isini ukve gulisxeTqviT brundebodnen da meTauric maT

saWiro adgilebze anawilebda. qaqucam iqve Camomavali bilikiT, elizbar

vaCnaZe gaagzavna sami kaciT. am bilikze Camodioda avlabris komisari

Tavisi miliciiT. Seficulebi maT SeebrZolnen, mokles komisari da ori

milicioneri, danarCenebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs. qaqucam kidev sami

mebrZoli miaSvela elizbars da eqvsi kaciT man is simaRle daikava,

romelic aragvze gadebul xids gahyurebda. aqedan dauwyes srola

ukangaqceul mters da bevri mokles. brZola TandaTan gaZlierda, yvela

Seficuli ibrZoda. qaquca Ria samizned rCeboda mtrisaTvis, radgan

gaRmidan isrodnen da TvalnaTliv Canda iqidan, rom ColoyaSvili

arafers efareboda. razmelebi uyvirodnen, moefare rameso, magram amaod.

meTaurma mxolod maSin gaiazra mosalodneli safrTxe, rodesac zed mis

TavTan tyviam toti motexa. ibrZoda svimon yifianic, romelic damkomma

gagzavna Tbilisidan razmis dRiuris sawarmoeblad. es iyo xanSiSesuli

kaci, namdvili patrioti. am brZolaSi monawileobdnen qaqucas marjvena

xeli da ganuyreli megobari _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, giorgi

gverdwiTeli, gabo oziaSvili, Salva kandelaki, sergo maisuraZe da

sxvebi. qaqucam mteri alyaSi moimwyvdia, zogi daxoces, zogi tyved

Caigdes. aragvis napiras gasulma razmelebma iq kidev eqvsi milicioneri

aiyvanes. qaqucas 65 razmeli monawileobda am brZolaSi, mowinaaRmdege

ki 250 kacamde iyo, rogorc Semdeg tyveebma Tqves. es samxedro operacia

ganaxorciela avlabris komisarma, romelmac Tavis miliciasTan erTad

dado piroba, qaqucas angariSs gavusworebo, pirveli ki Tavad daiRupa

brZolaSi.

barisaxoSi qaqucas razmSi sami xevsuri da erTi fSaveli mivida. es

fSaveli mixa xelaSvili iyo, poeturi niWiT dajildovebuli

axalgazrda kaci, romelsac saocrad uyvarda qaquca da samSoblos

ganmaTavisuflebel gmirad miaCnda. qaqucac did niWsa da momavals

xedavda masSi da xSirad ambobda, Tu mSvidoba iqna, mixas aucileblad

universiteti unda gavaTavebino, codoa, amisTana niWi daiRuposo.

mixa xelaSvili sofel axadidan iyo. bavSvobidanve itacebda poeturi

sityvis Zala da madli, uyvarda vaJa, baCana, SesaniSnavi xalxuri poezia,

ukravda fandursa da salamurze, amRerebda sakuTar leqsebs da

kafiobaSic badali ar hyavda. saSualo ganaTleba TbilisSi miiRo.

sofelSi dabrunebuli maRaroskaris eklesiis diakvnad da saydris

mcvelad gaamweses. ar SeiZleba aseT adamians, poeziis, qarTuli

klasikuri mwerlobis trfials, morwmunesa da eklesia-monastrebis

qomags is aetana, rac im dros xdeboda, rogor Seuracxyofdnen

komunisti da komkavSireli aqtivistebi qarTul suls, erovnul

simdidresa da istoriul warsuls, rogor Wridnen momavlis tots,

xelyofdnen mTis laRi xalxis Tavisuflebas. Tavze quds xdidnen da

wvers parsavdnen xevisberebs. masac miadgnen da aiZules, daetovebina

25

eklesia. is, vinc ar idga axali drois satanis mociqulebTan, aRar

undodaT da ebrZodnen. mixa xelaSvilmac datova ojaxi da mivida

qaqucasTan. aq iyo qarTuli suli da silamazec.

qaqucasa da mixa xelaSvilis siyvarulian urTierTobaze xalxuri

leqsic metyvelebs:

`ro naxavs ColoyaSvili,

imis pir izams Rminsao (gaiRimebso)

erTi hyavs aTis badali, _

SiSi ara aqvs mtrisao.~

Tavad mixa ki Tavis usayvarles meTaurs yovelTvis amkobda leqsebiT...

maRaroskaris brZolis Semdeg is aRar moSorebia qaqucas, bevrjer

isaxela Tavi SeficulTa razmSi Tavisi gmirobiT. erTxel, sofel

bakanas ganapiras, did gomurSi TavSeyril komkavSirlebs, romelTac

qaqucas datyveveba ganezraxaT, igi marto mieWra, ahyara iaraRi da

mihgvara SeficulTa razmis belads. qaqucam Wkua daariga gzidan

acdenili axalgazrdebi da gauSva. mixa dabali tanis, magram Casxmuli

da janiani vaJkaci iyo. 1923 wels, roca duSeTSi idgnen, man qaqucas

ori dRiT dedisa Dda naTesavebis sanaxavad gaSveba sTxova. gzad duSeTis

miliciis ufross gadaeyara, rva milicioneri axlda da mixas sofelSi

midioda. am kacs bevri boroteba hqonda Cadenili da qaquca apirebda

masTan angariSsworebas. mixas gadauwyvetia, martos gaekeTebia es da

qaquca gaexarebina, gza Seukravs miliciisaTvis. ori mouklavs kidec,

magram rva kacs ver morevia da Tavi Seuklavs. qaqucam Zalze ganicada am

niWieri poetisa da samSoblos moyvaruli axalgazrdis sikvdili. magram

omi iyo saqarTveloSi, komunistebis mier inspirirebuli, qarTvelebs

Soris gaCeniliyo ufskruli, mravali adamiani uazrod iRupeboda. mixa

xelaSvilisa da qaqucas urTierTobas ki am leqsiT davinaxavT, romelic

TviTnabadi poeturi niWis fSavelma Wabukma qarTveli xalxis did

erovnul gmirs _ qaquca ColoyaSvils miuZRvna:

jer isev aris zafxuli, ar daTovlilan mTania,

fSav-xevsureTis kldeebsa Savniva hqonda fxania∗

Sig vcxovrobT fSavel-xevsurni, Savi kldis Svilni-Zmania,

unda miviRoT ambavi droebis monatania.

qaquca ColoyaSvili mohqrolavs rogorc qaria,

Tan axlavs qarTvelT Svilebi, TiTo lomebis daria.

binas dasdeben fSavSia, sadac maRaroskaria∗.

TbilisiT mohyva laSqari, romelic muxliT malia,

puris Wamazed nasxdomebs daxvies Tofis alia.

ha, gidi, ColoyaSvilo, gulad gdebia talia,

patara razmis ufroso, xar mardi kamandaria∗.

mkvdari Sehyare mkvdarzeda, rogorc mtris sabandaria∗.

wiTlad SeRebe aragvi, fSav-xevsureTis wyalia.

26

fSavlebs gadaec nadavli, imaTgan anayaria.

•

maRaroskaris brZolis Semdeg qaqucas razmi imave dRes gaemgzavra

xevsureTSi. gza daubrkoleblad gaiares, Tumca iyo Worebi, TianeTis

mxridan ormoci kaci daadevneso. am razms, viTomda, orwyalis simagre

unda daekavebina da Seficulebi xevsureTSi ar SeeSva. orwyali aragvis

gamyofi kldea. qaqucam am adgilis dasakaveblad elizbar vaCnaZe gagzavna

xuTi kaciT, magram mdevris ambavi Wori gamodga, qaquca daubrkoleblad

avida xevsureTSi, dabanakda barisaxoSi, Tumca razmelebi

sifrTxilisaTvis malavdnen, romeli iyo maT Soris qaquca, magram

xevsureTSi bevri icnobda mas da esec rom ara, elvis siswrafiT

gavrcelda jaris asvlis ambavi. SeficulTa mTavari mokavSireebi iyvnen

gogoTuri da aparika. pirveli 50-55 wlis kaci, meore ufro

axalgazrda, komunistebisa da rusebis mteri. es ori adamiani

akavSirebda qaqucas xevsurebTan, axdenda razmebis organizacias.

xevsureTis ajanyebas ColoyaSvili did strategiul mniSvnelobas

aZlevda. am dros, SeficulTa cnobiT, sul aTi aTasamde wiTeli

jariskaci iyo saqarTveloSi. xevsureTSi Yukan daedevneboda jari

amboxebulebs, iqauri midamoebis kargad mcodneni _ maT advilad

amoxacavdnen. fSav-xevsurTa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan

Sekrebil meomarTa garda, xevsureTSi ibrZolebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli

CeCnebic. qaquca apirebda maTTan molaparakebas, Tumca es gegma ufro

adre unda Seesrulebina. qarTul armiaSi qaqucas Tavisi xalxic hyavda,

kerZod, Stabis ufrosi, polkovniki musxeliSvili, romelic yovelTvis

awvdida sando cnobebs Seficulebis razms, amotomac imedi hqonda, rom

kritikul momentSi am jars gaaneitralebda. maRaroskaridan dawyebuli,

xevsurebi mZime danakliss ayenebdnen rusis jars. erTma koWlma

xevsurma xuT kacs ahyara iaraRi. mdevrebma ramdenime dRe sdies qaqucas

nakvalevs, magram moulodnelad ukan daixies, Seficulebs ki imedi

hqondaT, rom maT zurgidan daartyamdnen saqarTvelos

ganmaTavisuflebeli Zalebi. saqme is iyo, rom partiuli kinklaoba,

SeuTanxmebloba xSirad iCenda Tavs da saqmes azaralebda. verc

paritetuli komiteti da verc samxedro sabWo ver axerxebdnen

erovnuli moZraobis ufro gabedulad azvirTebas da am talRis saTaveSi

Cadgomas. rodesac xevsureTis ajanyebaSi maT ver iTamaSes gadamwyveti

roli, mTavrobam ufro Tamamad Seutia da calkeuli gmirebis

Tavganwirvam Sedegi ver moitana.

xevsureTSi SerCenili ColoyaSvilis razmelebi elodebodnen, rom

ukandaxeva mTavrobis SenaerTebma droebiT gaiTamaSes da male isini

axali ZalebiT miawydebodnen xevsureTSi ganlagebul erovnul Zalebs.

qaqucam mimarTa xevsur meTaurebs, ekisraT Suamavloba da CeCnebisaTvis

27

eTxovaT daxmareba. xevsurebma uari Tqves, _ Cven piraqeTelebs, mtroba

gvaqvs CeCnebTan da ar dagvexmarebiano. marTlac, gogoTuris vaJs _

sulxanaurs, xSirad gaulaSqria CeCnebze, ukanasknel xans maTi molac

mouklavs, wamouRia moklulis Tavi da sakuTar ezoSi daumarxavs. icoda

ra CeCnebis SurismaZiebeli xasiaTi, cixec augia, raTa Tavi daecva

momxdurebisgan. sulxanauri isev xevsurebs mouklavT, radgan erTxel,

CeCnur tansacmelSi gamowyobili, CeCeni hgonebiaT. aseT urTierTobaSi

Zneli iyo mokavSireebad CeCnebis daguleba, magram qaqucam ar daiSala,

man xevsurebs uTxra, rom gaatanda Tavis Seficul razmelebs, sando

kacs gaayolebda, CeCnebs mtrebad rom ar mieRoT misulebi. unda

daerwmunebiaT CeCnebi, droebiT daeviwyebinaT droebiTi SuRli, mtroba

da SurisZieba, gaerTianebuliyvnen da daemarcxebinaT rusebi, romlebic

xevsureTis Semdeg maTac miadgebodnen. gamyolebad qistebi da piriqiTa

xevsurebi unda aerCiaT, radgan CeCnebi maT megobrobdnen. Satilidan

gadavidnen qistebis sofel jaregaSi da Sexvdnen iqaur Tavkacebs,

daarwmunes isini qaqucas SemonaTvalis simarTlesa da xevsurebis

gulwrfelobaSi da daiTanxmes.

CeCnebTan gamgzavrebis win erTi ucnauri ambavi momxdara. es ambavi

TviTmxilvelsa da monawiles _ aleqsandre sulxaniSvils aqvs Tavis

mogonebebSi Setanili. maRaroskaris brZolis erT-erTi gmiris, xevsuri

gogoTuris qmedeba SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad Sefasdes. damerwmunebiT,

rom es dramatuli da sulisSemZvreli pasaJi isedac dramatul

saqarTvelos istorias ar unda moakldes. aris masSi raRac iseTi, rac

Cven eTnofsiqologias, samSoblos siyvarulSi TavzexelaRebul qmedebasa

da fanatizmsac gamoxatavs. sityva `fanatizmi~, ra Tqma unda, zogadad,

ar aris dadebiTi Sinaarsis momcveli. qarTvelebs arasodes axasiaTebdaT

religiuri fanatizmi, Cvens mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi, ufro

tolerantoba sufevda, vidre religiuri da eTnikuri niSniT

dapirispireba, magram rodesac qveynis yofna-aryofnis da SenarCunebis

sakiTxi dgeboda, maSin samSoblos uzenaesobis fanatikuri gancda

iRviZebda. am grZnobaSi ki qristianoba, qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos miwa-

wyali erTiandeboda. es sameba iyo yvelaferze aRmatebuli. am

TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT imas, rac gogoTurisU kar-midamoSi moxda,

maSin momxdari ambavi ufro gasagebi gaxdeba. TaTbirze gadawyda CeCnebTan

gadasvla da daxmarebis Txovna. iqve gamoiTqva eWvi: ar dagvexmarebian,

radgan mtrebad gvTvliano. iqve gaixsenes sulxanauris mier molas

mokvlis ambavi. qaquca mainc imedianad iyo da am gzis iqiT gamarjvebas

ver xedavda.. saubrisas gogoTuri sadRac wavida da rodesac dabrunda,

Tan moiyvana ori patara bavSvi _ biWi da gogo. Tan xurjini moayola da

qaqucas despans uTxra: `ai, Seni kvnesame, es bavSvebi Cemi Svili

sulxanaurisani arian, Cven qistebis sisxli gvmarTebs, eseni waiyvane da

mihgvare qistebs~. razmelebi gafiTrdnen. qaqucam Zlivs amoiRo xma da

28

uyvira: `gogoTuro, rogor SeiZleba, rom udanaSaulo bavSvebi mivgvaroT

qistebs sasikvdilodo~. sxvebic gajavrdnen, sisxlis asaRebad bavSvebis

xurjiniT migvra ram gafiqrebinao. asea Tu ise, es ambavi moxda da iTqva

im adamianisgan, vinc didi avtoritetiTa da saxeliT sargeblobda

xevsurTa Soris da ara vinme uCino an ugunuri kacisgan.

vinaidan CeCnebis daxmareba saqarTvelos gadarCenas niSnavda, uari ki

daRupvas, sakuTari sisxli da geni, ucodveli patarebi gaimeta

qarTvelma kacma. iqneb, CeCenTa vaJkacuri gulis imedic hqonda, iqneb arc

fiqrobda amaze, tradiciis Sesruleba surda ukanasknelad da samSoblos

gadarCena, xolo im brZolaSi, xevsurebs rom unda gaemarTaT, Tavadac

usityvod miitanda sakuTar sicocxles mamulisaTvis msxverplad.

vin icis!.. ras gaugeb gogoTuris msgavs qarTvelebs. isini TavianTi

drois pirmSoni iyvnen da gmirebad im wamebsa da wuTebSi ibadebodnen,

rodesac saqarTvelos daRupva emuqreboda. amgvari araordinaluri da

aragansjadi qmedebebiT savsea saqarTvelos istoria.

xevsureTis amboxebaSi CeCnebis vaJkacoba da gmirobac iseve

dasafasebelia, rogorc qarTveli Seficulebis. maT uyoymanod miiRes

qaquca ColoyaSvilis Txovna, Camovidnen kidec Satils, magram saocrad

dawydaT guli, ganzraxuli rom ver Seisrules: ver ibrZoles rusi

dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg qarTvel SeficulebTan erTad. CeCnebi ukan

gabrundnen, qarTvelebi ki aqedan gaifantnen, radgan ajanyebis gegma

gacemuli iyo da dasaxuli mizani veRar Sesruldeboda. amboxebis

CaSlis mTavari mizezi SeuTanxmebloba, partiuli daqsaqsuloba da

danawevreba iyo. bevrs ajanyeba naadrevad miaCnda, zogi ukeTesi drois

dadgomas elodeboda, erTi partia meores ar eTanxmeboda. iyvnen

gamcemebic, romlebic sabWoTa policiasa da Cekas atyobinebdnen

erovnuli moZraobis monawileTa sabrZolo gegmebs. xevsureTis amboxebis

gegma Stabis ufrosTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, is damuSavebuli iyo im

saukeTeso qarTveli generlebis mier, romlebic komunistebis Semosvlis

Semdegac muSaobdnen qarTul jarSi, magram saokupacio reJims ver

eguebodnen, sastikad ganicdidnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

dakargvas. amitom qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi Seficulebis mxares

idgnen. saqarTvelos bolSevikurma xelisuflebam sastikad iZia Suri

maTze. 1923 wels isini daxvrites. aseve daxvrites bevri patiosani

qarTveli glexi Tu inteligenti, arasamxedro pirebi, romlebic

TanaugrZnobdnen erovnul gmirebs. 1923 wlis 19 maiss daixvrita

`samxedro centris~ mTliani Semadgenloba, maT Soris iyvnen generlebi:

aleqsandre andronikaSvili, varden wulukiZe da kote afxazi;

polkovnikebi: rostom musxeliSvili, giorgi ximSiaSvili, aleqsandre

maWavariani, elizbar gulisaSvili, dimitri Crdileli; oficrebi:

farnaoz yaralaSvili, simon bagration-muxraneli; saxelmwifo

29

moxeleebi: mixeil zandukeli, iason kereseliZe, simon WiabriSvili, ivane

quTaTelaZe, levan klimiaSvili.

am dros dasaWerad dasdevdnen qaqucasac, rac kargad Cans specialuri

gamoZiebis mier Sedgenil sabWour dokumentebSi. es dokumentebi imave

wels gamoaqveyna `qarTvel mxedarTa kavSiris~ damfuZnebelma

sainiciativo jgufma stambulSi. masSi setanilia is ganaCenic, rac

`Ziebis~ Semdeg daiwera da ris safuZvelzec daxvrites qarTveli

patrioti samxedroebi. konstantinopolSi myofi, samSoblodan devnili

qarTuli sardloba sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom ruseTis sabWoTa

saokupacio xelisuflebis gankargulebiT, gausamarTleblad iqnen es

adamianebi daxvretilni. 1923 wlis 20 maisisTvis daxvretil oficerTa

da saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris 4 generali, 6 polkovniki, 3

leitenanti, 7 rotmistri, kapitnebi, unter-oficrebi, vaxtmistrebi da

iunkrebi iyvnen.

ganaCeni, sadac mocemuli iyo 19 maiss daxvretili samxedroebis sia

da aRwerili iyo maTi mTavari saqmianoba, _ ase iwyeboda: `antantis

kapitalistebis agentebis danarCeni muSaoba saqarTveloSi ajanyebis

mosamzadeblad moispo dapatimrebiT, romelic moaxdina sagangebo

komisiam. sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis, saqarTveloSi

bandituri moZraobis mowyobisa da masSi monawileobis miRebis da

muSur-glexuri saxelmwifosaTvis Ralatis gamo, amierkavkasiis sagangebo

komisiis mier damTavrebuli gamoZiebiT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa

socialisturi respublikis sagangebo komisia adgens: miesajos umaRlesi

sasjeli...~

CamoTvlili samxedroebi yvela banditebad, wiTeli armiis gamcemebad

da qveynis moRalateebad arian gamocxadebulni. ganaCenSi dasaxelebulia

maTi asaki, ganaTleba, samuSao, romelsac asrulebdnen. daxvretisas

yvelaze axalgazrdebi iyvnen: rostom ilias Ze musxeliSvili _ 35

wlis, simon levanis Ze bagration-muxraneli _ 27 wlis, farnaoz

revazis Ze yaralaSvili _ 24 wlis, iason maTes Ze kereseliZe _ 32

wlis, elizbar baqaris Ze gulisaSvili _ 32 wlis, levan iraklis Ze

klimiaSvili _ 26 wlis, dimitri nikolozis Ze Crdileli _ 29 wlis.

danarCenebic im asakSi iyvnen, kidev bevri ramis gakeTeba rom SeeZloT

saqarTvelos samxedro siZlierisaTvis. rodesac ganaCeni waukiTxavT

dasaxvreti qarTvelebisaTvis, yvela maTgani ise vaJkacurad moqceula,

amas TviT amierkavkasiis `Cekas~ Tavmjdomare mogilevskisa da mis

xelqveiT jalaT pankratovzec umoqmedia. giorgi ximSiaSvils uTqvams:

`Cven viciT, risTvisac gvklavT, Tqvenc kargad iciT, rom banditebi ara

varT, male dadgeba dro da TeTri giorgi mrisxaned mogTxovT pasuxs.

gaumarjos saqarTvelos!~

jalaTebisTvis miumarTavs gaWaRaravebul, rainduli sulisa da gulis

general varden wulukiZes. qaqucas msgavsad, am patriot qarTvelsac

30

saxelovani winaprebi hyavda, romelTa geni asazrdoebda masSi samSoblos

did siyvaruls da misTvis Tavganwirvis unars. misi babua iyo imereTis

sawulukiZeos gamoCenili Tavadi simon wulukiZe, romelic ZmasTan,

daviTTan erTad ebrZoda ruseTis jars, risTvisac daviTi Seipyres da

sarze aacves. iyo dasjis aseTi saSineli meTodi. erTi kvira buzebi

exveoda mkvdars da yvelas dasanaxad da xalxis SesaSineblad ar

amarxinebdnen. am winaparTa mxedruli gulovneba hqonda varden

wulukiZes, ramac misi didi sabrZolo damsaxureba ganapiroba, rogorc I

msoflio omSi, aseve saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

istoriaSi. mas jalaTebisTvis uTqvams: `sikvdiliT ver SegvaSinebT, Cveni

sikvdili saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis Tavdebia, igi daasalkldevebs

eris simtkices, erTi aTasad gaamravlebs mebrZolT~. mis TavdaWerasa da

srul simSvides sikvdilis win, ise umoqmedia jalaTze, rom uTqvams:

Tqven marTlac gmirulad kvdebiT, gindaT, gadavcem rames Tqvenianebso?

razedac wulukiZes upasuxia: `gadaeciT, rom Cven davixoceT, viT

qarTvel patriotebs SehferiT.~

daxvretis aRweraSi sxvebis sityvebicaa motanili, saidanac Cans, ra

didi sulieri simtkicis patronebi iyvnen qarTveli samxedroebi.

polkovniki maWavariani: `Cven ar gipirebdiT Sebralebas da arc Tqvengan

miviRebT lmobierebas, es Cveni Seuracxyofa iqneboda~.

kote abxazi: `me vkvdebi sixaruliT, radgan Rirsi gavxdi samSoblos

samsxverploze zvarakad mitanisa. Cveni sikvdili gamarjvebas moutans

saqarTvelos!~

generali andronikaSvili, rogorc yovelTvis, mSvidi da auRelvebeli:

`saxeze getyobaT, rom gakvirvebT Cveni sulis simtkice, iqneba

qarTvelebi yvela amisTanebi gegonaT? (xels aSvers jalaTebs Soris

myof erT-erT qarTvelze). mravali aTasi Cvenze ukeTesebi zrdian

TavianT gulSi Tqvendami sikvdils.~

polkovniki Crdileli: wadiT da uTxariT rusebs, Tu rogor

ibrZvian qarTvelebi samSoblosaTvis!..~

sagangebo komisiaSi, vinc ganaCeni gamoitanes, Sediodnen: pankratovi,

mogilevski (amierkavkasiis `Cekas~ Tavmjdomare), aSukini, ruseTis

saokupacio armiis samxedro sabWos wevri sergo orjonikiZe, mamia

oraxelaSvili, kvantaliani.

spiridon kedias meuRle, sofio CijavaZe-kedia igonebs, rogor mivida

Tbiliseli qalebis delegacia sergo orjonikiZesTan. eseni iyvnen: nino

gelovani, aneta diasamiZe, Tamar falavandiSvili, dapatimrebuli

Crdilelis da, romelsac xelebi daukocnia orjonikiZisaTvis, Zma

gadamirCineo; mas ki civad uTqvams, es xalxi ukve daxvretiliao. 22

maiss gazeTma gamoaqveyna informacia sikvdiliT dasjilebze. TbilisSi

Worebi gavrcelda: iason kereseliZe viTom `didebis~ simReriT midioda,

Tan yviroda: `gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTveloso~, mSvidad iyo kote

31

afxazi da sxvebsac imaves urCevda. vaJkacurad Sexvedrian sikvdils

generali wulukiZe da generali andronikaSvili, gogi ximSiaSvils ki

`Cekas~ kedelze aseTi leqsi wauweriao:

`... Tumca ver mova Wirisufali Cven saflavebze,

mainc vnugeSobT, xsovna darCeba erTgul mxedarze

da quds moixdis mamuliSvili Cvens xsenebaze.~

maTi sikvdili qarTvelTa glovis sagani, didi ubedureba iyo.

arc xalxi darCa valSi. erT xevsurul sofelSi Sesuli rusis jari

amoxoca xevsurma qalma, romlis saxeli SemorCa mxolod, gvari ar

viciT. mas mzeqala erqva. misi Zma qaqucasTan ibrZoda. qali saxlSi

marto yofila, rusebi rom Sesulan sofelSi. mzeqalas Zmis TofiT

dauxocavs rusebi da bolos maTi tyviiT Tavadac gangmirula.

patriotebis daxvretis Semdeg qaquca ColoyaSvilis brZolis Jini

kidev ufro gaizarda, SesaniSnav TanamebrZolTa da megobarTa sikvdilma

mas kidev ufro naTlad daanaxa reJimis sisastike.

lagodexis tyeebSi mtris tyviiT mokvda qaqucas Zma sikoc. qaquca mas

Tavidanve uSlida partizanul moZraobaSi monawileobas. eubneboda,

Turme, ori Zma erTad qorwilSi ar varga, Seni saqme sxvagan gaakeTeo.

Zmam mainc ar daiSala, guli iqiT miuwevda, sadac qaqucas daZaxebaze

aseulebi ikribebodnen. erT dRes sulxaniSvils gahyva da isev

SeficulTa banakSi aRmoCnda. Zma rom dainaxa, qaqucam odnav

sayvedurnarevi RimiliT uTxra, Sen mainc ar moisvene da wamoxvedio?

sikom, viTomda aq araferiao, ise upasuxa, mereda ra moxda, rom davinaxe

saSa modioda, gulma veRar gamiZlo da gamovyevio. sikos qaquca

yovelTvis wina xazze gzavnida. is Seficul qarTlel biWTan erTad

mouklavs gamcem oss. kaxeTis Tu qarTlis soflebSi mcxovrebi osebi

komunistebis mxareze iyvnen da qaqucas ebrZodnen. sayvareli Zma qaqucam

Tavisi xeliT damarxa tyeSi da isev gaagrZela brZola. moRalate osi

Seficulebma, sikos da baRdos (aseTi metsaxeli hqonda moklul

qarTlels) maleve miayoles.

1923 wels daxvrites qaqucas biZaSvili, matanSi mcxovrebi 35 wlis

aneta ColoyaSvili, ganaTlebuli da patrioti, namdvili qarTveli qali.

is TavdadebiT exmareboda razmelebs, uzidavda wamlebs, uxvevda

Wrilobebs, amaragebda sakvebiT. `Cekam~ daatusaRa da rom veraferSi

gamotexa, sikvdili miusaja. daxvrites qaqucas simamri, uamravi nacnob-

megobari. iyo Ralati, eWvebic. samoqalaqo omi yvelaze didi saSinelebaa

da misi Wrilobebic Znelad mosarCeni. es omi mZvinvarebda

saqarTveloSic da adamianebi erTmaneTs wiravdnen partiuli

dapirispirebis gamo. yvela adamians rodi SeuZlia gmiroba. bevri gatyda,

mtris mxareze gadavida da gasca Tavisianebi. bevri ar danebda, bolomde

uerTgula samSoblos, megobrebs, adamianur Rirsebas.

32

ajanyeba damarcxda, magram xalxi _ ara. Tavad qaquca ColoyaSvils

arc ufiqria aq daesva wertili, samSoblos interesebi mas isev eZaxda.

•

xevsureTis ajanyebis Semdeg, qaquca ColoyaSvili isev kaxeTsa da

qarTlSi ibrZoda. mas ufrosi Zma, Saqro miugzavnes, romelic manamde

datusaRebuli hyavdaT. aseve, axlo naTesavi biZina mayaSvili. mTavroba

maTi piriT uTvlida: SenTvis ra dagviSavebia, risTvis gvebrZvi, Tu ar

mogwons Cveni politika, sazRvargareT wadi, fuls, ramdensac ityvi,

mogcemT, mZevalsac gagayolebT sazRvramde, rom gvendoo. qaqucam aseTi

pasuxi misca: gadaeciT, rom Cven fulze ar viyidebiT, patriotebi varT

da saqarTvelos Tavisufleba aris CvenTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi.

avantiuristebi da samSoblos moRalateebi Tqven xarT, rusis jars rom

SemouZexiT da Zlivs, vai-vaglaxiT mopovebuli saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba daamxeT. Tu kidev SegrCeniaT erTi bewo raime mainc

qarTuli, eg jari isev gaiyvaneT,rogorc SemoiyvaneT. Cven vibrZolebT

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis manam, sanam pirSi suli gvidgas. Tu

ver SevZeliT am didi miznis sisruleSi moyvana, momavali Taoba

gaagrZelebs Cven dawyebul saqmes. mere Zmas uTxra, Cemi ufrosi Zma ki

xar, magram amisTana davalebiT CemTan aRar moxvideo. qaqucam isic Tqva,

rom rusis jaris gayvanis Semdeg, qarTveli xalxis mier arCeul

kanonier xelisuflebas is da misi megobrebi usityvod

daemorCilebodnen, ragind maTTvis miuRebeli yofiliyo is mTavroba.

qaqucas ufros Zmas biZis saxeli erqva. erT dRes swored mas estumra

qaquca ColoyaSvili ramdenime megobarTan erTad matanSi, ColoyaanT

cixeSi, sadac 75 wlis zorba, TovliviT TeTrwvera, darbaiseli da

simpaTiuri kaci cxovrobda. igi Zveli simRerebis ganTqmuli

Semsrulebebli da ucvleli Tamada iyo. biZas Zmiswulis naxva ise

gauxarda, cremlic ki gaubrwyinda Tvalze. exvewa, darCiT da CemTan

ivaxSmeTo, magram qaqucas naTesavebze iseTi meTvalyureoba iyo, ar

gariskes SeTqmulebma. wasvla rom daapira, Zia Saqro meore oTaxSi

gavida, mooqrovili xanjali gamoitana da qaqucas misca: mama-papuri

xanjalia, Sen gqondes Cemo Zmiswulo, Sen ufro gauTqvam mas saxels,

Cveni gvarisa da samSoblos sadideblado. es iaraRi axla saqarTvelos

muzeumSi inaxeba da man iseTive Zneli gza ganvlo saqarTvelos

brZolebsa da ucxoeTSi, rogorc misma mflobelebma warsulSi. iaraRs

qarTuli emigracia inaxavda, ufrTxildeboda, bolos ki gmiris

samSoblos daubrunda.

Seficulebi kaxeTis soflebSi dadiodnen. qaquca zogjer awyverSi

(axmetis raioni) aTevda Rames, sadac misi col-Svili cxovrobda. nino

meRvineTuxucesma aq, mamis saxlSi darCena arCia, qaqucas mSoblebi da

Zma ki matanSi cxovrobdnen. razms meTauri yovelTvis orad hyofda,

33

calke ayenebda yaraulebs. isini akontrolebdnen im ojaxebs, sadac

razmelebi midiodnen. xSiri iyo Setakebebi. yvela sofelSi da ojaxSi

migzavnili iyvnen moTvalTvaleni da qaqucaze monadire milicia.

Seficulebi yvela xafangidan sxltebodnen, danaklisic iyo maT rigebSi,

magram mcire. ufro metad, Tavdamsxmelebi zaraldebodnen. pirveli

zamTari matanis tyeebSi gaatares. 1923 wlis ianvar-martSi

saxeldaxelod agebul miwurebSi cxovrobdnen. am `tyis saxlebs~

malaqia maisuraZe `aproeqtebda~. mas, warmoSobiT raWvels, kargad

exerxeboda es saqme. is ki arada, binebi ise ostaturad iyo aSenebuli,

Sig cecxlis danTeba SeiZleboda da bolic ki aravis awuxebda. zamTarSi

dablob adgilebs irCevdnen binebisaTvis, cecxlis kvamli rom ar

gamoCeniliyo tyeebis simaRlidan, zafxulobiT ki _ maRalmTian da tyian

adgilebs. zogjer, xangrZlivad Tu rCebodnen, xorcian saWmels,

gansakuTrebiT xinklebs akeTebdnen. qaquca Zalian cotas Wamda, razmSi

yvelaze mcires. xSirad razmelebi unaxavdnen xolme, iqneb mere

SeWamoso, magram marto, lukmasac ar Caidebda pirSio, igonebdnen

mogvianebiT misi megobrebi. mTel saqarTveloSi xom icnobdnen da pativs

scemdnen, kavkasiis mTaSic legendebi dadioda masze. aleqsandre

sulxaniSvili wers, CeCneTSi stumrobisas rogori pativiT miiRes, sul

`qaquca~ mesmoda, yvela am sityvas imeorebda, albaT erTmaneTs

eubnebodnen, qaqucas kaciao. es iyo xevsureTis ajanyebis Semdeg, 1923

wlis aprilSi. misma avtoritetma Seariga xevsurebi da CeCnebi, aRar

xdeboda urTierTTavdasxmebi, pirutyvisa da adamianebis gatacebebi.

SeficulTa razmis Tavganwirulma brZolebma es nayofic gamoiRo: Seiqmna

kavkasiis mTielTa SekavSirebis SesaZlebloba, risic eSinodaT kremlis

xelisufalT. qaqucam kargad icoda, rom kavkasiis gaerTianebas mTeli

istoriis manZilze mohqonda xolme mtrebze didi gamarjveba. axlac

weriliT mimarTavda CeCnebs. is da misi razmelebi inaniebdnen odesRac

Cadenil winaparTa Secdomas, rodesac saqarTvelo ebrZoda CeCnebs

(igulisxmeboda XIX saukune), da rodesac mTeli kavkasiis saamayo

Svili Samili∗ rusebs ebrZoda, maSin, saubedurod, qarTvelebis erTi

nawili rusebs miemxro. es maSino, rodesac mTeli kavkasiis erebs,

rogorc erTs, ise unda ebrZola saerTo mterTano. iqneb es imis bralic

iyo, rom daRestnelebi, saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze Znel periodebSi,

esxmodnen Tavs qarTvelebs. rusebis propagandasTan erTad, amanac

gamoiwvia is movlena, rom qarTvelTa nawili SeebrZola Samilso, _

werdnen ColoyaSvilis Seficulebi. droa, Secdoma gamovasworoT,

sarwmunoebam xeli ratom unda SegviSalos, Cvenc gvyvanan qarTveli

musulmanebi, Cven Zalian vgavarT erTmaneTs tradiciebiTa da zne-

CveulebebiTo... qarTvelebi gamoTqvamdnen survils, gaegrZelebinaT

Soreuli winaprebis saqme, erTad ebrZolaT rusuli bolSevizmis

winaaRmdeg, kavkasiis TavisuflebisaTvis.

34

qaqucas am mowodebas CeCnebi swrafad gamoexmaurnen. maTi yvelaze didi

avtoritetebi Seudgnen CeCenTa mobilizebas. maT ancvifrebdaT da

moswondaT qarTvel SeficulTa Tavganwiruli brZola. gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia ali mitaevis da aTabeis mxardaWera, romelTac qaqucam

saCuqrad miliciisaTvis warTmeuli ocdaaTi cxeni gaugzavna.

mosalaparakeblad da brZolebis organizebisaTvis TviTon ColoyaSvili

gadavida CeCneTSi da Sexvda maT. roca rusebma gaiges, rom qarTvelebi

CeCnebTan amyarebdnen kavSirs, jaSuSebi aamoqmedes. didZali fuli

SesTavazes ramdenime CeCens, rom qarTveli Seficulebi da maTi beladi

moeklaT. magram CeCnebis bunebisaTvis aseTi Ralati miuRebeli iyo. isini

qarTvelebs uyvebodnen rusebis SeTavazebis Sesaxeb da dascinodnen

mters: Cven fulze ar viyidebiT da Cven Zmebs ar vklavT, magaT es ar

iciano.

•

qaqucasa da CeCnebs Soris oficialuri xelSekrulebac gaformda,

sadac dawvrilebiT iyo gawerili saerTo qarTul-CeCnuri ajanyebis

gegma. ali mitaevisa da qaquca ColoyaSvilis am gegmas Rrma istoriuli

fesvebi aqvs rogorc Soreul, aseve axlo warsulSic. Zalauneburad

gaxsendeba zviad gamsaxurdiasa da joxar dudaevis megobroba kavkasiuri

brZolebis axal etapze XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac maT erTad

surdaT Crdiloeli dampyroblis damarcxeba, magram aqac rusebma

gaimarjves: orive gmiri msxverplad Seewira kavkasiur

ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas, Tumca erTxel kidev dagvanaxa megobrobisa

da TanamebrZolobis ukvdavi Zala. qaqucasa da mitaevs Soris dadebuli

xelSekrulebiT, Tbilisidan CeCneTSi unda gagzavniliyo im dros

damkomis Tavmjdomare _ giorgi winamZRvriSvili, saqarTvelodan saWiro

raodenobiT unda gaegzavnaT oficroba, radgan CeCnebs ar hyavdaT

sakmarisi samxedroebi. amboxebis gegma Sedgeboda TbilisSi, Semdeg am

gegmas gaecnobodnen CeCeni meTaurebi. gegmis mixedviT, antirusuli

amboxeba erTdroulad unda momxdariyo CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da

saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan ar unda gamoeSvaT jarebi, unda aeyaraT

rkinigzis liandagebi, Tavs dascemodnen CrdiloeTSi ganlagebul rusis

jars. grozno 1918-1921 wlebSi ruseTisaTvis samxedro Stabs

warmoadgenda. aq ijda kavkasiis dapyrobis organizatori sergo

orjonikiZe da aq Rebulobda mokavSireebs Aazerbaijanis dapyrobis win.

me-11 armia aqedan Sevida baqoSi. am zurgis moSlas cdilobda

rusebisaTvis qaquca ColoyaSvili, rac, samwuxarod, ver ganxorcielda.

is, rac Cvenma gmirebma kargad icodnen, icoda mtermac da yovelnairad

uSlida xels kavkasiel xalxTa gaerTianebas. xan SuRlsa da mtrobas

aZlierebda maT Soris, xanac SeiaraRebul Zalebs ayenebda iq, saidanac

erTmaneTTan unda misuliyvnen da saTiTaod amarcxebda. amjeradac Sekres

35

rusma wiTelarmielebma kavkasionze gadasasvlel-gadmosasvleli

bilikebi, amjeradac TviT qarTvelTa Soris daatriales SuRlisa da

Ralatis maxvili da erTmaneTi daamarcxebines saqarTvelos bedkrul

Svilebs.

•

ragind dasamarcxebladac unda iyos ganwiruli, simarTlisa da

samSoblos gadarCenisaTvis brZola, mainc gamarjvebis tolfasia. Cveni

qveyana da qaquca ColoyaSvilisTana vaJkacebi yovelTvis Tavisze bevrad

mravalricxovan da Zlier mtrebs ebrZodnen. winaaRmdegobis Jini da

borotebis ganadgurebisken ltolva maT sisxlsa da xorcSi hqondaT

gamjdari. did imperiebs ra daamarcxebda, magram uomrad Seguebac

uzneoba iqneboda. erTi qarTveli mwerali, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

qronikebiT mogvril STabeWdilebas rom uziarebda mkiTxvels,

Sotlandiur legendas ixsenebda da saqarTvelos istoriul beds

usadagebda. Sotlandiac, mogexsenebaT, Cvennairi patara qveyanaa,

romelsac inglisi mudmivad eomeboda, Sotlandielebi ki gmirulad

icavdnen Tavis damoukideblobas. inglisic ar cxreboda. gansakuTrebiT

meToTxmete saukuneSi Seutia zedized da daamarcxa kidec patara

mezobeli qveyana. iJliteboda mcirericxovani xalxi, magram iaraRs ar

yrida. xalxs win uZRoda beladi, Sotlandieli robert brusi. erT-

erTi Setevis dros TiTqmis mTeli jari gaiJlita, cocxlad

darCenilebi daifantnen. SiSi, sasowarkveTa da uimedoba dasadgurda

SotlandielTa gulebSi, rwmena, TiTqos, mokvda. robert brusi uRran

tyeSi moxvda martodmarto da Tavi Seafara mitovebul qoxs. jaWvis

perangi arc gauxdia, ise miegdo kuTxeSi brZolisagan qancgawyvetili,

mSier-mwyurvali, sasomixdili. gatnjuls Zili ar ekareboda, brZolis

sisxliani suraTebi edga Tvalwin. omi wagebuli iyo, dampyrobelma

sabolood gatexa patara eris neba. amas mohyveboda damcireba,

gadagvareba, erovnuli adaT-wesebis Segineba, saukuneebis manZilze

gamomuSavebuli tradiciebis xelyofa. qveyana damarcxebuli iyo, azri

aRar hqonda brZolas da Tavad cxovrebasac. ase fiqrobda qoxis kuTxeSi

migdebuli, uimedo sardali da mefe.

siZvelisagan Camompali qoxis sxvenSi obobas gaeba qseli da kuTxeSi

miyuJuliyo. brusi xmliT miwvda da qseli CamoSala. cota xnis Semdeg

naxa, rom obobam kvlav gaaba qseli da kvlav miiyuJa kuTxeSi. brusma

isev dauSala naqsovi. legendis mixedviT, mefe ase Svidjer moiqca da

rodesac isev, meSvidedac obobam kvlav gaaba Tavisi qseli, fexze

wamoxta da Sehyvira, bednieri gadawyvetileba saxes unaTebda, Tuki

ususuri mweri, Svidjer damarcxebis Semdeg mainc gautexeli suliTa da

energiiT Seudga saqmes, me raRa RmerTi gamiwyrao da mtkice nabijiT

36

gamovida qoxidan. gadamwyveti brZola Sotlandielebma moiges. es iyo

istoriaSi kargad cnobili banokbernis brZola.

im obobasaviT, qarTveli xalxi sul qsovda Tavis beds. mteri

ungrevda qveyanas, is aSenebda. qaquca ColoyaSvilis msgavsi gmirebi ar

ufrTxodnen mtris mravalricxovnebas da dampyrobeli qveynis sidides.

maTTvis mTavari simarTlisaTvis Tavganwirva iyo.

•

xevsureTis ajanyebidan moyolebuli, SeficulTa mdgomareoba

garTulda, devna gaZlierda. 1923 wlis zamTari da gazafxuli uamravi

siZneliT iyo savse.

CeCneTidan dabrunebis Semdeg, `damkomTan~ miwer-moweris gamo, qaquca

TbilisSi gamoiZaxes am organizaciis wevrebTan Sesaxvedrad. am dros

razmi gomboris mTis CrdiloeTiT, SroSanis tyeSi binadrobda. es tye

Telavis mazraSi, zemo xodaSnis saTavesTan mdebareobs. erT dRes qaqucam

ramdenime kaci gagzavna yvarel-sabueSi Tavis xalxTan mosalaparakeblad.

erTi maTgani Seficuli soso losaberiZe iyo. man TviTon Txova meTaurs

iq wasvla. ramdenadac soso kargad icnobda am mxares, qaqucam uari aRar

uTxra da sapasuxismgeblo saqme daavala. losaberiZe, 40-45 wlis kaci,

cxenosanTa aTaseulis yofili mebrZoli iyo. mas aTaseulSi bolSevik

samxedro komisarTan mouxda Cxubi, ris gamoc daatusaRes. losaberiZe

erovnuli moZraobis wevrebma gaaqcies da kaxeTSi malavdnen, swored

yvarel-sabueSi. amitom kargad icnobda am mxares. qaqucam mas Tan erTi

CeCeni mebrZoli, saxelad elCi gaayola. es CeCeni, CeCneTSi yofnisas,

qaqucas gamohyoloda sxva ocdaxuT CeCenTan erTad. maT ColoyaSvilis

razmSi ramdenime xans dahyves, mere ukan gabrundnen. mxolod es erTi

elCiRa SemorCa, 45 wlamde asakis, kargi garegnobis kaci. pirvelive

dRes daiwyes gagzavnilebma molaparakebebi, is Rame tyeSi gaaTies. meore

dRes kvlav unda gaegrZelebinaT TavianTi saqme. Cekistebma wamsve gaiges

maTi sofelSi Casvlis ambavi, guldasmiT dazveres maTi adgilsamyofeli,

Tormeti kaciT alyaSi moaqcies da srola autexes. losaberiZe da CeCeni

raRac simagres moefarnen. male Cekistebma srola Sewyvites. sosom Tavi

amohyo iqaurobis mosaTvaliereblad, Cekistebma esroles da iqve mokles.

CeCeni ar daibna ucxo garemoSi da Cekistebs didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia,

wvalebiT gaigno gza da garkveuli xnis Semdeg kvlav SeuerTda qaqucas

razms. razmelebi ganicdidnen mis dakargvas, mkvdari egonaT da

rcxvenodaT CeCnebis winaSe, erTi kaci dagvitoves da rogor ver

movuareTo. amitom misi gamoCena razmSi zeimad iqca. amis Semdeg mas

didxans aRar gzavnidnen sabrZolo davalebaze. CeCen elCs kerva da

dalaqoba exerxeboda, saTno bunebis adamiani iyo da razmelebze

yovelnairad mzrunvelobda. agvistos dReebSi man bevri ram gaakeTa

qarTvelebisaTvis.

37

•

qaqucas TanaSemwe _ Salva favleniSvili, xevsureTis ajanyebis dros

mowyda ColoyaSvilis banaks. aravin icoda misi gza-kvali. Salvas

movaleobas soso losaberiZe asrulebda. axla ki, misi sikvdilis Semdeg,

TanaSemwis movaleoba elizbar vaCnaZes daavala qaqucam. favleniSvili

mas Zalian uyvarda. 1922 wels, xevsureTis ajanyebis win, man qaqucas

aTkalibriani Tofi aCuqa, romelic qarTvelebs somexi

teroristebisaTvis hqondaT warTmeuli. aseTi Tofi saqarTveloSi sul

ori iyo. qaqucas Zalian gaexarda saCuqari. rodesac favleniSvili

daikarga, meTauri mas eZebda, magram ras ipovida. rogorc Semdeg gairkva,

SeficulTa razmTan gayrili favleniSvili TbilisSi dabrunda da sanam

razms ipovida, dis ojaxs Seekedla. gaigo Tu ara misi iq yofnis ambavi

`Cekam~, saxls alya Semoartya. srolisas daiWra Salvas da. rodesac

tyviiT daWrili da gasisxlianebuli da dainaxa, Salvam ifiqra, rom

momxdurs veRarc is dausxlteboda da maT xelSi Cavardnas

TviTmkvleloba amjobina.

•

qaqucas razmSi ibrZoda ioseb kaxaSvili. igi sofel gremodan iyo da

1923 wels SeuerTda Seficulebs. kaxaSvili I cxenosani aTaseulis

yofili oficeri iyo, qaqucasTan erTad namsaxuri. mivida Tu ara razmSi,

qaqucam TanaSemwed daniSna da radgan gremidan iyo, Tavis raionSi,

Silda-yvarelSi daavala xalxTan urTierToba. iosebs ori kaci gaayola,

erTi Salva kandelaki da erTic pankiseli qisti. axali daRamebuli iyo.

Seficulebi Cqarobdnen. am dros karze braxuni gaisma. uecrad miliciam

alya Semoartya saxls, kaxaSvili karTan mivida da milicioners Seejaxa,

Zirs dasca, magram meorem esrola da mokla. saxlidan gamovardnili

Salva kandelaki mkerdSi daiWra, magram gaqceva moaxerxa, gabedulad

ibrZoda qisti razmeli, manac daaRwia Tavi mtris alyas. daWrilma

kandelakma didxans iara, Zala gamoelia da soflis bolos, erT

bostanSi daimala. diliT moxuci qali movida, ucxo kaci rom dainaxa,

SeSinda. daWrilma daamSvida, uTxra vinc iyo, ColoyaSvilis razmidan

var, wuxel srolisas damWres, daRamebisas Cemi amxanagebi movlen da

wamiyvanen, aravis uTxra Cems Sesaxebo. qalma piroba misca, magram mainc

wamoscda sakuTar vaJTan, romelic komkavSireli yofila, ise, rom dedam

ar icoda. man maSinve milicias Seatyobina. kandelaki daiWires da

waiyvanes TelavSi, radgan samazro `Ceka~ iq iyo. gzaSi aginebda

komunistebs, emuqreboda, dro mova da yvelas gagasamarTleben, rogorc

saqarTvelos moRalateebso. Wrilobebi Seuxvies, magram gaiglija,

rodesac darwmunda, rom veRarsad wavidoda, awamebdnen da Seecdebodnen

TavianTTvis sasurveli informaciis gamoZalvas, bolos ki daxvretdnen,

TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni sakuTar Tavs: rkinis fanjrebidan Jangi

38

afxika, Wrilobaze daiyara da Segnebulad moiwamla sisxli. marTlac,

igi gardaicvala.

qaquca sul icvlida strategias. 1923 wlis gvian Semodgomaze, roca

civis tyeSi dabinavdnen, pirvelive dRes daesxaT mdevari. iZulebuli

gaxdnen, mSvenivrad mowyobili sadgurebi mietovebinaT da

abargebuliyvnen. midiodnen iqiT, saiTac ColoyaSvili miuTiTebdaT.

axlac ikiTxes, saiT wavideTo. qaqucam Tqva: axla Cvenze didi mdevari

wamova, gzas Segvikraven, jobia, aqve axlos gavataroT ramdenime dRe

siCumeSi da mere vnaxoTo. egeni azrze ver movlen, Tu Cven ase axlos

gavCerdebiTo. sul erTi kilometriT gadaiwies im binidan, sadac

Setakeba mouxdaT. erTi kvira darCnen, gamoeliaT sakvebic da Tambaqoc.

bedad, binidan cota moSorebiT, erT raWvel menaxSires waawydnen,

romelsac naxSiris gamosawvavi qura hqonda. TelavSi, viriT, yoveldRe

mihqonda naxSiri gasayidad. Tambaqo misi daxmarebiT moimarages, saWmeli

ki, _ didi sifrTxiliT Zvel binaze dabrundnen da iqidan wamoiRes. iq

fqvilis da xorcis maragi HhqondaT darCenili. xSirad, komunistebi maT

mitovebul produqtebs wamlavdnen, Tu dabrundebian, moiwamlebiano. esec

brZolis xerxi iyo maTTvis, amitom mxolod Zalian mZime gasaWiris

dros Tu ubrundebodnen nabanakars Seficulebi da iqidan raime

mohqondaT. saguldagulod Semowmebis gareSe, aseT produqts arc

Wamdnen.

qaqucas, zogjer, cudi sizmari uwamlavda xasiaTs. savele

mdgomareobaSi, mudmiv devnaSi mcxovreb razmelebs, bunebrivad

euflebodaT mZime ganwyobileba. Tumca, ufro metad mxiarulobdnen,

mRerodnen, kafiebsa da leqsebs eubnebodnen erTmaneTs, yvebodnen

saintereso ambebs. es brZolebis SualedSi, Sesvenebisas xdeboda.

xangrZlivi xetiali xSirad fitavdaT, SimSili, sicive, uZiloba,

Cveulebrivi xvedri iyo Tavganwiruli raindebisa da isinic amas

usityvod itandnen. ramdenjer, daRlilebs, gzaSi, Tovlian da yinulian

qvebze ramdenime wuTiT Tu erT-ori saaTiT wauZiniaT. SeyinviaT wver-

ulvaSi, fexebi ise dahbuJebiaT, lamis warTmeviaT kidurebi, magram

rwmena ar daukargavT, gamarjvebis, saqarTvelos gadarCenisaTvis brZolis

aucileblobis rwmena.

aleqsandre sulxaniSvili igonebs qaqucasTan dakavSirebul erT

SemTxvevas: civis mTaze, 1923 wlis zamTarSi,

erT tevrSi axali dabinavebuli iyvnen da yvelas eZina. SuaRamisas

qaqucam uceb gaiRviZa, gaaRviZa elizbar vaCnaZe da aleqsandre

sulxaniSvilic da uTxra, saswrafod gamoefxizlebinaT meomrebic. maT

gaukvirdaT da mizezi hkiTxes. cudi sizmari vnaxeo, _ pirquSad Tqva

sardalma, qarTvelma qalma miTxra, saswrafod waiyvane aqedan razmio. ar

esiamovnaT. sulxaniSvilma sanovageze gagzavnili sami razmeli gaaxsena,

rogorRa mogvagnebeno, vaCnaZem urCia, dilamde nu wavalT, razmelebi

39

axaldaZinebuli arian da nu gavaRviZebT, gagzavnilebic movlen da

diliT wavideTo. gadawyvites da kvlav daiZines. ganTiadis oTxi saaTi

iqneboda, qaqucam meored rom gaaRviZa megobrebi, igive qali damesizmra,

miTxra aqedan wadiTo da gadaWriT ubrZana, gaaRviZeT biWebi, axlave

unda wavideTo. raRa unda eqnaT, yvela wamoiSala banakidan da sxva

adgilze gadainacvles. sulxaniSvili wers: `cxadad agvixda im Rames

qaqucas sizmrad nanaxi, da albaT, gangebisagan mxsnel angelozad

moevlina is qali araerT Cvengans~...

diliT Seityves, rom gamTeniisas miliciis didi razmi sroliT

Semortymoda im binas, Sig rom veravin unaxavT, srola SeuwyvetiaT da

iqve Casafrebulan. samwuxarod, sanovageze gagzavnili razmelebi

mobrunebulan. ori maTgani milicias mouklavs, mesame gaqceula, es mesame

_ lado ozaneli SemdegSi SeuerTda qaqucas razms. es ambavi rom gaigo

qaqucam, scada daRupuli razmelebis _ xelaZisa da bakuraZis gvamebi

rogorme tyidan gamoetana da daesaflavebina. ver moaxerxes, moklulebi

ukve TelavSi waeRoT.

kaxeTidan ianvar-TebervalSi TianeT-duSeTis mazraSi gadavinen.

gazafxulamde iq binadrobdnen. brZola partizanuli iyo da sul

moZraobdnen. qaquca yovelTvis imarjvebda, magram tovebda im adgils,

sadac ibrZoda, bolos ki am nabrZol adgilebs xelisufleba ikavebda.

mizani ColoyaSvilisa is iyo, rom komunistur xelisuflebas, romelsac

igi rusebs eZaxda, mSvidad ar egrZno Tavi, ar hgoneboda, rom qveyana

danebda, xalxi Seurigda okupantebs. TviT xalxSic ar unda Camqraliyo

gamarjvebis rwmena, qaquca rom gaimarjvebda romelime ubanze, is ubani

Semdeg iqaurebs unda gaemagrebinaT. magram, samwuxarod, ase ar xdeboda.

Zaladobrivi reJimi iaraRiT amyarebda `wesrigs~, tyviiT, gadasaxlebiT,

muqariT imorCilebda xalxs. awiokebdnen udanaSaulo adamianebs, monur

suliskveTebas unergavdnen, moiTxovdnen sabWouri sistemis Tayvaniscemas,

yovelgvari erovnulis sanacvlod, internacionaluri ideebis

erTgulebas. qaquca ColoyaSvili namdvili gmiri iyo, am saSinel

sistemas rom SeebrZola, rogorc keTili raindi urCxuls. rodesac

razmSi ucxo axalgazrda midioda, mamaSvilurad, TiTqos didi xnis

nacnobiao, ise eqceoda, esaubreboda, ise gulTbilad uxsnida momavlis

miznebsa da sabrZolo amocanebs, rom moralurad dacemul adamiansac ki

fexze wamoayenebda da gmirad aqcevda. es iyo misi, rogorc sardlis,

lideris, erovnuli gmiris Tviseba. rogori mSiSarac ar unda yofiliyo

jariskaci, ise moeqceoda, ise gamowvrTnida da moamzadebda sulierad,

sul gadaaxalisebda da did vaJkacad aqcevda. amas misi TanamebrZolebi

weren da misi brZolis istoriac amaze metyvelebs. mis Seficulebs

qarTuli Coxa-axaluxi ecvaT, tansacmelSic qarTul suls debda da

cxovrebis wesSic. ilia WavWavaZis ideebze gazrdili qarTveli vaJkaci,

amas bunebrivad akeTebda. vinc banakSi movidoda, yvelas jer TviTon

40

gaesaubreboda, fsiqologis niWiT Caswvdeboda mis azrebs, Semdeg ki sxva

Seficulebs aZlevda maTTan urTierTobis nebas.

qaqucas ar moswonda partiuli dapirispireba da banakSi akrZaluli

hqonda romelime partiis gineba. me vcdilob xalxi SevakavSiro, ki ar

davaSoro da gadavkidoo. misi sityva kanoni iyo SeficulTaTvis da

masTan kamaTs aravin marTavda. arc raime iyo sakamaTo. misi azrebi

yovelTvis marTali da qveynisTvis sasargeblo iyo. dapirispireba da

uTanxmoeba yvelaze mZafrad 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebisas gamoCnda.

•

1924 wlis ajanyeba sayovelTao SeiaraRebul ajanyebad iyo

Cafiqrebuli. is unda momxdariyo ara marto mTel saqarTveloSi, aramed

kavkasiis masStabiT. masSi unda Cabmuliyvnen CeCneTi da Aazerbaijani.

1923 wlis bolos parizidan saqarTveloSi aralegalurad Camovidnen

gvardiis yofili sardali valiko juReli, social-demokrati,

Tbilisis yofili qalaqis Tavi, mTavrobis yofili warmomadgeneli

aWarasa da afxazeTSi benia CxikviSvili, yofili miwaTmoqmedebis

ministri noe xomeriki. ajanyebis meTaurebs isini amxnevebdnen da

saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris imeds unergavdnen. aseTi mxardaWera ki maSin

ar arsebobda, ris gamoc arc noe Jordania, arc irakli wereTeli∗ da

emigrantuli mTavrobis sxva wevrebi ajanyebas ar uWerdnen mxars.

ajanyebis momxre iyo noe ramiSvili.∗ 1924 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi

mowveuli iqna damkomis gafarToebuli kreba. samxedro komitetis

mTavarsardalma _ spiridon WavWavaZem∗ Caibara angariSi sabrZolo

razmebis mzadyofnaze, sakmarisad miiCnia arsebuli samxedro Zalebi da

Catarebuli teqnikuri samuSaoebi, ajanyebis dasawyebad dainiSna dro _

17 agvisto. amave krebaze sityva warmoTqva damkomis Tavmjdomaris

moadgilem iason javaxiSvilma, romelic ajanyebis yvelaze principuli

momxre iyo. ajanyebis sardloba spiridon WavWavaZes unda gaewia.

gegmis mixedviT, pirvelad Tbilisi unda ajanyebuliyo. amitom qaquca

ColoyaSvili, Tavisi razmebiT Tbilisidan 20 kilometrze, sofel

naxSirgorasTan dabanakda. iq moiyares Tavi mixeil laSqaraSvilis da

nacvliSvilis razmebma, duSeTisa da diRmis razmebma, kapitan vaCnaZis,

borCalosa da manglisis razmebma.

am dros vazianSi dabanakebuli iyo rusuli artileria. saWiro iyo am

Zalis xelSi Cagdeba, rac polkovnik i. cagurias razms unda moexdina,

raTa rusebisaTvis CamorTmeuli zarbaznebiT midgomodnen Tbiliss,

navTluRis mxridan. i. cagurias gankargulebaSi gadavidnen Telavis,

siRnaRisa da gurjaanis razmebi. ajanyebis dawyeba unda ecnobebinaT

Crdilo kavkasielebisaTvis.

`Cekam~ yvelaferi gaakeTa ajanyebis CaSlisa da kraxisaTvis. maT

miagnes SeTqmulebis meTaurTa kvals da daapatimres giorgi

41

winamZRvriSvili, noe xomeriki, giorgi faRava, g. jinoria da sxvebi. 6

agvistos daapatimres valiko juReli da benia CxikviSvilic.

sapatimrodan winamZRvriSvilma da juRelma miweres `damkoms~ _xeli

aeRoT ajanyebaze. valiko juRels motyuebiT aTqmevines ajanyebis

dawyebis TariRi. `damkomis~ wevrebma kargad icodnen, rom werilis

avtori sinamdvileSi `Ceka~ iyo, amitom pasuxSi aRniSnes, rom

`gamosvlis sakiTxi axlo momavalSi ar dgas da araviTar ajanyebas ar

vapirebTo~. magram `Ceka~ amiT ar motyuvda. daiwyo Tbilisis gamagreba,

gzebis Sekvra, patrulirebis SemoReba Ramis saaTebSi, saeWvo

samxedroebis dapatimreba. baTumSi daapatimres generali furcelaZe,

romelsac aWaris CarTva evaleboda ajanyebaSi, guriaSi generali

yuraSvili aiyvanes. aman mTavarsardalze cudad imoqmeda, mas gamarjvebis

imedi gauqra da `damkoms~ ganucxada kidec, rom `am pirobebSi gamosvla

SeuZlebeli xdeboda~. `damkomis~ Tavmjdomare iason javaxiSvili

gadaWriT iTxovda ajanyebas, romelic, misi azriT, dawyebuli iyo da

axla SeCereba met msxverpls gamoiwvevda. man moiTxova mTavarsardlis

gadayeneba da spiridon WavWavaZis adgilze qaquca ColoyaSvilis

daniSvna, razedac `damkomi~ ar daeTanxma.

Tbilisis axlos dabanakebuli ColoyaSvilis razmi swavlobda `Cekas~

Senobas, masze Tavdasxmis mosamzadeblad saWiro iyo yvelaferi winaswar

da guldagul Semowmebuliyo. es Senoba im gimnaziis gverdiT

mdebareobda, sadac qaquca swavlobda. Seficulebs ainteresebdaT, vin

cxovrobda `CekasTan~ axlos, rom, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sando ojaxi

aerCiaT, Tuki daWirdebodaT iq damalva. aseve undodaT yaraulebis

Secvlis zusti drois gageba, ra Zala icavda `Cekas~. gamudmebiT gzebze

daqrodnen SeficulTa agentebi, mihqondaT da mohqondaT saWiro cnobebi.

erT dRes, am adgilebis Tvalierebisas, dainaxes, rom eklesiaSi aravin

iyo, Sevidnen SigniT, iloces da mRvdelsac daalocvines Tavi. gaumxiles

vinc iyvnen, oRond qaqucas vinaoba damales. mRvdels gaexarda da

guliTadad daloca mebrZolebi. unda iTqvas, rom eklesia imTaviTve

Seficulebs, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolebs edga mxarSi.

gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis kaTalikos ambrosi xelaiaze. is mzad iyo

wasuliyo kaxeTSi. rogorc aleqsandre asaTiani wers, imisaTvis, raTa

qaqucas razms kaxeT-mTiuleTidan jvriT xelSi gamohyoloda.

`damkomma~ uari Tqva, ajanyebis centrad Tbilisis arCevaze, radgan

dedaqalaqi mTavrobis mier saimedod iyo gamagrebuli. centri qaquca

ColoyaSvilis sabrZolo adgilebi unda yofiliyo.

`damkomis~ Tavmjdomarem _ giorgi andronikaSvilma Crdilo kavkasiaSi

gagzavna eqimi mixeil iSxneli, romelic Tavidanve ajanyebas emxroboda.

iSxnelma inaxula ali mitaevi da misgan gaigo, rom mTa mzad iyo

ajanyebisaTvis. am cnobiT dabrunda iSxneli ATbilisSi. kote

andronikaSvilma da iason javaxiSvilma piradad moinaxules

42

pasuxismgebeli oficrebi, qalaqebidan da mazrebidan mowveuli razmebis

meTaurebi da gaafrTxiles, mzad yofiliyvnen ajanyebisaTvis.

azerbaijanTan kavSiris damyareba veRar moxerxda, radgan am saqmeze

gamoyofili g. faRava daiWires. amitom gegmaSi darCa saerTo ajanyeba

saqarTvelo-CeCneTis monawileobiT. magram CeCneTTan male kavSiri gawyda.

am kavSiris aRsadgenad gagzavnes zurab avaliSvilis Zma _ vano

avaliSvili. mas ali mitaevi daWerili daxvda.

`damkomma~ mTavarsardlad isev spiridon WavWavaZe datova, magram

damuSavebuli gegma Secvala. ajanyeba gadaido 29 agvistosaTvis.

`damkomma~ am ambis Sesatyobineblad qaqucasTan solomon

zaldastaniSvili∗ gagzavna da Tan instruqcia misca, ise waremarTa

molaparakeba, rom qaqucasac mxari agvistos bolos gamosvlis

gegmisTvis daeWira. qaquca Tavdapirvelad uarze iyo, radgan xalxi ukve

Sekrebiliyo, Sori manZilidan mosulebisa da ukve sabrZolvelad

momzadebulTa daSla, ukan, saxlebSi gagzavna da mere xelaxla Sekreba

gaZneldeboda. xolo im adgilebSi, sadac imJamad imyofebodnen, qaquca

ori kvira mebrZolebs ver Seinaxavda. saxlidan yvelas mxolod sami

dRis sagzali hqonda wamoRebuli. Tu gadadeba aucilebeli iyo, qaquca

Tanaxma iyo ajanyeba oqtombris meore naxevarSi momxdariyo, rodesac

glexebi ufro Tavisufalni iyvnen da Sekrebasac ukeT SeZlebdnen.

`damkomi~ mis winadadebas ar daeTanxma, ajanyebis TariRad 29 agvisto

sabolood gadawyda. amasobaSi, cudi ambebi xdeboda: sabrZolvelad

misulebi ifantebodnen, ColoyaSvils 600 kacidan samociRa SemorCa.

partiebic ver Tanxmdebodnen, zogi ajanyebas uWerda mxars, zogi _ ara.

`Cekac~ miyolebiT iWerda ajanyebis TanamgrZnob pirebs. daiWires yofili

miwaTmoqmedebis ministri, emigraciidan ajanyebisTvis dabrunebuli noe

xomeriki, aseve: faRava, belTaZe, kaxiani da sxvebi.qaqucam ori jgufi

gagzavna qarTlis soflebSi da duSeTisaken. erTs mixeil laSqaraSvili

meTaurobda. mas davalebuli hqonda miliciis ganiaraReba. duSeTis razms

ki ufro Zneli davaleba mieca, radgan iq meti winaaRmdegoba elodaT. am

razmSi Sediodnen: gabo oziaSvili, malaqia maisuraZeE da koxtaSvili.

25 agvistos qaqucas razmSi mivida iason javaxiSvili, 27 agvistos ki

`damkomis~ mTeli Semadgenloba gamocxadda, andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT.

`damkomis~ wevrebi mebrZolebs gahynen, Tumca xels uSlidnen, radgan

siaruli uWirdaT. qaqucam mxolod spiridon WavWavaZe da Salva

amirejibi∗ daitova, `damkomis~ mTeli Semadgenloba ki qvaTaxevis

monasterSi miiyvana da iqaur berebs Caabara. maT sadarajod datova

javaxiSvili da Crdilokavkasieli CeCeni _ elCi.

29 agvistos diliT qaqucas razmSi mivida macne, romelmac

Tavzardamcemi ambavi moutana: erTi dRiT adre, 28 agvistos gamosvla

moxda WiaTuraSi, es iyo Ralati, radgan mTavroba ukve organizebuli

iyo Tavisi razmebiT da 29 agvistos ajanyebas advilad gauswordeboda.

43

asec moxda. gamosvla 29 agvistos SuaRamis 2 saaTze unda dawyebuliyo.

es gadawyvetileba xuTma kacma miiRo. qaquca ColoyaSvili ajanyebis

dawyebisaTvis sxva TariRs iTxovda, magram ar daujeres. `damkomis~

partiuli warmomadgenlebi ver Tanxmdebodnen. Zveli komitetis

paralelurad axali ganyofileba Seiqmna, razedac iason javaxiSvils

zaldastaniSvilma da iSxnelma protesti ganucxades. es yovelive saqmes

xels uSlida. `damkomis~ axladarCeuli Tbilisis ganyofoleba, misi

wevrebi saqmis viTarebas kargad ar icnobdnen da maTi ajanyebisadmi

midgoma zerele iyo. arada, am ganyofilebas didi sabrZolo amocana

daekisra, mas eqvsi davaleba unda Seesrulebina: aeRo da daekavebina

fosta-telegrafis, javSnosani avtomobilebis, `Cekas~, kursantebis,

javSnosani matareblebisa da saaviacio bazis Senobebi. am amocanebis

Sesasruleblad razmebi mzad iyvnen da gankargulebas elodnen.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaigzavna Svidi oficeri maior beriZis meTaurobiT.

iqac 29 agvistos, SuaRamis 2 saaTze unda dawyebuliyo gamosvla. 27

agvistos `damkomma~ qaqucas banakidan iason javaxiSvilis werili miiRo.

igi kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda am banakis mzadyofniT. Tbilisi amoZravda.

xalxs imedi mieca, oficroba aRarafers erideboda, yvela qaqucasTan

gagzavnas an romelime razmSi Caweras iTxovda. `Ceka~ TiTqos aRarc

arsebobda, xalxi ise pirdapir laparakobda ajanyebaze 28 agvistomde.

28-Si ki, WiaTuris gamosvliT, TiTqos yvelaferi gafuWda, erTiani

ajanyebis gegma CaifuSa. iniciativa kvlav `Cekam~ aiRo. gamocxadda

samxedro wesebi, gamagrda yvela is adgili, romelic `damkoms~ unda

aeRo. 29 agvistos RamiT daiWires kaxeTis organizaciis xelmZRvanelebi

da daxvrites. erTi imediRa darCa: qaquca Tavisi razmiT manglisis

mxridan da polkovniki caguria vazianis mxridan moadgebodnen Tbiliss

da aq myofi razmebi maT SeuerTdebodnen. magram TbilisSi araviTari

cnoba ar modioda. mxolod 31 agvistos gamoCnda polkovniki caguria,

Semoipara TbilisSi da Sexvda `damkomis~ wevrebs, auxsna Tavisi

mdgomareoba, rogor CaeSala vazianze Seteva, radgan maTTan ar

gamocxaddnen mebrZolebi da sofel patarZeulTan rogor SeebrZola

komunistur milicias.

WiaTuris ambebis gamo, arc qaquca da misi mebrZolebi iyvnen xasiaTze,

magram mainc gadawyvites manglisze galaSqreba, sadac samxedro

kursantebis yazarmebi iyo. samocdaaTkaciani razmiT, qaqucam yazarmebs

Seutia. eqvsi kaci gamoyo, aleqsandre sulxaniSvilis meTaurobiT da

daavala, rom daetusaRebinaT rogorc batalionis ufrosi, aseve

kursantebis meTauri, romlebic erT saxlSi cxovrobdnen. qaqucam maT

mangliseli diakvani gaayola, romelic iqaurobaSi kargad erkveoda.

Svideuli daatusaRebda an daxocavda meTaurebs, amis Semdeg ki razmi

daecemoda yazarmebs. RameSi diakvani ise daikarga, ver gaiges, uRalata

razmelebs, Tu, ubralod, SeSinda an emZima aseTi davaleba. amasobaSi

44

qaqucas kacic daewiaT, is ukan dabrunebas Txovda. misi azriT, Zalebis

gafantva aseT rTul adgilas da isic bnel RameSi, araswori iqneboda.

meTaurma samad gaanawila Zalebi: marjvena frTaze sulxaniSvili daayena

15 borCaloeli TaTriT, marcxena frTaze elizbar vaCnaZe gagzavna 20

kaciT, SuaSi ki Caayena miSa nacvliSvili da rafo erisTavi, orives

ramdenime kaci misca. erT-erT Seficuls yazarmaSi bombi unda Seegdo,

ris Semdegac daiwyebdnen brZolas. bombi ar gaskda, arada, erTis meti

ar hqondaT. daiwyo srola. kursantebma tyviamfrqvevi gadmodges

fanjridan, magram gamoucdelebma, Tavdamsxmelebs ver ajobes. naxevar

saaTSi brZola Sewyda. qaqucam aCvena Tavisi Zala manglisSi damdgar

rusis jars da duSeTis gziT wavida, patimrebis gasaTavisufleblad.

marTlac, gaanTavisufles is xalxi, romelTagan bevrs daxvreta eloda.

maT Soris iyvnen merab jorjaZe da Salva nebieriZe, romlebic qaqucas

razms SeuerTdnen. manglisis brZolaSi gamoCnda, rom xalxi ar iyo

organizebuli, mebrZolebi ar ematebodnen ajanyebulebs, qaquca marto

darCa da ramdenime aTeuli kaciT ver aasrulebda dasaxul mizans.

WiaTuraSi ajanyebulebi xelisuflebam sastikad dasaja. isini

matarebelSi Seyares da daba yvirilaSi daxvrites.

icoda ra, rom ajanyebas warmateba aRar eloda, qaquca da misi

razmelebi bolo brZolebs marTavdnen. `msgavsad kela naWaSi

momwyvdeuli daTvisa, romelic arafers ar erideba, sadac ki daveciT,

tyavi gavaZreT komunistebs~, _ igonebs aleqsandre sulxaniSvili.

ColoyaSvilis am periodis brZolebidan aRsaniSnavia Tavdasxma

svimonianTxevSi dabanakebul cxenosani jaris nawilze. es sofeli vake

adgilzea, CrdiloeTidan akravs mxolod maRali gora. aRmosavleTiT

Caudis xevi patara mdinariT. SuaRamisas miuaxlovda ColoyaSvilis

razmi sofels. qaqucam kvlavac sam nawilad gahyo Tavisi razmebi,

rogorc Cveoda da sxvadasxva mxares gagzavna, Tavad ki gorakis

dasakaveblad wavida, Tu sxvebs gauWirdebodaT, Tavad iqidan kargad

dainaxavda da advilad daexmareboda. gariJraJamde ibrZodnen meomrebi,

qaqucas zogi mowinaaRmdege brZolaSi daiRupa, zogi Seficulebs

CauvardaT xelT. mTeli sofeli gamoiSala da madloba gadauxada

mebrZolebs. maT soflis maRaziis mTeli avladideba dauriges

mosaxleobas, TviTon ki miliciis 160 cxeni darCaT, saidanac

saukeTesoebi amoirCies, unagirebic daadges da SeficulTa razmi

cxenosan gvardiad iqca. aqve gaiges pirvelad `damkomis~ proklamaciis

Sesaxeb, romelmac ajanyeba damTavrebulad gamoacxada.

SeficulTa razmma TianeTis mazridan TelavSi gadainacvla da aqac

seriozuli brZolebi Caatara, romelTagan gamorCeulia xevgrZelis

brZola. am brZolis epizods Salva amirejibi igonebs. qaqucas ajanyebis

Semotrialebis imedi hqonda da amis gakeTebas kaxeTidan apirebda. amitom

mtris cxenebi da iaraRi daitova, tyveebi ki gaaTavisuflao, wers igi.

45

xevgrZela patara mdinarea erwosa da TianeTis sazRvarze, igi iltos

erTvis da alazanSi ise Caedineba. qaqucam razmi daasvena, radgan es

adgili uSiSarad CaTvala da xalxi gagzavna sanovagisTvis. danayrebis

Semdeg, Tvalis mosatyueblad miwvnen. uceb, yaraulad gamwesebulma

axalgazrdam moirbina da auwyaT, tyeSi rusebi Semovidneno. qaquca

wamoiWra. amasobaSi mteri sul axlos movida, tyviamfrqvevi kakanebda da

xeebs lewavda. banaki SeinZra da wuTSi mogrovda. darazmuli xalxi

sardalma sroliT da yiJiniT miuSva wiTelarmielebze, ostaturad

Semoparuli mteri axla qveviT, xevgrZelis gaswvriv garboda. marTalia,

brZolam sul cota xans gastana, magram mas didi strategiuli

mniSvneloba hqonda. es mowinaaRmdegisgan kargad mofiqrebuli samxedro

gegma iyo, romelic qaqucas Sepyrobas da ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad.

manglisis Semdeg komunistebi dasdevdnen qaqucas, magram mis kvals

agnebdnen da isev kargavdnen. simonianTxevSi Seejaxnen, magram

damarcxdnen. isini mixvdnen, rom ColoyaSvili erwodan kaxeTSi

gadavidoda, amitom gzaSive daaxvedres artileria da jari. Tu qaqucas

xevgrZelze daaxevinebdnen, iq Casafrebuli hyavdaT sxva jari,

aucileblad moimwyvdevdnen da an mkvdars, an cocxals Caigdebdnen

xelSi. rodesac TviTon mowinaaRmdege daeqana xevgrZelaze, iq

Casafrebulebs qaqucas razmi egonaT da srola autexes. sakuTar xalxs

esrodnen da klavdnen. es ambavi razmma kisisxevSi gaigo. bolSevikebs

urmebiT CahqondaT TavianTi daWrilebi da mkvdrebi, xalxs ki

eubnebodnen, eseni qaqucas razmelebi ariano.

agvistos ajanyebis msxverplTa ricxvi auracxeli iyo. mTavrobis mier

dasaxelebul raodenobaSi, albaT, marto mebrZolebi Sevidnen. ubralo

adamianebi, daWerilebi, gadasaxlebulebi da saSinel pirobebSi

daxocilebi kidev mravali iyo.. miTumetes, manamdec da Semdegac,

erovnulad ganwyobili qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg represiebi ar

Sewyvetila. ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis 1924

wlis oqtombris plenumze sergo orjonikiZem agvistos ajanyebaSi 980

daRupuli daasaxela.

aseTi marcxis Semdeg, erT-erTi Cekisti, gvarad miasnikovi, TbilisSi

mowyobil sajaro leqciaze ambobda, ColoyaSvili iseT partizanul

taqtikas mimarTvs, rom masTan regularuli jaris brZola uSedegoao.

agvistos erTiani ajanyebis gegma, marTalia, zogadad ver

ganxorcielda, magram erovnuli Zalebi warmatebiT ibrZodnen mTel

saqarTveloSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi amboxebulebma daikaves

strategiuli punqtebi, daatusaRes xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi,

magram brZolis gaRrmaveba veRar moaxerxes. guriaSi ajanyebulTa xelSi

iyo xidisTavi, nagomari, sajavaxo da sxva soflebi. general

yaralaSvilis daWeris Semdeg brZolebs meTaurobdnen: s. maTiTaSvili, T.

muxaraSvili da p. WanuyvaZe. 31 agvistos gurulebma ozurgeTze miitanes

46

ieriSi. igi gamagrebuli daxvdaT baTumidan da samtrediidan Camosuli

rusis jariT. uTanasworo brZolaSi ajanyebulebi iZulebuli xdebodnen,

ukan daexiaT. or seqtembers isini mtris alyaSi moeqcnen. meamboxeebma

alya gaarRvies, tyesa da mTebSi gavidnen, bevri maTgani TurqeTSi

gadavida, saidanac ucxoeTSi gaifantnen.

meamboxeTa xelSi iyo samegrelo da svaneTi. samegreloSi moZraobas,

general Tofurias daWeris Semdeg, rotmistri daviT mxeiZeE Caudga

saTaveSi. politikur xelmZRvanelad daniSnuli iyo erovnul-demokrati

Salva kalandariSvili. 29 agvistos ajanyebulebma senaki daikaves,

iqauri `Ceka~ ganaiaraRes, cixidan patimrebi gamouSves da iaraRi

dauriges. mTavrobis jaris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi maT ramdenime dRis

manZilze gamarjveba moipoves, magram rodesac meTauri brZolaSi daiWra

da xelisuflebam damatebiTi Zalebi gagzavna, meomrebma ukan daixies,

zogi mTebSi miimala, zogi ki svaneTSi ajanyebulebs SeuerTda. 29

agvistos svaneTic antisamTavrobo Zalebis xelSi gadavida. 30 agvistos

aqedan daZrulma 500 kacma quTaiss Seutia, magram qalaqi xelisuflebas

kargad hqonda gamagrebuli da razmi iZulebuli gaxda, isev ukan,

svaneTisaken daexia. sami kvira dasWirda xelisuflebas svaneTis

dasamorCieleblad. Canda, rom xalxs erTi xelmZRvaneli esaWiroeboda,

iseTi meTauri, romelic maT gangebam misca, magram bolomde ver

gamoiyenes. es iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili, romelsac sardlis, erovnuli

gmiris, didi adamianis da WeSmariti winamZRolis yvela Tviseba hqonda.

mas ar mieca saSualeba ise emoqmeda, rogorc TviTon Tvlida saWirod.

ColoyaSvilis brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da man miiRo

mtkivneuli, magram erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba: daetovebina

samSoblo da sazRvargareT wasuliyo SeficulebTan erTad. duSeTSi

gagzavnil gabo oziaSvils, malaqia maisuraZes da koxtaSvils elodnen.

rom ar gamoCndnen, qaqucam Ciqovani gagzavna maT mosaZebnad. ori kvira

eloda maT dabrunebas. lelo Ciqovani gamoCnda, danarCenebi – ara. guli

dawydaT da kaxeTidan qvemo qarTlisken gadmoinacvles.. ukanasknelad

daaTvalieres da iloces daviT garejis monasterSi, verc naTesavebi

moinaxules da verc ojaxebi, ise aiRes gezi TurqeTisaken. vin icoda

maSin, rodisRa inaxulebdnen mSobel qveyanas, axloblebs, rodisRa

datkbebodnen am miwiTa da ciT. es dRe SeficulTaTvis yvelaze mZime da

gulismomkvleli iyo sami wlis mSfoTvare cxovrebis manZilze.

guldamZimebulni miabijebdnen Seficulebi, midiodnen gzaze, romelic

aravin icoda. bedad, mecxvareebi SexvdaT da erTma maTganma ikisra

megzuroba. mecxvarem miaswavlaT gza, mgram masTan daSorebulebs, mainc

gauWirdaT gagneba, didi wvalebiT miadgnen TurqeTis pirvel sofels,

sadac TeTri bairaRiT Sevidnen. 1924 wlis seqtemberi iyo. qarTvelebs

Turqi generali SexvdaT, romelmac icoda qaqucasa da misi razmis

brZolis istoria, TanaugrZnobda komunistebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol

47

qarTvelebs, amitom maT mimarT didi pativiscema gamoxata. iaraRi

qarTvelebs mainc ayares. meomrebma es ambavi saSinlad ganicades, qaqucam

isini anugeSa, yvela qveyanaSi aseTia kanoni, iq Sesuli meomrebi unda

ganaiaraRono. Turqma mxolod qaqucas iaraRs ar axlo xeli, suraTis

gadaRebac ki SesTavaza Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad, mere guluxvi

sufra gaaSlevina qarTvelebisTvis. im Rames iq darCnen, meore dRes

Cavidnen arTvinSi. sastumros dasaqiravebeli da sakvebis SesaZeni fuli

ar hqondaT. saqarTvelodan wasvlamde, qaqucas misma razmelebma uTxres,

romelime saxelmwifo dawesebulebas dasxmodnen Tavs da fuli waeRoT,

razedac man sastiki uari ganacxada, komunistebi isedac cdiloben Cirqi

mogvcxon, TiTqos yaCaRebi varT da ara politikuri mebrZolebi, axla

rom eg gavakeToT, maSin xalxs mTlad daarwmuneben Cvens yaCaRobaSi. amas

nu gavakeTebT, aqamde gaWirvebiT da SimSiliT vemsaxureT samSoblos

interesebs da Tavs awic nu gaviWuWyianebTo. yvela dayabulda mis azrs.

ase aRmoCndnen qaqucas Seficulebi sazRvargareT sruliad ufulod da

uarafrod. magram qarTveli yvela gasaWirSi ipovis gamosavals. maT xom

komunistebisaTvis warTmeuli cxenebi hyavdaT. ucxoeTSi maT ver

waiyolebdnen, amitom iqve gayides. Turqebma kargad ician cxenis fasi,

magram imdens ver gadaixdidnen, ltolvilebs rom sWirdebodaT. amitom

cnobilma server-begma∗, gaTurqebulma qarTvelma (gvarad jayelma)

murRulis sabadoze momuSave germanel inJinrebze gaayidvina gvarian

fasad es cxenebi. gansakuTrebuli mowoneba qaqucasa da sulxaniSvilis

cxenebs xvda. qaqucas rCeviT, saSa sulxaniSvilis saukeTeso, vercxlis

mooqrovili unagiri server-begma miiRo saCuqrad. ase gadauxades

samagiero pativi qarTvelebma TavianT mokeTes.

arTvinidan Seficulebi xofaSi Cavidnen, iqidan ki stambolSi gahyvnen

gems. arc iq dahklebiaT Wiri da vaglaxi. iqaur qarTul emigracias

ratomRac, qarTvelebis daqsaqsava surda da aSinebdnen, safrangeTSi ar

migiRebeno. qaqucam mtkiced ganacxada, rom is ar apirebda marto

wasvlas, Tavis razmTan ganSorebas. stambulidan marselSi, marselidan

ki parizs gaemgzavrnen da samudamod dacildnen samSoblos. mxolod

erTi Seficuli, Rrmad moxucebuli aleqsandre sulxaniSvili Camovida

saqarTveloSi da mSobel miwaSi ganisvena. danarCenebi safrangeTis miwas

miebarnen. rac mTavaria, isini guliT, suliT da ocnebiT arasodes

daSorebian mSobel qveyanas. saqarTveloSi darCenili qaquca

ColoyaSvilis ojaxis bedic tragikuli iyo. ra gasakviria, XX saukunis

20-30-ian wlebSi Cven qveyanaSi devnidnen yvelas, visac ki sazRvargareT

hyavda naTesavi da axlobeli, vinc saeWvod miaCndaT. misi ojaxi jer

ahyares sofel awyveridan da iZulebiT gadmoasaxles TbilisSi, Semdeg

ki iseTi meTvalyureoba daaweses maTze, rom mTeli cxovreba jojoxeTad

uqcies. patara bavSvebze, xSirad, aTasgvari ZaldatanebiT axdendnen

48

zemoqmedebas, raTa rame eTqmevinebinaT mamaze. Semdeg gadaasaxles.

udanaSaulo adamianebs awamebdnen.

TviTon qaqucac ewameboda, radgan kargad icoda komunistebis

meTodebi, icoda ra dRes daayridnen mis ojaxs. arc sxvamxriv eloda

dalxenili cxovreba ucxoeTis cis qveS. advili ar iyo aseTi didi

patriotisaTvis samSoblos gareT yofna, magram rwmenas ar kargavda,

ucxo qveyanaSic zrunavda Tavis razmelebze, ocnebobda samSobloSi

dabrunebaze, brZolis gagrZelebasa da nanatri damoukideblobis

mopovebaze. parizSi SeficulTa razmis wevrebi erovnuli tansacmliT

dadiodnen, radgan meti arc hqondaT. CoxebiT, fafaxebiT, TuSuri

qudebiT, qamar-xanjlebiT didad akvirvebdnen frangebs, romlebic quCaSi

cnobismoyvared Sescqerodnen ucxod Semosilebs. zogierTi Zveli

emigranti daexmara razmelebs axali tansacmlis SeZenasa da sxvadasxva

xarjebis gadaxdaSi.

ori kvira darCnen parizSi. qaqucas surda, razmelebTan erTad

ecxovra. amitom airCia parizis axlos dasaxlebuli punqti _ virofle

da iq, uzarmazari parkis gverdiT iqiraves erTi didi saxli. umetesobam

muSaoba taqsis mZRolad daiwyo, rac arc ise advili iyo, winaswar unda

CaebarebinaT gamocda, sadac manqanis marTvis codnasTan erTad, parizis

quCebis kargi codnac unda gamoemJRavnebinaT.

qaqucas marjvena xeli stkioda, TiTqmis ver xmarobda. sulxaniSvils

Txova, ufro sworad, daafica, Cveni brZolis istoria aRwere, Senze

kargad vin iciso. MmTavari Wriloba qaqucas filtvSi hqonda, is

gaumizezda da Wleqad eqca. avadmyofoba mZime iyo da karg mkurnalobas

moiTxovda. erTxans moikeTa kidec, sanatoriumSi mkurnalobis Semdeg,

magram sistematiuri mkurnalobis fuli emigrantebs ar hqondaT da

sardlis mdgomareobac TandaTan uaresdeboda.

sanam virofleSi cxovrobda, ar moiSora Seficulebi, erTad unda

viyoTo, arigebda, aTas rames uyveboda. Cveni Zma da damrigebeli iyoo, P_

igonebs aleqsandre kargareTeli. masTan uamravi adamiani modioda,

sanaxavad Tu mosakiTxad. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis imedi asuldgmulebda.

saqarTveloSi ki qaqucas Sesaxeb, mis brZolebsa da Tavganwirvaze

legendebs yvebodnen. misi gmirobis gacocxlebasa da misi SeficulebiT

qveynis ganTavisuflebaze, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenaze

ocnebobdnen. SemdegSi parizel emigrantTa rigebs Sematebuli Telaveli

vano barkalaia yveboda:

erTxel xma gavardnila, viTom qaquca sazRvargareTidan modioda didi

jariT, saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad. am xmebs mis (barkalaias)

yuramdec miuRwevia. manac, Turme, arc aciva, arc acxela, daavlo xeli

Tavis fotoaparats, nabads da wavida TurqeTis sazRvrisaken im

gadawyvetilebiT, rom daxvedroda qaqucas da mis jars. rodesac

ganmaTavisuflebeli jarebi moadgebodnen qveyanas, gadaeRo istoriuli

49

fotoebi STamomavlobisaTvis. samwuxarod, es ambavi mxolod xalxis

fantazia da amao imedi gamodga. am dros barkalaia 65 wlis iyo. igi

ukan aRar dabrunebula, komunistur saqarTveloSi cxovrebas parizSi

wasvla da qaqucasTan dakavSireba amjobina. bevri fotosuraTi gadauRo

man qaqucasa da mis biWebs, raTa istorias ar dakargvoda maTi saxeebi.

brZolebiTa da fiqrebiT ganawamebi sardali sul ufro sustdeboda.

meored rom gagzavnes sanatoriumSi, eqimebma xeli Caiqnies, adgilidan

daZvris uflebac aRar misces. iwva palataSi, sadac yofili razmelebi

akiTxavdnen, Zlivs laparakobda, cota eZina da cotas Wamda. vaxtang

RambaSiZes eloda, Zvel megobarsa da eqims, egona is moarCenda. manamde

sulxaniSvils Txova, Cemi oqros Zewkvi da jvari Cem Svils Cautane

saqarTveloSio. es jvari marTlac, ufrosi qaliSvilis, Tamaris iyo.

Tavisi dakargvoda da partizanad gasvlis win Svilis jvari daekida

gulze. morwmune kacs brZolaSi is eguleboda imedad. axla, sikvdilis

win, sizmarSi enaxa qaliSvili, viTom jvars Txovda. gaRviZebulma

Caabara megobars da Txovnac gaumeora. maSin isic uTxra, Cemi neSti

dawviTo. yovelTvis winaaRmdegi iyo micvalebulis dawvis, magram axla

ase daibara. megobrebi miuxvdnen, ratomac, ferflis waReba

saqarTveloSi ufro ioli iqneboda, vidre neStis. magram ar dawves,

imedi hqondaT, odesme saqarTvelos miwas daubrunebdnen mis sasiqadulo

Svils. orjer daasaflaves qaquca ColoyaSvili safrangeTSi, jer sent-

uanis sasaflaoze, Semdeg ki levilSi gadaitanes misi cxedari. mesamedac

mouwia saflavis Secvla. ukve Tavisufal, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi

dabrunda da mTawmindaze daido saSviliSvilo samare. es 2005 wlis 21

noembers moxda. misi saflavic Seemata saqarTvelos wminda savanes.

dimitri yifianis, merab kostavas, zviad gamsaxurdias da sxva gmirebis

gverdiT ganisvena saqarTvelosTvis Tavganwirulma raindma. im dRes,

rodesac didi da ekliani gziT gamovlili misi natanji sxeuli

ubrundeboda samSoblos da kubo mTawmindisaken miikvlevda gzas, TiTqos

gaismoda qaqucas sayvareli Zveli qarTuli simRera. Seficulebi xSirad

agugunebdnen mas da sityvebi, romlebsac simRera Seicavda, TiTqos axla

erTaderTs qaquca ColoyaSvils ekuTvnoda:

vina Tqva saqarTveloze

eg aris, lomi kvdebao,

Cauxta bedis varskvlavi

da aRar amoxtebao...

aq ar mTavrdeba gmiris Tavgadasavali. is saukunod gagrZeldeba da

sxva istoriul gmirobebs daudebs saTaves. misma cxovrebam didi

zneobrivi gakveTili misca qarTvelobas.

gmirebi arian adamianebi, romlebic epoqaluri miznebis dasaxvisa da

ganxorcielebisaTvis ibrZvian, wiraven Tavs, anda mTel TavianT

cxovrebas uZRvnian am saqmes. isini sxvaze Seumcdarad grZnoben ra unda

50

akeTon, qveynisa da erisTvis saWiro swor gzas pouloben. sergo

orjonikiZe, romelic me-11 armias SemouZRva saqarTveloSi, Tavisi drois

`gmiri~ iyo, magram gmirad sazogadoebis mxolod erTi patara jgufis

mier Seracxuli. xalxs is ar miuCnevia gmirad, istoriam misi gza da

saqme erisa da qveynis Ralatad aRiara. qaquca ColoyaSvili ki, romelic

orjonikiZesa da sxva misnairebs daupirispirda, marTali iyo Tavis

brZolaSi da xalxmac maSinve sworad Seafasa misri roli. mebrZol

qaqucas erekle mefes adarebdnen da mis Camomavlad Tvlidnen saxalxo

poetebi. urdoebad miiCnevda xalxi Semosul komunistebs, qaqucas ki am

urdoebisgan damxsnel beladad:

velad gaWrila qaquca,

ColoyaSvilis gvarisa,

gverdSi hyavs bevri vaJkaci,

mtris damyenebi Tvalisa.

ar eSiniaT sikvdilis, Tavi aqvT gadadebuli,

surT saqarTvelo daixsnan, urdoTgan aoxrebuli.

sxva saxalxo mTqmelic qveynis mdgomareobas ukiduresad kritikulad

xedavda da erTaderT mSvelelad qaquca ColoyaSvils miiCnevda:

Seni Wirime qaqucav, qarTvelT laSqarTa belado,

mtris mogereba gcodnia, gamusvra xeldaxelado...

Semoseulni jalaTni aRar indoben xalxsao,

uZaRlo sofels hxedaven, mitom igdeben Tavsao,

Sen gaCndi Cvenad saSvelad, kaxeTs agroveb jarsao,

oRond gviSvele qaqucav, mogcemT qudzeda kacsao.

xalxis ndoba da siyvaruli urTules drosa da urTules

mdgomareobaSi Zneli mosapovebelia, magram ColoyaSvilis SemTxvevaSi, es

bunebrivad moxda, saWiro ar gamxdara mis Sesaxeb vinmes propaganda

gaewia, xalxTan misasvleli gza man Tavad gaikvlia, Tavisi saqmiTa da

kacobiT. amaSi yvelaferi uwyobda xels: Camomavloba (misi winaprebi

xom qaqucasaviT Tavganwiruli raindebi iyvnen!), garegnoba (unaklod

qarTuli garegnobis vaJkaci iyo, nebismieri erovnebis adamians rom

moxiblavda), xasiaTi, goneba, swori azrovneba, zneobrivi srulyofileba,

vaJkacoba da uSiSroba, yvelaze maRla samSoblos interesebis dayeneba,

mTavarsardlis, winamZRolis niWi, adamianebze zemoqmedebis moxdenis

unari, xalxis SemakavSireblis, gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis

adamianTa Semrigebel-gamaerTianeblis, mtrobis megobrobad gadaqcevis,

siyvarulis, Senebis, momavlis ganWvretis niWi da unari, mimtevebloba

da Seurigebloba erTdroulad... ai, vin iyo qaquca ColoyaSvili. aseTi

srulyofili adamianebi santrelia erSi. patara saqarTvelo swored

imitom gadarCa aTaswleulTa manZilze, rom aseT gmirebs badebda Jami-

Jam, es gmirebi ki mis siZlieres aduRabebdnen, daSlamde misuls

51

xelaxla wamoayenebdnen fexze da momavlisaken winsvlis saSualebas

aZlevdnen Cvens xalxsa da qveyanas.

tanze abjari aisxi, Tavzari daec mtersao,

yinulis nisli daawva fSav-xevsureTis mTebsao.

winaparT droSa aRmarTe, mtris sisxlSi amovlebuli,

Sen Semogxaris qveyana, didi xnis daoblebuli, _

SehRaRadebda xalxi sami wlis manZilze saqarTvelos tyeebsa da

mTebSi lomiviT mebrZolsa da meamboxe gmirs. misma gardacvalebam

ucxoeTSi didi mwuxareba moutana qarTvel xalxs, romelsac kvlav

asuldgmulebda saswaulis imedi, rom qaquca ucxoeTidan jariT

dabrundeboda da ixsnida gveleSapisagan damonebul mis qveyanas:

arwivma mxrebi dauSva, mZimed daxuWa Tvalia,

aRar gvyavs ColoyaSvili, zeciT darekes zaria,

mTebo, itireT cremlebiT, baro, moikal Tavia,

mzeo, dabneldi udrood, kaxeTs Caacvi Savia,

iglovos yvela qarTvelma, ZaZiT Semosos tania...

qaquca ColoyaSvilis brZolisa da Tavdadebis istoria gvaswavlis, ra

aris saWiro Cveni eris Zlierebisa da damoukidebeli qarTuli

saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis. pirvel rigSi, am amocanis ganxorcieleba

moiTxovs qarTveli xalxis erovnul-politikur gaerTianebas. erovnul-

saxelmwifoebrivi ideali unda gaxdes qarTvelisa da saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi yvela adamianisaTvis upirvelesi da is unda hfaravdes

partiul, kuTxur, wodebriv Tu ragindara interess. amas gvaswavlis

istoriuli gamocdileba. qaquca ColoyaSvilic, ilia WavWavaZis mier

dasaxul am gzas misdevda. winaprebis geziTa da swori mimarTulebiT

mihyavda Tanamedroveni, `bilws ar ekvroda zaviTa~, qveyanas ar anebebda

momxdurT. dangreuli eklesiebi, damwvari xatebi, mxolod im niSniT

daxocili adamianebi, rom maTi winaprebi Tavadebi iyvnen, skolaSi

sakuTaris nacvlad, dampyroblis istoriis swavla, Sens samSoblod

sabWoTa kavSirisa da ara saqarTvelos dasaxeleba, tyuili, romelic

sul unda gemeorebina, _ ai is, rasac ver egueboda qaquca ColoyaSvili,

misi TanamebrZolebi da risTvisac gawires Tavi. sanam is faseulobebi,

ris dacvasac isini emsxverplnen, Zvirfasi iqneba,manamde qaquca

ColoyaSvilis gmiroba da sabrZolo istoriac magaliTad darCeba

qarTveli axalgazrdobisaTvis.

mTawmindaze akiafebuli ciskris varskvlavi ki Tavdadebuli gmiris,

ca-firuz, xmeleT-zurmuxtze usazRvrod Seyvarebuli qaquca

ColoyaSvilis saflavs sxivebs iseve uxvad daafens, rogorc aqamde

hfenda aq gansvenebul qarTvelTa winaprebis Rirseul saflavebze.

52

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ∗

aleqsandre batoniSvili _ erekle II-is vaJi, erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri, ebrZoda ruseTs da mis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iyenebda Crdilo kavkasiel musulmanebs, aseve _

sparseTis mmarTvelebs. gardaicvala sparseTSi, dasaflavebulia

TeiranSi.

aleqsandre da simon voroncovebi _ rusi grafebi, romlebic

imyofebodnen ruseTis imperator aleqsandre pirvelis `saidumlo

sabWoSi~, iyvnen liberal-demokrati moazrovneebi.

aleqsandre pirveli _ ruseTis imperatori 1801-1825 w.w. mis dros

moxda saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier

aneqsia _ laTinuri `aneqsio~, SeerTeba, niSnavs erTi saxelmwifos mier

sxva qveynis teritoriis Tavis saxelmwifosTan ZaliT SeerTebas,

dapyrobas.

biZina ColoyaSvili _ saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri XVII saukuneSi,

ibrZoda sparsi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, xelmZRvanelobda 1659 wlis

kaxeTis ajanyebas.

dragunTa polki _ cxenosani jari, romelic gaTavaliswinebuli iyo

qveiTad da cxendacxen sabrZolvelad. aseTi jari arsebobda mefis

ruseTSi.

erTa liga _ saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic Seiqmna I msoflio

omis Semdeg, 1919 wels da miznad isaxavda mSvidobis SenarCunebas mTel

msoflioSi. saqarTvelos damoukidebelma respublikam ver moaxerxa am

organizaciaSi gawevrianeba.

erovnuli gvardia _ arsebobda damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918-1821

w.w.). is, ZiriTadad, mmarTveli partiis erTgul da partiuli niSniT

Seqmnil jars warmoadgenda.

ianovski kirile petres Ze _ kavkasiaSi ganaTlebis sistemis

xelmZRvaneli, daakanona rusuli ganaTlebis sistema, ebrZoda qarTul

enas.

ingiloebi _ saingilos mkvidrni. termini niSnavs axladmoqceuls,

ukavSirdeba Zveli hereTis mkvidrTa ZaliT gamahmadianebas XVII-XVIII

53

saukuneebSi. amJamad saingilo azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. ingiloTa

nawili qarTul enaze metyvelebs, nawils ki _ dakrguli aqvs erovneba.

irakli wereTeli _ (1881-1959), cnobili social-demokrati, menSeviki,

ruseTis `droebiTi mTavrobis~ wevri, amierkavkasiis seimisa da

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis parlamentis wevri, cnobili

qarTveli mwerlis, giorgi wereTlis vaJi da niko nikolaZis disSvili.

`kamandari~ _ meTauri

katkovi _ rusuli reaqciuli gazeTis `moskovskie vedomostis~

redaqtori. gaakritika qarTveli xalxi erovnuli grZnobebisaTvis,

kerZod, qarTul TeatrSi dadgmuli speqtakli, daviT erisTavis

`samSoblo~, rodesac scenaze qarTuli droSa gamoitanes da mayurebeli

atirda. mas mwvave pasuxi ilia WavWavaZem gasca.

kosmopolituri _ momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan, rac niSnavs

msoflio moqalaqes. kosmopolitia adamiani, romelic Tavis Tavs ar

akuTvnebs arcerT erovnebas. es ideologia uaryofs erovnul

TviTmyofadobas da suverenitets, qadagebs samSoblosadmi da erovnuli

kulturisadmi gulgrilobas da ayenebs msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmnis

ideas.

lazareTi _ samxedro saavadmyofo, ixsneboda omebis dros, an arsebobda

samxedro nawilTan.

maRaroskari _ sofeli fSavSi

mixeil simonis Ze voroncovi _ ruseTis moxele, mefisnacvali

amierkavkasiaSi 1844-1854 w.w. gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli

keTilganwyobiT saqarTvelos mimarT.

noe Jordania _ qarTveli social-demokrati, menSeviki, damoukidbeli

saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomare. daibada 1868 wels, gardaicvala

1953 wels safrangeTSi, dasaflavebulia levilis qarTvelTa

sasaflaoze.

noe ramiSvili _ 91881-1930) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

(191801921) mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare (Semdeg am postze igi

Secvala noe Jordaniam, ramiSvili ki gaxda Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. mas

rkinis ministrs uwodebdnen Seuvalobisa da principulobis gamo).

54

imyofeboda emigraciaSi. 1930 wels mokles parizSi, dasaflavebulia

levilSi.

okupacia _ momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan da niSnavs erTi

saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis

dakavebas.

revkomi _ revoluciuri komiteti.

sabandari _ saTibis patara bululi mTaSi

sarayamiSi _ adgili centralur TurqeTSi

server beg aTabagi _ gamusulmanebuli qarTveli, e.w. samahmadiano

saqarTvelos (ase uwodebdnen TurqeTSi moqceul qarTul teritoriebs)

warmomadgeneli, gvarad jayeli. I msoflio omis Semdeg saTaveSi edga

`yarsis respublikis~ Seqmnas, surda am respublikaSi Turqebisagan

dapyrobili da gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebis gaerTianeba.

solomon zaldastaniSvili _ (1891-1941)1921-1924 wlebis

antikomunisturi moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, iyo samxedro

piri, polkovniki, erobnul-demokratiuli, damoukideblobis komitetisa

da samxedro centris wevri, 1924 wlis ajanyebis aqtiuri monawile.

cxovrobda safrangeTSi, gardaicvala rumineTSi.

spiridon WavWavaZe _ samxedro centri xelmZRvaneli, generali,

daniSnuli iyo 1924 wlis 29 agvistos ajanyebis sardlad, qaquca

ColoyaSvilTan erTad wavida emigraciaSi safrangeTSi.

totalitaruli _ totalitarulia reJimi, rodesac myardeba aSkara

memarjvene Tu memarcxene diqtatura.

fxa _kldis wveti

Salva amirejibi _ (1887-1943), erovnul-demokrati, damoukideblobis

komitetis wevri, monawileobda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebSi.

cnobili poeti, iyo cnobili qarTveli msaxiobis, veriko anjafariZis

meuRle. 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg wavida emigraciaSi.

Samili _ daRestnis imami (sulieri meTauri,) aseve beladi daRestnis

omisa, romelic mimarTuli iyo ruseTis gabatonebis winaaRmdeg

kavkasiaSi (1834-1859). 1859 wels tyved Caigdes aul RunibTan da

55

ruseTSi waiyvanes. misi TxovniT, meqaSi wasvlis ufleba misces, gzaSi

gardaicvala.

`Ceka“ _ gansakuTrebuli sagamoZiebo komiteti, rusuli sityvebis

`Чрезвичайнный комитет“ dasawyisisgan aris Sedgenili. es organizacia

daundoblad ebrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi kritikulad ganwyobil

pirebs.

wiTlebi _ ase erqvaT bolSevik-komunistebs, radgan maTi droSa wiTeli,

sisxlisferi iyo.

56

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• arseniZe r. _ ajanyeba saqarTveloSi; parizi, 1964

• bendianiSvili al. _ erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi (1801-1921),

Tbilisi, 1980

• beniZe v. _ 1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1991

• gvazava G. _ saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia, pariZi,

1928

• grZeliZe r. _ 1924 wlis saxalxo ajanyeba saqarTveloSi,

Tbilisi, 1992

• zaldastaniSvili s. _ saqarTvelos 1924 wlis amboxeba, parizi-

Tbilisi, 1989

• kaxiani m. _ menSevikuri gamosvlebis Sedegebi da gakveTilebi,

Tbilisi, 1924

• kirTaZe n. _ 1924 wlis ajanyeba saqarTveloSi, quTaisi, 1996

• krebuli _ qaquca ColoyaSvili, Semdgeneli guram SaraZe, Tbilisi,

1989

• krebuli _ samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul gmirTa xsovna, qarTvel

mxedarTa kavSiris damfuZnebel sainiciativo jgufis gamocema,

stambuli, 1923

• lorTqifaniZe gr. _ fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi, 1995

• lomaSvili f. _ qarTuli emigraciis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1965

• naTmelaZe m., dauSvili a. _ saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria,

Tbilisi, 2004

• nacvliSvili p. _ saqarTvelos miwa, Tbilisi, 1994

• orjonikiZeE s. _ menSevikebis agentura saqarTveloSi, tfilisi,

1924

• sulaqveliZe k. _ ra moxda? (vin da rogor moawyo agvistos

ajanyeba), Tbilisi, 1927

• sulxaniSvili al. _ mogonebebi SeficulTa razmze, gamomcemloba

`artanuji~, Tbilisi, 2007

• surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p. _ saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990,

Tbilisi, 1991

57