nato sonRulaSvili

sabWoTa reJimi da qarTuli erovnuli idea

(1921-1991)

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2018

Nato Songulashvili

Soviet Regime and Georgian National Idea (1921-1991)

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2018

UDC(uak) 321.74+323.1(479.22) s-677 naSromSi dokumenturi wyaroebis, saarqivo masa-

lis, romelTa didi nawili pirvelad Semodis samec-niero brunvaSi, mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis yvelaze mZime periodis _ sabWoTa reJimis politikuri procesebi, ganmaTavisuflebeli brZo-lis fonze warmoCenilia erovnuli moZraobis etape-bi da qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweoba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. calke adgili eT-moba erovnuli ideis fenomenis ganxilvas. naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistebis da mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. redaqtori: politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vaJa SubiTiZe recenzentebi: istoriis doqtori lela saraliZe istoriis doqtori irina arabiZe

aRniSnuli monografia daiwera SoTa rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis

(#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi. proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi, samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetze

© n. sonRulaSvili, 2018

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2018

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com; universal505@ymail.com ISBN 978-9941-26-291-3

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali........................................................................................................5

pirveli Tavi. qarTuli erovnuli ideis aRqma...15

meore Tavi. qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweobasaerTaSoriso asparezze XX saukunis 20-30-ianwlebSi...........................................................................................................91

mesame Tavi. disidenturi moZraoba saqarTve-loSi.............................................................................................................127

meoTxe Tavi. Tavisuflebis aRqma sabWouri ide-ologiis fonze XX saukunis 80iani wlebis da-sawyisis saqarTveloSi (`TviTmfrinavis biWe-bi~)..................................................................................................................215

mexuTe Tavi. erovnuli moZraoba XX saukunis80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi....................................................236

daskvna........................................................................................................292

reziume......................................................................................................296

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Sesavali

saqarTveloSi `sabWoTa reJimis~ istoriisSeswavla Tanamedrove istoriografiis erT-erTaqtualur da udavod gamorCeul problemas wa-rmoadgens. Ffaqtia, rom msoflio istoriaSi XXsaukunis aRniSnuli etapi winaaRmdegobebiT,azrTa gansxvavebulobiT, ideaTa Widilis da sa-mecniero da ara mxolod, wreebSi araerTgvaro-vani damokidebulebiTa da SefasebebiTaa cnobi-li. albaT, iSviaTad moiZebneba epoqa msoflioistoriis manZilze, romelzec aseTi didi inte-resiT fiqrobdnen, msjelobdnen da werdnen. aR-niSnuli periodisadmi did interess mowmobsmravali mxatvruli nawarmoebis, tilos, kino-filmis, samecniero gamokvlevis da a. S. Seqmna.

sabWoTa sistemasTan dakavSirebiT mravalisamecniero gamokvleva arsebobs qarTul Tu uc-xour istoriografiaSi da aqedan gamomdinaremravalricxovani azria problemasTan mimarTe-baSi. Bbunebrivia, am fonze rTulia da amasTanaucilebeli sakiTxis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT da-sma da kvlevis axleburi, obieqturi mimarTu-lebiT warmarTva da gaanalizeba. saqarTvelosistoriis ara erTi problema: politikuri, kul-turuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu religiurisiRrmiseulad aris Seswavlili da mravali sa-mecniero gamokvlevaa Seqmnili. magram ara nak-lebi mniSvnelobisaa imgvari sakiTxebis kvleva,romelic saSualebas mogvcems gamovarkvioT,rogor moiazrebda mTlianobaSi qarTvelidrois msvlelobaSi Tavs saqarTvelos nawilad

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da ra faseulobaTa sistema gansazRvravda maTbrZolas TviTgadarCenisa da TviTdamkvidrebis-aTvis. marTalia, 1921-1991 wlebSi ganviTarebulimovlenebi, maTi calkeuli mxareebi araerTxelgamxdara mecnierTa Seswavlis obieqti da sakma-od mravalricxovani specialuri literaturaarsebobs, Tumca dro garkveul redaqtirebasukeTebs samecniero literaturas, icvleba saki-Txisadmi midgoma, problemaTa Sefaseba-Seswav-lis tendenciebi da garkveul etapze saWiroebamoiTxovs istoriis gadaazrebas da drois la-birinTebSi `mimaluli~ faqtebis saaSkaraozegamotanas. specialistTa wreebisTvis ucxo araris sabWoTa sistemis mier damkvidrebuli daSemorCenili gadmonaSTebi, romlebic garkveulgavlenas axdens da xSir SemTxvevaSi gansazRv-ravs kidec sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilismsoflmxedvelobas. aRniSnuls xels uwyobs sa-kiTxis calmxrivi gaSuqebis mcdelobani da fa-rTo wreebisTvis ucnobi calkeuli istoriuliwyaroebi. sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili monograf-iebi umravles SemTxvevaSi problemaTa subieqt-uri da epoqis `kliSeebidan~ Seqmnili ideolo-giiTaa dawerili. problemis aqtualoba, sirTu-le da mravalmxrivoba Tavidanve gansazRvravssakiTxisadmi swor da mizanmimarTul midgomas,rasac Sedegad unda moyves ara mxolod uricx-vi masalis Sekreba da erTad Tavmoyra, aramedSefaseba, msjeloba, Seswavla da saboloo Sed-egamde misvla.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, yovel epoqas Tavisigamowveva da tendencia gaaCnia. wlebis, sauku-neebis manZilze icvleba da yalibdeba axali

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ideebi, ideologiebi. icvleba istoriuli mov-lenebisadmi damokidebuleba, Seswavla-Sefaseb-is stili. dRevandeli istoriuli mecnierebisgamowveva ara mxolod konkretuli sakiTxebiskvleva, aramed sxvadasxva saxis wyaroTa bazaSidaculi informaciis Sejerebis safuZvelze mo-vlenaTa kompleqsuri Seswavlaa. sabWouri po-litikis Sefaseba da am axal ganzomilebaSi sa-qarTvelos adgilis gansazRvra mxolod isto-riis gabmuli Txroba araa, aramed ZiriTadi,konkretuli da masStaburi movlenebis gamovle-na da analizi. 1921-1991 wlebi sakmaod rTulida winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse periodia saqarT-velosTvis. aq SesaZlebelia gamoiyos sxvada-sxva qronologiuri monakveTebi, movlenebi, ro-mlebmac gansazRvra da garkveuli gavlena iqo-nia aRniSnuli periodis politikur, socialur-ekonomikur, religiur Tu kulturul mdgoma-reobaze. sabWoTa kavSiris politika mimarTuliiyo mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saxelmwifoebissruli daqvemdebarebisaken, risTvisac mimdina-reobda aqtiuri brZola rogorc ideologiurdoneze, agreTve praqtikuli nabijebiT. rogorcaRvniSne, problemasTan dakavSirebiT da movl-enebis Sesaxeb araerTi naSromi gvxvdeba, Tumcaam SemTxvevaSi warmodgenili iqneba sakvleviTemis periodebad dayofili istoriis calkeu-li mimarTulebebis warmoCena. 1. rogorc ukveaRvniSne, Tanamedrove saqarTvelosTvis damaxa-siaTebeli mravali problema Tu stereotipi sa-fuZvels sabWoTa periodidan iRebs. aqedan ga-momdinare, sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kvlevasara mxolod istoriuli faqtebis gacocxlebis

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da gaazrebis datvirTva eqneba, aramed praqti-kuli daniSnulebac, rac gamoixateba sxvadasxvasaxis wyaroTa Sejerebis safuZvelze sabWouripolitikis maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena da Ses-wavla yvela im problemuri sakiTxis gaazrebiT,romelic XX saukunis am metad rTuli, winaaRm-degobebiT aRsavse epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTe-beli. erovnul - ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobaerT-erTi rTuli Sesafasebelia sabWoTa reJimispirobebSi. aRniSnuli problemis Seswavla sab-WoTa periodSi tabudadebul Temas warmoadgen-da. mxolod postsabWoTa periodidan daiwyo XXsaukunis aRniSnuli monakveTis gadaazreba.

erovnuli moZraobis calkeuli sakiTxebisgaSuqebasTan erTad garkveuli yuradReba mivaq-cie qarTuli emigraciis poziciasa da monawi-leobis formebs antisabWoTa moZraobaSi. gamo-vamzeureT im adamianTa Rvawli, romlebmac TaviSewires sasaqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis br-Zolas. SevecadeT gveCvenebina xelisuflebisbrZolis xerxebi da meTodebi erovnuli moZra-obis winaaRmdeg.

Tanamedrove samecniero tendenciebis gam-owveva, meTodologiis daxvewa saSualebas gvaZ-levs problemis gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiTwarmoCenis da gamokvlevisa. aqedan gamomdinare,mniSvnelovnad da Seuswavlel sakiTxad migvaC-nia erovnuli ideis problema sabWoTa period-Si.

bunebrivia, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTve-los istoriis araerTi problemaa gamokvleulida mniSvnelovani monografiebi Tu calkeulistatiebia Seqmnili. Tumca qarTveli eris iden-

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tobrivi analizi anu sazogadoebrivi aRqmebiswarmoCena saSualebas mogvcems axleburad Sev-xedoT da gansxvavebuli kuTxiT davamuSavoTsxvadasxva istoriuli movlena. sabWoTa reJimisperiodis qarTvelTa identobis Seswavla gansa-kuTrebulad rTuli iyo epoqis ideologiidangamomdinare da swored es faqti ganapirobebdaaRniSnuli sakiTxiT nakleb dainteresebas rog-orc sabWoTa reJimis dros, agreTve misi daS-lis Semdgom, garkveuli periodis manZilze. Ta-namedrove viTareba istoriis Sefasabisa da gaa-zrebis procesSi saSualebas gvaZlevs mravalikardinaluri mniSvnelobis problema vaqcioTganxilvis sagnad da rac mTavaria obieqturadiqnas Seswavlili.

sabWoTa reJimis istoria marTalia moicavsperiods 1921-1991 wlebs, da es erTi SexedviTerTiani politikis, ideologiis etapia, Tumca,rogorc yvela epoqas, ideologias ganviTarebisgarkveuli gza gaaCnia. am mxriv gamonaklisiarc sabWouri politika iyo, romelic Camoyali-bebis dRidan ganviTarebas, cvlilebas ganicdi-da da saqarTveloc bunebrivia, am gardaqmnebsuSualod iRebda da Taviseburad, ramdenadac esSesaZlebeli iyo pasuxobda. swored am maxasiaT-eblebis, gamowvevebis, cvlilebebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT iqneba problema Seswavlili, radgandrois am qronologiur monakveTSi sxvadasxvaperiodebi SeiZleba gamoiyos ideuri Tvalsa-zrisiT: 1. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi, rodesacerTgvarad yalibdeba da damkvidrebas iwyebssabWouri sistema da politika, rasac araerT-gvarovani reaqciiT xvdeba saqarTvelos mosax-

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leoba, udidesi nawilisaTvis miuRebeli iyo issistema da ideologia, romelsac sabWoTaruseTi sTavazobda. aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaswarmoadgenda is saprotesto gamosvlebi, rome-lic saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis nawilad ganixileba: 1922-1924 wlebisajanyebebi, romelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulebamarTalia SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, Tumca saqa-rTvelos uaxlesi istoriis saintereso damniSvnelovani etapi iyo da gansazRvra kidecgarkveulwilad XX saukunis 20-iani wlebismovlenebi. 2. XX saukunis 30-iani wlebi, rodes-ac icvleba nawilobriv sabWoTa ruseTis damo-kidebuleba sabWoTa sistemaSi Semavali xalxe-bisadmi, rac represiebiT gamoixata. Tumca, 30-iani wlebis bolos SedarebiT gaumjobesda qar-Tuli enisa da literaturis swavleba, daiweraSesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebi. 3. XX saukunis40-50-iani wlebis dasawyisiEes aris periodi, ro-desac sabWoTa kavSiri gansakuTrebul siZlie-res aRwevs da stalinma SeZlo sakuTari ideeb-is realizeba da sazogadoebis mobilizeba er-Tiani ideologiis fonze. meore mxriv, es arisII msoflio omis da misi Semdgomi periodi, ro-desac erovnuli moZraoba kvlav aqtiurdeba. 4.XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebi. es aris erTimxriv stalinis mier Seqmnili ideologiis, sis-temis axali etapiT aRorZinebis periodi, Tumcaamavdroulad SeiZleba iTqvas sabWoTa kavSirisrRvevis dawyebis etapic. 5. XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebi, romelic dasrulda sistemis ngrev-isa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgeniT.

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kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens sabWouri po-litikis Seswavlis fonze saqarTvelos poli-tikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, religiuri, ku-lturuli mdgomareobis warmoCena-analizi.

sabWoTa ruseTis politikis Sedegad saqarT-velos dapyrobis Semdeg qarTveli eri mudmivadaxali siaxleebis Tu cvlilebebis winaSe idga.saqarTvelo axal cxovrebas iwyebda sabWoTasistemis daqvemdebarebaSi. qarTvel ers axalisistema im erovnul faseulobebsac uspobda,rac saukuneebis manZilze nebismieri mtris Se-mosevis SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis mTavari saSua-leba iyo. es aris: qristianoba da qarTuli ena.marTalia saqarTvelosTvis siaxles ar warmoa-dgenda axali dampyroblis gamoCena da mis daq-vemdebarebaSi gadasvla, Tumca namdvilad axaliiyo qristianuli saxelmwifos mier ganxorcie-lebuli is qmedebebi, rasac aseve marTlmadide-beli saqarTvelos mimarT iCenda.

erovnuli moZraobis Seswavla gansakuTrebu-lad mniSvnelovania eris istoriisaTvis. aRniS-nul sakiTxze qarTul istoriografiaSi araer-Ti gamokvleva arsebobs sxvadasxva periodebisSesaxeb. rac Seexeba sabWoTa sistemas, am mxriv,aRsaniSnavia XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisTvis da-maxasiaTebeli movlenebis asaxva da Sefasebacalkeul monografiebSi. aRniSnuli etapiT da-intereseba SemTxveviT ar aris, radgan es jererTi, pirveli da meorec masStaburi amboxebaasabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, ara naklebmniSvnelovania is faruli Tu ideuri moZraobe-bi, romlebic damaxasiaTebeli iyo XX saukunis

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saqarTveloSi, kerZod, sabWoTa periodSi am Sem-TxvevaSi.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis ajanyebebis das-rulebis Sedegad, marTalia masStaburi gamosv-lebi aRar yofila, Tumca qarTvel sazogadoeb-as, gansakuTrebiT inteligencias ar SeuwyvetiabrZola saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad.Tumca es xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoixateboda faru-li moRvaweobiT, rac garkveulwilad Seaferxa30-iani wlebis represiebma. amasTanave, aRsaniSna-via qarTuli emigraciis aqtiuri muSaoba damoRvaweoba saqarTvelos saxelis saerTaSorisoasparezze gasatanad da sabWoTa ideologiis dasistemisgan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisTvis.

erovnuli moZraoba axal aRmavlobas gani-cdis XX saukunis II naxevarSi, stalinis sikvdi-lis Semdeg, rodesac xelisuflebaSi modianxruSovi, breJnevi. aRniSnuli etapidan moyole-buli erTi mxriv, safuZveli eyreba sabWoTa si-stemis rRvevis etaps da meore mxriv, aqtiurde-ba erovnuli moZraoba, ramac TvalsaCino asaxvahpova saqarTvelos cxovrebaze. yalibdeba sxva-dasxva organizaciebi: SoTa rusTavelis, iliasda sxvaTa sazogadoeba, romelTa mizani erovnu-li ideis aRorZineba da propagandaa. XX sau-kunis 70-80-iani wlebi ki ukve TvalsaCino gamo-xatulebaa erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobisa.

aqedan gamomdinare, am moZraobaTa ucnobi damravalmxrivi niSnebis, maxasiaTeblebis warmoCe-na epoqas da sakiTxs gansxvavebuli kuTxiT war-mogvidgens.

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi TvalSisacemiawina wlebTan SedarebiT, sazogadoebis meti Ca-

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rTuloba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvne-lobis sakiTxebSi, rac ara marto Cveni sinamd-vilidan da mxolod qarTvelTa cnobierebis ga-nviTarebis doniT aixsneba, aramed aseTi midgo-ma da damokidebuleba msoflios mraval qveyana-Sia dafiqsirebuli, da es albaT ufro dididoziT epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgens. Tanamed-rove saxelmwifo ganviTarebis axal safexurzegadavida, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibe-ba, anda misken swrafva mravali saxelmwifosT-vis da maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis prioritetu-li xdeba. swored amitom ara mxolod Tavad xa-lxisTvis, aramed saxelmwifosTvis misaRebs daaucilebels warmoadgens ganaTlebuli da saku-Tari qveynis istoriis mcodne eri, romelsacgacnobierebuli eqneba ara marto dRevandelimovlenebis arsi, aramed Cawvdeba da eqneba cod-na warsulis, mTlianad saqarTvelos istoriis,tradiciebis Sesaxeb. aseTi mimarTulebiT ganvi-Tareba saqarTvelos samomavlo winsvlis axalgzaze daayenebs.

Tanamedrove epoqam mravali sakiTxis, prob-lemis axleburi gadaazreba daayena dRis wesri-gSi. warsulis, istoriis safuZvliani Sefasebis-Tvis movlenaTa kompleqsuri analizia saWiro.sabWoTa sistema da mis sivrceSi myofi saqarT-velos Tema ki, rogorc aRvniSne erT-erT aqtu-alur problemaTa rigs miekuTvneba.

marTalia 1921-1991 wlebi sabWoTa kavSiris,rogorc sistemis arsebobis erTiani periodia,Tumca aRniSnul qronologiur monakveTSi Ti-Toeuli weli SeiZleba iTqvas axali etapis, mo-vlenebis dasawyisia. sabWouri politikis Ziri-

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Tadi tendenciebis fonze SevecadeT warmogve-Cina qarTuli, erovnuli moZraobis maxasiaTeb-lebi, dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi. bunebri-via is cvlilebebi Tu gardaqmnebi, rac damaxa-siaTebeli iyo sabWoTa periodisTvis did gav-lenas axdenda saqarTTvelos saSinao politika-ze. saqarTvelo aRniSnuli drois monakveTSiwarmodgenili iyo sabWoTa kavSiris nawilad danebsiT Tu uneblied ganicdida iq mimdinaremovlenebis zegavlenas.

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pirveli Tavi

qarTuli erovnuli ideis aRqma

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapy-robas qarTveli xalxi ar Seguebia da dRidangasabWoebisa iwyebs brZolas TavisuflebisaT-vis. mTeli 1921-1991 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarT-veloSi myofi Tu sazRvargareT arsebuli Za-lebi, bunebrivia, qarTvelebis saxiT ibrZviansxvadasxva saSualebiT: es iqneba SeiaraRebuliformiT Tu ideologiurad. SeiaraRebuli gamo-svlebiT, rogorc cnobilia gamoirCeva XX sa-ukunis 20-iani wlebi. 30-iani wlebidan moyole-buli ki ufro TvalsaCinoa brZola kulturu-li, erovnuli ideologiis formiT. am mxrivgansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs qarTuli emigracia.mTeli aRniSnuli wlebis manZilze qarTvelTabrZolis formebi icvleboda, Tumca mizaniucvleli iyo – Tavisuflebis mopoveba.

qarTul istoriografiaSi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb arsebobs ga-rkveuli gamokvlevebi. sxvadasxva problemebTanerTad gaSuqebulia 1924 wlis ajanyebis mov-lenebi. amjerad Cemi mizania yuradReba gavamax-vilo rogor aRiqmeboda erovnuli sakiTxi qa-rTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mi-er da ra ideebs sTavazobda qarTul sazogado-ebas erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisTvis sab-WoTa xelisuflebis ideologiis fonze.

marTalia, qarTveli xalxi erovnuli Tavi-suflebisTvis brZolas agrZelebs sabWoTa xe-

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lisuflebis damyarebis dRidan, Tumca im ideo-logiuri viTarebis fonze, rasac awarmoebdnensabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, rTu-li iyo konkurenciis gaweva, rogorc Seiara-Rebul, ise ideur brZolaSi. aRniSnulis dasaZ-levad da miznis misaRwevad erovnulad moazro-vne Zalebi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynisgareT maqsimalurad cdilobdnen erovnulicnobierebis amaRlebas. amasTan, naTlad acnobi-erebdnen im sirTuleebs, romlis gadalaxvasaceswrafodnen. `dRevandeli rusi bolSevikebiufro saSiSni arian CvenTvis, vidre Zveli im-peratorebis moxeleebi. bolSevikebi Tavis miz-nis gansaxorcieleblad ar eridebian araviTarsaSualebas, araviTar siborotes da brZola maTwinaaRmdeg saWiroa ufro medgari, momzadebuli,ganuwyveteli. maTi sityvebi erovnuli sakiTxispativiscemisaTvis aris sicrue da TvalTmaqco-ba, rom ufro advilad moatyuilon gulubryvi-loni da male miaRwion sawadels _ erovnebismospobas. safrTxeSia qarTveli eris miwa-wyali,simdidre, ena, kultura, Semoqmedeba!

am brZolaSi mTavari simZime, rasakvirvelia,awveba TviTon qarTvel ers, Tavis arsebaSi un-da hpovos man yovlis uwinares unari Tavdacvi-sa da winaaRmdegobisa. Aar SeeTvisos moZalade-Ta politikas da ar daTmos ubrZolvelad arcerTi Tavisi interesi da ufleba. Mmisi Segnebaunda iwvrTnebodes yoveldRiuris cxovrebiTda misi nebisyofa mtkicdebodes miyuCebulis

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moqmedebiT im dRisTvis, roca dahkravs Jami saq-arTvelos sruli ganTavisuflebisaTvis~.1

1920-iani wlebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne ufroaqtualuria SeiaraRebuli moZraobis mniSvnelo-biT. amasTan erovnulad moazrovne qarTuli ku-lturuli da politikuri speqtri qarTveli xa-lxis erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis para-

lelurad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis daxmare-bis mopovebas eswrafvis. qarTvelTa aRniSnulinawili naTlad acnobierebda im sirTuleebs,

romlis winaSec idga saqarTvelo, amitom sabW-oTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg marto brZola uSedego

iqneboda. es faqti maT naTlad hqondaT gaazre-buli.

qarTuli emigracia maqsimalurad cdilobdaevropasTan kavSiris damyarebas da am mizniTxSiri iyo vizitebi evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi.

maT mTavar mizanswrafvas warmoadgenda saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebis darwmuneba sabWoTa rusე-Tis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis usamarTlo-

baSi. sayuradReboa, rom 1921 wels germaniis so-cial-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenelTasityviT: `saqarTvelos Tavisufleba aris CveniTavisufleba~. 2 1926 wels qarTuli emigraciiswarmomadgeneli simon leoniZe statiaSi `CvenisakiTxi da saerTaSoriso pirobebi~ aRniSnavda:

`srulebiT gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vity-viT: iSviaTad yofila sxva romelisame eris sak-

1amxanagebs, Jurnali, saxalxo saqme, 1926, rveuli pirveli,gv. 22 evropa da saqarTvelos sakiTxi, Jurnali, TavisufalisaqarTvelo, 1921, #6, gv. 1

18

iTxi ise popularuli evropasa da amerikaSi,rogorc aris saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

saqme, qarTveli eris suverenobis aRdgena. yve-lam _ ukidures memarjveneebidan dawyebuli uk-idures memarcxeneebamde (garda komunistebisada moskovis oqroTi mosyidulebisa) _ yvelam

kargad icis, saqarTvelo usamarTlod, veragu-lad, ZaliT daipyres rusis bolSevikebma da qa-rTvel xalxs sruli ufleba da simarTle aqvs

daibrunos damoukidebloba; ician, rom saqarT-velo Zveli istoriuli da kulturuli qveyanaa,

rom qarTveloba niWieri da Rirseuli eria, yo-velTvis Tavdadebuli iyo Tavis TviTarsebobis-aTvis da dResac gmirulad ibrZvis da gautexe-lia, miusedavad im saSineli mdgomareobisa, ro-melSiac imyofeba. mowinave presa sargeblobsyovel Sesafer SemTxveviT, rom dagmos ruseTis

Zalmomreoba da gamoeqomagos daCagrul qarTv-el xalxs. krebebze da mitingebze xSirad gaig-onebT Cveni qveynis saxels da misi bedi erTi

saukeTeso sabuTTagania komunistebis wyobile-bisa da politikis sawinaaRmdegod~.3

qarTuli emigraciis savsebiT swori pozici-is Tanaxmad: `imisTvis, rom eri savsebiT ganTav-isufldes sxvisi Cagvrisagan, moipovos damouki-debloba, marto Sinauri Zalebi ar kmara. impe-rializmis xanaSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso inte-resebi metad gadaxlarTulia, rodesac yoveli

3 simon leoniZe, Cveni sakiTxi da saerTaSoriso pirobebi,Jurnali, `saxalxo saqme~, 1926, rveuli pirveli, gv. 13

19

adgilobrivi sakiTxi mxolod erTi rgolia sa-erTaSoriso politikisa, kiTxvas wyvets aramxolod Sinauri ZalTa ganwyobileba, aramedsaerTaSoriso. rogori momzadebulic ar unda

iyos eri Tavisi sakuTari Zalebis mxriT, rogo-ri TavganwirviTac ar unda ibrZodes igi damo-ukideblobisaTvis, is mizans ver miaRwevs, TusaerTaSoriso ZalTa ganwyobileba mis mxarezear aris, Tu gareSe Zala mas ar TanaugrZnobsda ar exmareba~4

ras akeTebs am dros sabWoTa xelisufleba?

maTi mTavari mizani socializmis ganxorciele-ba da muSur-glexuri saxelmwifos Seqmnaa. ami-sTvis is Zal-Rones ar iSurebda. sabWoTa xeli-suflebis mTavari dasayrdeni xdeba skola, ro-mlis saSualebiTac moxdeboda komunisturi id-eologiis gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi. magali-Tad, ra mdgomareobaa goris mazraSi. `warsul

wels arsebul 102 skolas daemata 11 axali sko-la. sul maSasadame iyo 113 oTxwledi Sromis

skola. profesionaluri skolebi – 3, Svidwli-ani Sromis skola _ 3, humanitaruli texnikumi– 2, pedagogiuri texnikumi _ 1, sabavSvo baRi _

2. Oori skola iyo gaxsnili am 11 skolis ric-xvSi kooperativis mier, am rigad sul Sromisskolebi iyo mTel mazraSi 134, prof-teqnikuriskolebi _ 3, sul 138 skola.

moswavleTa ricxvi udrida 9. 753. Eenis mi-xedviT Cven gvqonda Semdegi erovnebis skolebi:

qarTvelebis Sromis skolebi iyo _ 107, sami te-

4 Jurnali, `brZola~, 1927, #1, gv. 9

20

xnikumi, sami prof. skola; rusuli _ 3 skola,

berZnuli _ 4, osuri _ 10, SeerTebuli – 2, som-xuri _ 5, moswavleTa erovnuli Semadgenloba:somxebi _ 437 mowafe, rusebi _ 150, osebi _ 305,berZnebi _ 105, danarCeni qarTvelebi ricxviT _8. 756 mowafe. maswavlebelTa ricxvi SromisskolebSi udris _ 274 kacs, texnikumebSi _ 27,

profskolebi _ 6, sabavSvo baRi _ 14. cenzis mi-xedviT dabali ganaTlebis muSakni arian ri-cxviT 119 kaci, saSualo ganaTlebiT _ 178, uma-RlesiT _ 16, daumTavrebeli _ 8~.5

sabWoTa xelisuflebas gansazRvruli hqonda

saswavlo literaturac. magaliTisTvis sainte-resoa ozurgeTis mazris monacemebi aRniSnul-Tan dakavSirebiT: `msmenelTa saxelmZRvaneloswarmoadgenda: tai-Sinis `polit-codna~, meore

gamocema. Lleqtori ki sargeblobda: 1. imave wi-gnidan, 2. tainSis pirveli gamocema `polit-co-dna~, 3. Herdnikovis da svetlovis `polit-co-dnis~ kursi. 4. griSinis `polit-codna~ da le-ninis me-XVIII, me-XIV da XIX tomebidan~. 6 sko-lebs, garda saganmanaTleblo datvirTvisa mu-SaTa da glexTa politikuri cnobierebis amaR-leba hqonda dakisrebuli. sabWoTa xelisufle-ba yvelgan: skolaSi, universitetSi, jarSi, ku-lturul Tu politikur dawesebulebebSi saku-Tari miznebis realizebas da danergvas cdi-

5 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centralurisaxelmwifo arqivi, (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 285, aRw. 1, saq.#915, furc. 206 suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 6, saq. #4, furc. 112

21

lobda. amisTvis arsebobda specialuri organi-zaciebi, romlebic politikur aRzrdas xelmZ-Rvanelobdnen. `wera-kiTxvis ucodinareobis da

mciremcodneobis salikvidacio skolebi, qox-sa-mkiTxveloebi, mozrdilTa maRali tipis sko-lebi, sabWoTa partskolebi, biblioTekebi, po-litcodnis skolebi, moZravi kinoebi da ra-diosadgurebi. 1922 wlis saqalaqo da 1923 wlissasoflo aRweris Sedegad miRebuli cnobebiT,

saqarTveloSi /garda avtonomiuri respubli-kebisa da olqisa/ 15-40 wlis asakamde iyo sul369. 248 wera-kiTxvis ucodinari, amaTgan 1921wlidan 1927 wlis 1 ianvramde-Seiswavla wera-kiTxva 139. 224, e.i. 35, 5% da darCa wera-kiTxvisucodinari 15-40 asakamde 230. 024, e.i. 62, 5%~. 7

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier skolebSi dad-genili saswavlo sagnebi mTlianad iyo mimar-Tuli sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis Sec-vlisaken. ase magaliTad, partiul skolebSi Ikursze iswavleboda Semdegi sagnebi: 1. qarTuli

ena, 2. rusuli ena, 3. maTematika, 4. buneba, 5. eko-nomikuri geografia, 6. klasTa brZolis isto-ria, 7. politikuri ekonomia, 8. s. k. p./b/ istor-ia, 9. politikuri ganaTleba, 10. partiuli aRm-Senebloba, 11. saxelmwifo aRmSenebloba, 12. sa-meurneo aRmSenebloba~.8

amgvarad, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori mi-marTuleba: erovnuli ideebiT gamsWvaluli da

7 suicsa, f. 300, arRw.7, saq. #6, furc. 188 suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 1, saq. #8, furc. 6

22

socializmis ideologiiT warmodgenili nawi-lebi. aseT fonze, bunebrivia, rTuli iyo erov-nuli problemis wina planze wamoweva, Tumca

sawyis etapze gansakuTrebiT, es metnaklebad xe-rxdeboda.

qarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobiere-bis SesanarCuneblad qarTuli politikuri spe-qtri mudmivad cdilobda sabWoTa xelisuf-lebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis warmoCenas.

`gayinul qveynidan SemoWrili wiTeli des-potebi daepatronen Cveni SromiT Seqmnil daCveni sisxliT dacul Cvens simdidres, qonebas!..

mospes Cveni ufleba _ qarTuli, gaamefesucxo, _ komunisturi.

ra mogvitanes?ganadgureba qonebrivi, gonebrivi! daxSoba

erovnuli ganviTarebis!qarTveli eris damoukdebeli kultura

daamaxinjes, an sruliad mospes!SeiWrnen skolebSi!aRzrda erovnuli ki ara, komunisturi!laparaki qarTuli, fiqri rusuli _komunis-

turi!qarTveli bavSvebi_rusuli komunizmis TuTi-

yuSebi!qarTuli skola_maTi galiebi!qarTuli wigni-mxolod qarTuli anbanebi,

Sinaarsi, azri, masala umTavresad komunisturi!suraTi: qarTuli saxis, skolis da sxeulis

damaxinjeba!~9

9 udolaro, qarTuli emigracia da saerTo fronti,Jurnali, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, 1928, #26, gv. 5-6

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sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukunis InaxevarSi ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg warmoe-buli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisdamarcxebis Sedegad, qarTveli xalxi XIX sau-kunis II naxevridan iwyebs erovnuli moZraobisaxal etaps, rac gamoixateboda ideologiuribrZoliT. Tumca xazi unda gaesvas im gare-moebas, rom aRniSnuli brZolis meore etapzeqarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitisgarkveuli nawili saqarTvelos avtonomias moi-Txovda ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi, sabWoTa ru-seTis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisas ki sruli Tavisu-flebas eswrafodnen. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve qar-Tuli social-demokratia, romelic marTaliarusuli social-demokratiis niadagze idga, Tu-mca gansxvavebuli mizani amoZravebda. Tu moRva-weobis sawyis etapze maT programaSi socialu-ri da ekonomikuri sakiTxi Warbobda, XX sauku-nis 10-iani wlebidan erovnuli Tema mniSvnelo-vani xdeba. sagulisxmoa isic, rom sabWoTa ru-seTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg qar-Tuli social-demokratia saqarTvelos erov-nuli Tavis-uflebis mopovebisTvis ibrZvis.

istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapzesaqarTvelos garkveuli Rirebulebebis erTia-noba gaaCnda, rac qarTvelTa erovnuli TviT-Segnebis gaZlierebis mTavari niSani iyo. esenia:samSoblo, ena, religia, tradiciebi, istoriulimexsiereba. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelosdapyrobis Semdeg erT-erTi niSani xdeba 26 mais-is aRniSvna da misi ideuri mniSvneloba. raf-iel ingilo 1930 wels statiaSi `disciplinisada erTobis dRe~ werda: `yoveli gadaxdili 26

24

maisi imas unda Segvasmendes, rom samSoblosTviTmyofobis aRdgena mxolod qarTvelobisudreki erTobiT SesaZlebeli iqneba. mterma esukeT gaigo. amitom aris, rom man yvelazeanCxlad Cveni erTobis dafuSvas mihyo xeli.

drom moaRwia davanaxoT mters, rom mis wi-naaRmdeg brZolaSi Cveni erToba gautexelia. qa-rTvelobis erToba daeweva mas da kiseric swo-red am erTobiT waegrixeba~.10

saukuneebis manZilze erovnuli identobisT-vis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi garkveul ganzoga-debas iZenda xolme. istoriuli ganviTarebiscalkeul etapze romelime maxasiaTebeli aqtua-luri xdeboda, Tumca sxva danarCeni mniSvnelo-bas ar kargavda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo XXsaukunis 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi. erovnu-li identobisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs 26 ma-isis aRniSvna daemata. ganvixiloT TiToeulimaTgani.

1. qarTuli ena _ marTalia, sabWoTa ruseTismier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg qarTul en-as aSkara safrTxe ar damuqrebia, Tumca etapob-rivad rusuli enis damkvidrebam sxvadasxva saq-mis warmoebis procesSi qarTul enas garkveul-wilad mniSvneloba daukarga. gazeT `tribunaSi~amasTan dakavSirebiT grigol SavguliZe aRniS-navda: `mSobliuri ena _ es mTeli samSoblosistoriaa, masSi naTlad gamosCans mTeli ganv-lili gza da misi individualuri Tvisebebi daswored es gaxlavT mizezi imisa, rom yovelikulturuli eri TavgamodebiT icavs Tavis enas.

10 rafiel ingilo, disciplinisa da erTobis dRe,Jurnali, `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1930, gv. 6

25

dRes yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom ers Tu rogormemouspe Tavisi ena, aseTi eris sicocxlis dRe-ebi daTvlilia~. 11 gazeT `SromaSi~ ki leo Sen-gelaia werda: `saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceb-is da erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebis saqmeSigansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs enas. ers upi-rvelesad yovlisa unda hqondes Tavisufaliena. uamisod eris kultura, misi _ filosofia,xelovneba, poezia, mecniereba _ ver gaefurCqne-ba, eri ver gaSlis Tavis individualobas dacxovrebis kvals ver daaCens. Aamitom enis sa-kiTxs gansakuTrebiT patara saxelmwifoSi arSeiZleba ar mieqces udidesi yuradReba~.12

2. sarwmunoeba _ rac Seexeba sabWoTa xeli-suflebis damokidebulebas samRvdeloebasTan.cnobilia, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis mTavarmizans religiis uaryofa da misi sazogadoebiscnobierebidan amoSla warmoadgenda. samoRvaweoasparezze gamosvlidan sabWoTa ideologebmaswored samRvdeloebis da religiis dasusteba-ganadgureba daisaxes miznad. Ggarda imisa, rommaT mTavar mizans warmoadgenda sasuliero wo-debisaTvis ekonomikuri berketebis gauqmeba, zo-gadad, religiuri gavlenis Sesusteba sazoga-doebaze. `mTavari yuradReba unda mieqces anti-religiur agitacias da propagandas, rac sis-tematiurad unda swarmoebdes mosaxleobaSi....…Cveni valia gavaZlieroT yoveldRiuri muSaobareligiis winaaRmdeg, masebis antireligiur aR-

11 gr. SavguliZe, enis sakiTxi, gazeTi, `tribuna~, 1922,#291, gv. 212leo Sengelaia, damoukideblobis sadarajoze, gazeTi,`Sroma~, 1922, #1, gv. 4

26

zrdisaTvis... mTavari mizania ganumartoT mSro-mel masebs religiisa da yovelgvari religiuridResaswaulebis da kerZod, aRdgomis siyalbe~.13

amas emateboda meore faqtoric _ skolis gami-jvna samRvdeloebisagan. sabWoTa xelisuflebismTavar amosaval princips warmoadgenda sauku-neebis manZilze saqarTveloSi damkvidrebulisistemis Secvla. skola unda yofiliyo, ara er-ovnuli ideebis matarebeli, rasac eklesia xe-ls uwyobda, aramed sabWoTa ideologiis mTava-ri dasayrdeni.

saerTod, ganaTlebis faqtors eris arse-bobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, TanamedrovenaciisTvis skolis da zogadad, ganaTlebis ro-li ormagad mniSvnelovania. Ees aris adgili,sadac axalgazrdoba ecnoba sakuTar erovnulistorias, tradiciebs da amasTan eufleba sxva-dasxva sagnebs, rac saboloo jamSi xels uw-yobs maTi erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebas. Tu-mca, rogorc ganxiluli masalidan Cans sabWo-Ta xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebda imisTvis,rom skola sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoeyenebina.

miuxedavad, sabWoTa ruseTis amgvari damo-kidebulebisa samRvdeloebisadmi qarTveli erida kerZod, erovnulad moazrovne qarTuli ku-lturul-politikuri speqtri naTlad acnobi-erebda qristianuli religiis da qarTveli sas-uliero wodebis did rols saqarTvelos isto-riaSi. `vin daTvlis? vin awonavs Cveni wmindamamebis Rvawlsa da amags? rogori muyaiTobiT,mZime SromiT da dauSreteli energiiT Seqmnes

13 suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 6, saq. #8, furc. 138

27

qarTuli, erovnuli kultura da is qristianu-li civilizaciis uZveles erTa Soris pativiTada didebiT Seiyvanes... Cveni istoriis yvela ep-oqaSi, roca ki eri gansacdelis pirispir idga;gamoCndebodnen xolme ioane sabanisZeni, iakobxucesebi da qarTvel xalxs swored maSin mis-cemdnen sulier sazrdos da zneobrivi ZalissaWed grdemlze CaquCs magrad daartyamdnen.Cveni eris rCeuli Svilebi maRali STagonebiTTavidanve mixvdnen, rom eris sulier-zneobriviZalis safuZveli qristianuli moralia: saTno-eba, sikeTe, siyvaruli da keTilSobili mapatie-beli buneba: adamianis Rirsebis dacva da dafa-seba... eris dideba ar iqmneba misi mravalricxo-vanobiT, arc iaraRis CxaruniT, aramed da mxo-lod, misi zneobriv sulieri moraliT, saTno-ebiT, SemwynareblobiT, keTilSobilebiT da ma-Rali ideebisadmi miZRvnilobiT. Ees daanaTlasaqarTvelos qristianizmma da Cvenma wminda mam-ebma Cveni samSoblo uZlevel da ukvdav qveynadaqcies qristianul saTnoebasTan ziarebiT~. 14 3.istoriuli mexsiereba _ `qarTveli eri amrTel-ebs gawyvetil Zafs warsulTan, Caswvdeba mas dacxovelad warmoadgens sakuTar Tavgadasavalsganvlil saukuneTa gaswvriv. is igonebs, rombrZola qveynis daxsnisTvis marto dRevandeliqarTvelis xvedri rodia, aramed am wminda saq-mes emsaxurebodnen misi winaprebic. MmravaliamaTi sagmiro saqmeni, kidev ufro mravalia Tav-dadebulni, xalxis mier wmindanebad aRiarebul-ni. Dda ara marto igonebs _ qarTveli eri sisx-

14 gazeTi `qarTuli azri~, 1956, #74, gv. 1

28

liT aRbeWdavs Tavis kavSirs gmirul warsu-lTan, romlis saamayo saxelebi met Zalasa daaRfrTovanebas hgvris mis mebrZol Svilebs.cxadia, dRevandeli viTareba sxvaa, warsulSiigi sxva iyo. amisda mixedviT brZolis meTodida xasiaTi dRes sxvaa, vidre maSin. magram misw-rafeba, Tavdadeba, cecxli, is cecxli, romelicswvavs da Radravs qarTvelis guls, igivea dRe-sac: is ar gamqrala da verc gahqreba, sanam eriarsebobs. sanam es arseboba mZlavrad, stiqiase-burad cxaddeba TviToeul qarTvelSi~.15

Jurnali `damoukdebeli saqarTvelo~ 1930wels werda: `winaTac yofila saqarTveloSi ta-njvis dReebi, romelic qarTvel xalxs mudambrZoliT Seucvlia, dRevandel Taobas qarTve-lebisas ar gamougonia saqarTvelos interese-bis dacva, misTvis brZola, am wminda saqmes sax-elovnad emsaxurebodnen Cveni winaprebi. amismowmea sisxliT morwyuli saqarTvelos mTa dabari, ia-vardiT moqarguli mindor-veli. amasadasturebs oqros asoebiT dawerili saqarTve-los sasiqadulo istoria. qarTveli xalxi araTu igonebs Tavis warsuls, aramed brZoliT aR-beWdavs Tavis kavSirs gmirul warsulTan, rom-lis mogonebani gvinaTeben momavals da akaJebenCveni qveynis mebrZol Svilebs. marTalia dRev-andeli mdgomareoba saqarTvelosi ufro sxvaa,vidre winaT iyo, magram miswrafeba, Tavdadeba,

15 eri ZaZebSi, Jurnali, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, 1926,#2, gv. 1

29

siyvaruli Tavis qveynis Tavisuflebis igiveadResac~.16

4. samSoblo _ 1926 wels Jurnali `saxalxosaqme~ werda: `saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaRdgena, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli ganTavi-sufleba _ es xom Cveni arsebaa, gardauvali mi-zani. iqneba qarTveli eri Tavisufali _ iqnebaZlieri da ganviTarebuli, ayvavdeba misi miwa,damyardeba qonebrivi keTildReoba, gaizrdebayovelgvari Semoqmedeba; iqneba qarTveli eridamonebuli _ kidev ufro gaRatakdeba saqarTve-lo, dabeCavdeba xalxi, dahkargavs adamianobasda bolos moispoba. SeuZlebelia cxovreba ga-reSe erovnul ganTavisuflebisa! ganvagrZoT mi-sTvis mxne muSaoba da medgari brZola, xan Cumi,xan faruli, xan aSkara da maRla. SevitanoT yo-vel wreSi meti Segneba, davrazmoT xalxi gan-Tavisuflebis azris garSemo. mTeli kacobrio-ba, saerTo ganviTareba xels uwyobs am CvensbrZolas da Cven gavimarjvebT _ qarTveli eriaRsdgeba, saqarTvelos kvlav daamSvenebs Tavis-uflebis droSa~.17

igive `saxalxo saqme~ Semdeg pozicias afiq-sirebs: `qarTveli eris yovelmxrivi ganviTa-rebisaTvis, misi Semoqmedebis gaSlisaTvis, misiqonebrivi da kulturuli warmatebisaTvis auci-leblad saWiroa, rom qarTveli xalxi TavisTavs ekuTvnodes, iyos Tavis baton-patroni, iy-

16 pr. in., 26 maisi, Jurnali, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo,1930, #53, gv. 917 amxanagebs, Jurnali, `saxalxo saqme~, 1926, rveulipirveli, gv. 4

30

os Tavisufali. Ees gardauvalia, uamisod amaoasxva yovelive muSaoba xalxis sakeTildReod.

magram amasTanave erTad isic naTeli iyoCvenTvis, rom erovnul Tavisuflebas unda amk-vidrebdes iseTi socialuri wyobileba, rome-lic xalxs ukeTesad uzrunvelyofs qonebrivad,vidre dRes aris. Cven socializmsac erovnuliTvalsazrisiT vafasebT _ igi migvaCnia uZlie-res iaraRad qarTveli xalxis, qarTveli erisgasamagreblad da gansaviTareblad~.18

Jurnali `damoukdebeli saqarTvelo~ 1926wels aRniSnavda: `SeuZ-lebelia ganyenebuladsamSoblos miReba. bevric rom viZaxoT, sam-Soblo miyvarso, es ar iqneba marTla siyvaru-li. mudam pirze rom gvekras qarTveli varo, esmainc ver daamtkidebs, rom qarTveli varT. sa-mSoblos siyvarulisaTvis saWiroa misi sruliSecnoba: misi mdinaris xuvili unda gamoismo-des Tqveni gulis ZgeraSi, misi mTis mwvervalimaRliT unda izidavdes Tqvens xedvas, misi tyismyudroeba unda isaxebodes Tqveni fiqris iduma-lebaSi. Dda misi mTvare sinazes unda gadakrav-des Tqveni saxis kans. Yyovel Tqvens sityvaSi,uxmo xmaTa bgeraSic unda gamokrTodes niuan-sebi, romlebic Cven arc gvsmenia, magram rom-lebic gaugoniaT da uxilavT winaprebs, da uc-nobis gziT gadmosula Cvenze. saqarTvelos Svi-li maSin SegiZliaT uwodoT Tqvens Tavs, rocaTqvenTvis ametyvelebula yoveli kunWuli misi,veli Tu goraki, qva Tu xe, qalaqi Tu sofeli,adgili sadac ibrZodnen Cveni Zvelebi, sad rom-

18 Jurnali, saxalxo saqme, 1926, rveuli pirveli

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elma gmirma gaiTqva saxeli, sad ra keTdebodaara marto fizikuri TavdacvisaTvis, aramedkulturul-sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gasaum-jobesebladac~.19

sazRvargareT qarTvelTa erTianobis gamom-xatvelad iqca 26 maisis aRniSvna, romelic yov-elwliurad xorcieldeboda. 1932 wels noe Jor-dania aRniSnavda: `26 maisi Cveni dResaswaulia,dResaswauli imaTi vinc mis mcnebas asrulebs,mis kvals misdevs, mis xazs agrZelebs, mis dro-Sas Tavis droSad aRiarebs. es dRe mouwodebsyvela qarTvels Cadges nacionaluri discip-linis kalapotSi, daiviwyos Tavisi jgufuriTu piradi mosazrebani da dairazmos erTad,mterTan samtrod, moyvaresTan samoyvrod~.20

1933 wels 26 maisis dResaswaulze noe Jor-dania kvlav saqarTvelos erTianobaze saubro-bda: `26 maisi Cveni gamaerTianebelia, CvenimTlianobis simboloa, Cveni saerTo droSaa.dRes saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi ar arsebobsSinagani ganxeTqilebis arc erTi momenti, arcpolitikuri, arc socialuri, arc kulturulida arc sazogadoebrivi. Cven yvela vibrZviT ar-sebobis Zireuli, udao da miucilebeli safuZv-lisaTvis. Cven gvinda viyoT Cveni Tavis batonida patroni, rogorc eri, rogorc xalxi, rog-orc pirovneba. yvela es ufleba warTmeuli gva-qvs da es saerTo ubedureba aerTebs yvelas, ga-

19s. fircxalava, samSoblo unda davibrunoT, Jurnali,damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, 1926, #2, gv. 220 noe Jordania, 26 maisi, Jurnali, `damoukidebelisaqarTvelo~, 1932, #77, gv. 1

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nurCevlad rwmenisa, programuli sxvadasxvaobi-sa da socialuri mdgomareobisa~.21

amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli en-is, samSoblos aqtuali-zebasTan erTad erovnu-li sakiTxi Taviseburi formiT viTardeba. TuXX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi politik-uri elitis garkveuli nawilis, kerZod, socia-list-federalistebis, erovnul-demokratebismTavari mizani saqarTvelos avtonomiis formiTruseTis imperiaSi Sesvla iyo, xolo social-demokratebis ki socializmis damyareba, 1921wlidan moyolebuli erovnuli ideisadmi damo-kidebuleba garkveulwilad icvleba. rogorcukve aRvniSne, qarTuli social-demokratebismoRvaweobam Camoyalibebis Semdeg garkveulicvlilebebi ganicada. Tu magaliTad, XX sauku-nis 900-ian wlebSi maT samoqmedo gegmaSi soci-alur-ekonomikur sakiTxs eWira mniSvnelovaniadgili, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan erovnuliideis Tematikam garkveuli adgili daikava maTpolitikur ideologiaSi. rac SesaZloa qarTve-li eris ganviTarebis specifikiT aixsneba. esgansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda 1918 wels saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaRdgenis da social-demokratebis xelisufle-baSi mosvlis Semdeg.

ra gansxvaveba iyo qarTuli, erovnuli Zale-bis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebsSoris brZolaSi? rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWo-Ta xelisuflebis mTavar mizans socializmisdamkvidreba warmoadgenda. gansxvavebiT qarTu-

21 noe Jordania, 26 maisi, Jurnali, `damoukidebelisaqarTvelo~, 1933, #89, gv. 2

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li, erovnuli moRvaweebisgan, romlebic mSvido-biani formiT cdilobdnen sakuTari ideebis re-alizebas, sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgen-lebis politika Zaladobaze iyo dafuZnebuli.

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri speqt-ri bunebrivia acnobierebda sabWoTa reJimis wi-naaRmdeg brZolis sirTules da amitom iyo maTprogramaSi mTavari erovnuli faseulobebis wi-na planze wamoweva da maTi sazogadoebaSi damk-vidreba. aRniSnuls safuZvlad sxvadasxva gare-moebebi edo. daviwyoT iqidan, rom jer kidevruseTis imperiam XIX saukunis dasawyisidan mo-yolebuli mizanmimarTuli brZola gamoucxadaqarTul, erovnul Rirebulebebs. maT mTavar am-osaval principad daisaxa saukuneebis manZilzeqarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebisganmtkicebis saSualebebis, enis, religiis, ist-oriuli mexsierebis, samSoblos fenomenTa gauq-meba-dasusteba. 117 weli ruseTis xelisuflebaam politikas mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda.marTalia, XIX saukunis II naxevridan dawyebul-ma procesma, rac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis aRmavlobas ukavSirdeba, romelicideologiuri formiT gamoixateboda Secvalagarkveulwilad ruseTis politika. Tumca,kvlav Zneli iyo erovnuli sakiTxis aqtualiz-eba. ram ganapiroba ruseTis daTmobaze wasvla?rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis II naxevridanevropaSi iwyeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis axali etapi, rasac Sedegad mohyvasxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis gaerTianeba da na-cia-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. amas ematebais faqti, rom ruseTSi gauqmda batonymoba. rus-

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eTi iZulebulia saerTaSoriso gamowvevebs dae-morCilos da garkveuli reformebi ganaxorci-elos ara marto ruseTSi, aramed mis mier dap-yrobil saxelmwifoebSi. aRniSnuli reformebiserT-erTi mniSvne-lovani gamoxatuleba iyo gana-Tlebis sferoSi daTmobaze wasvla. raSi gamoi-xateboda es daTmoba? batonymobis gauqmebam dakapitalizmis damkvidrebam TavisTavad moiTxovasazogadoebis axal sistemaze gadasvla, rac gu-lisxmobda ekonomikuri da socialuri viTare-bis Secvlas, kerZod, axali socialuri fenebisCamoyalibebas. axali cxovrebis stilma moiTxo-va ganaTlebis saWiroeba, romelic aucilebeliiyo rogorc ruseTSi, ise mis mier dapyrobilqveynebSi. amas emateba Semdegi garemoeba: erTimxriv, ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobs saganma-naTleblo sistemis gamoyenebas sakuTari ideeb-is damkvidrebisaTvis da meore mxriv, qarTulierovnuli Zalebi _ erovnuli cnobierebis aRo-rZinebisTvis ibrZvian. Aaxal politikur, soci-alur-ekonomikur sistemaSi aRmoCenili qarTu-li sazogadoebisTvis arc ise martivi gadasal-axi aRmoCnda es viTareba. amas moyva sami welisaqarTvelos damoukidebloba da 1921 wlidanmoyolebuli axla ukve sabWoTa xelisuflebakvlav agrZelebs qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobie-rebis Secvlas saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebe-bis saSualebiT da ara mxolod.

marTalia, 1921 wlidan moyolebuli sabWoTaxelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi skolebis rao-denobis gazrdas did yuradRebas aqceven, TumcamaT iyeneben sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad. sazo-gadoebis politikuri `aRzrda~ maTi mTavari am-

35

osavali principi xdeba. sazogadoeba meore uki-duresobaSi aRmoCnda. qarTuli politikuri el-ita emigraciaSia da iqidan ibrZvis, saqarTvelo-Si sabWoTa ideebi mkvidrdeba. 1921 wels gazeTi`muSa da glexi~ werda: `Cven or adgilas gvix-deba vawarmooT komkavSiris muSaoba, or sxvada-sxva adgilas, romelnic ramodenimed gansxvav-debian erTmaneTisagan. es aris qalaqi da sofe-li, qalaqSi muSaoba yovelTvis sul sxvagvarpirobebSi warmoebs, vidre sofelSi. Tumca Cveniqalaqebi ver arian Zlierni muSa rigebiT, iserogorc samrewvelo qalaqebi evropisa da gindruseTisa. Cven qalaqebSi yvelaze metad aqvsgadgmuli fesvebi meSCanizms, magram miuxedavadamisa muSaoba qalaqSi mainc ufro iol forme-bSi unda swarmoebdes, vidre soflad... magramumniSvnelo dabebSi Tu soflebSi komkavSirebismdgomareoba bevrad ukeTesia, muSaobas ufrometi nayofi moaqvs, vidre meSCanur qalaqebSi,sadac Cvens muSaobas eRobeba win usaqmo inte-ligencia da gareaqcionerebuli wvrili burJua-zia. amitom bevri soflebi ufro amtkiceben metrevolucionerobas, vidre qalaqebi~.22

amgvar azrs aviTarebs gazeTi `sinaTlisa-ken~, romelic aqcents soflis maswavlebelzeakeTebs da misi meSveobiT da daxmarebiT geg-mavs sazogadoebis farTo fenebis ganaTlebisamaRlebas da Semdgom aRniSnuli Sedegis saku-Tari miznebisTvis gamoyenebas. `amxanago, sof-lis maswavlebelo! Sen kargad ici, rom qalaqSiwera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis mospoba aTasjer

22 komkavSiris muSaoba, gazeTi `muSa da glexi~, 1921, #14,gv. 4

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ufro advilia, vidre soflad. qalaqi aris ar-amc Tu marto ekonomikuri, aramed kulturulicentric, aq aris saswavleblebis mravali ric-xvi, biblioTekebi, dawesebulebebi, kuluturu-li Zalebi, an cal-calke ewevian kulturul sa-zogadoebriv muSaobas. maTi ZalebiT respub-likas SeuZlia warmatebiT awarmoos brZola we-ra-kiTxvis ucodinarobasTan muSebs Soris, mag-ram visze unda davamyaroT imedebi am muSaobaSiiq, sadRac mivardnil soflis kuTxeSi? ai esaris ZiriTadi sakiTxi: am kiTxvaze Cven gipasux-ebT gadaWriT: Senze, soflis maswavlebelo, Se-nze vamyarebT Cvens imedebs am did saqmeSi. Senunda ikisro soflad wera-kiTxvis ucodinaro-bis mospoba, Sen unda gagxadoT aqtiur mebrZolmomuSaved s.s. saqarTvelos respublikis `wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobasTan mebrZol sazogadoe-bisa~. Sen unda agamoZraoT da mogceT saSuale-ba Semoikribo Sens garSemo soflis cocxaliZala~.23

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTuli sazogadoeb-is garkveuli nawili da gansakuTrebiT emigran-tebis warmomadgenlebi mudmivad amaxvilebdnenyuradRebas erovnuli faseulobebis mniSvnelo-baze. saerTod, politikuri da kulturuli el-itis mniSvneloba da roli qarTuli sinamdvi-lisTvis aqtualuri iyo. isini qmnidnen ideolo-gias da mis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen. 1921 wli-dan moyolebuli aRniSnuli jgufis moRvawe-obis areali sagrZnoblad Sesustda da Seviwr-ovda. sabWoTa xelisufleba yovelTvis cdilo-

23 i. gordeziani, soflis maswavlebelTa mimarT, gazeTi,`sinaTlisaken~, 1924, 15 seqtemberi, gv. 3

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bda erovnuli ideebis ugulvebelyofas da gan-sakuTrebul aqcents socializmis mniSvneloba-ze akeTebda. uflebaSekvecili, erovnulad moa-zrovne qarTuli kulturuli da politikurielita axal ukiduresobaSi aRmoCnda. ruseTisimperiis politika sabWoTa reJimma Caanacvla.aikrZala erovnuli ideebis matarebeli Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema, saswavlo-saganmanaTleblodawesebulebebi sabWoTa ideologiis matarebe-li gaxda, gansxvavebiT wina periodisagan, ro-desac erovnuli Tematikis beWduri media sak-maod mravalferovani iyo, sabWoTa sistemaSimTlianad akrZaluli aRmoCnda.

am fonze, bunebrivia rTuli iyo sabWoTa xe-lisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamosvla, Tumca rog-orc ganxiluli masala aCvenebs qarTuli kul-turuli da politikuri speqtri erovnuli ide-ebis aqtualizebas maqsimalurad cdilobda. esprocesi arcTuise martivi iyo, radgan sxvada-sxva socialur fenebs gansxvavebuli cnobiere-ba da moTxovnilebebi gaaCnda. saWiro iyo TiT-oeuli maTganis cnobierebis Seswavla, maTTvisgasageb enaze saubari. aRniSnuli miznis misaR-wevad sxva saSualebebTan erTad mniSvnelovaniiyo Semdegi faqtorebi: 1. Kkultura. `kulturu-li siZliere uZlieresi iaraRia daCagruli er-is xelSi damCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg. Cagrul-mCa-gvrelTa Soris sabolood imarjvebs ara is,vinc didtaniani da Zlieria fizikurad, aramedvis mxarezec aris kulturuli da zneobrivipirveloba~. 24 2. Teatri. `warsulSi Teatri

24 t. xundaZe, kulturuli aRorZinebisTvis, gazeTi,`baxtrioni~, 1922, #23, gv. 3

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aZlevda tons literaturasTan erTad qarTulsazogadoebriv cxovrebas da erovnul gulis-cemas. TeatrSi idgmeboda barikadebi sulis daSegnebis erovnuli frontis dacvisaTvis. xdebo-da gmirul gadmocemaTa xorcSesxma. Teatri ga-lesili iyo Tavdadebis romantikiT da es buneb-rivi reaqcia iyo erovnuli saxeobis SenarCune-bisaTvis~.25 3. wigni. `wignis sakiTxi yoveli ku-lturuli da cotad Tu bevrad win wasuli eri-sTvis metad mniSvnelovania sazogadod da ker-Zod, CvenisTana patara erisaTvis. Cven TiTqmisganvleT is dro, rodesac Tavdacvis erTaderTisaSualeba fizikuri siZliere iyo da exla, me-oce saukuneSi, Tu jer kidev ar gamosclia fi-zikur siZlieres Tavisi mniSvneloba, yovel Se-mTxvevaSi man arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi pirvel-xarisxovneba dakarga... exla brZola sxva fro-ntzea, sul sxva saSualebaTa da masSi, SeiZle-ba iTqvas pirveli adgili wigns uWiravs... dResfizikuri brZolis magivrad usaTuod gonebrivibrZola swarmoebs da wigni, rogorc nayofi ad-amianis azrovnebisa, gonebisa, erTaderTi iaraR-ia yumbarazed aranakleb saSiSi... Tu cecxlismfrqveveli iaraRebis moqmedeba swrafia, wignismoqmedeba nela, TandaTanobiT da sabolood pi-rvels Tu ganadgureba mosdevs, meores sulierisimaxinje, gadagvareba~.26

sabWoTa reJimis sapasuxod gansakuTrebuladaqtiurobda qarTuli kulturuli elita, rome-lic erovnul ideaze da tradiciebze akeTebda

25 qarTuli Teatri, gazeTi `baxtrioni~, 1922, #7, gv. 126 gr. SavguliZe, wignis sakiTxi CvenSi, gazeTi, `tribuna~,1922, #287, gv. 1

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aqcents, raTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba Se-degiani yofiliyo. sazogadoebis farTo fenebiserovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis mizniT xSi-rad mankier mxareebzec keTdeboda aqcenti. `sa-zogadoebrivi indiferentizmi exeba kulturuliSemoqmedebis yvela dargs, yovel Stos. marTa-lia, aqa-iq kantikuntad SexvdebiT gamonakliss,romelsac TiTqos Tan axlavs yuradRebis dadainteresebis cxovelmyofeli elementi. aseTiazogierTi moRvawis iubile, aTasSi erTxel gan-sakuTrebulad gamarTuli warmoadgena. magramSegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom es ufro moCvene-biTi an SemTxveviTi movlenaa da sayovelTaogulgrilobis damalbobel siTbod araviTar Se-mTxvevaSi ar CaiTvleba.

es didi sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli avadm-yofobaa, romelsac asazrdoebs saerTo Tanamed-rove pirobebi. xolo Tu igi gaZlierda da ga-Rrmavda safrTxe moelis eris kulturasa damomavals. yvela Zala unda amoZravdes, rom essaSineli muqara eris momavlisa, es kulturulidavrdomileba da uyuradReboba daiZlios. esaris Cveni sazogadoebis kulturuli da istor-iuli daniSnuleba.

... Cveni eris Zal-Ronis da simagris mizezebiumTavresad kulturul viTarebaSi imaleba. uam-isod rogorc unda moemamacurebia mklavi erTmuWa qarTvel ers, ranairadac unda gaeWra mismudam amowvdil xmals da mis vaJkacobas, es ma-inc ver agvixsnis, ver gagvagebinebs saarako na-cionalur gamZleobas, saiSviaTo nacionalurmeobis simtkices, Cvens ers rom axasiaTebs is-toriaSi. ... es unda gvaxsovdes marad Jams, ra

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mdgomareobaSiac unda moyves Cveni xalxis be-dis triali, amis kvalobaze unda vaRvivoT davaZlieroT erovnuli kulturis sakurTxevelzegaCaRebuli cecxli da kidev ufro didis mokr-ZalebiT unda vwiroT im didebul taZarSi, ro-melSiac `uwiravs erTian suls erisas~.27

t. xundaZe gazeT `baxtrionSi~ 1922 wels we-rda: `Cveni warsuli kulturuli siZlieris co-cxali magaliTia isic, rom amdeni xnis ganmav-lobaSi am erTma muWa qarTvelobam barbarosTatalRaSi gadasrolilma, erovnuli elferi davinaoba dRemdis daicva da SeinarCuna. ramde-nadac sustdeba dRes qarTveli xalxis xelSipolitikuri saqme, imdenad ufro Zlieria damtkiced gvmarTebs kulturul niadagze muSa-oba. ukanaskneli 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi bevridaSorebuli Svili, romelic ucxo cis qveS ew-eoda muSaobas, daubrunda Tavis qveyanas da Ta-visi qveynis sasargeblod eweva mSobliur niada-gze kulturul aRorZinebis saqmes. magram dRem-disac arian iseTni, romelnic ilias sityvebiTrom vTqvaT `mis damRupvel osmaleTs amSveneb-en~. da romelime qarTvelma mecnierma da xelo-vanma ver igrZno da ver Seigno rom saWiroa dais movalea daubrundes da erovnul-kulturulniadagze imuSaos Tavisi xalxis sakeTildReod,aseTi pirebi unda gaikicxos da SeaCvenos xal-xma~.28

27 n. s-li, erovnuli kulturisaTvis, gazeTi, `lomisi~,1923, #18, gv. 228 t. xundaZe, kulturuli aRorZinebisaTvis, gazeTi,`baxtrioni~, 1922, #23, gv. 3

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socialist-federalistTa azriT: `eris gan-Tavisuflebis da misi damoukideblobis saqmedamokidebuli aris ara marto politikuri cxo-vrebis Secvlis pirobebTan, aramed mTeli kapi-talisturi meurneobis sistemis arsebobaze. sa-nam arsebobs kapitalisturi sistema da imperia-lizmi, erovnuli Cagvrisa da yvlefis mospobaSeuZlebelia da aseTi ganwyobileba qveynebsSoris dausrulebeli iqneba. eris ganTavisuf-lebis saqme kapitalisturi meurneobis damxo-baze aris damokidebuli. visac surs eris ganTa-visufleba, man mTeli Tavisi arsebiT unda ebr-Zolos kapitalizmsa da imperializms. capital-izmis damxoba da kapitalisturi meurneobis Se-cvla axali samarTliT socialuri urTierTo-biT _ es aris didi erovnuli da saxalxo sa-qme~.29

amgvarad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis saqarT-veloSi SeiaraRebul gamosvlebTan erTad mniS-vnelovania ideologiuri brZola sabWoTa re-Jimis winaaRmdeg. Aam ukanasknels ki xelmZRvane-lobda qarTuli kulturuli da politikurielitis erovnulad moazrovne nawili. `CvenSiuaRresad ganviTarebulia erovnuli Tavisufle-bisaken swrafva. es Sedegia im ukuRmarTi bedi-sa, romelic monur uRels gvadgamda da gagvac-devinebda mTel saSinelebas kulturuli erisdamonebisas. Cveni Seuracxyofili erovnuliTavmoyvareoba kategoriul formebSi moiTxovs,rom mkacrad daculi iqnes yovel pirobebSi qa-rTveli eris erovnuli Tavisuflebis yoveli

29 s. deviani, Cveni erovnuli politika, gazeTi `tribuna~,1922, #234, gv. 1

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atributi, rasac moiTxovs qarTveli mSromelisrealuri interesebi da mSromelTa batonobisuzrunvelyofa... Cven yvelas gasagonad vacxad-ebT _ xeli Sors vinc ver egueba Cvens erovnulTavisuflebas, vinc ver daicavs Cvens enas daCvens kulturas!

Cven mzad varT megobrulad daukavSirdeTara marto axlo mezoblebs, aramed yvelas, ra-sac gvavalebs, rogorc Cveni msoflmxedve-loba,ise saqarTvelos realuri interesebi, magram eskavSiri urTierT-daTmobisa da interesTa gageb-is niadagze unda moxdes. dRes ki yoveli kavSi-ri umTavresad marto Cvens xarjze xdeba... Cvensxvisi Seviwroeba ki ar gvsurs, sakuTari Tavis-uflebisaTvis vibrZviT, sxvis enas ki ar vdev-niT, sakuTar enas vicavT devnisagan. visac sursemsaxuros qarTvel mSromel xalxs, igi mova-lea angariSi gauwios mis nebisyofas, mis kano-nier moTxovnilebas. igi movalea pativiT moep-yras Cvens enas, Cvens kulturas. unda davanaxoTmtersa da moyvares, rom xalxis WeSmariti Tavi-suflebis msaxurni varT da aravis ar mivcemTuflebas, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi batonobis ar-ed aqcios~.30

Jurnali `axali gza~ 1924 wels werda: `xal-xis kulturuli keTildReobis saukeTeso sazo-mad skola SeiZleba CaiTvalos uyoymanod. sko-la, rasakvirvelia ver gadaaxteba Tavze im mat-erialur bazas, romelzedac viTardeba xalxiskultura saerTod, ise rom, saboloo angariSSiskolis sakiTxi ama Tu im saxelmwifosaTvis mi-

30 ser. amaRlobeli, erovnuli sakiTxi da praqtikulipolitika, gazeTi `tribuna~, 1922, #200, gv. 1

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si ekonomiuri sakiTxis meore mxarea. skolisganviTarebis dones sazRvrad udevs ekonomikisganviTarebis done~.31

amave azrs aviTarebs `literaturuli gaze-Ti~: `umTavresi da ZiriTadi aris skolaSi enisada literaturis swavlebis done da xarisxi.skolaSi unda misces axalgazrda Taobas azro-vnebisa da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis iseTi pi-rvelxarisxovani iaraRi, rogoricaa swori damaRali erovnuli kultura. skolam unda daner-gos moswavleTa cnobierebaSi mxatvruli mwer-lobisadmi interesi da siyvaruli iseTi sir-miT, rom igi SerCes axalgazrdas momavalSi, mi-si samoRvaweo specialobis miuxedavad~.32

jer kidev 1922 wels Jurnali `TavisufalisaqarTvelo~ miuTiTebda, rom: `saqarTvelo Ta-vis patara, magram Sinaarsiani cdiT demokrati-uli wyobilebis Seqmnisa, dRes yvelaze metadevropis muSaTa klasSi poulobs Tavis megobr-ebs da TanamgrZnobT. aq inaskveba arsebiTi,Rrma, istoriuli mizezebiT. aq inaskveba arsebi-Ti, Rrma, istoriuli mizezebiT gamowveuli wi-naaRmdegoba saqarTvelos da ruseTis revolu-ciis. igi gamoixateba ara sabWoTa sistemis mo-wonebasa da dawunebaSi, ara teroris da samoqa-laqo omis miRebasa Tu uaryofaSi. ara, aq arisgamoaSkaravebuli mTeli istoriuli da kultu-ruli gza ori eris: qarTvelis da rusis.

pirveli miiltvis erTianad evropisaken daamitom evropiul formebSi ayalibebs Tavis re-

31 i. axali skola, Jurnali `axali gza~, 1924, #2, gv. 932 beso JRenti, gazeTi, `literaturuli gazeTi~, 1934, #22,gv. 1

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voluciur monapovarT, igi am mxriv savsebiT ue-rTdeba da usisxlxorcdeba evropis kulturasda mis yvelaze ufro revoluciur klass _proletariats da isisxlxorcebs mas. meore kiupirdapirdeba evropas _ mis Zvel kulturas daTavis aziuri saxis gamoCenaSi cdilobs daamkvi-dros Tavisi `meoba~, Tavis damoukidebloba dagansxvaveba~.33

sabWoTa reJimis mier ganxorcielebuli Za-ladobrivi qmedeba marTalia, saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis dakargviT da qarTuli, erovnu-li xelisuflebis emigraciaSi wasvliT dasru-lda, Tumca TiToeuli maTganis moRvaweoba mi-marTuli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisaRdgenisaken.

saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis emig-raciaSi wasvlis Semdeg brZola qveynis damou-kideblobis aRdgenisa da Tavisuflebis mopo-vebisaTvis bunebrivia ganviTarebas, Camoyalibeb-as da aRmavlobas ganicdis.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaswavlad aucilebe-lia ganisazRvros Semdegi niSnebi: 1. qarTveliemigrantebis Semadgenloba msoflmxedvelobri-vi TvalsazrisiT, radgan aq warmoadgenili iyosxvadasxva politikuri partiebis warmomadgen-lebi. 2. ra warmoadgenda maT mizans da ra meT-odebs mimarTavdnen dasaxuli gegmis gansaxor-cieleblad?

qarTvelTa Soris erTianobis SenarCunebasemsaxureboda 1921 wels Jurnal `Tavisufali sa-qarTvelos~ gamocema, romelic social-demok-

33wlisTavi, Jurnali, Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 1922, #17,gv. 2

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ratiuli mimarTulebis organos warmoadgenda.maT pirvel nomerSive gamokveTes sakuTari azri.`ra aris Cveni mizani? Cven Rrmad gvwams da Tvi-Teuli patiosani qarTveli, Tavis xalxis gul-Sematkivari, darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom saq-arTvelo, dRes uxeS Zalisagan gaTelili,kvlav daubrundeba damoukidebel cxovrebas dasaxelmwifoebriv Semoqme-debas. da Cveni sazrun-avia am dRis moaxloveba. amisTvis ki saWiroapirvel yovlisa gonebis mokreba, warsulis da-faseba, awmyos gageba da maTi saSualebiT momav-lis gaTvaliswineba e. i. Segneba im gzis, rom-elic migviyvans axlo da male srul ganTavisu-flebamde.

Tavisufali saqarTvelo, damoukidebeli saq-arTvelo, saqarTvelo xalxis nebisyofis Tana-xmad mowyobili, misi ndobiT aRWurvil demokr-atiul wes-wyobilebiT _ ai Cveni lozungi, airas vemsaxurebiT Cven. Cveni programa am mxrivsadaa da martivi: moZalade rusis `wiTeli~ ja-ris gayvana saqarTvelodan da xalxis _ TviTga-morkvevis uflebis aRdgena _ ai amas moviTxovTCven da amas movuwodebT qarTvel xalxs~.34

samson fircxalava 1929 wels JurnalSi `da-moukidebeli saqarTvelo~ werda: `damoukidebe-li saqarTvelo~ cdilobs samSobloSi myof qa-rTvelebis da ucxo mxares gardmoxvewilebisgancdebi, dakvirvebani da Ziebani SeaduRos erTmiswrafebaSi. oriveni _ iqaurni da aqaurni, -erT satrfialo sagans vemsaxurebiT – saqarTve-los damukideblobis aRdgenas. iqac da aqac Se-

34 redaqciisagan, Jurnali, `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~, 1921,#1, gv. 1-2

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urigebeli brZolaa dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg,faruli Tu aSkara, brZola mravalis iaraRiT,saSualebiT. erTi meores vuziarebT nagrZnobsda nafiqrs, erTmaneTs vexmarebiT swori moqme-debis sawarmoeblad. Cveni mWidro urTierTobaaucilebeli pirobaa Cveni gamarjvebisTvis. zogrames Cven ver vxedavT, zogs-Tqven. zogi ramTqven SegiZliaT, zogi ram mxolod Cven. uerT-maneToba calmxrivobas warmoSobda, da ramde-nad xSiri da sruli kavSiri da damokidebule-ba gveqneba erTmaneTTan, imdenad Cveni saqmiano-ba _ Sinauri Tu sagareo _ iqneba mkvidri, swo-ri, nayofieri, imdenad moaxlovdeba Cveni qvey-nis sruli ganTavisuflebis dRe~.35

samson fircxalava imave gazeT `damoukide-bel saqarTveloSi~ werda: gaviTvaliswinoT na-Tlad, ra aZlevs Zalas da Seuryevlobas qarT-veli xalxis dRevandel miswrafebas, mis brZo-las damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis? adamianissruli ganviTareba, misi sruli qonebrivi, gone-brivi da socialuri zrda SesaZlebelia mxo-lod da mxolod erovnebaSi. erovnebaa udidesiRerZi civilizaciisa, igia uZlieresi Semomqmedida mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic asazrdoebsCvens sxeulsa da suls, gvaZlevs saSualebasCveni ganzraxvebis gansaxorcieleblad, martoerovnebaSi, erovnul wreSi SeiZleba gaiSalosda ganayofierdes yoveli is SesaZlebloba, ro-melic moepoveba adamianis bunebas. esaa pirvelimcneba, esaa mTavari safuZveli Cveni brZolis.

35 samson fircxalava, sami weli, Jurnali, `damoukidebelisaqarTvelo~, 1929, #37, gv. 3

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adamiani moklebuli Tavis erovnebas, mowyve-tili erovnul niadags, havas, mkvdaria, usulogvamia, romelic SesaZlebelia kidec moZraob-des, sWamdes, svamdes, metyvelebdes. magram misilukma iqneba sxvisi nasuf-rali, misi moZraobameqanikuri, misi sityva-garedan nakarnaxevi. ase-Ti adamiani verafers Sehqmnis verc materialurda kulturul dargSi, magram sxvaTa maCanCalaiqneba da bolos erTian moispoba. adamiani araamowyvetili erovnul wres da misi arsebobaadamianuria, roca erovneba Tavisufalia, rocaeri aris Tavis sruli batoni da patroni. esaameore mcneba. esaa meore mTavari safuZveli Cve-ni brZolis.

ruseTi bolSevikuri ruseTi (Tundac sxvaiyos) ZaliT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, daepatro-na Cvens miwa-wyals, Cvens kulturas da monobisborkilebi daadva Cvens erovnebas. qarTveli eriTavisufali aRaraa, mis cxovrebas ganageben uc-xo mmarTvelebi. qarTvelis guli dakodilia,qarTvelis ena daSanTulia, goneba moSxamuli,sxeuli ganawamebi. magram qarTveli eri ar mom-kvdara, cocxali eria, da unda uRlis gada-gdeba, Tavisuflebis dabruneba, ar unda sxvisibatonoba, romelsac misTvis mxolod dacema, si-beCave da sruli ganadgureba moaqvs.~36

zemoT aRniSnul problemebze metad sainte-resoa leo kereseliZis Sexedulebebi. misi az-riT: `miuxedavad politikuri danawilebisa daprovincialuri gankerZoebisa, saqarTveloscxovrebaTagan SesaZlebelia didi sinTezebis

36 samson fircxalava, Cveni sami mcneba, gazeTi,`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1926, #1, gv. 3

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gamotana. es sinTezi umTavresad Semdegia: `1. qa-rTuli ena. Cveni ena Zlieri individualuri Za-liTaa gamoqandakebuli, gafaqizebuli da yove-li mxriT mdidari. am enis damuSavebaSi saqar-Tvelos yovelma kuTxem miiRo monawileoba, da-wyebuli svan-megrelebiT da gaTavebuli imer-qarTl-kaxelebiT. igi Sedegia qarTveli xalxisgeniis da istoriuli Rvawlis, Semoqmedebis damisi individualuri originalobis. Cveni enisSeqmnis saqmeSi isea gaTqvefili da SeduRebulisaqarTvelos yoveli Temis, yoveli kuTxis Se-moqmedebiTi unari da Rvawli, rom maTi gadar-Ceva da Sedareba SeuZlebelia.

2. esTetika. qarTveli xalxis SeerTebuliniWis, energiisa da SemoqmedebiTi Zalis nayofiaCveni sasaxelo xuroTmoZRvreba, mxatvroba dasxva erovnuli xelovnebani. amnairad, qarTvelmaxalxma Tavisi erovnuli SeerTebuli Semoqme-debiT Seqmna wminda qarTuli esTetika.

3. eklesia. qarTulma qristianulma eklesiamJamTa ganmavlobaSi miiRo Tavisi gansakuTrebu-li, individualuri saxe. didad gansxvavebuliberZnuli_antioqiis, somxur da sxva eklesiaTa-gan. mas hqonda Tavisi gansakuTrebuli qarTuliTvisebebi da buneba, qarTuli suli, romelicmTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSic ki ruseTis bar-barosulma eklesiam biurokratiuli sinodiTver amoxada. es qarTuli suli mas qarTvelmaxalxma Caudga. qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi saerToerovnuli SemoqmedebiT mianiWa Tavis eklesiasis zneoba da tradicia, rac saerTo qarTvelieris zneobrivi Segnebis, bunebis da TvisebaTanayofi iyo. amitom qarTul eklesias provincia-

49

luri koloriti naklebad hqonda. aramed, ar-sebobda mxolod wminda, saerTo qarTuli tipisqarTuli eklesia.

4. ojaxi. ojaxi yoveli socialuri organi-zmis ujredia. igi yoveli civilizaciis umTav-resi FfuZea. igi erovnuli disciplinis umTavr-esi skolaa, pirovnebaTa umTavresi aRmzrdelifaqtori. qarTuli civili-zaciis burjadac oj-axi iyo. qarTvelma xalxma Sehqmna erTnairi sae-rTo tipis ojaxi, romelsac Cveni qveynis yovelkuTxeSi erTi da igive zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTixasiaTi da Sinaarsi hqonda.

5. oqros xana. am mravalmniSvnelovan dabrwyinvale epoqis SeqmnaSi mTel qarTvel xa-lxs miuZRvis Rvawli. igi iyo nayofi mTeli qa-rTveli xalxis istoriuli evoluciisa, misigeniisa, brZolisa da Rvawlisa.~37

emigraciaSi wasvlis periodidan moyolebu-li 1991 wlamde, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgenamde qarTveli emigran-tebis moRvaweoba ar SeCerebula da maTi Zalis-xmeva mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos Tavisufle-bis mopovebisaken. bunebrivia, 70 wlis man-Zilzeepoqis gamowvevebidan, dasavleTsa da sabWoTakavSirSi mimdinare viTarebidan gamomdinare ma-Ti brZola zogjer aqtiurdeboda, da zogjerpasiuri formiT gamoixateboda, Tumca erTi ramdabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, idea da miznisak-en misasvleli gza ucvleli rCeboda. bunebri-via, martivad misaRwev mizans ar warmoadgenda,samSoblosgan moSorebuli, uflebawarTmeuli

37leo kereseliZe, mizezi saqarTvelos dacemisa, gazeTi`TeTri giorgi~, 1931, #38, gv. 2

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qarTveli emigrantebis brZola saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. maTi moRvaweobaori mimarTulebiT midioda: 1. brZola sabWoTareJimis winaaRmdeg da 2. dasavluri saxelmwi-foebis mxardaWeris mopovebis survili dasaxu-li gegmis gansaxorcieleblad.

marTalia, saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovaniswrafvis gamoxatuleba dasavleTTan urTierTo-ba daemyarebina Sedga 1918-1921 wlebSi da miuxe-davad imisa, rom 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mi-er saqarTvelos dapyrobas Sedegad moyva ero-vnuli xelisuflebis emigraciaSi wasvla, mTe-li 70-wliani periodi naTeli magaliTia am or-mxrivi kavSiris dadasturebisa. dasavleTis sa-xelmwifoTa liderebi, warmomadgenlebi Riadda xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen saqarTvelos damou-kideblobis aucileblobas, gamoxatavdnen mxar-daWeras qarTveli emigrantebis mimarT, Tumcayvelaze mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadgmuli sa-qarTvelos ganTavisuflebis gzaze, umTavresadgamoxatuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZ-raobiT, es iqneboda SeiaraRebuli formiT Tuideologiurad ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi saqarTvel-oSi Tu sazRvargareT myofi qarTvelebis erTia-nobiT gamoixateboda.

rogorc aRvniSne, sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRm-deg brZolis 70-wliani periodi gansxvavebuligamowvevebiT gamoirCeoda. sawyis etapze qarTve-lTa mizansa da brZolaze garkveuli gavlenaiqonia urTierTobam erTa ligasTan, haagis, gen-uis da lozanis konferenciebma. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi gansakuTrebuli gamomxatvelobiTgamoirCeoda rogorc saqarTveloSi, sadac ero-

51

vnuli moZraobis gansakuTrebuli aRmavloba aR-iniSneba, aseve sazRvargareT myof qarTvel emi-grantebs Soris, romlebic I msoflio omis Sem-dgomi periodisa da zemoTaRniSnuli konferen-ciebis, arsebuli saerTaSoriso kavSirebis ga-moyenebas cdilobdnen saqarTvelos Tavisufle-bis mosapoveblad. 30-iani wlebi SedarebiT pa-siuria saqarTveloSi, mTlianad sabWoTa kavSir-Si da maT Soris saqarTveloSi mimdinare maso-brivi represiebis fonze. Tumca ar wydeba aqti-uroba qarTvel emigrantebSi saerTaSoriso are-naze kontaqtebis gasaZliereblad da kavSirebisgansamtkiceblad. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli aq-tiurobiT gamoirCeva II msoflio omis mimdinareda Semdgomi periodi, rogorc saqarTveloSi,aseve sazRvargareT.

samson fircxalava 1935 wels aRniSnavda:`Seudrekelobam da ganuxrelobam mogviyvanadRemdis da ueWvelia, esevea gza Cveni momavlis,Cven ver davTmobT erovnul Tavisuflebas, verSevZlebT gandgomas Cveni vinaobisa da saxeobi-sagan, ver SeveguebiT awindel Sav droTa. vibr-ZolebT, rogorc yovelTvis _ es xom Cveni sti-qiaa, Cveni buneba! saqarTvelo Tavisufali, saqa-rTvelo Tavisi da ara sxvisi, qarTveli eri-eri;es gardauvalia, amis Sebruneba aravis SeuZlia,aravis, Tu ar waSlis mTel Cven istorias daerTian ar aRmofxvris Cvens modgmas, romelsacsami aTasis Tu metis wlis siRrmeze aqvs gadg-muli fesvebi...~.38 qarTveli erisTvis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da misi mniSvne-

38 samson fircxalava, Cveni erovnuli gamZleoba, Jurnali`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, 1935, #120, gv. 9

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loba ucxo arasdros yofila. saqarTvelos is-toria aRniSnulis araerT magaliTs mowmobs.sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisSemdeg erovnuli moZraoba ganviTarebis axaletapze gadavida da axali formebiT gamovlinda.SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis mniSvnelobiT gansa-kuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo XX saukunis 20-ianwlebSi mimdinare ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli er-is istoria erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis or mimarTulebas mowmobs: 1. SeiaraRebuligamosvla da 2. ideologiuri. Ees ukanaskneligansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo XIX saukunis IInaxevridan moyolebuli, rodesac qarTuli ku-lturuli da politikuri elita ruseTis winaa-Rmdeg brZolis axal etapze gadavida. ideolo-giuri brZola kvlav gagrZelda sabWoTa ruse-Tis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, amJam-ad ukve emigraciaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, am-jerad Cemi mizania yuradReba gavamaxvilo erov-nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideology-ur mimarTulebaze.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam ax-ali aRmavloba ganicada XX saukunis 40-ianiwlebidan, rac gamomdinareobda meore msoflioomis dawyebiT. qarTul erovnul Zalebs imedigauCndaT, rom sabWoTa ruseTis omSi damarcxe-bis SemTxvevaSi SeZlebdnen saqarTvelos ganTa-visuflebas. swored amitom sazrRvargareT myo-fi qarTuli emigracia yovelmxriv cdilobdakavSiri daemyarebina sxvadasxva dasavlur sax-elmwifosTan, romlebic sabWoTa reJimis winaaR-mdeg gamodiodnen da maTi daxmarebiT aRedginaT

53

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-ba. Jurnali `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~ 1952 welsaRniSnavda: `sabWoTa ruseTs axasiaTebs komun-isturi totalitarizmi, romelic Tavis bunebiTewinaaRmdegeba adamianis da eris uflebaTa gan-xorcielebas. sanam es reJimi arsebobs moskovSi,Cvens ganTavisuflebaze (da sxva erebisac) lapa-raki zedmetia. amitom Cven aucilebel saWiro-ebad gvidgas win sakiTxi am reJimis damxobis.amis gverdis avla-Tavis motyuebaa. MmeoremxriT, Cven vxedavT, rom sabWoTa komunisturireJimi autaneli gamxdara, mTeli dasavleTiscivilizaciis matarebeli kacobriobisaTvis,romelsac meTauroben: pirvel rigSi safrange-Ti, inglisi da aSS. aq Cven gviCndeba bunebrivimokavSire _ Zlieri da saimedo, romelsac erisda adamianis Tavisufleba Tavis lozungad aqvsgamocxadebuli.~39

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTveli eris erov-nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ori mimarTu-lebiT mimdinareobda: ideologiuri da SeiaraR-ebuli gziT. ra ganapirobebda erovnuli moZra-obis ideologiur xasiaTs? sxvadasxva social-uri fenebis cnobierebis amaRleba, gamomdinareiqidan, rom sabWoTa sistemas sakmaod mZlavripolitikuri meqanizmi gaaCnda da sazogadoebaSisakuTari ideebis damkvidrebas, realizebas cdi-lobda. SeiZleba Tamamd iTqvas, rom rogorcarasdros sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi brZolaSeuZlebeli iyo, mciredi gamonaklisebis garda.

39 evgeni gegeWkori, saRi politikis cocxali magaliTi,Jurnali, `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #1, gv. 1-2

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ra faqtorebma ganapiroba XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan moyolebuli erovnuli moZraobisaRmavloba?

1. Eerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisganviTareba mxolod saqarTvelosTvis ar yofi-la damaxasiaTebeli. aRniSnul movlenas xeliSeuwyo msoflioSi da kerZod, dasavleTSi mim-dinare faqtorebma. sabWoTa sistema metnakle-bad iZulebulia daemorCilos sazRvrebs gareTmimdinare movlenebs.

XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan aSS-is presid-entis franklin delano ruzveltis gardacva-lebis Semdeg, romelic stalinis mimarT radi-kaluri damokidebulebiT ar gamoirCeoda, xeli-suflebaSi modis hari trumeni, romelic aqtiurpolitikas atarebs sabWoTa kavSirTan mimarTe-baSi. amasTan, aSS-ma pirdapir gamoxata daxmare-bis survili II msoflio omis Sedegad dasuste-buli evropis daxmarebaze.

ra ganapirobebs am faqts?faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg saerTaSoriso

politikaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa komunizmis gaZ-lierebis da aRmavlobis saSiSroeba. Aaqedan ga-momdinare, aSS-s, romelic saerTaSoriso aspa-rezze gasvlaSi da damkvidrebaSi acxadebdapretenzias seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna sabWoTakavSiris mxridan. aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileb-lad aSS-ma SeimuSava araerTi gegma, romelicxels Seuwyobda sabWoTa kavSiris dasustebas.es gamoixateboda, rogorc politikuri kuTxiT,aseve ideologiuri. swored aRniSnulis gamoxa-tuleba iyo dasavleT evropisaTvis finansuridaxmarebis gaweva. raTa dasavleT evropa yofi-

55

liyo Zlieri da komunizmis gavrcelebis safr-Txe Semcirebuliyo.

2. qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis mTavari miza-ni gaxda am viTarebis gamoyeneba sakuTari gegme-bis gansaxorcieleblad. Ees ki bunebrivia saqa-rTvelos Tavisuflebis sakiTxs exeboda. qarTu-li politikuri Tu kulturuli elita naTladacnobierebda im faqts, rom mxolod saqarTve-los damoukideblobis aRdgena problemas vergadaWrida, qveyanas realuri saerTaSoriso dax-mareba sWirdeboda. 1952 wels evgeni gegeWkoriJurnal `mebrZol saqarTveloSi~ werda: `Cvenis-Tana patara erisTvis ar kmara marto udao uf-leba, Cven es ufleba aramc Tu gvqonda _ iscxovrebaSidac gavanaRdeT, magram aman qarTvelxalxs katastrofa ver aacdina. mware gamocdi-lebam cota ram mainc unda gvaswavlos. saqarT-velos damoukideblobis aRdgena da misi Senar-Cuneba moiTxovs Sesaferis saerTaSoriso ZalTaganwyobilebis Seqmnas. Tu Cveni qveynis damouki-deblobis aRdgena TviT qarTveli xalxis gau-texel nebisyofazea umTavresad dayrdnobili,misi ganmtkiceba da SenarCuneba damokidebuliaim realur garantiebze, romelsac saqarTveloSeZlebs moipovos saerTaSoriso urTierToba-Si.~40noe Jordania 1951 wels Jurnal `Cven dro-SaSi~ miuTiTebda: `amerikis prezidentma trumen-ma amerikis saxelmwifoTa kongresze ganacxada:rogorc dasavleTSi, ise aRmosavleTSi Cven un-da davupirdapirdeT erT did safrTxes. Cvenimomavali winsvla, Cveni arsebobac ki damokideb-

40 evgeni gegeWkori, saRi politikis cocxali magaliTi,Jurnali, `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #1, gv. 4

56

ulia Tavisufal erTa dacvisagan. Cven undaavawyoT erTad Cveni Tavis dacva da gamovi-yenoT Cveni Zala dasaxmareblad evropis da az-iis mcxovrebTa, rom maT SeZlon ibrZolonmSvidobianobis da Tavisuflebis dasacavad. Ddaes ara marto CvenTvis, aramed agreTve sxvebisT-visac, sadac unda cxovrobdnen msoflioSi~. 41

da, marTlac: `eri rom ganTavisufldes sxvisiCagvrisagan, marto Sinauri Zalebi ar kmara, miTumetes, dRevandel xanaSi, roca saerTaSorisomovlenebi, erTa interesebi metad daxlarTul-ia, erTi meoreze gadabmulia, adgilobrivi saki-Txi erTi rgolia saerTaSoriso politikisa,aseT viTarebaSi, kiTxvas swyvets ara marto Si-nauri Zalebi, aramed saerTaSorisoc~.42

rogorc arsebuli masala aCvenebs, qarTvel-ebs arasdros SeuwyvetiaT brZola saqarTvelosTavisuflebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT gamokveTiliiyo qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweoba am mimarTu-lebiT. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan dawyebuliaqtiuroba sazRvargareT myofi politikuri el-itis mxridan dakavSirebuli iyo II msoflio om-Tan.Bbunebrivia, aRniSnuli moRvaweoba arc 1921wlidan moyolebuli iyo mniSvnelobas moklebu-li, Tumca II msoflio omma mizani ufro aqtiu-ri gaxada. yovelive zemoaRniSnuls emateba isfaqti, rom saqarTvelo am brZolaSi marto araris. sabWoTa kavSirSi rasakvirvelia sxvadasx-va erebi iyo gaerTianebuli. qarTuli erovnulimoRvaweni imeds isaxavdnen, rom es brZola er-

41 n. J. axali saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, Jurnali, `CvenidroSa~, 1951, #9, gv. 542 `Cv, dr,~ agvisto, Jurnali, `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84, gv. 3

57

Toblivi iqneboda Tu romelime saxelmwifo Ta-visufali gaxdeboda. Ees procesi saqarTvelo-zec aisaxeboda. amggvari damokidebuleba saqar-TvelosTvis ucxo ar yofila, magaliTad, jerkidev mefis ruseTis dros 1825 wels dekabris-tebis gamosvlam da 1830 wels poloneTis erov-nul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam saqarTvel-os saSualeba misca misi brZola ufro qmediTigaexada da am yovelives Sedegad moyva 1832wlis SeTqmuleba, romelic qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elitis organizebuli iyo.

magaliTad, SeiZleba ganvixiloT pirvelimsoflio omic, rodesac qarTuli kulturulida politikuri elitis nawili germaniis dax-marebiT imedovnebda damoukideblobis aRdgenas.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg ki 1918wlidan saerTaSoriso Zalaze amyarebda imeds.Jurnali `Cveni qveyana~ 1948 wels aRniSnavda:`Cveni saerTo mizania Cveni eris, saqarTvelosganTavisufleba, romelic ager 28 weliwadiaucxo da sastik uRelSia Sebmuli da tanjva-va-ebas, yovelgvar daCagvras ganicdis: erovnuls,politikurs da socialurs. rogor da ra gziTaris SesaZlebeli am miznis (misi ganTavisufle-bis) miRweva? cxadia, marto Cven aRar varTdRes aseT mdgomareobaSi, mTeli rigi erebis,wvrilisa da saSualosi, imave bedSi arian rog-orc Cven. sanaxevrod barbarosuli mteri daeu-fla aRmosavleTisa da saSualo evropis saxel-mwifoebs, ukve miadga dasavleT evropis karsacda lamobs Sig SeWras da iqac misi saSinelidiqtatura gaamefos xiStiT Tu misi laqia-amq-rebis saSualebiT. verc exla da verc momaval-

58

Si me ar maqvs warmodgenili iseTi garemoeba,rom mxolod saqarTvelo ganTavisufldes dasxvebi ki darCnen dapyrobili.Aar arsebobs CvensamSoblosaTvis arc sakmao Sinagani da arc ga-reSe, ucxo Zala, romelsac SeeZlos misi gamoy-vana dRevandeli mdgomareobidan. maS unda dava-skvnaT, rom saqarTvelos bedi amJamad mWidroddakavSirebulia da gadabmulia yvela danarCentanjul erTa bedze. Tu erTma aiyara aRviri damoipova Tavisufleba yvela danarCenebi aRsdge-bian - vinaidan maT yavs saerTo mteri. mtris wi-naaRmdeg brZola unda iyves da iqneba erTi ga-nuyofeli.~43

aqve ganvmartav erT sakiTxs, rogorc ukveaRvniSne emigraciaSi myofi qarTuli ZalebiibrZodnen saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mopovebi-saTvis. YTumca brZolis meTodebSi maT Sorisiyo garkveuli gansxvaveba: Tu erovnul-demokra-tebi da socialist-federalistebi meore msof-lio oms did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da maTimizani socialisturi reJimis damxoba iyo, soc-ial-demokratebi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRd-genas socializmis safuZvelze imedovnebdnen.Jurnali `socialisturi azri~ aRniSnavda: `qar-Tveli eris ideali saqarTvelos damoukidebelirespublikis aRdgena _ aris Cveni mizani, rome-lsac Cven mTeli energiiT vemsaxurebiT. vinai-dan Tavisufali arseboba Cven migvaCnia saukeTe-so formaT qarTveli eris kulturuli aRorZi-nebisa da warmatebisaTvis, Cveni mSromeli xal-xis uflebebis ganmtkicebisa da ganviTarebisaT-

43 axalgazrda moxuci, Cveni momavali, Jurnali, `Cveniqveyana~, 1948, #5, gv. 7

59

vis. Eeris Tavisufleba aris demokratiis udid-esi principTagani da Cveni moZraobis bunebrivigamoxatuleba. xolo, rogorc socialistebi daqarTveli eris interesebis saukeTeso gamomxat-velni _ Cven vukavSirebT saqarTvelos ganTavis-uflebas demokratiul moZraobas, rogorcmTel msoflioSi, ise TviT ruseTSi da uarvy-ofT iseT politikas, romelic imeds amyarebsomze da samxedro-faSistur ZalebTan daaxloe-baze.~ 44 marTalia, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maTmaideologiam garkveuli cvlileba ganicada daerovnuli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxda, TumcaZiriTadi principi ucvleli darCa.

3. qarTuli, erovnuli moZraobis dasavlurimimarTuleba. qarTvelTa mizani yovelTvis iyodasavleTze orientirebuli politikis warmoebada es xazi mudmivad gasdevda qarTveli poli-tikuri da kulturuli elitis moRvaweobas sa-ukuneebis manZilze. sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSisakmaod rTuli iyo amgvari politikis realize-ba. amas kargad acnobierebda qarTuli, erovnu-li speqtri. Tumca, sazRvrebs gareT myofi ero-vnuli Zalebi am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad muSao-bdnen. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis qarTuli er-ovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis esxazi mniSvnelovnad gamokveTili iyo. b. arseni-Zes miaCnda, rom: `qarTveli eri aris iseTi eri,romelsac aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli kultu-ruli da moraluri Rirebuleba, romelTac Seu-Zlia gverdSi amoudges, rogorc umcrosi moZme,ganaTlebul erTa saxelmwifoebs. mis erT isto-

44 Cveni mizani, Jurnali, `socialisturi azri~, 1934, #1,gv. 2

60

riul TvisebaTagans warmoadgens ara mxolodmiswrafeba evropis kulturisa da civilizaci-isadmi, aramed kidev meti, is, rom mas TviTonTavis istoriuli gzebis manZilze SemuSavebuliaqvs sruliad damoukideblad evropisagan iseTisocialuri da politikuri wyobileba, romelicekuTvnis evropiul sazogadoebriv urTierTobistips, rogorc es ukanaskneli gamoixata umTavr-esad evropiul saxelmwifoebSi da imave droswarmoadgens sruliad originalur da Taviseb-ur saxeobas am saerTo tipiuri urTierTobi-sas.~45

4. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa reJimisspecifikidan gamomdinare saqarTveloSi ero-vnuli ideebis ganviTareba warmoudgeneli iyo.erovnuli moZraobis ideologiuri brZoliserT-erT mTavar niSans warmoadgenda garusebissafrTxis, qarTuli enis, erovnuli Rirebulebe-bis dakargvis acileba. Bbunebrivia, nebismieriqarTvelisTvis da gansakuTrebiT misTvis, rome-lic naTlad acnobierebda saukuneebis manZilzeqarTveli eris arsebobis mniSvnelobas da imdid istorias, rac saqarTvelos gaaCnda rTuligadasalaxi iyo is politikuri, social-ekonomi-kuri, religiuri Tu kulturuli cvlilebebi,rasac sabWoTa sistema axorcielebda. 1976 welsmixeil qavTaraZe Jurnal `Tavisuflebis tribu-naSi~ werda: `Cvens mdgomareobaSi myofi xalxis-Tvis, rodesac ers politikuri saerTaSorisopirovneba warTmeuli aqvs, cxadia, arsebobs sa-SiSroeba, rom Cven metnaklebad im erTan gagvai-

45 sityva Tqmuli maisobaze 1946 wels b. arseniZis mier,Jurnali, `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #4, gv. 6

61

givon, romlis saxelmwifo farglebSic vimyofe-biT.Dda asec xdeba. rac unda varwmunoT ucxoe-lebis farTo wre, Znelia maTSi Rrmad gamjda-ri Sexedulebis Seryeva, romlis mixedviT, CvenmarTalia `mTlad rusebi~ aravarT, magram Cvenierovneba `provincialuri patriotizmia~ da sxvaaraferi. am mdgomareobasTan brZola metad Zne-lia, radgan igi aixsneba Cveni gasvliT politi-kur asparezidan. Mmagram Tu saqarTvelos saS-ualeba aqvs politikurad gamoCndes, kulturu-lad gamoCenis da amgvarad ucxoeTisaTvis Tavi-si Tavis gacnobis saSualeba usaTuod moepove-ba.~46

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebidangamomdinare, rodesac yovelgvari erovnuli Se-zRuduli iyo, im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesia uflebaSekveciliiyo, erovnuli Zalebi imeds mwerlebze, poeteb-ze, mecnierebze amyarebdnen, romelTa mTavarmovaleobad Tvlidnen iseTi nawarmoebebis Seq-mnas, romelic xels Seuwyobda erovnuli Segne-bis gaZlierebas. 1956 SoTa kalandaZe gazeT `qa-rTul azrSi~ werda: `saqarTvelos warsulisyovelmxrivi Seswavla dRis wesrigSi daisva.riT aixsneba qarTveli istiorikosebis da ekon-omistebis aseTi tendencia? rad mieca daviwye-bas aqtualuri sakiTxebi? sabWoTa pirobebSiZalian Znelia seriozulad muSaoba mimdinareproblemebze. erTi patara lafsusi sakmarisia,rom Tavi amoyo sadme Sors. sabWoTa sinamdvilesaSineli konfliqtebiTaa daRaruli da daseri-

46 mixeil qavTaraZe, mniSvnelovani wvrilmanebi, Jurnali,`Tavisuflebis tribuna~, 1976, #10, gv. 11

62

li. Mmsoflio istorias ar axsovs adamianobismodgmis aseTi krizisi. sadac Camqrala kacTmo-yvareobisa da humanurobis kandeli da sazogad-oebrivi cxovrebis fuZe farisevloba da mliqv-nelobaa. utopiuri anTebiT Sepyrobili ideale-bi miilulnen, revoluciuri fsiqozi da aRmSen-eblobis paTosi Cakvda.Yyvelgan da yvelaferSigulgriloba.Ddaibada survili, rac SeiZlebaSors wavides adamiani sabWoTa aseT uferul dadawyevlil yoveldRiurobisagan. ...qarTveli me-cnierebis mTavari motivi sulieri kavSiris aR-dgenaa warsulTan, nacionalur saqarTvelos-Tan, rom qarTvelma qarTvelad igrZnos Tavi.~47

qarTuli kulturis SenarCunebas da ganviTa-rebas emsaxureboda aRniSnul periodSi gamoce-muli wignebi. cenzuris pirobebSi xerxdebodasaqarTvelos istoriis calkeuli sakiTxebis ga-Suqeba da erovnul Temaze iqmneboda mxatvrulinawarmoebebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, 1950 wels p.sarjvelaZe Jurnal `Cveni droSaSi~ aqveynebsstatias, sadac aRniSnulia, rom: `Tavisuflebisdasabruneblad, _ ajanyebaTa talRebis azvirTe-ba da mis Semdeg gaveranebul velze daRlilo-ba, daqanculoba, siCume, nawilobriv ZalTa da-razmuloba Secvala _ kulturul ZalTa daraz-mulobam... iwyeba axali brZolis taqtika, _ ero-vnuli energiis samwerlo asparezze gaSliT, qa-rTveli eris kulturul frontze gadasxmiT,xalxisken piris mibrunebiT; momdevno Taobismier politikur-organizaciul muSaobis gaCaRe-biT, eris dabali fenebis sazogado asparezze

47 gazeTi, `qarTuli azri~, 1956, #11, gv. 2

63

gamoyvaniT da ase eri momzadebuli xvdeba bed-nier dRes da kvlav damoukidebeli cxovrebismowyobisTvis irazmeba.~48

ra meTodebiT upirispirdeba sabWoTa reJimierovnul moZraobas?

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTvelTa erovnulicnobierebis erT-erTi niSani sabWoTa ruseTismier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg 26 maisi qa-rTuli emigraciis erovnuli dResaswauli ga-xda. aRniSnulis sapirispirod sabWoTa reJimimis sistemaSi gaerTianebul qveynebSi II msofl-io omSi germaniaze gamarjvebas mTavar dResasw-aulad acxadebs. amis meSveobiT sabWoTa xelis-ufleba cdilobda erTiani, saerTo miznis mata-rebeli gaexada mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi sax-elmwifoebi.

amas garda, sabWoTa xelisufleba qarTvel-Ta erovnuli cnobierebis Sesustebis faqtoradaqtiurad iyenebda saganmanaTleblo dawesebul-ebebs, gansakuTrebiT skolebs. saqarTvelossxvadasxva regionebSi igzavneboda sxvadasxvasaxis literatura, romelic Seicavda sabWoTaideologiis elementebs da mimarTuli iyo sa-zogadoebaSi erovnuli cnobierebis Secvlisken.am mizniT `1944-1945 wlebSi mTavrobis dadgeni-lebis safuZvelze gatarda RonisZiebani polit-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa literaturisdakompleqtebis xaziT. mTavrobis dadgenilebisSemdeg daegzavna literatura: adigenis raions– 21, 186 maneTis, aspinZis raions - 11. 895 ma-neTis, axmetis raions - 11, 734 maneTis, goris

48 p. sarjvelaZe, brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, Jurnali,`Cveni droSa~, 1950, #6, gv. 30

64

raions - 29, 711 maneTis. kaWreTis raions - 11, 895maneTis, qluxoris raions - 8, 258 man; duSeTisraions - 13, 318 man. Aaxalxevis raions - 8, 704man; axalcixis raions - 28, 510 man. Dda a. S. sulyvela raionis politdawesebulebebs garda imliteraturisa, rasac isini uSualod iZendnenadgilze, gaegzavnaT centralizebuli wesiT 70,815 cali wigni. literatura SerCeuli iyo Ziri-Tadad politikuri, samecniero-popularuli, sa-soflo-sameurneo, mxatvruli Sinaarsis. lite-raturiT dakompleqteba moxda biblioTekuriwesiT, bibkoleqtoris mier. adgilze literatu-ra gaunawilda politgandawesebulebebs, amasT-an gatarebulia RonisZiebani wignobrivi fonde-bis aRrixcvisa da movla-dacvis uzrunvelsayo-fad. literaturis garda politgandawesebuleb-ebs gaegzavnaT beladisa da partiisa da mTavr-obis xelmZRvanelTa portretebi 9 saxelwode-bis 5000 cali, sabWoTa kavSiris, evropisa damsoflios rukebi 4 saxelwodebis 5070 cali,sxvadasxva Sinaarsis plakatebi 11 saxelwodebis3090 cali, sabWoTa kavSiris gmirebis suraTebi18, 400 cali da sxva.~49

qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli mo-Zraobis process garda, represirebuli meTode-bisa aqtiurad upirispirdeba sabWoTa ideolo-giis mZalvri sistema, romelic saganmanaTleb-lo dawesebulebebis saSualebiT aqtiurad mo-qmedebda. `sagnebis swavleba mWidrod unda uka-vSirdebodes moswavlis Segnebis, maRali zneob-is da marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis gamomu-

49 suicsa, f. 600, aRw. 4, saq. #7243, gv. 24

65

Savebis amocanas. TiToeuli sagani skolaSi iZ-leva SesaniSnav masalas moswavlis ideur-poli-tikuri aRzrdisaTvis, risTvisac TiToeuliskolis xelmZRvaneli da maswavlebeli undazrunavdes imaze, Tu konkretuli gakveTili ram-denad emsaxureba bavSvis moralur aRzrdas.Cveni skolebis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli da masw-avlebeli ar zrunavs am amocanis ganxorciele-baze. Aar muSaobs Tavisi ideur-politikuri do-nis amaRlebaze...~50

`qalaq Tbilisis orjonikiZis raionis TiTq-mis yvela saSualo skolebSi Seqmnilia aTeis-turi aRzrdis sabWo, sistematiurad tardebasabWos sxdomebi, sadac ixileba Semdegi sakiT-xebi: `lenini religiis Sesaxeb~, `saxelmwifoda samarTali~, `komkavSiris roli aTeisturiaRzrdis sakiTxSi~, `ra aris cru rwmena~ damravali sxva, mTeli muSaoba isea warmarTuli,rom axalgazrdebs mivceT swori aRzrda.~51

magliTad, `axmetis raionSi farTo adgiliaqvs daTmobili aTeistur muSaobas, 1978 welsCatarebula 127 leqcia, sazogadoeba `codnis~xaziT, romelsac daeswro 10 aTasamde msmeneli,garda amisa, raionis leqtorTa jgufs Catare-buli aqvs 30-ze meti leqcia-moxseneba aTeisturTemaze. gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eTmobaaTeistur muSaobas axalgazrdebs Soris. skol-ebSi arsebul leqtorTa jgufebi perioduladkiTxuloben leqciebs am Temaze. ramdenime we-lia Cveni raionis pankisis zonaze Seqmnilia damuSaobs mecnieruli aTeizmis saxalxo univer-

50 suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 12, saq. #541, furc. 23651 suicsa, f. 1880, aRw. 1, saq. #297, furc. 15

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siteti, am zonaze ZiriTadad qistebi da osebicxovroben da am universitetis muSaoba nayofi-er gavlenas axdens maTze. raionSi ori moqmedieklesiia (TeTri giorgis da alaverdi).~52

1941-1942 saswavlo welSi sayovelTao sava-ldebulo swavlebis gatarebis saqme, gansakuT-rebiT samamulo omis dawyebis Semdeg, gasulwlebTan SedarebiT aradamakmayofileblad mim-dinareobs. 1941 wlis 5 oqtombris mdgomareobiT1-4 klasebSi iricxeboda 357 550 moswavle, nacv-lad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul 407 923 moswavli-sa e. i. 50 413 moswavliT anu 12, 4% naklebi. Mme-5-7 klasebSi iricxeboda 206 178 moswavle nacv-lad 257 635 moswavlia e. i. 51. 357 moswavliTanu 20% naklebi. Mme-8-10 klasebSi iricxeboda627. 360 moswavle, nacvlad 763 801 moswavlisa e.i. 126. 441 moswavliT anu 16, 6%-iT naklebi. sayo-velTao-savaldebulo saswavlo gegmis Seusru-leblobis da moswavleTa ganTesvis mizezebisgamorkvevis mizniT gansaxkomis mier Catarebuliqna rig raionebSi skolebis Semowmeba; dadas-turda, rom gegmis Seusruleb-lobis da moswav-leTa skolebidan ganTesvis mizezebi aris Sem-degi:

1. wiTel armiaSi gawveulTa nacvlad-sasof-lo meurneobaSi bavSvTa Sromis gamoyeneba.

2. omis periodSi respublikis da adgilob-riv biujetSi cvlilebebis SetanasTan dakavSi-rebiT rigi skolebis gaerTianeba-daxurva: 4. 449saskolo erTeulidan dagvrCa 4114 skola e. i.qseli Semcirda 335 skoliT.Aam RonisZiebam gaa-

52 suicsa, 1880, aRw. 1, saq. #322, furc. 63

67

dida skolis momsaxureobis radiusi, rac ueWve-lia mizezi gaxda bavSvebis gansazRvruli nawi-lis skolidan Camocilebis.

3. Mme-7-10 klasebidan /gansakuTrebiT sofl-ad/ wiTel armiaSi gasawvev asakis bavSvebis /18wlisa da zeviT/, gawveva wiTel armiis rigebSi;agreTve moswavleTa mniSvnelovani nawilis gaw-veva saxelosno da sxva specialur saswavleb-lebSi.

4. respublikis didi qalaqebidan /Tbili-si, quTaisi/ da Savi zRvis sanapiro qalaqebidan/baTumi, qobuleTi, foTi, soxumi, gudauTi, gag-ra/ omis periodSi zogierT mSoblebis mier bav-Svebis evakuireba.

5. Ggermanelebis ssr respublikidan gasax-leba.

6. bavSvTa gansazRvruli nawilis skolidanganTesva saskolo gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisgamo.

7. amasTanave erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom Se-darebiT bavSvTa didi nawili ganTesilia araqarTul raionebidan. /yaraias da bogdanovkisraionebSi sayovelTao-savaldebulo swavlebisgegma Sesrulebulia 72%-iT, xolo axalqalaqisda baSkiCeTis raionebSi 78%-iT/.

8. wina wlebSi adgili hqonda winaaRmdeg sa-redaqcivo organoebis dadgenilebisa 1-l klas-ebSi 7 wlian asakis bavSvebis masiurad Caricx-vas. amis gamo ganaTlebis saxalxo ganaTlebissaxalxo komisariatma 1941 wlis zafxulze da-uSva kategoriuli xasiaTis direqtiva 8 welzenaklebis asakis mqone bavSvebis pirvel klaseb-Si Caricxvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. Aaman ki gamoi-

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wvia klasebis dakompleqtebis gegmis 23 941 ba-vSvis Seusrulebloba.

miuxedavad amisa, ganaTlebis saxalxo komi-sariati sayovelTao-savaldebulo swavlebis ge-gmis Seusruleblobis erT-erT mTavar ganaTle-bis ganyofilebis, agreTve partiuli da sabWo-Ta organoebis mxriv, omis periodSi am metadmniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi saqmisadmi yu-radRebis Senelebas.~53

1940 wlis Telavis samaswavleblo institu-tis saorganizacio da saswavlo-samecniero mu-Saobis Sesaxeb. `aRvniSnav, rom Telavis samaswa-vleblo institutma misi arsebobis oTxi TvisganmavlobaSi TvalsaCino Sedegebs miaRwia: ins-tituti ZiriTadad dakompleqtebulia Sesaferi-si kvalifikaciis professor-maswavlebelTaStatiT; mniSvnelovnad aris gaumjobesebuli sa-swavlo-pedagogiuri procesis organizacia; sis-tema-tiurad tardeba ideur-politikuri muSaobastudentebsa da profesor-maswavlebelTa Sor-is: /sak. Kk. p. /b/ istoriis Seswavla, Teoriulikonferenciebi da sxva. saTanado yuradReba eq-ceva profesor-maswavlebelTa da studentebissayofacxovrebo sakiTxebis droulad mowesri-gebis saqmes, instituti momzadebulia sazamTrosesiebis normalurad CatarebisaTvis da sxva.

magram am miRwevebTan erTad Telavis samasw-avleblo institutis muSaobas mTeli rigi nak-lovanebebi gaaCnia, romlebic xels uSlian ins-titutis saswavlo-samecniero da saorganizacio

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muSaobis xarisxis Semdgomi amaRlebis saqmes: amdefeqtebs Soris ZiriTadia Semdegi:

a) istoriul fakultetebs ar yavs dekani,amitom am fakultetebis pedagogiur proceszeZalze sustad xorcieldeba sistemuri kontro-li.

b) kaTedrebi ar ixilaven calke saswavlodisciplinebSi swavlebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs dasaTanadod ar xelmZRvaneloben TavianT dargSiideur-politikur da organizaciul meTodurmuSaobas.

g) kaTedrebis gamgeebi arasakmarisad eswreb-ian kaTedris wevrTa leqciebs da konsultaci-ebs da sistematiurad ar amowmeben maT sakvlev-samecniero muSaobas. kaTedris gamgeebis leqci-ebze daswrebis Sedegebi ar aris mosmenilikaTedrebis sxdomebze.

d) sakvlevo-samecniero muSaobaSi ar arisCabmuli institutis yvela maswavlebeli: samec-niero muSaobis individualuri gegma ar aqvTwarmodgenili 10 maswavlebels.

e) instituts ar aqvs mowyobili samkiTxve-lo studentebisaTvis damoukidebeli muSaobisCasatareblad.

v) jer kidev ar aris instituti momaragebu-li kabinetebiT, laboratoriebiT da TvalsaCi-noebis xelsawyoebiT, rac Zalze xels uSlissaswavlo gegmebis maRali xarisxobrivi maCven-eblebiT Sesrulebis saqmes.

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z) ar aris mowesrigebuli Tbilisidan Camom-svlel leqtorTa sadguridan gadmosayvani tra-nsportTa saqme.~54

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo sistemasTan arse-buli monacemebi naTlad aCveneben sabWoTa xel-isuflebis namdvil saxes da im mZime mdgomar-eobas rac qveyanaSi arsebobda. amas adasturebs1940 wels zugdidis samaswavleblo institutissaorganizacio da saswavlo-samecniero muSaob-is angariSi. `aRvniSnav, rom zugdidis samaswav-leblo instituts, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ax-ali Camoyalibebulia, Tavis muSaobaSi aqvs zo-gierTi miRwevebi: instituti ZiriTadad dakomp-leqtebulia profesor-leqtorTa StatiT, stu-denttTa Soris ganmtkicebulia saswavlo dis-ciplina, studentTa piradi saqmeebi wesrigSiamoyvanili da sxva.

amasTan erTad zugdidis samaswavleblo ins-titutis muSaobaSi adgili aqvs mTel rig mni-Svnelovan defeqtebs:

1. zogierT sagnebSi saswavlo gegmebi ar ar-is Sesrulebuli /fizika, samxedro saqme, qarTu-li enis morfologia/.

2. instituts ar gaaCnia mudmivi stabiluricxrili, saswavlo muSaoba mimdinareobs droe-biTi/eqvsdRiani/ cxrilis mixedviT.

3. biblioTeka-samkiTxvelo muSaobs saleq-cio saaTebSi, ris gamoc studentebs uZnelde-baT biblioTekis wignebiT sargebloba. samkiTx-velosaTvis ar aris gamoyofili calke oTaxi.biblioTekas ar yavs kvalificiuri muSaki.

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4. Mmouwyobelia saswavlo kabinetebi da la-boratoriebi, ris gamoc praqtikumebi ver tar-deba xarisxianad _ naklebad aqvs adgili Tval-saCinoebas.

5. studentebi arasakmarisad arian uzrunv-elyofili saxelmZRva-nelo literaturiT dasakiTxavi wigniT rusul enaSi, amitom leqtore-bi met dros andomeben gramatikis Seswavlas sa-kiTxav masalidan mowyvetiT an ukeTes SemTxve-vaSi iyeneben im masalebs, romelic studentebsaxsovT saSualo skolidan. weriTi samuSaoebirusul enaSi ar tardeba sistematiurad. Aar ar-is mowyobili rusuli enis kabineti.

7. kaTedris gamgeebs jer kidev ar gauSliaTsaTanado muSaoba, ar eswrebian katedris wevr-Ta leqcia-praqtikumebs da ar amowmeben maT sa-kvlevo-samecniero muSaobis mimdinareobas.

8. studentTa saerTo sacxovrebeli ver akma-yofilebs institutis moTxovnilebas, SenobaSeuferebelia am saqmisaTvis da saWiro inventa-riTac ar aris uzrunvelyofili.

9. Aar aris moyvanili wesrigSi profesor-leqtorTa piradi saqmeebi (aklia fotosuraTi,cenzis sabuTi).~55

garda zemoTaRniSnulisa saqarTvelos teri-toriaze mravlad cxovrobda erovnuli umcire-soba. `saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrobs mra-valerovnuli mosaxleoba.Yyvela erovnebis bavS-vebi swavloben erovnul enaze.

rusuli mosaxleobis umravlesoba cxovrobsq. TbilisSi, quTaisSi, foTSi, baTumSi, samrew-

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velo adgilebSi, centrebis msxvil raionebSida sabWoTa meurneobebSi. aseT adgilebSi rusibavSvebisTvis gaxsnilia 342 skola, sadac mimdi-nare saswavlo wels swavlobs 84. 041 moswavle.aseTi skolebis umravlesoba uzrunvelyofiliakargi saTavsoebiT da saTanado saskolo avej-iT.

rusul skolebSi maswavleblebis umravle-soba aris maRalkvalificiuri rusi pedagogebi.swavleba rusul skolebSi yovelwliurad uzr-unvelyofilia moswavleebiT da saskolo prog-ramebiT, romelic miRebulia rsfsr-dan.

am wels rsfsr-dan miRebul iqna 35 000 egze-mplari, 86 saxelwodebis, moswavleebisaTvis.

Oomamde saSualod saqarTveloSi miRebuliqna 25 000 wigni, yovel moswavleze saSualod 3saxelmZRvanelo.

miuxedavad garkveuli sirTuleebisa samamu-lo omis periodSi saSualo skola daamTavra8000-ze metma rusma moswavlem. mimdinare welsrusi moswavleebis umravlseobam warmatebiT Ca-abara simwifis atestatis gamocdebi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aris 263 ufros-Ta, Svidwliani da saSualo somxuri skolebi.

am skolebSi 47 565 moswavle swavlobs. som-xebi ZiriTadad cxovroben TbilisSi. TbilisSi12 somxuri saSualo skolaa, sadac swavlobs8762 moswavle. Qqalaq axalcixeSi 51 somxuriskola 10631 moswavliT. Bbevri somxuri skolaaagreTve afxazeTis da aWaris assr-Si. somxuriskolebi moqmedebs agreTve gorSi, TelavSi, la-godexSi, siRnaRSi da sxva raionebSi. Aam raio-nebSi Warbobs qarTuli mosaxleoba, amitom mos-

73

wavle somxebma kargad ician qarTuli ena. 1943wlamde am raionebSi 8 somxuri skola iqna gana-xlebuli qarTul skolad, am periodisTvis kidasaxelebul raionebSi somxuri skolebi ukvear moqmedebs.

saqarTvelos ssr-Si 1943 wlamde moqmedebda289 ufrosTa, Svidwliani da saSualo azerbaij-anuli skola. Aam skolebSi iyo 22 470 moswavle.1944-1943 saswavlo wels 50 azerbaijanuli sko-la gadakeTda qarTulad. Aaxalcixis, aspinZisda adigenis raionSi gadasaxlebulebTan kavSi-ris gamo azerbaijanuli skolebi gauqmda.

1945 wels saqarTveloSi iyo 150 azerbaijan-uli skola 19 121 moswavliT. Ees skolebi Ziri-Tadad mdebareobs baSkiCeTis, yaraiazis, borCa-los da bolnisis raionebSi, magaliTad baSki-CeTis raionSi aris _ 39 skola, borCaloSi _49, yaraiazSi _ 9, bolnisSi _ 35.

ganaxlebul somxur da azerbaijanul skol-ebSi gaumjobesda saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi mu-Saoba, radgan es skolebi uzrunvelyofilia Se-saferisi pedagogiuri kadrebiT, wignebiT da sa-swavlo saxelmZRva-neloebiT. sam skolaSi swa-vleba mimdinareobs qarTul enaze da miaRwiesmniSvnelovan warmatebas.

partia da mTavroba gansakuTrebul yuradRe-bas aqcevs am skolebs. es skolebi uzrunvelyo-filia saskolo saTavsoebiT, saskolo avejiTda sxva aucilebeli nivTebiT. somxuri skolebiuzrunvelyofilia pedagogiuri kadrebiT.

saxelmZRvaneloebi da saswavlo programebisomxuri da azerbaijanuli skolebisaTvis Semo-aqvT somxeTsa da azerbaijanidan.

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1944-1945 saswavlo wels somxeTis ssr-danSemotanil iqna 2600 egzemplari wigni 14 dasaxe-lebis, 1 wigni 18 moswavleze.

azerbaijanidan 27000 egzemplari wigni 52dasaxelebis 1, 5 wigni yovel moswavleze.

bevri azerbaijanuli skola ar aris uzrun-velyofili pedagogiuri kadrebiT, mravalSimaT Soris aswavlis saSualo da umaRlesi gana-Tlebis ar mqone pedagogebi.

1943-1944 saswavlo wlidan saqarTveloSi sam-xreT-oseTis CaTvliT moqmedebs 350 osTa skola19 500 moswavliT.

dadgenilia, rom osebis skolebSi goris, Te-lavis, qarelis, xaSuris, borjomis, lagodexisda sxva raionebSi saswavlo-saganmanaTleblomuSaoba aradamakmayofilebelia. mTavari prob-lema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am skolebs aryavT saTanadod momzadebuli pedagogebi, osurienis mcodneni. Aam skolebSi aswavlian osi peda-gogebi saSualo ganaTlebiT.

oseTis skolebi ar aris uzrunvelyofiliosur enaze arsebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT. qimi-is, fizikis, maTematikis, istoriis da sxva mTa-vari disciplinebi iswavleba saxelmZRvaneloeb-is gareSe. Oosuri skolebis bavSvebi ar iCeneninteress swavlisadmi, radgan osuri skolis da-srulebis Semdeg maT ar aqvT SesaZlebloba ga-agrZelon swavla вуз-Si.

am skolebis reorganizacia aris aucilebe-li, radgan osuri soflebi mdebareobs qarTu-li mosaxelobis garemocvaSi, amitom 1944-1945saswavlo wels 80 ufrosi skola_2643 moswav-liT, 13 Svidwliani skola 1415 moswavliT _ go-

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ris, qarelis, borjomis, xaSuris, lagodexis daTelavis raionebSi iqna reorganizebuli qarT-ul skolebad. sul ganaxlebuli iqna 100 osuriskola da es skolebi mimarTulia 250 kvalifi-ciur pedagogze sxvadasxva saswavlo disciple-nebiT. skolebi uzrunvelyofil iqnen wignebiTda saswavlo nivTebiT.

1944-1945 saswavlo wels qarTuli da rusu-li skolebi ganaxlda samxreT oseTis terito-riaze. qarTul skolad gadakeTda 23 osuri sa-Sualo da Svidwliani skola da rusulad 22osuri saSualo da Svidwliani skola.

1944-1945 saswavlo wels am skolebSi gansa-kuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca pedagogiuri kad-rebis uzrunvelyofas, wignebs da saswavlo niv-Tebs.

samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi gagzav-nil iqna 240 kvalificiuri maswavlebeli.

reorganizebuli skolisTvis daadgines, romswavleba am skolebSi mimdinareobdes qarTulda rusul enebze.

yuradRebis gareSe ar darCenila arc afxa-zuri skolebi. 1945-1946 saswavlo wels afxa-zuri skolebSi swavleba SemoRebul iqna qarT-ul enaze. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mu-Saobis gaumjobesebis saqmes qarTul skolaSikaxSi, zaqaTalaSi da belaqnis raions azerbai-janis ssr-Si. Aam periodSi saingiloSi funqcio-nirebs 15 qarTuli ufrosTa Svidwliani dasaSualo skola.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg sa-ingilos TiTqmis yvela msxvil sofelSi gax-

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snil iqna skolebi, swavleba mimdinareobda az-erbaijanul enaze.

1937 wels ckkp aRZra sakiTxi qarTuli sko-lebis bavSvebis ganaTlebaze, mcxovrebni belaq-nis, zaqaTalis da kaxis raionebSi. centralur-ma komitetma nacionalur politikas daukavSiraqarTveli bavSvebis swavleba azerbaijanul ena-ze da daadgina, rom swavleba qarTul skoleb-Si yofiliyo qarTul enaze.

samamulo omis periodSi am raionebis qarT-ul skolebSi swavleba gadayvanil iqna azerbai-janul enaze da 1943-44 saswavlo wlis dasawyis-Si kaxis raionis ramdenime skolaSi qarTul en-aze.

1944-1945 saswavlo wels specialuri dadge-nilebiT swavleba belaqnis, zaqaTalis, kaxisraionis skolebSi gadayvanil iqna qarTul ena-ze. Aam saqmeSi didi daxmareba aRmouCina saqar-Tvelos ssr partiulma organom. Ddaadgines:

1. Kkaxis, zaqaTalis da belaqnis raionis qa-rTul skolebSi daniSnes 55 maswavlebeli. kvar-talSi erTxel saqarTvelodan igzavneboda wam-lebi da sxva saWiro sagnebi.

2. Yyvela skola uzrunvelyofili iyo prog-ramebiT, wignebiT, rveulebiT, klasgareSe lite-raturiT da sxva. 1944 wlis seqtembridan 1945wlis Tebervlamde dasaxelebuli raionebis qa-rTul skolebSi gaigzavna: 8000 wigni, 20000 rve-uli, 25000 wigni, 2000 meToduri literature,150 saklaso Jurnali, agreTve bevri fanqari, ka-lami, ruka da sxva.~56

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giorgi wereTeli 1974 wels gazeT `Tavisuf-lebis tribunaSi~ aRniSnavda: `aseTi politikiTsul raRac or-sam TaobaSi dagvmarTeben imas,rac aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZles Cingisxanebma, leng-Temurebma da Sah-abasebma; saqarT-velos istoriul miwa-wyalze mcxov-rebTa umra-vlesoba ilaparakebs rusulad, iazrovnebs rus-ulad, eqneba rusuli fsixika da rusuli jiga-ri. maSin, qarTlosianTa naSieri umciresobaSiaRmoCndeba, misi mama-papebis sisxliT morwyulmiwaze. cota xani qarTulma enam iqneb rogormekidev iarsebos, rogorc kuT-xurma kilokavma,daaxloebiT ise rogorc dRes TurqeTSi mcxov-reb qarTvelebSi, bolos ki bunebrivi kanoniTsruliad moswydeba, gadaSendeba, rogorc araerTi ena da civilizacia gadaSenda Soreul wa-rsulSi... brma unda iyo, rom am ufskrulisakenmimavali gza ar dainaxo, ZarRvebSi qarTulisisxli gayinuli unda gqondes, rom rame ar iR-ono, raTa saqarTvelo am gzas aacdino.

qarTveloba ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes sax-lebis aSenebiT, fabrika-qarxnebis mowyobiT, Ca-is da citrusebis gaSenebiT, dawyebiTi, saSua-lo da umaRles skolebis gamravlebiT. racmTavaria da aucilebeli: yvelaferi unda keTde-bodes qarTveli xalxis neba-surviliT, qarTve-li xalxiT, qarTveli xalxisTvis _ misi awmyo-sa da momavlis interesebidan gamomdinare. EesniSnavs qarTveli xalxis suverenobas saqarTve-los teritoriaze. Ees niSnavs, rom is unda iy-os damoukidebeli.~57

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daviT vaCnaZis SexedulebiT: `erTi mTavarimizezTagani qarTuli azris meobis gamZleobisagamoixateboda imaSic, rom mis Semoqmedebas arSCvevia brma mibaZva ucxoelTa moZRvrebaTaTvis,an mis Tavze ZaliT mowveul ucxoTa naazrev-na-moqmedarSi gaTqvefa. igi mudam Tavis magarfars, _ mSobliur istorias, cxovrebas da qar-Tvelobas ekideboda _ miT ibrZoda da bolosisev sakuTari gza gahqonda. Cvens JamTa msvle-lobis viTarebaSi omebiT da revoluciebiT aS-lil kacobriobas, am sisxlis wvimebis xanaSi,rodesac wamebul saqarTvelos kvlav daemuqrayofna-aryofnis mrisxane bedi, yvela qarTvelmamuliSvilT evalebaT magrad CaeWidon TavisqarTvelobas, mtkiced daicvan qarTuli azrises `meoba~ da miT mofarebulni TavgamodebiTibrZolon yvelgan da yovelTvis qarTvelTa mo-dgmis mis Zvirfas memkvidreobis, sakuTar Tavi-sufal erovnul cxovrebis aRdgena-damkvidrebi-saTvis.~58

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis 40-ianiwlebidan saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobisaxali etapi iwyeba, rasac xeli Seuwyo saerTa-Soriso viTarebam. marTalia, erovnulad moaz-rovne qarTuli politikuri da kulturuli Za-lebi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis dRidan axor-cielebdnen sxvadasxva gegmebs, Tumca realuriSedegi amas ar mohyolia. Mmeore msoflio omisSemdeg gaZlierebuli sabWoTa ruseTi ukve aRarawyobda dasavleTs da amitom aqtiuri nabijebisgadadgmas iwyebs aRniSnulis aRmosafxvrel-

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ad.Aamis Sexaeb zemoT ukve visaubre. davamatebimas, rom emigraciaSi myofi qarTvelebi am viTa-rebis gamoyenebas Seecadnen. Aamas emateba is fa-qti, rom XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan saqarTve-loSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda axalgazrdoba.SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqtic, rom axalgazr-dobas erovnulad moazrovne Zalebi yovelTvisdid mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, amitom maTi aseTigaaqtiureba dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebi-sken iyo mimarTuli. `ormocdaaTiani wlebidansaqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis ZiriTad Za-las moswavle axalgazrdoba-studentoba warmo-adgens. Yyvelaze metad am gadawyvetilebas gamo-xatva aqvs TbilisSi, _ misi centri ki Tbilisisuniversitetia. samocian wlebSi arsebuli komu-nisturi wes-wyobilebis mimarT siZulvilis ga-moxatvis formas saqarTveloSi axalgazrdobisada inteligenciis eklesiisadmi miswrafeba war-moadgenda. gansakuTrebiT es vlindeba saaRdgo-mo dResaswaulebis dros. am dReebSi eklesiebigavsebuli iyo xalxiT.Aaxalgazrdobam daiwyopatriarqis qadagebebze daswreba.~59

II msoflio omis gamoxatuleba iyo qarTulimarTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmavloba.Oomis daSemdgom wlebSi eklesia maqsimalurad aqtiur-deba, ramac dadebiTi gavlena iqonia erovnulmoZraobaze.

saqarTvelos istoriis yvelaze rTul peri-odebSi, rogorc cnobilia marTlmadidebeli ek-lesia gamaerTianebel rols TamaSobda da sau-kuneebis manZilze swored is axerxebda erovnu-

59 guram gelovani, erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi(mokle mimoxilva), Jurnali, `guSagi~, 1985, #5, gv. 1

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li cnobierebis SenarCunebas. qarTul sinamdvi-leSi sabWoTa sistemis pirobebSi eklesia Sez-Ruduli aRmoCnda. am mxriv metnaklebad gaaqti-urda II msoflio omis da Semdgom periodSi.

II msoflio omis Semdeg qarTul marTlmadi-debel eklesias meti SesaZlebloba mieca qris-tianuli religiis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZola-Si.Aamas emateboda agreTve zemoT ganxilulimovlenebi, ramac saboloo jamSi sabWoTa reJi-mi aiZula garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo. 1978wlidan saqarTveloSi gamosvlas iwyebs sapat-riarqos Jurnali `jvari vazisa~, romelicmarTlmadidebeli eklesiis ideebs gamoxatavdada sazogadoebas sakuTari eklesiis Sesaxeb in-formacias awvdida. `qarTveli xalxi am cxov-elmyofeli puriT (iglisxmeba qristianoba _n.s.) ikvebeboda pirveli saukunidan, am puris ma-dlma mogvaniWa yvela sikeTe, am puris madlmaaRaSena ierusalimis jvris monasteri, mcxeTisjvari, bolnisis sioni, aTonis iveriis monas-tris gasaocari kompleqsi, gelaTi da svetic-xoveli da bevri sxva. am puris cxovelmyofelmamadlma Camoiyvana saqarTveloSi andria pirvel-wodebuli, svimon kananeli da wminda nino, igivemadli ezideboda Cveni qveynidan sxva qveynebSiqarTvel berebsa da monazvnebs, raTa maT iqsxvebisaTvis eTqvaT `sityvai RvTisai.~ 60 amitomJurnali `Tavisuflebis tribuna~ 1974 wels qar-Tul sazogadoebas mouwodebda: `saWiroa mTeliqarTvelobis mobilizacia, yvela qarTvels kar-gad unda esmodes, rom sruliad saqarTvelos

60Teologiuri werilebi, I, sarwmunoeba, sasoeba,siyvaruli, Jurnali, `jvari vazisa~, 1980, #1, gv. 37

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marTlmadidebeli eklesia, amJamad, erTaderTierovnuli dawesebulebaa, romelic qarTvelieris TviTxelmwifebas ganapirobebs, swored am-itom Cveni dampyroblebis yuradReba mipyrobi-lia mis winaaRmdeg, swored amitom, mTeli qar-Tveloba unda aRsdges, rogorc erTi kaci misdasacavad. ar misces mters neba, arc misi fizi-kurad mospobis da arc misi damoukideblobisdakargvis.~61

1984 wels Jurnali `guSagi~ aRniSnavda: `iu-ridiulad Cveni eklesia, raTqmaunda gamoyofi-lia saqarTvelosagan, magram erisagan is gamo-yofili araa da arc SeiZleba, rom iyos. piri-qiT, is unda iyos eris saukeTeso Svilebis Tav-mosayreli, is win unda miuZRodes ers, aswavli-des mas, sulierad amdidrebdes da amaRlebdes.

eri da eklesia ara marto mwvaved ganicdiseris tkivilebs, aramed kidevac mkurnalobs maT.Cveni eklesia arasodes ar yofila mowyvetilierisagan, kidev meti, eri ibrZoda eklesiisaTvis,sarwmunoebisaTvis.~62

Jurnali `jvari vazisa~ agrZelebda mowod-ebebs erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRorZinebisaTvis:`ar SegviZlia daviviwyoT, rom Cvenma kacTmoy-vare erma mZime tanjva gamoiara... rogorc kun-Zuls, mRvrie talRebi did mdinarisa, ise mud-mivad gvadga irgvliv uricxvi mteri... Cveni wal-ekva undoda sibnelisa da urwmunoebis mZvinvaretalRebs. Cveni eri zRapruli ZaliTa da energi-

61 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mdgomareoba,Jurnali, `Tavisuflebis tribuna~, 1974, #6, gv. 762 iveriis eklesiis moraluri krizisi, Jurnali, `guSagi~,1984, #4, gv. 19

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iT ebrZoda mudam mterTa urdoebs... pirvelyov-lisa Cvens xalxs swyuroda ara mxolod TavisgadarCena, aramed gadarCena im didi madlisa,romelic qristes wminda kvarTs, mociqulTa ammobrZanebas da RvTismSoblis mier qalwul ni-noze boZebul vazis jvars Semohyva CvenSi. Cve-nma erovnulma sulma qristianobis miRebis Sem-deg ise Seiyvara mxolodSobili Ze RvTisa, romdaunaneblad vswiravdiT Tavs Cvens qveyanaSiqristianobis gadasarCenad... da Cven SevinarCu-neT qristianoba saqarTveloSi, da misi madliTSevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba da erovnuli Cvenisicocxle.

cnobilia, rom yvela xalxebi, romlebmac kiqristianoba miiRes da Seiyvares, isini daadgnensulieri kulturis ayvavebis gzas. qarTvelxalxs ki qristianulma madlma gacilebiT metimoutana, vidre sulieri kulturis ayvavebaa,qristianobis gareSe Cven rogorc TviTmyofieri ver viqnebodiT, movkvdebodiT... maSasadame,qristianobam mogvaniWa gadarCena, SegvinarCunaerovnuli sococxle da Tavisufleba.~63

sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeb brZolaSi erT-erTi mTavari iaraRi erovnuli cnobierebis Se-narCuneba da ganviTareba iyo. aRniSnuli miznismisaRwevad ki erTaderT gamosavals ideologi-uri brZola warmoadgenda. qarTuli emigraciiswarmomadgenlebi evropidan da erovnulad moaz-rovne inteligencia saqarTveloSi mizanmimar-Tulad cdilobda yvela Rone exmara, raTa qar-Tveloba erTiani yofiliyo codnis saSualebiT.

63 saSobao epistole, Jurnali, `jvari vazisa~, 1980, #2, gv.5

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SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis SeuZleblobis piro-bebSi, ise rogorc xdeboda XIX saukunis II na-xevridan moyolebuli, rodesac erovnulad moa-zrovne nawili gadavida brZolis axal forme-bze, kulturiT, codniT da erTianobiT moepove-bina saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, daaxloebiT as-eTive damokidebuleba Cans XX saukunis 40-ianiwlebidan saqarTveloSi.Eerovnulad moazrovneqarTvelTa nawili qarTul sazogadoebas mudmi-vad mouwodebda saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mo-povebisTvis brZolisken. o. zaldastaniSvili1960 wels qarTvelobas mouwodebda: `Cven yvelamiviswrafviT erovnuli Tavisuflebisaken, mag-ram me ara var darwmunebuli, rom yvelas erTn-airad gvesmis da erTnairad vcnobT mis Tvise-bebs da moTxovnilebebis saWiroebas. zogi Cven-gani TavisuflebaSi xedavs upirveles yovlisapolitikur gancxadebas, romlis azriT saxelm-wifo win unda idges, vidre kultura... Cven gvi-nda viyoT Tavisufali da TviTon unda ganvsaz-RvroT Cveni momavali da, ufro adamianuri dasafuZvliania, Cven gvinda viyoT pasuxismgebelimonawile cxovrebis gignaturi msvlelobisa.Cven am uflebas vTxoulobT Cveni erovnuli pi-rovnebis Semowmebis gamo. Cveni rasa, Cveni kul-tura, Cveni ena, Cveni religia, Cveni socialuristruqtura, yvela es ganuyreli nawilebia Zli-eri saxelmwifosi, romelic memkvidreobiT Cagv-barda. Cven unda viamayoT, rom miuxedavad ric-xobrivi simcirisa, SevZeliT da mravali sauku-neebis manZilze SemovinaxeT Cveni erovnulipirovneba.Mmagram dRes srulebiTac ar kmara ve-ZioT politikuri Tavisuflebis wlebi, rode-

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sac erovnuli TviTarsebobis safuZvlebia saf-rTxeSi. Cveni valia swored mas mivaqcioT yu-radReba da is davicvaT.~64

1960 wels `qarTul azrSi~ dabeWdil stati-aSi o. zaldastaniSvili aRniSnavda: `Cven undaSevimecnoT, rom Tavisuflebisaken mimavali gzagrZelia da yoveli nabijiT aRvadginoT da dav-arwmunoT msoflio azri, rom saqarTvelos ara-sodes ar Seuwyvetia Tavisi erovnuli cxovreba.mxolod man droebiT dakarga politikuri Tavi-sufleba, magram is darCa fxizeli Tavis saguS-agoze da ganagrZobs Sinagan arsebobas, rogorceri da rodesac dro daudgeba is kvlav daika-vebs Tavis kuTvnil adgils Tavisufal msofli-oSi.~65

`saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelma erma Se-qmna yvela is piroba da Zlieri saZirkveli, ro-melzec saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba undadaSendes. rogorc yovel damoukidebel ers, sa-qarTvelosac aqvs erovnul-politikuri Tavis-uflebis ufleba, radgan misma mosaxleobam da-amtkica saxelmwifo mSeneblobis unari, SesaZ-lebelia ufro metad, vidre sxvebma gamoamJRa-vnes, raTa moipovon an SeinarCunon Tavisufalicxovreba. Ees iseTi faqtia, romelsac qarTvelers veravin Seecileba da amis aRniSvna da game-oreba iqamde unda xdebodes, vidre is sasurvelSedegs ar moitans.~66

64 d. SalikaSvili, gazeTi, `qarTuli azri~, 1960, #38, gv. 265 iqve, gv. 366 sityva warmoTqmuli a. S. S-Si arsebuli qarTulisaTvistomos meTauris, dok. o zaldastaniSvilis miersaqarTvelos damoukideblobis 41-e wlis Tavis

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giorgi kereseliZe Jurnal `bedi qarTlisa-Si~ werda: `ram Sehqmna Cven winaparTa suli?

riT aixsneba is saocari movlena, rom miuxe-davad uTvalav ngrevebisa, auwereli wamebisa,tanjvisa da Jletisa, velurTa Tu SedarebiTkulturosan xalxebisa an da didi imperiebisxSirad xangrZlivi batonobisa, saqarTvelo sik-vdils gadaurCa, yoveli gansacdelisagan gamar-jvebuli gamovida da udidesi saunje Tvisi,rjuli qristesi, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Seur-yevlad daicva?

pasuxi erTaderTia: qarTvelTa Zlieri, ute-xi suliT da es suli iesom aRzarda da gaafo-lada... ers Tu ideali ara aqvs, Tu sulieradZlieri ar aris, marto materialuri simdidreda fizikuri Zliereba mas xangrZliv ver asul-dgmulebs. da raoden ufro maRalia es ideali,imdenad ufro Zlieria suli imisa, vinc mas dae-wafa. TxuTmeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTvel-Ta Taobebi srulis SegnebiT, Tavisufali nebis-yofiT, iesos rjuls msxverplad ewirebodnen.risTvis? ra misca qristem qarTvel ers?

uzenaesi morali, erovnuli saxe da Zlier-eba sulisa erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis sabr-Zolvelad.~67

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda saqa-rTvelos erovnuli sabWo, romelic iyo saqarT-velos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis organosazRvargareT. `saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo

aRsaniSnavad sazeimo krebaze, gazeTi, `qarTuli azri~,1959, #33, gv. 267 giorgi kereseliZe, ieso qriste da qarTveli eri,werili meore, Jurnali, `bedi qarTlisa~, 1949, #4, gv. 12

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miznad isaxavda emuSava `saqarTvelos demokra-tiuli respublikis aRdgenisaTvis~. kerZod:

a) gaaerTianos da xelmZRvaneloba gauwiosucxoeTSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvismomqmed qarTul Zalebs da organizaciebs.

b) gaswios saTanado propaganda ucxoeTissazogadoebriv wreebSi.

g) gaacnos saqarTvelos sakiTxi da misi ax-landeli mdgomareoba sxvadasxva qveynis pasux-ismgebel pirebs da organizaciebs, raTa maT sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas mxari da-uWiron, roca maT winaSe es sakiTxi dadgeba.

d) gamosces beWdviTi organo, wignebi da sa-informacio furclebi qarTul da ucxo enebze.

e). saqmiani damokidebuleba, Tu kavSiri dai-Wiros yvela im saerTaSoriso organizaciebTanda im erebis warmomadgenlebTan, romelnic:

1. Uudavod scnoben qarTveli eris suveren-ul uflebas TviT ganagos Tavisi bedi;

2. aRiareben saerTod erTa TviTgamorkvevisuflebas urezervod.

3. ibrZvian sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRm-deg.

4. iZiebs nivTier saSualebas Tavis daniSnu-lebis gansaxorcieleblad.~68

qarTvel-amerikelTa ligam 1951 wels gaerTi-anebuli erebis organizaciis samdivnos gadascamemorandumi, sadac aRniSnulia: `Cven vTxovT ga-erTianebul erTa organizaciebs axsovdes mas,qarTveli xalxis ufleba, romelic vaJkacuradibrZoda Tavisi damoukideblobisaTvis warsul-

68 Jurnali, `mamuli~, 1951, #4, gv. 6

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Si da dResac ewinaaRmdegeba daCagvras.~ 69 amasgarda, ideologiur brZolasTan erTad adgilihqonda garkveul SeTqmulebebs. `1942 wels ganx-orcielda SeTqmuleba. amave xanebSi moZraobagaiSala TuSeTSi, rac samanelTa saxels, maTpolitikur saqmianobas ukvaSirdeba. politi-kuri jgufi `saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacviskomiteti~ Seqmna levan goTuam.

arsebobda saidumlo organizacia `saxTame-ka~ (saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolTakavSiri). politikuri jgufis Sedgena ukavSir-deba Mmustafa Selias saxelsac.~70 XX saukunis40-ian wlebSi `mTels TuSeTSi gaiSala winaaR-mdegobis moZraoba, rac `samanis~ (saqarTvelosayvavebisaTvis mebrZoli axalgazrda nacionali-stebi) saxeliT aris cnobili. iseve, rogorc1942 wlis SeTqmulebsa Tu saqarTvelos erov-nuli Tavdacvis komitets, samanelebsac _ daupirvelesad maT mTavar birTvs _ gadawyvetilihqondaT: Tu kavkasionis kalTebs momdgari ger-manelebi SemoiWrebodnen, daxvedrodnen ara ro-gorc imperiis ganapira mxares, ruseTis provin-ciis mkvidrni, aramed rogorc sruluflebianisaxelmwifos warmomadgenelni da molaparakebagaemarTaT _ iqneb qveyana rogorme exsnaT axalirbevisagan, Tu arada pirvelni TviTon dacemu-liyvnen miwaze.~71

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTvelTaerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba Semdegi

69 iqve, gv. 870 r. CxeiZe, dawyevlili Taoba (1942 wlis SeTquleba),Tbilisi, nakaduli, 1997, gv. 471 iqve, gv. 21

88

mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. 1. brZola SinaganiZalebis aRorZinebiT: es gamoixateboda, rogorcerovnuli cnobierebis aRmavlobiT da ganviTa-rebiT, agreTve saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopo-vebiT. 2. TiToeul socialur fenas Tu jgufsgacnobierebuli unda hqonoda sakuTari brZo-lis mimarTuleba da azri. magaliTi unda aeRosxva erebis brZolis istoriidan, magram mTava-ri da ZiriTadi moqmedeba qarTveli eris warsu-lis gamocdilebasa da individualuri brZolismeTodebze yofiliyo damokidebuli.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rog-orc ukve aRvniSne ucxo arasdros yofila saqa-rTvelosTvis. Tumca saukuneebis manZilze saSi-nao Tu sagareo gamowvevebidan gamomdinarebrZolis meTodebi icvleboda, Tumca idea ucv-leli rCeboda _ Tavisuflebis mopoveba.

sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSic qarTveli erisbrZola kvlav grZeldeba, Tumca formebi icvl-eba. Tu XX saukunis 20-ian wlebis saqarTvelos-Tvis SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi damaxasiaTe-belia, XX saukunis II naxevridan ideologiuribrZola ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, idea ki ucv-leli _ damoukideblobis aRdgena. `Tu ajanyebawarsulSi erTi didi iaraRTagani iyo ganTavis-uflebisa, gamarTlebuli da aucilebeli, mimdi-nare epoqis gzaze, mraval politikur movlena-Ta da faqtorTa zegavleniT da eris fizikurisxeulis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa ukarnaxebsmis ukidures saSualebisagan Tavis Sekavebas,romlis gamoyenebas SeuZlia kbilebamde Seiara-Rebuli mpyrobelis risxvam safrTxeSi Caagdosmisi midgmis arsebobac ki... magram es srulebiT

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ar niSnavs, erovnulad damonebuli eri, ama Tuim misaReb formebSi ar gamoxatavdes TavisRrma survilis cxovelmyofelobas. Eeri, rome-lic ar moqmedebs, ar moiTxovs, ama Tu im saxiTar aaSkaravebs miswrafebas TavisuflebisaTvis,mas aravin angariSs ar gauwevs, winaaRmdeg Se-mTxvevaSi ki, mis moTxovnilebas, brZolas daZa-buli yuradRebiT Tvalyurs adevnebs mteri damoyvare.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gze-bi mravalgvaria. udavoa, umTavres warmoadgenssakuTari erovnuli Zalebi da eris Sinauri so-cial-politikuri pirobebi, romelic droTacvalebadobaSi viTardebian, icvlebian.~72

qarTveli erisTvis brZola sabWoTa reJimiswinaaRmdeg metad rTuli gadasalaxi iyo, rad-gan sazogadoeba sxvadasxva gamowvevebis winaSeidga. erTi mxriT, sabWoTa xelisuflebas da me-ore mxriv, erovnulad moazrovne Zalebis ideo-logia, romlebic sakuTari ideebis danergvascdiloben sazogadoebis farTo fenebis cnobi-erebaSi. sabednierod, saqarTveloSi am ukanaskn-elma gaimarjva da erovnuli ideologia ganmsa-zRvreli gaxda qarTveli eris azrovnebaSi.aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaa, 1978 wlis da 1989wlis movlenebi.

`70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze erovnuli moZrao-bis avangardSi mowinave inteligenciis mier da-moZRvrili student axalgazrdoba idga, romel-sac universitetis presklubi warmoadgenda. Zi-

72 `Cv, dr~, Jurnali, `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84, gv. 2-3

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riTadi yuradReba gadatanili iyo istoriisada kulturis Zeglebis dacvasa da aRdgenaze.

axalgazrdoba Seupovrad ibrZoda garejisdidebuli samonastro kompleqsis gadasarCenad,romelsac saokupacio jarebis poligoni dang-revis saSiSroebas uqmnida.

totalitaruli sabWouri sistemis libera-lizaciam erovnul moZraobas gaaqtiurebis sa-Sualeba misca. saqarTveloSi am etapze erov-nuli moZraobis masobrioba dakavSirebulia il-ia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis, erovnuli damouki-deblobis, erovnul-demokratiuli da respubli-kuri partiebis moRvaweobasTan.~73

1990 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli kongresimiiCnevda, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenis gzaze saWiroa Semdegi umTav-resi nabijebis gadadgma. 1. saqarTvelos teri-toriidan sabWoTa saokupacio jarebis srulida upirobo gayvana. 2. 1921 wlis TebervalSi sa-qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mimarTsabWoTa ruseTis agresiis, okupaciisa da aneqsi-is Sedegad Seqmnili saxelmwifo, sazogadoebri-vi, sakanonmdeblo da samarTlebrivi struqtu-rebis sruli demontaJi. 3. saqarTvelos konsti-tuciis safuZvelze damoukideblobis aRdgenada eris nebaze dayrdnobiT sazogadoebriv-po-litikuri wyobis gansazRvra.74

73 a. sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos politikuri portreti,Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 22774 Jurnali, `guSagi~, 1990, #23, gv. 68

91

meore Tavi

qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweobasaerTaSoriso asparezzeXX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi

yvela epoqas Tavisi ideologia gaaCnia daepoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdinare xSirad icvl-eba ideebi da sistemebi. XX saukunis ideologi-ebs Soris sabWoTa reJimis mTavari amosavaliidea komunizmi erT-erT mZlavr da damkvidreb-ul formas warmoadgenda, romlis ZiriTadi mi-zani axali sistemis daqvemdebarebaSi sxvadas-xva saxelmwifoebis gawevrianeba iyo. marTalia,es yovelive martivad misaRwev saSualebas arwarmoadgenda, magram sabWoTa xelisuflebis wa-rmomadgenlebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen esyvelaferi realobad eqciaT.

ruseTi, romelic XIX saukuneSi `evropis Ja-ndarmad~ ixsenieboda da romelic TurqeTis dairanis winaaRmdeg warmoebul yvela omSi gamar-jvebuli gamovida, male gauCnda ambicia evropa-Sic sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebina. XIX sauku-nis II naxevarSi, batonymobis gauqmebis SemdegruseTSi gavrcelebas iwyebs socializmis ideo-logia. aRniSnuli ideologiis warmomadgenleb-ad gvevlinebian social-demokratebi, romlebicmoRvaweobdnen rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTve-loSic. swored am gaerTianebis, SemdegSi ukvepartiis wiaRSi Camoyalibdnen menSevikebi da bo-lSevikebi. es ukanasknelni ki sabWoTa xelisuf-lebis Camomyaliblebi da fuZemdeblebi gaxdnen.

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1. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba socializmis,rogorc ideologiis Camoyalibeba da aRmavlo-ba?

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg sazogadoebaaxal garemoSi aRmoCnda, saukuneebis manZilzeCamoyalibebuli da damkvidrebuli sistema aRararsebobda, aucileblobas warmoadgenda axaliideologiis SemuSaveba, romelic sazogadoebisformirebas da homogenizacias Seuwyobda xels.feodalizmis da batonymobis alternativad ya-libdeba evropaSi kapitalizmi, ruseTSi _ kisocializmi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTve-lo imyofeboda am periodSi ruseTis daqvemdeb-arebaSi CvenTan damkvidrebas iwyebs socializ-mis ideologia, romlis mTavari warmomadgenle-bi iyvnen social-demokratebi. rogorc ukve aRv-niSne, social-demokratma bolSevikebma xeliSeuwyes sabWoTa xelisuflebis damkvidrebas dagaZlierebas.

2. ra garemoebebma iqonia gavlena sabWoTaruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobaze?

1. a) rogorc ukve aRvniSne da rogorc cno-bilia jer mefis ruseTis da Semdeg sabWoTaruseTis dros xelisufalTa mTavar amosavalmizans warmoadgenda kavkasiis da maT Soris ko-nkretulad saqarTvelos sruli damorCileba.mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mefis ruseTimizanmimarTulad cdilobda sakuTari Zalauf-lebis ganmtkicebas saqarTveloSi da amisTvisar erideboda Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebas.117 wlis manZilze ruseTma moaxerxa da saku-Tari gavlenis qveS moaqcia qarTuli saxelmwi-fo, romelic daimorCila ara mxolod politi-

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kuri, aramed religiuri, kulturuli kuTxiTac.avtokefaliagauqmebuli qarTuli samRvdeloebaxelfexSekruli aRmoCnda da miuxedavad winaaR-mdegobisa, ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTuli mar-Tlmadidebeli eklesia rus egzarqosebs Caaba-ra. erTi sityviT, ruseTis xelisuflebam yvelaRones mimarTa, raTa qarTuli sazogadoeba ero-vnuli cnobierebis SesustebiT da saxelmwifoe-briobis gauqmebiT sakuTari gavlenis qveS moeq-cia.

verc saqarTvelos samwlianma damoukideb-lobam gamoiRo Sedegi da mcdelobisda miu-xedavad 1921 wlidan ukve sabWoTa ruseTis da-qvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, romruseTis 117 wlis mmarTvelobidan gamomdinaresafuZveli ukve Seqmnili iyo da saqarTvelokvlav axali problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda.

b) aqve SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, rogoria sa-erTaSoriso viTareba da ras akeTeben dasavle-Tis saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa ruseTis agresiisSesaCereblad. pirvel rigSi SeiZleba iTqvas,rom istoria meordeba da rogorc xSir Sem-TxvevaSi xdeba xolme saqarTvelo marto aRmo-Cnda amjerad ukve sabWoTa ruseTis pirispir.saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis naklad unda CaiTv-alos is faqti, rom jer kidev 1920 wels saqar-Tvelo ar miiRes erTa ligis wevrad. SesaZloa,erTa ligaSi miRebas raime qmediTi nabijebiarc mohyoloda saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi,Tumca is faqti, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifo-ebis umravlesoba gulgrilobas iCenda Cveniqveynis mimarT am magaliTidanac naTlad gamoCn-da.

94

aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTs gza xsnili hqon-da da isic SeCerebas ar apirebda. `evropis Jan-darmi~ ukve kavkasiaSi axali ideologiiT, axa-li ZalebiT poziciebis ganmtkicebas iwyebs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTveli emigrante-bis brZola Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis grZ-eldeba emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdegac.

rogorc vxedavT, dasavluri saxelmwifoebisdamokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT araerTgva-rovania. bunebrivia, iluzia iqneboda qarTuliemigraciis warmomadgenlebs evropis mxridan ab-solutur daxmarebaze efiqra, Tumca molodiniTavidan mainc meti iyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom Ti-Toeuli saxelmwifos amosavali principi sakuT-ari qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvaa, Tumca qar-Tuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs cda ar dau-kliaT maTi mxridan yuradRebis misapyrobad dadaxmarebis mosapoveblad. bunebrivia, qarTulipolitikuri elitis mizani saqarTvelos damou-kidebloba da Tavisufleba iyo, Tumca nel-nelaisic kargad gaacnobieres ra daxmarebis aRmo-Cenis survili Tu SesaZlebloba gaaCnda evro-pas. bunebrivia, ar iqneboda swori dasavleTismimarT zedmetad gadaWarbebuli molodini hqon-oda qarTul emigracias, miT umetes im fonze,rodesac saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba metismetaddaZabuli iyo da TiToeuli saxelmwifo sakuTa-ri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis farglebSi Za-lauflebis SenarCunebas cdilobda.

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi radikaluri na-bijebis gadadgmas is faqtic abrkolebda, romdasavluri sazogadoeba naklebad iyo informi-rebuli saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos Ses-

95

axeb, rasac ganapirobebda, rogorc qarTuli ku-lturuli da politikuri elitis SesaZleblo-bis nakleboba saerTaSoriso asparezze gaetanasaqarTvelos saxeli, agreTve amas emateboda sa-bWoTa ruseTis gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba mso-flio sazogadoebis TvalSi saqarTvelo mis Se-madgenel nawilad warmoedgina da daerwmunebi-na yvela sakuTari moqmedebebis legitimuroba-Si. amas naTlad adasturebs saelCos mdivnissosi-petre asaTianis werili gagzavnili pari-zidan genuaSi akaki Cxenkelisadmi 1922 wlis 27aprils: `grenars velaparake guSin telefoniTsagareo saministroSi (Tqven iciT, rom is ga-nagebs ruseTis Sesaxeb informaciis saqmes daTu gaxsovT perreti mudam imasTan gvagzavnida)rom gamego Tu rame cnobebi hqonda am ukana-skneli ambebis Sesaxeb CvenSi _ gamoirkva, rommaT araviTari, arc oficialuri da arc kerZo,garda imisa, rasac gazeTSi ar kiTxuloben, arqoniaT. danarCen sakiTxebze maTTan laparaki,gansakuTrebiT exla, sruliad metia, maT arafe-ri ar axsovT garda germaniisa da reparaciisa_ saerTod yvela Tavis ojaxis gadarCenaze fiq-robs da Cveni tragedia maTTvis ubralo simpa-tiis gamomwvevi sagania da meti araferi. CvenigadarCena isev Signidan da raime SemTxveviTisaerTaSoriso kombinaciidan Tu SeiZleba _ dan-arCeni yvelaferi fuWia _ jerjerobiT CvenTvisxelsayrelia konferenciis arevdareva _ ToremTu Serigdnen maSin Cveni saqme cudad iqneba, ra-dganac politikur-ekonomikurma eqilibrma simp-atiebi ar icis da RmerTma icis am eqilibrisaRsadgenad sad migvakraven da vis gadaaylapvie-

96

ben Cvens Tavs. Aam eqilibris wyalobiT iyo, romCvenze xuTmetjer meti poloneTi samjer gaiy-ves...~75

sosi-petre asaTiani amave wlis 2 maiss ugza-vnis werils akaki Cxenkels, sadac igi aRniS-navs: `pirvel maiss gareSe saqmeTa ministrTanerTad vinaxuleT b. perreti-de-la-roka _ Cveniambebis Sesaxeb, rogorc winad gwerdiT maT ara-viTari cnobebi ar aqvT, arc kerZo da arc ofi-cialuri _ Cven gavacaniT ukanaskneli telegra-mis Sinaarsi da ganumarteT, rom moTminebidangamosuli xalxi mouwodeblad adga da iaraRiTebrZvis dampryoblebs, ramodenime provinciebiukve Tavisufalia.

... Cvens SekiTxvaze _ SeiZleba Tu ara Cvensxalxs raime daxmareba eqnes Tqo _ man veraferiver gviTxra garda imisa, rom Cveni simpatia di-di aqvT da sruli instruqciebi da memuari, ro-gorc is SegpirdaT Tqven, gaugzavnia delegaci-isaTvis. ...gareSe saqmeTa ministrma sakmaod gan-umarta Tu ramdenad gansacdelSia dRes CvenisakiTxi da rom Tanaxmad kanis rezoluciisa mo-mentic aris Cvens sakiTxsac Seexono, man aRgvi-Tqva, rom yvela nalaparakevs gadascemda mTavr-obis Tavmjdomares.~76

SedarebiT damaimedebeli iyo evgeni gegeWko-ris Sexvedra safran-geTis prezidentTan puanka-resTan. Ees faqti kargad aris aRwerili evgenigegeWkoris werilSi akaki Cxenkelisadmi, rome-lic gagzavnilia 1922 wlis 11 maiss: `puankaremguldasmiT momismina da TviTonac bevri gvela-

75 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #62, furc. 4-576iqve, furc. 6-7

97

paraka. sul audienciam 35 wuTi gastana. zedmet-ad mimaCnia imis gadmocema dawvrilebiT Tu mera uTxari mas, radganac Sen TviT ici, Tu rasvetyodiT. sainteresoa misi naTqvami. Tavdapirve-lad man gvamcno, rom genuidan 8 marts depeSiTmiiRo cnoba, TiTqos inglisis delegacias miu-cia winadadeba frangebisaTvis daeSvaT konfer-enciaze saqarTvelos sabWoTa delegacia; romman puankarem, kategoriuli uari SeuTvala ama-

ze da am poziciaze apirebs igi darCenas. Pactnon aggression –Si Cveni Setanis Sesaxeb igi Cvensazrs ar iziarebs: mas gonia, rom es CvenTvis ma-vnebeli da sariskoa, _ vinaidan Tu erTxel da-vSordiT ama Tu im saxiT kanis gadawyvetilebas,Semdeg obieqturad Zneli iqneba SeCereba da TuSeiZleba SevtopoT iseT morevSi, saidanac amoZ-roma SeuZlebeli gaxdebao. Cven ganmartebaze,rom an ruseTis sazRvrebis aRniSvnis dros, ansxva momentSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba sruliad arSeexon amierkavkasias, sazogadod da kerZodsaqarTvelos, anu ruseTis sazRvrebis ar aRni-Svna da ise ki misi moxsenieba, swored es arissaSiSari da miuRebeli CvenTvis. ... me ise ga-numarte rogorc damaxasiaTebeli momenti, romTviT bolSevikebi ver grZnoben TavianT Tavsuzrunvelyofilad CvenSi, Tu energiulad mou-WireT xeli, SesaZloa saqarTvelodan jarebigaayvanio-Tqva. miTxra, delegacias SeuTvli mo-sinjon am mxriv niadagi, gamoarkvion ramdenadseriozulia es garemoebao. Kkargad moewyo, romes cnoba misi naxvis dRes mogvivida. YyovladdauSvebeli iqneboda es misTvis ar gvecnobebi-na. Tqvenc kargi gadawyvetileba migiRiaT fra-

98

ngebs es ar daumaloT. SesaZloa puankarem dapi-reba ar Seasrulos, aqedan ar acnobos es dele-gacias, amitom Tqven iq unda uTxraT magaT. Cemimisi naxvis mTavari sagani iyo, gamomerkvia, Tudadga iseTi momenti, roca safrangeTi aSkaradxedavs saiT aris axla ruseTi, Tu is, safrange-Ti, axdens Tavisi Zalebis mobilizacias.

amitomac me sworad imiT daviwye, rom ga-daveci mokle angariSi imisa, Tu ra gakeTda sa-qarTveloSi am xnis ganmavlobaSi. erTi kia, romman guldasmiT gasinja sqema Cveni faruli sa-mxedro organizaciebisa, SemekiTxa detalebze,etyoboda amiT Zlier kmayofili darCa. osmale-Tis xelisSemSlel moRvaweobaze, TiTqmis dapi-rebac mogvca, rom is amas mxedvelobaSi mii-Rebs, roca saSualeba eqneba amaze iqoniebs mo-laparakebas. ise ki mTavar sakiTxze gadaWrilipasuxi ar moucia, es arc iyo mosalodneli.Cveni saerTo mdgomareoba exla aseTia. Cven omiar gvinda. vxedavT, rom Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebiemzadebian. Tu bekebma (bolSevikebi _ n.s.) aiResaSkara agresiuli xazi, Cven, rasakvirvelia,mxars davuWerT imaT, vizedac isini ieriSs mii-taneno. am SemTxvevisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, saqa-rTvelo angariSSi gvyavs da misma mTavrobam mu-Saoba unda ganagrZos. aSkaraa iaraRiT, Tu sxvariTac saWiro iqneba daxmarebas miiRebso. aqno-bamdis iqonieT Cemdami ndoba, rom ar dauSvebaraviTar komprometacias Tqveni saerTaSorisouflebisao.~77

77scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #63, furc. 3

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1921 wlis 17 aprils andria guguSvili lon-donidan ugzavnis Semdegi xasiaTis informaciasakaki Cxenkels: `aqauri mTavroba ramdenadac mevamCnev, Cvens sakiTxs didis TanagrZnobiT uy-urebs, Cveni damokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan damis axla sazRvargareT myof mTavrobasTan, ro-gorc uwinac, ise axlac megobruliao. Zalianaxlo momavalSi Cveni damoukideblobis aRdgenaSeuZleblad miaCniaT. jerjerobiT ajanyebis im-edi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mTel kavkasiaSiar aqvT. bolSevikebi am Jamad Zlierni arian daajanyebas male Caaqrobeno. amaT goniaT rom bo-lSevikebi ruseTSi kidev karga xans gaZleben,magaTi gadavardnis imedi, Tu ki TviT ruseTSisaerTo ajanyeba ar moxda ar aqvT. SesaZlebe-lia kavkasiis mezobelTa Soris aseTi ganwyobi-leba daarsdes, rom saqarTvelom SeZlos miTisargebloso. amaSi eseni gulisxmoben osmaleT-ruseTis damokidebulebas. amis Sesaxeb molapa-rakeba ramdenjerme mqonda lord kerzonisa daloid jorjis mdivnebTan. gareSe saqmeTa samini-strosTan me exla ukeTes damokidebulebaSivar, ufro meti pirebi gavicani da yvela kargadmepyroba, cnobebs, roca aqvT siamovnebiT maZ-leven. TviTon matyobineben cnobebs. yvela meki-Txeba Tu ra gegmebi aqvs Cvens mTavrobas da raimedebi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. amaTar ainteresebT Cveni sazrvargareT propagandisgegmebi. amaT ainteresebT adgilobriv saqarTve-loSi muSaobis gegmebi. datoveT Tu ara iq ra-

100

ime organizaciao. rogoria Tqveni partiis pozi-cia axlao.~78

1921 wlis 22 ivliss noe Jordania ugzavniswerils saqarTvelos social-demokratiul mu-SaTa partiis centralur komitets: `mTavrobamdaadgina sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa ricxvi mTa-vrobis xarjze ar unda aRematebodes 100-125kacs da es iseTebi unda yofiliyvnen, romelTacsaqarTveloSi daxvreta moelis. mravali darCa,magram mravali wamovida stambolSi, ase rom aqTavi moiyara 800-mde kacma, didi umravlesobaiseTi, romelsac arasodes saqme ar qonia arcpolitikasTan, arc omTan, Semdeg SeudeqiT amaTisev ukan dabrunebas, Cven aq ar gvesaWiroebausaqmo qarTveli.

axla ikiTxavT ueWvelia, ras vakeTebT Cvenaq. Cven aq dagvxvda moskovis mTavrobis miergavrcelebuli ambavi saqarTveloSi rusis jariar aris, araviTari omi ar yofila, ajanyebulmaxalxma gandevna menSevikuri mTavroba da airCiabolSevikebiso. amas ise utifrad da daJinebiTswerdnen, rom bevrs sjeroda. aq myofi Cveni am-xanagebi am gasaSterebel Wors ebrZodnen, rasa-kvirvelia unda giTxraT, rom aseT utifrobasda silaCres bolSevikebisgan ar movelodi. aqa-ur komunistur presaSi jer swerdnen wiTelijari miuaxlovda Tbiliss, aiRo Tfilisi dasxva. magram roca es imperialisturi Tavdasxmaar moewonaT, uceb Seabrunes fexi da sul wina-aRmdegi amtkices. gaimarTa polemika TiTqmisyvela qveyanaSi socialistur da bolSevikur

78 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #407, furc. 14

101

gazeTebs Soris Cveni sakiTxis garSemo _ e. i.marTalia rusis jarebi moqmedobs saqarTvelo-Si Tu qarTveli xalxis ajanyebaao? moskovismTavrobis oficialurma warmomadgenelma reko-nstruqtorebis konferenciaze venaSi savsebiTuaryo Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, ris Sedegi iyoam kiTxvis komisiaSi gadacema simarTlis gamo-saZieblad.

Cven CamosvlisTanave miviReT zomebi simar-Tlis dasadgenad da moskovis mTavrobis si-cruis gamosaaSkaraveblad. unda vTqva, rom ammizans Cven didebulad mivaRwieT.~79

1926 wels noe Jordania aRniSnavda samomav-lo miznebTan dakavSirebiT: `aris mizani sadRe-iso, saxvalio, samermiso: asevea taqtikac. mxol-od am sxvadasxvaobaSi unda iyos daculi erTo-ba, naTesaoba da Tanxmoba. es erTi jaWvia, rom-lis TiToeuli rgoli niSnavs gansakuTrebiTmoments movlenaTa seriisa, rasac rigrigobiTanxorcieleb. isini erTmaneTs gzas ukafaven daexmarebian.

ra aris Cveni mizani?sadReiso _ saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRd-

gena da demokratiuli wyobilebis damyareba.saxvalio _ klasTa gansxvavebis mospoba da

socializmis damkvidreba.~80

emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg karlo CxeiZe mi-marTavs saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli mu-SaTa partiis centralur komitets saqarTvelosTavisuflebisaTvis sabrZolvelad partiaTa gae-rTianebis Taobaze: `sazRvargareT didi xania

79 scsa, f. 2113, aRw. 1, saq. #31, furc. 4180 scsa, f. 2113, aRw. 1, saq. #133, furc. 23

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Sedga is azri, rom qarTveli xalxi da misi wa-rmomadgenelni da xelmZRvanelni gareTianebulida SeTanxmebuli arian saqarTvelos ganTavisu-flebis sakiTxSi, Cveni urTierToba da muSaobaunda iyos am erTianobis gamomxatveli, mTlianifrontis momaswavebeli da yoveli wuTas misidamadasturebeli. aq yoveli nabiji, romelicodnav zians moutans Cveni erTobis, mTlianobisSesaxeb Sedgenil azrs, unda moikveTos, rog-orc uaRresad mavnebeli saqarTvelos ganTa-visuflebis sakiTxisa da saqarTvelosTvis.~81

emigraciaSi wasvlis periodidan moyolebu-li qarTuli politikuri elitis warmomadgen-lebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen dasavleTis da-interesebas saqarTveloTi, mis gacnobas saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebis winaSe, misi saWiroebisgamokveTas da misi geopolitikuri mniSvnelob-is wina planze wamowevas. aRniSnulis saWiroebametad didi iyo, radgan dasavluri saxelmwifo-ebis warmodgena saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSipirvel rigSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier miwodebu-li informaciidan gamomdinareobda, es ukanask-neli ki bunebrivia yvela Rones xmarobda saku-Tari legitimurobis dasamtkiceblad.

qarTveli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs Sorismimoweridan naTlad irkveva maTi aqtiuroba sa-qarTvelos rogorc saxelmwifos gasacnobadsaerTaSoriso asparezze, ris saWiroebac namd-vilad aucilebeli iyo, radgan, rogorc ukveaRvniSne sabWoTa ruseTi maqsimalurad cdilob-da sakuTari uflebebis samarTlianobis damtki-

81 scsa, f. 2115, aRw. 1, saq. #47, furc. 1

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cebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi araswori informa-ciis miwodebasac ki ar erideboda dasavlurisaxelmwifoebisadmi. es pirvel rigSi ukavSird-eboda im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebadaerwmunebina mis mier ganxorcielebuli qme-debebis saWiroebaSi kavkasiasTan da kerZod, sa-qarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

ra meTodebs mimarTavda qarTuli politiku-ri emigracia aRniSnuli mdgomareobis Sesacv-lelad?

rogorc saarqivo masalebi, emigrantulipresa mowmobs qarTuli politikuri elitis wa-rmomadgenlebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen sakuTariuflebebis legitimacias, saqarTvelos saxelissaerTaSoriso asparezze gatanas, dasavlelipolitikosebis da ara marto, darwmunebas saqa-rTvelos damoukideblobis aucileblobaSi. esprocesi gansakuTrebuli gamomxatvelobiT gamo-irCeoda XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mimdinaresaerTaSoriso konferenciebze, Tumca aRniSnu-li qmedeba arc Semdgomi wlebis ganmavlobaSiSenelebula.

marTalia, qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgen-lebs Soris arsebobda garkveuli gansxvavebapolitikur msoflmxedvelobas Soris, Tumca mi-zani erTi iyo: dasavluri sazogadoebis darwm-uneba saerTaSoriso maTi mxardaWeris mosapove-blad. aRniSnuli qmedebis saWiroebas adastur-ebs giorgi maCablis mier gagzavnili weriliparizSi 1922 wlis 3 ianvars: `gansakuTrebuliyuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom Cveni mTa-vrobis da exlandel gabatonebulT Soris arisdidi gansxvaveba da nametnavad ZiriTad sakiTx-

104

Si Cveni mTavroba, garda imisa, rom igi arismrCeveli mTeli eris mier da amitom gamomxat-veli maTi survilisa, igi aris mebrZoli srulidamoukideblobisa am qveynisa im dros, rodesacexlandeli vaJ-batonebi arian ubralo agentebimoskovisa, daTareSoben mxolod rusis jarisdaxmarebiT da ruseTTan SeerTebis momxre ari-an. naTlad unda dainaxon evropis saxelmwifo-ebma, nametnavad inglisma es gansxvaveba. Toremaq Turme amboben: CvenTvis gana sul erTi araris, saqarTveloSi menSevikebi iqnebian, Tu bo-lSevikebio, maT Soris didi gansxvaveba ar ar-is.~ amaTi warmomadgeneli CvenSi amgvar moxsene-bebs awvdida (Tu exlac awvdis?) TavianT mTav-robas da Cven warsuls warmomadgenels aq bev-ri ar uzrunia es azri gaeqarwylebia. aq didigansxvaveba aris saWiro. am mxriv Cveni (manda-uri) informaciuli biuro arafers TiTqmis arakeTebs. ar gvaqvs inglisur enaze (garda Ramba-SiZis wignakisa) arc erTi broSura, saidanacSeeZlo ingliselebs warmodgena hqonoda Cvensqveyanaze. ar aris ruqebi, saidanac SeiZlebodaadvilad dagvenaxebina Tu ra didebuli geog-rafiuli alagi uWiravs Cvens qveyanas. amisTanaruqebi gvqonda Tavis droze berlinSi, axsniTda aRwerilobiT. ibeWdeba sqel-sqeli wignebioriode pirTaTvis da usaWiroesisaTvis ki ara-feri yuradReba ar aris miqceuli. mindoda ex-la zogierT mniSvnelovan pirTaTvis damerige-bina raime literatura da Cvens legaciaSi ve-raferi vera vnaxe gamosayenebeli. marto orio-de franguli sruliad umniSvnelo broSurebi.saWiroa am sakiTxs mieqces gansakuTrebuli yu-

105

radReba. unda daibeWdos patara wignaki inglis-ur enazed, sadac mokled unda iyves moyvanilisaqarTvelos aRweriloba da umTavresi nawiliki daTmobili saqarTvelos da saerTod kavkasi-is damoukideblobis mniSvnelobas. ramdenimeruqa unda ganmartavdes am azrs. es unda moxdesrac SeiZleba Cqara, vidre ruseTis da Cveni sak-iTxi sabolood gadawydebodes. kauckis broSu-riT propagandas ver gavwevT.~82

amave wlis 13 Tebervals akaki Cxenkelisadmigagzavnil werilSi giorgi maCabeli aRniSnavda:`am ramdenime dRis winaT 5 saaTi velaparakeCvens sakiTxzed bojiano-pikos, romelic iyo mo-skovSi gagzavnili italiis mTavrobis warmoma-dgenlad da romelic dabrunda iqidgan erTTvezed metia. igi iqneba agreTve genuaSi itali-is delegaciis wevrad. mis wasvlis winaT me masdidxans velaparake (Cemi kargi megobaria), ra-sac Tavis droze Tqvenc gatyobinebdiT. mosko-vis komunistebis saTvaleebiT Camosula. mTladmaT uWers mxars. veraferi argumentebi ver moqm-edoben. `TqvenTvisac (qarTvelisTvis) saukeTesogamosavalia ruseTis federaciaSi darCeTo~. ansulelia, Tumca ra SeiZleba iTqvas maszed, anbolSevikebma masac gamoatanes platinis qvabisaCuqrad. xuTi saaTis baasis Semdeg, rom veraf-ers gavxdi, vuTxari: kargad rom ar gicnobdeTmeTqi, megoneboda bolSevikebma mogisyidaT meT-qi. guSin xelmeored Semxvda da gakvriT miTxra:bolSevikebs jaris gayvanas saqarTvelodan numosTxovT, maT sWiriaT iq jarebi da arc gaiyva-

82 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #418, furc. 13-14

106

neno. mosTxoveT Tqveni damokideblobis ruseT-Tan damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba saerTaSori-so konferenciazedo.~83

1922 wlis ianvarSi kanSi miRebul iqna rezo-lucia, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelo ar miiw-vies genius konferenciaze. miuxedavad imisa,rom italiis da belgiis premierebma bonomim dateniurma mxari dauWires saqarTvelos genuiskonferenciaze daswrebas, amis winaaRmdeg wavi-da didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrilordi kerzoni, romelmac aRniSna, rom saqarT-velo aziaSi imyofeboda, aRniSnul konferenci-aze ki mxolod evropis saxelmwifoebi iyvnenmiwveuli.

genuis konferenciis momwvev anu mokavSiresaxelmwifoTa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, ita-lia, iaponia da belgia) pirvel delegatebs hqo-ndaT sxdoma, romelzedac ganxilul iqnen arm-owveul saxelmwifoTa gancxadebebi. am sxdoma-ze, garda Cveni delegaciis gancxadebisa, moxse-nebul iqna: saqarTvelos politikur partiaTamemorandumi da kaTalikos ambrosis werili ko-nferenciis saxelze. sxdomam daadastura kanisdadgenileba da dasZina, rom genuis konferen-ciaze ar SeiZleba daisvas iseTi kiTxvebi, rome-lic armowveul saxelmwifoebs exeba. xolo racSeexeba kiTxvas, aqvs Tu ara ufleba ruseTisdelegacias saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis sxvarespublikebis (azerbaijani, somxeTi) saxeliTilaparakos konferenciaze es gadaeca gansaxil-velad samandato komisias.84 saboloo jamSi sab-

83 iqve, furc. 1884scsa, 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #64, furc. 1

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WoTa ruseTs ar mieca ufleba saqarTvelos sa-xeliT gamosuliyo.

evropaSi saqarTvelos sagangebo elCis akakiCxenkelis moxsenebidan mTavrobisadmi, romelicgagzavnilia 1922 wlis 5 ivniss aRniSnulia: ar-is erTi mowamluli iaraRi, romelsac kremlisdiqtatorebi imarjveben da romelic uTuod ax-dens STabeWdilebas evropaSi. es gaxlavT maTimtkiceba TiTqos saqarTvelo sruliad damouki-debeli iyos da amis sademonstraciod mis saTa-veSi nominalurad qarTveli komisrebis yola.ruseTis delegacias erTxelac ar ganucxadebiagenuaSi, rom saqarTvelo Sedis ruseTis fede-raciaSi, piriqiT, is mas eZaxis mokavSire `resp-ublikas~.

unda iTqvas erTi ram, qarTvelma erma da mi-sma erTgulma Svilebma unda mixvdnen, rom ma-rto diplomatiiT qveynis xsna SeuZlebelia,arc icis aseTi magaliTi istoriam.85

jer kidev 1922 wlis 26 aprils, akaki Cxen-keli saqarTvelos mTavrobas saerTaSoriso gan-wyobasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelosTan mimar-TebaSi werda: `italiis oficialur da ufro kiaraoficialur wreebs Sefiqrianeba etyobaT ru-seTis mimarT da axla ufro yuradRebiT epyro-bian Cvens sakiTxs. dRes, magaliTad italiispresis warmomadgenelma kiTxva dausva saminist-ros warmomadgenels (yovel dRe TiToeuli de-legacia awvdis informacias Tavis presas), ro-gor uyurebT saqarTvelos kiTxvaso _ pasuxi:es kiTxva pirdapir ar udgas konferencias, mag-

85 scsa, 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #64, furc. 5

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ram gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTve-los statusi, rogorc Cvens mier cnobili, xel-uxlebeli unda darCeso. meores mxriT, senato-ri konti aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs kavka-siis sakiTxSi, mas mindobili aqvs misi damuSa-veba da is ki gvarwmunebs, rom sruliad Cvensmxarezea. aseve dainteresebuli arian zogierTideputati da TiTqmis mTeli presa Cvenda sasar-geblod. Sancers yoveldRe elaparakeba vinmeCvens Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, mTavroba araa jerkidev mTlad sando, magram sazogado azri Cvensmxarezea.~86safrangeTTan dakavSirebiT akaki Cxe-nkeli aRniSnavs: `ramdeni kargi SemTxveva gauS-ves frangebma xma amoeRoT Cvens Sesaxeb, pirobe-bic xels uwyobda, radgan TiTqmis yvela dele-gaciebi CiCerini besarabiaze Tavis pretenziebsacxadebda, bartus SeeZlo saqarTvelo exsene-bia. presis xalxi gasaqans ar aZlevs rakovskis,wamdauwum saqarTvelos magaliTs aCris. rusebi-saTvis memuari _ ultimatumi rom mzaddeba, Za-lian kargad SeeZloT frangebs exsenebiaT saqa-rTvelo pirveli muxlis ganxilvis dros. aqruminiis winadadebiT, CarTulia uzrunvelyofastatus qou territorial, saqarTvelo rom dakavebulia,es ar axsena aravin da ar moiTxova am usamarT-lobis gasworeba.~87

agreTve igi wers: `SemTxveviT vnaxeT rapal-os xelSekrulebis avtori, roca wereTlisaTv-is vizas viRebdiT diuseldorfSi gasamgzavreb-lad. man Tqva daaxloebiT Semdegi: saqarTvelo

86 scsa, f. 1831, aRw, saq. #61, furc. 987 iqve, furc. 12

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ar Sedis rapalos xelSekrulebaSi, magram vina-idan CiCerins aqvs mandati Tqveni qveynisa, Cven-Tvis sakmarisi iqneba notebis gacvla masTan,rom saqarTvelozec gavrceldes xelSekruleba,aseve iqneba ukrainis Sesaxeb, tyuilia TiTqosCven calke dagvedos xelSekruleba; Cven simpa-tia ar gvaklia TqvenTvis, magram angariSi undagavuwioT faqtiur mTavrobas, romelic ruseTisfederaciaSi grZnobs Tavs, Cven ar gavgzavniTTbilisSi elCs, iq gveyoleba mxolod genera-luri konsuli, Tqveni saelCo berlinSi warmoa-dgens gaxiznul mTavrobas, rogorc ruseTisZveli saelCoebi mokavSire qveynebSi, is ar Ca-iTvleba saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobad, Cvenmogvdis Tfilisidan cnobebi yovel 2-3 dRe daarafers gvweren ajanyebis Sesaxeb, es aris Camo-vida iqidan ruSeris coli da Tqva sruli siw-ynareao. bolos uxumria kidec Tavxedurad: zogpatara saxelmwifos uyvars Tavis markebi hqon-des, Tqvenc xom lamazi markebi gaqvT da SegiZ-liaT iqonioT ruseTis farglebSic.~88

saintereso informaciis Semcvelia saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiuriwarmomadgenlis konstantine gvarjalaZis Turq-eTis sagareo saqmeTa ministr refet faSasTanSexvedra. `k. gvarjalaZe: Tqveno aRmatebav! mewarmovadgen aq saqarTvelos im azrs, romelicsaqarTvelos damoukideblobis momxrea da Tav-gamodebiT icavs mas. Tqven albaT, mogexsenebaT,rom exla did cdaSi arian saqarTvelos damou-kideblobas sruliad mouRon bolo da is ruse-

88 iqve, furc. 16

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Tis ubralo provinciad gadaaqcion, rogorc esukanaskneli am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo. Cvengvgonia da Rrmad gvwams, rom osmaleTi dainte-resebulia _ misi mezobeli qveynebi, rogorc sa-qarTvelo da azerbaijani, iyvnen damoukidebeliqveynebi. qarTveli eri Seecdeba da yovel Ronesixmars, rom Tavi aravis daamonebios da darCesTavisufali. me maqvs instruqciebi Cemi mTavrob-isagan, viciT agreTve azri nacionalur komite-tisa, romelic aerTebs saqarTvelos damoukid-eblobisaTvis mebrZol yvela partiebs da ro-melic imyofeba TviT saqarTveloSi. me maqvs da-valebuli viqonio mWidro kontaqti osmaleTismTavrobasTan da osmaleTis sazogadoebriv az-rTan, yvelgan aq niadagi movamzado da miT saqa-rTvelos damoukideblobas mtkice niadagi Caeya-ros.

refet faSa: me gulwrfelad da energiuladunda gagicxadoT Tqven Semdegi: Cven vicaniT sa-qarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTic. Tu vinmesSeaqvs raime koreqtivi am qveynebis damoukideb-lobaSi es Cven ar gvexeba, maTi warmomadgene-lic (magaliTad abilovi) aris CvenSi da am qve-ynebs Cven vicnobT mxolod, rogorc damoukid-ebeli.~89

ruseTTan mimarTebaSi refet faSam aRniSnaSemdegi: `ruseTi dRes kidev gvWiria. man Cven be-vri dagvexmara. internacionaluri Cveni dRevan-deli mdgomareoba kidev gamourkvevelia da ampirobebSi ruseTs sifrTxiliT unda mopyroba.Cven Zlier kargad viciT, rom dRevandeli rus-

89 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #110, furc. 1-2

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eTi Zveli ruseTis imperialistur politikasganagrZobs. am mxriv mas kavkasiaSic unda Semoi-tanos cvlileba. magram me kidev erTxel garw-munebT Tqven, rom CvenTvis misaRebia mxoloddamoukidebeli saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da Tugindac somxeTi.~90

1922 wlis 29 noembers konstantine gvarja-laZe saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil we-rilSi agreTve aRniSnavs: `am sami Tvis winaTCven gavicaniT aq erTi qarTveli (baTumeli) xo-ja, romelsac maswavleblis adgili uWiravsstambulis erT udides jameSi. man Cvenze kargiSTabeWdileba moaxdina: qarTuli kargad icis,Tavi qarTvelad miaCnia da Cveni saqmisadmi didinteress iCens. mas yavs megobari, osmaleTis ja-ris polkovniki, tomiT afzaxi, afxazeTis dasaqarTvelos didi patrioti... xojam da polko-vnikma winadadeba mogvces Turqebis generalurStabis ufrosTan fevzi-faSasTan gavabamT kavS-irs Cveni saqmis gamoo. fevzi faSa Turme afxaz-polkovnikis skolis amxanagi yofila...

Sexvedrisas fevzi faSam aRniSna:...Cven gvinda damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, da-

moukidebeli kavkasia. magram exla CvenTvis samk-vdro-sasicocxlo momentia. jer kidev `sisxlSivcuravT~. ruseTi Zlier gvWiria sanam zavs miva-RwevT. dRes arafris gakeTeba ar SegviZlia Tqv-enTvis, ver CavidenT verafers, rac maTTan ganw-yobilebaSi xels SegviSlis. verc erT sabuTs,verc erT dokuments ver mivcemT xelSi. maTTanxelSekruleba gvaqvs, romlis ZaliTac unda mi-

90 iqve, furc. 3

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vceT maT isini, visac miuTiTeben Cvens terito-riaze, rogorc maT winaaRmdeg momuSaveebs. amasnu gvaqnebiebT, gadaimaleT. Cven araferi viciT,veraferSi dagexmarebiT, rogorc ki zavi Camova-rdeba, xelebi gagvexsneba...~91

1923 wlis 26 ianvars saqarTvelos diploma-tiuri warmomadgeneli konstantine gvarjalaZeakaki Cxenkels wers Semdegi Sinaarsis werilsstambolidan: `saqarTvelosTan exla kargi kavS-iri gvaqvs da yovel kvireulad maqvs maTTan mi-wer-mowera. aqedan maT egzavnebaT yovelgvaricnobebi Cvens muSaobis Sesaxeb. vugzavniT maTagreTve yovelgvar informacias evropis cxov-rebis yovel dargidan. iq aralegalurad gazeT-ebs scemen da am mxrivac sWiriaT masala. iwere-bian, rom yvelas gTxovT parizSi gamogzavnoTxSirad werilebi Cveni gamocemebisaTvis. aserom Cveni korespodencia arc ubralod iwyebada arc ubralod igzavneba. is dauyonebliv mid-is daniSnulebisamebr. mogvawodeT aseTi weri-lebi xSir-xSirad.

mivwere Cvenebs, rom gamoagzavninos erov-nuli centris mier xelmowerili dokumentiukanasknel ambebis Sesaxeb. Tu iyo rame ga-mosvlebi an saprotesto rezoluciebi, esec mo-viTxove. Tumca ara mgonia, rom rame yofiliyosiq. warmoudgeneli represiebi aris, arafers aR-ar eridebian. yovelgvar sababs eZeben, rom vinmedaiWiron da mere mas ruseTSi ukran Tavi. am-nair pirobebSi ki Znelad xdeba, rogorc Cansprotestebis gancxadeba.~92

91 iqve, furc. 7-892 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. 3113, furc. 6

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1926 wlis 20 seqtembers akaki Cxenkeli werswerils berlinSi diplomatiur warmomadgenelsvladimer axmetels: `didad pativcemulo vladi-mir, Tqveni werilebi miviRe dakavSirebiT imas-Tan, rasac Tqven iwerebiT germaniis wreebis ax-lad dainteresebis Sesaxeb, kavkasiis sakiTxeb-iT, unda giTxraT, rom amJamad amisaTvis gaci-lebiT ukeTesi niadagia. amis Tavdebia ori mniS-vnelovani movlena: germaniis erTa ligaSi dalokarnos ZalaSi Sesvla, erTis mxriT da po-litikuri krizisi ruseTSi, meores mxriT. bri-an-Strezemanis molaparakebidanac rom araferigamovides jer-jerobiT, evropis stabilizaciafaqtia, amas musolinis da mis mimyolTa seiteusp-runge veras daaklebs. am pirobebSi ruseTis kiT-xvis wesrigSi dasma bunebrivia, miT ufro iqdatrialebuli ambebi amas aCqareben. sayuradRe-boa isic, rom am bolo xanebSi TiTqos ikafavsgzas Segneba evropa-amerikaSi, rom ruseTi araaerTeriani saxelmwifo da, Tu moskovi veliko-rusiiT araa momzadebuli kulturuli cxovre-bisaTvis, iqauri erebi slavianebic ar arian, ek-onomiurad mTliania, satranzitoa da aqvs didisimdidreni. moskovi, rogorc iciT, kavkasiis`gayidviT~ lamobs umTavresad fulis Sovnas,jer marganeci, merme navTi da ase bolomdis; daes politika arapirdapir aCqarebs ucxoeTis yu-radRebas kavkasiaze, mis erebze. Tqven marTalixarT, kavkasiaze Tvali uWiravT germanelebs,sxvebsac ueWvelad evropaSi, amerikaSic. iq mo-laparakebac ki swarmoebs baqo-groznas `gayid-vis~ Sesaxeb. magram imave dros, roca xedven,rom moskovis xelisufleba rRvevis procesSia,

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zogni dacdas amjobineben SeTanxmebas. ai, ami-tom didaT unda gavacxoveloT Cven yvelam muS-aoba.~93

1927 wlis 6 maiss akaki Cxenkelis miweriliwerilidan vladimer axmetelisadmi vigebT Sem-deg informacias: `hofmanis misiis Sesaxeb lon-donSi, ori qarTveliTurT, Cven ufro dabejiTe-biT viciT, rom amas marTala hqonda adgili. sa-blinic xom saqarTvelos saxels farad iyene-bda. esec cxadia CvenTvis. da es xdeboda am ri-gaT: vinaidan sablini garkveuli iyo imaSi, ram-denad realurad Tvlidnen londonSi saqarTve-los Seurigeblobas moskovis `kavSirSi~ yofna-sTan, is gamodioda taqtikuri mosazrebiT, Cvenidamoukideblobis momxred da amas kidevac swer-da ruseTis yofil elCebs parizSi, maTi uxuce-sis girsis saSualebiT, rom saqarTvelos damo-ukideblobisaTvis inglisi xarjsac ki gaiRe-bso, da yovel amas ukavSirebda monarqistebismiswrafebas CaiTrion didi saxelmwifoebi bo-lSevizmis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebul brZolaSi.(sablinis miwer-mowera gasca maTma rwmunebulmaerT-erTma studentma). Tqven albaT mimxvdarixarT, rom inglisSi ar TanaugrZnoben marqsis-tebis miswrafebas da es im ubralo mizeziT,rom amaSi isini xedven Zveli mTliani ruseTisaRdgenas. ai, ratom eWivrebaT monarqistebs, romisini ar SeebrZolebian saqarTvelos aRdgenas,arc somxeTisas, xolo kavkasiis danarCen respu-blikebze, ise rogorc Turqistanze, ukrainaze,

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belorusiaze, isini uaryofiT poziciazedganan.~94

istoriis Sefasebis procesSi, bunebrivia au-cilebelia obieqturobis dacva da yovelgvarimikerZoebis gareSe movlenaTa Seswavla. rodes-ac sabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos SesaxebvwerT, bunebrivia, rTulia gverdi auaro imtragikul epizodebs, romelsac adgili hqondaCveni qveynis istoriaSi mTeli 70 wlis ganmav-lobaSi. obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom sab-WoTa reJimma Tavisi uaryofiTi daRi daamCniasaqarTvelos da qarTul sazogadoebas.

mainc ra iyo sabWoTa sistemis mTavari amo-savali principi?

bunebrivia, sabWoTa ruseTis moRvaweoba dasaerTaSoriso asparezze damkvidrebisaTvisbrZola mxolod 1921 wlidan ar dawyebula daam yovelives garkveuli Canasaxi ufro adre ga-aCnda, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tavidanve naTladgamoaCina Tavisi agresiuli saxe sabWoTa xeli-suflebam, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris Camoya-libebamde. is statusi, rac jer kidev mefis ru-seTma moipova, rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareosferoSi mas aZlevda imis saSualebas sakuTarisurvilis mixedviT emoqmeda da zogerT SemTxve-vaSi sxva saxelmwifoebisTvisac mieTiTebina raprincipiT earseba Tu ganviTarebuliyo.

ratom dauSva aSS-m Tu evropam sabWoTa ru-seTis agresoris rolSi gamoCena da damkvidre-ba?

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rTulia calsaxad pasuxis gacema Cvens mierdasmul kiTxvaze, Tumca faqti erTia, 1921 wli-dan moyolebuli 1991 wlamde sabWoTa xelisuf-leba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda msoflioSimimdinare procesebis aSlasa Tu daregulireba-Si.

rodesac aRniSnul sakiTxze vsaubrobT, xa-zi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom rodesac sa-bWoTa ruseTi gamodis asparezze aSS gansakuT-rebuli aqtiurobiT ar gamoirCeva, is jer kidevsruliad ar iyo gamosuli jeims monros miermiRebuli doqtrinis dacvisagan, marTalia aSS-sprezidenti vudro vilsoni aqtiurad cdilobsmimdinare movlenebis daregulirebaSi garkveu-li roli iTamaSos, Tumca misi pasiuroba da ke-rZod, pirveli msoflio omis daskvniT etapzeCarTva garkveulwilad misi pasiurobisken miuT-iTebs. Tumca, albaT ufro savaraudoa, aSS fexsnel-nela da mtkiced ikidebda. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi krizisuli iyo, rogorc evropisT-vis, romelsac pirveli msoflio omi axali ga-datanili hqonda mTeli simwvaviT, agreTve aSS-Tvis, sadac ekonomikuri krizisi mZlavrobda.

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos daiwyomeore msoflio omi da msofliosTvis komunizm-ze ufro saSiSi mteri faSisturi germania aR-moCnda. am yovelivem ki sabWoTa sistemis kidevufro met ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli.

sabWoTa sistemam saqarTvelos okupaciidanmoyolebuli gansakuTrebuli dartyma miayenasaqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias. sxvada-sxva meTodebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT sabWoTaxelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda dasaxuli

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miznis misaRwevad da avtokefaluri qarTulieklesiis dasustebas. 1923 wlis 25 maiss saqar-Tvelos socialisturi partiebis damoukideb-lobis komitetis mimarTvidan erTa ligisadmisaqarTveloSi mimdinare represiebis SewyvetaSidaxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb kargad Cans is si-tuacia, romelSic aRmoCnda saqarTvelo sabWo-Ta ruseTis mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg. gardafizikuri ganadgurebisa ruseTi spobs eris ku-lturas: enas, mwerlobas, mxatvrobas da yove-live Tavisufal Semoqmedebas. `ispoba da niav-deba saukunoebiT Seqmnili kulturuli naSTebi.saqarTveloSi ar gaismis ara Tu Tavisufalisityva da azri, morwmune xalxs locvac aRarSeuZlia: bolSevikurma ruseTma daangria dagaanadgura eklesia-monastrebi da morwmune xa-lxi sasowarkveTilebam moicva. ganukiTxavadarian Cayrili sardafebSi sarwmunoebis saukeT-eso warmomadgenelni. xalxis simdidres ita-ceben da iTviseben Semoseuli ucxo elementebi.wyvela wris da profesiis adamianebi avazaku-rad icarcveba. xalxis naoflariT okupantebigancxromaSi cxovroben. arc erT mSromels, arcerT mwarmoebels aRar ekuTvnis arc sicocxleda arc misi ofliT SeZenili dovlaTi, yvelaf-ers okupantebis xiStebiT itaceben. qalaqismcxovreblebi imdenad dabegrili arian, romukanasknel saojaxo nivTebs yidian rom gada-saxadebi gaasworon. aseTive mdgomareobaSiaglexoba, mTeli misi avladideba okupantebisgankargulebaSia da is suls Rafavs gaWirvebi-sagan. glexs, romelic ar aris momxre bolSe-vikebis, yvelaferi warTmeuli aqvs, saxlic da

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samuSao inventaric. warTmeuls urigebs Tavismomxreebs, aseTive uRlis qveS gminavs qarTvelimuSebi. cixeebSi erekebian asobiT samSoblodan.aZeveben yvelas, vinc Tavis qveynis moRalate araris da moZaladeTa momxre ar ar-is. okupantebisaSinel wamebas ayeneben muSebs da glexebs rommaT xelidan gamoglijon maTi reJimis mowonebada mxaris daWera. zogni ver uZleben meocesaukunis inkvizicias. qarTveli eri SegnebuladebrZvis Tavdamsxmels da icavs Tavis kulturasda damoukideblobas. erTa li-gisadmi momarTvaqarTveli erisaTvis aris erTi am saSualeba-Tagani. ganaTlebuli kacobriobis warmomadgen-lobav ismineT xma kulturul pata-ra erisa. eseri iJliteba fizikuraT. ispoba mi-si kultura,ingreva misi erovnuli kera.~95

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis po-pularizacias emsaxureboda miznad saqarTve-los umaRlesi saeklesio sabWos wevris, romSimTavrobis warmomadgenlis rafiel ivanicki-in-gilos moRvaweoba, rac kargad aris aRwerilimis mier akaki Cxenkelisadmi gagzavnil weri-lebSi 1927-1928 wlebSi. erT-erT mimarTvaSi aR-niSnulia: `... me mainc vsargeblob im garemoebiT,rom germanuli samRvdeloebis gavlena didiavatikanSi da masSi ki megulebian keTilismsur-velni da megobaric. am mxriv cdas ar aklebsvisbadeneli gavleniani benediqteli abbati grafgalen-i (benediq-telebi, rogorc liturgistebi,cnobili arian Tavisi simpatiuri ganwyobile-biT orientaluri eklesiisadmi. maTsave ordens

95 scsa, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saq. #114, furc. 7

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awindeli papis mier speciali mindobiloba aqvsmicemuli muSaobisa eklesiaTa daaxloebisaTv-is). germanelebi moqmedeben stats-sekretari kar-dinali gasparis saSualebiT (sxvaTa Soris am-aT gavlenas miaweren papis gankargulebas `aksi-on fransesis~ winaaRmdeg) _ upirvelesi idea,rac asuldgmulebs Cems saeklesio muSaobas sa-zRvargareT, aris saqarTvelos eklesiis popu-larizacia da SemiZlia Tamamad vTqva, rom rog-orc uwin germaniasa da avstriaSi, exlac aq _italiaSi _ zogi ram Cveni eklesiis sasargeb-lod gakeTda, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis TanamgrZ-nobTa ricxvi izrdeba, xolo am faqts udidesimniSvneloba aqvs saperspeqtivod. Zalian samwu-xaroa, rom jojoxeTur pirobebSi CayenebulniCveni eklesiis mmarTvelni praqtikulad mokleb-ulni arian saSualebas TviTonac gaaban kavSiriaqaur dawesebulebebTan.~96

1928 wlis 20 Tebervals rafiel ivanicki-ingilos mier gaigzavna werili romis papis sax-elze, sadac aRwerilia is mZime mdgomareoba,romelSic aRmoCnda saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseT-is mier okupaciis Semdeg: `... rom warmosadgenigaxdes mTeli saSineleba saqarTvelos eklesiismdgomareobisa, sakmarisia Tundac marto im faq-tis aRniSvna, rom saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semd-eg komunistebma ori pirveli wlis manZilze ga-auqmes 500-ze meti saydari, romelTa umetesobamaT mier Seginebul iqna, xelisuflebis speci-ali dekretiT eklesias warTmeuli aqvs uZravqonebaze mflobelobis ufleba. amas garda, kom-

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unistebma eklesiis moZravi Senobis eqspropri-aciac moaxdines `saeklesio ganZeulobaTa Camo-rTmevis~ saxiT. qarTul eklesias ayrili aqvsufleba sakuTari saswavleblebis gaxsnisa kul-tis msaxurTa mosamzadeblad, komunistur sko-lebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, swavlebis sistemadamyarebuli aris materialistur-aTeistur pri-ncipze da mozard Taobas sarwmunoebisadmimtroba da siZulvili energeba. komunisturi Za-lauflebis es ukanono moqmedebani da sazogad-oT maT mier gamowveuli cxovrebis uwesoebaniCamoTvlilia special memorandumSi, saqarTvel-os eklesiis meTaurma 1922 wlis jenovis (igu-lisxmeba genua _ n. s.) saerTaSoriso konferen-cias rom warudgina.

garna yovelive es ar iqmna kmasayofelad mi-Cneuli: komunisturi RvTismgmobeli xeli SeexogansakuTrebulad pativcemul cnobil sarwmuno-ebriv centrebsac, romlebic uZveles JamTaganwarmoadgendnen mTeli qarTveli xalxis uRrmessasoebisa da Tayvaniscemis sagans. maT aiklesda gaauqmes sxvaTaSoris ori umetesad gamoCeni-li monasteri: bodbisa (aRmosavleT saqarTvel-oSi), sadac asvenia cxedari saqarTvelos mociq-ulis wminda ninosi (338) da mowameTisa (dasav-leT saqarTveloSi); ukanasknelSi mTavrobis mi-er waqezebulma brbom Sebilwa gansasvenebelime-VIII saukuneSi arabTa mier wamebulTa argveT-elTa mTavarTa ZmaTa daviT da konstantine.~97

agreTve igi aRniSnavs: `saqarTvelos samefosTavisi mravalsaukunovani arsebobis ganmavloba-

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Si ganucdia araerTi sisxliani dRe ucxo to-mTa Semosevisa, magram aziis veluri brboebicki nebas aZlevdnen TavisTavs qarTvelTa sarw-munoebisa da eklesiis xelSexebas, dRevandelidampyroblebi ki mTels Tavis risxvas aqeTkenmimarTaven! gamZvinvarebul terors pirze saco-bi aukravs mwuxarebaSi STagdebuli da musrgav-lebuli saqarTvelos ubedur mosaxleTaTvis.garna sasomixdili kvnesa TanamemamuleTa gvad-ebs valdebulebas danaSTenT, romelnic am ter-oris pirdapir dakvras acdenilni varT, vamc-noT Tqveni uwmindesobis umaRles saydars esgaugoneli devna uZveles saqristiano eklesi-isa.~98

saqarTvelos saxelis saerTaSoriso aspar-ezze gatanis amsaxvelia simon mdivnis werilebivarSavidan noe Jordaniasa da akaki Cxenkelisa-dmi da andria guguSvilis werilebi londoni-dan agreTve akaki Cxenkelisadmi. 1930 wlis 5 se-qtembris simon mdivnis gzavnilSi saubaria Sem-deg sakiTxebze: `amJamad aq Cvens mdgomareobasfesvebi magari aqvs, Tumca rogorc yovelgvarmcenares xan didi sicxe da xan gamudmebuliwvima awuxebs, ise Cven mdgomareobas aqvs TavisiRrubliani dReebi da xan qariSxalis cud gav-lenas ganicdis. vin aris damnaSave? Cemi azriT,orive mxare, meti wili Cvenia.

1. Cveni megobrebi SiSoben, rom saqarTvelossocial-demokratia internacionalis da ruseT-is socialisturi partiebis zegavleniT ruseT-is orientacias ar dabruneboda. vin uwyobda am

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SiSs xels? Cveni opozicia, dauridebeli davaCven mokavSireebTan, veragoba zogierTi CvenimokavSireebisa da ruseTis socialisturi pre-sis ieriSebi social-demokratiis winaaRmdeg daamisda mixedviT SesaZlebloba ruseTis demokr-atiasTan SeTanxmebisa damoukideblobis daTmob-iT.

Cveni megobrebi moklebuli arian Cven Jur-nal-gazeTebs Tvalyuri adevnon. ar yavT sandoda qarTuli enis mcodne piri. yovelgvar Cvennawers masalas isini agroveben an Cveni opo-zicionerebis SemweobiT an kidev dro gamoS-vebiT rusul gazeTebis saSualebiT. Cven TavaderTxelac ar mogviwodebia Targmani im masali-sa, romelic Cven Jurnal gazeTebSi ibeWdeba daexeba internacionalSi da rusul socialisturda demokratiul partiebTan qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis brZolas.~99

1934 wlis 9 martis londonidan gagzavniliandria guguSvilis werilSi aRniSnulia: `pir-vel yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom aq, londonSi damiT umetes inglisSi saerTod, sazogadoebriviazri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb srulebiT ar arseb-obs.

saWiroa, maSasadame sazogadoebrivi azrisdamuSaveba.

sazogadoebrivi azris dasamuSaveblad auci-leblad saWiroa wesis an sazogadoebis daar-seba.

saWiroa daarsdes ori seriozuli sazoga-doeba, mniSvnelovan pirTa xelmZRvanelobiT,

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romelTa garSemo Zalas Semoikreben proqarTu-li da pro kavkasiuri elementebi.

erTi unda iqnes wminda literaturul-isto-riuli sazogadoeba da meore _ wminda politi-kuri.

literaturul-istoriuli sazogadoebis miz-ani iqneba gaacnos ingliss saqarTvelos isto-ria, literatura, kultura, erTi sityviT mTe-li misi sayuradRebo warsuli; misi Rirsebanida Rirebuleba, rogorc erisa da saxelmwifosi.

politikuri sazogadoebis mizani ki _ brZo-laa Cveni eris uflebaTa aRdgenisaTvis.

politikuri muSaoba rom savsebiT nayofieriiqnes saWiroa misi mtkice niadagze mtkice miz-niT dayeneba da vinaidan eseni aq Cven srulebiTar gvicnoben, ar ician ra araferi Cveni erov-nul-kulturuli Rirsebisa da moTxovnilebisa.aseT politikur muSaobas win unda uZRodeskulturuli muSaoba, sazogadoebrivi azrisdamzadeba.

mizanSewonilobisaTvis saWiroa pirveladliteraturul-istoriuli sazogadoeba daarsd-es da mxolod Semdeg, rodesac es sazogadoebafexs moidgams _ da amas ar unda moundes 6-12Tvis meti _ amave sazogadoebis wevrTa mier dainiciativiT politikuri sazogadoeba.

politikuri sazogadoebis daarseba dResacSeiZleba, rasakvirvelia, magram niadagis mosam-zadeblad amasac dasWirdeba kulturuli muSa-oba, saqarTvelos vinaobis axsna da sazogadoeb-rivi azris, vTqvaT, aRzrda. amitom ufro mizan-Sewonili iqneba am ori miznis gancalkeveba.

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ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli sazogado-ebis daarseba kidev imitom aris kargi, rom be-vria xalxi, romelic politikur sazogadoebaSiar Caewereba, magram kulturul sazogadoebaSiCaewereboda. kulturul sazogadoebaSi saqarT-velosTan ukve kargad gacnobili wevri, ra Tqmaunda, drois ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos poli-tikaSic dainteresdeba, amnairad bolos igicgaxdeba Cveni politikuri TanamgrZnobi.~100

XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi parizSi daarsda`Tavisufal qarTvelTa kavSiri~, romelsac Sem-degi gegma gaaCnda: `Tavisufal qarTvelTa kav-Sirs ara aqvs araviTari partiuli, jgufurixasiaTi: e. i. is miznad ar isaxavs eris Sinaganpolitikur da socialur wyobis sakitxebssurs:

1. misces saSualeba gaerTianebul muSaobisayovel ltolvil qarTvels, romelic erovnulsimaRleze dadgeba da saqarTvelos ganTavisuf-lebis sakiTxs mTavar miznad daisaxavs.

2. ruseTis mier dapyrobil erTa ltolvi-lebis ojaxSi Sesvla da gaerTianebul ZaliTerovnul uflebebis mopoveba.

3. saqarTvelos sakiTxis damuSaveba da dasmayovel im Zalebis da saxelmwifoebis winaSe,romlebic win gadaudgnen, an gadaudgebian ruse-Tis wiTel imperializms.

4. droisa da pirobebis SerCeviT saqarTve-los Sesaxeb memorandumebis SemuSaveba da war-dgena ama Tu im qveynis oficialur uwyebaTa,

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organizaciaTa, pasuxismgeb pirovnebaTa winaSeda saerTaSoriso dawesebulebaTa mimarT.

5. ucxoel mwerloba-presa-radio-sinemasTanmudmivi kavSiri da maTi saSualebiT erovnulisakiTxis gaSuqeba.

6. erovnuli Sinaarsis moxsenebebiT gamo-svla rogorc qarTul, ise ucxo sazogadoebaSida saerTod kulturul muSaobis warmoeba [ro-gorc: samSoblo sinamdvilis Seswavla, axalga-zrdobis movla da misi erovnuli momzadeba dasxva.].

7. mudmivi kavSiris Seqmna da ganzraxul mu-SaobaSi Cabma sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gadaxvewilqarTvel ltolvilebisa.

8. saxifaTo movlenebis SemTxvevaSi: emigra-ciaze zrunva misi fizikur da moralur gada-rCenis mizniT.~101

evropaSi Camoyalibebuli promeTeuli moZra-obis mTavari amosavali principi 1937-1938 wle-bSi Semdegi iyo: `promeTeuli moZraobis saerTofronti aris nacionaluri xasiaTis, raica aer-Tebs yvela Cagrul erebs. ideologiuri plat-forma aris damarRveveli da gamTiSveli eleme-nti. verc erTi eri da misi organizacia Tavzever moaxvevs meore ers reJims, es aris TviTe-uli ganmaTavisuflebeli eris saSinao saqme.Cveni Semwe da Tanamgzavria yvela im sferoebSi,vinc ebrZvis ruseTis mTlianobas da iTxovs Ca-grul erTa ganTavisuflebas, miuxedavad am sfe-roebis ideologiisa da reJimisa. kavkasiis kon-federaciuli sabWo agebulia ara marto nacio-

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nalur erTobaze, aramed amasTanave ideologi-ur erTobazedac, rac iyo miRebuli kavkasiispirvel konfederaciaze 1935 wels da gamoqveyne-bulia.~102

akaki Cxenkelis monacemebiT 1946 wlisTvisqarTvel emigrantTa raodenoba sazRvargareTase gamoiyureboda: 1. safrangeTSi _ 1500; 2. ger-maniaSi _ 500; 3. italiaSi _ 300; 4. inglisSi _100; 5. belgiaSi _ 70; 6. saberZneTSi _ 35; 7. ispa-niaSi _ 50; 8. TurqeTSi _ 20; 9. iranSi _ (Teiran-Si _ 100) _ 300; manjuriaSi (xarbini) _ 5000; sul:7. 475; arian gafantulad ltolvilni skandina-viaSi, SahaiSi da sxvagan.~103

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mesame Tavi

disidenturi moZraoba saqarTveloSi

qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveuli ad-gili ukavia disidenturi moZraobis Sefasebas.am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: igor kveselava, `saqarTve-los istoriis qronikebi (1970-1990), t. I~, 104 do-do WumburiZe, vaJa kiknaZe, xaTuna qoqraSvili,lela saraliZe, `saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTier-Toba XVIII-XXI saukuneebSi, wigni II~, 105 lelasa-raliZe, `saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSirismoRva-weobis istoriidan~, 106 o. TuSuraSvili, v.luar-sabiSvili, `qarTuli disidenturi moZrao-bis istoria~. 107 XX saukunis 70-iani wlebisdisiden-turi moZraobis gaSuqebas mieZRvnasaqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrossaarqivo moambis me-12 nomeri.108

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SinagansaqmeTa saministros arqivSi moviZieT dokumen-turi wyaroebi, romelTa analizi mniSvnelovanidaskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

104 i. kveselava, saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi (1970-1990), t. I, (Tbilisi, 2004).105 d. WumburiZe, v. kiknaZe, x. qoqraSvili, l. saraliZe,saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XVIII-XXI saukuneebSi,wigni II, (Tbilisi, 2016)106l. saraliZe, saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSirismoRvweobis istoriidan, krebuli, `axali da uaxlesiistoriis sakiTxebi, #1 (16), (Tbilisi, 2015)107 o. TuSuraSvili, v. luarsabiSvili. qarTulidisidenturi moZraobis istoria, (Tbilisi, 2016)108 Jurnali, saarqivo moambe, #12, 2012

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sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis manZilze sazo-gadoebisTvis ucxo arasdros yofila Zalado-bis gamovlineba da mTeli 1921-1991 wlebis manZi-lze mravali agresiuli meTodis gamoyenebisSedegad uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seewira sa-bWoTa represiebs.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, 1921 wels sabWoTaruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciam Cvens qvey-anas mravali problema moutana, romelic mTeliaRniSnuli wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda daSeiZleba iTqvas sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sem-degac sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi darCenili ma-vne Cveulebebi garkveuli formiT isev iCendaTavs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba garkveulinformaciul vakuumSi imyofeboda da iZulebu-li iyo moesmina da waekiTxa is, rasac sabWoTaxelisufleba sTavazobda iyo calkeuli gamov-linebebi, romlebic sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdegiyo mimarTuli. saqarTvelos magaliTze SesaZ-loa ganvixiloT 1924 wlis ajanyeba, romelicmarTalia damarcxda, Tumca sazogadoebis cno-bierebis formirebaze didi gavlena iqonia. esprocesi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba sab-WoTa ruseTsa da saqarTve-loSi disidenturimoZraobis CamoyalibebiT da aRmavlobiT.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,rodesac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraob-is warmomadgenlebma dasaxul mizans _ sabWoTareJimisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas vermiaRwies, Seiara-Rebul gamosvlebs aseTi masS-taburi adgili Semdgom periodSi aRar hqonia.Tumca, saqarTveloSi Tu mis farglebs gareT

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erovnulad moazrovne Zalebs brZola ar Seuw-yvetiaT. II msoflio omis da Semdeg periodSierovnuli moZraoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdada erovnul Zalebs saqarTvelos ganTavisufle-bis imedi gauCndaT.

aRniSnulis gamovlinebas warmoadgenda 1956wlis movlenebis fonze axalgazrdaTa jgufisgaaqtiureba. rogorc zviad gamsaxurdias Cveneb-idan irkveva: `... me Sevadgine da davbeWde sabeWdmanqanaze, qarTul enaze furclebi 7 cali er-Tidaigive Sinaarsis, romlebic iwyeboda mowo-debiT `qarTvelebo~ xom ar dagaviwydaT 9 mar-tis `sisxliani Rame~ da mTavrdeboda sityvebiT`gaumarjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos~ da gavavr-cele isini q. TbilisSi sxvadasxva adgilas.~ 109

kiTxvaze Tu ra mizeziT daiwyo antisabWoTafurclebis dabeWdva da gavrceleba, zviad gam-saxurdia pasuxobs: `Cems mier antisabWoTa fur-clebis Sedgenis da gavrcelebis mizezi Semde-gia:

1. Cemi azriT, ar sruldeboda da ar sruld-eba sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli leninuri principi mokavSire respubli-kebis uflebis Sesaxeb kavSiridan Tavisufaligasvlis.

2. 1956 wlis 9 marts momxdari ambebi qalaqTbilisSi.

3. vinaidan me mimaCnda, rom poloneTSi daungreTSi daRvril iqna udanaSaulo xalxissisxli da agreTve, ungreli xalxis brZolaTavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis Cvens

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presaSi gamocxadebuli iqna, rogorc faSisturibunti, da sxva mizezebi, romelTa gaxseneba amJa-mad ar SemiZlia.~110

aralegaluri jgufis erT-erTi warmomadge-neli vladimer (vova) sixaruliZe organizaciisSeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegs aRiarebda: `...saubris dros Cven SevexeT 1956 wlis 9 martismdgomareobas qalaq TbilisSi da gamovTqviTukmayofileba imis gamo, rom aRniSnul dRes 9marts sabWoTa jaris nawilebis mier daxociliiqmnen qarTveli axalgazrdebi, romlebsac CvenvTvlidiT udanaSaulod daxocilebs. Cven vfiq-robdiT, rom brZaneba srolisa jaris nawilebs,TiTqos misces maRlidan. yovelive zemoaRniSnu-lidan gamomdinare gamovTqviT Cveni ukmayofi-leba da mivediT im daskvnamde, rom Segveqmnaaralegaluri jgufi.~111

anatoli miqaZis da vladimer sayvareliZisdapirispirebis oqmidan vigebT Semdegs: `1953wlis zafxulSi i. b. stalinis gardacvalebisada berias dapatimrebis Semdeg Cven viyaviT raaxlo megobrebi: me _vladimer sixaruliZe, Ta-maz gunjua, zviad gamsaxurdia da anatoli miqa-Ze xSirad gamovTqvamdiT ukmayofilebas imis Se-saxeb, rom TiTqos stalinis sikvdi-lis Semdegmisi saxeli miviwyebuli iyo da beria ki TiT-qos usamarTlod iyo dapatimrebuli, yovelivezemoT aRniSnulis Semdeg zviad gamsaxurdiamTu anatoli miqaZem _ zustad ar maxsovs _ Cem-Tan saubarSi gamoTqves azri aralegalurijgufis Seqmnis Sesaxeb da miTxres, rom am jgu-

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fis mizani iqneba saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiri-dan gamoyofa. Cemi Tanxmobis Semdeg Cven Sevik-ribeT zviad gamsaxurdias saxlSi, sadac iyoTamaz gunjuac.

1953 welSi Cven CavatareT ori Tu sami ara-legaluri Sekreba, magram araviTari gadawyve-tilebani Cveni jgufis muSaobis irgvliv ar mi-gviRia. aRniSnuli Sekrebebis Semdeg, romelictardeboda zviad gamsaxurdias saxlSi Cven da-viSaleT da TiTqmis araferi ar gagvikeTebia1956 wlis 9 martis ambebamde. 1956 wlis zafx-ulSi _ ardadegebis dawyebis periodSi gamsa-xurdias iniciativiT Cven ganvaaxleT muSaoba,romelsac safuZvlad daedo qalaq TbilisSi1956 wlis 9 marts momxdari ambebi.~112

aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT axalgaz-rdaTa jgufis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ana-tol miqaZe dakiTxvisas Semdegnair Cvenebas iZ-leva: `jer kidev maSin, rodesac beria daapati-mres rogorc xalxis mteri, me da zogierT Cemsskolis amxanagebs, rogorebic arian: gamsaxur-dia zviadi konstantines Ze, gunjua Tamazi ta-rasis Ze, sixaruliZe vladimer (vova) vasilisZe, cercvaZe Temuri da kidev sxvebi, romlebicamJamad ar magondeba, ar gvjeroda misi danaSau-li da erTmaneTSi gamovTqvavdiT ukmayofilebassabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT, magram TandaTandavrwmundiT berias mavneblur moqmedebaSi daukmayofilebis gamoTqmac SevwyviteT. magram Ce-mi iniciativiT da winadadebiT Camoyalibda ara-legaluri organizacia, romelic miznad isaxav-

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da aralegalur muSaobas saqarTvelos damouki-deblobisaTvis.

...me ase mqonda gagebuli, rom qarTvelebi da-Cagrulia rusebisagan da Cemi mizani iyo qarT-veli eris ganTavisufleba am Cagvrisagan, racSesaZleblad mimaCnda saqarTvelos ruseTTangamoyofis saSualebiT. es iyo mizezi imisa, romCvens skolaSi davaarseT aralegaluri organi-zacia. pirvelad misi wevrebi viyaviT: me _ miqaZeanatoli abesalomis Ze, gamsaxurdia zviadi kon-stantines Ze, gunjua Tamazi tarasis Ze, sixaru-liZe valodia vasilis Ze.

...Cveni miznis sisruleSi moyvanisaTvis Cvengegmad visaxavdiT pirvel rigSi gagvefarToe-bina Cveni organizacia masSi axali wevrebis mi-Rebis gziT. amisTvis Cven unda gagvewia agitac-ia Cveni skolis im moswavleebisaTvis, romleb-sac Cven CavTvlidiT sandoT. praqtikul Ronis-Ziebad gvqonda agreTve dasaxuli Segvedgina an-tisabWoTa proklamaciebi da gagvevrcelebinaTbilisSi. proklamaciis Sinaarsi unda yofili-yo mimarTuli saqarTvelos damoukideblad ar-sebobisaTvis... garkveuli periodis Semdeg orga-nizaciaSi wevrebad miiRes: kostava merabi musi-kaluri skolis moswavle, doCanaSvili gurami47-e skolis IX klasis moswavle, cercvaZe Te-muri pirveli saSualo skolis IX klasis mos-wavle da metreveli jondo, igive cqmuna, 47-eskolis IX klasis moswavle.~113

Teimuraz cercvaZe dakiTxvisas aRniSnavda:`erT-erTi gza Cveni aralegaluri jgufis muSa-

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obisa, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvisbrZolaSi iyo antisabWoTa xasiaTis furclebisSedgena da gavrceleba, raTa gagvewia xalxSiagitacia arsebuli miznebis misaRwevad.~114

anatol miqaZe proklamaciebis gavrcelebas-Tan dakavSirebiT Semdeg Cvenebas iZleva: `...ga-vinawileT proklamaciebi da adgilebi vis sadunda gaekra. me, gamsaxurdiam, doCanaSvilma dasixaruliZem oTxi cali proklamacia gavakariT:kamos quCaze, velodromze da samxedro komisa-riatTan axlos. plexanovis prospeqtze samxed-ro saswavleblis win da qalaqis saavadmyofoswin `gorkis~ parkis SesasvlelTan. meore jguf-ma, romelSidac Sediodnen: gunjua, metreveli,cercvaZe da kostava miakres proklamaciebi ru-sTavelis moedanTan `saqSatroistros~ Senobas,griboedovis quCaze erT-erTi saxlis SesavalSi.mesame cali sad miakres ar vici.~115 proklamaci-is Sinaarsiis Sesaxeb igi aRniSnavda: `furcel-Si Cven movuwodebdiT qarTvel xalxs da mova-gonebdiT maT 1956 wlis 9 marts TbilisSi momx-dar mdgomareobas. movagonebdiT maT 1924 da1937 wlebs, rogorc qarTveli xalxis ganadgur-ebis wlebs, vwerdiT sanam unda gvqondes moxri-li qedi komunistebis qveS da miuTiTebdiT, romCvens winaprebs sisxli arasodes aravisTvis arSeurCeniaT. am furcelSi Cven vwerdiT, rom Ti-Tqosda mTeli Segnebuli kacobrioba aRSfoTe-bulia moskovis borotmoqmedebiT da rom dReswydeba TiTqos Cveni xalxis yofna ar yofnissakiTxi. miuTiTebdiT TiTqosda droa erTi

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droSis qveS gaerTianebis da dampyrobTa winaa-Rmdeg brZolisTvis. garda aRniSnulisa, CvenvwerdiT, rom TiTqos msoflio boboqrobs dadgeba kremlis jalaTebis gankiTxvis dRe, TiT-qos TbilisSi da budapeStSi maT mier daRvri-li sisxli samarTals iTxovs da rom TiTqosmaTi aRsasruli moaxloebulia. werilSi Zmursalams da Tanadgomas vucxadebdiT ungrelxalxs da vwerdiT, rom TiTqos yvela damonebu-li erisTvis iqces magaliTad ungrel xalxTamoqmedeba da mouwodebdiT qarTvelebs saqarT-velos damoukideblad arsebobis lozungis gan-xorcielebisaken da vwerdiT, Zirs rusi okupa-ntebi da moRalate qarTveli komunistebi. fur-cels vamTavrebdiT Semdegi warweriT: romelimoRalate amas Camoxsnis sikvdili ar ascde-ba!~116 amis paralelurad anatol miqaZem Camoaya-liba sofel marnSi aralegaluri antisabWoTaorganizacia, sadac xuTi pirovneba iyo gawevri-anebuli. maT mizans warmoadgenda gaevrcelebi-naT antisabWoTa furclebi, romlebic mouwo-debda qarTvel xalxs brZolisaken saqarTvel-os damoukideblobisaTvis.

rogorc Tamaz gunjuas dakiTxvidan irkveva:`daaxloebiT Cvenma aralegalurma jgufma Caa-tara 10 aralegaluri Sekreba, amaTgan metreve-lisa da doCanaSvilis binaze TiTojer, erTic26 komisrebis saxelobis baRSi, danarCeni kizviad gamsaxurdias saxlSi. aRniSnul aralega-lur SekrebebSi sxva wevrebTan erTad mec viRe-bdi monawileobas.~117 aralegaluri jgufis we-

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vrebs gaaCndaT Tavisi ficis teqsti, romelicSemdegnairad iyo formulirebuli: `saqarTvel-os damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZolebda erTgul-ad da pirnaTlad.~118

aRniSnuli gaerTianebis mizans warmoadgen-da: 1. jgufis raodenobis gazrda axali wevre-bis miRebis gziT; 2. fuladi fondis Seqmna jgu-fis muSaobisaTvis; 3. sabeWdi manqanis SeZena; 4.antisabWoTa furclebis damzadeba da gavrcel-eba; 5. sxva aralegaluri jgufis dadgena da ma-sTan kavSiris damyareba.~119

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZra-obis axali aRmavloba ukavSirdeba zviad gamsa-xurdias da merab kostavas saxelebs. maT, Tavi-si moRvaweobiT axali era daiwyes saqarTvelosistoriaSi. bunebrivia, rTuli iyo sabWoTa re-Jimis winaaRmdeg gamosvla, Tumca erovnuli Za-lebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen dasaxuli miz-nis miRwevas. zviad gamsaxurdias erT-erTi Tama-mi nabiji iyo 70-ian wlebSi Jurnal `saqarTve-los moambis~ da `oqros sawmisis~ gamoSveba,romelic aralegalurad vrceldeboda. sabWoTareJimis warmomadgenlebi mudmivad cdilobdnenar daeSvaT erovnuli Zalebis saqmianobis ganvi-Tareba-aRmavloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom 70-ianiwlebidan moyolebuli sul ufro ikveTebodasabWoTa reJimis sisuste. Tavis mxriv, aRniSnu-li viTarebis gamoyenebas cdilobda erovnuladmoazrovne nawili.

ra faqtorebma ganapiroba qarTuli disiden-turi moZraobis Camoyalibeba?

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1. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, disidentur moZra-obas safuZveli eyreba rogorc sabWoTa siste-maSi mTlianad, ise kerZod, saqarTveloSi. XXsaukunis 70-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli disiden-turi moZraobis mTavari warmomadgenlebi iyvnenzviad gamsaxurdia da merab kostava, romlebicbrZolis sxvadasxva meTodebs Soris mimarTav-dnen antisabWoTa literaturis gavrcelebas,swored am motiviT iyvnen isini dapatimrebuli1977 wels.

1948 wels gaeros generaluri asambleis mi-er miRebuli adamianis uflebebis sayovelTaodeklaraciis Semdeg, 1970 wels moskovSi Camoya-libda adamianis uflebaTa komiteti. daaxloe-biT imave periodSi moskovSive Camoyalibda sab-WoTa kavSirSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sai-niciativo jgufi. 1974 wels ki adamianis ufle-baTa dacvis sainiciativo jgufi saqarTveloSiCamoyalibda, romelsac mogvianebiT `helsinkisjgufi~ ewoda. mis mTavar amosaval princips daZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis aRdgena da sabWoTa ruseTis ga-vlenisagan ganTavisufleba.

2. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuf-lebaSi mosuli xruSCovi cdilobs sakuTari pe-rsonis gamokveTis da amaRlebis fonze stali-nis saxelis damcrobas da e. w. `humanuri~ meTo-debis gamoyenebiT sazogadoebis farTo fenebisgulis mogebas. aRniSnuli politikis gamgrZel-eblad gvevlineba leonid breJnevi. swored jerxruSCovis moRvaweobis periods emTxveva 1956wels ungreTSi momxdari movlenebi, sadac ambo-xebulTa mizans warmoadgenda ungreTis sabWoTa

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sistemisagan gamoyofa da Semdeg breJnevisdros, analogiuri movlenebis ganviTareba 1968wels CexoslovakiaSi. marTalia, am gamosvlebsrealuri Sedegi ar moutania, Tumca msofliosmieca saSualeba, rom naTlad daenaxa sabWoTareJimis agresiuli meTodebi.

3. zemoTaRniSnuli movlenebi garkveuli sa-fuZvelis Camyreli gaxda disidenturi moZ-raobis Camoyalibebisa saqarTveloSi. gansakuT-rebuli gavlena iqonia 1956 wlis 9 martis mov-lenebma. xruSCovis mier ganxorcielebul qme-debas protestiT upasuxes qarTvelebma da maTSoris axalgazrda zviad gamsaxurdiam da merabkostavam, romlebmac garkveuli jgufis SeqmniTda antisabWoTa proklamaciebis gavrcelebiTTavisi protesti gamoxates sabWoTa reJimis mi-marT.

disidenturi moZraobisTvis damaxasiaTebeliiyo sakuTari TviTgamocemebis arseboba. es pro-cesi exeboda, rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve mTli-anad sabWoTa kavSirs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSigamoica `saqarTvelos moambe~ da `oqros sawmi-si~, romelic aralegalurad vrceldeboda, vi-wro wreebis masStabiT da sazogadoebis farTofenebSi asaxva ar hqonia. es faqtori Semdegi ga-remoebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. sawyis etapzedisidenturi moZraoba iseTi simZlavriT ar ga-moirCeoda, rom gavlena moexdina sazogadoeba-ze. 2. amas xels uSlida sabWoTa sistemis arse-boba, romlis pirobebSi aqtiuri nabijebis gada-dgma sirTules warmoadgenda. 3. disidenturi

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moZraoba didi mravalricxovnobiT ar gamoir-Ceoda.

sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli disidenturi mo-Zraobisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi disiden-tebi adamianis uflebebis dacvasTan erTad didmniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saqarTvelos sabWoTasistemisagan gamoyofas. dasaxuli mizani ki mar-tivad misaRwevi namdvilad ar iyo. marTalia XXsaukunis 70-ian wlebSi ukve naTlad iyo gamok-veTili sabWoTa reJimis krizisi, Tumca misimZlavri politikuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuriresursi jer kidev ar iZleoda masSi Semavalisaxelmwifoebis ganTavisuflebis saSualebas.

marTalia, qarTveli disidentebi Tavisi moR-vaweobis farglebSi cdilobdnen Sexebodnenyvela im mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelic saqar-Tvelos ganviTarebisTvis aucileblobas warmo-adgenda, Tumca maTi es mcdeloba xSirad uSede-god sruldeboda. ra ganapirobebda am faqts? 1.marTalia, disidenturi moZraoba Camoyalibebasiwyebs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed rus-eTSic da wesiT am garemoebas garkveuli gavle-na unda moexdina saqarTvelos mdgomareobaze,miTumetes, rom kavSiri qarTvel da rus disi-dentebs Soris arsebobda da saqarTveloSi ara-legalurad vrceldeboda rusi disidentebisliteratura, Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, amor saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli gansxvavebu-li viTarebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos gzaarsebiTad radikaluri iyo, rac pirvel rigSigamomdinareobda iqidan, rom qarTveli disiden-tebis mTavar mizans saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobis aRdgena warmoadgenda.

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rusi disidentebis ZiriTadi amosavali prin-cipi adamianis uflebebis dacva iyo. bunebrivia,es moTxovna mniSvnelobas moklebuli ar iyo,rac sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi wingadadgmulnabijad unda CaiTvalos, radgan Tavisi arsebo-bis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiri ar uSvebda azrisTavisuflad gamovlenis saSualebas da aRniSnu-li mimarTulebiT gaaqtiureba xels Seuwyobdasazogadoebis farTo fenebis uflebebis dacvas,Tumca es ruseTSi da saqarTvelo mTeli TavisiarsebobiT gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi imyofe-boda, aq ara mxolod adamianis uflebebi iyodasacavi, aramed erovnulic. es faqti, ki buneb-rivia Cveni qveynis mdgomareobis gansxvavebuligziT ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleoda. 2. imis-Tvis, rom garkveuli idea gavrceldes sazoga-doebaSi pirobebis Seqmna da cnobierebis momza-debaa saWiro. marTalia, qarTuli sazogadoebaacnobierebda im faqts, rom samSoblo sxva sax-elmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda, magrambrZolis dawyeba da gaaqtiureba arc ise marti-vi iyo. sazogadoebis didi nawili miCveuli iyosabWoTa reJims da gadatanili represiebis masS-tabebidan gamomdinare garkveuli SiSis grZno-bac arsebobda. mas sWirdeboda momzadeba imisT-vis, rom brZola daewyo. ise rogorc XIX sauku-nis II naxevris saqarTveloSi, rodesac Tergda-leulebi ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT iwye-ben erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ax-al etaps erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisaTvisda ganmtkicebisTvis, daaxloebiT aseTi mdgoma-reobaa XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis saqarTvelo-Si. adre brZola mimarTuli iyo mefis ruseTis,

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axla ki sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg. is faqti,rom 117 weli saqarTvelo jer ruseTis imperiisda Semdeg 1921 wlidan sabWoTa reJimis daqvemde-barebaSi imyofeboda SeiZleba iTqvas modunebu-li hqonda brZolis unaric da erovnuli azro-vnebac. amitom qarTvel disidentebs didi Zal-isxmeva sWirdebodaT sazogadoebis farTo fene-bis cnobierebis amaRlebisTvis, mosaxleobisdidi nawili pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da azrov-nebiTac sabWoTa ruseTis tyveobaSi imyofeboda.1921 wlidan Camoyalibebuli mZlavri meqanizmissaSualebiT sabWoTa xelisufleba maqsimalur-ad cdilobda Zaladobrivi Tu ideologiurisaSualebiT mosaxleobis erovnuli cnobierebisdasustebas da sakuTari, misTvis misaRebi ideisdamkvidrebas. gansxvaveba XIX saukunis II naxeva-rsa da XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis qarTvel mo-Rvaweebs Soris is iyo, rom am ukanasknelT uf-ro naklebi saSualeba hqondaT presis Tu sxvameTodebiT erovnuli azris gavrcelebaSi. 3. is-eve, rogorc XIX saukunis II naxevarSi da XXsaukunis dasawyisSi qarTveli erovnuli moRva-weebis mizans warmoadgenda dasavleTis yurad-Rebis mipyroba da iq arsebuli sistemis gadmo-Reba saqarTveloSi, XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSiqarTveli disidentebi maqsimalurad cdilobd-nen dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa daxmarebis mopo-vebas da maTi meSveobiT msoflios informire-bas sabWoTa reJimis meTodebis sisastikeSi. di-sident avTandil imnaZis saqmeSi vkiTxulobT:`1978 wlis ianvarSi imnaZem viqtor giorgis ZercxilaZis winadadebiT (gasamarTlebulia anti-sabWoTa saqmianobisaTvis) SemdgomSi sazRvarga-

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reT gadasacemad gavrcelebis mizniT, fotowes-iT gadaiRo rcxilaZis mier antisabWoTa Sinaar-sis paskvili `informacia~ da `kritika~, romel-Sic garda ciliswamebisa, sabWoTa sinamdvilezearis mowodeba sabWoTa wyobis winaaRmdeg brZo-lisa. fotofiri, romelzec gadaiRo `informa-ciisa~ da `kritikis~ sruli teqsti imnaZem Tavi-si iniciativiT, aseve ucxoeTSi gavrcelebis mi-zniT daurTo mis mier 7 noembers gavrcelebulantisabWoTa xasiaTis furclebis asli da gad-asca rcxilaZes.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `informacia~ da `kriti-ka~ Sedgeboda antisabWoTa cilismwameblurimonaWorebisagan, gamoTqmuli iyo muqara sab-WoTa saxelmwifos meTaurTa mimarT, qeba-dide-biT iyvnen moxsenebuli sabWoTa xelisuflebisdauZinebeli mtrebi, romlebic 1922-1924 wlebSiiaraRiT xelSi ebrZodnen axalgazrda sabWoTarespublikas.

1978 wlis TebervalSi imnaZem Seadgina dagaamravla 700-800 egzemplaris sabWoTa saxelm-wifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis saxelisgamtexi cilismwamebluri monaWorebis Semcvelifurclebi, romlebic 1978 wlis 17 Tebervalsgaavrcela, Tbilisis universitetis axal daZvel SenobaSi, politeqnikuri institutis VIkorpusSi, rusTavelis gamzirze mdebare #52 sa-xlisa da Tbilisis metropolitenis sadgur`leninis moedanTan.~120

qarTuli disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTiwarmomadgeneli valentina failoZe dakiTxvisas

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aRniSnavs: `wina wlebSi, mxedvelobaSi maqvs 1974wlis martis Tvemde e. i. Cems dapatimrebalmdeme vaxdendi werilebis damzadebas, Sedgenas, ro-melTa Sinaarsi agebuli iyo saxarebis calkeu-li muxlebis ganmartebaze. saxarebis calkeulimuxlebis ganmartebis mixedviT werlebSi vwer-di komunisturi wyoba ar iyo da ar aris xal-xis keTildReobis momtani. aRniSnuli werileb-is gadacemas vaxdendiT sazRvargareT turisteb-ze gadacemis meSveobiT da amas vakeTebdi imperiodSi, rodesac me vmuSaobdi sveticxovliseklesiaSi mgalobelTa gundis xelmZRvanelad.Tu ramdeni werili maqvs gadacemuli turisteb-ze an romel saxelmwifodan iyvnen turistebi,romelTac gadaveci werilebi da konkretuladTu romel SemTxvevas romel welSi hqonda ad-gili es amJamad ar maxsovs da ar SemiZlia ase-Tis dasaxeleba. turistebze zemoaRniSnuli we-rilebis gadacemas ufro sworad maT damzade-bas da gadacemas vaxdendi vinme konkretuli pi-ris winadadebis gareSe. amas vakeTebdi uSual-od RvTis davalebiT. aRniSnuli dokumentebiaseve vrceldeboda Cems mier respublikis farg-lebSi.~121

aqve sainteresoa SevafasoT 1. ra roli ekavaqarTveli disidentebis moRvaweobaSi saqarTve-los marTlmadidebel eklesias da zogadadqristianobas? da 2. ra meTodebs mimarTavda sab-WoTa xelisufleba qristianobis winaaRmdeg?

1. qarTveli disidentebis mTavari mizani ad-amianis uflebebis dacvasTan erTad saqarTvel-

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os sruli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola iyo. maTsamoqmedo programaSi SeiZleba iTqvas didi ad-gili ekava yvela im sakiTxs, romelsac sabo-loo jamSi saqarTvelo damoukideblobisakenmiyavda. maT Soris erT-erTi iyo saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesia. isni xSirad akriti-kebdnen samRvdeloebas eklesiis srulyofis mi-zniT. amasTan cdilobdnen ar daeSvaT sabWoTareJimis momxre pirebis gaZliereba da damkvidr-eba eklesiaSi. 1975 wels Jurnal `oqros sawmis-Si~ elisabed qavTaraZe statiaSi `qveyana dakar-guli saflavebisa~ aRniSnavda: `religia xomufro Tavdacvis droSa iyo, vidre cecxliT damaxviliT RmerTmsaxuroba, azris metafizikurimwvalebloba, mistiur Wvretis bind-bundebi daase Semdeg. TviT Cveni eklesiac Tavidanve cecx-lis xazze iyo gamosuli. umagaliTo msxverp-lis gaRebiT igi gverdSi edga araqaTgamoclilxalxs brZola-gadarCenis mZime saqmeSi, udidesiwvlili Seqonda erovnuli kulturis saganZure-bSi da ufro metic: cnobieread Tu Seucnobl-ad, erovnuli gamZleobis erT-erTi katalizato-ris roli man Seasrula.~122 swored amitomac sa-bWoTa xelisuflebam mTavari dartyma saqarTve-los marTlmadidebel eklesias miayena. 1976wlisTvis saqarTveloSi aseTi mdgomareoba iyo.`...eklesias TandaTan Seumcirda mrevli, eklesi-ebi iketeboda zedized, 35 moqmedi eparqiidan100-mde saeklesio piria /yvela Tanamdebobis/,kursebSi swavlobs yovelwliurad 13 kaci. saq-arTvelos eklesiis ukidures Cagvraze da dis-

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kriminaciaze miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom dRemdesaqarTveloSi ar arsebobs saeklsio Jurnali,maSin rodesac asTi Jurnalebi arsebobs ruseT-Si, somxeTSi, baltiispireTSi da ukrainaSi. sa-qarTvelos eklesias ar aqvs araviTari publika-ciebis ufleba /garda kalendrisa/, ar arsebobssasuliero seminaria, xolo is kursebi, romel-nic mis magivrobas sweven, axalgazrdebs araf-ers aswavlian garda saeklesio ritualisa daxucuri anbanisa /fiqtiurad arsebobs danarCenisagnebi: eklesiis istoriis, saRvTo werili dasxva, Tumc leqciebi am sagnebSi ar ikiTxeba/.kursebze swavlobs yovelwliurad 13-mde kaci,xolo TviTeuli gamoSveba udris sam samRvde-lo pirs.~123

2. sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianad krZalavda re-ligias da religiur dawesebulebebs. amas gana-pirobebda is faqti, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebamTavar religiad komunizms aRiarebda. `imis Se-saxeb, Tu rogor gaanadgures saqarTveloSi ko-munistebma rCeuli samRvdeloeba, an rogor mo-axdines maTi demoralizeba, rogor Caacves ana-fora Cekistebs, rogor aqcies eklesia samaska-rado adgilad, romelic mxolod ucxoTa Tva-lis asaxvevadaa datovebuli, amis Sesaxeb mTe-li epopea SeiZleba daiweros. 1921 wlidan aTei-zmi Cvens qveyanaSi saxelmwifoebriv religiadiqca. daiwyo totaluri omi qristianobis winaa-Rmdeg, eklesiebis ngreva, sayovelTao agitacia.farulad ki _ eklesiis demoralizacia, WeSma-rit qristianTa ganadgureba...

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...yvelaze sazareli saqme uSiSroebis komite-tisa aris misi faruli brZola religiis winaa-Rmdeg. saeklesio TanamdebobebisaTvis arCevenara mxolod aTeistebs, aramed kriminalur dapaTologiur aTeistebs. es saukeTeso saSua-lebaa imisaTvis, rom xalxs eklesia SeaZulon.aseTi sasuliero pirebi amokleben da amaxinje-ben saeklesio ritualebs, ewevian fulis gamoZa-lvas, aTasgvar uxamsobasa da garyvnilebas.~124

qarTveli disidentebis mcdelobas daecvaTerovnuli idealebi da ganemtkicebinaT qarTve-lTa erovnuli TviTSegneba uSedego aRmoCndada 1977 wels daapatimres zviad gamsaxurdia damerab kostava. `saqarTveloSi patriotTa winaa-Rmdeg Catarebuli represiebi SeiZleba ganxil-ul iyos, rogorc im saerTo represiuli tal-Ris nawilad, romelic gavrcelda ssrk-Si, rod-esac 1977 wels Tebervlidan moskovSi daapatim-res `helsinkis~ jgufis xelmZRvaneli doqtoriiuri orlovi da Semdeg am jgufis ramdenimewevri. male ukrainaSic dapatimrebul iqna amjgufis ori ukraineli wevri /erT-erTi maTga-nia ukraineli mwerali nikola rudenko/, asevelitvaSic.

saqarTveloSi represiebi faqtiurad daiwyo1977 wlis martis dasawyisidan, rodesac saqarT-veloSi kulturis saministroSi Seviwroeba dafaqtiuri `devna~ gamoucxades `helsinkis~ jgu-fis aqtiur wevrs, istorikos viqtor rcxila-Zes. xelisufalTa gaRizianeba rcxilaZis mim-arT, garda misi moRvaweobisa TviTgamocemiseul

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JurnalebSi, gamowveuli iyo kidev imiT, romigi, rogorc kulturis ZeglTa inspeqtoris uf-rosi, z. gamsaxurdiasTan erTad, daufaravadaaSkaravebda da uCioda yvela xelmisawvdom in-staciebSi, sabWoTa ruseTis armiis sardlobasmaTi barbarosobis gamo, rodesac isini aTeuliwlebis manZilze artileriis cecxliT spobdnen30 km-ze gadaWimul kldeSi gamokveTili VI sau-kunis daviT garejis monastris senakebs unika-luri freskebiT. viqtor rcxilaZisadmi xelis-ufalTa gaRizianeba gamowveuli iyo imiT, romes ukanasknelni rcxilaZisagan, rogorc saminis-tros ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebisagan, ar mo-elodnen aseT `zurgSi dartymas~.

arsebuli cnobis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ko-mpartiis ck-Si dabarebul iqna kulturis sami-nistros kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sammarTvel-os ufrosi, 1943 wlidan kompartiis wevri uCasergos Ze baqraZe, romelsac daavales `niadagimoemzadebina~ viqtor rcxilaZis moxsnisaTvis.....viqtor rcxilaZes erT-erT mTavar danaSaul-ad eklesiaSi sanTlis danTeba CauTvales damoxsnes Tanamdebobidan.~125

1977 wels 7 aprils dapatimrebul zviad gam-saxurdiasa da merab kostavasTan dakavSirebulsabraldebo daskvnaSi aRniSnulia: `wlebis man-Zilze sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasustebis miz-niT eweodnen antisabWoTa agitaciasa da propag-andas, amzadebdnen, amravlebdnen da avrcelebd-nen sabWoTa saxelmwifosadmi mtruli ganwyobi-lebis gamomxatvel literaturas da sxva masa-

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lebs, sxvadasxva gziT iZendnen da gavrcelebismizniT inaxavdnen, an amravlebdnen da avrcele-bdnen rogorc Cvens qveyanaSi aralegaluraddamzadebul, ise sazRvargareT gamocemulTxzulebebs, romlebic damaxinjebulad warmog-vidgendnen sabWoTa sinamdviles, Seicavdnen sab-WoTa saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi weswyobi-lebis saxelisgamtex cilismwameblur monaWors,agreTve mowodebebs misi damxobisaTvis sabrZ-olvelad.~126 amasTan dakavSirebiT ki zviad gam-saxurdia werda: `me davibade iseT saxelwifoSi,sadac Tavisufali pirovneba, sakuTari sindisiskarnaxiT moqmedeba, WeSmariti idealis samsaxu-ri miutevebel danaSaulad iTvleba. sazogado-ebrivi cxovrebis safuZvelia: 1) yalbi dogmebismixedviT azrovneba 2) sxvisi saeWvo sindisis ka-rnaxiT moqmedeba 3) yalbi idealis samsaxuri. amidealis ganxorcielebisa TviT mcirewlovan ba-vSvebsac ar sjeraT.

komunizmi aris utopistebis mier SeTxzulizRapari, romelic anarqizms warmoadgens CvensepoqaSi ...radio, televizia, presa Cagdebuliaqvs totalitarul xelisuflebas, romeliccdilobs xalxis interesebis, misi gulisa dagonebis daxSobas.

1956 welma mimiyvana im daskvnamde, rom saWi-ro iyo aqtiuri brZola borotmoqmedi xelisu-flebis winaaRmdeg. am brZolisTvis damapatim-res. Cven dagvwames xulignoba da moqalaqeTaSeuracxyofa, magram naxsenebi ar iyo antisab-WoTa saqmianoba. es mimarTuli iyo mamaCemis wi-

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naaRmdegac.~127 1977 wels zviad gamsaxurdias damerab kostavas dapatimrebasTan dakavSirebiTmorwmuneTa uflebebis dacvis qristianuli ko-mitetis wevrebi ssrk-Si: mRvdeli gleb iakunini,mTavardiakoni varsonofii xaibulini, viqtorkapitanCuki mimarTaven msoflio sazogadoebas:`kievSi rudenkosa da tixis, moskovSi orlovisada ginzbergis dapatimrebis Semdeg TbilisSisuk-is organoebma daapatimres helsinkis SeTa-nxmebaTa Sesrulebis meTvalyure qarTuli jgu-fis xelmZRvaneli zviad gamsaxurdia da adamia-nis uflebaTa dacvis qarTuli komitetis wevrimerab kostava, orive qristianebi, qarTulimarTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimdevrebi arian.

gamsaxurdias da kostavas moRvaweoba mimar-Tuli iyo adamianis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis, re-ligiis dacvisaTvis, qarTuli eklesiis Tavisu-flebis ferxTqveS gaTelvis winaaRmdeg. kerZod,isini gamodiodnen qarTuli religiuri da naci-onaluri wmidaTawmida adgilis daviT garejissamonastro kompleqsis dasacavad, romelic am-Jamad ingreva imis gamo, rom sadac es kompleqsimdebareobs, saartilerio poliginad aqcies.~128

1978 wels zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kos-tavas dapatimrebis Semdeg disidentma avTandilimnaZem gaavrcela proklamaciebi, romlebic mi-marTuli iyo sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg damouwodebda sazogadoebas ebrZolaT arsebulisistemis winaaRmdeg. amave dros aRiniSna oqto-mbris revoluciis 60 wlisTavi da aRniSnuldokumentSi am movlenis mimarTac iyo gamoTqmu-

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li protesti. `ras vzeimobT?! vis vukravTtaSs?! nu gadaviqceviT brbod! gavanTavisufloTCveni azrovneba komunistur-demagogiuri ideol-ogiis artaxebidan; ideologiisa, romelic sic-ruesa da siyalbezea agebuli. swored amitomaxSoben Tavisufal azrs cixeebiT, iZulebiTiSromis banakebiT da fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofo-ebiT. oqtombris revoluciis 60 wlisTavi aris60 wlisTavi kacobriobis istoriaSi cnobiliyvelaze tiranuli sistemisa.

jer arsad, arasodes arc erT sistemas ardaumonebia xalxi ise, rogorc es gaakeTa sabWo-Ta sistemam, sabWoTa imperiam, am erTianma komu-nisturma sapyrobilem, romelSic iZulebiT ar-ian Serekilni dapyrobili erebi. komunisturmadiqtaturam erTxans miiTvisa saxeli `proleta-riatis diqtaturisa~. magram, arsad arasodesarcerT sistemas muSa iseT sacodav mdgomareo-baSi ar Cauyenebia, rogorc es man gaakeTa. komu-nisturi diqtatura mimarTulia sazogadoebisyvela fenis winaaRmdeg.~ 129 aRniSnuli mowodeb-is mTavari mizani iyo sazogadoebis darwmuneba-gaTviTcnobiereba sabWoTa reJimis usamarTlo-baSi. marTalia, am yovelives ukve naTlad acno-bierebda yvela socialuri fena, Tumca erTianlozungad Camoyalibebul mimarTvas erovnuliTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mowodebis roliunda Seesrulebina. rogorc aqac aris aRniSnu-li 60 weli arc ise cota droa imisTvis, romsazogadoeba mixvdes ra mdgomareobaSi imyofe-ba, magram arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare ma-

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sobrivi protesti warmoudgeneli iyo. totali-taruli reJimi yvelas da yvelafers exeboda danebismieri gamosvla, romelsac erovnuli Sefe-riloba eqneboda kraxiT asrulebda arsebobas.magram XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan viTarebaradikalurad icvleba, Tavisufal azrs meti ga-saqani eZleva da qarTuli sazogadoebis erov-nulad moazrovne nawilic mzadyofnas gamoT-qvams saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZo-laSi. es mowodeba saintereso da mniSvnelova-nia imiTac, rom marTalia mimarTva yvela socia-lur fenaze vrceldeba, Tumca aqcentirebuliamuSa, romelic sabWoTa reJimis mTavar dasayr-denad miiCneoda. misi mdgomareobis wina planzewamoweviT proklamaciis avtori cdilobs sazo-gadoeba daarwmunos, rom sabWoTa reJimis piro-bebSi yvela uflebaSezRuduli da uflebaSela-xulia.

daaxloebiT aseTi azria gatarebuli ucxo-ur presaSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi, romelicgaavrceles norvegielma da frangma turisteb-ma. aq aRniSnulia: `Cveni glexis Sroma kompar-tiam gadaaqcia yvelaze ufro Sav, yvelaze uf-ro umadur samuSaod. qveynis dampurebeli kaciwarmoadgens umiwawylo mojamagires, upasportoymas. misi Sroma mas ar ekuTvnis. mas ar ekuTv-nis TviT misi sakarmidamo nakveTi, misi warTme-va yovelTvis ZaluZs xelisuflebas. mas paikiv-iT amoZraveben aqeT-iqiT: Tu igi moisurvebs sa-dme wasvlas, mas ar aZleven pasports; Tu mois-urvebs darCenas xelisuflebis nebis winaaR-mdeg, mas asaxleben gadidebul dasaxlebebSi.maTxovruli ulufis amara xnavs igi sxvis miwas

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sxvisive inventariT, romlisTvisac Tavad ixdismravalgzis.

Cveni muSa, romlis saxeliTac kompartia ma-rTavs qveyanas, eqvemdebareba mis monopolias.TviTmarqvia batonebi _ ck da politbiuro _swyveten yvelas bed-iRbals. superkapitalisteb-is Zalauflebisagan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, akr-Zalulia maT winaaRmdeg gaficva, maT versad uC-ivleb. adamiani gadaqceula WanWikad im manqani-sa, romelsac marTavs usulgulo aparati. misimomavali unugeSoa. qalis umZimesi Sroma arse-bobis SesanarCuneblad, anadgurebs janmrTelo-bas da angrevs ojaxs. Sromis usaxoba, cxovre-bis uimedoba da sicariele, daTrgunuli adamia-nuri Rirseba iwveven ganurCevlobas.

inteligencia gadaqceulia reJimis laqiad.misi tradiciuli amocanaa _ iyos sazogadoebissindisi da goneba. mas ki aiZuleben diqtaturisgamarTlebas, ganmtkicebas da gandidebas. mecni-ereba, kultura, ganaTleba, kanoni, eTika _ yove-live es movalea emsaxuros kompartiis interes-ebs, ganamtkicos misi ganusazRvreli Zalaufle-ba Cvens qveyanaze da ganamtkicos misi zegavle-na mTel msoflioSi.

gaZarcvulni arian glexebi: maT warTmeuliaqvT Tavisufali Sromis ufleba TavianT miwa-ze. gaZarcvulni arian muSebi: maT warTmeuliaqvT gaazrebuli Sromis ufleba. gaZarcvuliainteligencia: mas warTmeuli aqvs Tavisufaliazrovnebis ufleba. gaZarcvulia mTeli xalxi:mas warTmeuli aqvs tradiciebi, sarwmunoeba,

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Rirseba, keTildReoba, Tavisi bedis warmarTvisufleba.~130

sainteresoa ra Sefasebas aZlevda sapirispi-rod sabWoTa xelisufleba disidentebis moRva-weobas. `...isini avrceleben sxvadasxva monaWor-ebs, weren protestebsa da mimarTvebs, romlebS-ic aRviraxsnil cilismwameblur kampanias ewev-ian Cveni partiis politikis winaaRmdeg, mTlia-nad Cveni weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg...

1977 wlis ianvar-martSi saqarTvelos respu-blikis teritoriaze gavrceleba hpova aralega-luri wesiT damzadebulma Jurnalebma `oqrossawmisi~ #4-ma da `saqarTvelos moambis~ pirve-lma da meore nomrebma. am JurnalebSi iyo cil-iswameba sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiissaSinao da sagareo politikaze, damaxinjebulisaxiT Suqdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris saSinao po-litikuri mdgomareoba, agreTve iyo sxva mona-Wori, romelic saxels utexda sabWoTa saxel-mwifo da sazogadoebriv weswyobilebas, gandi-debuli iyvnen pirebi, romlebic iaraRiT xelSiebrZodnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos, xdeboda propa-ganda antisabWoTa masalebisa da maT Soris sa-zRvargareTuli antisabWouri organizaciis `sa-xalxo SromiTi kavSiris~ furclisa, romelicSeicavs sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg brZo-lisken mowodebebs.~131

sinamdvileSi aRniSnul JurnalebSi Suqde-boda erovnuli sakiTxis amsaxveli sxvadasxvamasala, rac pirvel rigSi qarTvelTa Soris er-ovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

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magaliTad Jurnal `saqarTvelos maombis~ pir-vel nomerSi warmodgenili iyo informaciebi,ganaTlebis, religiis, kulturis da sxvadasxvasakiTxebze. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili eka-va saganmanaTleblo sakiTxis gaSuqebas. `1957-1958 wlebSi moskovma dasva sakiTxi nacionalurrespublikaTa skolebSi erovnuli istoriiscalke sagnad swavlebis gauqmebisaTvis. erovnu-li istoria unda eswavlebinaT ssrk-s istori-asTan erTad, faqtiurad ruseTis istorias romwarmoadgens, rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili.ase rom, cxrilSi, Jurnalsa da diplomSi aRaraRiniSneboda saqarTvelos istoria. amJamad sa-qarTvelos istorias gankuTvnili aqvs 65 saaTida mas aswavlian maRal klasebSi oTxi wlisganmavlobaSi ssrk-s istoriasTan erTad.

ganawileba saaTebisa klasebis mixedviT ase-Tia: VII klasSi saqarTvelos istorias eTmoba35 saaTi, erTiani odenobis naxevarze meti damoicavs periods uZvelesi droidan XVIII sauku-nis bolomde. /amave klasSi saqarTvelos isto-rias eTmoba 70 saaTi/. VIII, IX da X klasebis-Tvis rCeba martooden aT-aTi saaTi da am samiwlis manZilze swavloben mxolod XIX-XX sa-ukuneebis periods. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1957-1958wlebamde am periods saqarTvelos istoriisasskolebSi saerTod ar aswavlian. maSin saqarT-velos istoria calke iswavleboda sakmaod ka-rgad Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloTi /avtorebi:iv. javaxiSvili, n. berZeniSvili, s. janaSia/. amsaxelmZRvaneloTi ZiriTadad ori wlis manZil-ze, IX-X klasebSi aswavlidnen da igi moicavdaperiods uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis dasa-

154

wyisamde. TiToeuli klasisaTvis 1948-1952 wleb-Si gankuTvnili iyo 66-66 wliuri saaTi: sul 132saaTi, xolo 1953-1958 wlebisaTvis saqarTvelosistoriis am periods eTmoboda 99 saaTi / IXklasi-49 saaTi, X klasi-50saaTi/, maSin rodesacamJamad am Zireul da uvrceles periods saqar-Tvelos istoriisas, eTmoba mxolod 35 saaTi.garda amisa, IV klasSi aris ufleba ssrk-s is-toriis rTulad Sedgenili masalebidan, romel-ic 70 saaTs moicavs, 15 saaTi daeTmos saqarTve-los istorias. Tanac am saxelmZRvanelos kursiiqiTkenaa warmarTuli, rom misi 2/3 daeTmos sa-bWoTa periods, xolo 1/3 revoluciamdel peri-ods. saskolo ganaTlebis mesveurebSi arsebobsazri, rom feodaluri periodis istoria, mefeTada gardasuli drois gmirTa cxovrebaze yurad-Rebis gamaxvileba saWiro ar aris, rom es xelsuSlis marqsistul-internacionaluri suliskve-TebiT axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmes. am azre-bs moskovis karnaxiTa Tu sakuTari iniciativiTgansakuTrebiT nergavda am bolo xanebSi saqa-rTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti edu-ard SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. amgvarad, ba-lansi ssrk-s /imave ruseTis/ da saqarTvelosistoriis swavlebas Soris TiToeul klasSi am-gvaria: ssrk-s istoria 105 saaTi _ saqarTvelosistoriaa daaxloebiT 15 saaTi. Tuki petre di-dis periods xmardeba 8 saaTi, ivane III-isas daIV-isas erTad 10 saaTi, daviT aRmaSenebelsa daTamar mefes calk-calke TiTo saaTi.~132

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dokumentebSi daculia agreTve Semdegi xasi-aTis informacia: 1958 wlis 26 agvistos saqarT-velos ganaTlebis saministroSi mowveul isto-rikosTa TaTbirze nikoloz samxaraZem, romel-ic iyo I saSualo skolis maswavlebeli ganac-xada: `...milionebi imisTvis rodi Rvridnen sis-xls, rom sul male waarTmevdnen sisxliT mo-povebul erovnul Tu socialur Tavisuflebas,maT Svilebsa da SviliSvilebs mama-papaTa isto-riis Seswavlasa da Tavisufal azrovnebas auk-rZalavdnen. dRes ase ismis sakiTxi: uaryofa, xe-lis aReba CvenTa winaparTa saxelovani warsu-lis xsovnisa, es niSnavs awmyoSic da momaval-Sic brmad mivdioT da mivyveT mbrZaneblis ne-bas, SeveTvisoT da SevesisxlxorcoT mas...

...eri cxovrobs ara marto awmyoTi, aramedwarsuliTa da momavliT. warsuli aris safuZve-li da didi SemecnebiTi ganZi, romelic gvauw-yebs, Tu ras iqmodnen Cveni mama-papani sasaxelo-sa da sasiqadulos, vin Caayola fuye da uvargi-si qva erovnul Senobas, vin iyo mamaci da Seu-povari samSoblos zRurblTa dacvisas. kargisada avis Secnoba erovnulis wiaRSi axal TaobassaSualebas miscems ukeT gaigos da Seimecnosawmyo da momavali. eris TviTgamorkveva SeuZle-belia istoriuli warsulis Seswavlis, damou-kidebeli suverenuli uflebis ganxorcielebisgareSe. qarTveli xedavs, rom arsebobs erovnu-li saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ierarqia. gareg-nulad qarTveli xalxi TiTqos Tavad ganagebssakuTar Tavs da Tavis bedis baton-patronia,magram arsi sinamdvilisa metad mwvavea da mtki-vneuli. yovelive es nominaluria da ara arsis

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realuri arsoba. namdvilad arsebobs erovnulisaxelmwifos meqanizmi, magram am meqanizms argaaCnia cxovelmyofeli TviTmoqmedi erovnulisuli. es erovnuli suli qarTvel xalxs rusmadampyrobelma gamoacala 1801 wels.~133

agreTve: `dRes mteri umiznebs da spobs ero-vnuli yofadobis dasayrdens. velikorusma ka-rgad icis, rom qarTveli axalgazrdoba, aRzr-dili Tavis winaparTa gmirul istoriaze, Tavi-si erisadmi maRali grZnobiTa da siyvaruliTganimsWvaleba. eris sulis SeswavliT axali Ta-oba kargad gamoicnobs mtersa da moyvares. Ta-vis winaparTa Rvawls sxva xalxebis namoRvawarSedarebas, raic miscems gagebis unars: vin viya-viT, vin varT da xvalisTvis ra unda movimoq-medoT, rom avmaRldeT da uzrunvelvyoT erov-nuli yofadoba.~134

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba sa-ganmanaTleblo sistemisadmi SemTxveviTi ar yo-fila, radganac sazogadoebis farTo fenebiscnobierebis amaRlebis procesSi mniSvnelovaniiyo maTze monopoliis ufleba xelidan ar gae-Sva. swored amitom, saganmanaTleblo-saswavlocentrebi sabWoTa xelisuflebam misi meTvalyu-reobis mTavar obieqtad aqcia. amas Tan ematebo-da eklesiaze gavlenis moxdenis miswrafeba. sa-bWoTa xelisufleba ar erideboda aranairi me-Todis gamoyenebas sasuliero wodebis uflebe-bis Sesakvecad da eklesiebze kontrolis mosa-poveblad. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWouri re-Jimi sarwmunoebis da kerZod, qristianuli re-

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ligiis mimarT gansakuTrebuli negatiuri damo-kidebulebiT gamoirCeoda. sxvadasxva meTodisgamoyenebasTan erTad xelisuflebis warmomad-genlebi ar eridebodnen eklesiebis Zarcvas. am-asTan dakavSirebiT disidenturi moZraobiserT-erTi warmomadgeneli valentina failoZeJurnal `saqarTvelos moambis~ pirvel nomerSiaqveynebs statias saTauriT `eklesia da komuni-stebi~, sadac amgvar faqtzea saubari. `sofelnakanSi, 1974 wels ucnobma pirebma gaZarcves ek-lesia, milicia didxans amaod `eZebda~ mZarcve-lebs. Tumca SemdgomSi am soflis mcxovreble-bma zogierTi xati mestiis muzeumSi ixiles./1966 wels mestiis wminda mTavarangelozis ek-lesiidan gaitaces Zvirfasi saswaulTmoqmedixati, romelic sazRvargareT moxvda, saidanacigi qarTvelma emigrantebma daabrunes/. svanebiimanac aRaSfoTa, rom wminda giorgis tradici-uli dResaswauli mTavrobam ZalmomreobiT ga-daatanina 3 maisidan 9 maiss, e. i. gamarjvebisdRes.

mestiis raionul centrSi 1976 wels ucnobmapirebma gaZarcves agreTve mTavarangelozis ek-lesia, romelic margianebis gvars ekuTvnis. wa-Rebulia 21 Zvirfasi xati. danarCeni xatebi mu-zeumSi gadaitanes. xelisufleba araviTar rea-lur zomebs ar mimarTavs damnaSaveTa aRmosa-Cenad. daaxloebiT imave dros gaiZarcva macxov-ris eklesia sofel mulaxSi, waRebulia 9 xati.iqve macxovris eklesiaSi, romelic madlianTagvars ekuTvnis, moxuc mcvels aqvs samalavi, sa-dac xatebia Senaxuli. mTavroba cdilobs aiZu-los igi Caabaros xatebi, magram igi ar Tanxm-

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deba, xalxi erTob aRSfoTebulia amgvari aqci-ebis gamo. svanebs miaCniaT, rom eklesiebs Tavadkomunistebi Zarcvaven, vinaidan xalxi nebayof-lobiT ar abarebs xatebs.~135

amave nomerSi werda zviad gamsaxurdia `qar-Tuli kulturis ZeglTa mdgomareobaze~: arasd-ros, arc erT epoqaSi qarTuli kulturis Zegl-Ta mdgomareoba ar yofila esoden savalalo,rogorc dRes... arc erTi epoqis barbarosebs arSeuqmniaT iseTi didi safrTxe Cveni kulturisZeglebisaTvis, rogorc dRevandelT. yvelaferidaiwyo imiT, rom gasabWoebul saqarTveloSiaTeisturi kampaniis Tu fsiqozis dawyebisas xe-lisuflebam ngrevis garda daketa da gaauqmadidi umravlesoba momqmedi eklesiebisa, ramacgamoiwvia maTi dRevandeli savalalo mdgomare-oba, vinaidan e. w. `saxelmwifo dacvas~ ar Zal-uZs da arc surs ixsnas maTi umravlesoba dazi-anebisa da ganadgurebisagan, aTeisturi propaga-nda iwvevs agreTve agdebul, zerele damokide-bulebas kulturis ZeglTa mimarT mosaxleobisukulturo, Seugnebel masaSi, risi Sedegic ga-xlavT is danaSaulebi, romelTac sCadian Zegl-Ta mimarT /warwerebi, ngreva, afeTqeba, dawva dasxva/.~136

1974 wels saaRdgomo dResaswaulze sxvadas-xva eklesiebSi saxelmwifos mxridan specialu-ri warmomadgenlebi imyofebodnen, romlebicTvalyurs adevnebdnen mlocvelebs. `sionis ta-ZarTan specialuri Stabi iyo mowyobili, sadacagreTve axalgazrdebis dakiTxva mimdinareobda.

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dakavebulTa Soris iyvnen: v. qurcikiZe _ poli-teqnikuri institutis studenti, g. gedevaniSvi-li _ universitetis mesame kurseli studenti, e.vasilieva _ gzaTa mSeneblobis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis TanamSromeli, m. vasilie-va _ trikotaJis meore fabrikis muSa qali, l.nedosekina _ samocdamexuTe profteqsaswavleb-lis moswavle, e. babilovi _ mesame saSualoskolis meaTe klasis moswavle, saTamaSoebisfabrikis muSa _ n. malaxieva, meaTe klasis mos-wavle _ g. CiburdaniZe, samocdameerTe saSualoskolis meaTeklaseli _ g. uzilaSvili, kamossaxelobis meqanikuri Camomsxmeli qarxnis muSa_ manjaviZe, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa aka-demiis prezidiumis mbeWdavi qali _ d. dadvaZe,wignebis gamyidveli qali _ T. oCigava, pedagogi_ n. duRaSvili diT d. duRaSviliT, maTi megob-rebi _ n. zviadauri, o. metreveli, oTxmocdameS-vide saSualo skolis meore klaseli gogona _n. metreveli, onis raionis saSualo skolis me-aTeklaseli gogona _ r. CikvaiZe, universitetisfilologiuri fakultetis studenti gogona _g. tyebuCava, fizikis institutis TanamSromeli,komkavSireli _ T. TvaraZe, eTerzeTebis qarxnisyofili muSa gogona _ d. comaia, gamomTvlelmanqanaTa qarxnis ufrosi inspeqtori kadrebisganyofilebaSi _ l. poCikailo, komkavSirlebi:g. siraZe, m. sulava da a. S.~137

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi sainte-reso informaciaa daculi agreTve 1975 wlisaRdgomis dResaswaulis Sesaxeb. `am weliwads

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aRar igrZnoboda uSiSroebis komitetisa dakomkavSirlebis iseTi aqtivoba, rogorc winawels. moqmedebdnen ufro farulad da metisifrTxiliT. saxalxo razmelTa StabebSi imaveadgilebSi iyo mowyobili, rogorc wina wels.qaSueTis eklesiasTan reidSi monawileobdnen:komkavSiris qalaqkomis pirveli mdivani wulaZe,kalininis raionis komkavSiris raikomis pirve-li mdivani i. WeliZe, saorganizacio ganyofile-bis ufrosi v. mangiaSvili, aqtivisti komkavSi-reli xarabaZe, kalininis raimiliciis ufrosispirveli moadgile T. jiblaZe, zonis prokuro-ri meSvildiSvili da a. S. Stabis ufrosi kino-Teatr rusTavelSi iyo kinoTeatris direqtoriv. lukovicki. akavebdnen mxolod im axalgazr-debs, romlebic eklesiaSi sanTlebs anTebdnenda loculobdnen. amrigad, Semdegi pirebi iqnadakavebuli: politeqnikuri institutis studen-ti i. demetraSvili, sasoflo-sameurneo insti-tutis meorekurseli gogona c. mindiaSvili, me-lioraciis trestis memanqane qali T. CitiSvi-li, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis #49 kombina-tis TanamSromeli g. CitiSvili, fexsacmlis fa-brikis buRalteri l. kvernaZe, samxatvro aka-demiis mexuTe kursis studenti r. siraZe.~138

`saSinao politikis zogierTi aspeqtebis ana-lizi gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom sabWoTa mTavrobaar apirebs Sesrulebas Tavisi saerTaSorisovaldebulebebisa adamianis uflebebis sferoSi.

cixeebSi da banakebSi kvlavindeburad itan-jebian asobiT politikuri patimrebi, _ adamian-

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ebi, romelnic gaasamarTles mxolod politiku-ri, an religiuri SexedulebebisaTvis, an sazo-gadoebis damoukideblad informirebis cdebi-saTvis. maTi Senaxvis reJimi zogierT aspeqtSiZlier gamkacrda ukanaskneli wlis ganmavloba-Si.

ar aris dagmobili da Sewyvetili fsiqiat-riuli represiebis praqtika. araviTari cvlile-bebi ar momxdara ukeTesobisaken Tavisufaliemigraciis sakiTxSi, arc ojaxebis SeerTebasufro kerZo sakiTxSi. am wels gaizarda kidevaciseT adamianTa ricxvi, visac uari eTqva gamgza-vrebaze. idevneba yovelgvari formebi informa-ciisa. idevneba yovelgvari cdebi skkp xelmZRva-nelobisagan damoukidebel asociaciebis Seqmni-sa.~139

1976 wels rusi disidenti amalriki Tavisiwignis `iarsebebs Tu ara sabWoTa kavSiri 1984wlamde?~ qarTulad gamocemis winasityvaobaSiaRniSnavs: `saqarTvelos tragikuli bedi aqvs _didi saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymuli mcireri-rcxovani eris bediT. xSirad aseTi xalxis bedisruli asimilacia iyo, magram Cven vxedavT, romsaqarTvelom SeZlo ori aTasi wlis ganmavlo-baSi SeenarCunebina Tavisi ena, Tavisi kultura,Tavisi saxe da TviTon cneba `saqarTvelo.~

Tuki eri SeinarCunebs am miswrafebas TviT-Senaxvisaken, maSin saqarTvelo SeZlebs am gard-auvali qaosidan ganaxlebuli da damoukidebe-li gamovides.

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amJamad mTel msoflioSi ori gamokveTilitendencia arsebobs _ mcirericxovan naciaTagamocalkevebisa, erTi mxriv da zenacionaluripolitikur-ekonomikuri konglomeratebis Seqmn-isa, meore mxriv. Cemis azriT, es ori tendenciaar upirispirdeba erTimeores: SesaZlebelia sam-xedro dapyrobebi da ZalmomreobiTi asimilaciaSecvalos damoukidebeli erebis, romelTac Sen-arCunebuli aqvT TavianTi nacionaluri saxelm-wifoebrioba, nebayoflobiTma gaerTianebam.~140

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis qarTuli disid-enturi moZraobis warmomadgenlis avTandil im-naZis saqmeSi daculia sxvadasxva xasiaTis in-formacia proklamaciebis dabeWdvis da gavrce-lebis Sesaxeb. agreTve mis dakavebasTan dakavSi-rebiT aRniSnulia: `Catarebuli winaswari gamo-ZiebiT dadgenil iqna, rom samarTalSi micemu-li imnaZe iyo ganwyobili sabWoTa xelisufle-bis mimarT mtrulad da moqmedebda ra misi Ses-ustebis mizniT, 1976 wlidan dapatimrebamde ewe-oda antisabWoTa agitacias da propagandas, an-tisabWoTa cilismwamebluri Sinaarsis furcle-bis damzadebis, gamravlebis da gavrcelebisgziT. garda amisa, inaxavda Tavis binaSi Semdegigavrcelebis mizniT literaturas, romelicSeicavda cilismwameblur monaWors Cveni qvey-nis sinamdvileze da mowodebas sabWoTa wyobi-lebasTan brZolis Sesaxeb.~141

TviTon avTandil imnaZe ki Semdeg aRiarebasiZleva: `zogierTs SeiZleba eqnes iseTi Sexedu-leba, TiTqos me mtrulad viyo ganwyobili ru-

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si erisadmi. magram es ase ar aris da amaSi medagarwmunebT. gana SeiZleba iseTi eris SeZule-ba, romelmac Soba tolstoi, puSkini, esenini,Caikovski. es SeuZlebelia, me mxolod Cemi erisbedi mawuxebda, rom igi ar gaxrwniliyo da argadagvarebuliyo. ukanasknel dros qarTvelTaSoris Tavi iCina SuRlma da mtrobam, CaiketnensakuTar tyavSi, minimumamde daeca adamianis gem-ovneba da kultura, Teatri dacarielda. axal-gazrdebi degeneratizaciis gzas daadgnen. upa-tiosneba aravis ar epatieba, gansakuTrebiT kimedicinis da pedagogiuri Sromis muSakebs, memimaCnia ukanaskneli ufro mniSvnelovnad. me Za-lian mawuxebda qarTuli eklesiis bedi, rog-orc marTlmadidebels, radgan mokalaTdnen ga-xrwnili adamianebi, mainteresebda qarTuli ku-lturis Zeglebis bedi. yovelive aqedan mivediim daskvnamde, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblo-ba esaWiroeboda.~142

1978 wlis TebervalSi zviad gamsaxurdias,merab kostavas da viqtor rcxilaZis dapatimre-bis Semdeg disidentebma gaavrceles Semdegi Si-naarsis proklamacia: `dRes, rodesac msofliosprogresuli Zalebi mTeli SemarTebiT ilaSqre-ben adamianis uflebebis dasacavad, maSin rod-esac helsinkis xelSekrulebaSi garkveviTaa na-Tqvami adamianisa da eris uflebaTa Sesaxeb,yvela patiosani moqalaqis valia Tavisi xma Se-uerTos am saerTo gamoZaxils.

didi xania ruseTis progresuli adamianebixmas imaRleben im darRvevaTa winaaRmdeg, rasac

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adgili aqvs sabWoTa kavSirSi. ukanasknel wleb-Si, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTamTavrobam xeli moawera helsinkis deklaracias,aseTi moZraoba farTod gaiSala ukrainaSi,baltiispireTSi, somxeTSi da Cvens samSobloSi,saqarTveloSi. iseve, rogorc sxva `mokavSirerespublikebSi~, CvenSic adamianis uflebebisaT-vis brZolas emateba erovnuli problemebic. ma-rTlacda, visTvis ar aris naTeli is faqti,rom Cveni erovnuli uflebebi abuCadaa agdebu-li, nadgurdeba eris kuTvnili simdidre, misiistoriuli Zeglebi, faqtiurad idevneba qarTu-li ena, dacemulia qarTuli eklesia _ Cveni er-is sulieri dasayrdeni, qarTuli kultura fex-qveS iTeleba.

swored am problemebs exebodnen saqarTve-loSi adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da `hel-sinkis jgufis~ wevrebi: zviad gamsaxurdia, me-rab kostava, viqtor rcxilaZe da sxvani. am ada-mianebma sakuTar tkivilad scnes eris tkivilida mamacurad aRimaRles xma adamianisa da erisuwmindesi uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvis winaaRm-deg. isini moqmedebdnen sruli kanonierebis fa-grlebSi, TviT sabWoTa kanonebis gaTvaliswine-biTac ki.

...nu viqnebiT qarTvelebo gaCumebulni, movik-riboT gambedaoba da vTqvaT Cveni saTqmeli, ga-rwmunebT, rom yoveli CvenTaganis sityvas didimniSvneloba aqvs.

nu gavwiravT CvenTvisve Tavganwirulebs. numivcemT saSualebas xelisufalT sasacilod ai-gdon adamianis uwmindesi uflebebi. davicvaT amuflebebisaTvis uangarod mebrZoli adamianebi,

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radgan jerjerobiT Tu kidev gvidgas suli, TuvarsebobT, Tu SegvrCa siwminde, Tu SegviZliasiyvaruli mamulisa da Tu jer kidev warmoad-gens CvenTvis raimes misi momavali, mxolod as-eTi adamianebis SemweobiT...~ 143 avTandil imnaZisCvenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom man arsebuli prok-lamaciebi gaavrcela Tbilisis sxvadasxva qu-Cebze: dinamos stadionze _ 200 cali, universit-etis mmaRliv korpusSi _ 150, politeqnikur ins-titutSi _ 200, universitetis pirvel korpusSi_ 150, leninis moedanze da meSaxtis saxlTandaaxloebiT 150 cali proklamacia.144

avTandil imnaZis mier damzadebuli prokla-maciebis Seicavda Semdeg Sinaarss: `ukve 60 we-lia, rac komunistebi eqspluatacias uweven pa-tiosan mSromel xalxs. 60 welia, rac maT dema-gogiasa da sisxlian terors ar uCans dasasru-li. saqarTvelo kvlavac okupirebulia. ers ga-dagvareba emuqreba. oqtombris revoluciis me-60wlisTavi aris 60 wlisTavi kacobriobis isto-riaSi cnobili yvelaze tiranuli sistemisa.jer arsad, arasodes arcerT sistemas ar dau-monebia xalxi ise, rogorc es gaakeTa sabWoTakomunisturma sapyrobilem, romelSic iZulebiTarian Serekilni dapyrobili erebi...~145

rac Seexeba xelisuflebis pozicias avTand-il imnaZis dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT: `1978wlis 25 aprilamde samarTalSi micemuli a. p.imnaZe Tavis sacxovrebel saxlSi inaxavda 1976-1978 wlebSi damzadebul da gamravlebul sabWo-

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Ta saxelmwifo weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg mimar-Tul antisabWoTa Sinaarsis Semdeg masalebs: qa-rTul enaze xelnawer dokuments, romelic iwye-ba sityvebiT: `SeiZleba aseTi SemTxvevisaTvissaqarTvelo yofiliyo mzad...~, romelSic cili-smwameblurad gadmocemulia TiTqos ssr kavSi-rSi adgili aqvs mcire erebis asimilaciis ten-dencias da rom saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSirisSemadgenlobidan gamosvlisaTvis aucilebelia`erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba~, xeln-awer dokuments Tan erTvis teqsti Semdegi sit-yvebiT: `Ria werili baton kevi ruemss~, romel-ic Seicavs sabWoTa saxelmwifo da sazogadoeb-rivi wyobilebis saxelis gamtex cilismwameb-lur monaWors da debulebas imis Sesaxeb TiTq-osda 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali `gaxda ruseTis mi-er saqarTvelos dapyrobis dRed~, agreTve xel-nawer dokuments qarTul enaze, romelic iwyebasityvebiT: `dRes, rodesac mTeli msoflio...~ daSeicavs sabWoTa saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriviwyobilebis mimarT borot wiliswamebas. uwod-ebs ra sabWoTa kavSirs msoflioSi erTaderTsaxelmwifos, sadac batonobs totalitarulisistema; Svid cal fotofirs, romelzedac aR-beWdilia antisabWoTa saqmianobisaTvis sabWoTakavSiridan gaZevebuli a. solJenicinis wignis`mSvidoba da Zaladobis~ teqsti gamocemulirusul enaze, romelSic avtori gamodis sabWo-Ta kavSiris saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriviwyobilebis winaaRmdeg, swamebs cils mis saSi-nao da sagareo politikas da sabWoTa sinamdvi-les, diskreditacias ukeTebs demokratiul uf-lebebs da sabWoTa sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas;

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qalaq TbilisSi mis mier 1978 wlis 17 Teberv-als gavrcelebuli furclebis teqsts, romel-ic Sedgenilia qarTul enaze.~146

agreTve: `amave periodSi a. p. imnaZe Tavis sa-cxovrebel saxlSi inaxavda pomerancevis sta-tiis `adamiani da Tanamedrove sistema~ erT eg-zemplars, romelic Sesrulebuli iyo sabeWdmanqanaze rusuli SriftiT da gamocemuli iyoTeTr emigrantul gazeTSi `russkaia mislSi~sazRvargareT antisabWoTa gamomcemlobis mier,romelSiac avtori cils swamebs ssr kavSirisada skkp saSinao da sagareo politikas, gamodiskomunisturi wyobis winaaRmdeg da uwodebs ramas `reJimad~, amtkicebs TiTqos `...komunizmi, ko-munisturi sistema ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis bun-ebas da rom maT arseboba SeuZliaT mxolod Za-ladobiT, rom komunizmi araadamianuria.~ 147

zviad gamsaxurdias da merab kostavasdapatimrebas gamoexmaura ucxoeTSi arsebulipolitikuri organizaciebis da gamomcemlo-bebis jgufebi. maT gancxadebaSi mxardaWera iyogamoxatuli grigol Jvanias, merab kostavas dazviad gamsaxurdiasTan dakavSirebiT. `CvenmovitxovT kremlis xelisuflebam SewyvitossaqarTveloSi umizezo represiebi, asimilaciisda rusifikaciis politika, neba mieces qarTvelxalxs TviT ganagos Tavisi bedi, Tanaxmadadamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebisa,romelsac sabWoTa mTavrobamac, sadResaswaulovitarebaSi, san franciskoSi xeli moawera 1948wels.

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TxovniT mivmarTavT msoflio sazogado-ebas, yvelas, visTvisac adamianis sicocxle,adamianis da eris Tavisufleba da TanasworobaZvirfasia, mxari dagviWiros am Cvens samarT-lian moTxovnebSi~. 148 dokuments xels awerdnen:1. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis saxeliT,aleqsi abaSiZe; 2. socialist-federalisturipartiis saxeliT, nikoloz uruSaZe; 3.Tavisufal qarTvelTa kavSiris saxeliT, oTarzurabiSvili; 4. Jurnal `iveriis~ saxeliT,mixeil qavTaraZe; 5. Jurnal `Tavisuflebistribunis~ saxeliT, giorgi nozaZe; 6. Jurnal`meranis~ saxeliT, gia sarjvelaZe, givibegiaSvili.

70-iani wlebis disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis vaxtang WiTavas saqmeSidaculia amave mimarTulebis wevris vaJa JRen-tis Cveneba, sadac igi aRniSnavs: `1978 wlis de-kemberSi, Cveni (igulisxmeba vaxtang WiTava, su-liko gogia _ n.s.) erT-erTi Sexvedrisas, Cvenmiznad davisaxeT agvemxedrebia qarTveli eribrZolisaTvis da migveRwia sabWoTa socialist-uri respublikebis kavSiridan saqarTvelos ga-moyofisaTvis da damoukidebeli saqarTvelosSeqmnisaTvis. am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis sa-Wiro iyo praqtikuli nabijis gadadgma. es Sex-vedra Sedga qalaq rusTavSi kafe `meranis~ win,gazeTebis stendTan. saubris dros me wamovayenewinadadeba Segveqmna antisabWoTa Sinaarsis fu-rclebi da gagvevrcelebina.~149

148 radio Tavisufleba, dokumentebi, t 36, miunxeni, 1953-1983 wlebi, daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi149 Sss, f. 6, saq. #29246-79, t. 4, furc. 348-349

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vaJa JRenti Tavis aralegaluri xasiaTis na-SromSi `ra unda icodes da gaakeTos TiToeul-ma qarTvelma rom igi iyos WeSmariti da Tanmim-devruli qarTveli~ werda: `mTel msoflioSiwarmoiSvnen uamravi axali damoukidebeli sax-elmwifoebi da 20-e saukunisTvis Tamamad SeiZ-leboda gvewodebina erTa Tavisuflebis sauku-ne, rom dedamiwis erT meeqvsed nawilze Saviuzarmazari kolonializmis laqa ar arsebobdesda es laqa e. w. sabWoTa kavSiri aris.

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam perspeqti-va dasaxa ramdenadme dadebiTad mainc gadaWri-liyo erovnuli sakiTxi ruseTSi, magram bol-Sevikebis xelSewyobiT damxobil iqna demokrat-iuli mTavroba da saTaveSi moeqca kvlav diqta-toruli reJimi. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, erTi mefeSeicvala meore mefiT, romelsac `bolSeviki~erqva. mxolod es TviTmarqvia proletariatisideebis damcveli `mefe~ ufro sastiki da ul-mobeli aRmoCnda, romelic yovelgvar saSuale-bas xmarobda, raTa SeenarCunebina uzarmazariteritoriebi da msoflios batonoba moepovebi-na.~150

rogorc arsebuli masalebidan Cans, zviadgamsaxurdias da merab kostavas dapatimrebisSemdeg isev grZeldeba disidenturi moZraoba,romlis wevrebi axali SemarTebiT ibrZvian sab-WoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. suliko gogiadakiTxvisas aRniSnavs: `me Tavs damnaSavedvcnob masSi, rom 1979 wlis TebervalSi Cems Ta-namoazreebTan _ vaxtang amiranis Ze WiTavasa da

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vaJa petres Ze JRentTan erTad gadavwyviteT an-tisabWouri Sinaarsisi furclebis damzadeba dagavrceleba respublikis umaRles saswavleble-bSi. kerZod, q. goris da q. quTaisis pedagogiurinstitutebSi, qalaq Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetSi da amave qalaqis politeqnikur ins-titutSi. erTi sityviT studentebs Soris. Cvenimedi gvqonda, rom vimoqmedebdiT qarTvel stu-dentebze da advili iqneboda Cveni mcdari ide-ebis maT Tavze moxveva. imave periodSi gadavwy-viteT, rom q. gorSi antisabWoTa furclebs gaa-vrcelebda WiTava, q. quTaisSi _ JRenti, xoloTbilisSi gavrceleba me Cems Tavze aviRe. asevegadavwyviteT, rom gavrceleba me Cems Tavze avi-Re. aseve gadavwyviteT, rom gavrceleba unda yo-filiyo erTdrouli, dilis saaTebSi.

imave wlis TebervalSi, Cven SevimuSaveT ga-savrcelebeli antisabWouri dokumentis teqsti,sadac movuwodebdiT axalgazrdobas ar ezeimaTsaqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareb-is dRe, 25 Tebervali, vuwodebdiT am TariRsglovis dRes, rasac vasabuTebdiT mocemul do-kumentSi. glovis niSnad movuwodebdiT Savi sam-klaurebis gakeTebas da Sekrebas sazogadoebri-vi TavSeyris adgilebSi, saqarTvelos `momavalbed-iRbalze~ azris gamosaTqmelad. am Sinaars-is dokumentis SedgenaSi Cven samivem Tanabarimonawileoba miviReT.... sul damzadda 500 caliantisabWoTa Sinaarsis furceli.~151

vaJa JRentis Zma iuri JRenti dakiTxvisas aR-niSnavda: `... Cven xSirad gvqonia nacionalur Tu

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politikur sakiTxebze saubari. ZiriTadad vaJalaparaks Camoagdebda qarTuli dedaenis garSe-mo. mas xSirad hqonda saubari, rom saqarTveloda qarTveli eri garusebis gzas aris damdgari,rom warmoeba-dawesebulebebSi ZiriTadad rus-ul enas xmaroben, ambobda agreTve, rom mSo-bliuri enis daviwyeba gamoiwvevda eris daRu-pvas da saqarTvelos `rusifikacias~. erT drosigi aRSfoTebuli iyo saqarTvelos axali kon-stituciis 75-e muxlis Sinaarsze, xolo Semd-gom am muxlis Sinaarsis Secvlaze. mas CemTvisxSirad uTqvams, rom saqarTveloSi saWiro araris agebuli iqnes didi qarxnebi da fabrikebi,radgan nacionaluri kadrebi ver axerxebendidi fabrika-qarxnebis aTvisebas, rac iwvevsruseTidan specialistebis saWiroebas da sabo-loo jamSi qarTvelebis migracias. vaJa JRentssaubari hqonia CemTan aseve saqarTvelos menSe-vikuri mTavrobis da misi lideris Jordaniasirgvliv. vaJa iwonebda Jordanias mTavrobis zo-gierT mxares, Tumca amave dros igi akritikebdamisi politikis calkeul mxares. Tumca Jorda-nias mTavrobis politikaSi ufro mets dadeb-iTs xedavda, vidre uaryofiTs.~152

vaJa JRenti Tavis `aralegalur~ naSromSiagreTve werda: `amJamad ar arsebobs koloniebi,magram jer-jerobiT Cvens planetaze aqa-iq Sem-orCenili aris patara saxelmwifoebi, romlebicama Tu im saxelmwifos gavlenas ganicdian. ime-di unda viqonioT, rom 1980 wlisaTvis, yvela es

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patara saxelmwifoebi sabolood srul damouk-ideblobas moipoveben.

axla msoflios yvela saxelmwifo erTgva-rovania, rogor unda gavigoT saxelmwifos erT-gvarovneba? dReisaTvis TiTqmis damTavrebuliaerovnebizacia dedamiwis yvela kontinentze. yo-vel saxelmwifoSi xalxis absolitur umravle-sobas Seadgens is eri, romel ersac ekuTvnissaxelmwifo, xolo saxelmwifo enad gamocxade-bulia erTaderTi ena.

rasakvirvelia am saxelmwifoSi cxovrobensxva eris warmomadgenlebi, magram yvela isiniaq moiyvana bedis ukuRmarTobam da es xalxi,mxolod da mxolod emigrantTa uflebebiT sar-gebloben.~153

aq erTi SexedviT zogadad aris saubari, Tu-mca naTelia, rom avtoris mTavari gulistki-vili saqarTvelos problemaa. miuxedavad imisa,rom msoflio masStabiT dawyebulia procesiyvela eris damoukideblobis, suverenobis mini-Webis Sesaxeb, magram XX saukunis 70-iani wle-bis bolosac ki saqarTvelo isev Zveli proble-mis winaSe dgas, is isev sabWoTa reJimis daqvem-debarebaSia. avtoris survili, rom 1980 wlis-Tvis damoukideblobadakarguli erebi suvereno-bas moipoveben, marTalia gadaWarbebulia, mag-ram survili imdenad Zlieria, rom procesebisswrafad ganviTarebis imeds gamoTqvams. misi mi-zania, mkiTxvels daanaxos, rom marTalia XXsaukunea, magram samwuxarod zogierTi eri isev

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sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, rac samarTle-briv CarCoebSi ar jdeba.

aRniSnuli ideis ganviTareba ganpirobebuliiyo ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSirSi, an saqarTve-loSi, aramed msoflioSi mimdinare viTarebiT,rodesac sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovanixdeboda adamianis da eris uflebebis dacvissakiTxi. saqarTvelos, rogorc mdidari isto-riuli tradiciebis mqone saxelmwifos imedigauCnda, rom damoukideblobis mopoveba arc iseSoreuli natvra iyo. qarTuli disidenturi mo-Zraobis warmomadgenlebi maqsimalurad cdilo-bdnen erovnuli ideis Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba-ze ezrunaT da es yovelive sazogadoebis far-To fenebamde, TiToeul qarTvelamde mietanaT.zemoTaRniSnul citataSi, garda saxelmwifoeb-rivi damoukideblobisa erovnuli enis uzenaes-obazecaa saubari. es faqti SemTxveviTi namdvi-lad ar aris. jer erTi, es aris periodi, ro-desac qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriv statussgarkveuli problemebi Seeqmna, Tumca qarTvel-Ta erTianobam es sakiTxi Cvens sasargeblodmoagvara. magram, problema axalia, da jer isevstkiva TiToeul qarTvels guli, sakuTari er-ovnuli cnobierebis gamomxatveli faseulobismimarT gamovlenili negatiuri qmedebiT, rom-lis sulisCamdgmeli sabWoTa reJimia.

vaJa JRenti Tavis broSuraSi paralels av-lebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. `calke aR-niSvnis Rirsia aSS. sayovelTaod cnobilia, ame-rikis SeerTebuli Statebi warmoiSva emigrant-Ta xarjze, romlis umravlesobas ingliselebi

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warmoadgenen da bunebrivia, saxelmwifo enadinglisuri iqna miRebuli.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi calkeul ero-vnebebs araviTari moraluri uflebebi ara aqvTmoiTxovon teritoriuli gamoyofa. kacma romTqvas, maT garkveuli teritoriebic ar gaaCniaT,amdenad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi emigrant-Ta nebayoflobiT aris Camoyalibebuli. Tumcaaqac jer kidev ver aris gadaWrili saTanadodzangTa da adgilobriv indielTa erovnuli sa-kiTxebi. yoveli amerikeli sazogado moRvawe daprezidenti cdilobs es problema dadebiTadgadaWras, magram maT jerjerobiT 100%-ian Sede-gisaTvis ar miuRweviaT. Cans erovnuli sakiT-xebis mogvareba Zneli saqmea, da igi umTavresaddamokidebulia TviT ubralo xalxis masebze.veraviTari saxelmwifo wyobileba da mTavrobismeTauris mcdeloba sruliad mas ver gadaWrisTu sazogadoeba naTlad ver Seignebs imas, romerovnuli Cagvra yvelaze ufro didi borote-baa, romeli borotebac ki arsebobs qveyniereba-ze.

yvelaze ufro uebari saSualeba erebisTviTgamorkvevisaTvis erebis damoukideblobismopovebaa, magram moyvanili debuleba aSS-Tvisgamoricxulia. amrigad, mTel msoflioSi warm-oiSvnen uamravi axali damoukidebeli saxelmwi-foebi da 20-e saukunes Tamamd SeiZleboda gve-wodebina erTa Tavisuflebis saukune, rom deda-miwis erT meeqvsed nawilze Savi uzarmazari ko-

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lonializmis laqa ar arsebobdes da es laqa e.w. sabWoTa kavSiri aris.~154

avtori pirdapir gamoxatavs Tavis antikomu-nistur, antisabWour damokidebulebas da sabWo-Ta kavSirs asaxelebs yvelaze ufro Zalmomreo-biT sistemad. marTalia, qarTuli kulturulida politikuri elita naTlad acnobierebda sa-bWoTa reJimis arasamarTlianobas, magram es arkmaroda. aucileblobas warmoadgenda sazoga-doebis cnobierebis momzadeba da erovnuli id-ealebiT ganmtkiceba, raTa brZola ufro mizan-mimarTuli da Sedegiani yofiliyo. swored ami-tom, qarTveli disidentebi proklamaciebis gav-rcelebis saSualebiT cdilobdnen es ideebi sa-zogadoebis TiToeul wevramde mietanaT da sa-Tanado niadagi moemzadebinaT sabWoTa kavSiriswinaaRmdeg brZolisTvis.

igi agreTve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTulienis da zogadad, saxelmwifoSi mSobliuri enismdgomareobaze. igi naTlad acnobierebs imfaqts, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs enisstatuss eris arsebobaSi. misi aseTi damokide-buleba miT umetes mniSvnelovania im droisT-vis, rodesac 1978 wlis 14 aprils qarTuli enisdasacavad uamravi adamiani gamovida sabWoTareJimis winaaRmdeg. `sabWoTa konstituciis Zal-iT yvela respublikas eZleva ufleba TavianTenaze awarmoon yovelgvari saqmianoba TavianTrespublikaSi, magram ase rodia realuri mdgo-mareoba _ ama Tu im respublikaSi mtkiced iki-debs fexs rusuli ena da idevneba erovnuli en-

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ebi. aviRoT saqarTvelo: dRevandel saqarTvel-oSi yvela dawesebuleba, warmoeba, saxelmwifoaparati TavianT saqmeebs umTavresad rusul ena-ze awarmoeben. ena adamians warmoebiTi urTier-Tobis dros sWirdeba da Tu es saWiroeba mois-po _ rasakvirvelia, eric daiviwyebs mSobliurenas... araviTar SemTxvevaSi qarTvelma erma arunda dauSvas rusuli enis gabatoneba saqarTve-loSi.~155

igi agreTve problemas svams Semdegnairad:`ra unda icodes da gaakeTos TiToeulma qarTve-lma, rom igi iyos WeSmariti da Tanmimdevrulipatrioti. 1. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda mox-des qorwinebis faqti sxva erovnebis adamiane-bTan, gansakuTrebiT rusebTan. 2. araviTar SemT-xvevaSi gasaqani ar unda mieces kuTxistur ga-movlenebs. yovelive es asustebs qarTul patri-otizms. saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxes araviTariprivilegia ar unda mieces. yvela erTi simaR-lis Zmebi varT - dawyebuli aWaridan, damTavre-buli ingilomde. 3. qarTvelo, sadac Sen muSaobSeecade dokumentacia awarmoe qarTul enaze.STaagone yvela araqarTvels saqarTveloSi il-aparakos mxolod da mxolod qarTul enaze. 4.sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwie didi warmoeba-qa-rxnis gaxsnas saqarTveloSi da ai ratom? mefisruseTs, erTa umciresobani ganuviTarebelmdgomareobaSi rom hyoloda, amisaTvis am qvey-nebidan nedleuli gahqonda da mas amuSavebdacentralur ruseTSi. es, erTi mxriv kargic iyoerTa umciresobisaTvis, radganac naklebad xde-

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boda asimilacia. amJamad rusuli xelmZRvane-loba ufro eSmakurad iqceva _ saqarTveloSixsnis sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis fabrika-qarxn-ebs. bunebrivia, adgilobrivi muSaxeli am war-moebebs ver daakmayofilebs da mwarmoebeli Za-lebi unda iqnas mowveuli sabWoTa kavSiris yo-veli mxridan. amis niadagzea, rom rusTavi dResrusul qalaqs ufro hgavs, vidre qarTuls. yve-lasaTvis cnobilia, qarTuli sofelic muSa-xe-lis naklebobas ganicdis da qalaqic.

saqarTvelos Zalian didi gegmebi aqvs, rog-orc Cais moyvanisa, aseve yurZnisa. rasakvir-velia, qarTvel qalebs Zalian uWirs esoden di-di raodenobis Cais mokrefa. yovelive amis gamozogierT raionebSi Camosaxlebul iqna sabWoTakavSiris sxvadasxva kuTxidan garkveuli raod-enobis mosaxleoba. magaliTad, maxaraZis raion-Si Caasaxles somxebi. isini garkveuli wlebisganmavlobaSi Cumad iyvnen, bavSvebic qarTulskolebSi SeyavdaT, magram gavida xani da maTusamarTlo pretenziebi wamouyenes respublikisxelmZRvanelobas, moiTxoves somxuri skolebisgaxsna, agreTve Tavi metad gamomwvevad uWiravT.Tqma ar unda, aseTi movlenebi sakavSiro mTavr-obas awyobs. maT ician raoden mZlavrad arisganviTarebuli qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli grZ-noba da surT rogorme aRgavon qarTveli xalxipirisagan miwisa. aras dagideven es aRgva som-xebis mier iqneba Sesrulebuli Tu azerbaijane-lebis mier. qarTveli eri pativs scems moZmesomxeTsa da ajerbaijans, magram Tu suverenite-ti darRveuli iqneba, maSin sulerTia, yvela er-is winaaRmdeg unda iyos maxvili aRmarTuli. 5.

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yoveli qarTveli movalea kritikuli Tvalsaz-risiT Sexedos mTavrobis dadgenilebebs da ga-dawyvetilebebs, daafiqsiros xom ar Seicavenisini mzakvrul meTods saqarTvelos erovnulo-bis Sesustebis Sesaxeb. 6. yovelma qarTvelmaTa-idan unda amoigdos marqsizm-leninizmis ide-ebi, agreTve xruSCovistebis qadagebani, radena-dac maT SeuZliaT qarTveli eri daRupvis gza-ze daayenos. 7. mxari dauWiroT sazRvargareTeladamianebis gamosvlas, romlebic sabWoTa kavSi-rSi erovnul sakiTxs Seexebian. yvela isinisabWoTa erebs mouwodeben damoukideblobisaken.8. mxari dauWiroT qarTvel patriotebs, romle-bic axla saqveynod cnobili arian. magaliTad,zviad gamsaxurdias, nugzar Sarias da sxvebs,romlebmac TavianTi uzrunveli cxovreba eriskeTildReobas Seswires da igi cixeze da emig-rantobaze gacvales. araviTar SemTxvevaSi arunda ayveT oficialuri presis monaWorebs maTSesaxeb. 9. mTeli Zal-Rone movaxmaroT imas, romyovelgvar dawesebulebaSi saqmeebi iwarmoebo-des mxolod da mxolod qarTul enaze. aravi-Tar SemTxvevaSi ar davuSvaT xelmZRvaneli pir-ovnebebis gamosvla sityvebSi rusul enaze... sa-stiki winaaRmdegoba gavuwioT yvela araqarTu-li skolebis gaxsnas saqarTveloSi. 10. qarTve-lo ganTavisufldi yovelgvari adamianuri ins-tiqtebisagan, romelic Sens qarTul patriot-izms vnebs. 11. qarTvelo ar dagaviwydes, rom sa-qarTvelo mdebareobs evropisa da aziis mij-naze. misi geografiuli da strategiuli mniSv-neloba udidesia, amas emateba saqarTvelos mdi-dari bunebrivi pirobebi da zomieri hava, rom-

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lebic xalxisTvis saxarbieloa. Tu gaviTvalis-winebT imasac, rom qarTveli xalxi bunebiT in-ternacionalistia, stumarTmoyvare, yovelive am-is gamo ucxo tomis adamianebis advilad mkvi-drdebian saqarTveloSi.

...qarTvelo Seni keTili guli ar gaxdes miz-ezi qarTveli xalxis samudamo gadaSenebisa.~156

ganvixiloT TiToeuli punqti: 1. pirvelivenawilSi vaJa JRenti mouwodebs qarTvelebs Ta-vi Seikavon sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebTanqorwinebisgan da gansakuTrebiT rusebisgan. ma-rTalia, cota gadaWarbebulia aRniSnuli damo-kidebuleba sakiTxisadmi, Tumca avtori isea mi-marTuli qarTuli genofondis dacvisken da sa-qarTveloSi qarTvelebis samarTlebrivi dasruluflebiani gaZlierebisken, rom yvela me-Tods mimarTavs rogorme Seamciros sxva erov-nebis warmomadgenelTa raodenobis gazrda saqa-rTveloSi. es faqti daaxloebiT gavs im situa-cias, rodesac VII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis da ganxeTqilebis droskirion qarTvelTa kaTalikosma da somexTa kaT-alikosma abraam aRbaTanelma mouwodes mrevlserTmaneTTan yovelgvari kavSiri gaewyvitaT. `ma-Tgan qorwinebisagan sruliad ganeSoreT.~ XXsaukuneSi ukve saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze didmters da mTavar mowinaaRmdeges ruseTi warmo-adgenda. sabWoTa reJimis mZlavri meqanizmis sa-SualebiT SesaZlebeli iyo qarTvelTa raode-noba Semcirebuliyo da xSir SemTxvevaSi asecxdeboda. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, marTalia qarT-

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velebisTvis aseTi mdgomareoba ucxo ar iyo, ma-gram SeiaraRebul brZolasTan erTad ideolo-giuri meTodiT momuSave sistemas qarTveli eriSemcirebisken mihyavda. swored, aqedan gamom-dinareobs avtoris gulistkivili, rac savsebiTsamarTliania.

2. meore punqtSi igi kuTxurobaze saubrobs.es problemac, rogorc yovelTvis amjeradac aq-tualuria. ruseTisTvis ki es faqti ucxo namd-vilad ar iyo. jer kidev mefis ruseTis perio-didan moyolebuli xelisufleba yvelanairadcdilobda qarTvelTa Soris erTianobis Semci-rebiT xeli Seewyo dapirispirebisaTvis da qar-Tveli eris TiToeul warmomadgenlebs SorisbrZolisTvis. bunebrivia, im fonze, rodesacjer mefis ruseTis xelisufleba da SemdegSisabWoTa reJimi maqsimalurad cdilobda xeliSeewyo aRniSnuli movlenisTvis, rTuli xdebo-da erTianobis SenarCuneba. am uaryofiT movl-enaze jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda, romruseTis TviTmpyrobeli xelisuflebis politi-kam Sedegi gamoiRo da qarTvelebs, TiToeulikuTxis warmomadgenlebs Soris erTianobis aR-qma Semcirda. ra gasakviri iyo, rom es proble-ma aRniSnul periodSic aqtualuri yofiliyo.

SemTxveviTi ar iyo avtoris mier am proble-mis wina planze wamoweva, im viTarebaSi Tu qar-Tvelebs Soris erTianoba ar iqneboda saerTomtris winaaRmdeg brZola uSedego aRmoCndebo-da. rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze ufro proble-muri swored es sakiTxi iyo yovelTvis, yvelasaukuneSi da gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT gamoir-Ceoda XIX-XX saukuneebSi da im dros, rodesac

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sabWoTa reJimi yvelanari meTodis gamoyenebasmimarTavda, raTa es movlena sazogado gamxdar-iyo da qarTvelTa sruli damorCilebisaTvisgamoeyenebina es mdgomareoba avtoris damokide-buleba am sakiTxisadmi mniSvnelobas moklebu-li ar aris. Tumca samwuxaroa, misma am broSur-am dRis sinaTle ver ixila da sazogadoebisfarTo fenebSi ar gavrcelebula. magram, disi-denturi moZraobis Sefasebis procesSi sain-teresoa, disidenturi mimarTulebis erT-erTiwarmomadgenlis naazrevis ganxilva.

3. mesame sakiTxad vaJa JRents gamotaniliaqvs qarTuli enis problema. amasTan dakavSire-biT zemoT ukve visaubre, amitom aq vrclad aR-ar Sevexebi, Tumca aRvniSnav, rom qarTul enasyovelTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelieris erTianobis SenarCunebaSi. jer kidev Cv. w.aR.-mde IV-III saukuneebSi, rodesac farnavazmaqarTuli samefos gaerTianebas daudo saTave,qarTul enas saxelmwifo enis statusi mianiWa.`farnavazma ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRaraizraxeboda sxuai enai Tvinier qarTulisa.~ Sem-degSic, rodesac qarTvelTa yofna-aryofnis sa-kiTxi dgeboda qristianobasTan erTad qarTuliena erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebis erT-er-Ti mTavari faseuloba xdeboda. SemTxveviTi ariyo, rom ioane zosime qarTul enas sakralurdatvirTvas sZenda. giorgi merCule ki aRniSna-vda: `qarTlad friadi queyanai aRiracxebis, ro-melsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvisda locvai yoveli aResrulebis.~ swored amit-om iyo, rom XIX saukuneSi ruseTma saqarTve-los dapyrobis Semdeg mTavari dartyma qarTu-

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li enis winaaRmdeg mimarTa da yoveldRiur sa-ubarSi Tu saqmis warmoebaSi rusuli enis dam-kvidreba moiTxova.

sabWoTa reJimi ki, romelic yovelgvari ero-vnulis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, qarTuli enis sta-tuss dadebiTs verafers SesZenda. marTalia,igi gamodioda lozungiT, rom sabWoTa sistema-Si gawevrianebul erebSi gansakuTrebuli rolienas unda mikuTvneboda, magram es mxolod ca-rieli sityvebi aRmoCnda da sinamdvileSi, mSob-liuri enis mdgomareoba yvelgan da maT SorissaqarTveloSi arcTuise saxarbielo iyo.

4. meoTxe punqtad gamotanili sakiTxi, erTiSexedviT arc Tu ise uwyinaria, Tumca TavisTavSi Rrma problemas malavs. sabWoTa sistema,Tavisi diqtatoruli da despoturi mmarTvelo-bis fonze cdilobda xalxis masebis gulis mo-gebis mizniT didi raodenobiT fabrika-qarxnebigaexsna, Tumca amas hqonda uaryofiTi mxareebi,rac avtoris azriT muSa-xelis simciris pirob-ebSi sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebis Camosax-lebas uwyobda xels da es ki saqarTveloze ua-ryofiTad aisaxeboda, radgan mosuli xalxi isegazuluqdeboda xolme, rom garkveuli privi-legiebis miniWebas iTxovda da es yovelive Zir-Zveli qarTuli mosaxleobis xarjze xdeboda.Tumca, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom sxva erovnebaTa Ca-mosaxleba mxolod fabrika-qarxnebSi maTi da-saqmebiT ar aixsneba da am yovelives, ufroSors mimavali miznebi hqonda. aseTi meTodisxvadasxva dampyroblebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTe-beli da saqarTvelos amgvari SemTxvevis mrava-li magaliTi axsovs. Tumca, es procesi gan-

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sakuTrebiT intensiuri jer mefis ruseTis daSemdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis iyo damaxasi-aTebeli.

XIX saukuneSi 20-ian wlebSi generalma ermo-lovma somxebi Camoasaxla, mogvianebiT xelisu-flebam saqarTveloSi berZnebi, germanelebi dasxvadasxva seqtebi: duxoborebi, moloknebi daskobcebi daamkvidra. sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi,kuTxurobis gaZlierebasTan erTad sxvadasxvaerovnebis Camosaxlebis procesi aqtualurixdeba. swored amitom mouwodebs avtori qarT-vel ers, romelic stumarTmoyvareobiT gamoir-Ceva, ar dauSvas sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenle-bis Camosaxleba Tu uflebebis gazrda ukvesaqarTveloSi mcxovreblebisaTvis.

5. me-5 da me-6 muxlSi igi mouwodebs qar-Tvelebs brmad ar miiRon sabWoTa ruseTis miermiRebuli dadgenilebebi, Tundac erTi SexedviTuwyinari iyos, ar usminos xruSCovistebis gamo-naTqvamebs da yvelafers eWvis TvaliT Sexedos,rac qveynisTvis saziano SeiZleba iyos. bune-brivia, amgvari damokidebuleba sworia, radgan1921 wlidan moyolebuli qarTvelma xalxma gar-kveuli gamocdileba miiRo da xelisufalTaqmedebebis namdvili mizani ukve cnobili xdebo-da, anda Tu ki iyo iseTi, visac jer kidev sje-roda xelisuflebis, masac gamofxizlebiskenmouwodebda.

es ar iyo sabWoTa reJimis dasawyisi perio-di, roca xalxis garkveul nawils maTi mdgoma-reobis gaumjobesebis imedi hqonda. es ukve XXsaukunis 70-iani wlebi iyo, rodesac reJimisnamdvili saxe yvelasTvis cnobili iyo da sa-

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zogadoebas unda ezruna sakuTari Tavis da qve-ynis gadarCenisTvis.

6. me-7 muxlSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sa-erTaSoriso viTarebis gamoyenebaze. rogorc uk-ve aRvniSne, XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi, IImsoflio omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiur-da sabWoTa kavSirSi gawevrianebuli erebi Tavi-suflebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi. am yovel-ives imeds aZlevda is faqti, rom TviTon aSSda evropa ar iyo dainteresebuli sabWoTa reJ-imis gaZlierebiT. amitom damorCilebuli erebida maT Soris, qarTvelebi cdilobdnen es viTa-reba gamoeyenebinaT.

7. me-8 punqti qarTveli erovnuli moRvawe-ebis rolis Sefasebas exeboda da vaJa JRentimimarTavda qarTvelebs, miebaZaT im gmirebisa-Tvis, romlebmac sakuTari Tavi gawires samSo-blos da qarTveli eris gadasarCenad. qarTvelierovnuli moRvaweebis qmedebas wesiT sazoga-doebaze didi gavlena unda moexdina, radganwlebis manZilze garkveuli monuri morCilebissindromi Camoyalibda da XX saukunis 70-ianwlebSi kvlav gaaqtiurda xalxi, rasac sabo-loo jamSi qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebel moZraobaze gavlena unda moexdina.

8. me-9, me-10 da me-11 punqtebi wina muxlebisgameorebaa da qarTuli enis dacvisaken mowode-baa da sxvadasxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebisgarkveul CarCoebSi moqcevazea saubari.

1979 wels qarTvelma disidentebma gaavrce-les Semdegi Sinaarsis proklamacia: `ZvirfasoTanamemamuleno! tradiciuli gavxadoT qarTulienis dResaswauli!

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yovel qarTvels movuwodebT 14 aprils mona-wileoba miiRos sadResaswaulo demonstraciaSilozungiT _ qarTuli ena upirveles yovlisa!rogorc SarSan, es kidev erTxel daadasturebsqarTveli axalgazrdebis maRal, erovnul TviT-Segnebas.

qarTuli ena WeSmaritad saxelmwifoebrivenad unda iqces praqtikuladac. winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi mSobliur deda-enas likvidireba moe-lis.

TiToeuli qarTvelis uwmindesi valia mTe-li arsebiT daicvas Cveni erovnuli saunje; mi-vaRwioT imas, rom saqarTvelos teritoriazearsebuli yvela warmoeba-dawesebulebebsa dasaswavleblebSi ZiriTadad gamocxadebul iqnassaukuneebis qartexilebs gadarCenili Cveni mSo-bliuri ena qarTuli.~157

agreTve gavrcelda Semdegi xasiaTis prokl-amacia: `nu izeimebT 25 Tebervals! qarTvelebis-Tvis es dRe glovis dRea! 1920 wlis 7 maiss da-ido samSvidobo xelSekruleba suverenuli saqa-rTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavro-basa da kremlis gamgebelTa Soris. magram, sulmale, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, bolSevikurma ru-seTma uxeSad daarRvia am saxelmwifoTa saxel-Sekrulebo pirobebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva wiT-eli armiis mier saqarTvelos mTeli terito-riis ikupireba, xolo misi bunebrivi da kanon-ieri mTavroba sazRvargareT iqna gandevnili...

yoveli Cvenganis wmindaTawmida movaleobaa_ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos maradiuli Tavi-

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suflebisaTvis daRupul mebrZolTa pativsace-mad _ 25 Tebervals, uaxloesi sazogadoebriviTavSeyris adgilebze, movawyoT erT saaTianiSekreba. am drois ganmavlobaSi kidev erTxelgamovTqvaT saRi azri saqarTvelos momavalbed-iRbalze, xolo meore dRes, glovis niSnad,Savi samklaurebiT gamovcxaddeT warmoebebsada saswavleblebSi.

gvjera, rom Cveni kolegebi _ studentebi,axalgazrdebi, rogorc SarSan gazafxulze de-da-enis dacvis dros, axlac erTsulovnad mxarsdauWeren am erovnul-patriotul mowodebas. da-dga dro ukuvagdoT SiSi da gulgriloba~ yve-laferi saqarTvelosTvis!~158

disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTma warmomad-genelma vaJa JRentma 1978 wels dawera SemdgibroSura `198... weli~, sadac igi aRniSnavs: `raSimdgomareobs yoveli qarTvelisTvis damouki-deblobis mopoveba da ra sikeTe moaqvs mas eri-sTvis, agreTve TiToeuli adamianisTvis, romle-bic saqarTvelos miwawyalze cxovroben.

qarTvelisTvis damoukideblobis mopovebacxadze ucxadesia _ amieridan qarTvelebs aRaremuqreba did erebTan asimilacia, qarTuli enagadaurCa samudamo mospobas, ers kvlav daub-runda erovnuli sulieri moTxovnilebani daase Semdeg. samudamod unda gvaxsovdes Tu eriarsebobs da mas gaaCnia sakuTari miwa-wyaliunda arsebobdes misi damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aseT ers gadaSeneba,mospoba emuqreba. da Tu eri garkveuli perio-

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dis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs _ es xom eris WeSma-riti arseboba ar aris. sjobs sikvdili, vidremonobaSi _ sicocxle.~159

igi kavkasieli xalxis erTianobazec saubr-obs. es sakiTxi avtors SemTxveviT ar aqvs wamo-weuli wina planze, misi mizania kavkasielTa er-Tianobis SenarCunebiT winaaRmdegoba gauwionsaerTo mters da am SemTxvevaSi ruseTs. `me arminda imis Tqma, rom maincdamainc kavkasiurmarasam erTi saxelmwifo SevqmnaT, magram am yve-la kavkasoidis sanukvari survili unda iyosCvens Soris damyardes urTierTmegobroba, rome-lic gamoixateboda erTmaneTisadmi daxmarebiT,rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve samxedro Tvalsaz-risiTac. xolo umTavresi ki, romelic maradunda gvaxsovdes _ arc erTma erma ar unda uRa-latos saerTo kavkasoidur interesebs da viR-ac gadamTielis brma propagandis msxverpli argavxdeT.~160

jer kidev 1972 wels nikolz samxaraZe wer-da: `glex kacs /sadRaa ojaxi acxovros. Tavismama-papis gaSenebul vaSlze da msxalze nayo-fis mokrefis ufleba ar aqvs. miwa Cvenia. naS-romic Cvenia, Tu gadarCa saxelmwifo gegmas, mo-gcemT. es saxelmwifo visia!? _ xalxiso _ gai-Zaxian mbrZaneblebi. xalxi moklebuli elemen-tarul uflebas, dabeCavebuli, dakninebuli us-agnoT daexeteba. oficialoba axal-axali gegme-biT da dapirebebiT iyoliebs xalxs, rom dResTu xval komunizms avaSenebTo. brbos sjera, Se-

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gnebuls guls uklavs dausrulebeli ubedure-ba.

komunizmi miznad isaxavs dRemde arsebulicivilizebuli kacobriobis mier Seqmnili eko-nomikur-politikuri yofis damxobas, mospobas.uaryofs kerZo sakuTrebas da pirovnul Tavisu-flebas, riTac kacobriobas abrunebs veluro-bisaken.~ 161 aqedan naTlad Cans, rom sazogado-ebis cnobiereba Selaxulia da diqtatorulireJimis pirobebSi yvelanairi ufleba Camor-Tmeuli aqvs. mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeba aramxolod xalxis masebi, aramed xelisuflebaSimyofi erovnulad moazrovne Zalebi, romlebicTavisi Sexedulebis gamo sabWoTa reJimis samiz-ne xdeba da ZaladobiT Tu nebayoflobiT pos-tis datoveba uwevs.

faqtobrivad, adamiani axal sistemaSi mTli-anad uflebaSelaxuli aRmoCnda da reJimze da-mokidebuli gaxda. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgoma-reobaSi aRmoCnda socialurad dabali fenis wa-rmomadgenlebi. marTalia, sawyis etapze sabWoTaxelisufleba sazogadoebas ekonomikur da soc-ialur xelSeuxeblobas da ganviTarebas pirde-boda, magram sityvebi sityvebad darCa, rac mo-yvanili citatidanac naTlad Cans. am yvelafer-Tan erTad situacias arTulebda is faqtic,rom sazogadoeba informaciul vakuumSi imyofe-boda da mTlianad yalbi ideologiis gavlenasganicdida. magaliTad respublikuri partia mTa-var dasayrden Zalad erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-bel moZraobaSi axalgazrdobas miiCnevda. 1979

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wels gamocemul Jurnal `sarkmelis~ #2-Si vki-TxulobT: `riT unda daviwyoT axalgazrdobismomzadeba? bunebrivia, saqmis dasawyebad arale-galuri literatura ar gamogvadgeba. jer erTi,es konspiraciis darRvevaa da meore, kacs, rom-elsac aralegalur literaturas gadavcemT,amisaTvis mzad unda iyos. Cvenda sabednierod,bolo wlebSi gacilebiT didi raodenobiT mo-ipoveba legaluri literatura, romelic sru-liad sakmarisia mzadebis pirvel etapze. ase-Tebia, Tundac muxran maWavarianis leqsebi dalevan sanikiZis `uqarqaSi xmlebi~, ukanasknelispopularobam yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba,rac kidev erTxel adasturebs sazogadoebis ga-RviZebul interess erovnuli mdgomareobisadmi.sakmaod did SesaZleblobebs iZleva agitaciis-Tvis qarTuli filmebi, Tatrebi da sxva. winaTaobis swored amgvari saqmianoba gvaZlevs saS-ualebas movamzadoT axali kadrebi. am SemTxve-vaSi Cven isRa gvrCeba, arsebuli masalebi mivi-tanoT axalgazrdobamde, avuxsnaT da mivaxved-roT qveteqsturi miniSnebani.

uaRresad didia roli aprilis (14 aprilis_ n. s.) demonstraciisa. saerTod, amgvari demo-nstraciebi, garda imisa, rom erTdroulad moi-caven sazogadoebis did nawils, masebs gamarj-vebas, sakuTari Tavis rwmenasac unergaven dagacilebiT efeqturni arian.~162

rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri partia sazo-gadoebis farTo fenebis erovnuli cnobierebisamaRlebas pirvel rigSi axalgazrdobis nacio-

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naluri Segnebis gaRvivebiT iwyebs. radganac,erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebel moZraobas axaliTaoba da axali azrovneba sWirdeboda, rome-lic Tavisufali iqneboda sabWouri gavlenis-agan, misi ideologiisagan. brZolis aRniSnuletapze mTavari xdeba erovnuli xasiaTis Se-mcveli wignebis, filmebis propaganda, sadacaqcenti imaze gakeTdeboda, rac axalgazrdebiserovnul grZnobebs aamaRlebda.

rogorc vxedavT, erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraoba 70-iani wlebis bolos kidev uf-ro Zlierdeba da aqtiuri nabijebis gadadgmi-saken emzadeba qarTuli kulturuli da poli-tikuri elita. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo1978 wlis 14 aprilis demonstracia, ramac qar-Tveli eris erTobas Seuwyo xeli da sazo-gadoebas misca stimuli ufro metad daecva sa-kuTari samSoblo. `qarTveli axal-gazrdoba Ta-visufalia im cru-rwmenisagan, romelsac sabW-ouri komunizmi ewodeba. mas ar gauvlia arc 30-iani wlebis terori da arc 1956 wlis sisxli-ani marti; da Tu vinmes kvlav SemorCa `didi be-ladisadmi~ simpatiebi, es ufro gaunaTleblo-bis bralia an memkvidreobiT miRebuli seni, ro-melsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflad Ca-moiSorebs. swored axalgazrdobis gaaqtiure-bisaken unda warmimarTos srp-s muSaoba. Cvenunda SevZloT brZolis xazi gadavitanoT ins-titutebSi, teqnikumebsa da profteqnikur saswa-vleblebSi, sawarmoo dawesebulebebSi, xoloSemdeg ki skolebSi. rodesac mzadebis wina xa-zi skolebSi gadainacvlebs, gveqneba saucxoobaza axali kadrebis warmoCenisa, erovnul-gan-

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maTavisuflebeli brZolis gaZlierebisa da racmTavaria, iqneba mtkice safuZveli, romelzedacdaSendeba damoukidebeli saqarTvelo.~163

saqarTvelos axali sisxli da axali Zalanamdvilad sWirdeboda. 1921 wlidan moyolebu-li qarTvelma inteligenciam didi dartyma ga-nicada sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan. qarTvelerovnul Zalebs SezRuduli da SeiZleba iT-qvas CamorTmeuli hqonda ufleba garkveuliwvlili Seetana sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobi-erebis ganviTarebaSi. sabWoTa reJimis damyare-bidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi yovelgvarierovnuli idevneboda da xelisufleba maqsimal-urad cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis damyarebas,ris misaRwevadac yovelgvar meTods mimarTavda.is ar erideboda Zaladobrivi saSualebis gamo-yenebasac. qarTveli inteligencia, romelmac me-fis ruseTis dros ufro didi roli iTamaSaqarTveli eris erTianobis CamoyalibebaSi, XXsaukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli repre-siebis msxverpli aRmoCnda, rac gansakuTrebuligamomxatvelobiT gamoCnda 30-ian wlebSi. marTa-lia, erovnuli idea mefis ruseTis drosac ide-vneboda, Tumca XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidanmoyolebuli 1921 wlamde (1918-1921_saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublika) qarTvelma inteli-genciam, romelic ideologias qmnida saqarTve-loSi, agrkveuli wvilili Seitana erovnulicnobierebis amaRlebaSi da erovnuli ZalebismobilizebaSi.

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XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis masobrivma rep-resiebma mravali qarTveli inteligentis sico-cxle Seiwira. es faqti SemTxveviTi ar yofila.sabWoTa xelisuflebam mTavari dartyma im ad-amianebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa, romelTac Seswe-vdaT imis Zala da gaaCnda is azrovneba, sakuTa-ri resursi qarTveli eris erTianobis gaZli-erebaSi daexarja. sabWoTa imperiam, faqtobri-vad saqarTvelos saRad moazrovne nawili waar-Tva, raTa damoneba ufro advili gamxdariyo.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis 40-50-ianiwlebSi garkveuli gamococxleba SeiniSneba er-ovnul moZraobaSi. amis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreda aq vrclad aRar Sevexebi, Tumca aRvniSnav,rom am periodidan moyolebuli da gansakuT-rebiT, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg safrTxe See-qmna, rac gamoixateboda rogorc saSinao, asevesagareo viTarebidan. marTalia, 1956 wlis 9marts `stalinis kultis~ kritikiT xruSCovida maSindeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebiSeecadnen yvelaferi mxolod stalinisTvis da-ebralebinaT, Tumca sazogadoeba da gansakuT-rebiT, misi moazrovne nawili ase advilad ukveaRar tyuvdeboda. maTTvis naTeli iyo, rom axa-li xelisuflebac winamorbedis gamgrZelebeliiyo da isev Zveli wesebiT apirebda cxovrebas.magram imasac naTlad acnobierebda, rom masob-rivi erTianoba iyo saWiro. swored aRniSnulisqadagebas isaxavda miznad XX saukunis 50-ianwlebSi axalgazrda qarTveli disidentebis me-rab kostavas da zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvane-lobiT. isini mouwodebdnen qarTvel sazogadoe-

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bas sabWoTa reJimisagan Tavis daRwevis auci-leblobaze.

respublikuri partia Jurnal `sarkmelis~pirvel nomerSi mimarTavda qarTvel xalxs:`mxolod da mxolod suverenul saxelmwifosSeuZlia gadawyvitos Tavisi sasicocxlo prob-lemebi;

mxolod da mxolod Tavisufal saqarTvel-os xelewifeba daicvas qarTuli ena;

mxolod da mxolod daumonebel saxelmwi-fos ZaluZs Tavisi xalxis uflebaTa da Tavis-uflebaTa ganxorcieleba;

mxolod da mxolod damoukidebel qveyanasaqvs sruli ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviT-arebis saSualeba.~164

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebis saqarTveloSi di-sidenturi moZraobis mimarTulebiT axali etapiiwyeba. samoRvaweo asparezze gamodis axalijgufi, romelsac brZolis Taviseburi meTodebida stili gaaCnda, Tumca mizani erTi iyo: damo-ukidebeli, Tavisufali saqarTvelo.

qarTuli disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTiwarmomadgeneli joni laSqaraSvili aRniSnavda:`... rogorc Cemi eris interesebis gulSemat-ki-varma, erT-erTma warmomadgenelma mqonda survi-li rom saqarTvelo gamosuliyo sabWoTa kavSi-ris Semadgenlobidan, gamxdariyo damoukidebe-li, suverenuli qveyana... amisTvis, me rom gamiCn-da aseTi survili mxolod amiT ar vkmayofil-debodi da mainteresebda qarTveli sazogadoe-bis azri da amisTvis Tu iyo SesaZlebloba, me

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vigebdi xalxis azrs. bolo oTxi wlis manZil-ze vmuSaobdi taqsze, sadac urTierTobaSi vi-yavi xalxTan da Tu situacia iyo imisa rom Sev-kiTxodi ra azrisa iyvnen saqarTvelos sabWoTakavSiris gamoyofisa, umetes SemTxvevisa pasuxo-bdnen, rom maT hqondaT survili rom saqarTve-lo gamxdariyo damoukidebeli qveyana, zogjeryofila bevri SemTxveva, rom davlaparakebivarmgzavrebs, momismenia laparaki am Temaze, romsaqarTvelos aqvs ufleba gaxdes damoukidebe-li da urTierTsaubarSi gamouTqvamT azri, romvin aris iseTi rom ar surdes saqarTvelos Ta-visufleba, damoukidebloba, mara ra ginda vingagiSvebs nebiTo, xolo ZaliT amis gakeTeba armoxerxdebao. adamianebi romlebic gamoxatavd-nen aseT survils iyvnen qalebic da kacebic, ax-algazrdebi da moxucebi, TiTqmis yvela katego-riis, wlovanebis xalxi... me Semeqmna iseTi Se-xeduleba, rom Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, romes xalxi iyvnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxe-ebis warmomadgenlebi da ara marto Tbilisismkvidrni, qarTveli eris umravles nawils sur-da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, sabWoTa kav-Siridan gamoyofa~. 165 zaqaria (joni) laSqaraS-vilis Cveneba metad mniSvnelovania. jer erTies kargad gamoxatavs mis damokidebulebas saqa-rTvelos da zogadad erovnuli sakiTxisadmi.meorec, aq naTlad Cans sazogadoebis azris ga-movlineba qveynis TavisuflebasTan dakavSireb-iT. marTalia, es aris periodi (1983- n.s.), rode-sac sabWoTa imperiis rRvevis niSnebi ikveTeba,

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Tumca radikaluri nabijis gadadgma mainc SeuZ-leblad esaxeba mosaxleobas. magram mTavari isaris, rom sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi momwife-bulia azri saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aR-dgenis Taobaze. qarTveli erovnuli moRvawee-bis brZolas garkveuli Sedegi ukve gaaCnia.

zaqaria laSqaraSvilis gancxadebidan SesaZ-lebeli xdeba qarTuli sazogadoebis damokide-bulebis garkveva saqarTvelos TavisuflebasTanmimarTebaSi. aq saintereso isaa, rom laSqara-Svili ar kmayofildeba mxolod sakuTari Sexe-dulebiT da brZoliT damoukideblobis aRdge-nisadmi da cdilobs mosaxleobis Tvalsazrisisgarkvevas, raTa brZola Sedegiani yofiliyo.

laSqaraSvili aRniSnavs: `...saubris dros mexandaxan gadavukravdi xolme sityvas saqarT-velos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofis SesaZleb-lobaze, rom saqarTvelo yofiliyo damoukide-beli saxelmwifo. amiT mindoda gamego, Tu vinra Sexedulebisa iyo am sakiTxze. bevri amasgulgrilad uyurebda, xolo visac moswonda esazri me maT ufro vuaxlovdebodi. amgvarad meavirCie pirTa garkveuli wre. eseni iyvnen: SiogeleniZe, amiran mdinaraZe, givi axlouri, miSabe-itaSvili, daTo firaniSvili, arCil xaxviaS-vili da malxaz maisuraZe, agreTve nodar megve-lia.

daaxloebiT 1981 wlis aprilSi Tu maisSi memaT gavuziare azri Segveqmna organizacia, rom-elic ibrZolebda saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSi-ridan gamoyofisaTvis da amiT Cveni wvlili Se-gvetana saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi,razedac isini damTanxmdnen. Cven gadavwyviteT

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SevkrebiliyaviT da gvemsjela Tu rogorgvemuSava da ra gziT gangvexorcielebina dasa-xuli mizani. rogorc movilaparakeT, yovelTvis15 ricxvSi unda SevkrebiliyaviT `muStaidis ba-RSi~, sadac ganvixilavdiT aRniSnul sakiTxebs.Cemi winadadebiT Cvens organizacias vuwodeT`sego~ _ `saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebeli organizacia~. molaparakebisamebr vxvde-bodiT xolme erTmaneTs da vmsjelobdiT Turogor gvemoqmeda. miviReT gadawyvetileba, romgagvezarda Cveni organizaciis wevrTa ricxvida mogvezida xalxi nacnob-amxanagebis wridan.vinc Cvens azrs iziarebda. am gziT Cveni orga-nizaciis wevrebi gaxdnen: tariel RviniaSvili,guram gogbaiZe, malxaz kvinikaZe da suliko Wu-layiZe Tu julaxiZe...~166

rogorc misi Cvenebidan irkveva: `jer kidevsabWoTa armiis rigebSi samsaxuris dros gami-Cnda azri Semeqmna jgufi an organizacia, rome-lic ibrZolebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobi-saTvis e. i. sabWoTa kavSiridan misi gamoyofisa-Tvis. maSin es azri gavuziare Cems jaris am-xanagebs: Tamaz bibiaSvils da soso CixlaZes. esiyo 1974-1975 wlebSi. Cven gadavwyviteT Segveqmnaorganizacia, romlisTvisac gvewodebina `saqar-Tvelos erovnuli partia~. me gadmovaqarTulesabWoTa armiis meomris fici. Sevcvale ra masSizogierTi sityvebi. fici iyo daaxloebiT Sem-degi Sinaarsis: `me esa da es, nebayoflobiT Se-vdivar ra saqarTvelos partiaSi vficav erTgu-lad vemsaxuro Cem samSoblos _ saqarTvelos

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interesebs da sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde vib-rZolo misi ganTavisuflebisaTvis. Tu am ficsar Sevasruleb davimsaxuro xalxis siZulvi-li da sasjelis umaRlesi zoma~. Tamazma dasosom daweres es fici furclebze, moaweresxeli, xolo Semdeg qimiuri fanqris saSualebiTdausves TiTebis anabeWdebi. praqtikulad Cvenar gvimoqmedia, radganac ar vicodiT Tu ra darogor gagvekeTebina. sabWoTa armiis rigebidanme da Tamazi davbrundiT erTad, xolo sososkidev unda emsaxura 1 weli. es iyo 1975 wlisSemodgomaze. amis Semdeg Tamaz bibiaSvils Se-vxvdi ramdenjerme, xolo soso CixlaZe aRarminaxavs~.167

`sego~-s, ese igi `saqarTvelos erovnul-gan-maTavisuflebeli organizacia aris aralegalu-ri, misi mizania erovnuli Tavisufle-bisaTvis,saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZola,xolo amocanaa saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebakoloniuri mdgomareobidan da srulufle-biani,damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna. masSi agre-Tve Cawerili iyo, rom organizaciis wevrebisvalia aralegalurad ganumarton xalxis masebsorganizaciis saqmianoba, misi politika da mie-zidaT isini Tavis rigebSi, agreTve ebrZolaTrusuli nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmis winaaRm-deg, daecvaT organizaciis saidumloeba. wesde-ba iTvaliswinebda agreTve axali wevris miRe-bis pirobebsac. wevrad SeiZleba yofiliyo mxo-lod qarTveli, vinc mxars uWerda Cvens saqmi-anobas da miiReboda organizaciis romelime we-

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vris rekomendaciiT gacnobisa da Seswavlis Se-mdeg~.168

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisis di-sidenturi moZraobis erT-erTi warmomadgenelitariel RviniaSvili Tavis CvenebaSi aRniSnavs;`krebebze vmsjelobdiT sxvadasxva sakiTxebze,romelic exeboda saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bis mopovebas misi sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-lobidan gamoyofis gziT, vmsjelobdiT disci-plinaze, konspiraciaze, raTa Cveni organiza-ciis arseboba cnobili ar gamxdariyo saTanadoorganoebisaTvis. Tu rogor unda gangvexorcie-lebina Cveni mizani. amaze bevrs vTaTbirobdiT,magram konkretul gzebs ver vxedavdiT. erTad-erTi ris gakeTebac SegveZlo es iyo furcle-bis dabeWdva da maTi gavrcelebiT xalxSi agi-taciis Catareba, radganac vfiqrobdiT, romCvens garda kidev arsebobdnen aralegaluriorganizaciebi aramarto saqarTveloSi, aramedsxva mokavSire respublikebSic, rom yvelgan mo-xdeboda mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego organize-buli gamosvlebi, rasac mohyveboda sabWoTa kav-Siris daSla da rogorc es oqtombris revolu-ciis Semdeg moxda saqarTvelo moipovebda da-moukideblobas. am momentisTvis Cven mzad undavyofiliyaviT, raTa ufro organizebuli moq-medebiT monawileoba migveRo gamosvlebSi da amsaqmeSi Cveni wvlilic Segvetana. Cveni organi-zaciis yovel wevrs Segvqonda gadasaxadi sawe-vros saxiT 10 maneTis raodenobiT, xolo is we-vrebi, romlebic arsad ar muSaobdnen ixdidnen

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2 maneTs, raTa organizacias hqonoda garkveulifuladi Tanxa, romelsac praqtikul saqmia-nobaSi saWiroebisamebr gamoviyenebdiT. Cvensorganizacias hqonda sakuTari samferovani dro-Sa: wiTeli, lurji da mwvane zolebiT, rome-lic warmoadgenda momavali damoukidebeli sa-qarTvelos droSis nimuSs~.169

joni laSqaraSvili aRniSnavs: `... Sevkeresamferovani droSa. wiTel, lurj da mwvane fe-rebs Soris Cavxate TeTri zolebi. lurji feriniSnavda wyals, mwvane-miwas, TeTri-haers, xolowiTeli _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis Se-narCunebisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSidaRvril sisxls. davxate agreTve saxazavi fo-rmatis qaRaldze momavali `damoukidebeli~ sa-qarTvelos Rerbis nimuSic. igi msgavsi iyo saqa-rTvelos socialisturi respublikis Rerbisaim gansxvavebiT, rom im adgilas, sadac warweraa`proletarebo yvela qveynisa SeerTdiT~ Cemsmier damzadebul nimuSSi exata Tormeti xuTqi-miani varskvlavi. Cems nimuSSi ar iyo agreTve,namgali da uro. varskvlavebi niSnavda saqarT-velos kuTxeebs. Rerbis centrSi mzisa da mTisfonze Cavxate TavTavebi da vazis rto yurZnismtevniT. vazis rqa gamoxatuli iyo jvris saxiT,rogorc qarTuli qristianobis simbolo~.170

sego-s gawerili hqonda wevrebis struqturada organizaciis ufleba-movaleobani. misi wev-ri SeiZleboda yofiliyo erovnebiT qarTveli,visTvisac misaRebi iqneboda organizaciis prog-rama, wesdeba da aRiarebda ficis teqsts. amas-

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Tan ibrZolebda saqarTvelos damo-ukideblobi-saTvis da xels Seuwyobda organizaciis gaZli-erebas da gamravlebas da patriotulad moaz-rovne pirebis jgufSi miRebas. `aqtiurad avrce-lebdes erovnuli patriotizmis ideebs qarT-vel xalxSi, ibrZodes rusuli nacionalizmisada Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg, arale-galurad, sity-viT da saqmiT uwyobdes xels qarTveli xalxiskavSiris ganmtkicebas. organizaciis wevrebadmiiRebian Segnebuli, aqtiuri, erovnuli saqmiserTguli, erovnebiT qarTveli xalxi ganurCev-lad sqesisa da socialuri mdgomareobisa. axa-li wevrebi miiRebian organizaciaSi Semavaliwevris rekomendaciiT, gacnobisa da SeswavlisSemdeg. organizaciaSi miiRebian is pirni, rome-lTac 18 weli SeusruldaT~. 171 organizaciaSiwevrad miRebis sakiTxs ganixilavda saerTokreba da amtkicebda organizaciis komiteti. ga-nsazRvruli iyo specialuri sasjeli im pirebi-sTvis, romlebic movaleobas ar Seasrulebdnenda SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda misi garicxva jgu-fidan.

sego-Si gawevrianebis msurveli debda fics,romelic Semdegnairad iyo formulirebuli:`me... piradi surviliTa da nebayoflobiT vxdebiaralegaluri saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavis-uflebeli organizaciis wevri.

vficav viyo organizaciisa da samSoblos wi-naSe erTguli, mamaci, Tavdadebuli, discipli-nirebuli mebrZoli.

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pirnaTlad Sevasruleb organizaciis wes-debiTa da programiT gaTvaliswinebul yoveldavalebas, mtkiced davicav Cems organizaciissaidumloebas, vibrZolebT TanamoazreTa gver-diT sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde, saqarTvelosdamoukideblobisaTvis.

Tu me davarRvie Cemi fici maSin momezRoseris zizRi da siZulvili, davisajo organiza-ciis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeliT.~172

Sio geleniZe CvenebaSi aRniSnavda: `radganacCveni organizacia mcirericxovani iyo, amitomaraviTari struqturuli qvedanayofebi ar gvqo-nia da erT jgufs SevadgendiT. joni laSqaraS-vils qaRaldis furcelze Sedgenili hqonda ge-gmismagvari naxazi, Tu rogori unda yofiliyoorganizacia misi wevrTa ricxvis gazrdis Sem-TxvevaSi... am naxazis mizedviT organizacia Sed-geboda aTeulebisa da aseulebisagan. yovel qve-danayofs unda hyoloda meTauri. organizaciisyvela wevrs erTmaneTTi ar unda scnobodaT,mxolod meTaurebi unda yofiliyvnen erTmaneT-Tan dakavSirebuli, xolo saerTo xelmZRvane-loba ki ganxorcieldeboda raime organos saS-ualebiT. jonis axsniT yovel qvedanayofs undahqonoda Tavisi pirobiTi saxeli da SerCeulihqonda kidec, magram me ar maxovs, radganac Za-lze ucnauri saxelwodebebi hqondaT. organiza-ciis xelmZRvaneli iyo TviTon joni laSqara-Svili. xelmZRvanelad is Cven avirCieT erT-er-Ti pirveli Sekrebis dros...

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...`saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeliorganizaciis~ wevrebi viyavniT: me (igulisxmebaSio geleniZe _ n. s.), joni laSqaraSvili, ta-riel RviniaSvili, guram gogbaiZe, miSa beJitaS-vili, malxaz kvinikaZe, givi axlouri, amiranmdinaraZe, daTo firaniSvili, nodar megvelia,malxaz maisuraZe, agreTve givi axlouri, oleggoguaZe da suliko julayiZe. miSa beJitaSviliaRniSnul organizaciaSi me moviyvane organi-zaciis Camoyalibebidan daaxloebiT erTi TvisSemdeg. tariel RviniaSvili moiyvana miSa be-JitaSvilma Tavisi mosvlidan daaxloebiT 2Tvis Semdeg. guram gogbaiZe, malxaz kvinikaZe,givi, olegi da suliko moiyvana joni laSqaraS-vilma.~173

suluko julayiZis aRiarebis mixedviT: `...erTxelac me da jonim gadavwyviteT Cvenc mog-vewyo am SeTqmulebis (1832 _ n.s.) msgavsi ram,raTa saqarTvelo gamxadriyo damoukidebeli dagamosuliyo sabWoTa kavSiridan. saqarTvelossabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamosvla im-isTvis gvindoda, rom mas daebrunebina Tavisiistoriuli miwa-wylebi, agreTve saxelmwifommarTvelobaSi aravisze yofiliyo damokidebu-li. Cven gadavwyviteT Segvegrovebina xalxi,vinc am ambis momxre iqneboda da Segveqmna or-ganizacia am saqmisaTvis. Cven unda mogveZebnaiseTi xalxi, visac surda saqarTvelos damouki-debloba. es uSualod maTTan, nacnobebi iqne-bodnen Tu SemTxveviT Sexvedrilni, saubarSiunda gamogverkvia da Semdeg SegveTavazebina

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Cveni azri organizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. rocagarkveul raodenobas SevagrovebdiT Camogveya-libebina organizacia.~174rogorc suliko jula-yiZis Cvenebidan Cans, organizaciis wevrebi mi-znad isaxavdnen ara mxolod iseTi organiza-ciis Seqmnas, romelic xels Seuwyobda saqarT-velos damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis brZo-laSi dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, aramed isiniimedovnebdnen, rom SeZlebdnen organizeba gaew-iaT iseTi masStaburi gamosvlisaTvis, rogorces iyo 1832 wels. aRniSnulis misaRwevad ki maTiazriT, aucileblobas warmoadgenda sando xal-xis Sekreba.

1981 wlis dekemberSi gaavrceles axali pro-klamacia: `qarTvelebo, Tu kidev SegrCaT sin-disi, Tu kidev giCqefT ZarRvebSi qarTuli sis-xli, Tu kidev gicemT guli, rogorc qarTvelsSeSvenis, Tu kidev gindaT Tavi daixsnaT ru-seTis monobisagan, Tu kidev gsurT naxoT saqar-Tvelo Tavisufali da Zlieri, ibrZoleT saqa-rTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis. arafris gul-isTvis nu daviRupebiT, Tu daRupva gviweria sa-qarTvelosTvis daviRupoT, Cveni momavlisaTvisda Cveni qveynis bedniere-bisaTvis.~175

marTalia jgufis wevrTa mizani saqarTve-los damoukideblobis mopoveba da sabWoTa kav-Siris daqvemdebarebidan ganTavisufleba iyo,radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmisagan mainc Tavsikavebdnen, radgan maT akldaT gamocdilebacda SesaZleblobac ufro maqsimaluri nabijebisgadasadgmelad. amas Tavadac aRiarebdnen. Tumca

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arsebuli reJimi imdenad miuRebeli iyo, romTundac minimaluri qmedebebiT brZola maincmniSvnelovani iyo. maTi moRvaweobis ZiriTadsferos proklamaciebis beWdva da gavrcelebawarmoadgenda, amavdroulad isini imedovnebdnen,rom sabWoTa kavSiris daqvemdebarebul saxel-mwifoebSi dawyebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraoba da damoukideblobis mopovebasaqarTvelozec dadebiT gavlenas moaxdenda dadasaxul mizans _ saxelmwifoebriv damoukideb-lobas miaRwevda. aRniSnuli gegma rom ganxor-cielebuliyo, saWirod miaCndaT maqsimaluraddaefaraT sakuTari organizaciis arseboba xe-lisuflebisaTvis, raTa SeZlebodaT erovnulisaqmis keTeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac prok-lamaciebis gavrcelebiT gamoixateboda. mxol-od viwro jgufuri muSaoba verafers gaxdebodaTu sazogadoebis farTo fenebi ar CaerTvebo-dnen am saqmianobaSi, Tu maTi erovnuli cnobie-reba ar amaRldeboda da ganmaTavisuflebelbrZolaSi monawileobas ar miiRebdnen. amitomsaWiroebas warmoadgenda aRniSnul organizaci-as rac SeiZleba didxans earseba konspiraciu-lad da sakuTari wvlili Seetana erovnulimoZraobis ganviTarebaSi.

aRniSnuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi cdilo-bdnen kavSiris damyarebas sxvadasxva cnobilsaxeebTan, raTa maTi brZola ufro metad Sede-giani yofiliyo. disidenturi moZraobis da or-ganizacia sego-s erT-erT warmomadgenels jonilaSqaraSvils hqonda mcdeloba dakavSirebodaTamar CxeiZes, romelTan Sexvedrasac igi Sem-degnairad ixsenebs: `me SevekiTxe Tamrikos ra

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azrisa iyo rom Seqmniliyo aralegaluri orga-nizacia, romelic ibrZolebda saqarTvelos sab-WoTa kavSiridan gamoyofisaTvis. agreTve avux-seni, rom amisi survili gvqonda Cemi mxridan iqmyofT, magram ar miTqvia gvqonda Tu ara Seqmni-li raime amdagvari. Tamrikom es azri ar moi-wona da Tqva, rom aralegalurad araferi gamo-vidoda, rom yvelaferi aSkarad unda gakeTebu-liyo da magaliTad moiyvana saqarTvelos ko-nstituciis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT mowyobilidemonstracia... sabolood Cven erT azramde vermivediT da davSordiT erTmaneTs~.176

agreTve sainteresoa tariel RviniaSvilisCveneba. igi aRniSnavs, rom 1983 wlis Teber-valSi joni laSqaraSvilTan erTad wavida uc-nob pirTan Sesaxvedrad, romelmac maT Jurnal`saqarTvelos moambis~ nomrebi da ivane java-xiSvilis `ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba~ ga-dasca. `gavxseniT gazeTSi Sexveulebi da vna-xeT, rom eseni iyo Jurnali `saqarTvelos moam-be~ #1 da ivane javaxiSvilis `ruseT-saqarTve-los urTierToba XVIII saukuneSi~ da kidev ra-Rac patara broSurebi, ramdenadac maxsovs skkpyrilobis Sesaxeb. yvela CamoTvlili litera-tura iyo daaxloebiT Tanabari raodenobiT, ase20-25 cali... zustad ar maxsovs, im dRes Tu Sem-degSi jonim miTxra, rom ucnobi, romelmac esliteratura gadmogvca iyo zviad gamsaxurdia.saidan icnobda joni zviad gamsaxurdias, anrodis SeTanxmdnen isini Sexvedraze da litera-turis gadacemaze me ar vici. amis Sexaeb jonis

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CemTvis araferi uTqvams da arc me mimicia Sek-iTxva~.177

amasTan dakavSirebiT joni laSqaraSviliaRniSnavs: `marTalia, me vuTxari RviniaSvils,rom is ucnobi, romelmac literatura gadmog-vca zviad gamsaxurdia iyo, magram es arasworia.me minda vTqva, rom mindoda Semeqmna azri, romTiTqos Cvens garda sxvebic arsebobdnen, rom-lebic Cvennairad fiqrobdnen. mxolod amis da-samtkiceblad me moviSvelie avtoriteti _ rog-orc simarTlisaTvis mebrZoli da Cems megobre-bs vuTxari, rom ucnobi, romelmac literaturagadmomca iyo zviad gamsaxurdia~.178

moyvanili Cvenebidan Cans, rom organizaciiswevrebi mudmivad fiqrobdnen saqarTvelosmdgomareobaze, rogorc mis warsulze, ise aw-myoze da momavalze. maTi mizani saqarTvelosTavisufleba iyo. rogorc laSqaraSvilis Cvene-bidanac ikveTeba da amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukveaRvniSne, organizaciaSi gawevrianebuli pirebi,romlebic mZRolebi iyvnen, xalxis farTofenebSi atarebdnen gamokiTxviT saubrebs, sai-danac Cans, rom sazogadoebaSi sul ufro ikve-Teboda sabWoTa kavSirisgan gamoyofis survili.

maT mizans agreTve warmoadgenda kavSiri da-emyarebinaT adgilobriv organizaciebTan, mag-ram maTi arakvalificiurobis gamo yvela mcde-loba, rogorc tariel RviniaSvili aRniSnavskraxiT sruldeboda. tariel RviniaSvili aR-niSnavs: `organizaciis wevrebi vikribebodiTTveSi erTxel, umetesad vikribebodiT baRebSi

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da Tu SesaZlebeli iyo joni laSqaraSvilisbinaSi an Cems saxlSi. yovelTviurad vixdidiTsawevro gadasaxads aTi maneTis odenobiT. Sek-rebebze vsaubrobdiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Cve-ni azriT, saqarTvelos mcxovrebT surdaT, saqa-rTvelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofa. es ki im-as niSnavda, rom arsebobda sxva organizaciebida gadavwyviteT maTTan kavSiri gvqonoda, mag-ram Cveni yoveli cda marcxiT mTavrdeboda.Cvens organizaciaSi, romelSic oc kacamdis Se-dioda ZiriTadad saSualo ganaTlebis xalxiiyo, romlebsac praqtikulad arafris gakeTebaar SeeZlo da Cvenc mxolod saubriT vkmayo-fildebodiT~.179

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis disidenturi mo-Zraobisgan gansxvavebiT, 80-iani wlebis disiden-tebs naklebi gamocdileba, politikuri alRoda kavSirebi gaaCnda. rogorc arsebuli saar-qivo dukementebidan irkveva, organizacia `ser-go~-s wevrebi, marTalia erovnuli cnobierebismaRali doniT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris-gan ganTavisuflebis da saxelmwifoebrivi damo-ukideblobis aRdgenis surviliT gamoirCeodnen,Tumca moqmedebis arealisa da ideebis sazoga-doebis farTo fenebSi gavrce-lebis SezRudu-li SesaZleblobebiT xasiaTdebodnen. 1. savara-udoa, rom es yovelive ganpirobebuli yofi-liyo im periodis qarTul politikur elitasada sazRvargareTTan naklebi kontaqtiT. da 2.sabWoTa xelisuflebis mkacri zewolisa da me-Tvalyureobis pirobebidan gamomdinare, aRniS-

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nuli organizaciis arseboba didxans ar gagrZe-lebula da Sesabamisad, maTi Canafiqri sisru-leSi ver iqna moyvanili da saboloo mizani _saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgena ver ganxorcielda im konkretuletapze. rogorc erT-erTi Cvenebidan irkveva,jgufis wevrebi gaerTianebuli erebis organiza-ciisadmi mimarTvis gagzavnas gegmavdnen. jonilaSqaraSvili aRniSnavda: `Tu ra mizniT Camova-yalibe e.w. saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebeli organizacia~ amaze TviT saxelwodebamiuTiTebs. me vTvlidi da vTvli kidevac, romsaqarTvelo imyofeba koloniur mdgomareobaSi,ar gvaqvs erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba,ufro sworad CamorTmeuli gvaqvs igi da gan-vicdiT erovnul Cagvras ruseTis mxridan, rad-ganac CvenSi tardeba rusifikatoruli politi-ka. taqsze muSaobis periodSi vxvdebodi mravaladamians, erovnebiT qarTvels, romelTac asevemiaCndaT da surdaT saqarTvelos gamoyofa sab-WoTa kavSiridan. swored am mizniT Camovayalibe`saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli or-ganizacia~. me ganzraxuli mqonda da vapirebdioficialuri weriliT migvemarTa saqarTvelosada sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobebisaTvis da mogve-Txova, rom saqarTvelo yofiliyo damoukidebe-li politikuri erTeuli, suverenuli saxelmwi-fo, romlis mTavrobac garda sakuTari xalxisneba-survilisa aravis daemorCileboda, xoloyovelive es momxdariyo eris politikuri TviT-gamorkvevis gziT. Tu es Txovna dakmayofilebu-

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li ar iqneboda, maSin mivmarTavdiT gerTianebu-li erebis organizacias~.180

aRniSnuli organizaciis warmomadgenlebma1981 wels daamzades Semdegi Sinaarsis Semcveliproklamacia: `qarTvelebo, Tu kidev SegrCaT si-ndisi, Tu kidev giCqefT ZarRvebSi qarTuli sis-xli, Tu kidev gicemT guli, rogorc qarTvelsSeSvenis, Tu kidev gindaT Tavi daixsnaT ruse-Tis monobisagan, Tu kidev gsurT naxoT saqarT-velo Tavisufali da Zlieri, ibrZoleT saqarT-velos damoukideblobisaTvis. arafris gulisa-Tvis nu daviRupebiT, Tu daRupva gviweria saqa-rTvelosTvis daviRupoT, Cveni momavlisaTvisda Cveni qveynis bednierebisaTvis. visac es arsurs, is qarTveli ar aris da arc aqvs uflebaicxovros saqarTveloSi~.181

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi agreTvedaculia Semdegi Sinaarsis Semcveli prokla-macia: `mogiwodebT yvela kavkasiel xalxs, rom-lis saerTo ricxvi dRes daaxloebiT 17 milio-nia, SevkavSirdeT, gaverTiandeT kavkasieli xa-lxi, yvelas erTi mizani gvqondes, kavkasiis da-moukidebloba, kavksielTa Tavisufleba, ZalaerTobaSiao da saWiroa gaerTianeba, Toremcal-calke mcirericxovani varT da uZlurebiviqnebiT 145 milioni rusis winaSe.

mogmarTavT TxovniT kavkasiel xalxs, saqa-rTvelos mosaxleobas, yvela moqalaqes ganur-Cevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, sqesisa dasocialuri mdgomareobisa, samarTlianobisaTvismebrZol adamianebs. georgievskis traqtatis aR-

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niSvnis dRes protestiT SevxvdeT. im dRes sax-lebidan ar gamoxvideT da quCebi carieli iyos,es TariRi marto ruseTis marionetebma, erismoRalateebma izeimon. Tu SesaZlebloba gveq-neba im dReebSi glovis niSnad Savi tansacmeliCavicvaT...

gaumarjos damoukidebel saqarTvelos!Tavisufleba kavkasias!~182

aRniSnuli teqsti metad mniSvnelovania. jererTi imitom, qarTvelebs erTianobisaken mouwo-debs da meore, kavkasiel erebs erToblivibrZolis aucileblobaSi arwmunebs. rac mTava-ria, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi aqtiurobiT ga-moirCeva. es aRar aris periodi, roca veravinver bedavda erovnuli sakiTxis wina planze wa-mowevas da iatakqveSa moqmedebac metad mcireiyo. am periodSi qarTuli politikuri da kul-turuli elita da ara mxolod, SesamCnevad aq-tiurdeba, es mowodebac amis dasturia. marTa-lia, `sego~-s wevrebi farTo kavSirebiT ar ga-moirCeodnen, Tumca maT erTi, saerTo mizanihqondaT _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damo-ukideblobis aRdgena.

rac mTavaria, mimarTva gamoirCeva imiTac,rom kavkasiis erTianobazea saubari. saerTomtris _ ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolamaTi azriT, ufro Sedegiani iqneboda. miT uf-ro, rom sabWoTa reJimis gavlena exeboda yve-las, ganurCevlad erovnebisa.

enriko TvalaZis saqmeSi daculia Tamaz gio-rgaZis Cveneba, sadac is eduard gudavasTan da-

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kavSirebiT aRniSnavs: `igi darwmunebuli iyo,rom sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli muSaobis piro-bebi TiTqos da miuRebelia saRad moazrovnenormaluri adamianisTvis. manve cinikurad gan-micxada, rom SromiTi saqmianoba Cvens qveyanaSi(igulisxmeba ssrk- n. s.) TiTqos xalxis Cagvri-sa da eqspluataciis erT-erT formas warmoad-genda. garda amisa, mimtkicebda ra Tavis uazroSexedulebebis siswores, gudavam cinikurad da-misva SekiTxva _ ras vakeTeb me da vis vemsaxu-rebi, an saerTod risTvis vcxovrob. ...mTeli amsaubris manZilze igi cdilobda daverwmunebineimaSi, rom sazRvargareTis kapitalistur qveyne-bSi muSaobis pirobebi da saerTod cxovrebisdone bevrad ufro maRalia sabWoTa kavSirTanSedarebiT, gansakuTrebiT aqebda inglisis sax-elmwifos da ganmicxada, rom yvelafers ake-Tebda sabWoTa kavSiridan emigraciisaTvis daapirebda inglisSi cxovrebas. garda aRniSnuli-sa, man miTxra, rom piradad mas da misi ojaxiswevrebs aRZruli hqondaT Suamdgomloba sabWo-Ta moqalaqeobidan gasvlis Sesaxeb, rom es iyomaTi konstituciuri ufleba da rom TiTqos amkonstituciuri uflebis darRvevas warmoadgen-da is, rom TavianT Suamdgomlobaze maT ganec-xadaT uari.~183

aleqsandre samadaSvili Tavis CvenebaSi aR-niSnavs: `rodesac gudavam daiwyo saubari, rommas icnobdnen dasavleTSi, me vkiTxe mas saidanicnobdnen, eduardma miTxra me, rom mas hqondagazeT `Гардуан~-is korespodentis telefonis no-

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meri, romlis meSveobiTac is gadascemda infor-macias. amasTan erTad, eduardma aRniSna, rommas hqonda Sexvedra aSS-is saelCos meore mdi-vanTan.~184

assia podoiani, romelic eduard gudava-sTan erTad muSaobda gamoZiebas Semdegi xasia-Tis informacias awvdis: `eduardi mudam meubne-boda, rom Zalian didi survili hqonda ucxo-eTis romelime qveyanaSi da kerZod, amerikisSeerTebul StatebSi cxovrebisa da cdilobdaCemTvis daemtkicebina, rom iq cxovrebis donebevrad ufro maRali iyo, vidre Cvens qveyanaSida rom iq TiTqos sruli Tavisufleba arsebo-bda. unda iTqvas, rom CemTan saubrebSi eduardierideboda sabWoTa wes-wyobilebis augad moxse-niebas, Cveni saxelmwifos Ziris gamomTxrelimonaWorebi da Sexedulebebi ar gamouTqvams daarc raime werilobiTi, beWdviTi an sxva saxisantisabWoTa Sinaarsiis Semcveli literaturaar uCvenebia.~185

rac Seexeba enriko TvalaZes, man aRiara,rom `survili gadasuliyo sabWoTa kavSiridansazRvargareT, kapitalistur qveyanaSi mas hqo-nda jer kidev 1955 wels, magram misi Canafiqriver ganxorcielda, radgan ar surda daetovebi-na dedamisi TbilisSi.~186

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa peri-odis qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelibrZolis ganmavlobaSi EerT-erTi mniSvnelovanietapia disidenturi moZraoba, romelic axali

184 iqve, furc. 441185 iqve, furc. 446-447186 Sss, f. 6, saq. #29316, t. 8, furc. 230

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formiT yalibdeba da viTardeba XX saukunis80-iani wlebSi. rogorc ganxiluli masala mow-mobs, qarTveli disidentebis mTavari idea qvey-nis Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba iyo, Tumcadasaxul miznamde misvla arc Tu ise martiv sa-kiTxs warmoadgenda. amitom qarTveli erovnulimoRvaweebis TiToeuli nabiji, qmedeba mniSvne-lovani da aqtualuria da maT Soris aRniSnu-li periodis disidentebis. miT umetes, rom sa-qarTvelos namdvilad sWirdeboda axali sisx-li da axali Zala.

1921 wlidan moyolebuli qarTvelma inteli-genciam didi dartyma ganicada sabWoTa xelisu-flebis mxridan. qarTvel erovnul Zalebs Sez-Ruduli da SeiZleba iTqvas, CamorTmeuli hqo-nda ufleba garkveuli wvlili Seetana sazoga-doebis erovnuli cnobierebis ganviTarebaSi. sa-bWoTa reJimis damyarebidan moyolebuli saqar-TveloSi yovelgvari erovnuli idevneboda daxelisufleba maqsimalurad cdilobda sakuTarigavlenis damyarebas, ris misaRwevadac yovel-gvar saSualebas mimarTavda. ar erideboda Za-ladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebasac.

XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi garkveuli ga-mococxleba SeiniSneba erovnul moZraobaSi,gansakuTrebiT stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg. mar-Talia, 1956 wlis 9 martis `stalinis kultis~kritikiT xruSCovi da maSindeli xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebi Seecadnen yvelaferi mxolodstalinisTvis daebralebinaT, Tumca sazogadoe-ba da gansakuTrebiT misi moazrovne nawili aseadvilad ukve aRar tyuvdeboda. maTTvis naTeliiyo, rom axali xelisuflebac winamorbedis ga-

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mgrZelebeli iyo da isev Zveli wesebiT apireb-da cxovrebas. Tumca erovnuli Zalebis erTia-nobis auciloblobasac naTlad acnobierebdnen.swored aRniSnuli ideis qadagebas isaxavda mi-znad axalgazrda zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merabkostavas protesti arsebuli xelisuflebis wi-naaRmdeg. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTma moRvaweo-bam safuZveli Cauyara disidentur moZraobassaqarTveloSi, rac axali formiT aRorZinda 80-ian wlebSi da rogorc zemoT ganxiluli masa-lebi mowmobs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelibrZolis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda.

amrigad, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelosdapyrobis Semdeg qarTuli sazogadoeba damTlianad saqarTvelo axali realobis winaSeaRmoCnda, romelsac gansxvavebuli gziT miyavdaCveni qveyana. marTalia, saqarTvelosTvis ucxoarasdros yofila sxvis morCilebaSi da daqvem-debarebaSi yofna, rodesac xSirad dgeboda sa-xelmwifos yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, Tumca dro-is aRniSnul monakveTSi mteri gansxva-vebuliformiT da motiviT modioda, romelic ara mxo-lod SeiaraRebuli brZoliT, aramed ideologi-uri gziTac ipyrobda saqarTvelos.

1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis miersaqarTvelos dapyrobas SeiaraRebuli gziT Se-degad mohyva dapyroba yvela mimarTulebiT. sab-WoTa ruseTi ar erideboda aranairi meTodisgamoyenebas saqarTvelos srulad damorCilebi-saTvis. garda imisa, rom teritoria ukve mis da-qvemdebarebaSi iyo sabWoTa xelisufleba mimar-Tavda aTasgvar Zaladobriv saSualebas saqarT-

215

velos mosaxleobis ideologiuri damorCilebisTvalsazrisiTac:

1. sabWoTa ruseTma gaauqma saqarTvelos sax-elmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da mosaxleobaaiZula damorCileboda da eRiarebina axali xe-lisufleba. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukide-beli subieqti aRar arsebobda da mTlianad da-mokidebuli aRmoCnda axal Zalauflebaze. sab-WoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos waarTva teritoria,mosaxleobas samSoblos aRqma da rac mTavaria,es ar iyo rigiTi dampyrobeli, romelic mxol-od formaluri aRiarebiT, an ekonomikuri sanq-ciebiT dakmayofildeboda, es iyo sistema, rome-lic mTlianad cvlida saukuneebis manZilze Ca-moyalibebul mZlavr meqanizms, rasac saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da te-ritoriuli mTlianoba erqva.

2. sabWoTa ruseTma didi ziani miayena da fa-qtobrivad gauqmebis safrTxe Seuqmna qarTulenas da religias. mefis ruseTis politika SeiZ-leba iTqvas kvlav grZeldeboda axali saxel-wodebis da mmarTvelobis formis, sistemis mi-er. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Tu me-fis ruseTis dros religia mainc iyo Sedare-biT Tavisufali da sazogadoebas SeeZlo qris-tianuli sarwmunoeba eRiarebina da misi meSveo-biT sakuTari individualoba gadaerCina, sabWo-Ta ruseTis SemTxvevaSi religia mTlianad ugu-lebelyofili iyo. es ki did dartymas ayenebdasazogadoebis farTo fenebs, maT cnobierebas.

3. dampyrobeli gansakuTrebuli sisatikiTuswordeboda yvela im adamians, romelic axalixelisuflebis mimarT protests gamoxatavda.

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sazogadoeba iZulebuli iyo mieRo ara mxolodaxali politikuri, aramed socialur-ekonomiku-ri da kulturul-religiuri formac.

sabWoTa xelisufleba mTeli arsebobis manZ-ilze mudmivad cdilobda saqarTveloSi Tu sa-zRvargareT moqmedi qarTuli erovnuli Zale-bisaTvis xelis SeSlas TavisuflebisaTvisbrZolaSi, Tumca erovnuli moZraoba yovelTvisganagrZobda arsebobas, romelic gamoixateboda,rogorc SeiaraRebuli formiT, rogorc es iyoXX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, an ideologiuri ku-TxiT, romelic mTavar xazad gasdevda erov-nuli Zalebis brZolas mTeli 1921-1991 wlebisganmavlobaSi. qarTveli disidentebis moRvaweo-bac am brZolis nawilia, romelmac garkveuliwvlili Seitana erovnuli cnobierebis amaRle-baSi.

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meoTxe Tavi

Tavisuflebis aRqma XX saukunis 80-ianiwlebis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi

sabWouri ideologiis fonze(`TviTmfrinavis biWebi~)

Tavisuflebis fenomenis aRqma da Tavisuf-lebisaTvis brZola, bunebrivia ucxo arasdrosyofila qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis, Tumca epoqisgamowvevebidan gamomdinare damokidebuleba dabrZolis meTodebi icvleboda, idea ki yovel-Tvis erTi iyo: damoukidebeli, Tavisufali sa-qarTvelo.

sabWoTa reJimis mimarT, misi 70-wliani arse-bobis manZilze araTu mis daqvemdebarebaSimyof saxelmwifoebs, aramed am qveynebSi mcxo-vreb sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Tu socialurjgufebs sakuTari damokidebuleba gaaCnda. esyovelive aRqmis da brZolis saSualebebis damidgomebis gansxvavebiT gamoixateboda. zogierTSemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis brZo-la SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis saSualebiT formi-rdeboda, an kulturuli da politikuri eli-tis mier Seqmnili erovnuli ideologiiT, rome-lic sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde proklama-ciebis, beWduri mediis da aralegaluri lite-raturis meSveobiT aRwevda.

erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideisTvis da misipraqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ganxorcielebisaTvisrealizeba gansakuTrebiT rTuli iyo sabWoTareJimis periodSi. erovnulad moazrovne Zalebsunda ebrZolaT ara mxolod xelisuflebis, ar-

218

amed mtkiced Camoyalibebuli da damkvidrebulisistemis winaaRmdeg, romelic sakuTari ideo-logiiT da Zaladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiTupirispirdeboda maT. es procesi xangrZlivi dadamTrgunveli iyo samSoblos interesebis dac-visTvis mebrZoli adamianebisTvis. saWiroebasda aucileblobas warmoadgenda mudmivi mzad-yofna axal-axali safrTxeebis da gamowvevebispirispir, am yvelaferTan erTad ki sazogado-ebis damaxinjebuli cnobierebis SecvlisTvisbrZolis warmoeba.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTvelo ga-moirCeva erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-bis ganaxlebiT da aRmavlobiT. drois aRniS-nul monakveTSi, erTi mxriv Camoyalibebas iw-yebs da meore mxriv, ki ukve damkvidrebuliidea da brZolis meTodebi axal etapze gadasv-liT gamoixateba. kerZod, grZeldeba disidentu-ri moZraoba XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis pirvelnaxevarSi, aqtiurdeba politikuri speqtri dasazogadoeba, rac maTi saaSkaraoze gamosvliTgamoixateba, rasac Sedegad 1989 wlis 9 aprilida Semdeg ki saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgena mohyva.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSidawyebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-oba ganviTarebis axal safexurze gadadis. ero-vnuli Tavisuflebis idea aqtualuri xdeba, Tu-mca TavisTavad es fenomeni interess da mniSvne-lobas moklebuli arasdros yofila.

1980 wlidan moyolebuli sabWoTa reJimiskrizisi sul ufro TvalsaCino xdeba. sxvadasx-va socialuri fenebi Tu socialuri jgufebi

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sakuTar pozicias, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSisabWoTa sistemis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebu-lebiT gamoirCeoda sul ufrodaufro metadafiqsirebdnen.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba sa-zogadoebisadmi mTeli 70-wliani arsebobis man-Zilze protests yovelTvis iwvevda, Tumca gamo-xatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis da arqonis pi-robebSi maTi mosazreba farTo gamoxatulebasver poulobda. II msoflio omis da Semdgom pe-riodSi dawyebuli ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-oba evropaSi Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi sul ufrometi gaaqtiurebis saSualebas iZleoda. disiden-turi moZraobis dawyeba ki erovnul-ganmaTavi-suflebeli brZolis ganaxlebis safuZveli daSemadgeneli nawili gaxda qarTul sinamdvile-Si.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, erovnuli Tavisufle-bis idea axali formiT aRorZinda da gamomxa-tveli gaxda XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqar-TveloSi. gansxvavebiT wina periodisagan, qarT-veli erovnuli moRvaweebi ufro aqtiurebi xde-bian sazogadoebriv asparezze, iatakqveSa moRva-weobas farTo sazogadoebasTan kontaqti cvlis.

saerTod da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sab-WoTa periodis saqarTveloSi yvela socialurfenas Tu socialur jgufs erovnuli Tavisuf-lebis aRqmis da damoukideblobisTvis brZolissakuTari xedva da strategia gaaCnda. magali-Tad, qarTveli disidentebis mizans antisabWoTaaralegaluri presis, literaturis da prokla-maciebis gavrceleba warmoadgenda, romlis mi-zani sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis amaR-

220

leba iyo, Tumca mxolod am formiT ar Semoi-farglebodnen. XX saukunis qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elita quCis aqciebsa Tumitingebs mimarTavs presis gavrcelebasTan er-Tad.

Tavisuflebis Taviseburi gageba gaaCnda XXsaukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisis axalgazr-daTa jgufis erT nawils, romelic `TviTmfri-navis biWebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. aRniS-nuli sakiTxi metad aqtualuri da ganxilvadia.am problemas sxvadasxva satelevizio gadacemaTu sagazeTo statia mieZRvna, Tumca mniSvnelo-vania agreTve saarqivo masalis gaTvaliswinebiTgaanalizeba da Sefaseba. 1. pirvel rigSi, auci-leblobas warmoadgens ganisazRvros epoqis ma-xasiaTeblebi, sabWouri da qarTuli sinamdvile.2. sazogadoebis ra nawils warmoadgenda aRniS-nuli jgufi, ra iyo maTi mizani da ramdenadhqondaT gaazrebuli sakuTari Canafiqri dabrZolis forma. 1. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebigardamtexi etapia ara mxolod saqarTvelosT-vis, aramed msofliosTvis da maT Soris sa-bWoTa kavSirisTvis. erTi mxriv, dasasruliskenmidis `civi omi~ da naTlad ikveTeba sabWoTasistemis krizisi. aSS, romelic gansakuTrebuliaqtiurobiT gamoirCeva II msoflio omis perio-didan moyolebuli, msoflioSi pirvelobaze ac-xadebs pretenzias, es gamoixateboda misi mxri-dan, rogorc SeiaraRebuli brZolis warmoebiT,aseve ideologiuri kuTxiTac. II msoflio omSifaSisturi germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg aSSmTeli ZalebiT iwyebs brZolas sabWoTa kavSi-ris winaaRmdeg, romelsac did britaneTTan er-

221

Tad mis mTavar mowinaaRmdeged miiCnevda. aSS-ispolitika ufro radikaluri nabijebis gadadg-miT gamoirCeoda sabWoTa kavSirTan mimarTebaSi,mas Semdeg rac xelisuflebaSi hari trumeni mo-vida. Tumca, aSS-s brZola sabWoTa sistemis mi-marT mxolod vietnamsa da koreaSi warmoebulisabrZolo moqmedebebiT ar gamoixateboda. aSS-sxelisuflebam evropaSi mtkiced damkvidrebisa-Tvis aqtiuri nabijebis gadadgma daiwyo. `mar-Salis gegmis~ farglebSi dasavleT evropis mi-marT finansuri daxmarebis Semdeg sakuTari po-ziciebi sakmaod gaimyara da brZola axali mima-rTulebiT warmarTa. am or mxares Soris dapi-rispireba gamoixateboda ara mxolod SeiaraRe-buli brZolis formebiT, aramed kulturuli,ekonomikuri Tu ideologiuri kuTxiT.

1980 wlidan moyolebuli sabWoTa sistemiskrizisi TvalsaCino xdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, romaSS gaimyara sakuTari poziciebi dasavleT ev-ropaSi. misi finansuri daxmarebiT dasavleT ev-ropa fexze myarad dadga, evrokavSiris Camoya-libebam ki masSi gawevrianebuli saxelmwifo-ebis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli, samagierod aSSerTi mxriv evropaze moipova gavlena, ideolo-giuri brZolis Sedegad sabWoTa sistemis saxe-lis uaryofiT afiSirebas Seuwyo xeli saerTa-Soriso arenaze da meore mxriv, daiwyo sakuTa-ri Zalebis mobilizeba aRmosavleTSi. erTi si-tyviT, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sabWoTa reJi-mis namdvili saxe da SesaZleblobebi yvelasT-vis cnobili gaxda. isic faqti iyo, rom nel-ne-la sabWoTa sistema dasasruls uaxlovdebodada saerTaSoriso asparezze axali etapi iwyebo-

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da da masSi sabWoTa kavSiris adgili ukve aRariyo. faqtobrivad aSS sabWoTa kavSirTan ideo-logiur brZolaSi gamarjvebuli gamovida. al-baT, swored amitomac `TviTmfrinavis biWebis~ideali da Tavisuflebis simbolo aSS iyo.

rac Seexeba aRniSnuli gamowvevebis qarTulsinamdvileze zegavlenas.

rogorc ganxiluli masala mowmobs, 1980wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelo gansakuTrebu-li aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca, damatebiT Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-li brZolis moRvaweebis garkveul nawils araRmoaCnda SorsmWvretelobis unari da poli-tikuri alRo. erTia TavisuflebisTvis, damou-kideblobisTvis brZola da meorea garemo piro-bebis, qveynis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba.albaT, aRniSnuli periodis politikuri speqt-ris erT-erT negatiur maxasiaTeblad SeiZlebamiviCnioT erTianobis nakleboba da gegmazomi-eri moqmedebis arqona, rac SesaZloa ganpiro-bebuli yofiliyo xangrZlivad damkvidrebuliideologiis da sistemis gavleniT da im fa-qtiTac, rom garkveuli gamonaklisebis gardasazogadoeba damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi cxov-rebas da damoukidebel moqmedebas gadaCveuliiyo da meore _ dasavleTi aqtiuri nabijebisgadadgmisagan Tavs ikavebda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul erovnul-ga--maTavisuflebel moZraobas gaaCnda, rogorcdadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi, Tumca erTiram faqti iyo, rom aRniSnuli moZraobiT axali

etapi daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rac gax-

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da safuZveli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgenisa.

2. swored am periods ukavSirdeba `TviTm-frinavis biWebis~ saprotesto gamosvla sabWoTaxelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. es iyo axalgazrdaTajgufi, romlebic gamoirCeodnen ganaTlebiT,

sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobiT, profesiuli warma-tebiT. maT SeeZloT sakuTari moRvaweobiT gar-kveuli wvlili SeetanaT saqarTvelos istoria-Si. magram, rogorc arsebuli faqtebi metyvele-ben, sxvagvari gza airCies da gansxvavebuli miz-nebi daisaxes.

bunebrivia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, sabWo-Ta sistemaSi cxovreba uaryofiT gavlenas axde-nda masSi daqvemdebarebul saxelmwifoebze dasazogadoebaze da maTi amgvari damokidebuleba

savsebiT logikuri iyo. magram aqve Cndeba ki-Txva: ramdenad hqondaT Camoyalibebuli dagaazrebuli dasaxuli mizani da ramdenad iyvnen

mzad aRniSnuli ideis Tu gegmis gansaxorciel-eblad? ra faqtorebma ubiZga TiToeul maTgansprotestis amgvari formiT gamoxatvisaken? maT

xom isedac SeeZloT sakuTari profesiuli war-matebiT Tavisi sityva eTqvaT da Tavisi adgilidaekavebinaT sazogadoebriv sarbielze.

marTalia, axalgazrdaTa aRniSnuli jgufis

protesti ganpirobebuli iyo reJimis mier damk-vidrebuli dogmebisa da Tavisuflebis ararse-bobiT, Tumca saarqivo dokumentebis analizisa

da Sefasebisas gviCndeba azri, rom `TviTmfri-navis biWebis~ gegmas im etapze ar hqonda srul-

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yofili saxe da Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo dama-rcxebisTvis. erTia survili da meore, ganxor-cielebis unari da SesaZlebloba.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis SefasebisTvis aucileb-lobas warmoadgens ganisazRvros jgufis Sema-dgenloba da aqedan gamomdinare, dasaxuli ge-gmis realuroba. es iyo axalgazrdaTa jgufi,romelic gamodioda agresiis da usamarTlobiswinaaRmdeg. maTi ideali Tavisufleba iyo. am

ideas naTlad gamoxatavs mRvdeli Teimuraz Ci-xlaZe Tavis CvenebaSi, romelic jgufis xelmZR-vanelad moiazreboda. `1966-1967 wlebSi qalaqTbilisSi mravalma adamianma daiwyo `hipebis~moZraobis mibaZva, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo

dasavleTSi. pirveli, romelmac mibaZa am moZra-obas TbilisSi viyavi me. am droisTvis, Cems ir-gvliv gaerTiandnen Cemi Tanamoazreni, rom-lebic iziarebdnen `hipebis~ cxovrebis stilsda zne-Cveulebebs. agreTve Cems politikur da

socialur mrwamss. minda aRvniSno, rom Ziri-Tadi punqti Cveni moZraobis, rogorc `hipebis~iyo protesti agresiis winaaRmdeg. jgufSi meviRebdi SemoqmedebiT, unarian axalgazrdebs,romelTac unda exataT, eweraT musika da a. S.

agreTve iziarebdnen `hipebis~ moZraobis princi-pebs. maT hqondaT grZeli Tmebi, ecvaT Zveli

jinsebi da tansacmeli. amis saSualebiT Cven ga-movxatavdiT protests fufunebis winaaRmdeg,agreTve narkomaniis winaaRmdeg, riTic CvenganvsxvavdebodiT `hipebis~ sxva moZraobisgan.aSS-s mier vietnamis mimarT ganxorcielebuliagresiis winaaRmdeg Cven davamzadeT lozungebi,

225

plakatebi da transparantebi, romliTac gvin-doda gamogveTqva protesti, magram miliciamdagvakava.~187

Semdgom periodSi Teimuraz CixlaZem axaliwre Semoikriba. `80-ian wlebSi man miimxro sosowereTeli, daTo miqaberiZe da TevzaZe. 1981 welsjgufSi miiRo kaxa iverieli, romelmac Tavis

mxriv 1982 wels moiyvana Tavisi umcrosi Zma pa-ata iverieli. 1982 wels ki gega kobaxiZe miiRes.1983 wels miqaberiZem da wereTelma gia tabiZemiiyvanes.~188

gega kobaxiZis jgufSi miRebasTan dakavSire-biT ki mRvdeli Teodore aRniSnavda: `... daTomiqaberiZesTan da soso wereTelTan saubris

dros maT miTxres gega kobaxiZis jgufSi miReb-asTan dakavSirebiT. axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc

Tanamoazres, faSisturi ideis da wes-Cveulebe-bis mimdevars, rom atarebda faSistur svastikasda rom is iyo mzad nebismieri danaSaulisTvis,

oRond wasuliyo Cveni qveynidan mudmiv mcxov-reblad kapitalistur qveyanaSi. am garemoebammomca saSualeba davTanxmebuliyavi miqaberiZesda wereTels mis jgufSi miRebaze.~189

Teimuraz CixlaZe kaxa iverielTan Sexvedras

Semdegnairad ixsenebs: `CemTan saubris dros Se-vityve, rom da safuZvlianad damisabuTa, ucxo-eTidan Camosuli axalgazrdebi Zalian ukmayo-filo iyvnen sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi, e.w. so-

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cialisturi sistemis. iq swavlobdnen komunis-turi lideris Svilebi da maT uTqviaT, Cven

qveyanaSi rodesac davbrundebiT, mamaCvenebs mo-vklavT, komunisturi gziT rom apireben cxovre-bis wayvanas xalxSio. zangebs uTqvamT, sityva

`rasizmi~ ra aris aq gavigeT da CvenTan Sedare-biT monebi xarTo. Cven mivediT im daskvnamde,

rom wavsuliyaviT `pirutyvuli qveynidan~ saz-RvargareT `Tavisufal samyaroSi~... gamoiTqvaazri, rom dasavleTSi iyo Tavisufleba.~190

Teimuraz CixlaZe, igive mama Teodore dakiT-xvisas aRniSnavs: ` me, soso wereTelma da Tei-muraz TevzaZem SevqmeniT `qristianuli mrwam-sis Semswavleli sazogadoeba~ _ WeSmaritebisSecnobis da saxarebis Seswavlis mizniT. sosowereTeli iyo Zalian saTno, niWieri da erTgu-li Tavisi samSoblosi da xalxisa. Cven daviw-yeT saxarebis Seswavla Tavidan bolomde. rode-sac mivadqiT erT-erT Tavs, saxareba gvaswav-lis, rom `Tu gdevnian, gaerideT am qalaqs daam xalxso~. Tu gdevnian am sazogadoebidan un-da waxvide sxva sazogadoebaSio. e. i. Tu gdev-nian Cveni qveynidan unda waxvide kapitalistursaxelmwifoSi. sosom miTxra, rom unda wavideTaqedano. me vuTxari, Tu wavalT unda wavideTierusalimSi.~191

kaxa iverieli dakiTxvisas aRniSnavs: `vidreme moskovSi wavidodi antisabWourad ganwyo-bili ar vyofilvar. Cemi mSobeli mama xSiraddadioda sazRvargareT da imaT wyobas arasod-

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es ar gviyveboda, piriqiT Cvens wyobas adidebda.ojaxSi antisabWourad ganwyobili aravin yofi-la. rodesac, me Cavabare xalxTa megobrobis un-iversitetSi, me pirvelad Sevejaxe Cvensa da ka-pitalisturi sistemis wyobas, radgan urTier-Toba mqonda sazRvargareTel studentebTan.Cems kursze swavlobdnen sazRvargareTeli stu-dentebi, erT-erTi iyo muhamedi, romelic fria-debze swavlobda. me miyvebodnen maTi cxovrebisdones, Tu ra donezea medicina asuli maTTanda rogor cxovrobdnen eqimebi. isini kapitalis-tur wyobas adidebdnen. me miTxres, rom kanada-Si, an amerikaSi SemeZlo Tavisuflad damewyomuSaoba eqimad. me SemomTavazes sazRvargareT-el qaliSvilze momewera xeli da SemeZlo wav-suliyavi. me agreTve meubnebodnen momesmina ra-dioebis saSualebiT `amerikis xma~, `bi-bi-si~ dasxva inglisur enaze.~192

rogorc ganxiluli masala aCvenebs, jgufisprotesti mimarTuli iyo arsebuli wyobilebiswinaaRmdeg da swored am ideis garSemo gaerTi-anda TiToeuli maTgani. `TviTmfrinavis biWebis~garkveul nawils kontaqti hqonda ucxoelebTan,romlebic maT mier dasaxuli miznis ganxorcie-lebas garkveul muxts da Zalas matebda. Tumca,es sakmarisi ar iyo da rogorc SemdgomSi gan-viTarebuli movlenebis dros ikveTeba maT So-ris ar iyo erTianoba. amas adasturebs Tavadmama Teodores Cveneba, saidanac irkveva: `germa-ne kobaxiZe araviTar Sekrebebs ar eswreboda daCveni gegmebis Sesaxeb man araferi icoda. koba-

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xiZes vin Seatyobina TviTmfrinaviT wasvlis Se-saxeb, me ar vici. kobaxiZes fuli an sxva raimeiaraRi ar moutania.~193

kaxa iverieli dakiTxvisas aRniSnavs: `igi(igulisxmeba Teimuraz CixlaZe _ n. s.) meubnebo-da, rom biblia unda icode Tu ginda gaxdeRvTis Svilio. rom miaRwio sikiTes unda dato-vo sabWoTa kavSiri. CixlaZe ambobda, rom sabWo-Ta kavSiri aris `jojoxeTi~ da unda datovo esmxareo. yvela rCeulma xalxma, romlebic gaec-nobian `biblias~ unda datovon sabWoTa kavSiri.iqneba mesame msoflio omi da gaimarjveben ame-rikelebi, radgan iq qristes Svilebi metni ar-ian da rac SeiZleba male unda waxvideo...

... TandaTanobiT daviwyeT saubari sazRvarga-reT gadasvlis xerxebis Sesaxeb. TviTmfrinavisgatacebis Sesaxeb pirvelad me CixlaZisgan gavi-ge. amis garda Cven ramodenime xerxis SesaxebvmsjelobdiT. es iyo daqorwineba ucxoelze anebraelze, an wasvlaze saxmeleTo saSualebiT q.baTumidan. CixlaZe ambobda, rom SeiZleba axal-cixidan, iq aris miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebi Tu-rqeTTan omis Semdego. agreTve msjeloba iyosazRvao gziT. es gamoixateboda motoriani nav-iT ucxoeTis gemamde misvla da sahaero baliSe-biT gasvla.~194

Teimuraz CixlaZe aRniSnavda: `Cven gvqondasaubari sazRvargareT wasvlis ukanono gzebze-dac. saxarebas geficebiT yvelafers WeSmarite-bas mogaxsenebT, rom katastrofiul wertila-mde mivida am xalxis Cvens qveyanaSi cxovreba.

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ukanono gzebiT wasvlis erT-erTi saSualebaiyo `kometiT~ wasvla, vinaidan zRvis RelvisperiodSi Rrmad Sedis da SeiZleba neitralurzRvaSi aRmovCeniliyaviT. `kometaze~ iqnebodaori mosamsaxure personali. me vTxovdi ufro-sobas, rom Sesuliyo neitralur wylebSi. iqvTxovdi ucxouri gemis kapitans, rom aveyvaneT,radgan maT kapitans ufleba ar eqneboda ar mo-eca TavSesafari. gansakuTrebiT Tu Segvxvdebo-da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gemi.~195

meore varianti wasvlis Sesaxeb iyo TviTmf-rinavis gataceba. `amis Sesaxeb gvqonda bundo-vani, zogadi saubari. yvelas gvaxsovda mamaSvilbrazinskasebis gadasvlis varianti da isicvicodiT, Tu rogor miiRes isini. aseve didiroli iTamaSa `videoze~ filmebis naxvam amTemebze.

me (Teimuraz CixlaZe _ n. s.) Teoriulad va-mbobdi, anaforis qveS meqneboda saswavlo xel-yumbara da Tu kontrolis gasasvleli miscemdasignals, me davabralebdi Cems religiur tansa-cmels da mosacmels. me Sevidodi maT kabinaSida vetyodi `pilotebs~, rom me RvTis msaxuriviyavi da vTxovdi sazRvargareT gadasvlas. xa-lxi amas verc gaigebda da TurqeTsac naxavdnen.sazRvargareT wasvla xom Znelia, uWirs xalxssxva qveynis naxva da Semdeg davlocavdi maT dabodiSs movuxdidi.~196amas garda daTo miqaberiZeda soso wereTeli iyvnen talinSi, baTumSi, so-xumSi da swavlobdnen sazRvargareT gadasvlisgzebs.

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gega kobaxiZe Tavis CvenebaSi aRniSnavs: `iv-nisis Sua ricxvebSi me Cems sxva megobrebTanerTad wavedi dasasveneblad kurort liZavaSi.iq Camovida miqaberiZe da miTxra gemiT Camovedida am gemiTve mivdivar odesaSio. gavideT pla-Jze da wavideT, visaubroT saqme maqvso. miTxra,rom gadavwyvite amerikaSi wasvlao. baTumSi da-vakvirdi da SeiZleba ucxoelebis gemze mox-vedrao. qristianebi valdebuli varT iq wavi-deT. odesidan rom wamoval baTumSi damxvdi, amgemiT CavalT baTumSi da iq avalT ucxoelebisgemzeo. me vuTxari, rom me piradad verafersver getyvi meTqi. CemSi amotivtivda deda, mamada winaaRmdegoba warmoSva CemSi. me survilicgamiCnda wasvlis, magram winaaRmdegoba imdeniiyo mSobliuri siyvarulisa, me ar SemeZlo was-vla soxumSi da soxumSic aRar davxvdi, radganSemeSinda Zalian ar gadamibiros meTqi. pirveloqtombers Sevxvdi miqaberiZes da man mxolodis miTxra, kargi iqneboda rom Camosuliyavio.es xdeboda TbilisSi. am dros ungreTidan Camo-vida soso wereTeli, gviyveboda iq gatarebulidros da ambobda iq, rom asea, warmoidgineT da-savleTSi ra iqnebao. CemSi gaZlierda dasav-leTSi wasvlis survili. wereTeli ambobda,rom amerika aris qristianebis samSoblo, xolovaSingtoni _ meore ierusalimi.~197

soso wereTlis Cvenebis mixedviT irkveva:`daaxloebiT erTi wlis winaT, me da Cemma mego-brebma gadavwyviteT dagvetovebina samSoblo dagavqceuliyaviT sazRvargareT. Tumca, aqve minda

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aRvniSno, rom me Tavdapirvelad winaaRmdegi vi-yavi im azrisa, rom gaqcevis Sedegad aRar SemZ-leboda samSobloSi dabruneba. amitom me Cemsmegobrebs vTavazobdi, mSvidobiani gziT samSo-blos datovebas, rac gamoixateboda ucxoelzeqorwinebiT. pirvelad moTave am saqmisa iyo giatabiZe, romelsac naTesavebi yavda amerikis Se-erTebul StatebSi. gia adre samxatvro aka-demiaSi swavlobda, Semdeg man xulignoba Cai-dina, ris gamoc igi garicxuli iqna akademiidanda micemuli pasuxisgebaSi. me kargi damokide-buleba mqonda aseve Cveni akademiis studentTandaTo miqaberiZesTan, romelmac aqtiurad dau-Wira mxari gia tabiZis winadadebas. aseve sazR-vargareT gaqcevaze azri gamoTqves Zmebma leki-Svilebma kaxam da paatam. rogorc me vici oriveZmebs damTavrebuli aqvT umaRlesi saswavlebe-li qalaq moskovSi, Tu ar vcdebi patris lumu-mbas universiteti. Tavidanve Cven ganvizraxeTTviTmfrinavis gataceba da am gziT sazRvarga-reT gaqceva. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, da-To miqaberiZe paravda mamamiss fuls da am fu-liT CemTvis ucnobi pirebisagan yidulobda sas-rol iaraRs. am gziT daTom Seisyida 2 calirevolveri, erTi nagani da erTic TviTnakeTirevolveri... yovelive am Cveni samzadisis Sesa-xeb gega kobaxiZem, romelsac daTo miqaberiZe-sgan vicnobdi, araferi icoda. mas mxolod er-Ti kviriT adre gavumxileT Cveni Canafiqri, ra-zec igi siamovnebiT dagvTanxmda. manve gagvafr-Txila, rom misi meuRlisTvis Cven araferi gve-Tqva, radgan mas SeeSindeboda da arsad ar wa-mogvyveboda, xolo rodesac faqtis winaSe dad-

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geboda, Tiniko fetviaSvili Tavis qmars yvel-gan gayveboda. dagegmil dRes daTom da kaxambileTebi aiRes. xolo bileTebis aRebis Semdeg,gadavwyviteT Tinikos mejvareebic wagveyvana vi-Tomda qalaq baTumSi, da maTi saSualebiT TudaxmarebiT gagvetana sakontrolo punqtze sas-roli iaraRi.~198

sabWoTa xelisufleba Semdegnairad xsnida`TviTmfrinavis biWebis~ qmedebas: `winaswari dasasamarTlo-samsjavro gamoZiebis saSualebiTdasturdeba, rom damnaSaveTa jgufis wevrebiTavianT Tavyrilobebze ganixilavdnen sazRvar-gareT ukanono wasvlis sxvadasxva variantebs.garda amisa, imuSavebdnen da msjelobdnen iseTmeTodebzedac, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo wa-svlis legalur gzebTanac. SemuSavebuli gegmisSesabamisad saxavdnen RonisZiebebs iaraRis Se-saZenad. variantebs Soris iyo iseTic, rom da-qorwinebuliyvnen ucxoeTis moqalaqeebze. msje-lobdnen da gegmavdnen sazRvargareT aralega-lurad wasvlis SesaZleblobebsac, risTvisacCixlaZis miTiTebiT, miqaberiZe da wereTeli1983 wlis zafxulSi, araerTxel gaemgzavrnenbaTumsa da soxumSi, sadac eZebdnen sabWoTa ka-vSiridan an saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero sa-zRvrebis gadalaxvis saSualebebs, ukavSirdebo-dnen aseTive survilisa da ganzraxvis mqone pi-rebsac. aseTi faqti gamoirkva gamoZiebis pro-cesSi: zemoxsenebuli pirebi remodenimejer wa-vidnen estoneTis ssr qalaq talinSi, iq gaicnesvinme v. g. Smoilovi, masTan erTad igegmeboda

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motoriani navis faruli gataceba da sazRvrisgadalaxva.

danaSaulebriv RonisZiebaTa Soris T. v. Cix-laZis winadadebiT, bandituri jgufis wevrebmamiiRes gadawyvetileba TviTmfrinavze SeiaraRe-buli Tavdasxmis, misi xelSi Cagdebisa da aseTisaSualebiT ucxoeTSi wasvlis Sesaxeb, rac maTmier miCneuli iqna yvelaze usafrTxo da xel-sayrel gzad, ris dasasabuTebladac Semdegiargumentebi moiyvana k. v. iverielma SemuSavebu-li T. v. CixlaZis mier: jer erTi Zalze swra-fad SeiZleboda sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifosazRvris gadalaxva, ver moeswreboda TviTmf-rinavis Camogdebac... meore, Cvens e. i. banditebsSoris iqnebodnen TviTmfrinavSi sxva mgzavre-bic, es ki niSnavs, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebiswarmoamdgenlebi ver daRupavdnen Tavissave mo-qalaqeebs. mesame _ sazRvargareT Cven Cavfri-ndebiT, rogorc banditebi da iq ar Segvamow-mebdnen, gagvigebdnen, rom ukan dasabrunebeligza ara gvaqvs da Tuki vinme gabedavs sabWoTakavSirSi dabrunebas, mas uciloblad miusjiansasjelis umaRles zomas.~ 199 Tumca, movlenebiise ar ganviTarda, rogorc `TviTmfrinavis bi-Webi~ gegmavdnen da sabolood daiRupa ekipaJissami wevri da erTi mgzavri, ekipaJis erTma wev-rma da Svidma mgzavrma miiRes sxeulis sxvada-sxva xarisxis dazianeba. rogorc gega kobaxiZemaRiara: `daTo miqaberiZe movida CemTan, man TqvaCveni gegma ar ganxorcieldebao da undoda Ce-mTvis esrola. me mas vuTxari ras Svrebi meTqi.

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igi gavarda ukan, mindoda iaraRis warTmeva, mi-qaberiZe ver davimorCile da man Tavi moikla.iaraRi miido Sublze da am gziT man Tavi moi-kla. misi iaraRi me aviRe. am dros me fexSi da-viWeri... kaxa iverieli iTxovda gaveSviT Tur-qeTSi, Torem avafeTqefT TviTmfrinavs. movidakaxa iverieli CemTan, Tinas moaZebnina Zirs day-rili iaraRebi da erTi me momca. kaxas vuTxariCavbardeT meTqi. me miTxres Tu ginda SensmeuRlesTan erTad Cadio. me vuTxari, rom maTar davtovebdi.~200 agreTve igi aRniSnavs: `... ama-ve dros garedan atyda srola, ris Semdegacsxvadasxva adgilebSi miviReT Wrilobebi me,Zmebma lekiSvilebma, soso wereTelma, anam, ga-rda amisa daWrili iyvnen sxva mgzavrebic. masSemdeg, rodesac Sewyvetili iqna srola gared-an, mgzavrebma moindomes TviTmfrinavidan gada-svla, magram ver ganaxorcieles es, vinaidanCven davemuqreT maT TviTmfrinavidan gadasvlisSemTxvevaSi iqnebodnen fizikurad ganadgurebu-lebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mogveca wina-dadeba gadmovsuliyaviT TviTmfrinavidan dadavnebebuliyaviT, Cven es ar SevasruleT, rad-gan SegveSinda rom ar movespeT. iqneboda dRisrvis naxevari, rom TviTmfrinavSi Semovidnen sa-mxedroebi da maT mier viqeniT dakavebulni daCamosmuli TviTmfrinavidan.~201

1984 wlis 8 agvistos sxdomaze samarTalSimicemulma T. v. CixlaZem da misma interesebisdamcvelma advokatma r. iaSvilma aRZres Suamd-gomlobebi damatebiTi mowmeTa saxiT mTeli ri-

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gi pirebis mowvevisa da dakiTxvis Sesaxeb. ker-Zod, atvokatma iaSvilma (werilobiTi da sityvi-eri SemadgenlobiT) iTxova daikiTxon T. Cix-laZis fsiqiuri mdgomareobis gamosarkvevad dadasadastureblad moqalaqe Salva Ciqovani, gai-oz SaraSeniZe, visTanac CixlaZe samkurnaloddahyavdaT mis mSoblebs. daikiTxos CixlaZis yo-fili meuRle m. erisTavi, mezoblebi: a. xviCia, n.msxilaZe, kinostudia `qarTuli filmidan~: g.fircxalava, g. xijava, b. wulaZe; samRvdeloebi-dan: soxumis eparqiis mitropoliti d. Wkadua,saCxeris eparqiis episkoposi o. wamalaiZe; mcxe-Tis sveticxovlis arqimandriti. Tavis mxriv,CixlaZe Suamdgomlobs mowveuli iqnan agreTvesasuliero piroebi da saxelmwifos meTaurebiaSS-dan, argveTis episkoposi, mcxeTis, quTaisis,bodbis, mangleli episkoposebi, msoflios saer-TaSoriso iuridiuli asociaciis, aSS-s qristi-anuli organos Jurnalistebidan warmomadgen-lebi, agreTve eqspertebi saerTaSoriso saavia-cio organizaciebidan, saqarTvelos samRvdelo-ebis meTauri SiolaSvili ilia meore.

samarTalSi micemuli g. m. kobaxiZe Suamd-gomlobs rom sasamarTlo kolegiam werilobiTan uSualod mousminos amerikuli baptisturieklesiebis warmomadgenels, misi Tavmjdomarebili grehemi an maTi warmomadgeneli karsoni,`romelsac piradad icnobs~ da daadastureben,rom misi rogorc baptistis amerikaSi wasvlaaucilebeli iyo Sesabamisi ganaTlebis misaRe-bad. magram Txovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqna.~202

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rogorc ganxiluli masala mowmobs, axalga-zrdaTa aRniSnuli jgufis dasaxuli mizaniudanaSaulo adamianebis moraluri da fsiqolo-giuri zianis xarjze ganxorcielda da Tavis-Tavad sasiamovno faqti ar iyo, Tumca erTi ramdabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `TviTmfri-navis biWebis~ kavSiri ar iyo danaSaulebrivida bandituri, rogori kvalifikaciac misca Sem-degSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam. aRniSnuli jgufiwarmoadgenda axalgazrdaTa erT nawils, rome-lTac saSualeba hqondaT enaxaT da gascnobo-dnen dasavluri saxelmwifoebis cxovrebisstils da amasTan, bunebrivia hqondaT uflebamisi gaTvaliswinebiT sakuTari samSoblos Tavi-suflebaze efiqraT da eocnebaT. am ukanaskneltermins SemTxveviT ar viyeneb, maT mizans xomar warmoadgenda sabWoTa xelisuflebis Secvlada arsebuli ideologiis gauqmeba. amis arc re-sursi gaaCndaT da arc SesaZlebloba Seswe-vdaT. ubralod maTi mizani Tavisufleba iyo,romlis sakuTari da Taviseburi aRqma gaaCndaT.es Zalian kargad moexseneboda sabWoTa xeli-suflebas da am sistemis im warmomadgenlebsac,visac Sexeba hqondaT `TviTmfrinavis biWebTan~.

aRniSnuli protestis gamoxatuleba iyo ga-rkveuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT sakuTari ufle-bebis dasacavad brZola, romelic maTi daxvre-tiT dasrulda, Tumca idea garkveuli stimu-lis mimcemi gaxda brZolis Semdgomi gagrZele-bisa.

237

mexuTe Tavi

erovnuli moZraoba XX saukunis 80-ianiwlebisUII naxevarSi

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da gansakuTrebiTmis bolo etapze mniSvnelovnad aqtiuri gaxdaqarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-raoba. Tumca aRniSnul faqts maSinve mohyva ru-seTis gamoxmaureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom dai-wyo sxvadasxva nabijebis gadadgma erovnulimoZraobis Sesaferxeblad. pirvel rigSi man eT-nokonfliqtebis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli. mismizans warmoadgenda daenaxvebina da daerwmune-bina araqarTuli eTnosi, rom saqarTvelos da-moukideblobis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maTi mdgo-mareoba garTuldeboda.

qarTul erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZra-obas mxolod es problema ar hqonda. miznis mi-saRwevad aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgendaspecialuri debulebebis, programebis Sedgenada misi praqtikaSi danergva. qarTuli erovnulimoZraobis mTavari ideologebis ZiriTad amo-saval princips warmoadgenda: 1. pirvel rigSiruseTis xelisuflebis gavlenis Sesustebaxalxis cnobierebaSi, 2. sabWoTa moqalaqeobazeuaris Tqma, 3. saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopov-eba.

sabWoTa sistema miuxedavad didi mcdelob-isa nel-nela gavlenas kargavda. Tumca amas xe-li ar SeuSlia sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis eT-nokonfliqtebis gaRvivebiT SeenarCunebina gav-lena mis daqvemdebare-baSi myof saxelmwifo-

238

ebSi. aRniSnuli mcdelobis gamovlinebas warmo-adgenda saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa reJimi, mar-Talia dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, Tumca maincdidi gavlena hqonda mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofsaxelmwifoebze.

ra ganapirobebda sabWoTa sistemis dasuste-bas?

1. marTalia XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi naT-lad gamoikveTa sabWouri politikis uaryofiTimxareebi, Tumca es procesi mxolod aRniSnuliperiodisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli da gark-veuli safuZveli gaaCnda. kerZod, XX saukunisII naxevridan moyolebuli sabWoTa sistemaSi ga-erTianebuli erebi nel-nela iwyeben sakuTarisaxelmwifoebrivi TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas.

rac Seexeba 80-ian wlebs: 2. aRniSnul pe-riodSi xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelobaSi samimmarTveli gamoicvala: andropovi, Cernenko dagorbaCovi. amaTgan andropovis da Cernenkosdros araferi gakeTebula reJimis SesanarCu-neblad da gasaZliereblad. maTi asakidan gamom-dinare amis resursi aRar gaaCndaT. isini marTa-lia Zveli wesebis SenarCunebas eswrafvodnen,Tumca msoflioSi dawyebuli axali etapidan ga-momdinare da agreTve, TviTon sistemaSi mimdi-nare movlenebiT radikaluri nabijebis gadadg-ma aucileblobas warmoadgenda. erTi mxriv, sab-WoTa xelisuflebaSi myofi sazogadoeba acno-bierebda, rom sistemaSi arsebobda garkveulikrizisi, magram meore mxriv, amis aRmofxvrisSesaZlebloba da unari ar gaaCnda.

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maTgan gansxvavebiT mixeil gorbaCovs hqondaimis mcdeloba, rom axali reformebis ganxor-cielebiT SeenarCunebina arsebuli saxelisuf-lebo sistema, Tumca aRniSnul faqtsac realu-ri Sedegi ar mohyolia.

3. ismis kiTxva, vis awyobda xelisuflebaSiiseTi pirebis mosvla, rogorebic iyvnen: andro-povi da Cernenko? pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa,rom es yvelaferi misaRebi iyo Zveli nomenkla-turisTvis sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCunebladda meore, sistema imdenad iyo dasustebuli,rom mcdelobebisda miuxedavad realuri Sedegiar mohyolia.

ra warmoadgenda qarTvelTa erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli brZolis mizans?

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraobis axali etapi, romlis mTavar mi-zans saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobis aRdgena warmoadgenda. Seiqmna erovnul-politikuri organizaciebi da partiebi: iliaWavWavaZis sazogadoeba, meoTxe dasi, saqarTvel-os erovnul-demokratiuli partia, saqarTveloserovnuli samarTlianobis kavSiri, wminda iliamarTlis sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos erovnulidamoukideblobis partia.

erovnuli moZraobis ganviTarebis axal etap-ze qarTuli politikuri elita radikaluri na-bijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva. dRis wesrigSidgeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgena. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadas-xva politikuri partiebis beWdur organoSiCndeba mowodebebi qarTveli xalxisadmi. rac

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mTavaria erovnuli Zalebis gaaqtiureba mxol-od saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila damaxasiaTebe-li da es yovelive qarTul erovnul ZalebsbrZolis stimuls aZlevda.

qarTvelTa erTianobis gamomxatvelad iqca1989 wlis 9 aprili, sadac erTxmad moiTxovessaqarTvelos ssr kavSiridan gamosvla, jarebisgayvana Cveni teritoriidan da saqarTvelos sa-xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. Tum-ca, am yovelives safuZveli ukve Cayrili hqondajer kidev 70-iani wlebidan disidentebis moRva-weobiT, 80-iani wlebis II naxevari ki ufro ra-dikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva. maga-liTad, 9 aprilamde erovnuli damoukideblo-bis partiam 25 Tebervlis aqciaze daiwyo saqar-Tvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnis peticiebzexelmoweris kampania. peticia egzavneboda gae-ros, evropis parlaments da im dasavlur sax-elmwifoebs, romlebmac `de faqto~ da `de iu-re~ cnes saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-ka. amavdroulad qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavi-suflebel moZraobaSi gaCnda mowodebebi erov-nuli cnobierebis gaZlierebasTan dakavSirebiT,daiwyo istoriuli mexsierebis aRdgenis auci-leblobis qadageba. erovnuli Zalebis mTavarmizans warmoadgenda qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-obisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli isto-riuli erTia-nobis aRdgena da erovnuli qveynis Camoyali-beba, romelic demokratiuli idealebiT iqnebo-da warmodgenili. saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis (1918-1921) maxasiaTeblebi qarTvelipolitikuri elitis mexsierebaSi mkveTrad iyoCadebuli da Sesabamisad mizanic gamokveTili:

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erovnuli, demokratiuli, Zlieri saxelmwifosaRdgena da Seqmna, romelic saerTaSoriso sis-temaSi garkevul adgils daikavebda. aRniS-nulis miRweva, rom martiv sakiTxs ar warmoad-genda, amas naTlad acnobierebda yvela da Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen saqarTvelosTvis Rirse-uli, misTvis Sesaferisi adgilis damkvidrebi-saTvis. amisTvis specialuri meTodebi iyo Se-samuSavebeli: pirvel rigSi qarTvelTa cnobi-erebaSi erTianobis muxtis gacnobiereba iyo sa-Wiro, raTa erToblivi ZalebiT ebrZolaT saqa-rTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSierovnuli ideis ganviTareba axal fazaSi gada-dis. disidenturma moZraobam garkveuli piro-bebi Seqmna erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobissferoSi. am yovelivem naTlad gamokveTa sab-WoTa reJimis sisuste da ususuroba. 80-ianiwlebidan da gansakuTrebiT II naxevridan erov-nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aqtiurdeba,rasac xeli Seuwyo ara marto saqarTveloSi, ansabWoTa sistemaSi, aramed mTlianad msoflioSimimdinare movlenebma. dasavleTi sul ufro me-tad gamoxatavda Tavis antikomunistur Sexedu-lebas da maqsimalurad cdilobda xeli Seewyodemokratiuli ideis ganviTarebisaTvis. faqtob-rivad, yvelasTvis cnobili gaxda sabWoTa ru-seTis namdvili saxe da is faqtic, rom nel-ne-la `borotebis imperia~ dasasrulisaken midio-da. Tumca, mizanmimarTuli da gaazrebuli moq-medeba iyo saWiro, raTa sabWoTa ruseTs aRsas-rulis gzaze sxva saxelmwifoebic ar CaeTria.`naZaladevad gaerTianebuli imperia ufskruli-

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saken mieqaneba, magram mas jer kidev realurida saSiSi Zala aqvs. is mudam mzad aris erov-nuli moZraoba erebs Soris komfliqtad da nam-dvil omad gadaaqcios. mzad aris Cveni yoveliauwonavi da gauTvaliswinebeli moqmedeba gamo-iyenos, moawyos provokacia, rasac SemdgomSi`erovnul umciresobebsa~ da `erebs Soris kon-fliqts daarqmevs~ da SesaniSnavi sababi miecemaerovnul moZraobasTan angariSsworebisa. Cvenyvelanairad unda vecadoT, rom ar mivceT krem-ls formulis `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s gamoyenebissaSualeba~.203

qarTveli xalxis mTavari ideologebi, erov-nuli moRvaweebi cdilobdnen saqarTvelos dam-oukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi dasavleTis mxar-daWera miepovebinaT. marTalia dasavleTi, rog-orc ukve aRvniSne Tavis antikomunistur ganw-yobilebas calsaxad gamoxatavda, Tumca radika-luri nabijebis gadadgmisagan mainc Tavs ikave-bda. amitom qarTvelebs mcdelobisda miuxeda-vad, faqtobrivad marto uxdebodaT brZola Ta-visuflebis mopovebisaTvis. qarTveli korespo-dentis kiTxvisas, amerikeli jem qlansis mim-arT: Tu ras ambobs amerikeli xalxi 9 aprilisSesaxeb, igi Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `me ver ge-tyviT, rom es dRe xalxTa Tanxmobis dRea: CemiazriT, es dRe aris saqarTvelosTvis mebrZolixalxis gaerTianebis, solidarobis dRe. es aris9 aprils dacemul mamuliSvilTa gaxsenebisdRe. dRevandeli dRe marto saqa-rTvelos dRe

203 naira lobJaniZe, konsolidaciis gziT, gazeTi,danaxvisi, 1990, #1, gv. 1

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ar aris, es yvela TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolixalxis dRea~.204

qarTveli erovnuli moRvaweebisaTvis da aramxolod maTTvis ukve naTeli iyo sabWoTa sis-temis miznebi, ufro sworad ruseTis, romelicsabWoTa reJimis lozungiT gamodioda da masSigawevrianebul erebs kvlav ardaSlisaken mo-uwodebda. faqti iyo, rom ruseTma Tavisi saxekidev erTxel gamoaCina, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas,es faqti ucxo ukve aRaravisTvis iyo, magrammaT Zalebs aRemateboda brZola ruseTis impe-riis winaaRmdeg. 1990 wlis gazeT `SemoqmedSi~vkiTxulobT: sabWouri azrovnebis stili TavisibunebiT demagogiuria, raTa Seeqmna iluzia dadaefara Tavisi namdvili zraxva, rac imperiulisawyisis SenarCunebaSi gamoixateba, man TviT-neburad Seicvala saxeli mxolod da ruseTisnacvlad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebiskavSiri dairqva. isic unda vicodeT, rom es sa-xeli mxolod da mxolod Sina moxmarebisTvisTu gamodgeba, Torem msoflio saxelmwifo-ebisaTvis is isev da isev ruseTad rCeba da mas-Si Semavali yvela respublika nawilia mTelisa.is, rom respublikebis suvereniteti fiqciaa, ka-rgad gamoaCina e. w. `perestroikis~ politikam,romlis mizanicaa sabolood mouRos boloimperiaSi Semavali xalxebis swrafvas damouki-deblobisaken. mTeli sabWouri istoria sxva ar-aferi ar iyo, Tu ara xalxebisaTvis yvelaze sa-nukvari ocnebebis damaxinjebis, deformaciiscda. damoukidebeli erovnuli kulturebis nac-

204 saubari amerikel stumarTan, gazeTi, Semoqmedi, 1990,#3, gv.2

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vlad Seiqmna e. w. sabWouri kultura, romelmacganadgurebamde miiyvana nacionaluri TviTSeg-neba da erovnuli xasiaTi. erTianma sabWoTa sa-xelmwifos cnebam moswyvita Tavis fesvebs daisini katastrofis winaSe daayena. daikarga ma-mulis SegrZneba, ramac imperiaSi mcxovrebi ada-miani marTlac rom iaraRis mkeTebel cxoveladgadaaqcia, amas damatebiT Seuwyo xeli politi-kurma, Sinsaxkomurma sistemam, mTeli Taobebimoeqcnen fsevdomarqsistul-leninuri ideebistyveobaSi~.205

raSi mdgomareobda gamosavali?1. erTi ram faqti iyo, sabWoTa reJimi Zveli

wesebiT cxovrebis stils nel-nela cvlida. mi-xeil gorbaCovi saxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi de-mokratiuli elementebis SemotaniT arsebulisSenarCunebas da amasTan axlis damkvidrebascdilobda. sabWoTa reJimisTvis wlebis manZil-ze damaxasiaTebeli diqtatoruli mmarTvelobaaxali e. w. liberalur-demokratiuli ideebisSemotaniT icvleboda. sazogadoebis farTo fe-nebi cdilobdnen daeZliaT SiSis sindromi, ro-melic mTel 70 wlian periods gasdevda. sab-WoTa kavSiris namdvili saxe yvelasTvis cnobi-li iyo, misi ideologia im masStabiT veRar mo-qmedebda, rasac stalinidan moyolebuli mtkic-ed icavdnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi.sazogadoebam naTlad dainaxa, rom arsebobssxva samyaro, sadac meti Tavisuflebaa da misimopovebisTvis brZola daiwyo. bunebrivia, esbrZola mxolod XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis-

205levan dadiani, azrovneba sabWouri demagogiisklanWebSi, gazeTi, Semoqmedi, 1990, #3, gv. 3

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Tvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca Tavisi in-tensivobiT es periodi udaod gamorCeulia. esbrZola gamoixateboda ara SeiaraRebuli gamo-svliT, aramed ideurad. magaliTad, qarTulikulturuli da politikuri elita cdilobdaerovnuli faseulobebis wina planze wamoweviTda sazogadoebis cnobierebis formirebiT saq-arTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi daerw-munebina mosaxleoba. 1989-1990 wlebSi gamosvlasiwyebs sxvadasxva politikuri partiis Tu gaer-Tianebis beWduri organoebi, sadac im sakiTxeb-ze iyo saubaro, rac sazogadoebis mTavar gamo-wvevas warmoadgenda.

2. marTalia, sabWoTa reJimi dasasruliskenmidioda, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavda imas,rom yvelaferi ise wavidoda, rogorc sabWoTasistemaSi gawevrianebul saxelmwifoebs awyob-daT da maT Soris saqarTvelos. sabWoTa kavSi-ris mTavari ideologi ruseTi ar apirebda sa-kuTari poziciebis martivad daTmobas da Tavismxriv, dasavleTic, rogorc ukve aRvniSne radi-kaluri nabijebis gadadgmisagan Tavs ikavebda.am fonze aucileblobas warmoadgenda mizanmi-marTuli da gaazrebuli moqmedeba. gazeT `ive-riaSi~ 1990 wlis ianvarSi ilia WavWavaZis sazo-gadoeba werda: `qarTvelebisTvis mZime, gansac-deliT aRsavse XX saukunem ukanaskneli aTwle-ulic gadagviSala. ras gvpirdeboda igi: qarT-veli eris winaSe, ise rogorc am saukunis da-sawyisSi kvlavac dgas umTavresi amocana damo-ukideblobis mopovebisa. bolSevikTa batonobissisxlianma xanam Cvens ers fizikuri gadaSe-

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nebisa da sruli degradaciis aSkara safrTxeSeuqmna, mospo saukeTeso qarTuli genofondi.

msoflio teqnologiurma naxtomma da ruse-Tis didma CamorCenam am bolo dros sabWoTa im-periac aiZula dasdevneboda mowinave qveynebs,magram progresTan miaxloveba sazogadoebis de-mokratizaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. demokrati-zaciis procesebma ki, Tavis mxriv, imperiaSi da-tyvevebul erTa Tavisuflebisaken ltolva gana-pirobes. gamofxizleba daiwyo qarTvelma ermac.CvenSi drois mcire monakveTSi mravali politi-kuri sazogadoeba da partia warmoiqmna, romle-bic mSobeli eris samsaxurSi Cadgnen da erTad-erT wmidaTawmida miznad saqarTvelos Tavisuf-leba daisaxes. sxva sakiTxia ra gziT apirebenisini amis miRwevas~.206

3. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa reJimi uk-an daxevas ar apirebda da maqsimalurad cdilo-bda sakuTari gavlenis SenarCunebas. marTalia,sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da masSi gawevriane-buli saxelmwifoebis ganTavisufleba yvela ameris ocneba iyo. magram procesi metad rTuligadasalaxi aRmoCnda. erTia, rodesac damouki-deblobas moipoveb da meorea, misi SenarCuneba.bunebrivia, imperiis daSla, romelic 70 wlismanZilze mtkiced Camoyalibebul sistemas war-moadgenda, garkveul sirTuleebs warmoSobdada es asec moxda. gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda ero-vnuli konfliqtebi, rasac imperia Tavad uwyo-bda xels. zurab WavWavaZe 1989 wels gazeT `ive-riis~ meTormete nomerSi werda: `umZimesi gamo-

206 gazeTi, iveria, 1990, #20, gv. 1

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cdis winaSe dgas qarTveli eri. saqarTvelosdauZinebeli mtris waqezebiT afxazeTsa da qve-mo qarTlSi erTaSorisi urTierTobebis daZabu-lobam kulminacias miaRwia. da swored maSin,roca afxazeTSic da qvemo qarTlSic sagangeboreJimi iqna SemoRebuli, roca gansakuTrebulisibrZne da auRelvebloba gvmarTebda, sulTmo-brZavma imperiam Worebisa da dezinformaciisgavrcelebiT scada mdgomareobis stabilizaciasaqarTvelos sxva regionebSi da qarTvelebiswakideba osebTan da lekebTan. aris SemTxvevebi,rodesac zogi provokatori am mizniT arafor-malur gaerTianebaTa mier Catarebul mitingeb-sac ki iyenebs~.207

aseT fonze, bunebrivia rTuli iyo sworipolitikuri mimarTulebis ganviTareba. imperiangrevis procesSi iyo da cdilobda daSlisSedegebi mis sakeTildReod gamoeyenebina, mag-ram qarTvelTa swrafvas damoukideblobisakenxels uwyobda is faqtic, rom is marto ar iyoda sabWoTa sistemaSi gawevrianebuli erebi maq-simalurad cdilobdnen Tavisuflebis mopove-bas. es yovelive qarTvel erovnul moRvaweebsbiZgs aZlevda da imeds usaxavda brZolis gza-ze. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitasakuTar movaleobad Tvlida TiToeuli qarTve-li CaerTo samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis mopo-vebis brZolisas. ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebagazeT `iveriaSi~ 1990 wlis martSi aRniSnavda:`RvTis wyalobiT, sasikeTo movlenebi borote-bis imperiaSi da e.w. socialisturi banakis qvey-

207 zurab WavWavaZe, potenciur mokavSireebs mtrad nugamovekidebiT, gazeTi, iveria, 1989, #12, gv. 1

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nebSi imaze bevrad swrafad viTardeba, vidreamas movelodiT. uRvTo politikur struqture-bSi mojadoebuli erebi met-naklebi siswrafiTada energiiT cdiloben ganTavisuflebas, _ ing-reva kedlebi, apatimreben mmarTvel komunisturxrovebs, aqveyneben saidumlo policiis agentTasiebs da a. S...

... ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba udidesi pati-viscemiT ekideba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelmoZraobaSi aqtiurad Cabmul TiToeul qarTve-lsa da yvela WeSmarit erovnul-politikur or-ganizacias. diadi miznebis misaRwevad aucile-belia saerTo Zalisxmeva da koordinirebulimoqmedeba. mxolod yovelmxriv analizze dafuZ-nebuli _ realuri, brZnuli da iliaseuli po-litika gadagvarCens qarTvel ers. amisaTvis kisaWiroa moZraobaSi aqtiurad CavrToT dRemdeganze mdgomi nawili qarTvelebisa. nu dava-frTxobT maT, daufiqrebeli moqmedebiTa daqceviT. aqtiur politikur cxovrebaSi unda Ca-vrToT yvela wesieri qarTveli, visac saamisounari Seswevs, avimaRloT profesionalizmi amsferoSi~.208

SesaZloa gaCndes kiTxva: sWirdeboda Tu arasaukuneebis manZilze brZolaSi gamobrZmedilqarTvel ers mowodeba da brZolis aucileblo-baSi darwmuneba? magram, rogorc zemoT aRni-Snuli movlenebi aCvenebs sabWoTa reJimis ngre-vis bolo etapze xelisufleba yovelmxriv cdi-lobda sakuTari gavlenis SenarCunebas maszedaqvemdebarebul erebze da amitom saWiro iyo

208gazeTi, iveria, 1990, #21, gv. 1

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swori da mizanmimarTuli moqmedeba, raTa maTprovokaciebs Sedegi ar gamoeRo. `dRes, rod-esac qveyana moicva demokratiulma moZraobam,ekonomikuri krizisiT Seryeuli imperia iZu-lebulia raRaca daTmos, saqarTvelos kidev er-Txel daudga istoriuli momenti, raTa dauZ-vres imperiis klanWebs. urTulesi amocanaa: er-Tis mxriv aseTi SesaZlebloba da meore mxriv,darRveuli erovnuli fsiqika. swored dRes yve-lam erTad unda vizrunoT erovnuli fsiqikisgajansaRebisaTvis. amas SWirdeba wlebi da pro-cesis sworad warmarTva. Tu araswori mimarTu-lebiT viareT, CvenSi ar aRmoifxvreba diqtatu-ris mimarT nostalgia, romelic sazogadoebisSegnebaSi wesrigTan aris gaigivebuli. Cven undaviswvloT demokratia, umciresobis azris pativ-iscema, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis pativiscema~.209

aseT fonze aucileblobas warmoadgenda sa-kuTari, warsuli istoriis gaxseneba, erovnulitradiciebis da erovnuli gmirebis wina planzewamoweva. cnobierebaSelaxul sazogadoebas esa-Wiroeboda axali Zalebis mobilizeba da sqarT-velos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Cabma. 1990wels gazeT `kabadonSi~ vkiTxulobT: `udidesimisia dagvakisra 90-ianma wlebma, erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli brZolis epoqaSi gviwevs cxov-reba. vin icis ramdeni qarTvelis ocneba iyo am-gvar droebaSi yofna. isini araTu brZolis fi-qrsac ver bedavdnen Tavisuflebaze. WeSmaritipatrioti yovelTvis monaxavs gzas brZolisa,Tumca uzurpaciis pirobebSi is mainc dasaRupa-

209leri goSaZe, erTi seriozuli problemis Taobaze,gazeTi, iveria, 1991, #26, gv. 5

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daa ganwiruli, rac mxolod fizikur arsebobasexeba, magram isic nu dagvaviwydeba, rom sworedmaTma Tavganwirvam mogviyvana dRevandel saqar-Tvelomde, dRevandeli brZolis periodSi. vinicis, ramdeni usaxelo gmiri yavda saqarT-velos, diax me mjera, rom isini iyvnen da CvenierT-erTi amocanaa maTi damsaxurebis win wamo-weva. yovel SemTxvevaSi me axla sxva ram SemT-xvevaSi me axla sxva rameze minda gavamaxvilomkiTxvelis yuradReba _ rogorebi unda viyoTdRes, raTa uaxloes xanSi vixiloT sanukvariTavisufali saqarTvelo?!... imisaTvis, rom impe-rias Tavisi miznebisaTvis mieRwia, man mTeliTavisi Zalismxeva adamianis sulis ganadgure-bisaken mimarTa, Seutia adamianur Rirebulebebsda myari, zneobrivad Camoyalibebuli pirovne-bis nacvlad, meryevi, ulogiko, gaqnili, xSirSemTxvevaSi gaxrwnili adamianis fetiSi Seqmna,gaabatona. man imasac ki miaRwia, rom sabWoTaadamians saerTod adamianobis rwmenac ki daaka-rgvina..... saerTo mizans rom mivaRwioT, ra gzasdavadgeT, yoveli CvenTagani. me mjera adamianisgulis siwrfelisa, oRondac mTavaria yoveliCvenTagani avmaRldeT piradul gancdebze, yov-eldRiur wvrilmanebze da samSoblos, Cveni be-dkruli saqarTvelos Zaxils mivapyroT gulis-yuri. mxolod es mogvcems imis saSualebas, romyvelani saqarTvelos jariskacebi gavxdeT damale gavimarjvebT~.210

imave gazeTSi aRniSnulia: E`eri an damouki-debeli unda iyos, an unda ibrZodes damouki-

210 saqarTvelos jariskacebi gavxdeT yvelani, gazeTi,kabadoni, 1990, #2, gv. 1

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deblobisaTvis. Tuki dapyrobili eri ar ibr-Zvis TavisuflebisaTvis, aseTi eri eri araa _es anbanuri WeSmaritebaa. 9 aprilis upirvelesimadli isaa, Cven xma amoviReT da eri gavxdiT.

ers, romelsac ar SeuZlia msxverplis gaRe-ba, Znelia eri ewodos. arsebobs maRali, maradi-uli Rirebulebani, romelTagan upirvelesiasamSoblos siyvaruli.

samSoblo mSoblisgan gansxvavebiT ki ar gi-vlis, aramed TviTon Txoulobs movla-patro-nobas. is raRaciT patara, saTuT bavSvsac kigagonebs. Tuki samSoblos ar uvli, is rogorcToTo bavSvi avaddeba da dasaRupavad xdeba ga-nwiruli. samSoblos movlis erTaderTi rece-pti ar arsebobs, zogi ofliT akeTebs am saqmes,zogi wignebSi kirkitiT, zogi dazgasTan dgo-miT, zogi xnulis gakvalviT da zogic samSob-los sadarajoze unda idges, misi usafrTxo-ebisaTvis unda zrunavdes, aseve rogorc mSo-beli zrunavs Svilis usafrTxoebisaTvis. 9 ap-rils, pirvelad pirsisxliani diqtaturis piro-bebSi, erTad davdeqiT saqarTvelos sadarajo-ze. pirvelad, mTeli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi, ga-vaSinaganeT, rom Cveni samSoblo araa taigistyeebi, yirgizeTis stepebi, eskimosebis yinulo-vani wyali Tu moskovelebis kremli, aramedmravaltanjuli, bedkruli da gmiruli saqarT-velo~.211

wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis xaSurisfilialis da erovnuli damoukideblobispartiis xaSuris regionaluri komitetis orga-

211 saqarTvelos jariskacebi gavxdeT yvelani, gazeTi,kabadoni, 1990, #2, gv. 1

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no mouwodebda qarTvel xalxs: `saqarTveloSierovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba axal fa-zaSi Sevida. urTulesi politikuri viTarebadRes yvela WeSmariti mamuliSvilisagan ar-naxul mobilizebas da mamulisadmi Tavganwir-vas moiTxovs. komunisturi partiis mier SeTiT-xnili iluzirebul komunizmisaken Tvalebdaxu-Wuli da gonebamowamluli eri ufskrulis pi-ras SeCerda da imedgacrueebuli, WeSmariti ma-muliSvilebis mcdelobam, maTma uTanasworobrZolam borotebis imperiasTan Sedegi gamoiRo:qarTvel xalxSi gaiRviZa erovnulma siamayem,autaneli gaxda koloniuri uReli~.212

am mxriv didi stimulis mimcemi aRmoCnda1989 wlis 9 aprili qarTveli erisTvis. sazoga-doebam moaxerxa gaerTianebuliyo da erTob-livi ZalebiT ebrZola saqarTvelos Tavisuf-lebisaTvis. 1990 wlis gazeT `sarangSi~ vkiTxu-lobT: `9 aprili iyo erovnuli revoluciisdRe, am dRes daeca respublikis administraci-ul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiT marTvis aparati,naTeli gaxda, rom Zveleburad cxovreba qarT-vel ers aRar surda.

cda, uxeSi ZaliT, sisastikiT, barbarosobiTdaeSinebinaT qarTveli eri, sruli kraxiT dam-Tavrda.

piriqiT, WeSmariti RvTiuri saqmisaTvis da-Rvrilma sisxlma Sekra, gaaerTiana da manamde

212 wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis xaSuris filialisda erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis xaSurisregionaluri komitetis organos mowodeba qarTvelxalxs, gazeTi, ilias samreklo, 1989, #1, gv. 1

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arnaxul simaRleze aiyvana daqsaqsuli eri daerovnuli moZraoba.

... dRes aucilebelia mTeli erovnuli moZra-obis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iqnes eris mosam-zadeblad daumorCileblobisaTvis. saWiroa Ta-visufleba TiToeuli qarTvelis sasicocxloaucileblobad iqces~.213

`bunebrivia, adamianis gonebaSi daismis ki-Txva _ ra mogvca 1989 wlis 9 aprilma? Cveni az-riT, 1989 wlis 9 aprilidan iwyeba namdvili qa-rTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba,man darazma eri da beri. xalxs gauCnda rwmena,rom Tu mTeli qarTveli xalxi erT muStad Sei-kvreba, miaRwevs sanukvar sawadels, romelsaceris Tavisufleba hqvia~.214

1990 wels gazeT `borjSi~ zurab guCua wer-da: `CvenSi urTierTgamomricxavi Sexedulebebiagabatonebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad dro-ulia erovnuli moZraobis mier wamoyenebulisakiTxebi sruli ekonomikuri da politikuridamoukideblobis Taobaze.

adamianTa garkevul nawils miaCnia, rom jerara varT momzadebuli demokratiisa da Tavis-uflebisaTvis, rom jer mosagvarebelia mTelirigi ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis saki-Txebi. yovelive amas, veravin ver uaryofs, pro-blemebi marTlac Tavsayreli gvaqvs, magram igiar SeiZleba gadawydes arsebuli politikur-ek-onomikuri struqturis CarCoebSi. es rom SesaZ-lebeli iyos, sabrZolo da Tavsatexi maSin ara-feri gveqneboda. e. i. imis Tqma, rom jer es sa-

213 gaz. sarangi, 1990, #2, gv. 2214 iqve, gv. 3

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kiTxebi movagvaroT da mere erovnuli Tavisuf-lebis saqmesac mivxedoT ar iqneba swori. pi-riqiT, Cven gamosavali imaSi unda vnaxoT, romerovnul-demokratiul moZraobas SevxedoT, ro-gorc process, romelmac moZraobaSi unda daba-dos Sedegi. ra Tqma unda am azrSi ar igulis-xmeba miznis miRwevis erT-erT saSualebad quCa-Si gasvla da masobrivi mitingebis mowyoba. mTa-varia yvelam Tavisi saqmianoba erT ideasTan ga-nTavisuflebas daumorCilos~215

1989 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli damouki-deblobis partiis gazeTi `patimris xma~ aRniS-navda: `Tqven damonebulebi, dabrmavebulebi dadayruebulebi monopolisturi sabWoTa imperii-sagan cdilobdiT aseve monad geqciaT mudam Ta-visuflebisaTvis mebrZoli qarTveli eri. amismagaliTia uamravi dapatimrebebi da gadasaxle-bebi, politikurad arasworad moazrovne adami-anebis, rogorc Tqven uwodebdiT fsiqiatriulsaavadmyofoebSi moTavseba, moraluri, sulieri,materialuri da fizikuri ganadgureba im vaJ-kaci adamianebisa, romlebic xmas aRimaRlebdnenusamarTlobis winaaRmdeg.

...sabWoTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi Tavisuflebismoyvare yoveli adamiani Tavs patimrad grZnob-da. komunisturi ideologia da politika cdi-lobda monuri fsiqologiis qveS moeqcia yove-li adamiani. igi TavisuflebisaTvis brZolisyovel gamovlinebas adamianSi ZirSive axSobda.mimagreba, iZuleba, umuSevrobaze sisxlis samar-

215 zurab guCua, gonivrulad vmarToT procesebi, gazeTi,borji, 1990, #1, gv. 2

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Tlis muxlis arseboba adamianis damonebis sab-Wouri politikaa~.216

1989 wels gazeTi `samreklo werda: 9 apri-lis tragediam kidev ufro gaaZliera erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi.politikuri organizaciebi Seiqmna ara mrto qa-laqebSi, aramed raionebSic. TianeTis raionSiCamoyalibda ori organizacia, erTi daba Tiane-TSi_erovnuli xsnis TianeTis kavSiri, meore ki_erwos zonaze.

am ukanasknels Tavdapirvelad ewoda ero-vnuli xsnis erwos jgufi. igi Seiqmna 1989 wlis9 ivniss, sofel xevsurTsofelSi, roca n. Wo-likauris, m. basialuris, e. arabulis, k. kenki-Svilis iniciativiT pirvelad Seikriba jgufismomaval wevrTa umarvlesoba. jgufis Seqmnis mi-zani aris TianeTis raionis erwos zonaze Zli-eri politikuri organizaciis Camoyalibeba, mo-saxleobis gaaqtiureba erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebel moZraobaSi monawileobis misaRebad daadgilobrivi, regionaluri problemebis mogva-rebisaTvis brZola~.217

1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebis Semdeg iliaWavWavaZis sazogadoebam werili gaugzavna ga-eros generalur mdivans peres de kueliars, sa-dac aRniSnulia: ` 1989 wlis 9 aprils dilis 4saaTze sabWoTa reJimma kidev erTxel gamoav-lina Tavisi namdvili saxe. saqarTvelos dedaqa-laq TbilisSi mTavrobis saxlis win moawyomSvidobian manifestantTa winaswar ganzraxulixocva-Jleta, risTvisac gamoiyenes aramrto

216 gazeTi, patimris xma, 1989, #1, gv. 1217 19 seqtemberi, gazeTi, samreklo, 1989, #1, gv. 1

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specjarebi, tankebi da javSantransportiorebi,aramed orlesuli foladis niCbebiT SeiaraRe-buli profesionali mkvlelebi da sul cotasami saxis qimiuri iaraRi, ris Sedegadac dai-Rupa minimum 21 da ukvalod gaqra 13 kaci, be-vria daWrili da mowamluli, romelTagan rvaa-samde piri moxvda saavadmyofoebSi, daxocilTaabsolutur umravlesobas Seadgenen qalebi, bav-Svebi da moxucebi, sabWoTa jarebis aRvirax-snil saqciels win aRudgnen milicielebi, risSedegad dazianda asobiT maTgani, damsjelmajarebma amasTanave daarbies mZinare moqalaqe-ebi, romelTac uvardebodnen binebSi, scemdnenda wamlavdnen qimiuri iaraRiT...~218

analogiuri Sinaarsis werilebi gaegzavnaaSS-s prezidents jorj buSs, didi britaneTispremier-ministrs margaret tetCers, germaniisfederaciuli respublikis federalur kancl-ers helmut kols, romis paps ioane pavle meo-res. agreTve werili gaegzavna safrangeTis pre-zidents fransua miterans, sadac aRniSnulia:1989 wlis 9 aprils dilis 4 saaTze armiis miermSvidobian manifestantTa barbarosuli xocva-Jletis Semdeg daapatimres araformalur ga-erTianebaTa ramdenime warmomadgeneli. maSinrodesac masobrivi xocva-Jletis arc erTi ini-ciatori da Semsrulebeli dapatimrebuli araris, mkvlelebi dasujelni arian, xolo mitin-

218 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi(1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qronologiuraddaalages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem dazaza kalandiam, gv. 61

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gis aqtiuri monawileni dapatimrebulni, mxol-od zepiri lozungebis warmoaTqmisaTvis.

mogmarTavT Tqven, ara mxolod rogorc de-mokratiuli da humanisturi tradiciebis mqoneqveynis meTaurs, aramed rogorc adamians, rom-elsac didi piradi wvlili miuZRvis qarTvelipolitpatimrebis dacvisa da ganTavisuflebissaqmeSi da gTxovT xeli SeuwyoT axali polit-patimrebis ganTavisuflebas~.219

saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiajer kidev 1988 wels aRniSnavda: `Cveni partiismTavari amocanaa aRadginos damoukidebloba,aaRorZinos demokratiuli, saparlamento daqristianuli saqarTvelo. Cven uarvyofT yovel-gvar Zaladobas da vimoqmedebT, rogorc poli-tikur-sazogadoebrivi Zala. Cveni azriT, yovelers aqvs sruli ufleba airCios Tavisi momava-li da aravis aqvs imis ufleba, rom ama Tu imers miuTiTos, rogori unda iyos momavali. yov-elma xalxma Tavad unda gansazRvros is sazo-gadoebriv-politikuri wyobileba, romelic Ta-visTvis misaRebad miaCnia...

... imis gamo, rom xelovnurad irRveva demog-rafiuli wonasworoba, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeggamocxadebulia ekologiuri omi, sistematuradirRveva adamianis uflebebi, TviT saqarTveloszogierT regionSi idevneba qarTveli mosaxle-oba, qarTuli ena faqtobrivad gamodevniliasazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferodan, rom

219 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi(1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qronologiuraddaalages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem dazaza kalandiam, gv. 63

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ar gvyavs erovnuli jari, zemodan dagegmiladknindeba qarTuli kultura, faqtobrivad dak-ninda qarTuli eklesia, erTi sityviT ilaxebaqarTveli eris uflebebi, aravin arafrad ag-debs mis nebasurvils, yovelive es udides sa-frTxes gvqimnis da erovnul-demokratiul par-tias miaCnia ara marto am Cixidan gamosvlis Zi-eba, aramed saqarTvelos sruli da saboloodamoukideblobis aRdgena~.220

1989 wlis gazeT `qarTul qronikaSi~, giorgiWanturia statiaSi `ras upirebs kremli saqa-rTvelos~ werda, rom saqarTvelos erovnul-de-mokratiul moZraobas gaaCnda ZiriTadi niSnebi.ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

1. `uaryofa yovelive sabWourisa~. 221 bune-brivia, martivi ar iyo sabWouri politikis gav-lenaze uaris Tqma, Tumca qarTveli erovnulimoRvaweebi da maT Soris erovnul-demokrati-uli partia antisabWouri lozungiT gamodioda.am yovelives xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom sa-bWoTa kavSiri nel-nela daSlisken midioda, am-itom aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda swo-rad SemuSavebuli gegmis da ideologiis arse-boba, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos Tavisuflebaunda mohyoloda. erovnul-demokratiuli parti-is es mowodeba mniSvnelobas moklebuli namdvi-lad ar iyo. saqarTvelos, romelsac 1989 wlis9 aprili ukve gavlili hoqnda moeTxovebodaufro radikaluri nabijebis gadadgma, rac pir-vel rigSi yovelgvari sabWouris uaryofiT da

220 iqve, gv. 11-12221giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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qarTulis wina planze wamoweviT unda dawyebu-liyo.

2. `SeniRbvaze uaris Tqma da ukiduresi ra-dikalizmi~. 222 is dro namdvilad gasuli iyo,rodesac erovnuli Zalebi saaSkaraoze gamos-vlas ver bedavdnen da e. w. iatakqveSa gaerTia-nebebiT moqmedebdnen. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisaqarTvelosTvis gamorCeulia erovnuli moZra-obis aRmavlobis mniSvnelobiT. jer erTi grZe-ldeba disidenturi moZraobis ganviTareba 80-iani wlebis I naxevarSi da meorec, II naxevridansafuZveli eyreba sxvadasxva organizaciis Tupolitikuri partiis Camoyalibebas, romlebicaqtiuri da saxalxo lozungebiT gamoirCevian.erTi sityviT, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli moZraoba brZolis axal etapzegadadis da qarTuli kulturuli da politik-uri elita sazogadoebas mouwodebs am proces-Si maqsimaluri CarTvisken.

es aris periodi, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTisnamdvili saxe yvelasTvis cnobilia da isic aS-kara iyo, rom sabWoTa reJimis aRsasruli ax-lovdeboda. amitom xelsayreli saSinao da sa-gareo mdgomareoba iZleoda imis saSualebas,rom yvela qarTvels, visTvisac samSoblos in-teresebis dacva mniSvnelovani iyo ebrZola qve-ynis damoukideblobisaTvis. bunebrivia, es arcise martivad misaRwevi saSualeba iyo, miTume-tes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom sabWoTareJimi yvelanairad cdilobda SeenarCunebinasakuTari Zalaufleba da yovel SemTxvevaSi Tu

222 giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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sistema mainc daiSleboda masSi gawevrianebulsaxelmwifoebze kontroli ar daekarga. aqedangamomdinare, qarTveli eris brZolis aRniSnuletapze gaazrebuli moqmedeba iyo saWiro, Tumcafaqti iyo, rom erovnuli moZraoba saaSkaraozegamodioda da sul ufrodaufro aqtiuri xde-boda.

3. `imperiis transformaciis yovelgvari Ses-aZleblobebis gamoricxva~.

4. `strategiuli miznis, misi realuri ganxo-rcielebis SesaZleblobis SenarCuneba Segne-bulad daSvebuli taqtikuri Secdomebis fa-sad~.223

me-3 da me-4 munqtebSi gatarebulia azri, im-periis namdvili miznebis gaazrebaze da saqa-rTvelos dasaxuli gegmis miRwevaze. saWiroebaswarmoadgenda sabWoTa imperiis sruli daSla,radgan raime transformaciis SemTxvevaSi, rog-orc es `perestroikis~ da `glasnostis~ drosgamoixateboda is namdvil saxes mainc Seinar-Cunebda da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvisTvalis axveviT sakuTar SesaZleblobebs maincgamoiyenebda sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneb-lad.

imperia arsebobis bolo etapze imyofeboda.amas kargad acnobierebda sabWoTa xelisufle-baSi myofi pirebi, amitom isini yovelnairad ec-debodnen daSlis procesi warmarTuliyo ise,rom maTTvis xelsayreli mdgomareoba Seqmnili-yo. amitom amgvari faqtis Tavidan asacilebladaucileblobas warmoadgenda adgilobrivi da

223 iqve, gv. 1

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saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, saxelmwifoebisiseTi aqtiuroba, rom sabWoTa imperias amgvariSesaZlebloba ar miscemoda. Tavis mxriv, qarT-vel ers naTlad unda gaecnobierebina is faqti,rom qveyana nel-nela damoukideblobisaken midi-oda da frTxili da mizanmimarTuli moqmedebaiyo saWiro. aRniSnulis misaRwevad ki qarTulkulturul da politikur elitas unda eaqti-ura. erovnul-demokratiuli partiac da misiwarmomadgenlebi erT-erTi maTganni iyvnen. ami-tom maT Tavis saprogramo niSnad es punqticSeitanes.

5. `erovnuli moZraobis ara sabWour, Zvelstruqturebze morgeba programa-minimumis gan-xorcielebis mizniT, aramed axali, demokrati-uli struqturebis Seqmnis dawyeba programa-maq-simumis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

6. uaryofa sruli gaerTianebis iluzorulimoTxovnisa da erovnuli WeSmaritad jansaRi Za-lebis dapirispireba antierovnul, antidemokra-tiul Tu fsevdoliberalur, Semrigeblur Za-lebTan~.224

me-5 da me-6 punqtebSi gatarebulia azri sab-Wour sistemaze uaris Tqmisa da demokratiulistruqturebis Camoyalibebaze, antierovnuli daantidemokratiuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZo-laze. sabWouri gavlenis winaaRmdeg brZola ma-rTlac metad mniSvnelovani iyo. radganac saz-ogadoeba miCveuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris daqvem-debarebaSi cxovrebas da masobrivi represiebis

224 giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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meSveobiT daSinebuli da cnobierebamodunebu-li. qarTveli erisTvis mxolod sabWoTa kav-Siris daqvemdebarebaSi 70 wliani yofna ar iyomxolod mosanelebeli, XIX saukunis dasawyisi-dan moyolebuli 117 wlis manZilze qarTvelobajer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg 1922 wlidan ki sab-WoTa kavSiris gavlenaSi iyo. gamonaklisi iyo1918-1921 wlebi _ saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis xana. amgvarad, qveyana dapyrobiliiyo wlebis manZilze ara mxolod politikurad,socialur-ekonomikurad, aramed religiuri dakulturuli niSniTac. dampyrobeli wlebis gan-mavlobaSi cdilobda qarTvelebisTvis waerTmiaara mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba, ara-med erovnuli cnobierebac. amitom ori saukunismanZilze WidilSi qarTveli eris erovnuliTviTSegneba, misi brZolisunarianoba garkveul-wilad Seicvala. is, rac mefis ruseTma ver Se-Zlo, sabWoTa kavSirma ganaxorciela. masStabu-ri da masobrivi represiebiT gaanadgura qarTu-li genofondi.

swored amitom, erovnul-demokratebi miznadisaxavdnen yovelgvari sabWouris winaaRmdegbrZolas, demokratiuli ideebis da principebisdamkvidrebas. bunebrivia, amgvari brZola marti-vi namdvilad ar iyo, radgan garda imisa, romunda ebrZolaT sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg, qa-rTul sazogadoebasac garkveuli momzadebasWirdeboda. wlebis manZilze modunebuli erov-nuli xasiaTis gamoRviZeba da kidev axali fo-rmiT aRorZineba sWirdeboda. miuxedavad imisa,rom 80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi dawyebul erov-nul moZraobas win uZRoda disidenturi moZ-

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raoba, romlis meSveobiTac garkveuli nabijebigadaidga dasaxuli miznis miRweva realobisganjer kidev Sors idga. radgan disidentebis moR-vaweoba ufro viwro jgufuri iyo da maTi ara-legaluri gamocemebi, garda proklamaciebisasazogadoebis farTo fenebSi ar vrceldeboda.amasTan, rTulad misaRwevi iyo demokratiulifaseulobebis da Rirebulebebis damkvidreba.qarTuli sazogadoeba amisTvis jer mzad ariyo. miT umetes, mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi ar-sebobda azri, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva politiku-ri partiebis gavleniT, rom damoukidebloba-da-kargul saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli ideebi ad-vili dasamkvidrebuli ar iyo. magram erovnul-demokratiuli partia cdilobda arsebuli wina-aRmdegobebis gadalaxviT da daZleviT mieRwiasaqarTvelos srul damoukideblobamde. amasTan,unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgena da Tavisuflebis mopoveba mxo-lod maTi mizani ar iyo da yvela erovnuladmoazrovne Zala iziarebda am azrs. gansxvavebais iyo, rom Tavisuflebamde misasvleli gzebida brZolis meTodebi iyo gansxvavebuli.

7. `politikis ufro maRla dayeneba TandaTa-nobiT, vidre nacionalizmisa (am sityvis arasau-keTeso, obivateluri gagebiT).

8. erovnuli xsnisa da erovnuli damoukideb-lobis ganuyofloba, rameTu Cveni xsna damouki-deblobaSia (damoukidebloba mogvitans xsnasacda aRorZinebasac da ara ise, rom `jer unda ga-davrCeT, avRorZindeT, risi gakeTebac dRes Se-

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iZleba gavakeToT, xolo Semdeg damoukideblo-ba...)~.225

nacionaluri idea qarTvelTa arsebobis man-Zilze yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda. sau-kuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris erovnulmacnobierebam garkveuli formacia da ganviTarebaganicada, Tumca erovnuli identobisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli Rirebulebebi: ena, sarwmunoeba yov-elTvis mniSvneolvan rols TamaSobda da epoq-is gamowvevebidan gamomdinare ganviTarebissxvadasxva etapze garkveuli wvlili Sehqondaerovnuli ideis formaciasa da realizaciaSi.sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisSemdeg mTeli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi erovnuliideologia yovelmxriv uflebaSezRuduliaRmoCnda. is, rac wlebis da saukuneebis manZil-ze qarTvelTa erTianobas uwyobda xels maqsi-malurad meorexarisxovans xdida sabWoTa xeli-sufleba. TviT mefis ruseTis drosac ki ar ga-nicdida erovnuli faseulobebi iseT dartymas,rogorc es sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi xdeboda.Tumca, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne ukve disiden-tur moZraobas hqonda mcdeloba qarTvelTa er-Tobis ganmtkicebaSi da gaZlierebaSi garkveuliwvilili Seetana. 80-iani wlebi ki ukve praqti-kuli nabijebis gadadgmas moiTxovda qarTvel-Tagan da gansakuTrebiT im politikuri Zalebis-gan, romlebmac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis Camoyalibebas da aRmavlobas Seuwyesxeli. am SemTxvevaSi erovnul-demokratebis mTa-

225 giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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vari mizani iyo momxdariyo qarTveli sazoga-doebis transformacia politikur orbitaze daerovnulTan erTad politikuri erTobac miR-weuliyo. rac martivad misaRwevi saSualeba nam-dvilad ar iyo da didi muSaoba iyo Casatare-beli am mimarTulebiT. Tumca, ideis am kuTxiTdayeneba wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo.

9. politikuri realizmi, rac yovelgvarsxvasTan erTad gamoixateba imaSi, rom Segnebu-li gvaqvs _ saqarTvelos gamoyofa ararealur-ia, damoukideblobis, saxelmwifoebriobis aRd-gena SesaZlebelia mxolod imperiis daSlis Se-mdgom.

erovnul-demokratiuli moZraobis mizaniaimperiis daSlis procesebisaTvis xelis Sewyo-ba da am gziT Tavisuflebis miRweva da ara ca-lkeuli `respublikis~ imperiisagan `gamoyofa~_ Cven es ararealurad migvaCnia.

Cven mxolod erToblivi brZoliT da imav-droulad mivaRwevT damoukideblobas.

10. moZraobis uaRresad mSvidobiani buneba,demokratiuli xasiaTi. Cveni devizia _ `eri dademokratia~.

qarTuli politikuri speqtri da maT Soriserovnul-demokratiuli partia naTlad acnobie-rebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgenis aucileblobas da rac mTa-varia es mizani miiRweoda mxolod qarTvelieris erTobiT, sabWour gavlenaze uaris TqmiT,demokratiul faseulobebze aRebuli orienta-ciiT.~226

226 giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTuli erovnuliZalebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen qarTveli erismobilizebas sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis proces-Si garkveuli wvlili SeetanaT da rac mTavariadamoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi saku-Tari sityva eTqvaT. swored amitom me-9 da me-10punqtSi erovnul-demokratiuli partia aRniS-nul sakiTxze amaxvilebda yuradRebas.

1989 wlis 9 aprili erTgvari winapiroba iyobrZolis Semdgomi gagrZelebisa da gaRrmavebi-sa. sakuTari protestiT qarTvelma erma xmamaR-la ganacxada, rom Zveleburi wesiT cxovrebasaRar apirebda. es udavod wingadadgmuli nabijiiyo. Tumca, am yvelafers gagrZeleba esaWiro-eboda da ufro meti mobilizeba iyo aucile-beli.

marTalia, qarTuli politikuri elitis erT-erTi nawilis erovnul-demokratebis poziciarogorc am punqtebidan ikveTeba erovnuli moZ-raobis ganviTarebis mSvidobian xasiaTSi mdgo-mareobda, Tumca isic naTeli iyo, rom maT miersaxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenazefiqri da am mimarTulebiT muSaoba ar awyobdasabWoTa xelisuflebas da Tundac Tavisufle-bis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi am or Zalas SorisurTierTobis gamwvavebas gamoiwvevda.

rac Seexeba, erovnul-demokratebis mier de-mokratiul faseulobebze yuradRebis gamaxvi-lebas, zogadad es Rirebuleba qarTuli erov-nuli moZraobisTvis met-naklebad axali iyo. ma-rTalia, qarTuli kulturuli da politikurielitis mizani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgena da dasavleTTan ur-

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TierTobis damyareba iyo, sadac demokratiuliideebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda, magrames ar niSnavda imas, rom saqarTveloSic iseTivedoziT Semovidoda es ideologia im etapze, ro-gorc dasavlur samyaroSi iyo, Tumca am kuTxiTmuSaoba da ideis ganviTareba udavod winga-dadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.

11. `zemodan~ wamosuli yovelgvari `sasike-To~ reformisadmi skeptikuri, ufro metic,mtruli damoukidebuleba, radgan `reforma~ an-elebs imperiis rRvevis process, qmnis iluzi-ebs, rasac saboloo jamSi totalitarizmis re-animacia moyveba Sedegad.

12. saqarTvelos religiur-politikuri misi-is aRiareba, imis gacnobiereba, rom Cven mZimejvari gvarguna ufalma, magram es Cveni jva-ria~.227

da bolos, erovnul-demokratebis programa-Si garkveuli adgili ukavia religias. es SemT-xveviTi namdvilad ar aris, qarTvelTa Segneba-Si religiis _ qristianobis roli mniSvnelo-vnad didia da Sesabamisad aRniSnuli poli-tikuri partiis programaSic am ideas gansakuT-rebuli adgili ukavia. TiToeuli qarTvelis va-lia gaacnobieros is gza, rac saukuneebis man-Zilze gaiara da is, ramac gadaarCina. sworedamitom religiis arsSi Cawvdoma da misi misiisgamoxatva erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZrao-baSi aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda.

sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis manZilze masSigawevrianebul saxelmwifoebs mravali proble-

227 giorgi Wanturia, ras upirebs kremli saqarTvelos,gazeTi, qarTuli qronika, 1989, #55, gv. 1

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mis gadalaxva mouwia. am mimarTulebiT gamonak-liss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. XX sauku-nis 80-ian wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebmasabWoTa sistemaSi myof qveynebs da maT SorissaqarTvelos saSualeba misca axali forma damimarTuleba mieca erovnuli moZraobisTvis daganviTarebis axal etapze gadasuliyo. zemoTaRniSnuli sakiTxebi amis naTel dadasturebaswarmoadgens. amasTan dakavSirebiT problema Se-saZloa ori kuTxiT daisvas: 1. ra faqtorebmaganapiroba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis aRmavloba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da 2.ra nabijebi gadaidga qarTuli erovnuli Zale-bis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damou-kideblobis aRsadgenad?

1. bunebrivia, erovnul-ganmaTavisufleblimoZraobis aRmavloba-ganviTareba mxolod dauceb XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ar dawyebulada amas yovelives Tavis safuZveli gaaCnda.procesi bevrad adre, II msoflio omis SemdgomperiodSi iwyeba da disidenturi moZraobis Ca-moyalibebiT grZeldeba. drois aRniSnuli mo-nakveTi ki erTgvar daskvniT etaps warmoad-genda, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena da sabWoTa ka-vSiris daSla mohyva.

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitaXX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli maqsima-lurad cdilobda saqarTvelos ganTavisufle-bas sabWoTa reJimisagan. yvela naTlad acnobie-rebda im faqts, rom saqarTvelos rogorc sax-elmwifos hqonda yvelanairi piroba da uflebayofiliyo damoukidebeli da Tavisufali. es

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procesi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba XXsaukunis 80-ian wlebSi, qarTuli erovnuli Zal-ebi erovnuli Tavisuflebis da damoukideblo-bis lozungiT gamodian. yvela politikur pa-rtias Tu mimarTulebas Tavisi gegmebi gaaCndaaRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad.

yovelive amas xels uwyobda is faqti, romsabWoTa reJimis arseboba nel-nela dasasrulsuaxlovdeboda. mcdelobisda miuxedavad, sistem-is SenarCuneba veRar xerxdeboda. zemoT ukvegavamaxvileT yuradReba andropovis, Cernenkosda gorbaCovis moRvaweobis garkveul niSnebze,amitom aq detalurad aRar Sevudgebi proble-mis ganxilvas, Tumca erTi ram dabejiTebiT Se-iZleba iTqvas, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi qar-Tuli erovnuli Zalebis aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva,rac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgeniT unda damTavrebuliyo. es pe-riodi gamorCeulia imiTac, rom sul ufri izr-deboda im adamianebis raodenoba, vinc sabWoTaxelisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda da aRarsurda Zveli wesebiT cxovreba. Tu manamde anti-sabWourad ganwyobili mxolod viwro jgufebiiyo da saaSkaraoze gamosvlas ver bedavdnen, am-jerad saqme sul sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs. sa-zogadoebis didi nawili Tavisi surviliT ambo-bda uars xelisuflebis morCilebaze. `saqvaW-robmontaJis~ zeinkali beJan TavarTqilaZe xe-lisuflebas mimarTavda Semdegi gancxadebiT:`1987 wlis ianvarSi mimiRes skkp partiis wevrade. w. `gardaqmnisa~ da `sajaroobis~ periodSi.imedi mqonda, rom bolosdabolos, partia, pir-vel yovlisa, mTel Zalisxmevas mimarTavda ada-

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mianis bednierebaze zrunvisaken, qveynis keTil-dReobisaTvis, da msurda Cemi wvlili Semetanaam procesSi.

aRmoCnda, rom yovelive es mxolod ocnebaa,bolodroindelma movlenebma gansakuTrebiT pa-rtiis mier erovnuli da samarTlebrivi princi-pebis sistematurma ugulvebelyofam, rac mTelisicxadiT gamoixata konstituciaSi cvlilebebi-sa da Sesworebebis ganxilvis dros, damarwmuna,rom skkp miznebi ar eTanxmeba Cemi erisa da kon-kretuli pirovnebis interesebs. amrigad, aRarmsurs skkp wevroba da vabruneb mandats~.228

skkp wevri s. qarqaSaZe 1988 wels xelisuf-lebas Semdegi Sinaarsis gancxadebiT mima-rTavda: me, soso mixeilis Ze qarqaSaZe skkp ri-gebSi Sevedi 1979 wels, raTa mebrZoli simar-TlisaTvis da Cemi samSoblos keTildReobisa-Tvis.

skkp partiis rigebSi yofnisas me davrwmun-di, rom es yvelaferi auxdeneli ocnebaa, rad-gan komunisturi partia yovelnairad TrgunavssaR azrs, yvelanair iniciativas qvemodan daemsaxureba totalitaruli saxelmwifos Zli-erebas, romelsac ara da ar surs gardaqmnisada sajaroobis periodSic ki daadges demokra-tiisaken mimaval Tundac viwro biliks.

am bolo dros, rodesac faqtiurad terori-zmi aiyvanes saxelmwifos samaRlis doneze, ro-desac skkp, ck-is organoebi, presa, radio da te-

228 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi(1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qronologiuraddaalages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem dazaza kalandiam, gv. 37

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levizia aTasgvar sicrues, sibilwesa da mona-Cmaxs avrcelebs xalxSi, raTa saxeli gautexonnaTeli momavlisaTvis mebrZol erovnul-pa-triotul Zalebs, skkp rigebSi Cemi yofna aramarto danaSaulad, aramed samSoblos Ralata-dac mimaCnia. me davkarge rwmena, rom skkp od-esme daadgeba simarTlis gzas, realurad daiw-yebs xalxTa uflebebis pativiscemasa da dacvasda sabWoTa kavSiri gadaiqceva samarTlebriv sa-xelmwifod. amis brwyinvale magaliTia mis mierganvlili 71 wlis gza da misi dRevandeli an-tixalxuri moqmedeba, brZola sakuTari xalxiswinaaRmdeg.

amitom, me vtoveb skkp rigebs da gigzavniTCems mandats, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSisircxviliT miwvavda jibes~.229

mTeli samocdaaTi wlis manZilze qarTvel-Ta erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mud-mivad arsebobda, rac gamoixateboda rogorcSeiaraRebuli formiT, aseve ideologiurad.brZola mimdinareobda ara mxolod saqarTve-loSi, aramed saqarTvelos farglebs gareTmyofi erovnuli Zalebis mier. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qarTuli politikuri elita ufroradikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva.bunebrivia, mniSvnelobas moklebuli arc zemoTaRniSnul periodSi mimdinare brZolebi iyo,Tumca drois am monakveTSi saaSkaraoze gamovi-da ara mxolod politikuri elita, aramed sa-

229 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi(1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qronologiuraddaalages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem dazaza kalandiam, gv. 38

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zogadoeba. es ki mniSvnelovnad win gadadgmulinabiji iyo. 80-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi da gan-sakuTrebiT mis daskvniT etapze Catarda mra-valricxovani demonstraciebi, aqciebi, sadacerovnul-politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi Zale-bi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenismoTxovniT gamodiodnen.

2. marTalia, rogorc zemoT ganxiluli mov-lenebi aCvenebs, erovnuli Zalebi gansakuTre-bulad aqtiuroben, Tumca, bunebrivia, arc iseunda moviazroT, rom yvelaferi idealurad iyo.arsebul brZolebs garkveuli sirTuleebi ax-lda Tan. es gamomdinareobda, rogorc sagareo,aseve saSinao politikuri viTarebidan. 1. marTa-lia, imperia ingreoda, magram rRvevis SedegadwarmoSobili uaryofiTi mxareebi saqarTvelosmdgomareobazec negatiurad isaxeboda. gardaamisa, saqarTvelos ar hyavda mokavSire, rome-lic mis suverenobas, damoukideblobas scnobdada garkveul daxmarebas aRmouCenda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis procesSi. 1990wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavi-suflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma mima-rTes aSS-s prezidents da kongresmenebs: `...Cvens did gulistkivils iwvevs is faqti, romdasavleTis oficialur wreebSi saTanado gamo-Zaxils ver poulobs qarTveli eris ukompromi-so da samarTliani brZola saqarTvelos saxel-mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis.

mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi, sarw-munoebrivi, kulturuli istoriisa da tradici-ebis matarebeli qarTveli eri dgas naciona-luri katastrofis realuri saSiSroebis wina-

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Se. misi xsna mis TavisuflebaSia da Tavisufa-li samyaro valdebulia aqtiurad dauWiros qa-rTvel xalxs mxari am wminda brZolaS i~.230

1989 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukide-blobis partia, wminda ilia marTlis sazogado-eba, saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufi mimarTavs ga-eros generalur mdivans xavier peres de kueli-ars, gaeros generalur asambleas, uSiSroebissabWos, meurveobis sabWos, aSS-s prezidentsjorj buSs, safrangeTis prezidents fransuamiterans, natos wevri qveynebis saxelmwifoTamTavrobebs, msoflios yvela qveynis saxelmwi-foTa mTavrobebs: `... saqarTvelos erovnul-gan-maTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebsaqvT istoriuli, politikuri, erovnuli da mo-raluri ufleba proncipulad daayenon sakiTxiprogresuli da demokratiuli msoflios winaSesaqarTvelos erovnuli da saxelmwifo-ebrividamoukideblobis aRdgenisa. saqarTvelos moma-vali mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze,moaqcevs Tu ara mas demokratiuli samyaro mso-flio politikis arealSi, rogorc saerTaSori-so samarTlis subieqts. gamomdinare aqedan, sa-qarTvelos opoziciuri erovnuli Zalebis Tavi-sufali da demokratiuli erTianoba mogmar-TavT TxovniT:

1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi Sei-qmnas saqarTvelos mimarT rsfsr-s mier Cade-nili agresiis damdgeni specialuri komisia,romelic Seiswavlis da ofocialurad daadgensagresiis faqts.

230 mimarTva, gazeTi, droeba, 1990, #10, gv. 3

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2. agresiis faqtis dadgenis Semdgom 1921wlis 25 Tebervlis aqcia aRiarebul iqnas, ro-gorc aneqsia, xolo saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xe-lisuflebis damyareba da arseboba da saqarT-velos yofna ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Se-fasebul iqnas, rogorc agresiis uSualo Sede-gi, am agresiis gagrZeleba.

3. saqarTvelos ssr-s yalbi suvereniteti mi-Cneul iqnas gauqmebulad. farda aexados suve-renitetis falsifikaciis sakiTxs, romelic ga-moxatulia mokavSire sabWoTa socialisturirespublikis statusis arsebobaSi. ganisazRvrossaqarTvelo, rogorc istoriulad da ufleb-rivad suverenuli nacia, magram 1921 wlis 25 Te-bervlidan dRemde ruseTis modernizebuli sab-WoTa komunisturi imperiis mier dapyrobili daam imperiis jarebiT okupirebuli qveyana da igi,rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis armqone subieqti,CarTul iqnas meurveobis saerTaSoriso sistema-Si.

4. amis Sedegad qarTvel ers mieces saSuale-ba saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgeni-sa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dabrunebisa,rogorc suverenuli naciis, gaerTianebuli ere-bis organizaciis wesdebis Sesabamisad.

5. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam ar un-da miiCnios saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-moukideblobis aRdgenisa da rsfsr-s mier saqa-rTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mimarT Ca-denili agresiis sakiTxis ganxilva ssr kav-Siris Sinagan saqmeebSi Carevad. saqarTveloserovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

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bis aRdgena iqneba samarTlianobis didi gama-rjveba sakacobrio asparezze~.231

2. qveynis SigniT, marTalia yalibdeba sxva-dasxva politikuri partiebi da organizaciebi,Tumca maT moRvaweobas calkeuli sirTuleebiaxlda Tan. `saqarTvelo okupirebulia dampyro-blis mier. qveyana formalurad iTvleba suvere-nul respublikad, magram mas ar gaaCnia suvere-nobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani-SeiaraRebuliZalebi. amis nacvlad saqarTvelos teritoriazeganlagebulia okupantis jarebi, plus amas sa-qarTveloSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi iZulebiTmihyavT okupantis armiaSi egreTwodebuli sa-valdebulo samxedro samsaxuris mosaxdelad.aqedan gamomdinare, opoziciuri organizaciebimoiTxoven, rom saqarTvelodan gayvanil iqnessaokupacio jarebi, Sewydes Cveni Wabukebis iZu-lebiTi wayvana mtris armiaSi da aRsdges saqa-rTvelos WeSmariti suverenobis erT-erTi mTa-vari niSansveti _ saqarTvelos erovnuli ar-mia~. 232 1989 wlis gazeT `TavisuflebaSi~ aRniS-nulia: saqarTvelos axla, ise rogorc arasd-ros, sWirdeba ganaTlebuli, niWieri da gabedu-li adamianebi, raTa isini waruZRvnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas da gadavigdoTsabWoTa totalitarizmis uReli. saqarTvelodRes politikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. qve-yana dapyrobilia yvelaze veragi mtris mier.arsebul geopolitikur situaciaSi savsebiT Se-saZlebelia saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba sama-

231 saqarTvelos erovnul-politikuri organizaciebiserToblivi komunike, 1989, #11, gv. 11232 gaRma ar vedavebiT, gazeTi, Tavisufleba, 1989, #19, gv. 1

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rTlebriv-politikuri mSvidobiani brZolisgziT.~233

1989 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukide-blobis partia sazogadoebas mimarTavda: `qar-Tveli xalxis brZola saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobisaTvis samarTliania da Tanamedrove de-mokratiuli msoflio valdebulia aqtiurad da-uWiros mxari mas am brZolaSi. araviTari kano-nieri safuZveli saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelis-uflebis arsebobas da saqarTvelos ssr kav-Siris SemadgenlobaSi yofnas ar gaaCnia, radganigi uSualo Sedegia SeiaraRebuli agresiisa daTavidan bolomde emyareba ruseTis moderni-zebuli imperiis SeiaraRebul Zalebs. qarTvelxalxs gasabWoebidan moyolebuli mTeli 68wlis manZilze arc plebiscitiT da arc sayo-velTao demokratiuli arCevnebiT sabWoTa xe-lisufleba da saxelmwifo wyobileba ar ucv-nia. 1918 wlis 26 maiss qarTveli eris mier mo-xdenili Tavisufali TviTgamorkveva da sa-qarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxa-deba dResac ZalaSi myofi, iuridiuli Zalmo-silebis mqone politikuri aqtia, romelic axaldadasturebas arc plebiscitiT da arc refe-rendumiT aRar saWiroebs, amrigad, qarTveli xa-lxis dRevandeli brZola TavisuflebisaTvisniSnavs brZolas saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenisaTvis, rac iTvaliswinebs:

1. saqarTvelos teritoriidan modernizebu-li imperiis e. w. ssr kavSiris saokupacio jare-bis sruli SemadgenlobiT gayvanas.

233 iqve, gv. 1

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2. saqarTvelos gamosvlas ruseTis moderni-zebuli imperiis Semadgenlobidan im teritori-uli mTlianobiT, romelic mas, rogorc suve-renul saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samarTlisZaliT hqonda damtkicebuli erTa ligis miergasabWoebamde.

3. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa wyobilebisa da xe-lisuflebis gauqmebas sayovelTao demokrati-uli kenWisyriT erovnuli mTavrobisa da par-lamentis arCevas.

4. dRes, rodesac qarTveli xalxi ukompro-miso brZolas awarmoebs TavisuflebisaTvis,rodesac qarTvel xalxs Tavdadebulma brZolamaTobiT udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxle Sei-wira, demokratiuli sazogadoeba gulgrili arunda darCes saqarTvelos xvedrisadmi, rameTukacobriobis progresuli ganviTareba yovelierisa da adamianis Tavisuflebas emyareba. Tavi-sufali samyaros mxardaWeris gareSe qarTvelieri ver SeZlebs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelibrZolis miyvanas gamarjvebamde, amitom Tavisu-falma samyarom, Tu misTvis WeSmaritad Zvirfa-sia Tanamedrove kacobriobis mier aRiarebulizneobrivi idealebi da kanonebi, is samarTleb-rivi normebi, romlis ganuxreli dacviTac ibr-Zvis qarTveli eri TavisuflebisaTvis, dauyone-bliv unda imoqmedos, raTa gaerTianebuli er-ebis organizaciaSi aRiZras saqarTvelos saki-Txi da es sakiTxi umokles vadaSi gadawydes qa-rTveli eris, rogorc istoriis subieqtis sasi-cocxlo interesebis Sesabamisad~.234

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rusTavelis sazogadoebis mizans warmoadge-nda: `Cveni mizania Tavisuflebis miRweva ara ek-onomikis moSliT, aramed misi gaZlierebiT. ami-tom respublikis ekonomikuri damoukideblobiskoncefcia, upirveles yovlisa iqmneboda aramxolod politikuri miznis misaRwevad, aramedqarTuli saxelmwifos matreialurad da suli-erad mosaRoniereblad. igi mowodebulia imisa-Tvis, rom qarTveli adamiani ar iyos mSieri damwyurvali, Caucmeli da dauxuravi, umiwo dausaxlkaro, ukulturo da damcirebulia.

amrigad, respublikis ekonomikuri damouki-deblobis koncefciis ZiriTadi mizania saqarT-velos socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba,xalxis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba sursa-TiT, saqonliT, biniT, samedicino momsaxurebiT,ganaTlebiT. igi mowodebulia erovnuli kul-turis ganviTarebisaTvis sasikeTo pirobebis Se-saqmnelad~. 235

rac Seexeba sxvadasxva politikuri partiisTu organizaciis Camoyalibebas. sruliad saqa-rTvelos wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba me-rab kostavas iniciativiT daarsda 1988 wels.sainiciativo jgufma muSaoba daiwyo 1988 wlisseqtemberSi Seiqmna sazogadoebis programa-wes-debis proeqti. 1988 wlis noemberSi SimSiloba-Si monawileobas iRebs sazogadoebis 2000 wevri,erovnul-demokratiuli partiis 62 wevri. sazo-gadoebis gamgeoba warmodgenili iyo SemdegiSemadgenlobiT: m. kostava, z. gamsaxurdia, i. we-

235roman gociriZe, gza ekliani iqneba, gazeTi, mamuli,1989, #4, gv. 3

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reTeli, i. baTiaSvili, T. paataSvili, v. adamia,g. gogbaiZe, n. mWedliSvili, T. sumbaTaSvili.

1989 wlis dasawyisSi sazogadoebas gamoeyomcire jgufi, SemdgomSi damoukideblobis par-tiad wodebuli i. wereTlis, i. baTiaSvilis daT. sumbaTaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, magram gam-geobidan maTi gayvanis sakiTxi ar damdgara im-is gamo, rom damoukideblobis partia da wmindailia marTlis sazogadoeba darCnen erT organi-zaciul mTlianobaSi. ...

... 1990 wlis ianvarSi sazogadoebas gamoeyoda calke politikur organizaciad Camoyalibdajgufi sazogadoebis wevrebis da v. adamias xel-mZRvanelobiT. Camoyalibda merab kostavas sazo-gadoeba.

... 1990 wels Seiqmna erovnuli forumi, rom-lis erT-erTi iniciatori da wevri iyo wmindailia marTlis sazogadoeba, Tumca 1990 wlis ap-rilSi erovnuli forumi datova~.236

wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis wesdeba:1. wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba aris

demokratiul principebze dafuZnebuli sazoga-doebriv-politikuri gaerTianeba, romelic Ta-vis saqmianobas warmarTavs sakuTari wesdebisSesabamisad.

2. wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba miznadisaxavs:

a) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, saxelmwi-foebriobis aRdgenasa da teritoriul mTli-anobas.

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b) saqarTveloSi rusuli koloniuri re-Jimis, e. w. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gauqmebasa dademokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebas.

g) qarTveli eris uflebebisa da interesebisdacvas, qarTul faseulobebze (religia, kul-tura, buneba, yofa) zrunvas.

d) saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareTmcxovreb qarTvelTa Soris WeSmaritad sulirierTobisa da qarTuli TviTcnobierebis aRorZi-nebas, mis konsolidaciasa da darazmvas erovnu-li miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

3. wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba dasa-xuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad iyenebs mSvi-dobiani politikuri brZolis formebs _ saga-momcemlo saqmianobas, fondebis Seqmnas, samu-Sao komisiebis Camoyalibebasa da dafinansebas,sajaro RonisZiebaTa (mitingi, demonstracia, ma-nifestacia da sxva) organizacias, TanamSrom-lobas im organizaciebTan da calkeul moqala-qeebTan, romalTa saqmianoba ar ewinaaRmdegebawminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis idealebsda xels uwyobs am sazogadoebis miznebis gan-xorcielebas.

4. wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis deviz-ia: mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba.

5. wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebas gaaC-nia Tavisi simbolika: droSa da gerbi~.237

saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis pa-rtiis sainiciativo jgufi Seiqmna 1988 wlis 8dekembers, wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis

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wevrebisagan, romelsac saTaveSi edga irakliwereTeli.

jgufma wamoayena damoukideblobisaTvis da-uyovnebeli brZolis politikuri doqtrina.

1989 wlis 8 Tebervals, wminda daviT aRmaSe-neblis aRsaydrebis 900 wlisTavTan dakavSire-biT mitingze, romelic moawyo sedp-m wmindailia marTlis sazogadoebasTan erTad, oficia-lurad gamocxadda saqarTvelos erovnuli da-moukideblobis partia.238

saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis we-sdebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi Semdegnairad gamoi-yureboda:

muxli 1. a) saqarTvelos erovnuli damouki-deblobis partia aris erovnul-patriotul Za-lTa radikaluri nawilis, erTiani politikuriplatformisa da struqturis mqone demokra-tiuli gaerTianeba.

b) saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobispartia miznad isaxavs samarTlebrivi, mSvido-biani politikuri brZolis gziT saqarTvelossaxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisa da terit-oriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas. politikurad, ek-onomikurad, kulturulad da samxedro Tvalsa-zrisiT Zlieri, demokratiuli, respublikuriqarTuli saxelmwifos aSenebas.

g) saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobispartia aris qarTveli erisa da im erovnul um-ciresobaTa interesebis gamomxatveli politi-kuri gaerTianeba, romelTac saqarTvelos moma-vali srulfasovani arsebobis erTaderT misa-

238 gazeTi, damoukidebloba, 1990, #1, gv. 1

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Reb formad miaCniaT saxelmwifoebrivad damo-ukidebeli, demokratiuli, respublikuri saqar-Tvelo~.239

1989 wlis 25 oqtombers, peterburgSi Seiqmna`saqarTvelos farglebs gareT myof qarTvelTademokratiuli asociacia~. pirvel plenarulsxdomaze damtkicebul iqna droebiTi sabWo j.qaldanis, b. qardavasa da g. gabriWiZis Semad-genlobiT. SeimuSaves specialuri mimarTva:

`qarTveli eris progresuli nawili arscnobs sabWoTa xelisuflebas saqarTveloSi,ar scnobs saqarTvelos egreTwodebul marione-tul mTavrobas. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi mi-mdinare diad Zvrebs Tavis xmas uerTebs qarTv-elTa demokratiuli asocialcia. igi saqarTve-los erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisliderad Tvlis erovnuli xsnis mTavar komi-tets da sruliad emorCileba mis gadawyvetile-bebs.

qarTvelTa demokratiuli asociacia mouwo-debs saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebqarTvel xalxs:

1. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebiqarTvelebi daubrundnen saqarTvelos.

2. yvela qarTveli Caebas erovnul-ganmaTavi-suflebel moZraobaSi, ris Sedegadac ufrodaCqardeba borotebis imperiis dangreva da sa-qarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena.

3. boikoti gamoucxadon sabWoTa arCevnebsda xma miscen erovnuli saTaTbiros Seqmnas.

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im periodSi, roca mocilebuli varT samSob-los, nu daviviwyebT `visi gorisani varT~...

... gjerodeT da gavimarjvebT!RmerTi ars CvenTan!gaumarjos erTian, qristianul, damoukideb-

el saqarTvelos!~240

1990 wlis 13-15 marts filarmoniis did sako-ncerto darbazSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos erov-nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sagangebokonferencia. konferenciis mowvevis iniciator-ebi iyvnen saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideb-lobis partia, saqarTvelos monarqistuli par-tia, wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba, sruli-ad saqarTvelos merab kostavas sazogadoeba daTeTri giorgis kavSiri.

konferenciam ganixila Semdegi sakiTxebi:1. qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos kanonieri

mosaxleobis nebis gamomxatveli samarTlebrivisubieqti, iuridiuli piris statusis matareb-eli oficialuri organos gansazRvra, romelicaRWurvili iqneba xalxis ndobis mandatiT.

2. 1990 wlis 9 marts mowveuli saqarTvelose. w. uzenaesi sabWos riggareSe sesiis dadgeni-lebis Sefaseba.

3. saqarTvelos erovnuli forumis arCeva sa-gangebo konferenciis mier.

4. sruliad saqarTvelos sayovelTao erov-nuli yrilobis mowveva.

5. saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis sru-li boikoti sabWoTa samxedro begaris mimarT.

240 gazeTi, Tergdaleuli, 1989, #1, gv. 1

284

6. saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis mier25 marts dagegmili sabWoTa arCevnebis CaSla.

7. saqarTvelos e. w. komkavSiris likvidacia.sagangebo konferenciam airCia erovnuli fo-

rumi-organo, romelmac unda uxelmZRvanelossaqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZ-raobas da umokles droSi moamzados da uzrun-velyos erovnuli kongresis arCeva sayovelTaofaruli kenWisyriT.241

rac Seexeba saxalxo fronts. `mas miaCnia,rom saqarTvelo ver miaRwevs verc keTildRe-obas, verc usafrTxoebas, verc Tavisi erovnuliRirsebis dacvas, Tu ar aRidgina sruli saxel-mwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. aseve, saqarTve-los macxovrebeli yoveli adamianis-rogorcqarTvelis, ise araqarTvelis-moqalaqeobriviuflebebi da Rirseba safrTxeSi iqneba manamde,sanam saqarTvelo damoukideblobas ar miaRwevs,vinaidan araTavisufal qveyanaSi xalxi verasd-ros SeZlebs WeSmaritad demokratiuli sazoga-doebis Seqmnas. amgvarad, saqarTvelos saxalxofronts miznad aqvs saqarTvelos gamosvlassrk Semadgenlobidan da Tavisufali, demokra-tiuli sazogadoebis Seqmna~.242

1990 wlis martSi arCevnebamde saxalxo fro-nti mimarTavda saqarTvelos mosaxleobas:`dRes qarTveli xalxi samkvdro-sasicocxlogansacdelSia. Cven gvWirdeba TavdauzogavibrZola mis gadasar-Cenad. Tu ar vivargebT, anSegveSleba, maSin Cve-ni qveynis koloniurimdgomareoba kidev ufro SeizRudeba , vidre

241 gazeTi, sarangi, 1990, #2, gv. 6242 gazeTi, saqarTvelo, 1990, #2, gv. 2

285

dRes aris, Cveni ekonomikuri gaWirveba kidevufro gaizrdeba. Cveni bunebac ki kidev ufrouwyalod ganadgurdeba, vidre dRes, mavnewarmoebebiT moiwmaleba da sabWoTa kavSirisqimiuri narCenebis sanagved iqceva.

Cven unda vibrZoloT Cveni qveynisa da STa-momavlebis gadarCenisaTvis. am brZolis erT-er-Ti gza aris saparlamento brZolis gza. saqar-Tvelos dRes ise sWirdeba erTguli uzenaesisabWo, rogorc haeri.243

gazeT `borjis~ 1990 wlis pirvel nomerSi,zurab guCua statiaSi, rogor vmarToT pro-cesebi, werda: `arCevnebma erovnul-demokrati-uli moZraobisaTvis sasurveli Sedegi rom ga-moiRos, aucilebelia amomrCevlebTan urTier-Tobis gaTvaliswineba, radganac, maTma politi-kurma Segnebam da Sedegebma unda gansazRvros,Tu vis gaexsneba gza parlamentisaken. amomrCe-velTa mdgomareba ki arc ise advilia, respub-likaSi Seqmnil rTul situacias Tu gaviTva-liswinebT. CvenSi exla yvela, didian-patari-anad erovnuli moZraobis qurqSia gaxveuli. ararsebobs fromal-araformali, Zveli-axali. lo-zungebi, risTvisac adamianebs ori-ode wlis wi-naT cixeebSi da gadasaxlebebSi erekebodnen,TviT xelisuflebis politikuri platformisSemadgeneli nawili gaxda. am dros ki rogorunda gaarCio erTmaneTisagan yalbi da marTalipozicia, cru da swori sityva.

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aseT pirobebSi marTebuli iqneba SemuSavdessazogadoebaSi garkveuli kriteriumebi, rome-lic daexmareba maT swori arCevanis gakeTebaSi.

pirvel rigSi, yvelas unda avuxsnaT, rom TuCven marTla gvsurs totalitaruli reJimisuaryofa, politikuri da erovnuli Tavisufle-ba, aucilebelia warmovaCinoT is mTavari mi-zezebi, romelsac efuZneba CvenTvis miuRebelisinamdvile. Tu am mosazrebas mivyvebiT, aucile-blad mogviwevs TviT socialisturi saxelmwi-fos ekonomikuri da politikuri safuZvlebisuaryofa.

meore momenti, rac aucileblad ukavSirdebaerovnuli da politikuri Tavisuflebis miRwe-vas, aris partiis politikuri monopoliis auci-lebeli uaryofa. xalxma unda icodes, rom erT-partiuli sistemis SenarCunebis pirobebSi, ro-ca saqarTvelos kp warmoadgens skkp nawils, ad-gilobrivi xelisufleba ver ganTavisufldebacentris diqtatisagan, maSasadame, igi ver gamovaeris interesebis WeSmarit damcvelad~.244

1990 wlis 5 ianvars q. TbilisSi, mTav-robis saxlis win, erovnuli damoukideblobispartiis, wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebisada monarqistTa partiis iniciativiT daiwyo aq-cia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobis aRdgenis lozungiT.`6 ianvars aqciasSemouerTda erovnul-demokratiuli partia dasxva politikuri organizaciebi. amave dRes skkpck politbiuros misamarTiT aqciis monawileeb-ma gagzavnes depeSa.

244 zurab guCua, gonivrulad vmarToT procesebi, gazeTi,borji, 1990, #1, gv. 2

287

8 ianvars gamocxadda SimSiloba, romelSicmxolod politikuri organizaciebi monawileo-bdnen.

TbilisSi dawyebuli aqciis mxardasaWeradsaqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia _IV dasis gurjaanis komitetma imave dRes rai-komis Senobis win gamarTa mitingi. edp _ IV da-sis wevrebma b. beciaSvilma da j. javaxiSvilmainformacia gaakeTes samaCabloSi Seqmnili daZa-buli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. xazi gaesva kremlisrols, rogorc erovnebaTSoris SuRlis inspeq-tors. iTqva, rom saWiroa ar avyveT winaswardagegmil provokaciebs da mTeli Zalebi mivmar-ToT mTavari miznisaken _ aRvadginoT saqarT-velos damoukidebloba.

mitingze sityviT gamovidnen: saxalxo fron-tis wevri T. qurdaZe, sof. kalauris mkvidri a.demetraSvili da q. gurjaanSi mcxovrebi g. Wam-iaSvili. bolos momitingeTa nawili gaemgzavraTbilisSi aqciis monawileTa mxardasaWerad.

9 ianvars TbilisSi dawiyo gaficvebi. gaifi-ca TiTqmis yvela respublikuri da sakavSirodaqvemdebarebis sawarmo. mTlianad gaifica sa-zogadoebrivi transporti. 10 ianvars xalxma Ca-moagdo ZerJinskis, kamosa da boris ZnelaZis Ze-glebi. 12 ianvars q. lagodexis centrSi, Tbili-sSi mimdinare aqciis mxardasaWErad Catardaxalxmravali mitingi...~245

1990 wels vaJa mTavriSvili statiaSi Tu gvi-nda saqarTvelos Tavisufleba werda: `Cven arcgardaqmnis momxreni varT da arc mowinaaRmdeg-

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eni, gza dagvilocnia gorbaCovis politikisaT-vis ruseTSi iseve, rogorc amas dasavleTi ake-Tebs, magram is ar unda Seexos Cvens samSobl-os, Cvens saqarTvelos. Cveni erTaderTi mizaniasaqarTvelos damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba.amave dros mxars davuWerT msoflioSi yvelademokratiul, progresul Zalas dedamiwis rom-el kuTxeSic ar unda iyos igi.

magram saqarTvelo unda ganTavisufldesssr kavSiris koloniuri marwuxebisagan, saqar-Tvelo unda daubrundes msoflio xalxebis is-torias, rogorc damoukidebeli, demokratiuli,erovnuli saxelmwifo~.246

`saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobispartia da wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebaiTvaliswinebs qarTveli eris fizikuri ganad-gurebis saSiSroebas da erTaderT gamosavalsxedavs qarTveli eris mier sruli da saboloodamoukideblobis mopovebaSi. am mizniT saqarT-velos erovnuli damoukideblobis partia dawminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba mTeli Tavis-ufali da demokratiuli msoflios winaSe prin-cipulad ayenebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxs, xolo mod-ernizebuli imperiis e. w. ssr kavSiris politi-kuri xelmZRvanelobisagan kategoriulad moiT-xovs;

1. saqarTvelos teritoriidan ssr kavSirissaokupacio jarebis sruli SemadgenlobiT gay-vanas;

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2. saqarTvelos gasvlas ruseTis sabWoTa im-periis e. w. ssr kavSiris Semadgenlobidan;

3. saqarTveloSi marionetuli sabWoTa mTav-robisa da xelisuflebis gadayenebasa da gauq-mebas.

am mizniT saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukide-blobis partia da wminda ilia marTlis sazoga-doeba sruliad saqarTvelos mouwodebs sayov-elTao gaficvebisa da gamosvlebisaken!~247

1990 wels gazeTi `begTari~ Semdegnairad ex-maureba 28 oqtombris mravalpartiul arCevnebs:`saqarTveloSi demokratiuli arCevnebi mSvido-bianobis pirobebSi Catarda. erTi ram SeiZlebadarwmunebiT iTqvas: arCevnebis aseTma xasiaTmada misma antikomunisturma Sedegma qarTul ero-vnul moZraobas garkveuli dadebiTi elferiSesZina antikomunisturi dasavleTis TvalSi.arCevnebis mSvidobiani atmosfero ar iyo ganpi-robebuli martooden xalxis maRali SegnebiTaTu rigi sxva saSinao faqtorebiT. amaSi garkve-uli roli iTamaSa arCevnebis wina periodSi ar-sebulma saerTaSoriso viTarebam...

28 oqtombris arCevnebi faqtiurad iyo re-ferendumi, romlis meSveobiTac gamoirkva undo-da Tu ara qarTvel xalxs damoukidebloba. aR-moCnda, rom qarTveli Rirsia Tavisuflebis, ic-is ra ekliani gzac airCia savalad~.

1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebis sakiTxsgamoexmaura qarTveli emigracia. kerZod: `Tqven,

247 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi(1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qronologiuraddaalages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem dazaza kalandiam, gv. 215

290

Tqveni maRali politikuri SegnebiT, unda gada-laxoT yvela dabrkoleba, masiurad undoblobaunda gamovucxadoT komunisturi partiis mierwamoyenebul deputatobis kandidatebs, im kompa-rtiisa, romelic arCevnebSi TvalTmaqcurad `sa-qarTvelos kompartiad~ gamodis, sinamdvileSiki Cveni samSoblos dampyrobTa partiaa da rom-lis 69 wlis mmarTvelobam ufskrulis pirasmiiyvana saqarTvelo da qarTveli eri. masiuradxma mieciT TqvenTvis kargad cnobil, patiosan,mtkice xasiaTis demokrat mamuliSvilebs, erov-nuli ganTavisuflebis moZraobis romel parti-asac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini, maT, romelTacRrmad swamT Cveni samSoblos ganTavisuflebada mzad arian Tavic dasdon misTvis, Tuki saWi-roebam moiTxova~.248

sainteresoa ra Sefasebas aZlevda ucxouripresa da radio saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgenas. `gazeT `los anJel-es taimsis~ korespodenti elizabet Sogreni aR-wers, Tu raoden dramatuli iyo zviad gamsaxu-rdias mimarTva qarTveli xalxisadmi, misi dasw-reba wirvaze wminda ninos eklesiaSi. zviad gam-saxurdiasTvis qristianoba ar warmoadgens mxo-lod religias, igi Tavis beds gadaxlarTuladxedavs imasTan, rac misTvis qarTvelobas niS-navs. swored erovnulma TviTgamorkvevam miscaZala mas sami aTwleulis manZilze brZola ga-moecxadebina komunisturi wyobisaTvis~.249

gazeT `niu-iork taimisis~ specialurikorespodenti fransis klainsi yuradRebas

248 iqve, gv. 252249 gazeTi, Savlego, 1991, #2, gv. 4

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amaxvilebs zviad gamsaxurdias sityvebze:saqarTvelos sWirdeba sxva qveynebis mxardaWeraam deklara-ciis usafrTxoebis dasacavad dasxva qveynebma unda aRuTqvan, rom cnoben Cveniqveynis isto-riul damoukideblobas~.250

feiC selvanma, romelic zbignev bJezinskisT-an erTad muSaobda ganacxada: `Cemis azriT daes marto Cemi azri ar gaxlavT, bevri senato-ric ase miiCnevs, saqarTvelos mTavrobam uaRre-sad Wkvianuri gadawyvetileba miiRo damoukide-blobis gamocxadebiT. 9 aprils yovelwliuradunda aRimniSnos es movlena, ufro unda gamtki-cdes kavSirebi Cvens or qveyanas Soris. me mgo-nia, rom saqarTvelos aqvs potenciali gaxdessanimuSo da misabaZi qveyana sabWoTa kavSirissxva respublikebisaTvis. man aSkarad unda mima-rTos xalxs sazRvargareT da gansakuTrebiT am-erikelebs unda gaacnos Tavisi miznebi da geg-mebi. Cven unda gvqondes swori informacia. ame-rikelebi suliT da guliT vuWerT mxars qarT-velebs damoukideblobis brZolaSi~.251

1990 wels 29 oqtombers TbilisSi mTavrobissaxlis win gamarTul sazeimo mitingze, rome-lic mieZRvna saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos ar-CevnebSi saarCevno blokis `mrgvali magida _Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ gamarjvebas, zviad ga-msaxurdia aRniSnavda: `imperiam, imperiulma Za-lebma daqsaqsa erovnuli moZraoba, sxvagvaradisini ver moaxerxebdnen gamarjvebas, ver mogvax-vevdnen Tavs koloniur monobas, komunistur re-Jims Tu ara amgvarad! magram Cvenc swored amiT-

250 iqve, gv. 4251 iqve, gv. 5

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ve unda davupirispirdeT. sadac imperia gaTiS-avs _ iq Cven unda SevaerToT, sadac imperia iwv-evs SuRls _ Cven siyvaruli unda vTesoT, sad-ac imperia siZulvils Tesavs _ Cven urTierTga-geba unda aRvadginoT....

... Zalian didi, didi brZola mogvelis mego-brebo. brZola ar damTavrebula. brZola exladaiwyo da Tu exla ar iqna CvenSi erTianoba,Cven ver gavimarjvebT. qarTveli eri, mTeli qa-rTveli eri unda dairazmos~.252

252 gazeTi, Savlego, 1990, #1, gv. 2-3

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daskvna

1990 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis SedegadsaqarTveloSi xelisuflebis kontroli gadavi-da `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelos~-sxelSi, romelsac zviad gamsaxurdia xelmZRvane-lobda. 1991 wlis 9 aprils ki saqarTvelos sax-elmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRsdga. amavewlis 26 maiss ki sayovelTao arCevnebis Sede-gad qveynis pirveli piri gaxda prezidenti _zviad gamsaxurdias saxiT, romelmac aRniSnulTanamdebobamde xangrZlivi da rTuli gza gaia-ra, disidentobidan-prezidentobamde.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenas win mravali kardinaluri pro-blemis gadaWra da mogvareba uZRoda. 70-wlianisabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sedegebi uaryofiTi gam-omxatvelobiT gamoirCeoda, rogorc qveynis saS-inao da sagareo mdgomareobaze, aseve sazogado-ebis farTo fenebis cnobierebaze. mosaxleobisgarkveuli nawili miCveuli iyo sabWoTa sistem-is kanonebs da wesebs da amitom qarTuli kul-turuli da politikuri elitis did nawilssWirdeboda Zalisxmeva arsebuli mankieri cno-bierebis Sesacvlelad. amas garda aucileblob-as warmoadgenda sagareo politikis mowesrige-ba, saerTaSoriso mxardamWerebis mopoveba, racmartivad misaRwev saSualebas ar warmoadgenda,radganac sabWoTa reJimi Tavisi upiratesobisdakargvas ar epueboda da maqsimalurad cdilo-bda sakuTari poziciebis SenarCunebas saerTa-Soriso arenaze. sabWoTa sistemis dangrevis Se-mdeg ki 1991 wlidan moyolebuli ruseTi, rome-

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lic mis samarTalmemkvidred acxadebda Tavs ax-ali ZalebiT gamodis da cdilobs SeinarCunosgavlena yofil postsabWoTa respublikebze. as-eT fonze, bunebrivia rTuli iyo saqarTvelosdaeZlia sirTuleebi da ganegrZo arseboba rog-orc damoukidebel saxelmwifos.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan dawyebuli er-ovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba 1991 welssaqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgeniT dagvirgvinda. gansakuTrebuli aq-tiurobiT da saaSkaraoze gamosvliT gamoixate-boda 80-iani wlebis II naxevris erovnuli moZ-raoba. 1989 wels akaki baqraZe werda: `Cven aTe-uli wlebis manZilze vcxovrobdiT sxvisi Wku-iT, sxvisi sindisiT, sxvisi nebiT, sxvisi karna-xiT, Tavis Seuwuxeblad. axla aRar gvinda es.Tvali gavaxileT. goneba gagvexsna da namusmaSegvawuxa. gvinda gvqondes vaJkacoba da vcxov-robdeT sakuTari WkuiT. gvinda demokratia, ma-gram ara morCileba, gvinda Tavisufali adamia-nis demokratia. amitom vTqviT uari morCileba-ze.~ es kanonzomieri Sedegia `demokratiisa~,romelic uars ar ambobs morCilebaze, rome-lmac ar icis ra aris Tavisufleba. ase rom,morCilebis `demokratiam~ kidev erTxel mogva-tyua, magram momxdarma tragediam Cven ar undadagvabnios da ar unda SegvaSinos...

procesi, romelic amJamad mimdinareobs, ad-re iqneba Tu gvian damTavrdeba erTi SedegiT _sabWoTa xalxis ganTavlsiuflebiT. ra gvaZ-levs amis Tqmis uflebas? upirvelesad ismovlenebi, romlebic xdeba baltiispireTSi,moldaveTSi, amierkavkasiaSi, TviTon ruseTSi.

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maleve amgvari movlenebi gaCndeba Sua az-iaSi,ukrainaSi, belarusiaSi. aRorZinebul ero-vnulmoZraobas verara Zala veRar SeaCerebs~.253

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvel-om aRidgina XX saukunis dasawyisSi dakargulisuvereniteti. 1991 wlis 31 marts CatarebulireferendumiT mosaxleobam xma misca saqarTve-los damoukideblobis aqts. referendumis mixe-dviT saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 9 aprils miiRodamoukideblobis aqti, roTac qveyanam sajarodgamoacxada, rom saqarTveloSi daiwyo suverenu-li, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-fos mSenebloba... es procesi Semdegnairad gan-viTarda: `1991 wlis 17 marts sabWoTa imperiisxelisuflebam referendumi daniSna. mosaxleob-as pasuxi unda gaeca erTaderT kiTxvaze: `Tvl-iT Tu ara saWirod sabWoTa socialisturi res-publikebis kavSiris, rogorc Tanasworuflebi-ani suverenuli respublikebis ganaxlebuli fe-deraciis SenarCunebas, romelSic mTeli sisru-liT iqneba garantirebuli nebismieri erovnebisadamianTa uflebebi da movaleobebi~. axal fe-deraciaSi `nebismieri erovnebis~ uflebebis da-cvas sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba avtonomiuri war-monaqmnebis damoukideblad Sesvlis gziT fiqr-obda. es garemoeba winaaRmdegobas marto mokav-Sire respublikebSi ar iwvevda. aseTi perspeq-tiva TviT ruseTis federaciaSic bevrisTvis mi-uRebeli iyo.

referendumSi monawileobaze uari eqvsma re-spublikam _ litvam, latviam, estoneTma, mold-

253 damoukideblobis gakveTilebi, Seadgina ekawamalaSvilma, Tbilisi: artanuji, 2016, gv. 133-135

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ovam, somxeTma da saqarTvelom ganacxada. cxrarespublikaSi referendumi mainc Catarda. masSimonawileoba miiRo mosaxleobis 80 procentma,romelTa 76 procentma mxari dauWira ganaxle-buli saxiT sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebas, 21procentma winaaRmdeg misca xma.

17 martis sapirispirod, 1991 wlis 31 martssaqarTvelos xelisuflebam damoukideblobissakiTxze referendumi daniSna. qarTveli xalxisdamokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi, TiTqos, aravi-Tar eWvs ar iwvevda. magram am aqtiT xelisuf-lebas surda qarTveli xalxis ganwyoba samarT-lebrivadac dadasturebuliyo~.254

254 u. bluaSvili, saqarTvelos politikuri istoria 1987-2003 ww., Tbilisi, universali, gv. 122-123

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Summary

The study of the history of Soviet Regime is one of theactual and important topics of the contemporary historio-graphy. This period of the 20th century is known for the vari-ety of scientific evaluations, attitudes and positions in theWorld History. None of the historical periods arouses so muchinterest not only of historians, but also of writers, artists andfilmmakers.

There are many scientific works dedicated to the Sovietsystem in the Georgian and foreign historiography, andaccordingly there occur various positions and attitudes. Hence,it is difficult and at the same time necessary to view the issuesrelated to this period from a different angle and carry out new,objective research, find comprehensive answers to variousquestions, which still necessitate investigation.

The events, which had place in the period of 1921-1991,have often become the objects of scientific research and thereis immense specialist literature in this regard. However, thetime transforms the attitudes towards the facts, evaluationtrends also change, and in a concrete period, it becomesnecessary to reconsider and reveal the tabooed facts of history.The ideological survivals of the Soviet system still affect thementality of the part of the post-Soviet society. This situation isfavored by unilateral coverage of the information and theignorance of definite historical sources by the wide circles ofthe society. The monographs of the Soviet times are mainlysubjective and correspond to the standards of the ideology ofthe epoch.

The history of Soviet regime embraces the period of 1921-1991, characterized by the uniform policy and ideology;however, it seems so from the first view; in reality they haveundergone the definite ways of development. New ideas andideologies originate and change throughout centuries.

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Attitudes towards historical facts and the style of theircomprehension also change. Each epoch has its own challengesand tendencies. The Soviet policy was directed towardssovietization of the states under the Russian rule. For thispurpose, both ideological and practical struggles were carriedout. Similar was the situation in Soviet Georgia. For Georgiathe period of 1921-1991 was hard and full of contradictions.We can identify some chronological periods, which hadinfluenced the political, social, economic, religious or culturallife in Georgia in those times. The main objective of the projectwill be elicitation of real documental materials of the Sovietperiod in Georgia and their analysis.

Our research will consider the specificities, challengesand transformations characteristic to the epoch.

From the ideological point, we have selected some periodsin the mentioned chorological section:

1. The 1920s, when the Soviet system and policy was justbeginning to form. The population of Georgia met itdifferently. To most of them the system and ideology, proposedby Russia was not acceptable. Examples of this are thosedemonstrations of protest, which are regarded as the part ofGeorgian national-liberation movement: the 1923-1924uprisings, which were doomed to be defeated, though it was theimportant period in the newest history of Georgia and partiallydetermined the dynamics of the events of 1920.

2. The 1930s, when the relation of Soviet Russia towardsthe peoples under the Soviet rule had changed and wasdemonstrated through more loyal position towards the nationalproblem; however, all these were accompanied by repressionsand this period in the 20th century is estimated as the mostcomplex and tyrannical. Since the 1930s, the situation withteaching of Georgian literature and language comparativelyimproved. Special schoolbooks were published.

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3. The 1940-1950s, includes the death of Stalin. This isthe mightiest period in the history of the USSR, when Stalinmanaged to realize his ideas and mobilize the society under thecommon ideology. This is the period of the World War II andafter, when National movement becomes more intense.

4. The 1950-1960s are the interim of revival of Stalin'sideology and the system, as well as the beginning of its decay,which found its final expression in1991.

5. The 1970-1980s, the period of disintegration of theSoviet Union and Georgia's new challenges.

National-liberation movement was one of the mostdifficult questions to assess in Soviet times. This was a taboo.Only with the post-Soviet period, it became possible tooverestimate this interim of the 20th century. Thisphenomenon embraced nearly the whole society. Positiontowards things and facts had changed diametrically. Graduallythe “terrifying” information has been brought to light. It is nowknown what the 20th century concepts – “epochal ideas”,“Socialist theory”, “the ghost of communism”, ”the socialistrevolution”, etc. mean. Today the political thought which hadembraced the whole Soviet space and Georgia as well ,is beingstudied and reconsidered.

In the last years some works on the national liberationmovement in Georgia were issued, but they throw light over aconcrete epizode of national movement.There was not done acomprehensive and monographical study of the problem yet.

The research will be divided into some periods. Initiallythe position of different social classes towards the libertionmovement will be presented, seperate place will be determinedto the legal and illegal forms of the movement, theunderground movement , evolution of dissident ideas. Specialinterest will be paid to the role and place of ethnic and religiousminorities of Georgia in familiarizing the common Georgian

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problems and sociopolitical opinion towards the movementwill be evaluated. Attention will be paid to the disposition ofGeorgian emigrans and the forms of their participation in anti-Soviet movement, the contribution of those people whosacrificed themselves to the struggle for the Georgia’s freedom.The methods and ways of the struggle of the state against thenational movement, activities of secret service and repressionswill be shown.

One of the objectives of the study is the national -liberation movent in the second half of the 20th century afterthe death of Stalin, when on the one hand, the dissolution ofthe Soviet empire began and the national movement wasactivated, various organizations (Sota Rustaveli, Ilia, etc.)aiming to revitalize and propagate national ideology emerged.Besides, the team plans to analyze events of the 1970-1980s.The study will result in reconstruction of the complete pictureof the development of the national liberation movement inSoviet Georgia.

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com; universal505@ymail.com