world war i the last great war. recipe for war nationalism nationalism were better than you are were...

World War IWorld War I

““The Last Great War”The Last Great War”

Recipe for WarRecipe for War

NationalismNationalism““We’re better than you are”We’re better than you are”Every country feels as Every country feels as though it is the bestthough it is the best

ExampleExample - The French were - The French were taught to want revenge for the taught to want revenge for the loss of Alsace-Lorraine.loss of Alsace-Lorraine.

Nationalities in 1914Nationalities in 1914

ImperialismImperialism

Competition between France, Competition between France, Great Britain, Germany and, Great Britain, Germany and, Italy in Africa.Italy in Africa.

Disputes between Austria-Disputes between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Serbia Hungary, Russia, and Serbia over the condition of the over the condition of the Balkans.Balkans.

Imperialism Continued…Imperialism Continued…

Russia wanted Serbia as the core of Russia wanted Serbia as the core of an independent Slavic state -an independent Slavic state -Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia. ““Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism”” Unification and cooperation of all Unification and cooperation of all Slavic people. This could provide the Slavic people. This could provide the Russians with access to warm water Russians with access to warm water ports.ports.

Austria-Hungary viewed the Balkans Austria-Hungary viewed the Balkans as potential colonial territory.as potential colonial territory.

Recipe for WarRecipe for WarMilitarismMilitarism

support of the armed forcessupport of the armed forces if you have the military, use if you have the military, use itit

solve problems by fightingsolve problems by fighting

Navy RaceNavy Race HMS Dreadnaught - England HMS Dreadnaught - England - first modern battleship- first modern battleship

Westfalen - Germany - copied Westfalen - Germany - copied from Englishfrom English

Militarism Cont…Militarism Cont…

Germany & Great Britain - Naval Germany & Great Britain - Naval arms race. This was a major arms race. This was a major competition in naval construction competition in naval construction and technology. It represented a and technology. It represented a serious threat to Great Britain’s serious threat to Great Britain’s naval supremacy. It was the first naval supremacy. It was the first time Germany could potentially time Germany could potentially threaten Britain’s trade on the high threaten Britain’s trade on the high seas.seas.

HMS DreadnaughtHMS Dreadnaught

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Recipe for WarRecipe for WarAlliancesAlliances

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)Triple Alliance (Central Powers)1879 - Dual Pact - Germany and 1879 - Dual Pact - Germany and Austria-Hungary sign treatyAustria-Hungary sign treaty

1882 - become 1882 - become Triple AllianceTriple Alliance when Italy joinswhen Italy joins

ReasonsReasonsGermany won't have to fight a Germany won't have to fight a two-front wartwo-front war

keep France isolatedkeep France isolated

Recipe for WarRecipe for WarAlliancesAlliances

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)Triple Entente (Allied Powers)1894 - France and Russia agree 1894 - France and Russia agree to help one another if the Triple to help one another if the Triple Alliance attacks the otherAlliance attacks the other

1904 - Entente - friendly 1904 - Entente - friendly agreement between France and agreement between France and EnglandEngland

1907 - 1907 - Triple EntenteTriple Entente - England - England and Russia sign agreementand Russia sign agreement


Uncompromising LeaderUncompromising LeaderKaiser Wihelm IIKaiser Wihelm II

Very undiplomaticVery undiplomaticTakes overseas landTakes overseas landAngers English and FrenchAngers English and French

Becomes involved in French-Becomes involved in French-Moroccan AffairsMoroccan Affairs


Kaiser Wilhelm II (con’t)Kaiser Wilhelm II (con’t)Fires Otto van BismarkFires Otto van Bismark

Worked under Kaiser Worked under Kaiser Wilhelm IWilhelm I

Great diplomat and Great diplomat and peacekeeperpeacekeeper

Helped unify GermanyHelped unify Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

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Territorial TensionTerritorial TensionPolandPoland

Doesn’t existDoesn’t existSplit between Germany and Split between Germany and Russia causes tension Russia causes tension between:between:

Germans and RussiansGermans and RussiansGermans and PolesGermans and PolesRussians and PolesRussians and Poles

Recipe for WarRecipe for WarTerritorial Tension (con’t)Territorial Tension (con’t)

BalkansBalkansSeen as “Little Brothers” by Seen as “Little Brothers” by RussiaRussia

Germany Builds Berlin to Germany Builds Berlin to Baghdad RailroadBaghdad RailroadBalkan People like it, Russia Balkan People like it, Russia DOES NOTDOES NOT

EconomicsEconomics

Great Britain felt threatened by Great Britain felt threatened by Germany’s rapid industrial and Germany’s rapid industrial and economic growth (Germany’s economic growth (Germany’s factories were out-producing factories were out-producing Britain’s)Britain’s)

Britain feared Germany may cut Britain feared Germany may cut off necessary naval trade routes off necessary naval trade routes to England.to England.

The SparkThe Spark

Sarajevo, Bosnia – Sarajevo, Bosnia – 6/28/19146/28/1914Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke Franz Ferdinand gives a speech in Sarajevogives a speech in SarajevoFirst attempt at First attempt at assassination failsassassination fails

Goes back the way he cameGoes back the way he came

Franz and FamilyFranz and Family

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The SparkThe Spark

Gavrillo PrincipGavrillo PrincipMember of “Black Hand”Member of “Black Hand”Sees Ferdinand’s CarSees Ferdinand’s Car

Fires two shoots from 5 feetFires two shoots from 5 feetKills Ferdinand and his wifeKills Ferdinand and his wifeTries to kill himself but failsTries to kill himself but fails

Franz’s FuneralFranz’s Funeral

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European Hokey-European Hokey-PokeyPokey

““You put all of Europe in,You put all of Europe in,

You take all of Europe out,You take all of Europe out,

You put all of Europe inYou put all of Europe in

And shake it all about”And shake it all about”

July 23, 1914July 23, 1914

Austria-Hungary issues an Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbiaultimatum to Serbia Allow A-H forces in Serbia to Allow A-H forces in Serbia to

suppress terrorist groupssuppress terrorist groups Allow A-H to investigate Allow A-H to investigate

assassinationassassination 9 other demands9 other demands 48 hours to comply48 hours to comply

July 25, 1914July 25, 1914

Serbia issues apology, but Serbia issues apology, but refuses terms of ultimatumrefuses terms of ultimatum

July 28, 1914July 28, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbiawar on Serbia

July 30, 1914July 30, 1914

Russia mobilizes troops Russia mobilizes troops against Austria-Hungary and against Austria-Hungary and GermanyGermanyChecked with France first and Checked with France first and

was assured of French supportwas assured of French support

July 31, 1914July 31, 1914

Germany issues ultimatums Germany issues ultimatums to Russia and France:to Russia and France:Russia – stand down; Russia – stand down;

demobilizedemobilizeFrance – 18 hours to declare France – 18 hours to declare

neutralityneutrality

August 1, 1914August 1, 1914

Germany declares war Germany declares war on Russiaon Russia

August 3, 1914August 3, 1914 Germany Declares war on FranceGermany Declares war on France Germany asks permission to have Germany asks permission to have

military travel through Belgiummilitary travel through Belgium Denied by BelgiumDenied by Belgium

Germany invades BelgiumGermany invades Belgium England protests German England protests German

invasion of Belgiuminvasion of Belgium

August 4, 1914August 4, 1914

England declares war on England declares war on GermanyGermany

Now Everyone is Now Everyone is involved. Or are involved. Or are they?they?

Others Join InOthers Join InCentral PowersCentral Powers

Bulgaria – hates Serbia & Bulgaria – hates Serbia & RomaniaRomaniaDeclares War on Serbia – Declares War on Serbia – 10/191510/1915

Ottoman Empire- Hates Ottoman Empire- Hates Russia & RomaniaRussia & RomaniaDeclares War on Romania – Declares War on Romania – 8/19168/1916

Others Join InOthers Join InAllied PowersAllied Powers

ItalyItalyDeclares “free agency” – will Declares “free agency” – will join the side that give them join the side that give them the best offerthe best offer

Signs Treaty of London – Signs Treaty of London – 19151915Gets: South Tyrol, Trieste, Gets: South Tyrol, Trieste, Dalmation Islands, African Dalmation Islands, African Colonies, some Ottoman landColonies, some Ottoman land

Others Join InOthers Join In RomaniaRomania

Enters 1916, quickly beaten Enters 1916, quickly beaten and leavesand leaves

Re-enters 11/10/1918Re-enters 11/10/1918 JapanJapan

Honors treatiesHonors treatiesTakes German holdings in EastTakes German holdings in EastEyeing ChinaEyeing China

The FightingThe Fighting

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen PlanGerman battle planGerman battle plan

Invade France in case of warInvade France in case of warAssumed:Assumed:

Russia would be slowRussia would be slowSix weeks to beat FranceSix weeks to beat FranceLittle/no resistance from Little/no resistance from BelgiumBelgium


Schlieffen Plan (con’t)Schlieffen Plan (con’t)FailedFailed

Heavy resistance in BelgiumHeavy resistance in BelgiumRussia moves quicklyRussia moves quickly


Trench WarfareTrench WarfareTwo parallel trench – 500 Two parallel trench – 500 miles longmiles long

““No-mans’ Land’ in No-mans’ Land’ in betweenbetweenLittered with land mines, Littered with land mines, barbed wire, bodies, etc.barbed wire, bodies, etc.


Trench Warfare (con’t)Trench Warfare (con’t)How foughtHow fought

Shell opponents line for Shell opponents line for hours/dayshours/days

Charge “over the top”Charge “over the top”Hand to hand combat in the Hand to hand combat in the other trenchother trench

TrenchesTrenches

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ArtilleryArtillery

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Gas AttackGas Attack

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Effects of GasEffects of Gas

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Problems with Trench Problems with Trench WarfareWarfareMachine guns mow down Machine guns mow down soldierssoldiers

Western front moves 10 Western front moves 10 miles in 4 yearsmiles in 4 years

On the SeaOn the Sea


Germany uses SubmarinesGermany uses SubmarinesUp to 1915 – only War Up to 1915 – only War BoatsBoats

After 1915 – any boatAfter 1915 – any boatTemporarily stops when they Temporarily stops when they sink the Lusitania, a sink the Lusitania, a passenger shippassenger ship

LusitaniaLusitania


England blockades England blockades German portsGerman portsViolation of International Violation of International Law?Law?

USA Gets InvolvedUSA Gets Involved

Germany Uses Unrestricted Germany Uses Unrestricted Submarine WarfareSubmarine WarfareAnnounces they will sink any Announces they will sink any commercial boat going to commercial boat going to Europe – 2/1/1917Europe – 2/1/1917Wilson breaks off relationsWilson breaks off relationsMarch 1917 – 4 US boats sunkMarch 1917 – 4 US boats sunk

U-BoatU-Boat


Zimmermann Telegram – Zimmermann Telegram – March 1917March 1917Germany promises MexicoGermany promises Mexico

Texas, New Mexico, and Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they attack USAArizona if they attack USA

Intercepted by USAIntercepted by USAREAL?????????REAL?????????


April 2, 1917 – Wilson asks April 2, 1917 – Wilson asks for a Declaration of Warfor a Declaration of War

ManipulationManipulation

With a stalemate at the With a stalemate at the front, both sides try to front, both sides try to create problems behind create problems behind enemy lines by getting enemy lines by getting people to revoltpeople to revolt


Central Powers provoke:Central Powers provoke: Irish in BritainIrish in BritainFlemings in BelgiumFlemings in BelgiumPoles in RussiaPoles in RussiaUkrainians in RussiaUkrainians in RussiaMuslims in Egypt, India, and Muslims in Egypt, India, and

North Africa (British areas)North Africa (British areas)


Allied Powers provoke:Allied Powers provoke:Czechs in Austria-HungaryCzechs in Austria-HungarySlovaks in Austria-HungarySlovaks in Austria-HungarySouth Slavs in Austria-South Slavs in Austria-HungaryHungary

Arabs in TurkeyArabs in Turkey

Turning PointsTurning Points

ConvoysConvoysCluster of merchant ships Cluster of merchant ships protected by war shipsprotected by war ships

Zig-Zagged across the Zig-Zagged across the AtlanticAtlanticReduces damage done by U-Reduces damage done by U-boatsboats


Allies unify command Allies unify command under Ferdinand Fochunder Ferdinand FochOne commander reduces One commander reduces confusion – one set of confusion – one set of ordersorders

Ferdinand FochFerdinand Foch

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AmericaAmerica250,000 troops per month 250,000 troops per month to Europeto Europe

Industrial strength provides Industrial strength provides materialmaterialAllows counter-attackAllows counter-attack

Trouble for the Central Trouble for the Central PowersPowers

Turkey pushed from Middle Turkey pushed from Middle EastEastSurrendered October 30, Surrendered October 30, 19181918

Austria-Hungary surrenders Austria-Hungary surrenders during the first week of during the first week of November 1918November 1918

Trouble for the Central Trouble for the Central PowersPowers

Germany stands alone:Germany stands alone:Morale very low in militaryMorale very low in militaryKaiser Wilhelm abdicates – Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates – November 9, 1918November 9, 1918

Armistice signed Armistice signed

November 11, 1918November 11, 1918

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Germany is blamed for the warGermany is blamed for the war Told they have to pay reparations to the Told they have to pay reparations to the

Triple Entente Triple Entente Give Alsace Loraine to FranceGive Alsace Loraine to France Give Saar Coal Mines to FranceGive Saar Coal Mines to France Get rid of NavyGet rid of Navy Very small armyVery small army Not military build upNot military build up

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Many new states emerge after WWI Many new states emerge after WWI based on the idea of self based on the idea of self determinationdetermination Countries are mainly based on language Countries are mainly based on language

and shared cultureand shared culture Ireland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ireland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

Yugoslavia, Turkey, etc.Yugoslavia, Turkey, etc. Most of the Middle East is placed under Most of the Middle East is placed under

British and French MandateBritish and French Mandate Ethnic and religious conflictEthnic and religious conflict

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Organization of Countries, put in Organization of Countries, put in place to solve disputes peacefully or place to solve disputes peacefully or send troops if necessarysend troops if necessary Woodrow Wilson suggested the LeagueWoodrow Wilson suggested the League Congress refuses to join to avoid Congress refuses to join to avoid

entangling alliancesentangling alliances Without involvement of USA, it has not Without involvement of USA, it has not

true powertrue power

world war i the last great war. recipe for war nationalism nationalism were better than you are were...

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