WORLD WAR I

The War To End All Wars

Causes of the War•1. Nationalism •2. Imperialism

•3. Militarism

•4. Alliance System

Nationalism Nation-state

• a feeling of being loyal to and proud of a person’s country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries

• a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Imperialism

• Stronger nation exerts its will over a weaker nation

• Why would this lead to tensions in Europe?

Militarism

• Building up a countries military• Conscription

• Is it important to have a strong military?

• Should we continue to pay large amounts of money to fund our military?

• EXPLAIN

Alliance System• TRIPLE ENTENTE

• Britain• France• Russia

• TRIPLE ALLIANCE • Austria-Hungary

• Germany• Italy

• WHY IS THIS SYSTEM DANGEROUS?

Assassination

• June 28th 1914•Archduke Franz Ferdinand

•Gavrilo Princip

THE WAR BEGINS• A-H gets a “blank check” from Germany What is that?

• A-H declared war on Serbia.• Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia What is mobilization?• Germany declares war on Russia.

– France now at war with Germany• Germany invades Belgium

– Result Britain at war with Germany• Australia, India, S Africa, Canada, NZ

– Japan in b/c ally Britain

Central Powers vs Allies• CP

– Germany A-H Ottoman Empire– Bulgaria

• Allies– Russia Italy France– Britain US (1917)

The Great War• 1. Full mobilization • 2. Planned economies

– What is this? Why would a country do this?• 3. Propaganda

– What is this? Why do it?

• Women played a role HOW?• What happened when the war was over?

The Schlieffen Plan

•August 3, 1914 –Germany invades Belgium•Push to Paris

–Hold Russia –Rejoin armies to attack Russia.

The Schlieffen Plan

Fronts

• Western• France &

England• Vs • Germany

• Fought in Belgium and France

• Eastern• Russia• Vs• Germany• A-H• OE

Trench Warfare

Three Main Kinds of TrenchesFront Line, Support, Reserve

New Weapons

• Submarines• Giant artillery• Tanks• Poison gas• Airplane• Dirigibles

1914

• FIRST BATTLE OF MARNE(FRANCE)– FRENCH Stopped GERMAN advance into

PARIS– Begins trench warfare

• FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES(BELGIUM)– Tried to keep Germans from the coast– Allied victory but caused a stalemate

1915• 2nd Battle of Ypres

– Germans destroy the city– 1st use of chlorine gas– Only German offensive of 1915

• Gallipoli Campaign (1915-1916)– Attempt by the Allies to destroy fortifications

along the Dardanelles– Against the Ottoman Turks – FAILED

1916• Battle of the Somme

– 1st major British offensive– Largest one day loses for British ever

(59,000)– Very little progress on either side– 1st use of tanks

• Battle of Verdun– Battle of attrition (What is that?)– Tremendous loss of life

1917

• 3rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)– Allied offensive– Heavy losses

1918• Battle of Chateau-Thierry

– US involved• Argonne Offensive

– Alvin York– Killed 26 and captured 132 Germans

• 2nd Battle of the Marne– Last German offensive

•

Election of 1916

•Election of 1916–Woodrow Wilson

• “He kept us out of war”

• US ENTERS WAR–1. Unrestricted U-boat warfare–2. Zimmerman Note–3. Economic interests

• May 7, 1915 –U-Boat sank British liner Lusitania

• March 1916 –Germany attacked the Sussex (Fr)–Sussex Pledge

The Zimmerman Letter• Berlin, January 19, 1917 • On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare

unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

• If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....

• You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.

• Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.

• Zimmerman(Secretary of State)

Raising an Army

• The Draft•Selective Service Act

• all men 21 - 30 must register for military service•SOON CHANGED

•18 - 45

Armenian Genocide

• Christians in the Ottoman Empire– 2-2.5million

Armenians prior to WWI

– 1-1.5 million killed

• WHY?• Why was nothing

ever done?

THE ARMISTICE SIGNED

•On the 11th hour, on the 11th day, in the 11th month of 1918

•Armistice Day is now known as Veteran’s Day.

Allied casualties

France 1.4 million 4.26 million

UK 1.1 2.05 million

Russia 1.8 5.04 million

US 116,708 205,690Japan 415 907Italy 651,000 954,000

TOTAL 5,712,37912,809,280

Central Powers

• A-H 1.1million 3.6 million• Bulgaria 87,500

152,390• Germany 2.05million

4.25million• Ottoman 771,844 400,000

• TOTAL 4,010,2418,419,533

TOTAL LOSSES

• Military deaths– 9,722,620

• Civilian Deaths– 5,875,000

• TOTAL DEATHS TOTAL WOUNDED– 16,543,868 21,228,813

Wilson’s 14 Points• 1st 5 points

–Prevent another war

• 6-13 points–Boundary changes (self-determination)

• 14th point –Create “A LEAGUE OF NATIONS”

The Big Four

-Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd George-

-Georges Clemenceau

Vittorio Orlando-

Treaty of Versailles•1. Territory

•Lost all colonies•Lost border lands

•2. Germany military•No u-boats only small navy•No airforce•No conscription (only 100,000 Vols)

•3. Pay reparations •($33 billion) ($460 Today)