French French Indochina, 1885-Indochina, 1885-

19541954Colonialism, Nationalism, and Colonialism, Nationalism, and

WarWar

French IndochinaFrench Indochina

The Arrival of the FrenchThe Arrival of the French

1.) First Missionaries in 161.) First Missionaries in 16thth, 17, 17thth CenturyCentury

Portuguese, FrenchPortuguese, French 2.) France – direct involvement in 2.) France – direct involvement in

early 19early 19thth century century 3.) Conquest of Cochin China, 18623.) Conquest of Cochin China, 1862 4.) Tonkin and Annam 1884-18854.) Tonkin and Annam 1884-1885

Impact of the FrenchImpact of the French

1.) Coercive power1.) Coercive power 2.) Export-oriented economy2.) Export-oriented economy 3.) Transformation of Vietnamese 3.) Transformation of Vietnamese

society, cash economy, divide society, cash economy, divide between colonial urban elite and between colonial urban elite and rural villagesrural villages

4.) Political repression4.) Political repression

ResistanceResistance

1.) Can Vuong movement (1885-1.) Can Vuong movement (1885-1889)– “Aid the king”1889)– “Aid the king”

Traditional Vietnamese resistance, Traditional Vietnamese resistance, centered in Annam, sought to restore centered in Annam, sought to restore the imperial systemthe imperial system

Attacks on Vietnamese Christians – Attacks on Vietnamese Christians – 40,000 killed (a third of the total)40,000 killed (a third of the total)

Revolt crushed by the French, capture Revolt crushed by the French, capture of the kingof the king

Vietnamese NationalismVietnamese Nationalism

1.) Phan Boi Chau, (1867-1940) – 1.) Phan Boi Chau, (1867-1940) – “Vietnamese Modernization Association”“Vietnamese Modernization Association”

Inspired by Japanese victory in Russo-Inspired by Japanese victory in Russo-Japanese war; looked to Japan first, then Japanese war; looked to Japan first, then China after 1911 RevolutionChina after 1911 Revolution

Sought modernization of Vietnam, Sought modernization of Vietnam, independence and a republicindependence and a republic

Jailed by the French; died under house Jailed by the French; died under house arrestarrest

Phan Boi ChauPhan Boi Chau

Impact of World War IImpact of World War I

1.) 50,000 Vietnamese troops and 50,000 1.) 50,000 Vietnamese troops and 50,000 Vietnamese workers in Europe – 30,000 Vietnamese workers in Europe – 30,000 killed in the warkilled in the war

2.) Heavier taxes produced sporadic 2.) Heavier taxes produced sporadic revolts in Vietnamrevolts in Vietnam

3.) Versailles conference – demands for 3.) Versailles conference – demands for self-determinationself-determination

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

Facts about HoFacts about Ho 1.) Born Nguyen Tat Thahn, 1890, Nghe An 1.) Born Nguyen Tat Thahn, 1890, Nghe An

provinceprovince 2.) Son of Imperial office holder2.) Son of Imperial office holder 3.) Left Vietnam in 19123.) Left Vietnam in 1912 4.) Agitated for independence at Versailles4.) Agitated for independence at Versailles 5.) Joined French Communist party in 1920 5.) Joined French Communist party in 1920

– Lenin’s Essay on Imperialism – the – Lenin’s Essay on Imperialism – the Highest Stage of capitalismHighest Stage of capitalism

““6.) Formed Indochinese Communist Party 6.) Formed Indochinese Communist Party – 1930 – belief in revolutionary potential of – 1930 – belief in revolutionary potential of the peasantrythe peasantry

Interwar Era – Challenges to the French 1.) Economic protectionism heightened importance

of colonial territories – trade barriers made Indochina more significant

2.) Increasing Nationalist activity – formation of the VNQDD – Vietnamese Nationalist Party – modeled on Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) of China

3.) VNQDD Yen Bay revolt in 1930 – leadership destroyed; remnants flee to China

4.) Destruction of more moderate nationalist groups – communists survived through disciplined organization and secrecy

Indochina in 1940Indochina in 1940

The US as a Pacific The US as a Pacific Power, 1898-1941Power, 1898-1941 1.) Westward Expansion 1.) Westward Expansion 2.) Acquisition of Philippines as 2.) Acquisition of Philippines as

colony in 1898; Hawaii brought colony in 1898; Hawaii brought into unioninto union

3.) Interest in China Market – the 3.) Interest in China Market – the Open Door notes – role of Open Door notes – role of missionaries and tradersmissionaries and traders

4.) Fears of Japanese power, 4.) Fears of Japanese power, vulnerability of the Philippinesvulnerability of the Philippines

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion

World War II and French World War II and French IndochinaIndochina

1.) French in Indochina stayed loyal to 1.) French in Indochina stayed loyal to Vichy, the collaborationist governmentVichy, the collaborationist government

2.) Tripartite Pact of Sept. 1940 ties 2.) Tripartite Pact of Sept. 1940 ties Germany, Japan, and Italy – Japan Germany, Japan, and Italy – Japan receives landing rights in Indochinareceives landing rights in Indochina

3.) Japanese occupy Indochina – July 3.) Japanese occupy Indochina – July 1941 – Roosevelt imposes sanctions1941 – Roosevelt imposes sanctions

4.) Pearl Harbor attack – December 19414.) Pearl Harbor attack – December 1941

Roosevelt vs. De Roosevelt vs. De GaulleGaulle

Wartime debateWartime debate

1.) FDR favored trusteeship1.) FDR favored trusteeship 2.) Problems with De Gaulle2.) Problems with De Gaulle 3.) Role of Churchill3.) Role of Churchill 4.) US acquiescence to French return, 4.) US acquiescence to French return,

low priority of Indochinalow priority of Indochina

The War YearsThe War Years

1.) Japanese domination1.) Japanese domination 2.) Ho creates the Viet Minh as umbrella 2.) Ho creates the Viet Minh as umbrella

nationalist organizationnationalist organization 3.) Famine – 1944 and 19453.) Famine – 1944 and 1945 4.) Japanese Coup March 19454.) Japanese Coup March 1945 5.) OSS (Office of Strategic Services) works 5.) OSS (Office of Strategic Services) works

with Viet Minh to save US pilotswith Viet Minh to save US pilots 6.) August Revolution – Ho proclaims the 6.) August Revolution – Ho proclaims the

DRV (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) – DRV (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) – appeals for American supportappeals for American support

Post-1945 VietnamPost-1945 Vietnam

1.) Vietnam divided between Chinese and 1.) Vietnam divided between Chinese and BritishBritish

2.) Ho worked to get the Chinese out and 2.) Ho worked to get the Chinese out and replaced by the French.replaced by the French.

““The last time the Chinese came, they stayed The last time the Chinese came, they stayed a thousand years. The French are foreigners. a thousand years. The French are foreigners. They are weak. Colonialism is dying. The white They are weak. Colonialism is dying. The white man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay now, they will never go. As for me, I prefer to now, they will never go. As for me, I prefer to sniff French shit for five years than to eat sniff French shit for five years than to eat Chinese shit for the rest of my life." Chinese shit for the rest of my life."

Vietnam 1945-1946Vietnam 1945-1946

• 1.) Agreement with France, March 1946 (French government has communist representation)

• Ho-Sainteny agreements

• Recognition of the DRV, future elections, but allowing 15,000 French soldiers to be stationed in the North

Outbreak of Franco-Viet Minh Outbreak of Franco-Viet Minh WarWar

►1.) Continuing tensions – French 1.) Continuing tensions – French sabotage in Cochin-Chinasabotage in Cochin-China

►2.) Ho goes to Paris August 1946 for 2.) Ho goes to Paris August 1946 for negotiationsnegotiations

►3.) Outbreak of fighting Nov. 1946, 3.) Outbreak of fighting Nov. 1946, shelling of Haiphong, Viet Minh pull out shelling of Haiphong, Viet Minh pull out of Hanoi into Northern countrysideof Hanoi into Northern countryside

The US and the Franco-Viet Minh The US and the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1947-1950War, 1947-1950

1.) Sympathetic Neutrality - State Department 1.) Sympathetic Neutrality - State Department can offer no good alternativecan offer no good alternative

2.) Primacy of Europe – era of the Cold War, 2.) Primacy of Europe – era of the Cold War, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, concern about Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, concern about Soviet power in Europe – France as the key Soviet power in Europe – France as the key country for US purposescountry for US purposes

3.) Weakness of France politically – coalition 3.) Weakness of France politically – coalition governments, strong communist party – the governments, strong communist party – the leverage of the weakleverage of the weak

4.) NATO in 1949 – first US peacetime alliance4.) NATO in 1949 – first US peacetime alliance 5.) NSC 68 – strategic reassessment, 5.) NSC 68 – strategic reassessment,

importance of Southeast Asiaimportance of Southeast Asia

French PolicyFrench Policy

1.) Control of the cities – use of the 1.) Control of the cities – use of the Foreign LegionForeign Legion

2.) Bao Dai Solution2.) Bao Dai Solution

The Cold War turns hot, The Cold War turns hot, 19501950

1.) Soviet A-bomb Sept. 1949, Fall of 1.) Soviet A-bomb Sept. 1949, Fall of China Oct. 1949, McCarthyism Feb. China Oct. 1949, McCarthyism Feb. 1950 (Wheeling West Virginia Speech)1950 (Wheeling West Virginia Speech)

2.) US decides to provide $15 million 2.) US decides to provide $15 million to Bao Dai, May 1950 – connected to to Bao Dai, May 1950 – connected to agreements in Europe to beef up agreements in Europe to beef up NATO, eventually rearm GermanyNATO, eventually rearm Germany

3.) Outbreak of the Korean War, June 3.) Outbreak of the Korean War, June 19501950

The Korean War - EventsThe Korean War - Events

1.) Invasion by the North, June 19501.) Invasion by the North, June 1950 2.) UN sanction – Pusan Perimeter August 19502.) UN sanction – Pusan Perimeter August 1950 3.) Inchon landing – September 19503.) Inchon landing – September 1950 4.) Advance North to the Yalu, Oct. 19504.) Advance North to the Yalu, Oct. 1950 5.) Chinese Intervention, November 19505.) Chinese Intervention, November 1950 6.) Stalemate, April 1951, firing of MacArthur6.) Stalemate, April 1951, firing of MacArthur 7.) Inconclusive fighting, peace talks, 1951-19537.) Inconclusive fighting, peace talks, 1951-1953 8.) Election of Eisenhower, Nov. 19528.) Election of Eisenhower, Nov. 1952 9.) Armistice, July 19539.) Armistice, July 1953

The Impact of Korea on Vietnam 1.) War seen as part of the same strategic theatre 2.) Increase to $133 million in aid 3.) French position weakens in late 1950; defeat

at Cao Bang – Chinese role in helping Vietnamese

4.) French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, WWII hero, – some success in 1951; appealed for more American aid; created a Vietnamese National Army

US-French Tensions US-French Tensions over the Warover the War 1.) French refusal to grant 1.) French refusal to grant

Vietnam independenceVietnam independence 2.) American calls for a more 2.) American calls for a more

aggressive strategyaggressive strategy 3.) Connection between French 3.) Connection between French

cooperation in Europe with EDC cooperation in Europe with EDC (European Defense Community) (European Defense Community) and policy in Indochinaand policy in Indochina

EisenhowerEisenhower

1.) Elected on vow to go to1.) Elected on vow to go to KoreaKorea

John Foster Dulles as John Foster Dulles as Secretary of StateSecretary of State

Eisenhower and VietnamEisenhower and Vietnam

1.) Recognized weakness of French 1.) Recognized weakness of French will to fightwill to fight

2.) Pushed the French to adopt a 2.) Pushed the French to adopt a more aggressive strategy, train more more aggressive strategy, train more Vietnamese soldiers, offer greater Vietnamese soldiers, offer greater independence to Bao Dai independence to Bao Dai governmentgovernment

3.) U.S. paid 80 percent of the costs3.) U.S. paid 80 percent of the costs

Indochina in 1954Indochina in 1954

1.) US support for the French – paying 1.) US support for the French – paying up to 80 percent by 1954up to 80 percent by 1954

Battle of Dien Bien Phu – April-May Battle of Dien Bien Phu – April-May 19541954

2.) Eisenhower’s “United Action” policy – 2.) Eisenhower’s “United Action” policy – the “domino theory”the “domino theory”

3.) US reluctance to intervene3.) US reluctance to intervene 4.) French Defeat – May 19544.) French Defeat – May 1954 YouTube - John Foster Dulles o

n the Fall of Dien Bien Phu (1954)

Geneva Conference of 1954Geneva Conference of 1954

1.) Division of Vietnam at 171.) Division of Vietnam at 17thth Parallel Parallel 2.) Elections in two years2.) Elections in two years 3.) Movement of peoples North and 3.) Movement of peoples North and

SouthSouth 4.) US takes “note” of the 4.) US takes “note” of the

agreements, but is not a party to agreements, but is not a party to themthem

Ho Chi Minh vs.Ngo Dinh Ho Chi Minh vs.Ngo Dinh DiemDiem