The Second War for The Second War for Independence and Upsurge in Independence and Upsurge in

NationalismNationalism

1812-18241812-1824

Causes of the War of 1812Causes of the War of 1812

Cry of the “war hawks” over:Cry of the “war hawks” over: British arming of IndiansBritish arming of Indians ImpressmentImpressment Orders in CouncilOrders in Council Search and seizure by BritishSearch and seizure by British Confiscation of American cargos Confiscation of American cargos *Demonstration of viability of *Demonstration of viability of

American nationhood/democracyAmerican nationhood/democracy

Waging WarWaging War Congress declares war Congress declares war

June 1812June 1812 Canada/Great LakesCanada/Great Lakes

– Oliver Hazard PerryOliver Hazard Perry– Thomas MacDonoughThomas MacDonough

Burning of WashingtonBurning of Washington– August 1814August 1814– Battle of BladensburgBattle of Bladensburg– Public buildings, Capitol, Public buildings, Capitol,

White HouseWhite House Fort McHenry Fort McHenry

(Baltimore)(Baltimore)– Sept. 1814Sept. 1814– Star Spangled Banner Star Spangled Banner

Battle of New Battle of New OrleansOrleans– Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Becomes a national Becomes a national __________________

– American victoryAmerican victory Shocking win: 2000-70Shocking win: 2000-70 Win comes Win comes

__________________________________________

– Outpouring of self-Outpouring of self-confidence and confidence and ____________________________

– Final Final ______________________________________

The Treaty of GhentThe Treaty of Ghent Ghent, BelgiumGhent, Belgium

– Mediated by Tsar Mediated by Tsar Alexander I of _________Alexander I of _________

– Talks go nowhere, Talks go nowhere, become a stalematebecome a stalemate

British give inBritish give in– Dec 24, 1814 Dec 24, 1814

______________________________________ Results:Results:

– No mention of initial No mention of initial grievancesgrievances

– Return to the status Return to the status quoquo

– So who won?So who won?

Federalist Grievances at the Federalist Grievances at the Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

New England/ New England/ Federalist opposition to Federalist opposition to the warthe war– Why were they so Why were they so

opposed to this war?opposed to this war? Opposition to Opposition to

Napoleon/_________Napoleon/_________ Potential annexation of Potential annexation of

Canada could mean Canada could mean ____________________________________

– ““Blue _______” Blue _______” Federalists, Talks of Federalists, Talks of secession, separate secession, separate peace with Britainpeace with Britain

Not an early 19th century blue light.

Hartford ConventionHartford Convention– Federalist meetingFederalist meeting– Declining powerDeclining power– Delegates from MA, Delegates from MA,

RI, CT, NH, VTRI, CT, NH, VT– Demands/Changes Demands/Changes

desired:desired: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

– Results: Results: ______________________________________

Outcomes of the WarOutcomes of the War 6,000 casualties6,000 casualties Relatively insignificant Relatively insignificant

globallyglobally But for the US:But for the US:

– 1) gained military prestige1) gained military prestige– 2) Discredited sectionalism2) Discredited sectionalism– 3) Bolstering of nationalism3) Bolstering of nationalism– 4) Death of Federalist party4) Death of Federalist party– 5) Emergence of war heroes5) Emergence of war heroes– 6) Manufacturing 6) Manufacturing

strengthenedstrengthened Focus turns to the Focus turns to the

West/expansionWest/expansion

Emergence of NationalismEmergence of Nationalism Literary recognitionLiterary recognition

– Washington Irving - Washington Irving - ______________________________________

– James Fenimore James Fenimore Cooper - Cooper - ______________________________

– North American North American Review Review (1815) - (1815) - ____________________

Expansion of the Bank Expansion of the Bank of the U.S.of the U.S.

A rebuilt capitalA rebuilt capital Naval confidence - Naval confidence -

Second Barbary War Second Barbary War victory (1815)victory (1815)– Stephen DecaturStephen Decatur

Cooper

Irving

The American SystemThe American System Manufacturing growth Manufacturing growth

in U.S. occurred.in U.S. occurred. Britain’s surplusesBritain’s surpluses Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816

– First tariff designed First tariff designed primarily for primarily for ______________________

– 20 to 25 percent20 to 25 percent– Tone setting tariffTone setting tariff

How can we capitalize How can we capitalize on this growth?on this growth? Henry Clay

Promoter of the American System

The American SystemThe American System–The system had three main The system had three main partsparts

1) Strong banking 1) Strong banking system for easy system for easy

and and abundant creditabundant credit

2) High protective 2) High protective tariffstariffs

3) Network of roads 3) Network of roads and canals and canals

(funded___)(funded___)

–PurposePurpose: A plan to : A plan to strengthen and unify the strengthen and unify the nation economically and nation economically and politically. Stimulate politically. Stimulate manufacturing and trade.manufacturing and trade.–Opposition: Opposition:

Madison Madison New EnglandNew England

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

Election of 1816Election of 1816– James Monroe (Rep)James Monroe (Rep)– Rufus Rufus (…yes Rufus…) (…yes Rufus…) King (Fed)King (Fed)– Monroe wins, 183-34Monroe wins, 183-34

Why the EGF?Why the EGF?– Nationalism is highNationalism is high– One political partyOne political party– Relative prosperity earlyRelative prosperity early

Or was it an EGF? Or was it an EGF? ____________________________________________

Panic of 1819 and Hard Panic of 1819 and Hard TimesTimes

11stst financial panic since financial panic since GWGW– Deflation, depression, Deflation, depression,

bankruptciesbankruptcies Major issue: Major issue:

Foreclosures on Foreclosures on mortgages issued by mortgages issued by westernwestern banks banks– Land speculatingLand speculating

Debtors imprisonedDebtors imprisoned– State laws begin to ban State laws begin to ban

this processthis process Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy

is bornis born– Poor suffered mostPoor suffered most

Growing Pains of the WestGrowing Pains of the West 1791-1819, nine states 1791-1819, nine states

addedadded Slavery/sectional balance Slavery/sectional balance

efforteffort Why such growth?Why such growth?

– 1) Cheap land (crush of 1) Cheap land (crush of the Indians by ___________ the Indians by ___________ and ___________ opens and ___________ opens land)land)

– 2) Exhausted eastern _____2) Exhausted eastern _____– 3) Advances in ___________3) Advances in ___________

Highways (ex: Cumberland Highways (ex: Cumberland Road)Road)

Steamboat/upstream travelSteamboat/upstream travel– Robert Fulton’s Robert Fulton’s ClermontClermont, ,

18071807

Land Act of Land Act of 18201820– Lowered price of Lowered price of

land, ________an land, ________an acre for a acre for a minimum of ____ minimum of ____ acresacres

– Spurred settlement Spurred settlement of Northwest and of Northwest and Missouri territoriesMissouri territories

Slavery and the Sectional Slavery and the Sectional BalanceBalance

Sectional tensions Sectional tensions resumeresume

Missouri's 1819 Missouri's 1819 statehood petitionstatehood petition– First ___________________First ___________________

Tallmadge Tallmadge amendmentamendment– Aimed at the Aimed at the “peculiar “peculiar

____________”____________”– Passed the House, Passed the House,

defeated in senatedefeated in senate Alarming to Alarming to

southernerssoutherners– Why? Why?

__________________________________________

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise Henry Clay, “The Great Henry Clay, “The Great

Compromiser”Compromiser” Components:Components:

– Missouri enters as Missouri enters as slave stateslave state

– Maine enters as free Maine enters as free statestate

– No future slave north of No future slave north of 36° 30’36° 30’

– Maintained balance at Maintained balance at 12-12.12-12.

Election of 1820Election of 1820: : Monroe takes all Monroe takes all electoral votes but one electoral votes but one that went to JQ Adamsthat went to JQ Adams

John Marshall and Judicial John Marshall and Judicial NationalismNationalism

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819)– Maryland tries to tax a Maryland tries to tax a

branch of the Bank of branch of the Bank of the U.S.the U.S.

– Marshall rules against Marshall rules against MarylandMaryland

– Ultimately affirmed the Ultimately affirmed the constitutionality of the constitutionality of the bank citing “implied bank citing “implied powers” (Hamilton)powers” (Hamilton)

– Affirmation of loose Affirmation of loose construction for the construction for the benefit of the peoplebenefit of the people

Gibbons v. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Ogden (1824)– NY state giving NY state giving

monopoly to monopoly to interstate ferry interstate ferry service, shot service, shot downdown

– Gave Congress Gave Congress sole power of sole power of control over control over interstate interstate commercecommerce

Cases limiting “democratic Cases limiting “democratic excess”excess”

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– GAGA– Protected property rights against popular Protected property rights against popular

pressurespressures– Asserted right of SC to invalidate state laws Asserted right of SC to invalidate state laws

in conflict with the Constitutionin conflict with the Constitution Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

– NHNH– Protected corporations (and contracts) from Protected corporations (and contracts) from

domination by state legislaturesdomination by state legislatures

Sharing Oregon and Sharing Oregon and Acquiring FloridaAcquiring Florida

The Menace of Monarchy in The Menace of Monarchy in AmericaAmerica

Suppression of Suppression of democracy abroaddemocracy abroad

Birth of Latin Birth of Latin American American republicsrepublics

Fear of it’s spread Fear of it’s spread into the Western into the Western Hemisphere Hemisphere

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 British approach U.S. British approach U.S.

for joint statement, for joint statement, Monroe does it, goes Monroe does it, goes it aloneit alone

Will play major role in Will play major role in future foreign policy future foreign policy issues (much later)issues (much later)

Two main features:Two main features:– 1)non-colonization1)non-colonization– 2)non-interference2)non-interference

To protect L.A. To protect L.A. republics OR U.S. self-republics OR U.S. self-interest?interest?

Largely expression of Largely expression of post-war nationalismpost-war nationalism

Chapter 13Chapter 13

The Rise of Mass The Rise of Mass DemocracyDemocracy

1824-18401824-1840

IntroductionIntroduction::

So-called “Era of Good Feelings” So-called “Era of Good Feelings” – Panic of 1819Panic of 1819– Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

Renewed sectionalism and renewed Renewed sectionalism and renewed fervor of democracyfervor of democracy

1824 JQA1824 JQA 1828 – Democratic Party is born 1828 – Democratic Party is born 1830s – Whig Party1830s – Whig Party