nationalism

Nationalism has emerged as a powerful force in the post-Cold

War world.

`the contradictions of a globalising world Globalisation Internationalisation: the new

institutions of the international order The International Criminal

Court

Integration European Union ASEAN African Union

Differences Identities Loyalties

Fragmentation through Secession (Yugoslavia, Soviet Union Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia)

Unification through fusion ( germany, Korea…)

Ethnic conflict Resistance to

globalalisation Access to the world market

on their own terms

Nationalism as political doctrine

nationalism as a political doctrine “nationalism is the belief that the world’s peoples are divided into nations, and that each of these nations has the right of self-determination, either as self-governing units within existing nation states or as nation-states of their own

States in past justified by reference to their rulers, dynasties or religion…States now justified on the grounds that they represent their peoples: the nation-state; national self-determination: every nation has the right to decide on its own fate….

Three trends: political community ( Rousseau, laid basis of modern democracy… JS Mill, representative government… 2. La Nation… liberty equality fraternity…having a shared common equal citizenship 3. Volk, history, tradition and culture…

Out of this came the political doctrine we see as nationalism today – and . mazzini – the moral concept of the nation…

cultural ideal of nationalism

while people have different identities, “it is the nation that provides them with their primary form of belonging.” ( Michael Ignatieff) "Nationalism, being a cultural phenomenon, is not

'in the blood'; it cannot be transmitted biologically from one person to another; it is an 'acquired character.'" Professor Hayes Essays on Nationalism (1928),

nationalism as a moral ideal

“nationalism is an ethic of heroic sacrifice, justifying the use of violence in the defense of one’s nation against enemies, internal or external.” For centuries men have died for their country in

numerous wars. Nations regard them as heroes, fighting for the good of their homeland. These heroes are seen as exuding national pride and loyality. These men sacrificed their own lives for the good of the nation.

Democracy

three factors that made nationalism appealing for European intellectuals in the 18th and 19th century 1. the idea of democracy. As intellectuals

"become more democratically inclined, they discover they can best and most conveniently operate the necessary machinery of democracy within linguistic frontiers, that is, within nationalities."

Secular religion

the search for a secular religion - intellectuals and middle classes, the age of reason and rejection of suprnatural religion Nationalism is promoted in song, literature, and in

a way it becomes the new religion Recent times: Croke Park Feb 2007, the singing

of the Irish and English national anthems…

statism

growth of statism: this explains the vogue of nationalism in modern times as the growth of a belief that the state, particularly the national state, can and should promote human progress. the cloak of nationalism - is it merely a cover for

the state when it uses its power to benefit some selected and privileged groups in society at the expense of the rest of the citizenry?

4 debates: Halliday in Baylis and Smith

Justice versus order N provides a principle of legitimacy underpinning

the modern national system History versus modernity Positive and negative Objects of primary loyalty

Positive versus negative Positive

N provides a principle of legitimacy underpinning the modern national system

A realization of democratic principles Psychological function One of the great sources of human creativity and diversity

Negative Cause of conflict..xenophobia… chauvinism… militarism An obstacle to cooperation… As states break up viable economic and political units

destroyed Creates a climate of intolerance and dictatorship

Bush March 26 2003

Over the last week the world has witnessed the skill and honor and resolve of our military in the course of battle. We have seen the character of this new generation of American Armed Forces. We've seen their daring against ruthless enemies and their decency to an oppressed people. Millions of Americans are proud of our military, and so am I. I am honored to be the Commander-in-Chief. (Applause.) ….thank you for your service, your sacrifice, and your love of America.

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein: "I was born here in Iraq ... I am proud to have

been born fearing God and I have taught my children the value of history and the value of human stands ... Whoever decides to forsake his nation from whoever requests is not true to the principles. We will die here. We will die in this country and we will maintain our honor -- the honor that is required…in front of our people. I believe that whoever ... offers Saddam asylum in his own country is in fact a person without morals."

Haiti, 1 March 2004

Kofi Annan… he hopes the international community was ‘not going to put a Band-Aid on , and that we are not only going to help stabilise the current situation, but assist the Haitians over the long haul and really help them pick up the pieces and build a stable country’ (FT, 27 Feb 2004)

Haiti – US – France… The United States is no stranger to Haiti.

The marines ran the place from 1915 to 1934. Some argue that this exercise in nation-building failed because the Americans left too

In the intensity of its underdevelopment, the country is all but unique in its region—a slice of Africa in the Americas. History has treated it harshly. Sugar made it France's richest colony.

A slave revolt, inspired by the French revolution, created the world's first black republic two centuries ago. But newly independent Haiti never really recovered from the bloodletting of the independence struggle, and the fear this engendered elsewhere.

France crippled it with reparations and the United States with a 60-year economic embargo.

Unpromising though the task is, Haitians should be encouraged to build their own nation. That requires the rebels, their sympathisers and Mr Aristide's supporters to act responsibly. Whether or not they do, the United States and its friends would do well, for humanitarian and political reasons, to exercise a little bit of neighbourly responsibility

(Economist, feb 24 2004)