post world war i nationalism - mr. davis' virtual...
TRANSCRIPT
Post World War INationalism
AP World History
Post World War INationalism
Japan China
Germany India Italy
Soviet Union
PeopleDiplomacy
Economy
Leader(s)
Military
Important
Events
Italy
Leader(s) – Benito Mussolini Working class family
background Early socialist, but switched Formed Fasci di
Combattimento party (Fascists) Defended private property and
class structure & prevented a communist revolution
Promised work & benefits Blackshirts – Mussolini’s
followers Appointed prime minister & Ended democratic rule & bans
non-Fascist parties establishes a corporate state
Wanted to recapture the greatness & glory of the Roman Empire
Called himself El Duce
Important Events
1920 – strikes in Lombardy and Piedmont (Mussolini supported)
1922 – Fascists march on Rome & Mussolini appointed Prime Minister
1924 – Fascists win a majority of seats in parliament
1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis is signed
People
Post WW I – dissatisfied with Treaty of Versailles
Veterans, workers, and peasants unhappy
1920 - Peasants seize land
Middle and upper classes feared a communist revolution
Many Italians opposed fascism, but most supported Mussolini
Diplomacy
Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935
Mussolini wants to enhance Italy’s image as a world power
League of Nations imposes sanctions, but they do not work
1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis
Economy
Economic downturn after WW I
Strikes, inflation, shortages of coal
Mussolini solved unemployment problem
Military
WW I veterans could not find work
Built up Italy’s armed forces
Army invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Germany
Leader(s) – Adolf Hitler
Austrian born World War I veteran Member of the National Socialist
Workers’ Party Led the Brownshirts 1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall
Putsch” – failed Wrote Mein Kampf Blamed Jews & Communists for
losing war Appealed to German’s sense of
history Becomes Chancellor in 1933 Attacks Jews Takes title of der Führer Restores Germany’s military might Ignored Versailles Treaty Organizes Nazi youth movement
Important Events 1919 – Germans elect an
assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the Weimar Republic
1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall Putsch
1929 – Great Depression in Germany
1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag fire
1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts 1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign
the Berlin-Rome Axis 1938 – Kristallnacht 1938 - Austria is annexed – “One
blood demands one Reich” 1938 – Hitler demands and
receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conference
People
Blamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles Treaty
Widespread opposition to Weimar Leaders
Brownshirts – private army of veterans and street thugs
Hitler appealed to workers and industrialists
Political parties banned by Nazis Labor unions taken over by Nazis Churches controlled and clergy
silenced Jews – stripped of citizenship and
right to hold office; barred from schools and destroyed business
Diplomacy
France - occupies the industrial Ruhr Valley
U.S. – provides loans to Germany – helps free Germany of debt
Adolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent spread of communism; test new weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)
Economy
Allies set reparations at $35 billion
1922 – Germany says it can not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied)
Inflation soared
Savings of Germans wiped out
Mid-1920s – France reaches compromise with Germany
U.S provides loans – Germany has 5-year period of prosperity
Great Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc.
Military
Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Germany army
Hitler sought to restore Germany’s military might
German factories begin turning out guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.
Government stresses importance of a strong military
Japan
Leader(s)
Emperor Hirohito –constitutional monarch
Influential military leaders – opposed to democratic reforms
Important Events
1915 – Japan forces China to sign the Twenty-One Demands (eventually abandoned)
1922- disarmament conference/ Japan becomes 3rd
most powerful navy
1923 – earthquake in Tokyo-Yokohama area
1924 – U.S. bans Japanese immigration
1925 – universal male suffrage
1931 – invades Manchuria
1937 – war with China begins
1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor
Diplomacy
Twenty-One Demands makes China Japanese protectorate
Disarmament conference in Washington benefits Japan
Japanese army invades Manchuria
War with China (after Marco Polo Bridge clash)
Attack on Pearl Harbor, Singapore, and Dutch East Indies in 1941
People
1872-1925 - population explosion from 35 million to 60 million
1930s – militarism influences all aspects of Japanese life
Many democratically minded Japanese hoped Emperor would stop militarism
Working and middle class grows
Military dress was appealing
Universal male suffrage
Economy
Most of the Japanese economy was in hands of ziabatsu
Challenges of population density
World wide depression devastated silk factories and other industries
Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake affects economy
Land was scarce Very few resources
(especially iron ore, coal, and oil)
Military
Army leaders decide to invade NE China (after Mukden Incident)
Government could not control army
1932 – assassinates a prime minister of Japan
India
Leader(s)
Jawaharlal Nehru - led the Hindus
Mohammed Ali Jinnah -led the Muslims
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi - middle class background; pacifist who believed in civil disobedience
Indian National Congress & Muslim League –nationalist organizations that lead India to independence
Important Events
1914 – Gandhi leaves South Africa for India
1919 – Britain imposes harsh laws on India to stifle opposition
1919 - Amritsar massacre
1922 - British arrest Gandhi
1930 - 200 mile march to the sea by Gandhi to protest the salt tax
1935 - British parliament passes the Government of India Act – limited self rule for India
Diplomacy
India had no control over diplomacy until they achieved independence in 1948
People
Were urged to reject Western civilization (used brute force, worship of money, & prejudice) by Gandhi
Called Gandhi Mahatma or “great soul”
Boycotted British goods Shocked by brutal massacre at
Amritsar Hindu-Muslim tension and
conflict intensifies as India moves toward independence
Nationalists supported Britain in WW I, but eventually want complete independence for India
Some Indian’s want to remain in the British empire, but desire home-rule
Economy
Wheat from India fed Allied soldiers in WW I
Indian cotton clothed Allied troops
1935 – agricultural put under provincial government’s control
Military
Indian soldiers fought for the British in World War I (Middle East & Africa)
China
Leader(s)
Sun Yat-sen – declares China a republic in 1912
Yuan Shigai – ousts Sun Yat-sen in 1914 and establishes a dictatorship
Chiag Kai-shek – officer in the Kuomintang Army that defeats the warlords in 1928 and establishes a government in Nanjing
Mao Zedong – leader who leads the 100,000 communist troops on the Long March
Important Events
1912 – Chinese republic declared
1914 – Sun Yat-sen ousted
1923 – Chiang kai-shek grows in power
1925 – Sun Yat-sen dies 1927 – communists fail to
take over Kuomintang; Chiang purges them
1931 – Japan invades Manchuria
1934-35 – Long March (100,000 communists troops to 8,000)
Diplomacy
Versailles Treaty granted Shandong Peninsula to Japan –was humiliating and surprising to China
Japan invades in 1931 and controls most of eastern China by 1939
People
Shocked by Versailles Treaty
Peasants supported communists because they overthrew local landlords and redistributed their land to peasants
Economy
Agriculturally based economy with millions of peasants
Military
Warlords (military leaders) divided China amongst themselves in 1916 – civil war followed
Kuomintang Army battled Red Army in 1930s for control of China
Long March – retreat of communists
Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist’s forces and the Communist forces suspended their conflict with each other in order to concentrate on fighting the Japanese
Soviet Union
Leader(s)
Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) –Bolshevik leader; suffered a stroke in 1922
Leon Trotsky – most important person in the communist party after Lenin; built the Red Army into an effective fighting force; believed in a world wide revolution; exiled to Siberia (and then expelled) by Stalin; assassinated in Mexico City
Joseph Stalin – skilled administrator; rose to general secretary of the Communist party; outmaneuvered Trotsky after Lenin’s death; believed in Soviet Union first in terms of revolution; had Trotsky murdered
Important Events
1919 – Comintern established 1921 – Lenin announces New
Economic Policy (NEP) 1922 – Official name changes
to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), new constitution written, and Lenin suffers two strokes
1924 – Lenin dies 1928 – Stalin declares end to
NEP, announces Five Year Plans and collectivization
1930s – series of purges by Stalin
Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain results in death of millions
1934 – Socialist realism art instituted
1943 – Comintern dissolved
Diplomacy
Comintern established to encourage Communist parties in other countries to overthrow their governments by legal or illegal means
People 27 million died in WW I,
revolution, and civil war Leadership of the communist
party controlled the workers (was supposed to be the other way around)
Private businesses, small manufacturers and farmers allowed to operate under NEP
Peasant majority (farmers) were fiercely anticommunist – had prospered under NEP
Kulaks (prosperous peasants) –opposed collectivization
Millions of communist party members were expelled and sent to labor camps (purges)
Non-Russian nationalities suffered; Russians dominated Soviet Union
Thousands of peasants were killed when opposing collectivization; millions in the Ukraine starved
Economy
NEP – major industries under government control; small businesses allowed to operate
Five Year Plans – success in spurring industrial growth
Collectivization produced terrible results –opposition and starvation; Soviet union unable to feed its population
Military
Military leadership suffered as a result of purges – would take them years to recover