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Wills Case Doctrines

Art. 774

Estate of K. H. Hemady v. Luzon Surety (1956) [6]

· The responsibility of the heirs for the debts of their decedent cannot exceed the value of the inheritancethey receive from him. Heirs succeed not only to the rights of the deceased but also to his obligations.

· General rule: a party’s contractual rights and obligations are transmissible to the successors.

· Exceptions under Art. 1311:

1) Nature of the obligation

2) Intransmissibility by stipulation of the parties

3) Obligation is not transmissible by operation of law

Art. 777

Unson v. Del Rosario (1953) [12]

The law in force at the time of the decedent’s death will determine who the heirs should be.

· Art. 2253 provides that rights which are declared for the first time by the new Civil Code shall have

retroactive effect even though the event which gave rise to them may have occurred under the former

legislation, but this is so only when the new rights do not prejudice any vested or acquired right of the sameorigin. In instant case, M’s right of ownership over the lands became vested in 1945 upon the death of her

husband. The new right in favor of the illegitimate children by the deceased cannot be asserted to the

impairment of the vested right of M over the lands in dispute.

De Borja v. Vda de Borja (1972) [14]

Ownership passes to the heir at the very moment of death, who therefore, from that moment acquires the

right to dispose of his share

· Hereditary share in a decedent’s estate is transmitted or vested immediately from the moment of the death

of such causante or predecessor in interest. Thus, there is no legal bar to a successor (with requisite

contracting capacity) disposing his hereditary share immediately after such death, even if the actual extent

of such share is not determined until the subsequent liquidation of the estate.

Bonilla v. Barcena (1976) [16]The heirs have the right to be substituted for the deceased as party on an action that survives.

· While it is true that a person who is dead cannot sue in court, yet he can be substituted by his heirs in

pursuing the case up to its completion.

· The moment of death is the determining factor when the heirs acquire a definite right to the inheritance

whether such right be pure or contingent. Thus, when F died, her claim or right to the parcel s of land in

litigation was not extinguished by her death but was transmitted to her heirs upon her death. Her heirs have

thus acquired interest in the properties in litigation and became parties-in-interest in the case.

· The question as to whether an action survives or not depends on the nature of the action and the damage

sued for.

1) Survive: wrong complained of affects primarily and principally property and property rights, the injuries

to the person being merely incidental

2) Not survive: injury complained of is to the person, the property and rights of property affected being

incidental.

· In instant case, an action to quiet title over land in litigation affects primarily and principally property and

property rights, and therefore is one that survives even after F’s death.

Art. 804

Suroza v. Honrado (1981) [41]

Art. 804 provisions are mandatory. Consequently, failure to comply with the two requirements nullifies the

will.

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· The will on its face is void because it is written in English, a language not known to the illiterate testatrix,

and which is probably a forged will because she and the attesting witnesses did not appear before the notary

as admitted by the notary himself.

· A judge who admits to probate such a will should face disciplinary action. In the absence of opposition,

the judge should have personally conducted the hearing on the probate of the will so that he could have

ascertained whether the will was validly executed.

Abangan v. Abangan (1919) [46]

It may sometimes be presumed that the testator knew the language in which the will was written.

· The circumstance appearing in the will itself that the same was executed in Cebu and in the dialect of this

locality where the testatrix was a neighbor [sic] is enough, in the absence of any proof to the contrary, to

presume that she knew this dialect in which the will was written.

RFB: same ruling in Gonzales v. Laurel (1923). On the authority of these cases it seems that, in order for

the presumption to apply, the following must appear:

1) The will must be in language or dialect generally spoken in the place of execution; and

2) The testator must be a native or resident of said locality

Art. 806

Payad v. Tolentino (1936) [49]Thumb mark as signature.

· Testatrix, assisted by counsel, placed her thumb mark on each and every page of the questioned will and

that said counsel merely wrote her name to indicate the place where she placed said thumb mark. In other

words, counsel did not sign for the testatrix. She signed by placing her thumb mark on each and every page

thereof. “A statute requiring a will to be ‘signed’ is satisfied if the signature is made by the testator’s

mark.” It is clear, therefore, that it was not necessary that the attestation clause in question should state that

the testatrix requested her counsel to sign her name inasmuch as the testatrix signed the will in question in

accordance with law.

Matias v. Salud (1958) [50]

· The legal requisite that the will should be signed by testator is satisfied by a thumbprint or other mark

affixed by him; and that where such mark is affixed by the decedent, it is unnecessary to state in the

attestation clause that another person wrote the testator’s name at his request.

· In the instant case, it was shown that the herpes zoster that afflicted the right arm and shoulder of the

testatrix made writing a difficult and painful act, to the extent that, after writing one signature on the second

page, she dropped the pen because of an attack of pain that lasted many minutes, and evidently discouraged

attempts to sign.

· It is to be conceded that where a testator employs an unfamiliar way of signing, and both the attestation

clause and the will are silent on the matter, such silence is a factor to be considered against the authenticity

of the testament; but the failure to describe the unusual signature by itself alone is not sufficient to refuse

probate when the evidence for the proponent fully satisfies the court that the will was executed and

witnessed as required by law.

Garcia v. Lacuesta (1951) [54]

A cross as signature.· It is not here presented that the cross appearing on the will is the usual signature of the testator or even

one of the ways by which he signed his name. The mere sing of a cross cannot be likened to a thumbmark,

because the cross cannot and does not have the trustworthiness of a thumbmark.

Barut v. Cabacungan (1912) [56]

When agent must write.

· As regards the validity of the will, it is unimportant whether the person who writes the name of the

testatrix signs his own or not. The important thing is that it clearly appears that the name of the testatrix

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was signed at her express direction in the presence of the three witnesses and that they attested and

subscribed it in her presence and in the presence of each other.

· It may be wise, as a practical matter that the one who signs the testator’s name signs also hi own; but that

is not essential to the validity of the will.

Nera v. Raymundo (1911) [61]

Signing in the presence of witnesses· Jaboneta v. Gustilo: “The true test of presence of the testator and the witnesses in the execution of a will is

not whether they actually saw each other sign, but whether they might have seen each other sign, had they

chosen to do so, considering their mental and physical position with relation to each other at the moment of 

inscription of each signature.”

· The position of the parties with relation to each other at the moment of the subscription of each signature

must be such that they may see each other sign if they choose to do so. Jaboneta doctrine: the question

whether the testator and the subscribing witnesses to an alleged will sign the instrument in the presence of

each other does not depend upon proof of the fact that their eyes were actually cast upon the paper at the

moment of its subscription by each of them, but that at that moment existing conditions and their position

with relation to each other were such that by merely casting their eyes in the proper direction they could

have seen each other sign.

Icasiano v. Icasiano (1964) [64]· The inadvertent failure of one witness to affix his signature to one page of a testament, due to the

simultaneous lifting of two pages in the course of signing, is not per se sufficient to justify denial of

probate. That the failure of the witness to sign page three was entirely through pure oversight is shown by

his own testimony as well as by the duplicate copy of the will, which bears a complete set of signatures in

every page.

RFB: The Icasiano holding cannot, and should not, be taken as a departure from the rule that the will

should be signed by the witnesses on every page. The carbon duplicate was regular in all aspects. A

cavalier disregard of the formal requirements of wills in reliance on Icasiano is not recommended.

Cagro v. Cagro (1953) [68]

The signatures of the witnesses must be at the bottom of the attestation clause.

· Fact: signature of the three witnesses do not appear on the bottom of the attestation clause, but the page

containing the clause is signed by the witnesses on the left-hand margin.

· The attestation clause is “a memorandum of the facts attending the execution of the will” required by law

to be made by the attesting witnesses, and it must necessarily bear their signature. An unsigned attestation

clause cannot be considered as an act of the witnesses, since the omission of their signature at the bottom

thereof negatives their participation.

· The signatures on the left-hand margin cannot be deemed as their signature to the clause because said

signatures are in compliance with the legal mandate that the will be signed on the left-hand margin of all its

pages. If an attestation clause not signed by the witnesses at the bottom thereof, be admitted as sufficient, it

would be easy to add such clause to a will on a subsequent occasion and in the absence of the testator and

any or all of the witnesses.

· Dissenting opinion of Bautista Angelo: (a) substantial compliance; (b) the uncontradicted testimony of the

witnesses that the clause was already written in the will when the same was signed obviates fear of the

majority that the clause may have been only added on a subsequent occasion and not at the signing of thewill.

Javellana v. Ledesma (1955) [70]

Acknowledgement before a notary public.

· Fact: Codicil signed by testatrix and witnesses at the hospital; the notary public brought the codicil to his

office, and signed and sealed it there.

· Whether or not the notary signed the certification of acknowledgement in the presence of the testatrix and

the witnesses does not affect the validity of the codicil. The Civil Code does not require that the signing of

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the testator, witnesses and notary should be accomplished in one single act.

· The subsequent signing and sealing by the notary of his certification that the testament was duly

acknowledged by the participants therein is not part of the acknowledgement itself nor of the testamentary

act.

RFB: (a) ratio: The certification of acknowledgement need not be signed in the presence of the testator and

the witnesses; (b) obiter: Art. 806 does not require that the testator and the witnesses must acknowledge on

the same day that it was executed.

Cruz v. Villasor (1973) [72]

The notary public cannot be counted as one of the attesting witnesses.

· The notary public before whom the will was acknowledged cannot be considered as the third instrumental

witness since he cannot acknowledge before himself his having signed the will. If the third witness were

the notary public himself, he would have to avow, assent, or admit his having signed the will in front of

himself. This cannot be done because he cannot split his personality into two so that one will appear before

the other to acknowledge his participation in the making of the will.

· Furthermore, the function of the notary public is, among others, to guard against any illegal or immoral

arrangement. That function would be defeated if the notary public were one of the attesting or instrumental

witnesses. For then he would be interested in sustaining the validity of his own act.

· To allow the notary public to act as third witness, or one of the attesting and acknowledging witnesses,

would have the effect of having only two attesting witnesses to the will which would be in contravention of the Article 805 requiring at least three credible witnesses to act as such and of Article 806 which requires

that the testator and the required number of witnesses must appear before the notary public to acknowledge

the will.

Art. 808

Garcia v. Vasquez (1970) [75]

Provision of Article 808 mandatory.

· Fact: testatrix’s vision was mainly for viewing distant objects and not for reading print.

· For all intents and purposes of the rules on probate, the testatrix was not unlike a blind testator, and the

due execution of her will would have required observance of Article 808. The rationale behind the

requirement of reading the will to the testator if he is blind or incapable of reading the will himself (as

when he is illiterate) , is to make the provisions thereof known to him, so that he may be able to object if

they are not in accordance with his wishes.

Alvarado v. Gaviola (1993) [80]

The requirement has been liberally applied, the SC declaring substantial compliance to be sufficient.

· Facts: The lawyer who drafted the will and subsequent codicil read them aloud in the presence of the

testator, the three instrumental witnesses and the notary public. The latter four followed the reading with

their own respective copies previously furnished them.

· Substantial compliance is acceptable where the purpose of the law has been satisfied, because the

solemnities surrounding the execution of wills are intended to protect the testator from all kinds of fraud

and trickery but are never intended to be so rigid and inflexible as to destroy testamentary privilege.

· It was not only the lawyer who read the documents. The notary public and the three instrumental

witnesses likewise read the will and codicil, albeit silently. With four persons following the reading word

with their own copies, it can be safely concluded that the testator was reasonably assured that what wasread to him (those which he affirmed were in accordance with his instructions), were the terms actually

appearing in the typewritten documents.

Art. 809

Caneda v. CA (1993) [87]

· Fact: petitioners aver that the attestation clause is fatally defective since it fails to specifically state that

the instrumental witnesses to the will witnessed the testator signing the will in their presence and that they

also signed the will and all the pages thereof in the presence of the testator and of one another.

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· SC agrees with petitioners. The absence of a statement that the witnesses signed the will and every page

thereof in the presence of the testator and of one another is a fatal defect which must necessarily result in

the disallowance of the will. Such defect in the attestation clause cannot be characterized as merely

involving form of the will or the language used therein which would warrant the application of the

substantial compliance rule contemplated in Art. 809. The defect is not only in the form or the language of

the attestation clause but the total absence of a specific element required by Art. 805 to be specifically

stated in the attestation clause.· Proper interpretation of the substantial compliance rule in Art. 809: Omission which can be supplied by an

examination of the will itself, without the need of resorting to extrinsic evidence, will not be fatal and,

correspondingly, would not obstruct the allowance to probate of the will being assailed. However, those

omissions which cannot be supplied except by evidence aliunde (“from another source, from elsewhere,

from outside source”) would result in the invalidation of the attestation clause and ultimately, of the will

itself.

Art. 810

Roxas v. De Jesus (1985) [103]

· Issue: whether “FEB./61” appearing in the holographic will is a valid compliance with Art. 810.

· A complete date is required to provide against such contingencies as that of two competing wills executedon the same day, or of a testator becoming insane on the day on which a will was executed. There is no

contingency in this case.

· As a general rule, the “date” in a holographic will should include the day, month, and year of its

execution. However, when, as in the case at bar, there is no appearance of fraud, bad faith, undue influence

and pressure and the authenticity of the will is established and the only issue is whether or not the date

“FEB./91” is a valid compliance with Art. 810, probate of the holographic will should be allowed under the

principle of substantial compliance.

Labrador v. CA (1990) [105]

· Fact: date appears in the body of the holographic will.

· The law does not specify a particular location where the date should be placed in the will. The only

requirements are that the date be in the will itself and executed in the hand of the testator. Both

requirements are present in the subject will.

Art. 811

Azaola v. Singson (1960) [110]

The three-witness provision in case of contested holographic wills is directory, not mandatory.

· Since the authenticity of the will was not contested, proponent was not required to produce more than one

witness; but even if the genuineness of the holographic will were contested, Art. 811 cannot be interpreted

as to require the compulsory presentation of three witnesses to identify the handwriting of the testator,

under the penalty of having the probate denied.

· Since no witness may have been present at the execution of a holographic will, none being required by

law, it becomes obvious that the existence of witnesses possessing the requisite qualifications is a matter

beyond the control of the proponent.

· Art. 811 foresees the possibility that no qualified witness may be found (or what amounts to the samething, that no competent witness may be willing to testify to the authenticity of the will, and provides for

resort to expert evidence to supply the deficiency. Such resort to expert evidence is conditioned by “if the

Court deem it necessary,” which reveal that what the law deems essential is that the Court should be

convinced of the will’s authenticity. Since the law leaves it to the trial court to decide if experts are still

needed, no unfavorable inference can be drawn from a party’s failure to offer expert evidence, until and

unless the court expresses dissatisfaction with the testimony of the lay witnesses.

· SC’s conclusion: the rule of Art. 811, par. 1, is merely directory and is not mandatory.

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Codoy v.Calugay (1999)

· Fact: holographic will challenged for forgery. 6 witnesses of proponent did not categorically state that

they know the handwriting and signature of the testatrix; whereas, 2 did so.

· Issue: whether the provisions of Art. 811 is mandatory, i.e., for probate of contested holographic will at

least three witnesses explicitly declare the signature in the will is the genuine signature of the testator.

· SC (Pardo): “We are convinced, based on the language used, that Article 811…is mandatory. We have

ruled that ‘shall’ in a statute commonly denotes an imperative obligation and is inconsistent with the ideaof discretion and that the presumption is that the word ‘shall’ when used in a statute is mandatory.” Case

remanded because the Court found that the testimony of the aforesaid 2 witnesses was not convincing.

Query: has this ruling reversed Azaola, supra.?

1) Azaola is not on all fours with this case. Here, the will was contested (ground: forgery), in Azaola the

will was not contested.

2) RFB’s personal view: No, because the basis of the remand—that the Court did not find the testimony of

the 2 witnesses satisfactory—is perfectly consistent with Azaola that quality of the testimony, not the

quantity of the witnesses, is the criterion. Thus, SC’s statement that three-witness rule is mandatory is an

obiter. We can read Azaola and Godoy together.

Gan v. Yap (1958) [114]

In the probate of a holographic will, the document itself must be produced. Therefore, a lost holographic

will cannot be probated.· When the will itself is not submitted, the means of opposition and of assessing the evidence, are not

available. And then, the only guaranty of authenticity—the testator’s handwriting—has disappeared.

· The execution and the contents of a lost or destroyed holographic will may not be proved by the bare

testimony of witnesses who have seen and/or read such will.

· Ordinary vs. holographic wills. The difference lies in the nature of wills. In holographic wills, the only

guarantee of authenticity is the handwriting itself; in ordinary wills, the testimony of the subscribing or

instrumental witnesses and of the notary. The loss of the holographic will entails the loss of the only

medium of proof; if the ordinary will is lost, the subscribing witnesses are available to authenticate.

Rodelas v. Aranza (1982) [122]

Exception to the Gan ruling.

· Issue: whether a lost holographic will can be proved by means of a photostatic copy.

· Evidently, the photostatic or xerox copy of the lost or destroyed holographic will may be admitted

because the authenticity of the handwriting of the deceased can be determined by the probate court (i.e.,

comparison can be made with the standard writings of the testator.

Art. 814

Kalaw v. Relova (1984) [125]

Effect of non-compliance.

· Issue: whether the original unaltered text after subsequent alterations and insertions were voided by the

Trial Court for lack of authentication by full signature of the testatrix, should be probated or not.

· Velasco v. Lopez: when a number of erasures, corrections, and interlineations made by the testator in a

holographic will have not been noted under his signature, the will is not thereby invalidated as a whole, but

at most only as respects the particular words, erased, or interlined.

· However, when as in this case, the holographic will in dispute had only one substantial provision, whichwas altered by substituting the original heir with another, but which alteration did not carry the requisite of

full authentication by the full signature of the testator, the effect must be that the entire will is voided or

revoked for the simple reason that nothing remains in the will after that which could remain valid. To state

that the will as first written should be given efficacy is to disregard the seeming change of mind of the

testatrix. But that change of mind can neither be given effect because she failed to authenticate it in the

manner required by lay by affixing her full signature.

· Velasco ruling must be held confined to such insertions, cancellations, erasures or alterations in a

holographic will, which affect only the efficacy of the altered words themselves but not the essence and

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validity of the will itself.

Subsection 4-Witnesses to Wills

Article 821

Gonzales vs. CA

Under the law, there is no mandatory requirement that the witness testify initially or at any time during the

trial as to his good standing in the community, his reputation for trustworthiness and reliableness, his

honesty and uprightness in order that his testimony may be believed and accepted by the trial court. It is

enough that the qualifications enumerated in Article 820 of the Civil Code are complied with, such that the

soundness of his mind can be shown by or deduced from his answers to the questions propounded to him,

that his age (18 years or more) is shown from his appearance, testimony, or competently proved otherwise,

as well as the fact that he is not blind, deaf or dumb and that he is able to read and write to the satisfaction

of the Court, and that he has none of the disqualifications under Article 821 of the Civil Code. The

attributes of the good standing of the witness in the community, his reputation for trustworthiness and

reliableness, his honesty and uprightness are presumed of the witness unless the contrary is proved

otherwise by the opposing party.

In probate proceedings, the instrumental witnesses are not character witnesses for they merely attest the

execution of a will or testament and affirm the formalities attendant to said execution.‘Credible witnesses' mean competent witnesses and not those who testify to facts from or upon hearsay.

Subsection 6

Article 830

Maloto vs. CA

It is clear that the physical act of destruction of a will, like burning in this case, does not per se constitute an

effective revocation, unless the destruction is coupled with animus revocandi on the part of the testator. It is

not imperative that the physical destruction be done by the testator himself. It may be performed by another

person but under the express direction and in the presence of the testator. Of course, it goes without saying

that the document destroyed must be the will itself."Animus revocandi is only one of the necessary

elements for the effective revocation of a last will and testament. The intention to revoke must be

accompanied by the overt physical act of burning, tearing, obliterating, or cancelling the will carried out by

the testator or by another person in his presence and under his express direction.

Gago vs. Mamuyac

The law does not require any evidence of the revocation or cancellation of the will to be preserved. It

therefore becomes difficult at times to prove the cancellation or revocation of wills. The fact that such

cancellation or revocation has taken place must either remain unproved or be inferred from evidence

showing that after due search the original will cannot be found. Where a will which cannot be found is

shown to have been in the possession of the testator, when last seen, the presumption is in the absence of

other competent evidence, that the same was cancelled or destroyed. The same presumption arises where itis shown that the testator had ready access to the will and it cannot be found after his death. It will not be

presumed that such will has been destroyed by any other person without the knowledge or authority of the

testator.

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Subsection 8- Allowance and Disallowance of Wills

Article 838

Guevara vs. Guevara

The proceeding for the probate of a will is one in rem, with notice by publication to the whole world and

with personal notice to each of the known heirs, legatees, and devisees of the testator. Although not

contested, the due execution of the will and the fact that the testator at the time of its execution was of

sound and disposing mind and not acting under duress, menace, and undue influence or fraud, must be

proved to the satisfaction of the court, and only then may the will be legalized and given effect by means of 

a certificate of its allowance, signed by the judge and attested by the seal of the court; and when the will

devises real property, attested copies thereof and of the certificate of allowance must be recorded in the

register of deeds of the province in which the land lies. It will readily be seen from the above provisions of

the law that the presentation of a will to the court for probate is mandatory and its allowance by the court is

essential and indispensable to its efficacy.

The heirs may not disregard the provisions of the will unless those provisions are contrary to law. Neither

may they do away with the presentation of the will to the court for probate, because such suppression of the

will is contrary to law and public policy. The law enjoins the probate of the will and public policy requiresit, because unless the will is probated and notice thereof given to the whole world, the right of a person to

dispose of his property by will may be rendered nugatory,

De la Cerna vs. Potot

In a case where a joint will between husband and wife was executed and the will was probated when the

husband died before the effectivity of the Civil Code, the final decree of probate has conclusive effect as to

the last will and testament, despite the fact that even then the Civil Code already decreed the invalidity of

 joint wills. A final judgment rendered on a petition for the probate of a will is binding upon the whole

world and public policy and sound practice demand that at the risk of occasional errors, judgment of courts

should become final at some definite date fixed by law. The probate decree of the will of the husband could

only affect the share of the deceased husband. It could not include the disposition of the share of the wife

who was then still alive, and over whose interest in the conjugal properties the probate court acquired no

 jurisdiction, precisely because her estate could not then be in issue. It follows that the validity of the joint

will, in so far as the estate of the wife was concerned, must be, on her death, reexamined and adjudicated de

novo, since a joint will is considered a separate will of each testator. Thus, probate of the wife’s will is

denied as joint wills are now prohibited by the Civil Code.

Gallanosa vs. Arcangel

A decree of probate is conclusive as to the due execution or formal validity of a will. That means that the

testator was of sound and disposing mind at the time when he executed the will and was not acting under

duress, menace, fraud, or undue influence; that the will was signed by him in the presence of the required

number of witnesses, and that the will is genuine and is not a forgery. Accordingly, these facts cannot againbe questioned in a subsequent proceeding, not even in a criminal action for the forgery of the will. After the

finality of the allowance of a will, the issue as to the voluntariness of its execution cannot be raised

anymore.

The following are included in the term formal validity and therefore are conclusively settled by a final

decree of probate:

i. that the testator was of sound and disposing mind

ii. that his consent was not vitiated

iii. that the will was signed by the requisite number of witnesses

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iv. that the will is genuine

Nepomuceno vs. CA

The general rule is that in probate proceedings, the court's area of inquiry is limited to an examination and

resolution of the extrinsic validity of the Will. The rule, however, is not inflexible and absolute. Given

exceptional circumstances, the probate court is not powerless to do what the situation constrains it to doand pass upon certain provisions of the Will. The probate of a will might become an idle ceremony if on its

face it appears intrinsically void. Where practical considerations demand that the intrinsic validity of the

will be passed upon, even before it is probated, the court should meet the issue.

SECTION 2- Institution of Heir

Article 850

Austria vs. Reyes

Before the institution of heirs may be annulled under article 850 of the Civil Code, the following requisitesmust concur: First, the cause for the institution of heirs must be stated in the will; second, the cause must be

shown to be false; and third, it must appear from the face of the will that the testator would not have made

such institution if he had known the falsity of the cause.

Article 854

Reyes vs. Barretto-Datu

If there is a compulsory heir in the direct line, such heir is instituted in the will, and the testamentary

disposition given to such heir is less than her legitime, there is no preterition. There is no total omission,

inasmuch as the heir received something from the inheritance. The remedy is for completion of legitime

under Articles 906 and 907.

Aznar vs. Duncan

Manresa defines preterition as the omission of the heir in the will, either by not naming him at all or, while

mentioning him as father, son, etc., by not instituting him as heir without disinheriting him expressly, nor

assigning to him some part of the properties. In a case where the testator left to one who was a forced heir a

legacy worth less than the legitime, but without referring to the legatee as an heir or even as a relative, and

willed the rest of the estate to other persons, it was held that Article 815 applied, and the heir could not ask

that the institution of heirs be annulled entirely, but only that the legitimate be completed.

Acain vs. IAC

An adopted child, if totally omitted in the inheritance, is preterited and can invoke its protection and

consequences. Since an adopted child is given by law the same rights as a legitimate child, the adopted

child can, in proper cases, invoke Article 854 in the same manner a legitimate child can.

Nuguid vs. Nuguid

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To 'annul' means to abrogate, to make void. The word annul employed in the statute (Article 854) means

that the universal institution of petitioner to the entire inheritance results in totally abrogating the will.

Because, the nullification of such institution of universal heir — without any other testamentary disposition

in the will — amounts to a declaration that nothing at all was written. Carefully worded and in clear terms,

Article 854 offers no leeway for inferential interpretation. Giving it an expansive meaning will tear up by

the roots the fabric of the statute. (Note that what was involved here was a universal institution of a sole

heir, nothing more. Article 854 annuls his institution, thus no more heirs are left. Hence, the entire will isvoid.)

SECTION 3-Substitution of Heirs

Article 863

Palacios vs. Ramirez

What is meant by "one degree" from the first heir is explained by Tolentino as follows:"Scaevola, Maura, and Traviesas construe 'degree' as designation, substitution, or transmission. The

Supreme Court of Spain has decidedly adopted this construction. From this point of view, there can be only

one transmission or substitution, and the substitute need not be related to the first heir. Manresa, Morell,

and Sanchez Roman, however, construe the word 'degree' as generation, and the present Code has

obviously followed this interpretation, by providing that the substitution shall not go beyond one degree

'from the heir originally instituted.' The Code thus clearly indicates that the second heir must be related to

and be one generation from the first heir.

"From this, it follows that the fideicommissary can only be either a child or a parent of the first heir. These

are the only relatives who are one generation or degree from the fiduciary."

PCI Bank vs. Escolin

If there is no absolute obligation imposed upon the first heir to preserve the property and transmit it to a

second heir, there is no fideicomisaria. The institution is not necessarily void; it may be valid as some other

disposition, but it is not a fideicomisaria.

SECTION 5- Legitime

Article 887

Rosales vs. Rosales

The surviving spouse referred to in Article 887 who is entitled to the legitime, is the spouse of the decedent

and not the spouse of a child who has predeceased the decedent.

Lapuz vs. Eufemio

An action for legal separation which involves nothing more than the bed-and-board separation of the

spouses (there being no absolute divorce in this jurisdiction) is purely personal. Being personal in

character, it follows that the death of one party to the action causes the death of the action itself — actio

personalis moritur cum persona. Thus, death of either party during the pendency of a petition for legal

separation results in the dismissal of the case.

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Niñal vs. Badayog

May the heirs of a deceased person file a petition for the declaration of nullity of his marriage after his

death? Petitions for the declaration of the voidability of a marriage can only be brought during the lifetime

of the parties and not after the death of either. A void marriage, on the other hand, can be brought even

after the death of either party. The Code is silent as to who can file a petition for declaration of nullity ofmarriage. Any proper interested party (heirs of the deceased husband) may attack a void marriage.

Baritua vs. CA

Legitimate ascendants (parents of the deceased) succeed only when the descendant dies without a

legitimate ascendant. The surviving spouse concurs with all classes of heirs. Thus, where an obligation has

been paid to the spouse and descendants, the obligation is extinguished and the legitimate ascendants have

no right to claim upon the obligation.

Article 891

Solivio vs. CA

The reserva troncal only applies to properties inherited by an ascendant or a brother or sister. It does not

apply to property inherited by a descendant from his ascendant, the reverse of the situation covered by

Article 891.

Padura vs. Baldovino

The reserva troncal is a special rule designed primarily to assure the return of the reservable property to the

third degree relatives belonging to the line from which the property originally came, and avoid its being

dissipated into and by the relatives of the inheriting ascendant.

The reserva merely determines the group of relatives to whom the property should be returned; but within

that group the individual right to the property should be decided by the applicable rules of ordinary

intestate succession, since Article 891 does not specify otherwise. (RFB: Those reservatarios nearer in

degree to the prepositus will exclude the more remotely related.)

Florentino vs. Florentino

I Any ascendant who inherits from his descendant any property, while there are living, within the third

degree, relatives of the latter, is nothing but a life usufructuary or a fiduciary of the reservable property

received. He is, however, the legitimate owner of his own property which is not reservable property and

which constitutes his legitime, according to article 809 of the Civil Code. But if, afterwards, all of the

relatives, within the third degree, of the descendant (from whom came the reservable property) die or

disappear, the said property becomes free property, by operation of law, and is thereby converted into the

legitime of the ascendant heir who can transmit it at his death to his legitimate successors or testamentary

heirs. This property has now lost its nature of reservable property, pertaining thereto at the death of the

relatives, called reservatarios, who belonged within the third degree to the line from which such propertycame.

The right of representation cannot be alleged when the one claming same as a reservatario of the reservable

property is not among the relatives within the third degree belonging to the line from which such property

came, inasmuch as the right granted by the Civil Code in article 811 is in the highest degree personal and

for the exclusive benefit of designated persons who are the relatives, within the third degree, of the person

from whom the reservable property came. Therefore, relatives of the fourth and the succeeding degrees can

never be considered as reservatarios, since the law does not recognize them as such.

(RFB: Actually there will be only one instance of representation among the reservatarios, i.e., a case of the

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Prepositus being survived by brothers/sisters and children of a predeceased or incapacitated brother or

sister.)

Edroso vs. Sablan

1. The reservista’s right over the reserved property is one of ownership.

2. The ownership is subject to a resolutory condition, i.e. the existence of reservatarios at the time of thereservista’s death.

3. The right of ownership is alienable, but subject to the same resolutory condition.

4. The reservista’s right of ownership is registrable.

The conclusion is that the person required by article 811 to reserve the right has, beyond any doubt at all,

the rights of use and usufruct. He has, moreover, for the reasons set forth, the legal title and dominion,

although under a condition subsequent. Clearly he has, under an express provision of the law, the right to

dispose of the property reserved, and to dispose of is to alienate, although under a condition. He has the

right to recover it, because he is the one who possesses or should possess it and have title to it, although a

limited and revocable one. In a word, the legal title and dominion, even though under a condition, reside in

him while he lives. After the right required by law to be reserved has been assured, he can do anything that

a genuine owner can do.

On the other hand, the relatives within the third degree in whose favor the right is reserved cannot disposeof the property, first because it is no way, either actually, constructively or formally, in their possession;

and, moreover, because they have no title of ownership or of fee simple which they can transmit to another,

on the hypothesis that only when the person who must reserve the right should die before them will they

acquire it, thus creating a fee simple, and only then will they take their place in the succession of the

descendant of whom they are relatives within the third degree, that is to say, a second contingent place in

said legitimate succession in the fashion of aspirants to a possible future legacy.

Sienes vs. Esparcia

1. The reservatarios have a right of expectancy over the property.

2. The right is subject to a suspensive condition, i.e. the expectancy ripens into ownership if the

reservatarios survive the reservista.

3. The right is alienable, but subject to the same suspensive condition.

4. The right is registrable.

(Query: Edroso case says reservatarios right is not alienable, Sienes says it is. Resolve. Personally, I think

Sienes is right.)

Gonzales vs. CFI

Can a reservista convey by will, reservable property to relervatarios in the third degree and by-pass those in

the second? NO. Article 891 clearly indicates that the reservable properties should be inherited by all the

nearest relatives within the third degree from the prepositus. She could not select the reservees to whom the

reservable property should be given and deprive the other reservees of their share therein.

The reservable property does not form part of the reservista’s estate and should be given to all the sevenreservatarios or nearest relatives of the prepositus within the third degree. While it is true that by giving the

reservable property to only one reservatario, it did not pass into the hands of strangers, nevertheless, it is

likewise true that the reservista was only one of the reservatarios and there is no reason founded upon law

and justice why the other reservatarios should be deprived of their shares in the reservable property. The

property passes by strict operation of law.

Cano vs. Director

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Upon the death of the reservista, the reservatario nearest to the prepositus becomes, automatically and by

operation of law, the owner of the reservable property. That property is no part of the estate of the

reservista, and does not even answer for the debts of the latter. Hence, its acquisition by the reservatario

may be entered in the property records without necessity of estate proceedings, since the basic requisites

therefor appear of record. It is equally well settled that the reservable property cannot be transmitted by a

reservista to her or his own successors mortis causa, so long as a reservatario within the third degree from

the prepositus and belonging to the line whence the property came, is in existence when the reservista dies.

Chapter 3 Legal or Intestate Succession

Article 977

Section 1 General Provisions

Subsection 2 Right of Representation

Teotico vs. Del Val

The relationship established by adoption is limited solely to the adopter and the adopted does not extend to

the relatives of the adopting parents or of the adopted child except only as expressly provided for by law.

Hence, no relationship is created between the adopted and the collaterals of the adopting parents. As a

consequence, the adopted is an heir of the adopter but not of the relatives of the adopter. Thus, an adoptedcan neither represent nor be represented.

Section 2 Order of Intestate Sucession

Subsection 1 Descending Direct Line

Article 979

Sayson vs. CA

The philosophy underlying this article is that a person's love descends first to his children and

grandchildren before it ascends to his parents and thereafter spreads among his collateral relatives. It is also

supposed that one of his purposes in acquiring properties is to leave them eventually to his children as a

token of his love for them and as a provision for their continued care even after he is gone from this earth.

There is no question that a legitimate daughter of a person who predeceased his parents, and thus their

granddaughter, has a right to represent her deceased father in the distribution of the intestate estate of her

grandparents. Under Article 981, she is entitled to the share her father would have directly inherited had he

survived, which shall be equal to the shares of her grandparents' other children.

But a different conclusion must be reached for persons to whom the grandparents were total strangers.

While it is true that the adopted child shall be deemed to be a legitimate child and have the same right as

the latter, these rights do not include the right of representation. The relationship created by the adoption is

between only the adopting parents and the adopted child and does not extend to the blood relatives of either

party.

Subsection 3 Illegitimate Children

Article 992

Corpus vs. Administrator

There is a successional barrier between the legitimate and illegitimate relatives of the deceased. The rule in

article 943 is now found in article 992 of the Civil Code which provides that "an illegitimate child has no

right to inherit ab intestato from the legitimate children and relatives of his father or mother; nor shall such

children or relatives inherit in the same manner from the illegitimate child".

That rule is based on the theory that the illegitimate child is disgracefully looked upon by the legitimate

family while the legitimate family is, in turn, hated by the illegitimate child. The law does not recognize the

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blood tie and seeks to avoid further grounds of resentment

Leonardo vs. CA

An illegitimate cannot, by right of representation, claim a share of the estate left by the legitimate relatives

left by his father considering that, as found again by the Court of Appeals, he was born outside wedlock as

shown by the fact that when he was born on September 13, 1938, his alleged putative father and motherwere not yet married, and what is more, his alleged father's first marriage was still subsisting. At most,

petitioner would be an illegitimate child who has no right to inherit ab intestato from the legitimate children

and relatives of his father.

Diaz vs. CA

Article 992 of the New Civil Code provides a barrier or iron curtain in that it prohibits absolutely a

succession ab intestato between the illegitimate child and the legitimate children and relatives of the father

or mother of said legitimate child. They may have a natural tie of blood, but this is not recognized by law

for the purposes of Art. 992. Between the legitimate family and the illegitimate family there is presumed to

be an intervening antagonism and incompatibility. The illegitimate child is disgracefully looked down upon

by the legitimate family; the family is in turn, hated by the illegitimate child; the latter considers the

privileged condition of the former, and the resources of which it is thereby deprived; the former, in turn,sees in the illegitimate child nothing but the product of sin, palpable evidence of a blemish broken in life;

the law does no more than recognize this truth, by avoiding further grounds of resentment. So that while

Art, 992 prevents the illegitimate issue of a legitimate child from representing him in the intestate

succession of the grandparent, the illegitimates of an illegitimate child can now do so.

Diaz vs. CA

The right of representation is not available to illegitimate descendants of legitimate children in the

inheritance of a legitimate grandparent. It may be argued, as done by petitioners, that the illegitimate

descendant of a legitimate child is entitled to represent by virtue of the provisions of Article 982, which

provides that "the grandchildren and other descendants shall inherit by right of representation." Such a

conclusion is erroneous. It would allow intestate succession by an illegitimate child to the legitimate parent

of his father or mother, a situation which would set at naught the provisions of Article 992. Article 982 is

inapplicable to instant case because Article 992 prohibits absolutely a succession ab intestato between the

illegitimate child and the legitimate children and relatives of the father or mother. It may not be amiss to

state that Article 982 is the general rule and Article 992 the exception.

The word "relative" as used in Article 992 is broad enough to comprehend all the kindred of the person

spoken of. The word "relatives" should be construed in its general acceptation. Amicus curiae Prof. Ruben

Balane has this to say:

According to Prof. Balane, to interpret the term relatives in Article 992 in a more restrictive sense than it is

used and intended is not warranted by any rule of interpretation. Besides, he further states that when the

law intends to use the term in a more restrictive sense, it qualifies the term with the word collateral, as in

Articles 1003 and 1009 of the New Civil Code.

Subsection 4 Surviving SpouseArticle 996

Santillon vs. Miranda

There is a conflict with what the Civil Code provides as legitime of a spouse and what he or she may

receive by way of intestacy. Art. 892 of the New Civil Code falls under the chapter on Testamentary

Succession; whereas Art. 996 comes under the chapter on Legal or Intestate Succession. Art. 892 merely

fixes the legitime of the surviving spouse and Art. 888 thereof, the legitime of children in testate

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succession. While it may indicate the intent of the law with respect to the ideal shares that a child and a

spouse should get when they concur with each other, it does not fix the amount of shares that such child

and spouse are entitled to when intestacy occurs. Thus, upon intestacy, the provisions of Art. 996 applies.

Chapter 4 Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession

Section 2 Capacity to Succeed by Will or by Intestacy

Article 1025

Parish Priest of Roman Catholic Church vs. Rigor

Where a priest makes a provision in his will that certain legacies shall pass to his nearest male relative who

pursues priesthood, it is said to be limited to those living at the time of the execution of the will. We hold

that the said bequest refers to the testator's nearest male relative living at the time of his death and not to

any indefinite time thereafter. "In order to be capacitated to inherit, the heir, devisee or legatee must be

living at the moment the succession opens, except in case of representation, when it is proper" (Art. 1025,

Civil Code).

Section 5 Collation

Article 1061

Vizconde vs. CA

Collation is the act by virtue of which descendants or other forced heirs who intervene in the division of the

inheritance of an ascendant bring into the common mass, the property which they received from him, so

that the division may be made according to law and the will of the testator. Collation is only required of

compulsory heirs succeeding with other compulsory heirs and involves property or rights received by

donation or gratuitous title during the lifetime of the decedent. The purpose is to attain equality among the

compulsory heirs in so far as possible for it is presumed that the intention of the testator or predecessor in

interest in making a donation or gratuitous transfer to a forced heir is to give him something in advance on

account of his share in the estate, and that the predecessors will is to treat all his heirs equally, in the

absence of any expression to the contrary. Collation does not impose any lien on the property or the subject

matter of collationable donation. What is brought to collation is not the property donated itself, but rather

the value of such property at the time it was donated, the rationale being that the donation is a real

alienation which conveys ownership upon its acceptance, hence any increase in value or any deterioration

or loss thereof is for the account of the heir or donee.

Thus, it is an error to require a son-in-law of the decedent to be included in the collation as he is not a

compulsory heir.

Section 6 Partition and Distribution of the Estate

Subsection 1 Partition

Fajardo vs. Fajardo

There are only two ways in which said partition could have been made: By an act inter vivos, or by will. In

either case there were formalities which must be followed. If the partition was made by an act inter vivos, itshould have been reduced in writing in a public instrument, because it was a conveyance of real estate. If

by last will and testament, the legal requisites should have been observed.

Chavez vs. IAC

Art. 1080 of the Civil Code clearly gives a person two options in making a partition of his estate; either by

an act inter vivos or by will. When a person makes a partition by will, it is imperative that such partition

must be executed in accordance with the provisions of the law on wills; however, when a person makes the

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partition of his estate by an act inter vivos, such partition may even be oral or written, and need not be in

the form of a will, provided that the partition does not prejudice the legitime of compulsory heirs. (RFB:

This ruling should not be used as it raises eyebrows very high. It gives a partition an irrevocable character

and allows a conveyance of the compulsory heirs of their legitimes even during their lifetimes.)

Legasto vs. Verzosa

A testator may, by an act inter vivos, partition his property, but he must first make a will with all the

formalities provided for by law. And it could not be otherwise, for without a will there can be no testator;

when the law, therefore, speaks of the partition inter vivos made by a testator of his property, it necessarily

refers to that property which he has devised to his heirs. A person who disposes of his property gratis inter

vivos is not called a testator, but a donor. In employing the word "testator," the law evidently desired to

distinguish between one who freely donates his property in life and one who disposes of it by will to take

effect after his death.

Article 1082

Tuason vs. Tuason Jr.

Where heirs contracted with a third person to develop their co-owned lot, with the stipulation that the co-ownership shall subsist until all the lots have been sold, is not a violation of Art. 400, and is only a mere

incident to the main object of the partnership, which is to dissolve the co-ownership.

Article 1088

Garcia vs. Calaliman

Written notice is required for the period of onemonth for the other co-heirs to redeem begins to run. Both

the letter and spirit of the new Civil Code argue against any attempt to widen the scope of the notice

specified in Article 1088 by including therein any other kind of notice, such as verbal or by registration.

Written notice is indispensable, actual knowledge of the sale acquired in some other manners by the

redemptioner, notwithstanding. He or she is still entitled to written notice, as exacted by the Code, to

remove all uncertainty as to the sale, its terms and its validity, and to quiet any doubt that the alienation is

not definitive. The law not having provided for any alternative, the method of notifications remains

exclusive, though the Code does not prescribe any particular form of written notice nor any distinctive

method for written notification of redemption

Posted by Elmer Brabante at 10:24 PM 

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