civ ii case doctrines 2

33
!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- / !"# %&'()*+ , -&.&/&0 1*&/234 5#! %617 89: * 01234503 67 89:6298 57 5 ;<468605= 012>923612 ?526:97398 62 =9@5= :14?7A BC >643<9 1: DE60E 129 14 ?149 F947127 B628 3E9?79=>97 62 :5>1<4 1: 5213E94A 31 @6>9A 31 81 14 213 31 81G +E9 97792365= 49H<676397 1: 5 >5=68 01234503 1: 75=9 549 I5J 0127923 1: 3E9 0123450362@ F543697A IBJ 1B;903 0943562A 528 I0J 05<79 1: 1B=6@53612G "127923 ?5C B9 @6>92 12=C BC 5 F94712 D63E =9@5= 05F5063C 31 @6>9 0127923G (2 3E9 0579 1: ;<468605= F94712 7<0E 57 014F1453612 =6K9 !5F5=58A 0127923 ?5C 12=C B9 @452398 3E41<@E 637 1::60947 DE1 E5>9 B992 8<=C 5<3E146L98 BC 637 B1548 1: 864903147G (2 3E9 F497923 0579A 0127923 D57 F<4F14398=C @6>92 BC !6@<9= !5@75C75CA 3E9 F94712 DE1 76@298 :14 528 62 B9E5=: 1: !5F5=58 62 3E9 8998 1: 5B71=<39 75=9G M1D9>94A 8<462@ 3E9 3465=A E9 58?63398 31 B9 21 =12@94 012290398 D63E !5F5=58 B905<79 E9 5=4958C 86>97398 5== E67 623949737 62 7568 014F1453612 57 954=C 57 /NOPG Q>92 577<?62@A :14 3E9 75K9 1: 54@<?923A 3E9 76@253<497 D949 @92<629A 63 D1<=8 736== B9 >1685B=9 :14 =50K 1: 5<3E1463C 497<=362@ 62 E67 05F5063C 31 @6>9 0127923 12 3E9 F543 1: !5F5=58G !"5 ;*<'&'0*+=>?*,*<& , ;*<'&'0*+4 @#8 %617 @#@ ABC!!D (3 B901?97 0=954 3E53 #9?934617 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 31 79== 67 7<::606923 31 925B=9 E6? 31 ?5K9 5 B62862@ 01??63?923 <2894 3E9 #*" 62 B9E5=: 1: "541=625 528 !54@54635G (2 F54360<=54A 63 8197 620=<89 3E9 5<3E1463C 31 9R362@<67E S!.#"7 1B=6@53612 <2894 3E9 !%* 31 89=6>94 1F3612 ?129C 528 5@499 31 5 ?149 :=9R6B=9 394? BC 5@49962@ 6273958 31 49096>9 7E5497 1: 7310K 62 =69< 3E9491: 528 62 0127689453612 1: 3E9 5776@2?923 528 012>9C5209 1: 3E9 F41F943697 31 3E9 *7793 S11=G (28998A 3E9 394?7 1: E67 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 5==1D ?<0E =99D5C 31 5001??18539 213 12=C 3E9 394?7 1: 3E9 !%* B<3 5=71 3E179 1: 3E9 7<B79H<923 5@499?923 62 3E9 #*" DE60EA 62 3E67 0579A 290977546=C 528 01279H<923=C E57 497<=398 62 5 21>53612 1: S!.#"7 6239@45= 1B=6@536127G !"@ ;*?<E FG HF.*+ ,EI JKL4 MI1I >FI !9855!4 >F,*NO*< !94 BC!# * 79==94 052 12=C 79== DE53 E9 14 7E9 1D27A 14 3E53 DE60E E9 14 7E9 8197 213 1D2 B<3 E57 5<3E1463C 31 34527:94A 528 5 B<C94 052 12=C 50H<649 DE53 3E9 79==94 052 =9@5==C 34527:94G -6209 Q246H<9T7 46@E3 31 3E9 F41F943C D57 =6?6398 31 E67 129U:1<43E 7E549A E9 E58 21 46@E3 31 79== 3E9 <286>6898 F1436127 3E53 B9=12@98 31 E67 76B=62@7 14 3E964 497F9036>9 E9647G *2C 75=9 BC 129 E964 1: 3E9 4973 1: 3E9 F41F943C D6== 213 5::903 3E9 46@E37 1: 3E9 13E94 E9647 DE1 868 213 0127923 31 3E9 75=9G -<0E 75=9 67 >168 D63E 497F903 31 3E9 7E5497 1: 3E9 13E94 E9647G .9@548=977 1: 3E964 5@499?923A Q246H<9 01<=8 12=C 012>9C 31 !5469335 E67 <286>6898 129U:1<43E 7E549 1: 3E9 F41F943CA 528 !5469335 01<=8 12=C 50H<649 3E53 7E549G +E67 67 B905<79 !5469335 1B356298 E94 46@E37 :41? Q246H<9 DE1A 62 3E9 :6473 F=509A E58 21 363=9 14 62394973 1>94 3E9 4973 1: 3E9 F41F943C 3E53 E9 01<=8 012>9CG +E67 67 897F639 Q246H<9T7 9R90<3612 1: 3E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 DE94962 E9 890=5498 E6?79=: 31 B9 3E9 12=C 7<4>6>62@ E964 1: )49@1465 '1F9LG +E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 67 62>5=68 :14 3E9 76?F=9 495712 3E53 63 D57 :5=79G *3 3E9 36?9 1: 637 9R90<3612A Q246H<9T7 76B=62@7 D949 736== 5=6>9 528 92363=98 31 3E9 3E499U:1<43E <286>6898 7E549 1: 3E9 F41F943CG +E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 868 213 E5>9 3E9 9::903 1: >97362@ <F12 Q246H<9 1D2947E6F 14 46@E37 31 3E9 F41F943CG +E9 677<5209 1: 3E9 146@625= 09436:60539 1: 363=9 62 :5>14 1: !5469335 8197 213 0<49 Q246H<9T7 =50K 1: 363=9 14 5<3E1463C 31 012>9C E67 01U1D2947T F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943CG (77<5209 1: 5 09436:60539 1: 363=9 67 213 5 @4523 1: 363=9 1>94 F9363612947T <286>6898 F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943CGVN +E9 FEC7605= 09436:60539 1: 363=9 8197 213 >973 62 5 F94712 1D2947E6F 14 46@E3 1>94 5 F41F943CG (3 67 ?949=C 52 9>689209 1: 7<0E 1D2947E6F 14 46@E3G !5469335 01<=8 50H<649 >5=68 363=9 1>94 3E9 DE1=9 F41F943C 6: 7E9 D949 52 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9G *2 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9 F<40E5797 5 F41F943C D63E1<3 52C 213609 1: 89:903 14 6449@<=5463C 57 31 3E9 46@E3 14 62394973 1: 3E9 79==94G M9 14 7E9 67 D63E1<3 213609 3E53 5213E94 F94712 E1=87 0=56? 31 3E9 F41F943C B962@ F<40E5798G *7 5 4<=9A 52 1486254C B<C94 ?5C 49=C 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 677<98 62 3E9 25?9 1: 3E9 79==94G M9 14 7E9 2998 213 =11K WB9C128 DE53 5FF9547 12 3E9 :509 X1: 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9YGW M1D9>94A 3E9 1486254C B<C94 D6== 213 B9 0127689498 52 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9 6: 3E949 67 52C3E62@ 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 3E53 541<797 7<7F60612A 528 3E9 B<C94 :56=98 31 62H<649 14 35K9 739F7 31 927<49 3E53 3E949 67 21 0=1<8 12 3E9 363=9A 46@E3A 14 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943C B962@ 71=8G

Upload: marvin-de-leon

Post on 05-Jul-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 1/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- /

!"# %&'()*+ , -&.&/&0 1*&/234 5#! %617 89:

* 01234503 67 89:6298 57 5 ;<468605= 012>923612 ?526:97398 62 =9@5= :14?7A BC >643<9 1: DE60E 129 14 ?149 F947127

B628 3E9?79=>97 62 :5>1<4 1: 5213E94A 31 @6>9A 31 81 14 213 31 81G +E9 97792365= 49H<676397 1: 5 >5=68 01234503 1: 75=9 549

I5J 0127923 1: 3E9 0123450362@ F543697A IBJ 1B;903 0943562A 528 I0J 05<79 1: 1B=6@53612G "127923 ?5C B9 @6>92 12=C BC 5

F94712 D63E =9@5= 05F5063C 31 @6>9 0127923G (2 3E9 0579 1: ;<468605= F94712 7<0E 57 014F1453612 =6K9 !5F5=58A 0127923

?5C 12=C B9 @452398 3E41<@E 637 1::60947 DE1 E5>9 B992 8<=C 5<3E146L98 BC 637 B1548 1: 864903147G

(2 3E9 F497923 0579A 0127923 D57 F<4F14398=C @6>92 BC !6@<9= !5@75C75CA 3E9 F94712 DE1 76@298 :14 528 62 B9E5=: 1:

!5F5=58 62 3E9 8998 1: 5B71=<39 75=9G M1D9>94A 8<462@ 3E9 3465=A E9 58?63398 31 B9 21 =12@94 012290398 D63E !5F5=58B905<79 E9 5=4958C 86>97398 5== E67 623949737 62 7568 014F1453612 57 954=C 57 /NOPG Q>92 577<?62@A :14 3E9 75K9 1:

54@<?923A 3E9 76@253<497 D949 @92<629A 63 D1<=8 736== B9 >1685B=9 :14 =50K 1: 5<3E1463C 497<=362@ 62 E67 05F5063C 31 @6>90127923 12 3E9 F543 1: !5F5=58G

!"5 ;*<'&'0*+=>?*,*<& , ;*<'&'0*+4 @#8 %617 @#@ ABC!!D

(3 B901?97 0=954 3E53 #9?934617 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 31 79== 67 7<::606923 31 925B=9 E6? 31 ?5K9 5 B62862@

01??63?923 <2894 3E9 #*" 62 B9E5=: 1: "541=625 528 !54@54635G (2 F54360<=54A 63 8197 620=<89 3E9 5<3E1463C 31

9R362@<67E S!.#"7 1B=6@53612 <2894 3E9 !%* 31 89=6>94 1F3612 ?129C 528 5@499 31 5 ?149 :=9R6B=9 394? BC 5@49962@

6273958 31 49096>9 7E5497 1: 7310K 62 =69< 3E9491: 528 62 0127689453612 1: 3E9 5776@2?923 528 012>9C5209 1: 3E9

F41F943697 31 3E9 *7793 S11=G (28998A 3E9 394?7 1: E67 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 5==1D ?<0E =99D5C 31 5001??18539

213 12=C 3E9 394?7 1: 3E9 !%* B<3 5=71 3E179 1: 3E9 7<B79H<923 5@499?923 62 3E9 #*" DE60EA 62 3E67 0579A 290977546=C

528 01279H<923=C E57 497<=398 62 5 21>53612 1: S!.#"7 6239@45= 1B=6@536127G

!"@ ;*?<E FG HF.*+ ,EI JKL4 MI1I >FI !9855!4 >F,*NO*< !94 BC!#

* 79==94 052 12=C 79== DE53 E9 14 7E9 1D27A 14 3E53 DE60E E9 14 7E9 8197 213 1D2 B<3 E57 5<3E1463C 31 34527:94A 528 5

B<C94 052 12=C 50H<649 DE53 3E9 79==94 052 =9@5==C 34527:94G

-6209 Q246H<9T7 46@E3 31 3E9 F41F943C D57 =6?6398 31 E67 129U:1<43E 7E549A E9 E58 21 46@E3 31 79== 3E9 <286>6898

F1436127 3E53 B9=12@98 31 E67 76B=62@7 14 3E964 497F9036>9 E9647G *2C 75=9 BC 129 E964 1: 3E9 4973 1: 3E9 F41F943C D6==

213 5::903 3E9 46@E37 1: 3E9 13E94 E9647 DE1 868 213 0127923 31 3E9 75=9G -<0E 75=9 67 >168 D63E 497F903 31 3E9 7E5497 1:

3E9 13E94 E9647G

.9@548=977 1: 3E964 5@499?923A Q246H<9 01<=8 12=C 012>9C 31 !5469335 E67 <286>6898 129U:1<43E 7E549 1: 3E9

F41F943CA 528 !5469335 01<=8 12=C 50H<649 3E53 7E549G +E67 67 B905<79 !5469335 1B356298 E94 46@E37 :41? Q246H<9 DE1A

62 3E9 :6473 F=509A E58 21 363=9 14 62394973 1>94 3E9 4973 1: 3E9 F41F943C 3E53 E9 01<=8 012>9CG

+E67 67 897F639 Q246H<9T7 9R90<3612 1: 3E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 DE94962 E9 890=5498 E6?79=: 31 B9 3E9 12=C

7<4>6>62@ E964 1: )49@1465 '1F9LG +E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 67 62>5=68 :14 3E9 76?F=9 495712 3E53 63 D57 :5=79G *3

3E9 36?9 1: 637 9R90<3612A Q246H<9T7 76B=62@7 D949 736== 5=6>9 528 92363=98 31 3E9 3E499U:1<43E <286>6898 7E549 1: 3E9

F41F943CG +E9 5::685>63 1: 79=:U58;<86053612 868 213 E5>9 3E9 9::903 1: >97362@ <F12 Q246H<9 1D2947E6F 14 46@E37 31 3E9

F41F943CG

+E9 677<5209 1: 3E9 146@625= 09436:60539 1: 363=9 62 :5>14 1: !5469335 8197 213 0<49 Q246H<9T7 =50K 1: 363=9 14 5<3E1463C 31

012>9C E67 01U1D2947T F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943CG (77<5209 1: 5 09436:60539 1: 363=9 67 213 5 @4523 1: 363=9 1>94 F9363612947T

<286>6898 F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943CGVN +E9 FEC7605= 09436:60539 1: 363=9 8197 213 >973 62 5 F94712 1D2947E6F 14 46@E3

1>94 5 F41F943CG (3 67 ?949=C 52 9>689209 1: 7<0E 1D2947E6F 14 46@E3G

!5469335 01<=8 50H<649 >5=68 363=9 1>94 3E9 DE1=9 F41F943C 6: 7E9 D949 52 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9G *2 62210923F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9 F<40E5797 5 F41F943C D63E1<3 52C 213609 1: 89:903 14 6449@<=5463C 57 31 3E9 46@E3 14 62394973 1: 3E9

79==94G M9 14 7E9 67 D63E1<3 213609 3E53 5213E94 F94712 E1=87 0=56? 31 3E9 F41F943C B962@ F<40E5798G

*7 5 4<=9A 52 1486254C B<C94 ?5C 49=C 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 677<98 62 3E9 25?9 1: 3E9 79==94G M9 14 7E9 2998 213

=11K WB9C128 DE53 5FF9547 12 3E9 :509 X1: 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9YGW M1D9>94A 3E9 1486254C B<C94 D6== 213 B9

0127689498 52 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9 6: 3E949 67 52C3E62@ 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 3E53 541<797 7<7F60612A 528

3E9 B<C94 :56=98 31 62H<649 14 35K9 739F7 31 927<49 3E53 3E949 67 21 0=1<8 12 3E9 363=9A 46@E3A 14 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9

F41F943C B962@ 71=8G

Page 2: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 2/33

 

!5469335 052213 0=56? 3E9 F413903612 50014898 BC =5D 31 62210923 F<40E57947 :14 >5=<9 B905<79 3E9 0640<?7352097 81

213 ?5K9 3E67 5>56=5B=9 31 E94G

(2 3E67 0579A 3E949 D57 21 09436:60539 1: 363=9 31 49=C 12 DE92 7E9 F<40E5798 3E9 F41F943C :41? Q246H<9G *3 3E9 36?9 1:

3E9 75=9A 3E9 F41F943C D57 736== <249@6739498G ZE53 D57 5>56=5B=9 D57 12=C 5 35R 890=5453612 677<98 <2894 3E9 25?9 1:

WM9647 1: '1F9LGW

W+E9 89:9279 1: E5>62@ F<40E5798 3E9 F41F943C 62 @118 :563E ?5C B9 5>56=98 1: 12=C DE949 49@6739498 =528 67

62>1=>98 528 3E9 B<C94 E58 49=698 62 @118 :563E 12 3E9 0=954 363=9 1: 3E9 49@6739498 1D294GW[V (3 8197 213 5FF=C DE92

3E9 =528 67 213 C93 49@6739498 D63E 3E9 .9@6734C 1: #9987G

*3 3E9 >94C =9573A 3E9 <249@6739498 7353<7 1: 3E9 F41F943C 7E1<=8 E5>9 F41?F398 !5469335 31 62H<649 :<43E94 57 31Q246H<9T7 46@E3 1>94 3E9 F41F943CG -E9 868 213G M9209A 7E9 D57 213 52 62210923 F<40E5794 :14 >5=<9G -E9 50H<6498 21

363=9 1>94 F9363612947T F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943CG

!": 6&O<*<& ,EI PE&&(4 MI1I >FI !@@:9C4 >F,*NO*< !94 BC!#

*7 89:6298 BC 3E9 "6>6= "189A WX5Y 01234503 67 5 ?99362@ 1: ?6287 B93D992 3D1 F947127 DE949BC 129 B6287 E6?79=:A

D63E 497F903 31 3E9 13E94A 31 @6>9 71?93E62@ 14 31 492894 71?9 794>609GW \14 3E949 31 B9 5 >5=68 01234503A 3E949 ?<73

B9 0127923 1: 3E9 0123450362@ F543697A 52 1B;903 0943562 DE60E 67 3E9 7<B;903 ?53394 1: 3E9 01234503A 528 05<79 1: 3E9

1B=6@53612 DE60E 67 9735B=67E98G -5=9 67 5 7F9065= 01234503G +E9 79==94 1B=6@5397 E6?79=: 31 89=6>94 5 89394?62539 3E62@

528 31 34527:94 637 1D2947E6F 31 3E9 B<C94G (2 3<42A 3E9 B<C94 F5C7 :14 5 F4609 0943562 62 ?129C 14 637 9H<6>5=923G *

W01234503 1: 75=9 67 F94:90398 53 3E9 ?1?923 3E949 67 5 ?99362@ 1: ?6287 <F12 3E9 3E62@ DE60E 67 3E9 1B;903 1: 3E9

01234503 528 <F12 3E9 F4609GW +E9 79==94 528 B<C94 ?<73 5@499 57 31 3E9 0943562 3E62@ 3E53 D6== B9 7<B;903 1: 3E9 75=957 D9== 57 3E9 F4609 62 DE60E 3E9 3E62@ D6== B9 71=8G +E9 3E62@ 31 B9 71=8 67 3E9 1B;903 1: 3E9 01234503A DE6=9 3E9 F4609 67

3E9 05<79 14 0127689453612G

+E9 1B;903 1: 5 >5=68 75=97 01234503 ?<73 B9 1D298 BC 3E9 79==94G (: 3E9 79==94 67 213 3E9 1D294A 3E9 79==94 ?<73 B9

5<3E146L98 BC 3E9 1D294 31 79== 3E9 1B;903G

-F906:60 4<=97 53350E DE92 3E9 79==94 01U1D27 3E9 1B;903 1: 3E9 01234503G -5=9 1: 5 F143612 1: 3E9 F41F943C 67

0127689498 52 5=39453612 1: 3E9 3E62@ 1D298 62 01??12G ]2894 3E9 "6>6= "189A 7<0E 867F1763612 49H<6497 3E9

<2526?1<7 0127923 1: 3E9 13E94 01U1D2947G M1D9>94A 3E9 4<=97 5=71 5==1D 5 01U1D294 31 5=692539 E67 14 E94 F543 623E9 01U1D2947E6FG +E979 3D1 4<=97 549 4901206=98 3E41<@E ;<467F4<89209G

(: 3E9 5=69253612 F4909897 3E9 F54363612A 3E9 01U1D294 052213 79== 5 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 =528 D63E1<3 0127923 :41?

E67 14 E94 01U1D2947G M9 14 7E9 01<=8 12=C 79== 3E9 <286>6898 62394973 1: 3E9 01U1D298 F41F943CG *7 7<??546L98 62'1F9L >G (=<7349A WX6Y: E9 67 3E9 1D294 1: 52 <286>6898 E5=: 1: 5 34503 1: =528A E9 E57 5 46@E3 31 79== 528 012>9C 52

<286>6898 E5=:A B<3 E9 E57 21 46@E3 31 86>689 3E9 =13 6231 3D1 F5437A 528 012>9C 3E9 DE1=9 1: 129 F543 BC ?9397 528

B1<287GW

+E9 <286>6898 623949731: 5 01U1D294 67 5=71 49:94498 31 57 3E9 W6895= 14 5B734503 H<135W 14 WF41F143612539 7E549GW %2

3E9 13E94 E528A 3E9 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 =528 49:947 31 7F906:60 ?9397 528 B1<287 1: 5 01U1D298 F41F943CG

+1 6==<734539A 6: 5 392UE903549 F41F943C 67 1D298 9H<5==C BC 392 011D2947A 3E9 <286>6898 62394973 1: 5 01U1D294 67 129

E903549G +E9 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E53 62394973 67 <7<5==C 89394?6298 8<462@ ;<86065= 14 9R345;<86065= F54363612G *:394

F54363612A 5 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 F41F943C E9=8 62 01??12 67 5==105398 31 5 7F906:60 01U1D294G +E9 01U1D2947E6F 67

86771=>98 528A 62 9::903A 950E 1: 3E9 :14?94 01U1D2947 67 :499 31 9R940679 5<3121?1<7=C 3E9 46@E37 53350E98 31 E67 14

E94 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 =528G (3 67 04<065= 3E53 3E9 01U1D2947 5@499 31 DE60E F143612 1: 3E9 =528

@197 31 DE1?G

M9209A F4614 31 F54363612A 5 75=9 1: 5 89:62639 F143612 1: 01??12 F41F943C 49H<6497 3E9 0127923 1: 5== 01U1D2947

B905<79 63 1F945397 31 F54363612 3E9 =528 D63E 497F903 31 3E9 01U1D294 79==62@ E67 14 E94 7E549G +E9 01U1D294 14 79==94

67 5=4958C ?54K62@ DE60E F143612 7E1<=8 4981<28 31 E67 14 E94 5<3121?1<7 1D2947E6F <F12 :<3<49 F54363612G

+E9 1B;903 1: 3E9 75=97 01234503 B93D992 F936361294 528 497F128923 D57 5 89:62639 F143612 1: 5 01U1D298 F5409= 1:

=528G *3 3E9 36?9 1: 3E9 5==9@98 75=9 B93D992 F936361294 528 497F128923A 3E9 923649 F41F943C D57 736== E9=8 62

01??12G +E67 67 9>6892098 BC 3E9 146@625= 09436:60539 1: 363=9A DE60E D57 <2894 3E9 25?97 1: 3E9 ^75507G

Page 3: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 3/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- _

+E9 4<=97 5==1D 497F128923 31 79== E67 <286>6898 6239497362 3E9 011D2947E6FG M1D9>94A 3E67 D57 213 3E9 1B;903 1: 3E9

75=9 B93D992 E6? 528 F936361294G +E9 1B;903 1: 3E9 75=9 D57 5 89:62639 F143612G Q>92 6: 63 D57 497F128923 DE1 D57

B929:6362@ :41? 3E9 :4<637 1: 3E9 =9579 01234503 31 F936361294A 497F128923 E57 W21 46@E3 31 79== 14 5=692539 5 01204939A

7F906:60 14 89394?62539 F543 1: 3E9 3E62@ 1D298 62 01??12A B905<79 E67 46@E3 1>94 3E9 3E62@ 67 49F49792398 BC H<135

14 6895= F143612 D63E1<3 52C FEC7605= 58;<86053612GW

+E949 D57 21 7E1D62@ 3E53 497F128923 D57 5<3E146L98 BC E67 011D2947 31 79== 3E9 F143612 1: =528 100<F698 BC `<52

"5B4945A 3E9 Q7F6463< :5?6=CA 14 3E9 &14B9 :5?6=CG Z63E1<3 3E9 0127923 1: E67 01U1D2947A 497F128923 01<=8 213 79== 5

89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 01U1D298 F41F943CG

.97F128923 E58 21 46@E3 31 89:629 5 NaU7H<549U?9394 F5409= 1: =528A 5 b_NU7H<549U?9394 F5409= 1: =528A 14 5 _P/U

7H<549U?9394 F5409= 1: =528 :14 F<4F1797 1: 79==62@ 31 F936361294G +E9 89394?6253612 1: 3E179 ?9397 528 B1<287 549213 B62862@ 31 3E9 01U1D2947E6F 528A E9209A 052213 B9 7<B;903 31 75=9A <2=977 012792398 31 BC 5== 3E9 01U1D2947G

+E949 D57 5=71 21 9>689209 1: 0127923 31 79== :41? 3E9 01U1D2947G ZE92 F936361294 5FF4150E98 497F128923 62 /NNa

31 92:1409 3E9 01234503 1: 75=9A 497F128923 49:94498 E6? 31 \452K=62 ^7550A 3E9 58?6267345314 1>94 3E9 923649

F41F943CG .97F128923T7 503 7<@@9737 3E9 5B79209 1: 0127923 :41? 3E9 01U1D2947G S936361294 868 213 7E1D 3E53 E9

71<@E3 \452K=62 ^7550T7 0127923 57 58?6267345314 528 3E9 0127923 1: 3E9 13E94 01U1D2947G Z63E1<3 3E9 0127923 1: 3E9

01U1D2947A 21 F54365= F54363612 1F945398 62 :5>14 1: 3E9 75=9 31 F936361294G

*3 B973A 3E9 5@499?923 B93D992 F936361294 528 497F128923 67 5 01234503 31 79==A 213 5 01234503 1: 75=9G * 01234503 31

79== 67 5 F41?679 31 79== 52 1B;903A 7<B;903 31 7<7F9276>9 0128636127G Z63E1<3 3E9 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E979 7<7F9276>9

0128636127A 3E9 75=9 8197 213 1F94539 31 89394?629 3E9 1B=6@53612 1: 3E9 79==94 31 89=6>94 3E9 1B;903G

* 01U1D294 01<=8 92394 6231 5 01234503 31 79== 5 89:62639 F143612 1: 3E9 F41F943CG M1D9>94A 7<0E 01234503 67 736==

7<B;903 31 3E9 7<7F9276>9 012863612 1: 3E9 F54363612 1: 3E9 F41F943CA 528 3E53 3E9 13E94 01U1D2947 5@499 3E53 3E9 F543

7<B;903 1: 3E9 01234503 31 79== >9737 62 :5>14 1: 3E9 01U1D294T7 B<C94G M9209A 3E9 01U1D2947T 0127923 67 52 6?F143523

:50314 :14 3E9 75=9 31 46F92G

!"" J* H*F' , Q'R4 @!! %617 8"! AS*O<T&<3 B4 BC!CD

(2 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 3E9 79==94 012>9C7 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943C 31 3E9 B<C94 <F12 3E9 F94:903612 1: 3E9 01234503G-E1<=8 3E9 B<C94 89:5<=3 62 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609A 3E9 79==94 ?5C 963E94 7<9 :14 3E9 01==903612 3E9491: 14

E5>9 3E9 01234503 ;<86065==C 4971=>98 528 793 57689G +E9 212UF5C?923 1: 3E9 F4609 67 3E949:149 5 29@536>9 4971=<314C

012863612G

%2 3E9 13E94 E528A 5 01234503 31 79== 67 7<B;903 31 5 F17636>9 7<7F9276>9 012863612G +E9 B<C94 8197 213 50H<649

1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943C <236= E9 :<==C F5C7 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G \14 3E67 495712A 6: 3E9 B<C94 89:5<=37 62 3E9 F5C?923

3E9491:A 3E9 79==94 052 12=C 7<9 :14 85?5@97G

+E9 8998 9R90<398 BC 3E9 F543697 I57 F49>61<7=C H<1398J 735398 3E53 F936361294 71=8 3E9 F41F943697 31 497F128923 W62

5 ?52294 5B71=<39 528 6449>105B=9W :14 5 7<? 1: S/G/ ?6==612G Z63E 49@548 31 3E9 ?52294 1: F5C?923A 63 49H<6498

497F128923 31 F5C Sb/aAacc 62 057E 31 F936361294 <F12 3E9 9R90<3612 1: 3E9 8998A D63E 3E9 B5=5209/aF5C5B=9 864903=C

31 .-'*( I12 B9E5=: 1: F936361294J D63E62 5 4957125B=9 36?9G ,13E62@ 62 7568 62734<?923 6?F=698 3E53 F936361294

49794>98 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943697 <236= 3E9 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G %2 3E9 0123454CA 3E9 394?7 528

0128636127 1: 3E9 8998 12=C 5::90398 3E9 ?52294 1: F5C?923A 213 3E9 6??986539 34527:94 1: 1D2947E6F I<F12 3E9

9R90<3612 1: 3E9 213546L98 01234503J :41? F936361294 57 79==94 31 497F128923 57 B<C94G %3E94D679 735398A 3E9 7568

394?7 528 0128636127 F94356298 31 3E9 F94:14?5209 1: 3E9 01234503A 213 3E9 F94:903612 3E9491: 214 3E9 34527:94 1:

1D2947E6FG

-933=98 67 3E9 4<=9 3E53 3E9 79==94 67 1B=6@98 31 34527:94 363=9 1>94 3E9 F41F943697 528 89=6>94 3E9 75?9 31 3E9 B<C94G/O(2

3E67 49@548A *4360=9 /bNO 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897 3E53A 57 5 4<=9A 3E9 9R90<3612 1: 5 213546L98 8998 1: 75=9 67

9H<6>5=923 31 3E9 89=6>94C 1: 5 3E62@ 71=8G

(2 3E67 62735209A F936361294 9R90<398 5 213546L98 8998 1: 5B71=<39 75=9 62 :5>14 1: 497F128923G !1491>94A 213 12=C 868

F936361294 3<42 1>94 3E9 K9C7 31 3E9 F41F943697 31 497F128923A E9 5=71 5<3E146L98 .-'*( 31 49096>9 F5C?923 :41?

497F128923 528 49=9579 E67 09436:605397 1: 363=9 31 E94G +E9 3135=63C 1: F936361294T7 5037 0=954=C 628605397 3E53 E9 E58

Page 4: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 4/33

 

<2H<5=6:698=C 89=6>9498 528 34527:94498 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943697 31 497F128923G "=954=CA 63 D57 5 01234503 1: 75=9

3E9 F543697 9239498 6231G

\<43E94?149A 9>92 577<?62@ 54@<9281 3E53 3E9 5@499?923 1: 3E9 F543697 D57 7<B;903 31 3E9 012863612 3E53 .-'*( E58

31 5FF41>9 3E9 577<?F3612 1: ?143@5@9A 3E9 7568 012863612 D57 0127689498 :<=:6==98 57 F936361294 F49>92398 637

:<=:6==?923 BC F5C62@ E67 1<37352862@ 1B=6@53612 528 35K62@ B50K 3E9 09436:605397 1: 363=9 D63E1<3 9>92 2136:C62@

497F128923G (2 3E67 0122903612A *4360=9 //OV 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897d

*4360=9 //OVG +E9 012863612 7E5== B9 899?98 :<=:6==98 DE92 3E9 1B=6@14 >1=<23546=C F49>9237 637 :<=:6==?923G

"#$ %&'( )*+, -. /&01+, )*+,2

S936361294 71=8 3E9 75?9 F41F943697 31 3D1 B<C947A :6473 31 497F128923 528 3E92 31 e6=1465 12 3D1 79F54539 100576127GM1D9>94A 3E9 790128 75=9 D57 213 >168 :14 3E9 71=9 495712 3E53 F936361294 E58 F49>61<7=C 71=8 3E9 75?9 F41F943697 31

497F128923G %2 3E67 5001<23A 3E9 "* 94498G

+E67 0579 62>1=>97 5 81<B=9 75=9 57 3E9 867F<398 F41F943697 D949 71=8 >5=68=C 12 3D1 79F54539 100576127 BC 3E9 75?9

79==94 31 3E9 3D1 86::94923 B<C947 62 @118 :563EG

*4360=9 /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897d

*4360=9 /abbG (: 3E9 75?9 3E62@ 7E1<=8 E5>9 B992 71=8 31 86::94923 >928997A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9 34527:94498 31 3E9

F94712 DE1 ?5C E5>9 :6473 35K92 F177977612 3E9491: 62 @118 :563EA 6: 63 7E1<=8 B9 ?1>5B=9 F41F943CG

-E1<=8 63 B9 6??1>5B=9 F41F943CA 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9=12@ 31 3E9 F94712 50H<6462@ 63 DE1 62 @118 :563E :647349014898 63 62 3E9 .9@6734C 1: S41F943CG

-E1<=8 3E949 B9 21 627046F3612A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== F943562 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 62 @118 :563E D57 :6473 62 3E9

F177977612f 528A 62 3E9 5B79209 3E9491:A 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 F4979237 3E9 1=8973 363=9A F41>6898 3E949 67 @118 :563EG

I9?FE5767 7<FF=698J

+E67 F41>67612 0=954=C 735397 3E53 3E9 4<=97 12 81<B=9 14 ?<=36F=9 75=97 5FF=C 12=C 31 F<40E57947 62 @118 :563EG

,998=977 31 75CA 63 867H<5=6:697 52C F<40E5794 62 B58 :563EG

* F<40E5794 62 @118 :563E 67 129 DE1 B<C7 3E9 F41F943C 1: 5213E94 D63E1<3 213609 3E53 71?9 13E94 F94712 E57 5 46@E3

31A 14 52 62394973 62A 7<0E F41F943C 528 F5C7 5 :<== 528 :564 F4609 :14 3E9 75?9 53 3E9 36?9 1: 7<0E F<40E579A 14 B9:149

E9 E57 213609 1: 71?9 13E94 F94712T7 0=56? 14 62394973 62 3E9 F41F943CGP/ +E9 =5D 49H<6497A 12 3E9 F543 1: 3E9 B<C94A

=50K 1: 213609 1: 5 89:903 62 3E9 363=9 1: 3E9 79==94 528 F5C?923 62 :<== 1: 3E9 :564 F4609 53 3E9 36?9 1: 3E9 75=9 14 F4614 31E5>62@ 213609 1: 52C 89:903 62 3E9 79==94T7 363=9G

3*4 .,45&6(,67 * 50.89*4,. '6 :&&( ;*'792 <,4=

.97F128923 F<40E5798 3E9 F41F943697A K21D62@ 3E9C D949 920<?B9498 12=C BC 3E9 ?143@5@9 31 .-'*(G *0014862@ 31

E94 5@499?923 D63E F936361294A 497F128923 E58 3E9 1B=6@53612 31 577<?9 3E9 B5=5209 1: F936361294T7 1<37352862@

1B=6@53612 31 .-'*(G "1279H<923=CA 497F128923 62:14?98 .-'*( 1: 3E9 75=9 528 1: E94 577<?F3612 1: F936361294T7

1B=6@53612G M1D9>94A B905<79 F936361294 7<449F36361<7=C F568 E67 1<37352862@ 1B=6@53612 528 311K B50K E94

09436:605397 1: 363=9A F936361294 E6?79=: 49289498 497F128923T7 1B=6@53612 31 577<?9 F936361294T7 6289B3982977 31

.-'*( 6?F1776B=9 31 F94:14?G

*4360=9 /PVV 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897d

*4360=9 /PVVG +E9 89B314 62 1B=6@536127 31 81 7E5== B9 49=95798 DE92 3E9 F497353612 B901?9 =9@5==C 14 FEC7605==C6?F1776B=9 D63E1<3 3E9 :5<=3 1: 3E9 1B=6@14G

-6209 497F128923T7 1B=6@53612 31 577<?9 F936361294T7 1<37352862@ B5=5209 D63E .-'*( B905?9 6?F1776B=9 D63E1<3 E94

:5<=3A 7E9 D57 49=95798 :41? 3E9 7568 1B=6@53612G !1491>94A B905<79 F936361294 E6?79=: D6==:<==C F49>92398 3E9

012863612 >67UgU>67 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 49?562894 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609A 3E9 7568 012863612 67 0127689498 :<=:6==98

F<47<523 31 *4360=9 //OV 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189G \14 F<4F1797A 3E949:149A 1: 89394?6262@ DE93E94 497F128923 D57 5

F<40E5794 62 @118 :563EA 7E9 67 899?98 31 E5>9 :<==C 01?F=698 D63E 3E9 012863612 1: 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 49?562894 1:

3E9 F<40E579 F4609G

Page 5: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 5/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- a

.97F128923 D57 213 5D549 1: 52C 62394973 62 14 5 0=56? 12 3E9 F41F943697 13E94 3E52 3E9 ?143@5@9 31 .-'*( DE60E

7E9 <2894311K 31 577<?9G !1491>94A e6=1465 B1<@E3 3E9 F41F943697 :41? F936361294 5:394 3E9 =53394 71=8 3E9? 31

497F128923G .97F128923 D57 3E949:149 5 F<40E5794 62 @118 :563EG M9209A 3E9 4<=97 12 81<B=9 75=9 549 5FF=605B=9G

*4360=9 /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897 3E53 DE92 2963E94 B<C94 49@6739498 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 F41F943697 D63E 3E9

49@673454 1: 89987A 3E9 129 DE1 311K F4614 F177977612 1: 3E9 F41F943697 7E5== B9 3E9 =5D:<= 1D294 3E9491:G

(2 3E67 62735209A F936361294 89=6>9498 3E9 F41F943697 31 497F128923 DE92 E9 9R90<398 3E9 213546L98 8998PP 528

E52898 1>94 31 497F128923 3E9 K9C7 31 3E9 F41F943697G \14 3E67 495712A 497F128923 311K 503<5= F177977612 528

9R9406798 012341= 3E9491: BC ?5K62@ 49F5647 528 6?F41>9?9237 3E94912G "=954=CA 3E9 75=9 D57 F94:90398 5280127<??5398 12 !540E /cA /NN_G +E<7A 497F128923 B905?9 3E9 =5D:<= 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943697G

,1293E9=977A DE6=9 3E9 012863612 57 31 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 B5=5209 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 D57 899?98 :<=:6==98A

497F128923T7 1B=6@53612 31 F5C 63 7<B767398G %3E94D679A 7E9 D1<=8 B9 <2;<73=C 92460E98 53 3E9 9RF9279 1: F936361294G

+E949:149A 497F128923 ?<73 F5C F936361294 SVObAaccA 3E9 5?1<23 735398 62 3E9 8998G +E67 67 B905<79 3E9 F41>676127A

394?7 528 0128636127 1: 3E9 01234503 0127363<39 3E9 =5D B93D992 3E9 F543697G !1491>94A 3E9 8998 6379=: F41>6898 3E53

3E9 577<?F3612 1: ?143@5@9 WD57 D63E1<3 52C :<43E94 0173 DE53719>94GW S936361294A 12 3E9 13E94 E528A ?<73 89=6>94

3E9 09436:605397 1: 363=9 31 497F128923G Z9 =6K9D679 5::64? 3E9 5D548 1: 85?5@97G

!"9 1FN&' 6&2)F/?( 6)T<() , L&'2*4 ET.<&

+E9 75=9 1: 3E9 =13 31 S5239 528 =5394 31 3E9 7F1<797 .<B6 497<=398 62 5 81<B=9 75=9 3E53 05==98 :14 3E9 5FF=6053612 1:

3E9 4<=97 62 *4360=9 /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189d

*4360=9 /abbG (: 3E9 75?9 3E62@ 7E1<=8 E5>9 B992 71=8 31 86::94923 >928997A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9 34527:94498 31 3E9

F94712 DE1 ?5C E5>9 :6473 35K92 F177977612 3E9491: 62 @118 :563EA 6: 63 7E1<=8 B9 ?1>5B=9 F41F943CG

-E1<=8 63 B9 6??1>5B=9 F41F943CA 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9=12@ 31 3E9 F94712 50H<6462@ 63 DE1 62 @118 :563E :6473

49014898 63 62 3E9 .9@6734C 1: S41F943CG

-E1<=8 3E949 B9 21 627046F3612A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== F943562 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 62 @118 :563E D57 :6473 62 3E9

F177977612f 528A 62 3E9 5B79209 3E9491:A 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 F4979237 3E9 1=8973 363=9A F41>6898 3E949 67 @118 :563EG

*7 2963E94 S5239 214 3E9 7F1<797 .<B6 49@6739498 3E9 75=9 62 3E964 :5>14A 3E9 H<973612 21D 67 DE1A B93D992 3E9 3D1A

D57 :6473 62 F177977612 1: 3E9 F41F943C 62 @118 :563EG

`<467F4<89209 E57 62394F49398 F177977612 62 *4360=9 /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 31 ?952 B13E 503<5= FEC7605= 89=6>94C 528

012734<036>9 89=6>94CG ]2894 963E94 ?189 1: 89=6>94CA 3E9 :5037 7E1D 3E53 S5239 D57 3E9 :6473 31 50H<649 F177977612 1:

3E9 =13G

*03<5= 89=6>94C 1: 5 3E62@ 71=8 100<47 DE92 63 67 F=5098 <2894 3E9 012341= 528 F177977612 1: 3E9 >92899G S5239

0=56?98 3E53 E9 E58 B992 <762@ 3E9 =13 57 5 F5775@9D5CA D63E 3E9 "E<40E7 F94?677612A 76209 /NV_G *:394 F<40E5762@

3E9 =13 62 /NNPA E9 012362<98 <762@ 63 57 5 F5775@9D5C <236= E9 D57 F49>92398 BC 3E9 7F1<797 .<B67 01204939 :9209

1>94 3E9 =13 62 /NNbG S52397 <79 1: 3E9 =13 57 5 F5775@9D5C 5:394 3E9 /NNP 75=9 62 E67 :5>14 D57 5 0=954 577943612 1: E67

46@E3 1: 1D2947E6F 3E53 F4909898 3E9 7F1<797 .<B67 0=56? 1: 1D2947E6FG

S5239 5=71 735398 3E53 E9 E58 F=5098 9=903460 01229036127 528 D5394 F6F97 12 3E9 =13A 9>92 B9:149 E9 F<40E5798 63 62

/NNPA 528 3E9 9R6739209 1: 3E979 01229036127 528 F6F97 D57 K21D2 31 3E9 7F1<797 .<B6G +E<7A 52C 577943612 1:

F177977612 1>94 3E9 =13 BC 3E9 7F1<797 .<B6 I9G@GA 3E9 012734<03612 1: 5 01204939 :9209J D1<=8 B9 0127689498 57 ?58962 B58 :563E B905<79 D14K7 E58 5=4958C 9R67398 12 3E9 =13 628605362@ F177977612 BC 5213E94G X*Y B<C94 1: 495=

F41F943C 62 3E9 F177977612 1: F947127 13E94 3E52 3E9 79==94 ?<73 B9 D54C 528 7E1<=8 62>9736@539 3E9 46@E37 1: 3E179

62 F177977612G Z63E1<3 7<0E 62H<64CA 3E9 B<C94 052 E548=C B9 49@54898 57 5 B<C94 62 @118 :563E 528 052213 E5>9 52C

46@E3 1>94 3E9 F41F943CGh

#9=6>94C 1: 5 3E62@ 71=8 ?5C 5=71 B9 ?589 012734<036>9=CG *4360=9 /bNO 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 735397 3E53d

Page 6: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 6/33

 

*4360=9 /bNOG ZE92 3E9 75=9 67 ?589 3E41<@E 5 F<B=60 62734<?923A 3E9 9R90<3612 3E9491: 7E5== B9 9H<6>5=923 31 3E9

89=6>94C 1: 3E9 3E62@ DE60E 67 3E9 1B;903 1: 3E9 01234503A 6: :41? 3E9 8998 3E9 0123454C 8197 213 5FF954 14 052213

0=954=C B9 62:94498G

]2894 3E67 F41>67612A 3E9 75=9 62 :5>14 1: S5239 D1<=8 E5>9 31 B9 <FE9=8 76209 3E9 01234503 9R90<398 B93D992 3E9

"E<40E 528 S5239 D57 8<=C 213546L98A 012>94362@ 3E9 8998 6231 5 F<B=60 62734<?923G (2 ,5>945 >G "1<43 1: *FF95=7A

3E9 "1<43 4<=98 3E53d

*:394 3E9 75=9 1: 5 495=3C BC ?9527 1: 5 F<B=60 62734<?923A 3E9 >92814A DE1 4979==7 63 31 5213E94A 8197 213 34527?63

52C3E62@ 31 3E9 790128 >92899A 528 6: 3E9 =53394A BC >643<9 1: 3E67 790128 75=9A 35K97 ?539465= F177977612 1: 3E9 3E62@AE9 8197 63 57 ?949 89356294A 528 63 D1<=8 B9 <2;<73 31 F413903 3E67 893923612 5@56273 3E9 46@E37 1: 3E9 3E62@ =5D:<==C

50H<6498 BC 3E9 :6473 >92899G

+E<7A <2894 963E94 ?189 1: 89=6>94CA S5239 50H<6498 F4614 F177977612 1: 3E9 =13G

!9C %&O?2E&'& , -T*<2*RT?4 MI1I >FI !"!8594 7TRTE2 54 BC!8

*03 ,1G __bb 5FF=697 31 75=9 1: <249@6739498 =5287G "6>6= 0189 8197 213 5FF=C 31 <249@6739498 =5287G ZE53 5FF=697 62

3E67 0579 67 *03 ,1G __bb 57 5?92898A DE60E F41>6897 :14 3E9 7C739? 1: 49014862@ 1: 345275036127 1>94 <249@6739498

495= 973539G *03 ,1G __bb 9RF4977=C 890=5497 3E53 52C 49@673453612 ?589 7E5== B9 D63E1<3 F49;<8609 31 5 3E648 F543C

D63E 5 B93394 46@E3G

+E9 75=9 31 497F128923 `<52631 D57 9R90<398 12 -9F39?B94 PA /NO/ >65 52 <2213546L98 8998 1: 75=9A DE6=9 3E9 75=9 31F9363612947 D57 ?589 >65 5 213546L98 810<?923 12=C 12 %031B94 /[A /NN/A 14 392 C9547 3E9495:394G +E<7A `<52631 DE1

D57 3E9 :6473 B<C94 E57 5 B93394 46@E3 31 3E9 =13A DE6=9 3E9 7<B79H<923 75=9 31 F9363612947 67 2<== 528 >168A B905<79

DE92 63 D57 ?589A 3E9 79==94 )54065 D57 21 =12@94 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 =13G ,9?1 853 H<18 212 E5B93G

+E9 :503 3E53 3E9 75=9 31 `<52631 D57 213 213546L98 8197 213 5=394 52C3E62@A 76209 3E9 75=9 B93D992 E6? 528 )54065

49?5627 >5=68 21293E9=977G ,13546L53612A 14 3E9 49H<649?923 1: 5 F<B=60 810<?923 <2894 3E9 "6>6= "189A__ 67 12=C :14

012>9269209A 528 213 :14 >5=6863C 14 92:14095B6=63CG_b *28 B905<79 63 49?56298 >5=68 57 B93D992 `<52631 528 )54065A

3E9 =53394 21 =12@94 E58 3E9 46@E3 31 79== 3E9 =13 31 F9363612947A :14 E67 1D2947E6F 3E9491: E58 095798G

,14 052 F9363612947T 49@673453612 1: 3E964 F<40E579 E5>9 52C 9::903 12 `<52631T7 46@E37G +E9 ?949 49@673453612 1: 5 75=9

62 129T7 :5>14 8197 213 @6>9 E6? 52C 46@E3 1>94 3E9 =528 6: 3E9 >92814 D57 21 =12@94 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 =528A E5>62@

F49>61<7=C 71=8 3E9 75?9 31 5213E94 9>92 6: 3E9 954=694 75=9 D57 <249014898G ,963E94 01<=8 63 >5=68539 3E9 F<40E579

3E9491: BC F9363612947A DE60E 67 2<== 528 >168G .9@673453612 8197 213 >973 363=9f 63 67 ?949=C 3E9 9>689209 1: 7<0E 363=9G%<4 =528 49@673453612 =5D7 81 213 @6>9 3E9 E1=894 52C B93394 363=9 3E52 DE53 E9 503<5==C E57G

-F906:605==CA D9 E9=8 62 .5861D95=3E \625209 "1G >G S5=6=91_[ 3E53d

]2894 *03 ,1G __bbA 49@673453612 1: 62734<?9237 5::90362@ <249@6739498 =5287 67 iD63E1<3 F49;<8609 31 5 3E648 F543C

D63E 5 B93394 46@E3GT +E9 5:149H<1398 FE4579 E57 B992 E9=8 BC 3E67 "1<43 31 ?952 3E53 3E9 ?949 49@673453612 1: 5 75=9

62 129T7 :5>14 8197 213 @6>9 E6? 52C 46@E3 1>94 3E9 =528 6: 3E9 >92814 D57 213 52C?149 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 =528 E5>62@

F49>61<7=C 71=8 3E9 75?9 31 71?9B18C 9=79 9>92 6: 3E9 954=694 75=9 D57 <249014898G

S9363612947T 89:9279 1: F497046F3612A =50E97 528 9731FF9= 549 <25>56=62@ 76209 3E964 0=56? 67 B5798 12 5 2<== 528 >168

8998 1: 75=9G +E9 :503 3E53 3E9 !<9439@<67 :56=98 31 62394F179 52C 1B;903612 31 3E9 75=9 62 F9363612947T :5>14 8197 213

0E52@9 52C3E62@A 214 01<=8 63 @6>9 4679 31 5 46@E3 62 3E964 :5>14f 3E964 F<40E579 49?5627 >168 528 629::9036>9 57 :54 57

3E9 !<9439@<67 549 012094298G

*33CG -5B673525 9239498 62 3E9 7<B79H<923 75=9 62 B58 :563EG M9 K29D 3E53 `<52631 E58 52 <2213546L98 363=9G *28 E9

<798 63 62 E67 58>5235@9G *33CG -5B637525 E57 9RE6B6398 5 =50K 1: =1C5=3C 31D548 E67 0=69237A 3E9 !<9439@<67A 528 BC E67

5037A ;91F5486L98 3E964 623949737 6273958 1: F41390362@ 3E9?G

!9! 7/G&<F *2 &/ , %.FTE*E JTN&/&R&'4 *2 &/4 MI1I >FI !"@@BB4 U&'T&<3 BB4 BC!#

&C 3E9 >94C :503 3E53 3E9 363=9 1: &5@521 D57 213 0=952 12 637 :509A 3E9 XF9363612947Y D949 ?149 3E52 1B=6@98 31 =11K

B9C128 3E9 :14?94T7 363=9 528 ?5K9 :<43E94 62H<64697 5B1<3 3E9 9R3923 1: 3E9 =53394T7 46@E3 528 5<3E1463C 1>94 3E9

7<B;903 =13G (2 13E94 D1487A XF9363612947Y 7E1<=8 E5>9 62H<6498 899F94 6231 3E9 363=9 528 46@E3 1: &5@521 1>94 '13 ,1G

Page 7: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 7/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- [

/[/cG %B>61<7=CA 3E9 3E9C :56=98 31 35K9 3E67 F4905<3612 528 6273958 F41099898 D63E 3E9 F<40E579 62 E5739G M58 3E9C

8129 71 57 5 4957125B=C F4<8923 ?52 B<C62@ 495= F41F943C 7E1<=8A 3E9C D1<=8 E5>9 86701>9498 3E53 71?9 F1436127

1: '13 /[/c E58 5=4958C B992 71=8 BC &5@521 31 3E648 F947127 DE1 549 5=4958C 62 F177977612 1: 3E9 75?9

*4360=9 /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897d

(: 3E9 75?9 3E62@ 7E1<=8 E5>9 B992 71=8 31 86::94923 >928997A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9 34527:94498 31 3E9 F94712 DE1

?5C E5>9 :6473 35K92 F177977612 3E9491: 62 @118 :563EA 6: 63 7E1<=8 B9 ?1>5B=9 F41F943CG

-E1<=8 63 B9 6??1>5B=9 F41F943CA 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9=12@ 31 3E9 F94712 50H<6462@ 63 DE1 62 @118 :563E :647349014898 63 62 3E9 .9@6734C 1: S41F943CG

-E1<=8 3E949 B9 21 627046F3612A 3E9 1D2947E6F 7E5== F943562 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 62 @118 :563E D57 :6473 62 3E9

F177977612f 528A 62 3E9 5B79209 3E9491:A 31 3E9 F94712 DE1 F4979237 3E9 1=8973 363=9A F41>6898 3E949 67 @118 :563EG

XQ?FE5767 7<FF=698Y

+E9 5:1497568 F41>67612 0=954=C 735397 3E53 3E9 4<=9 12 81<B=9 14 ?<=36F=9 75=97 5FF=697 12=C DE92 5== 3E9 F<40E57947

549 62 @118 :563EG (2 89356=A *43G /abb 49H<6497 3E53 B9:149 3E9 790128 B<C94 052 1B3562 F461463C 1>94 3E9 :6473A E9 ?<73

7E1D 3E53 E9 50398 62 @118 :563E 3E41<@E1<3A 6G9GA 62 6@2145209 1: 3E9 :6473 75=9 528 1: 3E9 :6473 B<C94T7 46@E37A :41? 3E9

36?9 1: 50H<6763612 <236= 3E9 363=9 67 34527:94498 31 E6? BC 49@673453612 14 :56=62@ 49@673453612A BC 89=6>94C 1:

F177977612G_/

* F<40E5794 62 @118 :563E 67 129 DE1 B<C7 3E9 F41F943C 1: 5213E94 D63E1<3 213609 3E53 71?9 13E94 F94712 E57 5 46@E331A 14 52 62394973 62 7<0E F41F943CA 528 F5C7 5 :<== 528 :564 F4609 :14 3E9 75?9 53 3E9 36?9 1: 7<0E F<40E579A 14 B9:149

E9 E57 213609 1: 71?9 13E94 F94712T7 0=56? 14 62394973 62 3E9 F41F943CG_P +E9 F9363612947 549 213 7<0E F<40E5794G

S9363612947 E58 F4614 K21D=98@9 1: 3E9 F49>61<7 75=97 BC 62735==?923 1: F1436127 1: 3E9 F41F943C 31 79>945=

F<40E57947G !1491>94A F9363612947 E58 F4614 K21D=98@9 1: 497F1289237T F177977612 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943CG M9209A

3E9 4<=9 12 81<B=9 75=9 67 625FF=605B=9 62 3E9 0579 53 B54G *7 0144903=C E9=8 BC 3E9 5FF9==539 01<43A F9363612947T F4614

49@673453612 1: 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943CA D63E F4614 K21D=98@9 1: 497F1289237T 0=56? 1: 1D2947E6F 528 F177977612A

052213 012:94 1D2947E6F 14 B93394 46@E3 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943CG__

+E9 4<=62@ 62 "4671731?1 >G "1<43 1: *FF95=7A 06362@ 49F95398 F4121<209?9237A 67 5F41F17d

(3 67 5 D9==j7933=98 4<=9 3E53 5 F<40E5794 14 ?143@5@99 052213 0=179 E67 9C97 31 :5037 DE60E 7E1<=8 F<3 5 4957125B=9

?52 <F12 E67 @<548A 528 3E92 0=56? 3E53 E9 50398 62 @118 :563E <2894 3E9 B9=69: 3E53 3E949 D57 21 89:903 62 3E9 363=9 1:3E9 >92814 14 ?143@5@14G M67 ?949 49:<75= 31 B9=69>9 3E53 7<0E 89:903 9R6737A 14 E67 D6==:<= 0=1762@ 1: E67 9C97 31 3E9

F1776B6=63C 1: 3E9 9R6739209 1: 5 89:903 62 3E9 >92814T7 14 ?143@5@14T7 363=9A D6== 213 ?5K9 E6? 52 62210923 F<40E5794

14 ?143@5@99 :14 >5=<9A 6: 63 5:394D5487 89>9=1F7 3E53 3E9 363=9 D57 62 :503 89:9036>9A 528 63 5FF9547 3E53 E9 E58 7<0E

213609 1: 3E9 89:9037 57 D1<=8 E5>9 =98 31 637 86701>94C E58 E9 50398 D63E 3E9 ?957<49 1: F4905<3612 DE60E ?5C B9

49H<6498 1: 5 F4<8923 ?52 62 5 =6K9 763<53612G

!9B %.EI %T'2&3 ,EI V*3E*< -*<(&'2?/*4 W'(I4 MI1I >FI BC"#@B4 J*(*NO*< !C4 BC!#

* =9>C 12 9R90<3612 8<=C 49@6739498 35K97 F49:949209 1>94 5 F4614 <249@6739498 75=9G Q>92 6: 3E9 F4614 75=9 D57

7<B79H<923=C 49@6739498 B9:149 3E9 75=9 62 9R90<3612 B<3 5:394 3E9 =9>C D57 8<=C ?589A 3E9 >5=6863C 1: 3E9 9R90<3612

75=9 7E1<=8 B9 ?562356298 B905<79 63 493415037 31 3E9 8539 1: 3E9 =9>CG %3E94D679A 3E9 F49:949209 0495398 BC 3E9 =9>C

D1<=8 B9 ?95262@=977 528 6==<714CG

(2 3E67 0579A 3E9 01234503 31 79== B93D992 k9C794 528 &5C:4123 D57 9R90<398 12 %031B94 PcA /NONA B<3 3E9 8998 1:

5B71=<39 75=9 D57 12=C ?589 12 ,1>9?B94 NA /NNa 528 49@6739498 12 !540E /PA /NNVG +E9 ,13609 1: '9>C 62 :5>14 1:

-F1<797 -<235C D57 49@6739498 12 `52<54C /OA /NNaA DE6=9 3E9 "9436:60539 1: -5=9 12 *F46= [A /NNaA B13E 85397 0=954=C

5E958 1: k9C794T7 49@673453612 1: 637 #998 1: *B71=<39 -5=9G Q>68923=CA 5FF=C62@ 3E9 81034629 1: F46?<7 39?F149A

F13614 ;<49 I:6473 62 36?9A 73412@94 62 46@E3JA -F1<797 -<235C E5>9 5 B93394 46@E3 3E52 k9C794G

+E9 7933=98 4<=9 67 3E53 =9>C 12 53350E?923A 8<=C 49@6739498A 35K97 F49:949209 1>94 5 F4614 <249@6739498 75=9G +E67

497<=3 67 5 29097754C 01279H<9209 1: 3E9 :503 3E53 3E9 F41F943C 62>1=>98 D57 8<=C 01>9498 BC 3E9 +144927 7C739?

Page 8: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 8/33

 

DE60E D14K7 <2894 3E9 :<285?9235= F46206F=9 3E53 49@673453612 67 3E9 1F94536>9 503 DE60E @6>97 >5=6863C 31 3E9

34527:94 14 0495397 5 =692 <F12 3E9 =528G

+E9 F49:949209 0495398 BC 3E9 =9>C 12 53350E?923 67 213 86?6267E98 9>92 BC 3E9 7<B79H<923 49@673453612 1: 3E9 F4614

75=9G +E67 67 71 B905<79 52 53350E?923 67 5 F41099862@ 62 49?G (3 67 5@56273 3E9 F54360<=54 F41F943CA 92:14095B=9

5@56273 3E9 DE1=9 D14=8G

!98 %.EI -&R0&/?'F ,EI K<&R&24 MI1I >FI !":C!84 7.<?/ BB4 BC!5

+E9 "6>6= "189 735397 3E53 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 3E62@ 71=8 67 34527:94498 31 3E9 >92899 <F12 3E9 503<5= 14 012734<036>989=6>94C 1: 3E9 75?9G *28 3E9 3E62@ 67 <289473118 57 89=6>9498 DE92 63 67 F=5098 62 3E9 012341= 528 F177977612 1: 3E9

>92899G S5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 67 213 97792365= 31 3E9 34527:94 1: 1D2947E6F 57 =12@ 57 3E9 F41F943C 71=8 E57B992 89=6>9498f 528 7<0E 89=6>94C I34586361J 1F945398 31 86>973 3E9 >92814 1: 363=9 31 3E9 F41F943C DE60E ?5C 213 B9

49@56298 14 4901>9498 <236= 528 <2=977 3E9 01234503 67 4971=>98 14 497062898 62 5001485209 D63E =5DG

+E9 75?9 67 34<9 9>92 6: 3E9 75=9 67 5 >94B5= 129A B905<79 63 67 E9=8 3E53 DE92 5 >94B5= 01234503 E57 B992 01?F=9398A

9R90<398 14 F54365==C 0127<??5398A 637 92:14095B6=63C D6== 213 B9 B54498 BC 3E9 -353<39 1: \45<87A DE60E 5FF=697 12=C

31 52 9R90<314C 5@499?923G +E<7A DE949 5 F543C E57 F94:14?98 E67 1B=6@53612A 145= 9>689209 D6== B9 58?63398 31

F41>9 3E9 5@499?923G *28A DE949 63 D57 F41>92 3E53 129 F543C E58 89=6>9498 3E9 3E62@ 71=8 31 5213E94A 3E92 3E9

01234503 D57 F54365==C 9R90<398 528 3E9 -353<39 1: \45<87 8197 213 5FF=CG

+E67 4<=62@ 67 01?F9==98 BC 3E9 62>1=>9?923 62 3E67 0579 1: 213 ;<73 129 62735209 1: 81<B=9 75=97 B<3 5 794697 1: 7<0E

75=97 ?589 BC 3D1 86::94923 >928147d (3 67 58?63398 3E53 S5734521 71=8 3E9 F41F943C 31 '9897?5 62 /NVOf 3E92AS5734521 71=8 63 5@562 31 &45@53 62 /NOb 528 /NO[G &<3 '9897?5A 311A 71=8 F543 1: 3E9 F41F943C 31 3E9 -F1<797 &586==5

62 /N[c 528 3E92 3E9 923649 =13 31 3E9 -F1<797f &45@53 62 /N[OG (2 7<0E 5 763<53612 1: ?<=36F=9 75=97A *4360=9 /abb 1:

3E9 "6>6= "189 49=5397 3E53 1D2947E6F 7E5== B9=12@ 31 3E9 F94712 50H<6462@ 3E9 F41F943C DE1A 62 @118 :563EA :6473

49014898 7<0E 50H<6763612G S497923=CA E1D9>94A 63 052213 B9 7568 3E53 &45@53l7 49014862@ 1: E94 /NO[ F<40E579 D57 62

@118 :563E B905<79 3E53 75=9 D57 76?<=5398 528 &45@53 D57 5D549 1: 13E94 F947127 DE1 E5>9 52 62394973 12 3E9

F41F943CG +E53 3E9 /NO[ 75=9 67 >168 67 :<43E94 49>95=98 BC 9>689209 31 7E1D 3E53 129 1: 637 76@25314697A S41:636L5

S5734521 D57 5=4958C 8958 DE92 63 D57 9R90<398G &45@53 E9479=: 5=71 58?63398 3E53 7E9 K29D 1: 3E9 -F1<797 &586==57l

100<F53612 F4614 31 E94 F<40E579G (2 3E53 0579A 3E9 75?9 *43G /abb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897 3E53 DE92 2963E94 B<C94

49@6739498A 62 @118 :563EA 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 F41F943697 D63E 3E9 49@67394 1: 89987A 3E9 129 DE1 311K F4614 F177977612 1:3E9 F41F943697 7E5== B9 3E9 =5D:<= 1D294 3E9491:G -<0E F4614 F177977147A 53 =9573 D63E 497F903 31 3E9 /aPU7HGU?G

F143612A 549 62867F<35B=C 3E9 -F1<797 &586==5G

!9# -*'0F+& ,EI %.EI 7<N&'0F4 MI1I >FI !:9:5!4 7TRTE2 54 BC!5

+E9 B93394 46@E3 1: 3E9 49@6734523 1: 3E9 213609 1: 53350E?923 897F639 637 212U5221353612 12 3E9 363=9A 76209 62

62>1=<2354C 62734<?9237A 9234C 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C B11K 67 899?98 49@673453612 +E9 :6473 F94712 31

49@67394 E67 62734<?923 E57 5 7<F94614 46@E3 1>94 3E9 13E947G +E<7A 6: 9234C 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C B11K 1:

3E9 .9@67394 #9987 F4909897 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E9 75=9A 7<0E 62>1=<2354C 49@673453612 D6== F49>56= 1>94 3E9

7<B79H<923 75=9 1: 3E9 =528G

+E9 :5037 1: 3E67 0579 549 213 29DG (2 3E9 F573A 3E9 "1<43 E57 5=4958C 588497798 3E9 677<9 1: 3E9 4901@263612 1: 52

920<?B45209 213 522135398 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 B<3 49014898 62 3E9 .9@67394 1: #9987l F46?54C 9234C B11K 14

85C B11KG %<4 4<=62@7 34509 3E964 41137 :41? 3E9 /Na/ 0579 1: e6==5714 >G "5?12A DE60E D57 7<B79H<923=C 4963945398

62 3E9 /NaP 0579 1: '9>62 >G &577G (2 e6==5714A 3E9 "1<43 525=CL98 3E9 F41>676127 1: *03 ,1G bNV I14 3E9 954=C '528

.9@673453612 *03J 528 E58 10057612 31 867362@<67E 3E9 49@673453612 49H<649?9237 1: 5 >1=<2354C 62734<?923 :41? 52

62>1=<2354C 62734<?923G +E9 "1<43 21398 3E53 62 3E9 49@673453612 1: 5 >1=<2354C 62734<?923 7<0E 57 5 75=9A 5 ?143@5@9A14 5 =9579A 3E9 1D294l7 F418<03612 1: E67 8<F=60539 09436:60539 1: 363=9 67 29097754C B9:149 49@673453612G -6209 3E9

62734<?923 71<@E3 31 B9 49@6739498 67 3E9 D6=:<= 503 1: 3E9 1D294A E9 67 9RF90398 31 F418<09 5== 3E9 29097754C

810<?9237 3E53 D6== :506=63539 637 49@673453612G %2 3E9 13E94 E528A 52 62>1=<2354C 62734<?923 7<0E 57 52 53350E?923A 5

=692A 5 213609 1: =67 F928927A 528 3E9 =6K9A 549 58>9479 31 3E9 0=56?7 1: 3E9 49@6739498 1D294G +E<7A E9 052213 B9

9RF90398 31 F41>689 5== 3E9 29097754C 810<?9237 7<0E 57 E67 1D294l7 8<F=60539 01FC 1: 3E9 363=9G

\14 3E67 495712A 3E9 =5D 8197 213 49H<649 3E9 F49792353612 57 D9== 57 3E9 5221353612 1: 3E9 62>1=<2354C 62734<?923 12

3E9 1D294l7 8<F=60539 363=9A 14 9>92 12 3E9 146@625= 363=9G +E9 ?949 49014862@ 1: 3E9 62>1=<2354C 62734<?923 62 3E9

F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C B11K 67 7<::606923 31 B628 3E9 49@6739498 =528 528 5::903 3E648 F947127 895=62@ D63E

63G \1==1D62@ 3E979 F4121<209?9237A 3E9 "1<43 7<B79H<923=C 4963945398 62 '9>62A 3E53 62 62>1=<2354C 49@673453612A 3E9

Page 9: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 9/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- N

9234C 1: 3E9 62734<?923 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C B11K 5=4958C 794>97 57 589H<539 213609 31 5== F947127 1:

5213E94 F94712l7 14 92363Cl7 58>9479 0=56? 1>94 5 49@6739498 =528G ,135B=CA e6==5714 528 '9>62 D949 8906898 <2894

*03 ,1G bNVA DE60E 012356298 3E9 :1==1D62@ 49=9>523 F41>676127d

-903612 a/G Q>94C 012>9C5209A ?143@5@9A =9579A =692A 53350E?923A 14894A 890499A 62734<?923A 14 9234C 5::90362@

49@6739498 =528 DE60E D1<=8 <2894 9R67362@ =5D7A 14 49014898A :6=98A 14 9239498 62 3E9 1::609 1: 3E9 49@67394 1:

89987A 5::903 3E9 495= 973539 31 DE60E 63 49=5397 7E5==A 6: 49@6739498A :6=98A 14 9239498 62 3E9 1::609 1: 3E9 49@67394

1: 89987 62 3E9 F41>6209 14 063C DE949 3E9 495= 973539 31 DE60E 7<0E 62734<?923 49=5397 =697A B9 213609 31 5==

F947127 :41? 3E9 36?9 1: 7<0E 49@6739462@A :6=62@A 14 9239462@G

-903612 aaG ,1 29D 09436:60539 1: 363=9 7E5== B9 9239498A 21 ?9?14528<? 7E5== B9 ?589 <F12 52C 09436:60539

1: 363=9 BC 3E9 0=94KA 14 BC 52C 49@67394 1: 89987A 62 F<47<5209 1: 52C 8998 14 13E94 >1=<2354C 62734<?923A<2=977 3E9 1D294l7 8<F=60539 09436:60539 67 F49792398 :14 7<0E 6281479?923A 9R09F3 62 05797 9RF4977=C

F41>6898 :14 62 3E67 *03A 14 <F12 3E9 14894 1: 3E9 01<43A :14 05<79 7E1D2f 528 DE929>94 7<0E 14894 67 ?589A5 ?9?14528<? 3E9491: 7E5== B9 9239498 <F12 3E9 29D 09436:60539 1: 363=9 528 <F12 3E9 1D294l7 8<F=60539G G G G

-903612 aVG Q50E 49@67394 1: 89987 7E5== K99F 52 9234C B11K 62 DE60E E9 7E5== 92394 62 3E9 14894 1: 3E964

4909F3612 5== 89987 528 13E94 >1=<2354C 62734<?9237A 528 5== 01F697 1: D4637 528 13E94 F410977 :6=98 D63E E6?

49=5362@ 31 49@6739498 =528G M9 7E5== 2139 62 7<0E B11K 3E9 C954 ?123EA 85CA E1<4A 528 ?62<39 1: 4909F3612 1:

5== 62734<?9237A 62 3E9 14894 62 DE60E 3E9C 549 49096>98G +E9C 7E5== B9 49@54898 57 49@6739498 :41? 3E9 36?9

71 21398A 528 3E9 ?9?14528<? 1: 950E 62734<?923 DE92 ?589 12 3E9 09436:60539 1: 363=9 31 DE60E 63 49:947

7E5== B954 3E9 75?9 8539G XQ?FE5797 7<FF=698GY

\41? 3E979 F41>676127A 129 052 0120=<89 3E53 52 62734<?923A 1209 21398 14 9239498 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C

B11K 1: 3E9 .9@67394 1: #9987A 67 5=4958C 899?98 49@6739498 :41? 3E9 8539 1: 7<0E 9234CG -<0E 49@673453612A 9234C 14

:6=62@ 5=4958C 5?1<237 31 213609 31 5== F947127 895=62@ D63E 3E9 49@6739498 =528 :41? 3E9 36?9 1: 49@673453612A 9234C 14:6=62@G M1D9>94A -903612 aa 1: 3E67 =5D F41>6897 :14 52 588636125= 49H<649?923 62 3E9 49@673453612 1: >1=<2354C

62734<?9237G (2 >1=<2354C 49@673453612A ?949 9234C 62 3E9 F46?54C B11K 14 85C B11K 67 213 921<@EG +E9 49@6739498

1D294 ?<73 F497923 213 12=C 3E9 62734<?923 71<@E3 31 B9 49@6739498A B<3 5=71 E67 1D294l7 8<F=60539 01FC :14 5

01?F=939 49@673453612 31 35K9 F=509G -9036127 a/A aaA 528 aV 1: *03 ,1G bNV D949 0544698 1>94 6231 S# ,1G /aPN 14

3E9 S41F943C .9@673453612 #90499G +E979 F41>676127 21D 014497F128 31 -9036127 aPA a_A 528 aV 1: S# ,1G /aPNA 3E9

0<44923 =5D @1>94262@ =528 49@673453612G

(2 "5>6=97A 3E9 "1<43 50K21D=98@98 3E53 B58 :563E 01<=8 213 B9 6?F<398 12 3E9 B<C947 1: 5 =528 DE179 09436:60539 1:

363=9 868 213 0123562 52 5221353612 1: 71?9129 9=79l7 213609 1: 53350E?923G (2 3E9 75?9 ?52294A 3E9 F947127 DE105<798 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E9 213609 1: 53350E?923 7E1<=8 213 B9 E9=8 29@=6@923 :14 213 0E90K62@ 6: 3E9 .9@67394 1:

#9987 503<5==C F94:14?98 637 1B=6@53612 31 52213539 3E9 62734<?923 12 3E9 363=9G +E9 8<3C 31 52213539 49737 D63E 3E9

.9@67394 1: #9987 528 213 D63E 3E9 49@6734523G *7 3E9 "1<43 9RF=56298d S9363612947 F568 3E9 014497F12862@ :997 :14 3E9

5221353612 1: 3E9 213609 1: 53350E?923 528 3E9C E58 9>94C 46@E3 31 F497<?9 3E53 3E9 49@67394 1: 89987 D1<=8 627046B97568 213609 12 3E9 146@625= 363=9 01>9462@ 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943CG +E9 49@67394 1: 89987 E58 3E9 8<3C 31 627046B9 3E9

213609 12 3E9 146@625= 363=9G +E67 D57 213 5 8<3C 1: F9363612947G +E67 "1<43 E57 E9=8 3E53 5 F543C DE60E 89=6>947 637

213609 1: 53350E?923 31 3E9 49@67394 1: 89987 528 F5C7 3E9 014497F12862@ :997 3E949:14 E57 5 46@E3 31 F497<?9 3E53

3E9 1::6065= D1<=8 F94:14? E67 8<3C F41F94=CG

)6>92 3E67 F5463C 1: @118 :563EA 3E9 "1<43 E9=8 62 "5>6=97 3E53 3E9 F94712 DE1 :6473 49@6739498 E67 62734<?923 E58 5

7<F94614 46@E3 1>94 3E9 13E94G +E9 "1<43 3E<7 <FE9=8 62 3E67 0579 3E9 B93394 46@E3 1: 3E9 49@6734523 1: 3E9 213609 1:

53350E?923 897F639 637 212U5221353612 12 3E9 363=9A 76209 62 62>1=<2354C 62734<?9237A 9234C 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K

14 85C B11K 67 899?98 49@673453612G (2 3E9 ?149 490923 0579 1: -5B9412A 3E9 "1<43 495FF=698 637 4<=62@ 62 "5>6=97 528

E9=8 3E53 2963E94 3E9 49@6734523 1: 3E9 62>1=<2354C 62734<?923 214 3E9 B<C94 1: 3E9 F41F943C 5::90398 D63E 3E9

920<?B45209 213 522135398 12 3E9 363=9A ?5C B9 0127689498 31 B9 62 B58 :563EG &<3 62 3E9 14894 1: 3E62@7A 3E9 :6473

F94712 31 49@67394 E67 62734<?923 E57 5 7<F94614 46@E3 1>94 3E9 13E947G +E<7A 6: 9234C 62 3E9 F46?54C 9234C B11K 14 85C

B11K 1: 3E9 .9@67394 #9987 F4909897 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E9 75=9A 7<0E 62>1=<2354C 49@673453612 D6== F49>56= 1>94 3E97<B79H<923 75=9 1: 3E9 =528G

(2 5== 3E979 05797A 3E9 "1<43 0127673923=C 4<=98 3E53 9234C 14 21353612 1: 52 62>1=<2354C 62734<?923 62 3E9 F46?54C

9234C B11K 14 85C B11K 5?1<237 31 5 >5=68 49@673453612G (2 5001485209 D63E -903612 aV 62 49=53612 31 -903612 aP 1:

S# ,1G /aPNA 7<0E 49@673453612 0127363<397 213609 31 5== F947127 895=62@ D63E 3E9 49@6739498 =528 :41? 3E9 8539 1:

9234C 14 21353612G +E9 "1<43 21397 E1D9>94A 3E53 <2=6K9 3E9 >928997 62 3E9 05797 1: "5>6=97 528 -5B9412A 3E9 -F1<797

)54525 868 213 923649=C 503 62 @118 :563E DE92 3E9C B1<@E3 3E9 =528 :41? `5=B<925G * 3E141<@E 9R5?6253612 1:

+"+ ,1G +U[PcPN 49>95=7 3E53 9>92 B9:149 3E9 E9647 1: !52<9= ]C 71<@E3 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E964 213609 1: =67

F928927 12 %031B94 VA /NN_A 3E9C 5=4958C 522135398 12 *<@<73 /VA /NN_A 52 58>9479 0=56? 1>94 3E9 75?9 363=9

Page 10: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 10/33

 

3E41<@E 3E964 49F497923536>9A &9=92 ]CG M1D9>94A 3E67 627046F3612 D57 =5394 I12 %031B94 bA /NNbJ 05209==98 3E41<@E

52 5::685>63 9R90<398 BC 129 &6925:=14 "G ]?5=6G

(2 "576?641 #9>9=1F?923 "14F1453612 >G !5391A 3E9 "1<43 E9=8 3E53 3E9 F4979209 1: 52C3E62@ 3E53 9R06397 14 541<797

7<7F60612 7E1<=8 F41?F3 3E9 >92899 31 =11K B9C128 3E9 09436:60539 528 31 62>9736@539 3E9 363=9 1: 3E9 >92814

5FF95462@ 12 3E9 :509 1: 7568 09436:60539G +1 1<4 ?628A 3E9 ?949 :503 3E53 5 86::94923 F94712 I&6925:=14 "G ]?5=6J

71<@E3 3E9 05209==53612 1: &9=92 ]Cl7 58>9479 0=56? 12 `5=B<925l7 F41F943C 7E1<=8 E5>9 346@@9498 3E9 -F1<797

)54525l7 7<7F60612 49@54862@ 3E9 495= 012863612 1: 3E9 =528 01>9498 BC +"+ ,1G +U[PcPNG !149 6?F143523=CA B9:149

B<C62@ 3E9 F41F943CA 3E9 -F1<797 )54525 5=4958C K29D 1: &9=92 ]Cl7 5221353612 1: 52 58>9479 0=56? 12 +"+ ,1G +U

[PcPN 12 *<@<73 /VA /NN_G +E9 -F1<797 )54525 868 213 49B<3 3E9 F936361294l7 5==9@53612 3E53 <F12 K21D62@ 3E53 3E67:6473 5221353612 D57 05209==98 BC &6925:=14 "G ]?5=6 12 %031B94 bA /NNbA 3E9C 6??986539=C F41099898 D63E 3E964

F<40E579 1: 3E9 7<B;903 =528 :41? `5=B<925 5 ?123E 5:394A 14 12 ,1>9?B94 [A /NNbG +E9C 868 213 9>92 B13E94 310E90K :<43E94 D63E `5=B<925A 14 62H<649 :41? &9=92 ]CA K21D62@ D9== 3E53 63 D57 213 7E9 DE1 05<798 3E9 05209==53612

1: E94 58>9479 0=56?G

+E979 0640<?7352097 867F<39 3E9 -F1<797 )54525l7 577943612 3E53 3E9C D949 3135==C <25D549 1: 52C 0=56? 3E53 3E9

E9647 1: !52<9= ]C E58 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 =528G +E9 9R67362@ 0640<?7352097 B9:149 3E964 F<40E579 7E1<=8 E5>9

01?F9==98 3E9? 31 0E90K B9C128 3E9 :1<4 0142947 1: +"+ ,1G +U[PcPNG +E964 :56=<49 31 81 71 29@5398 3E964 0=56? 3E53

3E9C D949 62210923 F<40E57947 :14 >5=<9G +E9 75?9 67 34<9 D63E &S( DE60E 7E1<=8 E5>9 9R9406798 5 E6@E94 89@499 1:

86=6@9209 DE92 63 895=3 D63E +"+ ,1G +U[[[_N 528 637 5239098923 363=9A +"+ ,1G +U[PcPNG (: &S( E58 0128<0398 F41F94

8<9 86=6@9209A 63 D1<=8 E5>9 86701>9498 3E53 &9=92 ]Cl7 58>9479 0=56? D57 05209==98 BC 5 86::94923 F94712G +E67 67 52

6449@<=5463C 3E53 63 7E1<=8 E5>9 9576=C 2136098 76209 <2894 -903612 [c 1: S# ,1G /aPNA 52 58>9479 0=56? ?5C 12=C B9

05209==98 53 3E9 62735209 1: 3E9 3465= 01<43 14 3E9 0=56?523G *7 5 B52K62@ 627363<3612A &S( 67 9RF90398 31 9R943 5 E6@E9489@499 1: 86=6@9209A 0549A 528 F4<89209 3E52 1486254C 6286>68<5=7 62 E528=62@ 637 495= 973539 345275036127G

(2 3E979 =6@E37A 3E9 "1<43 4<=97 3E53 3E9 213609 1: =67 F928927 1: 3E9 E9647 1: !52<9= ]C 7E1<=8 B9 522135398 12

+"+ ,1G +U[[[_N 31 <FE1=8 3E964 49@6739498 46@E3 31 7<B;903 3E9 867F<398 =528 31 3E9 497<=3 1: 3E964 F92862@ =636@53612A

528 31 ?5K9 3E9 9234C 62 .# '<0925l7 F46?54C 9234C B11K 0127673923 D63E 3E9 627046F3612 12 +"+ ,1G +U[[[_N IDE60E

D57 12=C 8946>98 :41? +"+ ,1G +U[PcPNJG +E9 49014862@ 1: 3E9 213609 1: =67 F928927 62 .# '<0925l7 F46?54C 9234C

B11K 5?1<2398 31 5 >5=68 49@673453612f 3E<7 213609 D57 3E949BC 794>98 31 5== F947127A 620=<862@ 3E9 -F1<797 )54525

528 &S(G (2 58863612A 3E9 "1<43 21397 3E53 3E9 -F1<797 )54525 528 &S( 7E1<=8 213 B9 5==1D98 31 45679 3E9 89:9279 1:

3E9 81034629 1: 6289:9576B6=63C 1: 363=9 57 3E9C 868 213 503 62 @118 :563EG +E9C 86749@54898 @=5462@ :5037 5280640<?7352097 3E53 7E1<=8 E5>9 F41?F398 3E9? 31 62H<649 B9C128 3E9 :1<4 0142947 1: +"+ ,1G +U[PcPNG

*7 5 :625= 2139A 3E9 "1<43 49?6287 3E9 >5461<7 .9@673947 1: #9987A 57 D9== 57 3E964 1::60947 528 9?F=1C997A 31 734603=C

528 :563E:<==C 1B794>9 F4<89209 528 01270692361<72977 62 3E9 0128<03 1: 3E964 8<3697G +E9 6239@463C 1: 3E9 +144927-C739? 67 F543=C 89F928923 12 3E9 ?92 528 D1?92 DE179 F46?54C :<203612 67 31 927<49 3E9 734603 5FF=6053612 1: 1<4

>5461<7 49@673453612 =5D7G * 89F9285B=9 528 49=65B=9 49@673453612 7C739? 3E53 F4139037 =528 F41F943C 1D2947E6F7 052

12=C B9 50E69>98 6: 3E179 62>1=>98 62 3E9 49@673453612 F410977 D1<=8 :563E:<==C 528 86=6@923=C F94:14? 3E964 497F9036>9

41=97G

!95 X&Y&'R/&'R?2 , %FT2)*<' -F2F<E4 5# QIMI >FI "4 .I B5"B

W%<4 =5DW F41>6897A

*.+G /bObG (2 5 01234503 1: 75=9 1: F947125= F41F943C 3E9 F4609 1: DE60E 67 F5C5B=9 62 62735==?9237A 3E9 >92814 ?5C

9R940679 1: 3E9 :1==1D62@ 49?98697d

I/J QR503 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 1B=6@53612A 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899 :56= 31 F5Cf

IPJ "5209= 3E9 75=9A 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899l7 :56=<49 31 F5C 01>94 3D1 14 ?149 62735==?9237f

I_J \1490=179 3E9 0E5339= ?143@5@9 12 3E9 3E62@ 71=8A 6: 129 E57 B992 0127363<398A 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899l7 :56=<49 31 F5C01>94 3D1 14 ?149 62735==?9237G (2 3E67 0579A E9 7E5== E5>9 21 :<43E94 503612 5@56273 3E9 F<40E5794 31 4901>94 52C

<2F568 B5=5209 1: 3E9 F4609G *2C 5@499?923 31 3E9 0123454C 7E5== B9 >168G I,9D "6>6= "189GJ

*FF9==5237 D1<=8 62>1K9 3E9 =573 F545@45FEG &<3 3E949 E57 B992 21 :1490=17<49 1: 3E9 0E5339= ?143@5@9 214 5

:1490=17<49 75=9G +E949:149 3E9 F41E6B63612 5@56273 :<43E94 01==903612 8197 213 5FF=CG

*3 52C 4539 63 67 3E9 503<5= 75=9 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 0E5339= 62 5001485209 D63E 7903612 /b *03 ,1G /acO 3E53 D1<=8 B54

3E9 04986314 IDE1 0E11797 31 :1490=179J :41? 4901>9462@ 52C <2F568 B5=5209G IS506:60 "1?G "1G>7G #9 =5 .5?5A [P SE6=G

_OcGJ I!526=5 !1314 "1G >7G \9425289LA NN SE6=GA [OPGJG

Page 11: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 11/33

Page 12: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 12/33

 

3E53 3E9 ?949 7<4492894 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 ?1314 >9E60=9 31 3E9 5FF9==99 9R362@<67E98 5FF9==523l7 1B=6@53612 :14 3E9

<2F568 F4609G

]2894 3E9 =5DA 3E9 89=6>94C 1: F177977612 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 F41F943C 31 3E9 ?143@5@99A 3E9 E94962 5FF9==99A 052 12=C

1F94539 31 9R362@<67E 5FF9==523l7 =65B6=63C 6: 3E9 5FF9==99 E58 503<5==C 05<798 3E9 :1490=17<49 75=9 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98

F41F943C DE92 63 4901>9498 F177977612 3E9491:G (3 67 D143E 21362@ 3E53 63 67 3E9 :503 1: :1490=17<49 528 503<5= 75=9 1:

3E9 ?143@5@98 0E5339= 3E53 B54 3E9 4901>94C BC 3E9 >92814 1: 52C B5=5209 1: 3E9 F<40E5794l7 1<37352862@ 1B=6@53612

213 75367:698 BC 3E9 75=9G *7 E9=8 BC 3E67 "1<43A 6: 3E9 >92814 89767398A 12 E67 1D2 62636536>9A :41? 0127<??5362@ 3E9

5<03612 75=9A 7<0E 8976735209 D57 5 36?9=C 8675>1D5= 1: 3E9 49?98C 1: :1490=17<49A 528 3E9 >92814 052 736== 7<9 :14

7F906:60 F94:14?5209G +E67 67 9R503=C DE53 E5FF9298 62 3E9 6273523 0579G

PG +E9 #998 1: -5=9 B93D992 *=9R52894 '6? 528 5FF9==523 528 3E9 #998 1: *776@2?923 B93D992 *=9R52894 '6? 5285FF9==99 549 >94C 0=954 12 3E67 F1623G +E949 67 5 7F906:60 F41>67612 62 3E9 #998 1: -5=9 3E53 3E9 79==94 *=9R52894 '6?

D5445237 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 ?1314 >9E60=9 31 3E9 B<C94A 3E9 E94962 5FF9==523A 31 B9 :499 :41? =6927 528 920<?B452097G

ZE92 5FF9==99 5009F398 3E9 5776@2?923 1: 049863 :41? 3E9 79==94 *=9R52894 '6?A 3E949 67 5 7F906:60 5@499?923 3E53

'6? 012362<98 31 B9 B1<28 BC 3E9 D544523697 E9 E58 @6>92 31 3E9 B<C94A 3E9 E94962 5FF9==523A 528 3E53 6: 63 5FF9547

7<B79H<923=C 3E53 W3E949 549 7<0E 01<23940=56?7A 1::7937 14 89:92797 3E53 ?5C B9 62394F1798 BC 3E9 89B314 53 3E9

36?9 1: 3E9 5776@2?923A 7<0E 01<23940=56?7A 1::7937 14 89:92797 7E5== 213 F49;<8609 3E9 \('(,eQ-+ \(,*,"Q

"%.S%.*+(%, 528 ( I*=9R52894 '6?J :<43E94 D544523 528 E1=8 3E9 7568 014F1453612 :499 528 E54?=977 :41? 52C

7<0E 0=56?7A 1::7937A 14 89:92797 3E53 ?5C B9 5>56=98 1:GW

(3 ?<73 B9 21398 3E53 3E9 <2F568 35R97 12 3E9 ?1314 >9E60=9 67 5 B<4892 12 3E9 F41F943CG -6209 57 954=694 7E1D2A 3E9

1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 F41F943C 29>94 =9:3 3E9 ?143@5@14A 3E9 E94962 5FF9==523A 3E9 B<4892 1: 3E9 <2F568 35R977E1<=8 B9 B1429 BC E6?A DE1A 62 52C 0579A ?5C 213 B9 7568 31 B9 D63E1<3 49?98C <2894 3E9 =5DA B<3 89:62639=C 213

5@56273 5FF9==99 31 DE1? D949 34527:94498 12=C 46@E37A 363=9 528 62394973A 57 7<0E 67 3E9 9779209 1: 5776@2?923 1:

049863G

!9: J* H& 6<T+ , 7E?&' 6F'ETN*< B!# %617 !C8

(3 67 213 867F<398 3E53 3E9 6273523 0579 67 01>9498 BC 3E9 71U05==98 W.9031 '5DWA 21D *43G /bOb 1: 3E9 ,9D "6>6= "189A

DE60E F41>6897d

W(2 5 01234503 1: 75=9 1: F947125= F41F943C 3E9 F4609 1: DE60E 67 F5C5B=9 62 62735==?9237A 3E9 >92814 ?5C 9R940679 52C

1: 3E9 :1==1D62@ 49?98697d I/J QR503 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 1B=6@53612A 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899 :56= 31 F5Cf IPJ "5209= 3E9 75=9A

7E1<=8 3E9 >92899T7 :56=<49 31 F5C 01>94 3D1 14 ?149 62735==?9237f I_J \1490=179 3E9 0E5339= ?143@5@9 12 3E9 3E62@

71=8A 6: 129 E57 B992 0127363<398A 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899T7 :56=<49 31 F5C 01>94 3D1 14 ?149 62735==?9237G (2 3E67 0579A E97E5== E5>9 21 :<43E94 503612 5@56273 3E9 F<40E5794 31 4901>94 52C <2F568 B5=5209 1: 3E9 F4609G *2C 5@499?923 31 3E9

0123454C 7E5== B9 >168GW

(2 3E67 ;<4678603612A 3E9 3E499 I_J 49?98697 F41>6898 :14 62 3E9 W.9031 '5DW 549 5=3942536>9 528 213 0<?<=536>9f 3E9

9R940679 1: 129 D1<=8 F490=<89 3E9 13E94 49?98697G "1279H<923=CA 7E1<=8 3E9 >92899U?143@5@14 89:5<=3 62 3E9

F5C?923 1: 3D1 14 ?149 1: 3E9 5@4998 62735==?9237A 3E9 >92814U?143@5@99 E57 3E9 1F3612 31 5>56= 1: 52C 1: 3E979

3E499 I_J 49?98697d 963E94 31 9R503 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 1B=6@53612A 31 05209= 3E9 75=9A 14 31 :1490=179 3E9 ?143@5@9 12 3E9

F<40E5798 0E5339=A 6: 129 D57 0127363<398G

+E9 4901487 7E1D 3E53 12 /b -9F39?B94 /NOb *-(*, 626365398 5 F9363612 :14 9R345;<86065= :1490=17<49 1: 3E9 0E5339=

?143@5@9G &<3 3E9 7E946:: :56=98 31 4901>94 3E9 ?1314 >9E60=9 :41? F9363612947 8<9 31 3E9 49:<75= 1: 3E9 712 1:

F9363612947 .1?<=1 528 #9=65 89 =5 "4<L 31 7<4492894 63G (3 D57 213 <236= /c %031B94 /NObA 14 5=?173 5 ?123E =53943E53 F9363612947 89=6>9498 3E9 <263 31 *-(*,G

(3 67 3E<7 0=954 3E53 DE6=9 *-(*, 9>923<5==C 7<0099898 62 35K62@ F177977612 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 >9E60=9A 63 868 213

F<47<9 3E9 :1490=17<49 1: 3E9 ?143@5@9 57 7E1D2 BC 3E9 :503 3E53 21 5<03612 75=9 1: 3E9 >9E60=9 D57 9>94 0128<0398G

W]2894 3E9 =5DA 3E9 89=6>94C 1: F177977612 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 F41F943C 31 3E9 ?143@5@99A 3E9 E94962 5FF9==99A 052 12=C

1F94539 31 9R362@<67E 5FF9==523T7 =65B6=63C 6: 3E9 5FF9==99 E58 503<5==C 05<798 3E9 :1490=17<49 75=9 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98

F41F943C DE92 63 4901>9498 F177977612 3E9491: I,143E942 !13147A (20G >G -5F62171A __ -".* _aV X/N[cYf ]26>9475=

!13147 "14FG >G #C M652 +53A PO -".* /V/ X/NVNYf !526=5 !13147 "1GA (20G >G \9425289LA NN SE6=G [OP X/NaVYJG (3 67

D143E 21362@ 3E53 63 67 3E9 :503 1: :1490=17<49 528 503<5= 75=9 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 0E5339= 3E53 B54 4901>94C BC 3E9 >92814

Page 13: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 13/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- /_

1: 52C B5=5209 1: 3E9 F<40E5794T7 1<37352862@ 1B=6@53612 213 75367:698 BC 3E9 75=9 I,9D "6>6= "189A F54G _A *4360=9

/bObJG *7 E9=8 BC 3E67 "1<43A 6: 3E9 >92814 89767398A 12 E67 1D2 62636536>9A :41? 0127<??5362@ 3E9 5<03612 75=9A 7<0E

8976735209 D57 5 36?9=C 8675>1D5= 1: 3E9 49?98C 1: :1490=17<49A 528 3E9 >92814 052 736== 7<9 :14 7F906:60

F94:14?5209W

"1279H<923=CA 62 3E9 0579 B9:149 ]7A 3E949 B962@ 21 503<5= :1490=17<49 1: 3E9 ?143@5@98 F41F943CA *-(*, 67 0144903 62

49714362@ 31 52 1486254C 503612 :14 01==903612 1: 3E9 <2F568 B5=5209 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G

!9" %&'()*+ , 1?RFE4 ET.<&

+E9 1F3612 868 213 6?F179 <F12 F=56236:: 3E9 1B=6@53612 31 F<40E579 89:928523l7 F41F943CG *229R * 67 213 5 W01234503

31 B<C 528 79==GW (3 ?949=C @452398 F=56236:: 52 W1F3612W 31 B<CG *28 B13E F543697 71 <289473118 63A 57 628605398 BC 3E905F3612A W%F3612 31 S<40E579AW @6>92 BC 3E9? 31 7568 62734<?923G ]2894 3E9 F41>676127 3E9491:A 3E9 89:928523

W5@4998A F41?6798 528 01??63398W E9479=: 31 79== 3E9 =528 3E94962 897046B98 31 3E9 F=56236:: :14 S/Aa/cGccA B<3 3E949

67 213E62@ 62 3E9 01234503 31 62860539 3E53 E94 5:149?92361298 5@499?923A F41?679 528 <289435K62@ 67 7<FF14398 BC 5

0127689453612 W86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609W 736F<=5398 :14 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 =528G

.9=C62@ <F12 *4360=9 /_ab 1: 1<4 "6>6= "189A 3E9 =1D94 01<43 F497<?98 3E9 9R6739209 1: 7568 0127689453612A 528 3E67

D1<=8 799? 31 B9 3E9 ?562 :50314 3E53 62:=<92098 637 89067612 62 F=56236::l7 :5>14G (3 7E1<=8 B9 21398A E1D9>94A 3E53d

I/J *4360=9 /_ab 5FF=697 31 012345037 62 @92945=A DE94957 3E9 790128 F545@45FE 1: *4360=9 /b[N 49:947 31

W75=97W 62 F54360<=54A 528A ?149 7F906:605==CA 31 W52 5009F398 <26=53945= F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79==GW (2 13E94

D1487A *4360=9 /b[N 67 012341==62@ 62 3E9 0579 53 B54G

IPJ (2 14894 3E53 7568 <26=53945= F41?679 ?5C B9 WB62862@ <F12 3E9 F41?6714A *4360=9 /b[N 49H<6497 3E90120<449209 1: 5 012863612A 25?9=CA 3E53 3E9 F41?679 B9 W7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612 86736203 :41? 3E9

F4609GW *0014862@=CA 3E9 F41?6799 052213 01?F9= 3E9 F41?6714 31 01?F=C D63E 3E9 F41?679A <2=977 3E9

:14?94 9735B=67E97 3E9 9R6739209 1: 7568 86736203 0127689453612G (2 13E94 D1487A 3E9 F41?6799 E57 3E9 B<4892

1: F41>62@ 7<0E 0127689453612G S=56236:: E94962 E57 213 9>92 5==9@98 3E9 9R6739209 3E9491: 62 E67 01?F=5623G

I_J ]F12 3E9 13E94 E528A 89:928523 9RF=6063=C 5>94498 62 E94 527D94A 528 F=95898 57 5 7F9065= 89:9279A 3E9

5B79209 1: 7568 0127689453612 :14 E94 F41?679 31 79== 528A BC ;16262@ 62 3E9 F9363612 :14 5 ;<8@?923 12 3E9

F=95862@7A F=56236:: E57 6?F=698=C 58?63398 3E9 34<3E 1: 7568 5>94?923 62 89:928523l7 527D94G (28998 57 954=C

57 !540E /bA /NcOA 63 E58 B992 E9=8A 62 &5<94?522 >G "5757A 3E53d

%29 DE1 F45C7 :14 ;<8@?923 12 3E9 F=95862@7 D63E1<3 1::9462@ F411: 57 31 3E9 34<3E 1: E67 1D2 5==9@536127A528 D63E1<3 @6>62@ 3E9 1FF1762@ F543C 52 1FF143<263C 31 623418<09 9>689209A ?<73 B9 <289473118 31 58?63

3E9 34<3E 1: 5== 3E9 ?539465= 528 49=9>523 5==9@536127 1: 3E9 1FF1762@ F543CA 528 31 4973 E67 ?13612 :14

;<8@?923 12 3E179 5==9@536127 35K92 31@93E94 D63E 7<0E 1: E67 1D2 57 549 58?63398 62 3E9 F=95862@7G I'5

^9B525 "1?F52C >7G -9>6==5A N SE6=G P/cJG IQ?FE5767 7<FF=698GJ

%2 3E9 13E94 E528A *FF9==99 01239287 3E53A 9>92 @452362@ 3E53 3E9 W1::94 1: 1F3612W 67 213 7<FF14398 BC 52C

0127689453612A 3E53 1F3612 B905?9 B62862@ 12 5FF9==523 DE92 3E9 5FF9==99 @5>9 213609 31 63 1: 637 5009F35209A 528

3E53 E5>62@ 5009F398 63 D63E62 3E9 F94618 1: 1F3612A 3E9 1::94 052 21 =12@94 B9 D63E845D2 528 62 52C 9>923 7<0E

D63E845D5= 67 629::9036>9G (2 7<FF143 3E67 0123923612A 5FF9==99 62>1K97 54360=9 /_Pb 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 DE60E F41>6897d

W*.+G /_PbG ZE92 3E9 1::9494 E57 5==1D98 3E9 1::9499 5 0943562 F94618 31 5009F3A 3E9 1::94 ?5C B9 D63E845D2

52C 36?9 B9:149 5009F35209 BC 01??<2605362@ 7<0E D63E845D5=A 9R09F3 DE92 3E9 1F3612 67 :1<2898 <F12

0127689453612 57 71?93E62@ F568 14 F41?6798GW

+E949 67 21 H<973612 3E53 <2894 54360=9 /b[N 1: 3E9 29D "6>6= "189 W52 1F3612 31 79==AW 14 W5 F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79==AW

57 <798 62 7568 54360=9A 31 B9 >5=68 ?<73 B9 W7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612 86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609GW +E67 67 0=954=C

62:94498 :41? 3E9 01239R3 1: 7568 54360=9 3E53 5 <26=53945= F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79==A 9>92 6: 5009F398A 67 12=C B62862@ 6:

7<FF14398 BC 0127689453612G (2 13E94 D1487A W52 5009F398 <26=53945= F41?679 052 12=C E5>9 5 B62862@ 9::903 6:7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612 DE60E ?9527 3E53 3E9 1F3612 052 736== B9 D63E845D2A 9>92 6: 5009F398A 6: 3E9 75?9 67 213

7<FF14398 BC 52C 0127689453612G (3 67 213 867F<398 3E53 3E9 1F3612 67 D63E1<3 0127689453612G (3 052 3E949:149 B9

D63E845D2 213D63E7352862@ 3E9 5009F35209 1: 63 BC 5FF9==99G

(3 67 34<9 3E53 <2894 54360=9 /_Pb 1: 3E9 29D "6>6= "189A 3E9 @92945= 4<=9 49@54862@ 1::94 528 5009F35209 67 3E53A DE92

3E9 1::9494 @6>97 31 3E9 1::9499 5 0943562 F94618 31 5009F3A W3E9 1::94 ?5C B9 D63E845D2 53 52C 36?9 B9:149

5009F35209W 9R09F3 DE92 3E9 1F3612 67 :1<2898 <F12 0127689453612A B<3 3E67 @92945= 4<=9 ?<73 B9 62394F49398 57

?186:698 BC 3E9 F41>67612 1: 54360=9 /b[N 5B1>9 49:94498 31A DE60E 5FF=697 31 W5 F41?679 31 B<C 528 79==W 7F906:605==CG

Page 14: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 14/33

 

*7 5=4958C 735398A 3E67 4<=9 49H<6497 3E53 5 F41?679 31 79== 31 B9 >5=68 ?<73 B9 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612 86736203

:41? 3E9 F4609G

(2 13E94 D1487A 76209 3E949 ?5C B9 21 >5=68 01234503 D63E1<3 5 05<79 14 0127689453612A 3E9 F41?6714 67 213 B1<28 BC

E67 F41?679 528 ?5CA 50014862@=CA D63E845D 63G S92862@ 213609 1: 637 D63E845D5=A E67 5009F398 F41?679 F5435K97A

E1D9>94A 1: 3E9 253<49 1: 52 1::94 31 79== DE60EA 6: 5009F398A 497<=37 62 5 F94:90398 01234503 1: 75=9G

!99 ZT/FR?F , 7.*/*E4 5:@ %617 5@!

*2 1F3612 67 5 01234503 BC DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943C 5@4997 D63E 5213E94 F94712 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E946@E3 31 B<C 3E9 :14?94T7 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562 36?9G (3 67 5 012863612 1::9498 14 01234503 BC DE60E

3E9 1D294 736F<=5397 D63E 5213E94 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 50943562 36?9A 14 <2894A 14 62 01?F=65209 D63E 0943562 394?7 528 0128636127f 14 DE60E @6>97 31 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9

F41F943C 3E9 46@E3 31 79== 14 89?528 5 75=9GPP *2 1F3612 67 213 1: 6379=: 5 F<40E579A B<3 ?949=C 790<497 3E9 F46>6=9@9 31

B<CG (3 67 213 5 75=9 1: F41F943C B<3 5 75=9 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 F<40E579G (3 67 76?F=C 5 01234503 BC DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9

F41F943C 5@4997 D63E 5213E94 F94712 3E53 E9 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 B<C E67 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562

36?9G M9 8197 213 79== E67 =528f E9 8197 213 3E92 5@499 31 79== 63f B<3 E9 8197 79== 71?93E62@A 6G9GA 3E9 46@E3 14 F46>6=9@9

31 B<C 53 3E9 9=903612 14 1F3612 1: 3E9 13E94 F543CG (37 867362@<67E62@ 0E545039467360 67 3E53 63 6?F1797 21 B62862@

1B=6@53612 12 3E9 F94712 E1=862@ 3E9 1F3612A 57689 :41? 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 1::94G

(3 67 5=71 71?936?97 05==98 52 W<25009F398 1::94W 528 67 7520361298 BC *4360=9 /b[N 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189d * F41?679 31

B<C 528 79== 5 89394?62539 3E62@ :14 5 F4609 0943562 67 4906F4105==C 89?5285B=9G *2 5009F398 <26=53945= F41?679 31

B<C 14 31 79== 5 89394?62539 3E62@ :14 5 F4609 0943562 67 B62862@ <F12 3E9 F41?67714 6: 3E9 F41?679 67 7<FF14398 BC 50127689453612 86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609G

+E9 790128 F545@45FE 1: *4360=9 /b[N F41>6897 :14 3E9 89:6263612 528 01279H<923 46@E37 528 1B=6@536127 <2894 52

1F3612 01234503G \14 52 1F3612 01234503 31 B9 >5=68 528 92:14095B=9 5@56273 3E9 F41?67714A 3E949 ?<73 B9 5 79F54539

528 86736203 0127689453612 3E53 7<FF1437 63G

(2 3E9 =528?54K 0579 1: -1<3ED973942 -<@54 528 !1=57797 "1?F52C >G *3=52360 )<=: 528 S506:60 "1GA D9 890=5498 3E53

:14 52 1F3612 01234503 31 B628 3E9 F41?67714A 63 ?<73 B9 7<FF14398 BC 0127689453612d +E949 67 21 H<973612 3E53 <2894

*4360=9 /b[N 1: 3E9 29D "6>6= "189 W52 1F3612 31 79==AW 14 W5 F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79==AW 57 <798 62 7568 54360=9A 31 B9>5=68 ?<73 B9 W7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612 86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609GW +E67 67 0=954=C 62:94498 :41? 3E9 01239R3 1: 7568

54360=9 3E53 5 <26=53945= F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79==A 9>92 6: 5009F398A 67 12=C B62862@ 6: 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612G (2

13E94 D1487A W52 5009F398 <26=53945= F41?679W 052 12=C E5>9 5 B62862@ 9::903 6: 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612A DE60E

?9527 3E53 3E9 1F3612 052 736== B9 D63E845D2A 9>92 6: 5009F398A 6: 3E9 75?9 67 213 7<FF14398 BC 52C 0127689453612GM949 63 67 213 867F<398 3E53 3E9 1F3612 67 D63E1<3 0127689453612G (3 052 3E949:149 B9 D63E845D2 213D63E7352862@ 3E9

5009F35209 ?589 1: 63 BC 5FF9==99G

+E9 81034629 49H<6462@ 3E9 F5C?923 1: 0127689453612 62 52 1F3612 01234503 92<2065398 62 -1<3ED973942 -<@54 67

497125398 62 7<B79H<923 05797 528 49?5627 012341==62@ 31 3E67 85CG Z63E1<3 0127689453612 3E53 67 79F54539 528

86736203 :41? 3E9 F<40E579 F4609A 52 1F3612 01234503 052213 B9 92:14098f 3E53 E1=87 34<9 9>92 6: 3E9 <26=53945=

F41?679 67 5=4958C 5009F398 BC 3E9 1F361299G

+E9 0127689453612 67 W3E9 DEC 1: 3E9 012345037A 3E9 97792365= 495712 DE60E ?1>97 3E9 0123450362@ F543697 31 92394 6231

3E9 01234503GW +E67 89:6263612 6==<7345397 3E53 3E9 0127689453612 01239?F=5398 31 7<FF143 52 1F3612 01234503 2998 213

B9 ?129354CG *03<5= 057E 2998 213 B9 9R0E52@98 :14 3E9 1F3612G M1D9>94A BC 3E9 >94C 253<49 1: 52 1F3612 01234503A

57 89:6298 62 *4360=9 /b[NA 3E9 75?9 67 52 12941<7 01234503 :14 DE60E 3E9 0127689453612 ?<73 B9 71?93E62@ 1: >5=<9A

5=3E1<@E 637 K628 ?5C >54CG

Z9 E5>9 F562735K62@=C 9R5?6298 3E9 "1234503 1: '9579 D63E %F3612 31 S<40E579A 57 D9== 57 3E9 F=95862@7 7<B?63398

BC 3E9 F543697A 528 3E964 39736?12697 62 1F92 01<43A :14 52C 864903 9>689209 14 9>689209 5=6<289 31 F41>9 3E9 9R6739209

1: 0127689453612 :14 3E9 1F3612 01234503A B<3 D9 E5>9 :1<28 2129G +E9 12=C 0127689453612 5@4998 <F12 BC 3E9 F543697

62 3E9 7568 "1234503 67 3E9 7<FF1798 F<40E579 F4609 :14 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C 62 3E9 5?1<23 213 9R099862@ S/Ga

!6==612A DE60E 01<=8 213 B9 899?98 31 B9 3E9 75?9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 1F3612 01234503 76209 3E9 =5D 528

;<467F4<89209 9RF=6063=C 8603539 3E53 :14 3E9 1F3612 01234503 31 B9 >5=68A 63 ?<73 B9 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612

79F54539 528 86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609G

Page 15: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 15/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- /a

(2 &6B=9 &5F3673 "E<40E >G "1<43 1: *FF95=7A D9 73497798 3E53 52 1F3612 01234503 29987 31 B9 7<FF14398 BC 5 79F54539

0127689453612G +E9 0127689453612 2998 213 B9 ?129354C B<3 01<=8 0127673 1: 13E94 3E62@7 14 <289435K62@7G M1D9>94A

6: 3E9 0127689453612 67 213 ?129354CA 3E979 ?<73 B9 3E62@7 14 <289435K62@7 1: >5=<9A 62 >69D 1: 3E9 12941<7 253<49 1:

3E9 1F3612 01234503G \<43E94?149A DE92 5 0127689453612 :14 52 1F3612 01234503 67 213 ?129354CA 7568 0127689453612

?<73 B9 0=954=C 7F906:698 57 7<0E 62 3E9 1F3612 01234503 14 0=5<79G (2 3E9 F497923 0579A 63 67 628<B635B=9 3E53 21

0127689453612 D57 @6>92 BC Q24601 31 3E9 7F1<797 *F9=97 :14 3E9 1F3612 01234503G +E9 5B79209 1: ?129354C 14 52C

?539465= 0127689453612 K99F7 3E67 "1<43 :41? 92:14062@ 3E9 46@E37 1: 3E9 F543697 <2894 7568 1F3612 01234503G

BCC XT&+F' , 0*/=1FE&<?F=%T&<*+4 MI1I !@"8B54 J*(*NO*< 84 BC!C

(2 5 763<53612 DE949 3E9 =97714 ?5K97 52 1::94 31 79== 31 3E9 =97799 5 0943562 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562

F94618A 528 3E9 =97799 :56=7 31 5009F3 3E9 1::94 14 31 F<40E579 12 36?9A 3E92 3E9 =97799 =1797 E67 46@E3 31 B<C 3E9F41F943C 528 3E9 1D294 052 >5=68=C 1::94 63 31 5213E94

* <26=53945= F41?679 31 B<C 14 79== 67 5 ?949 1::94A DE60E 67 213 012>94398 6231 5 01234503 9R09F3 53 3E9 ?1?923 63 67

5009F398G *009F35209 67 3E9 503 3E53 @6>97 =6:9 31 5 ;<468605= 1B=6@53612A B905<79A B9:149 3E9 F41?679 67 5009F398A 3E9

F41?67714 ?5C D63E845D 63 53 52C 36?9G ]F12 5009F35209A E1D9>94A 5 B6=53945= 01234503 31 79== 528 31 B<C 67 0495398A

528 3E9 1::9499 6F71 :5031 577<?97 3E9 1B=6@536127 1: 5 F<40E5794f 3E9 1::9414A 12 3E9 13E94 E528A D1<=8 B9 =65B=9 :14

85?5@97 6: E9 :56=7 31 89=6>94 3E9 3E62@ E9 E58 1::9498 :14 75=9G Q>92 6: 3E9 F41?679 D57 5009F398A 5B7923 1: 5 86736203

0127689453612A 3E9 1::9414 67 213 B1<28 31 3E9 1::9499G

+E67 0579 62>1=>97 52 1F3612 01234503 528 213 5 01234503 1: 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G (2 3E9 =5D 12 75=97A 3E9 71U05==98

46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 67 52 6221>536>9 ;<468605= 49=53612G ,998=977 31 F1623 1<3A 63 052213 B9 899?98 5 F94:9039801234503 1: 75=9 <2894 *4360=9 /baO 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189G ,963E94 052 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A <289473118 62 637 214?5=

01209F3A F94 79 B9 B41<@E3 D63E62 3E9 F<4>69D 1: 52 1F3612 <2894 3E9 790128 F545@45FE 1: *4360=9 /b[NA 5:149H<1398A

14 F1776B=C 1: 52 1::94 <2894 *4360=9 /_/N 1: 3E9 75?9 "189G *2 1F3612 14 52 1::94 D1<=8 49H<649A 5?12@ 13E94 3E62@7A

5 0=954 09435623C 12 B13E 3E9 1B;903 528 3E9 05<79 14 0127689453612 1: 3E9 92>6761298 01234503G (2 5 46@E3 1: :6473

49:<75=A DE6=9 3E9 1B;903 ?6@E3 B9 ?589 89394?62539A 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3A E1D9>94A D1<=8 B9 89F928923 213

12=C 12 3E9 @452314l7 9>923<5= 623923612 31 92394 6231 5 B62862@ ;<468605= 49=53612 D63E 5213E94 B<3 5=71 12 394?7A

620=<862@ 3E9 F4609A 3E53 1B>61<7=C 549 C93 31 B9 =5394 :64?98 <FG S4614 3E94931A 63 052 53 B973 B9 71 897046B98 57 ?949=C

B9=12@62@ 31 5 0=577 1: F49F545314C ;<468605= 49=536127 @1>94298 213 BC 012345037 I76209 3E9 97792365= 9=9?9237 31

9735B=67E 3E9 >620<=<? ;<467 D1<=8 736== B9 6289:62639 528 620120=<76>9J B<3 BCA 5?12@ 13E94 =5D7 1: @92945=5FF=6053612A 3E9 F94362923 705339498 F41>676127 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 12 E<?52 0128<03G

Q>92 12 3E9 F49?679 3E53 7<0E 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= E57 B992 8904998 <2894 5 :625= ;<8@?923A =6K9 E949A 637 B4950E

052213 ;<736:C 014497F12862@=C 52 677<5209 1: 5 D463 1: 9R90<3612 <2894 5 ;<8@?923 3E53 ?949=C 4901@26L97 6379R6739209A 214 D1<=8 63 75203612 52 503612 :14 7F906:60 F94:14?5209 D63E1<3 3E949BC 29@5362@ 3E9 62867F9275B=9

9=9?923 1: 0127927<5=63C 62 3E9 F94:903612 1: 012345037G (3 67 213 31 75CA E1D9>94A 3E53 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= D1<=8

B9 6201279H<92365= :14A 7<0E 57 5=4958C 6236?5398 5B1>9A 52 <2;<736:698 86749@548 3E9491:A @6>92A :14 62735209A 3E9

0640<?7352097 9RF497798 62 *4360=9 /N 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A 052 D544523 5 4901>94C :14 85?5@97G

*2 1F3612 01234503 67 923649=C 86::94923 528 86736203 :41? 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 62 3E53 62 3E9 :14?94A 3E9 1F3612

@452398 31 3E9 1::9499 67 :14 5 :6R98 F94618 528 53 5 89394?6298 F4609G '50K62@ 3E979 3D1 97792365= 49H<676397A DE53 67

62>1=>98 67 12=C 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G

(3 67 0=954 :41? 3E9 F41>67612 1: *4360=9 /_Pb 3E53 3E949 67 5 @4953 86::949209 B93D992 3E9 9::903 1: 52 1F3612 DE60E 67

D63E1<3 5 0127689453612 :41? 129 DE60E 67 :1<2898 <F12 5 0127689453612G (: 3E9 1F3612 67 D63E1<3 52C 0127689453612A

3E9 1::9414 ?5C D63E845D E67 1::94 BC 01??<2605362@ 7<0E D63E845D5= 31 3E9 1::9499 53 52C36?9 B9:149 5009F35209f

6: 63 67 :1<2898 <F12 5 0127689453612A 3E9 1::9414 052213 D63E845D E67 1::94 B9:149 3E9 =5F79 1: 3E9 F94618 5@4998<F12G +E9 790128 F545@45FE 1: *4360=9 /b[N 890=5497 3E53 52 5009F398 <26=53945= F41?679 31 B<C 14 31 79== 5

89394?62539 3E62@ :14 5 F4609 0943562 67 B62862@ <F12 3E9 F41?67714 6: 3E9 F41?679 67 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612

86736203 :41? 3E9 F4609G

(2 3E67 0579A 63 67 <2867F<398 3E53 .1B9431 868 213 5009F3 3E9 394?7 735398 62 3E9 =93394 1: '1<489757 E9 29@1365398 :14

5 ?<0E =1D94 F4609G .1B94317 503 1: 29@1365362@ :14 5 ?<0E =1D94 F4609 D57 5 01<2394U1::94 528 67 3E949:149 213 52

5009F35209 1: 3E9 1::94 1:'1<4897G *4360=9 /_/N 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897d "12792367 ?526:97398 BC 3E9 ?99362@ 1:

3E9 1::94 528 3E9 5009F35209 <F12 3E9 3E62@ 528 3E9 05<79 DE60E 549 31 0127363<39 3E9 01234503G +E9 1::94 ?<73 B9

0943562 528 3E9 5009F35209 5B71=<39G * n<5=6:698 *009F35209 "127363<397 * 01<2394U1::94G

Page 16: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 16/33

 

+E9 01<2394U1::94 1: .1B9431 :14 5 ?<0E =1D94 F4609 D57 213 5009F398 BC '1<4897G +E949 67 3E949:149 21 01234503

3E53 D57 F94:90398 B93D992 3E9? D63E 49@548 31 3E9 75=9 1: 7<B;903 F41F943CG .1B9431A 3E<7A 8197 213 E5>9 52C 46@E3

31 89?528 3E53 3E9 F41F943C B9 71=8 31 E6? 53 3E9 F4609 :14 DE60E 63 D57 71=8 31 3E9 #9 '9127 2963E94 8197 E9 E5>9

3E9 46@E3 31 89?528 3E53 7568 75=9 31 3E9 #9 '9127 B9 522<==98G

!1491>94A 9>92 6: .1B9431 5009F398 3E9 1::94 1: '1<4897A 736== 3E9 :14?94 67 213 B1<28 3E949BC B905<79 1: 3E9 5B79209

1: 5 0127689453612 86736203 528 79F54539 :41? 3E9 F4609G +E9 54@<?923 1: .1B9431 3E53 3E9 79F54539 0127689453612

D57 3E9 =6B945=63C 12 3E9 F543 1: '1<4897 "52213 -3528G * F94<75= 1: 3E9 =93394U1::94 1: '1<4897 D1<=8 7E1D 3E53 DE53

841>9 E94 31 1::94 3E9 F41F943C 31 .1B9431 D57 E94 6??986539 2998 :14 :<287 57 7E9 D57 5=4958C >94C 1=8G %::9462@3E9 F41F943C 31 .1B9431 D57 213 52 503 1: =6B945=63C 12 3E9 F543 1: '1<4897 B<3 D57 5 76?F=9 ?53394 1: 012>9269209

528 F4503605=63C 57 E9 D57 3E9 129 ?173 =6K9=C 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 3E53 36?9 57 E9 D57 3E92 =95762@ 3E9 75?9G

BC! L[L , MF/0*' ;F<?+F'4 @!5 %617 #:" ABC!CD

*2 1F3612 67 5 01234503 BC DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943C 5@4997 D63E 5213E94 F94712 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E9

46@E3 31 B<C 3E9 :14?94T7 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562 36?9G (3 67 5 012863612 1::9498 14 01234503 BC DE60E

3E9 1D294 736F<=5397 D63E 5213E94 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5

0943562 36?9A 14 <2894A 14 62 01?F=65209 D63E 0943562 394?7 528 0128636127f 14 DE60E @6>97 31 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9

F41F943C 3E9 46@E3 31 79== 14 89?528 5 75=9G (3 B6287 3E9 F543CA DE1 E57 @6>92 3E9 1F3612A 213 31 92394 6231 3E9

F46206F5= 01234503 D63E 52C 13E94 F94712 8<462@ 3E9 F94618 8976@25398A 528A D63E62 3E53 F94618A 31 92394 6231 7<0E

01234503 D63E 3E9 129 31 DE1? 3E9 1F3612 D57 @452398A 6: 3E9 =53394 7E1<=8 890689 31 <79 3E9 1F3612G

]F12 3E9 13E94 E528A 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 67 5 01234503<5= @4523A 213 1: 3E9 75=9 1: 5 F41F943CA B<3 1: 3E9 :6473 F461463C

31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 62 3E9 9>923 3E9 1D294 79==7 3E9 75?9G *7 867362@<67E98 :41? 52 1F3612 01234503A 62 5 46@E3 1: :6473

49:<75=A DE6=9 3E9 1B;903 ?6@E3 B9 ?589 89394?62539A 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= D1<=8 B9 89F928923 213

12=C 12 3E9 1D294T7 9>923<5= 623923612 31 92394 6231 5 B62862@ ;<468605= 49=53612 D63E 5213E94 B<3 5=71 12 394?7A

620=<862@ 3E9 F4609A 3E53 549 C93 31 B9 :64?98 <FG

*7 3E9 1F3612 31 F<40E579 0=5<79 62 3E9 790128 =9579 01234503 E57 21 89:62639 F94618 D63E62 DE60E 3E9 =95798

F49?6797 D6== B9 1::9498 :14 75=9 31 497F128923 =97799 528 3E9 F4609 67 ?589 7<B;903 31 29@13653612 528 89394?6298

12=C 53 3E9 36?9 3E9 1F3612 31 B<C 67 9R9406798A 63 67 1B>61<7=C 5 ?949 46@E3 1: 49:<75=A <7<5==C 62794398 62 =9579012345037 31 @6>9 3E9 =97799 3E9 :6473 0450K 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 62 0579 3E9 =97714 8906897 31 79== 3E9 75?9G

ZE92 5 =9579 01234503 01235627 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A 3E9 =97714 E57 3E9 =9@5= 8<3C 31 3E9 =97799 213 31 79== 3E9 =95798

F41F943C 31 52C129 53 52C F4609 <236= 5:394 3E9 =97714 E57 ?589 52 1::94 31 79== 3E9 F41F943C 31 3E9 =97799 528 3E9=97799 E57 :56=98 31 5009F3 63G %2=C 5:394 3E9 =97799 E57 :56=98 31 9R940679 E67 46@E3 1: :6473 F461463C 01<=8 3E9 =97714 79==

3E9 F41F943C 31 13E94 B<C947 <2894 3E9 75?9 394?7 528 0128636127 1::9498 31 3E9 =97799A 14 <2894 394?7 528

0128636127 ?149 :5>145B=9 31 3E9 =97714G

Z9 E5>9 0539@14605==C 4<=98 3E53 63 67 213 0144903 31 75C 3E53 3E949 67 21 0127689453612 :14 3E9 @4523 1: 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473

49:<75= 6: 7<0E @4523 67 9?B18698 62 3E9 75?9 01234503 1: =9579G -6209 3E9 736F<=53612 :14?7 F543 1: 3E9 923649 =9579

01234503A 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 =9579 620=<897 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 @4523 1: 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G (2

9239462@ 6231 3E9 01234503A 3E9 =97799 67 62 9::903 735362@ 3E53 63 01279237 31 =9579 3E9 F49?6797 528 31 F5C 3E9 F4609

5@4998 <F12 F41>6898 3E9 =97714 5=71 01279237 3E53A 7E1<=8 63 79== 3E9 =95798 F41F943CA 3E92A 3E9 =97799 7E5== B9 @6>92

3E9 46@E3 31 ?530E 3E9 1::9498 F<40E579 F4609 528 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 3E53 F4609G

BCB 7<()O?E)F. 6&.&//& , 6Q-ZHZ64 BC!!

*2 1F3612 67 5 01234503 BC DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943C 5@4997 D63E 5213E94 F94712 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E9

46@E3 31 B<C 3E9 :14?94l7 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562 36?9G (3 67 5 012863612 1::9498 14 01234503 BC DE60E

3E9 1D294 736F<=5397 D63E 5213E94 3E53 3E9 =53394 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5

0943562 36?9A 14 <2894A 14 62 01?F=65209 D63E 0943562 394?7 528 0128636127f 14 DE60E @6>97 31 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9

F41F943C 3E9 46@E3 31 79== 14 89?528 5 75=9G *2 1F3612 67 213 1: 6379=: 5 F<40E579A B<3 ?949=C 790<497 3E9 F46>6=9@9 31

B<CG (3 67 213 5 75=9 1: F41F943C B<3 5 75=9 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 F<40E579G (3 67 76?F=C 5 01234503 BC DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9

F41F943C 5@4997 D63E 5213E94 F94712 3E53 E9 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 B<C E67 F41F943C 53 5 :6R98 F4609 D63E62 5 0943562

36?9G M9 8197 213 79== E67 =528f E9 8197 213 3E92 5@499 31 79== 63f B<3 E9 8197 79== 71?93E62@A 6G9GA 3E9 46@E3 14 F46>6=9@9

31 B<C 53 3E9 9=903612 14 1F3612 1: 3E9 13E94 F543CG (37 867362@<67E62@ 0E545039467360 67 3E53 63 6?F1797 21 B62862@

1B=6@53612 12 3E9 F94712 E1=862@ 3E9 1F3612A 57689 :41? 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 1::94G

Page 17: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 17/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- /[

*2 1F3612 67 12=C 5 F49F545314C 01234503 528 5 012362<62@ 1::94 31 92394 6231 5 F46206F5= 01234503G ]2894 3E9 793U<FA

3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943CA DE60E 67 -?543?5360U+(!A @6>97 3E9 1F361299A DE60E 67 3E9 "1?9=90A 3E9 46@E3 31 5009F3 3E9

:14?947 1::94 31 F<40E579 3E9 @1187 =67398 62 3E9 01234503 :14 5 7F906:698 5?1<23A 528 D63E62 5 7F906:698 F94618G +E<7A

3E9 "1?9=90 67 @6>92 3E9 46@E3 31 890689 DE93E94 14 213 63 D5237 31 F<40E579 3E9 7<B;903 @1187G (3 67A 3E949:149A

<20943562 DE93E94 14 213 3E9 F46206F5= 01234503 D1<=8 B9 9239498 6231G +E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943C D1<=8 3E92 E5>9

31 D563 :14 3E9 1F361299 31 ?5K9 5 89067612G * =12@94 1F3612 F94618 D1<=8 ?952 3E53 ?149 36?9 D1<=8 B9 @6>92 31 3E9

1F361299 31 01276894 0640<?7352097 5::90362@ 637 89067612 DE93E94 31 F<40E579 3E9 @1187 14 213G %2 3E9 F543 1:

-?543?5360U+(!A 63 D1<=8 E5>9 31 D563 :14 5 =12@94 F94618 31 89394?629 DE93E94 3E9 7<B;903 @1187 D6== B9 71=8 31 3E9

"1?9=90 14 213A 6273958 1: :499=C 79==62@ 14 =95762@ 3E9? 31 13E94 F947127 14 @1>942?9237 F1776B=C 53 5 E6@E94 F4609G+E67 67 97F9065==C 34<9 62 3E67 0579 57 3E9 394?7 528 0128636127 :14 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 1F3612 620=<862@ 3E9 F<40E579

F4609A E58 B992 620=<898 62 3E9 *Q- 01234503 F49>61<7=C B68898 <F12G +E9 F543697 549 B1<28 31 1B794>9 3E9=6?63536127 9?B18698 3E94962A 13E94D679A 5 29D F<B=60 B68862@ D1<=8 B9 299898G

Z9 5@499 D63E 497F1289237 3E53 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 1F3612 67 ?149 58>5235@91<7 31 3E9 "1?9=90A B905<79 3E9

S[A/N/AbObA[_NGbO 49235=7 F568 :14 3E9 =9579 1: @1187 528 F<40E579 1: 794>6097 <2894 3E9 *Q- 01234503 D57

0127689498 F543 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G \14 3E9 "1?9=90 31 1D2 3E9 7<B;903 @1187A 63 D57 49H<6498 31 F5C 12=C

SPA/_cAV_aAcbOG/aG (: 3E9 "1?9=90 868 213 9R940679 3E9 1F3612A 3E9 49235=7 5=4958C F568 D1<=8 ;<73 B9 129 1: 3E9

@1>942?923 9RF92797 :14 3E9 F573 9=903612 528 D1<=8 B9 1: 21 <79 31 :<3<49 9=9036127G *77<?62@ 3E53 3E9 9R940679 1:

3E9 1F3612 67 2<==6:698A 3E9 "1?9=90 D1<=8 5@562 0128<03 5213E94 F<B=60 B68862@ :14 3E9 *Q- :14 3E9 Pc/_ 9=9036127

D63E 637 5>56=5B=9 B<8@93 1: S[ B6==612G "127689462@ 3E53 3E9 7568 5?1<23 67 3E9 5>56=5B=9 :<28 :14 3E9 DE1=9 9=903612

F410977A 3E9 5?1<23 :14 3E9 F<40E579 14 =9579 1: 29D *Q- D6== 89:62639=C B9 =977 3E52 S[ B6==612G !1491>94A 63 67

F1776B=9 3E53 -?543?5360U+(! D1<=8 F543606F539 62 3E9 F<B=60 B68862@ 528 01<=8 D62 53 5 F1776B=C E6@E94 F4609G +E9"1?9=90 ?6@E3 928 <F 50H<6462@ 3E9 75?9 S"%- ?50E6297 B<3 21D 53 5 E6@E94 F4609G

BC8 H?2F'YT& ,E 67

e61=53612 1: 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 4928947 3E9 01234503 1: 75=9 49706776B=9G

.9d e5=6863C 528 92:14095B6=63C 1: 736F<=53612 @452362@ 3E9 ?143@5@99 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=

S54G N @45237 <F12 ' o . "14F1453612 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 1>94 3E9 ?143@5@98 F41F943C 62 3E9 9>923 3E9

?143@5@14 8906897 31 79== 3E9 75?9G +E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= E57 =12@ B992 4901@26L98 57 >5=68 62 1<4 ;<4678603612G+E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 =152U?143@5@9 620=<897 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G ' o . "14F1453612 67

62 9::903 735362@ 3E53 63 01279237 31 =928 1<3 ?129C 31 3E9 7F1<797 '6312;<5 F41>6898 3E53 62 0579 3E9C 890689 31 79==

3E9 F41F943C ?143@5@98 31 63A 3E92 ' o . "14F1453612 7E5== B9 @6>92 3E9 46@E3 31 ?530E 3E9 1::9498 F<40E579 F4609 528

31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 3E53 F4609G +E<7A DE6=9 3E9 7F1<797 '6312;<5 E58 9>94C 46@E3 31 79== 3E964 ?143@5@98 F41F943C31 SZM*- D63E1<3 790<462@ 3E9 F4614 D463392 0127923 1: ' o . "14F1453612A 3E9C E58 3E9 1B=6@53612 <2894 F545@45FE

NA DE60E 67 5 F94:903=C >5=68 F41>67612A 31 2136:C 3E9 =53394 1: 3E964 623923612 31 79== 3E9 F41F943C 528 @6>9 63 F461463C

1>94 13E94 B<C947G (3 67 12=C <F12 :56=<49 1: ' o . "14F1453612 31 9R940679 637 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 01<=8 3E9 7F1<797

'6312;<5 >5=68=C 79== 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943697 31 13E947A <2894 3E9 75?9 394?7 528 0128636127 1::9498 31 ' o .

"14F1453612G

.9d -353<7 1: 3E9 75=9 ?589 31 SZM*- 62 >61=53612 1: ' o . "14F1453612l7 01234503<5= 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=

+E9 75=9 ?589 31 SZM*- 67 49706776B=9G

)<L?52A &105=62@ o "1G >G &1229>69d +E9 497F128923 01<43 0144903=C E9=8 3E53 3E9 "1234503 1: -5=9 D57 213 >1685B=9

B<3 49706776B=9G ]2894 *4360=9 /_Oc 31 /_O/I_J 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A 5 01234503 13E94D679 >5=68 ?5C 21293E9=977 B9

7<B79H<923=C 497062898 BC 495712 1: 62;<4C 31 3E648 F947127A =6K9 049863147G +E9 7353<7 1: 049863147 01<=8 B9 >5=68=C

50014898 BC 3E9 &1229>697 :14 3E9C E58 7<B7352365= 62394973 3E53 D949 F49;<86098 BC 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C

31 3E9 "1234503 1: '9579G+1=923621d .970677612 67 5 49?98C @452398 BC =5D 31 3E9 0123450362@ F543697 528 9>92 31 3E648 F947127A 31 790<49

49F5453612 :14 85?5@97 05<798 31 3E9? BC 5 01234503A 9>92 6: 3E67 7E1<=8 B9 >5=68A BC ?9527 1: 3E9 49731453612 1:

3E62@7 31 3E964 012863612 53 3E9 ?1?923 F4614 31 3E9 09=9B453612 1: 7568 01234503G (3 67 5 49=69: 5==1D98 :14 129 1: 3E9

0123450362@ F543697 528 9>92 3E648 F947127 :41? 5== 62;<4C 528 85?5@9 3E9 01234503 ?5C 05<79A 14 31 F413903 71?9

6201?F536B=9 528 F49:9492365= 46@E3 0495398 BC 3E9 01234503G .970677612 6?F=697 5 01234503 DE60EA 9>92 6: 626365==C

>5=68A F418<097 5 =97612 14 F90<2654C 85?5@9 31 71?9129 3E53 ;<736:697 637 62>5=6853612 :14 4957127 1: 9H<63CG

(3 D57 3E92 E9=8 3E53 3E9 "1234503 1: -5=9 3E949A DE60E >61=5398 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A D57 49706776B=9G

Page 18: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 18/33

 

(2 3E9 0579 53 B54A SZM*- 052213 0=56? 6@2145209 1: 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= @452398 31 ' o . "14F1453612 1>94 3E9

7<B;903 F41F943697 76209 3E9 #998 1: .95= Q73539 !143@5@9 012356262@ 7<0E 5 F41>67612 D57 8<=C 49@6739498 D63E 3E9

.9@67394 1: #9987G *7 7<0EA SZM*- 67 F497<?98 31 E5>9 B992 2136:698 3E9491: BC 49@673453612A DE60E 9H<5397 31

213609 31 3E9 DE1=9 D14=8G

BC# 7'R PT ,E 67

*3 52C 36?9 F4614 31 3E9 F94:903612 1: 3E9 01234503A 963E94 29@1365362@ F543C ?5C 731F 3E9 29@13653612G +E9 1::94A 53

3E67 735@9A ?5C B9 D63E845D2f 3E9 D63E845D5= 67 9::9036>9 6??986539=C 5:394 637 ?526:97353612A 7<0E 57 BC 637 ?56=62@

528 213 290977546=C DE92 3E9 1::9499 =95427 1: 3E9 D63E845D5=G ZE949 5 F94618 67 @6>92 31 3E9 1::9499 D63E62 DE60E 315009F3 3E9 1::94A 3E9 :1==1D62@ 4<=97 @92945==C @1>942d

(: 3E9 F94618 67 213 6379=: :1<2898 <F12 14 7<FF14398 BC 5 0127689453612A 3E9 1::9414 67 736== :499 528 E57 3E9 46@E3 31

D63E845D 3E9 1::94 B9:149 637 5009F35209A 14A 6: 52 5009F35209 E57 B992 ?589A B9:149 3E9 1::9414l7 01?62@ 31 K21D 1:

7<0E :503A BC 01??<2605362@ 3E53 D63E845D5= 31 3E9 1::9499G +E9 46@E3 31 D63E845DA E1D9>94A ?<73 213 B9 9R9406798

DE6?7605==C 14 54B634546=Cf 13E94D679A 63 01<=8 @6>9 4679 31 5 85?5@9 0=56? <2894 *4360=9 /N 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 DE60E

1485627 3E53 W9>94C F94712 ?<73A 62 3E9 9R940679 1: E67 46@E37 528 62 3E9 F94:14?5209 1: E67 8<3697A 503 D63E ;<73609A

@6>9 9>94C129 E67 8<9A 528 1B794>9 E12973C 528 @118 :563EGW

(: 3E9 F94618 E57 5 79F54539 0127689453612A 5 01234503 1: W1F3612W 67 899?98 F94:90398A 528 63 D1<=8 B9 5 B4950E 1:

3E53 01234503 31 D63E845D 3E9 1::94 8<462@ 3E9 5@4998 F94618G +E9 1F3612A E1D9>94A 67 52 6289F928923 01234503 BC

6379=:A 528 63 67 31 B9 867362@<67E98 :41? 3E9 F41;90398 ?562 5@499?923 I7<B;903 ?53394 1: 3E9 1F3612J DE60E 67

1B>61<7=C C93 31 B9 0120=<898G (:A 62 :503A 3E9 1F361294U1::9414 D63E845D7 3E9 1::94 B9:149 637 5009F35209I9R940679 1:3E9 1F3612J BC 3E9 1F361299U1::9499A 3E9 =53394 ?5C 213 7<9 :14 7F906:60 F94:14?5209 12 3E9 F41F1798 01234503

IW1B;903W 1: 3E9 1F3612J 76209 63 E57 :56=98 31 4950E 637 1D2 735@9 1: F94:903612G +E9 1F361294U1::9414A E1D9>94A

4928947 E6?79=: =65B=9 :14 85?5@97 :14 B4950E 1: 3E9 1F3612G (2 3E979 05797A 0549 7E1<=8 B9 35K92 1: 3E9 495= 253<49 1:

3E9 0127689453612 @6>92A :14 6:A 62 :503A 63 E57 B992 62392898 31 B9 F543 1: 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 ?562 01234503 D63E

5 46@E3 1: D63E845D5= 12 3E9 F543 1: 3E9 1F361299A 3E9 ?562 01234503 01<=8 B9 899?98 F94:90398f 5 76?6=54 62735209

D1<=8 B9 52 W9542973 ?129CW 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9 3E53 052 9>689209 637 F94:903612 I*43G /bOPA "6>6= "189JG

*2 1F3612 14 52 1::94 D1<=8 49H<649A 5?12@ 13E94 3E62@7A 5 0=954 09435623C 12 B13E 3E9 1B;903 528 3E9 05<79 14

0127689453612 1: 3E9 92>6761298 01234503G (2 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A DE6=9 3E9 1B;903 ?6@E3 B9 ?589 89394?62539A 3E99R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3A E1D9>94A D1<=8 B9 89F928923 213 12=C 12 3E9 @452314l7 9>923<5= 623923612 31 92394 6231 5

B62862@ ;<468605= 49=53612 D63E 5213E94 B<3 5=71 12 394?7A 620=<862@ 3E9 F4609A 3E53 1B>61<7=C 549 C93 31 B9 =5394 :64?98

<FG S4614 3E94931A 63 052 53 B973 B9 71 897046B98 57 ?949=C B9=12@62@ 31 5 0=577 1: F49F545314C ;<468605= 49=536127

@1>94298 213 BC 012345037 I76209 3E9 97792365= 9=9?9237 31 9735B=67E 3E9 >620<=<? ;<467 D1<=8 736== B9 6289:62639 528620120=<76>9J B<3 BCA 5?12@ 13E94 =5D7 1: @92945= 5FF=6053612A 3E9 F94362923 705339498 F41>676127 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 12

E<?52 0128<03G

Q>92 12 3E9 F49?679 3E53 7<0E 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= E57 B992 8904998 <2894 5 :625= ;<8@?923A =6K9 E949A 637 B4950E

052213 ;<736:C 014497F12862@=C 52 677<5209 1: 5 D463 1: 9R90<3612 <2894 5 ;<8@?923 3E53 ?949=C 4901@26L97 637

9R6739209A 214 D1<=8 63 75203612 52 503612 :14 7F906:60 F94:14?5209 D63E1<3 3E949BC 29@5362@ 3E9 62867F9275B=9

9=9?923 1: 0127927<5=63C 62 3E9 F94:903612 1: 012345037GGG +E9 :625= ;<8@?923 62 "6>6= "579 ,1G O[Ub/caOA 63 ?<73 B9

73497798A E57 ?949=C 50014898 5 W46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=W 62 :5>14 1: F9363612947GGG (2 :629A 6:A 57 63 67 E949 71 012>9C98 31

<7A F9363612947 549 5@@469>98 BC 3E9 :56=<49 1: F46>539 497F1289237 31 E1214 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A 3E9 49?98C 67

213 5 D463 1: 9R90<3612 12 3E9 ;<8@?923A 76209 3E949 67 2129 31 9R90<39A B<3 52 503612 :14 85?5@97 62 5 F41F94 :14<?

:14 3E9 F<4F179

BC5 Z\T&2F<?&/ , -&3G&?<4 B@# %617 #"8 A!99@D

,139d +E67 0579 ?186:698 *2@ ^< >7 "* 0579G (2 *2@ ^<A 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 85D 052 B9 D63E845D2 52C36?9 528 8197

213 5::903 3E9 7<B79H<923 01234503 1: 75=9 76209 3E949 67 21 0127689453612 79F54539 528 86736203 :41? 01234503 1: 75=9G

M1D9>94A 62 3E67 0579A C<2@ 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 9?B98898 62 3E9 01234503 1: =9579 9 ?5C 0127689453612 85D DE60E 67

3E9 F5C?923 1: 01234503 1: =9579 6379=: 25A 71 >61=53612 1: 7<0E 4928947 3E9 7<B79H<923 01234503 1: 75=9 49706776B=9G

*2 1F3612 67 5 01234503 @452362@ 5 F46>6=9@9 31 B<C 14 79== D63E62 52 5@4998 36?9 528 53 5 89394?6298 F4609G (3 67 5

79F54539 528 86736203 01234503 :41? 3E53 DE60E 3E9 F543697 ?5C 92394 6231 <F12 3E9 0127<??53612 1: 3E9 1F3612G (3

?<73 B9 7<FF14398 BC 0127689453612G (2 3E9 6273523 0579A 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 67 52 6239@45= F543 1: 3E9 012345037

1: =9579G +E9 0127689453612 67 B<6=3 6231 3E9 4906F4105= 1B=6@536127 1: 3E9 F543697G

Page 19: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 19/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- /N

+1 4<=9 3E53 5 01234503<5= 736F<=53612 7<0E 57 3E53 :1<28 62 F545@45FE O 1: 3E9 012345037 67 @1>94298 BC *4360=9 /_Pb

12 D63E845D5= 1: 3E9 1::94 14 *4360=9 /b[N 12 F41?679 31 B<C 528 79== D1<=8 492894 62 9::903<5= 14 W62<36=9W 3E9

F41>676127 12 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 71 01??12=C 62794398 62 =95797 1: 495= 973539 21D585C7G +E9 "1<43 1: *FF95=7 67

0144903 62 735362@ 3E53 S545@45FE O D57 62014F145398 6231 3E9 012345037 1: =9579 :14 3E9 B929:63 1: !5C:564 DE60E

D52398 31 B9 577<498 3E53 63 7E5== B9 @6>92 3E9 :6473 0450K 14 3E9 :6473 1F3612 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 3E9 F4609 DE60E

"54?9=1 67 D6==62@ 31 5009F3G (3 67 213 5=71 0144903 31 75C 3E53 3E949 67 21 0127689453612 62 52 5@499?923 1: 46@E3 1: :6473

49:<75=G +E9 736F<=53612 67 F543 528 F5409= 1: 3E9 923649 01234503 1: =9579G +E9 0127689453612 :14 3E9 =9579 620=<897 3E9

0127689453612 :14 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G +E<7A !5C:564 67 62 9::903 735362@ 3E53 63 01279237 31 =9579 3E9 F49?6797 528

31 F5C 3E9 F4609 5@4998 <F12 F41>6898 3E9 =97714 5=71 01279237 3E53A 7E1<=8 63 79== 3E9 =95798 F41F943CA 3E92A !5C:5647E5== B9 @6>92 3E9 46@E3 31 ?530E 3E9 1::9498 F<40E579 F4609 528 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943C 53 3E53 F4609G *7 735398 62 e85G #9

n<64621 >7G S5=5405A 62 4906F4105= 01234503A 3E9 1B=6@53612 14 F41?679 1: 950E F543C 67 3E9 0127689453612 :14 3E53 1: 3E913E94G

*0014862@=CA 9>92 57 63 4901@26L97 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A 3E67 "1<43 7E1<=8 5=71 14894 3E53 !5C:564 B9 5<3E146L98 31

9R940679 637 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= <2894 3E9 01234503 31 620=<89 3E9 9236493C 1: 3E9 6286>676B=9 F41F943CG +E9 B1<2854697

1: 3E9 F41F943C 71=8 7E1<=8 B9 3E9 B1<2854697 1: 3E9 1::94 <2894 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=G *7 31 3E9 49?98C 31 92:1409

!5C:564l7 46@E3A 3E9 "1<43 8675@4997 31 5 0943562 9R3923 D63E 3E9 0120=<862@ F543 1: 3E9 867792362@ 1F62612 1: `<73609

e63<@G +E9 81034629 92<2065398 62 *2@ ^< *7<20612 >7G"1<43 1: *FF95=7 7E1<=8 B9 ?186:698A 6: 213 5?F=6:698 <2894

3E9 F90<=654 :5037 1: 3E67 0579G

-6209 !5C:564 E57 5 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A 63 052 9R940679 3E9 46@E3 12=C 6: 3E9 :45<8<=923 75=9 67 :6473 793 57689 14

497062898G *== 1: 3E979 ?533947 549 21D B9:149 <7 528 71 3E949 7E1<=8 B9 21 F6909?95= 89394?6253612 1: 3E67 0579 528=95>9 :9739462@ 71497 31 89394614539 6231 928=977 =636@53612G +E9 :5037 1: 3E9 0579 528 01276894536127 1: ;<73609 528

9H<63C 49H<649 3E53 D9 14894 4970677612 E949 528 21DG .970677612 67 5 49=69: 5==1D98 :14 3E9 F413903612 1: 129 1: 3E9

0123450362@ F543697 528 9>92 3E648 F947127 :41? 5== 62;<4C 528 85?5@9 3E9 01234503 ?5C 05<79 14 31 F413903 71?9

6201?F536B=9 528 F49:94498 46@E3 BC 3E9 01234503G +E9 75=9 1: 3E9 7<B;903 495= F41F943C BC "54?9=1 31 QH<531465=

7E1<=8 21D B9 497062898 0127689462@ 3E53 !5C:564A DE60E E58 7<B7352365= 62394973 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943CA D57

F49;<86098 BC 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C 31 QH<531465= D63E1<3 "54?9=1 012:94462@ 31 !5C:564 9>94C

1FF143<263C 31 29@136539 D63E62 3E9 _cU85C 736F<=5398 F94618G

]2894 3E9 *2@ ^< *7<20612 >7G "1<43 1: *FF95=7 89067612A 3E9 "1<43 735398 3E53 3E949 D57 213E62@ 31 9R90<39 B905<795 01234503 1>94 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= B9=12@7 31 5 0=577 1: F49F545314C ;<468605= 49=536127 @1>94298 213 BC 3E9 =5D

12 012345037 B<3 BC 3E9 0185= F41>676127 12 E<?52 49=536127G +E67 ?5C 5FF=C E949 6: 3E9 01234503 67 =6?6398 31 3E9

B<C62@ 528 79==62@ 1: 3E9 495= F41F943CG M1D9>94A 3E9 1B=6@53612 1: "54?9=1 31 :6473 1::94 3E9 F41F943C 31 !5C:564 67

9?B18698 62 5 01234503G (3 67 S545@45FE O 12 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= DE60E 0495398 3E9 1B=6@53612G (3 7E1<=8 B992:14098 50014862@ 31 3E9 =5D 12 012345037 6273958 1: 3E9 F52145?60 528 6289:62639 4<=9 12 E<?52 49=536127G +E9

=53394 49?98C 9201<45@97 ?<=36F=6063C 1: 7<637G +E949 67 71?93E62@ 31 9R90<39 528 3E53 67 :14 "54?9=1 31 01?F=C D63E

637 1B=6@53612 31 3E9 F41F943C <2894 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 :6473 49:<75= 50014862@ 31 3E9 394?7 53 DE60E 3E9C 7E1<=8 E5>9

B992 1::9498 3E92 31 !5C:564A 53 3E9 F4609 DE92 3E53 1::94 7E1<=8 E5>9 B992 ?589G *=71A !5C:564 E57 31 5009F3 3E9

1::94G +E67 ;<468605= 49=53612 67 213 5?14FE1<7 214 67 63 ?949=C F49F545314CG S545@45FE7 O 1: 3E9 3D1 =95797 052 B9

9R90<398 50014862@ 31 3E964 394?7G

BC@ L&<&'&\T* V?'R , 674 B@" %617 :B: A!99:D

(2 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75=A 12=C 5:394 3E9 @452399 :56=7 31 9R940679 637 46@E3 1: :6473 F461463C <2894 3E9 75?9 394?7 528

D63E62 3E9 F94618 01239?F=5398A 01<=8 3E9 1D294 >5=68=C 1::94 31 79== 3E9 F41F943C 31 5 3E648 F94712A 5@562A <2894 3E9

75?9 394?7 57 1::9498 31 3E9 @452399G

+E67 F46206F=9 D57 4963945398 62 3E9 >94C 490923 0579 1: QH<531465= .95=3C >7G !5C:564 +E95394A (20G DE60E D57 8906898

92 B520G +E67 "1<43 <FE9=8 3E9 46@E3 1: :6473 49:<75= 1: 3E9 =97799 !5C:564A 528 497062898 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 F41F943C BC

3E9 =97714 "54?9=1 31 QH<531465= .95=3C 0127689462@ 3E53 !5C:564A DE60E E58 7<B7352365= 62394973 1>94 3E9 7<B;903

F41F943CA D57 F49;<86098 BC 637 75=9 31 QH<531465= D63E1<3 "54?9=1 012:94462@ 31 !5C:564 9>94C 1FF143<263C 31

29@136539 D63E62 3E9 _cU85C 736F<=5398 F94618G

>F2*] %29 1: 7<0E 46@E37 620=<898 62 3E9 01234503 1: =9579 528A 3E949:149A 62 3E9 5776@2?9237 1: 46@E37 D57 3E9 =977997

46@E3 1: :6473 1F3612 14 F461463C 31 B<C 3E9 F41F943697 7<B;903 1: 3E9 =9579A 57 F41>6898 62 F545@45FE N 1: 3E9 5776@298

=9579 01234503G +E9 8998 1: 5776@2?923 2998 213 B9 >94C 7F906:60 57 31 DE60E 46@E37 528 1B=6@536127 D949 F57798 12

Page 20: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 20/33

 

31 3E9 5776@299G (3 67 <289473118 62 3E9 @92945= F41>67612 5:149H<1398 3E53 5== 7F906:60 46@E37 528 1B=6@536127

012356298 62 3E9 01234503 1: =9579 549 3E179 49:94498 31 57 B962@ 5776@298G ,998=977 31 73539A 497F128923 -52317 @5>9

E94 <2H<5=6:698 012:14?63C 31 B13E 5776@2?9237 1: 46@E37G

BC: 6?G<& , 674 !9" %617 9!

>*.6,47 ?&6,@ '6 8&6('7'&6*+ 4*+,=

]2894 3E9 588928<? 31 3E9 5@499?923A B13E F543697 549 @6>92 3E9 :49981? 31 B50K 1<3 1: 3E9 34527503612 F41>6898

3E53A 62 369 0579 1: 3E9 79==94A E9 ?<73 493<42 3E9 9542973 ?129C 62 58863612 31 B962@ =65B=9 31 3E9 B<C94 :14SPcAcccGccA F=<7 5331429Cl7 :997 528 13E94 01737 62 0579 1: =636@53612f 528 62 0579 1: 3E9 B<C94A 3E9 9542973 ?129C 67

:14:96398A 528 E9 67 =65B=9 31 F5C 3E9 79==94 SPcAcccGcc 62 85?5@97 F=<7 5331429C7 :997 528 13E94 01737 62 0579 1:=636@53612 31 3E9 79==94G +E67 46@E3 DE60E 67 5::14898 31 B13E F543697 ?5C B9 5>56=98 1: BC 3E9?A 64497F9036>9 1: DE93E94

14 213 3E9 100<F523 1: 3E9 F49?6797 E58 >505398 3E9 75?9G +E67 736F<=53612 67 3E9 =5D B93D992 3E9 F543697G

"1279H<923=CA 3E9 503612 :14 7F906:60 F94:14?5209 ?<73 :56=G \14 3E9 4970677612 1: 3E9 01234503A F9363612947 ?<73

493<42 3E9 SaAcccGcc 9542973 ?129C 528 F5C SPcAcccGcc 31 3E9 F46>539 497F128923G M1D9>94A 3E9C 549 213 =65B=9 :14

5331429C7 :997A :14 63 D57 F46>539 497F128923 DE1 B41<@E3 3E9 0579 31 01<43 57 5 497<=3 1: DE60E F9363612947

<2290977546=C 620<4498 9RF92797 1: =636@53612G

BC" %*<<&'F , 6&RT?&24 5!: %617 5:

>*.6,47 ?&6,@ '6 8&67.*87 7& 4,++=

(3 67 34<9 3E53 *4360=9 /bOP 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 F41>6897 3E53 WZE929>94 9542973 ?129C 67 @6>92 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 63

7E5== B9 0127689498 57 F543 1: 3E9 F4609 528 F411: 1: 3E9 F94:903612 1: 3E9 01234503GW M1D9>94A 3E67 54360=9 7F95K7 1:

9542973 ?129C @6>92 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9G (2 3E67 0579A 3E9 9542973 ?129C D57 @6>92 62 5 01234503 31 79==G +E9 9542973

?129C :14?7 F543 1: 3E9 0127689453612 12=C 6: 3E9 75=9 67 0127<??5398 <F12 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G

,1DA 76209 3E9 9542973 ?129C D57 @6>92 62 5 01234503 31 79==A *4360=9 /bOPA DE60E 7F95K7 1: 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 8197

213 5FF=CG

(2 3E67 0579A 3E9 W.9096F3 :14 S54365= S5C?923W 7E1D7 3E53 3E9 34<9 5@499?923 B93D992 3E9 F543697 67 5 01234503 31 79==A1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 F41F943C D57 49356298 BC F9363612947 528 D57 213 31 F577 31 497F128923 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9

F<40E579 F4609G +E<7A F9363612947 2998 213 F<7E 3E41<@E D63E 3E9 75=9 7E1<=8 497F128923 :56= 31 49?63 3E9 B5=5209 1:

3E9 F<40E579 F4609 B9:149 3E9 8958=629 12 !540E P_A /NNcG (2 9::903A F9363612947 E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 4970628 <26=53945==C

3E9 01234503 3E9 ?1?923 497F128923 :56=7 31 F5C D63E62 3E9 :6R98 F94618G

BC9 S?<E2 Q.2?N& 1*&/23 6F<.F<&2?F' ,EI %*(T<?2<F' %*(T<?23 %*<,?(*E4 W'(I4 MI1I >FI !99@#"4 U&'T&<3 B"4 BC!5

+E949 D57 5 F94:90398 01234503 1: 75=9 B93D992 3E9 F543697G

\6473G +E9 =93394 1: 3E9 F=56236::U5FF9==99 85398 \9B4<54C bA Pcca 4963945362@ 3E964 5@499?923 57 31 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9

495=3C :14 3E9 0127689453612 1: SEF /Aa_VAcccGcc D57 213 867F<398 214 49F=698 31 BC 3E9 89:928523U5FF9==523A 3E9 7568

=93394 5=71 F41>6897 :14 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 9542973 ?129C 1: SEF /ccAcccGcc 528 3E9 :<== F5C?923 <F12 3E9 0=95462@

1: 3E9 F41F943C 1: <2D52398 3925237A 6: 3E9 89:928523U5FF9==523 868 213 495==C 5@499 12 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 F41F943C 63

01<=8 E5>9 9576=C 49F=698 31 3E9 7568 =93394 62:14?62@ 3E9 F=56236::U5FF9==99 3E53 63 67 213 79==62@ 3E9 F41F943C 14 3E53

3E9 ?53394 D6== B9 8906898 :6473 BC 3E9 B1548 1: 864903147A 89:928523U5FF9==523T7 76=9209 14 62503612 12 7568 =93394

7E1D7 637 012:14?63C 14 0127923 3E94931f

-90128G (2 58863612 31 3E9 5:149?92361298 =93394A 89:928523U5FF9==523T7 5009F35209 1: 3E9 9542973 ?129C 528 3E9

677<5209 1: 5 F41>676125= 49096F3 0=954=C 7E1D7 3E53 3E949 D57 628998 52 5@499?923 B93D992 3E9 F543697 528 D9 81

213 7<B7046B9 31 3E9 54@<?923 1: 3E9 89:928523U5FF9==523 3E53 3E9 0E90K D57 ?949=C :14098 <F12 637 9?F=1C99 528

3E9 01239237 1: 3E9 49096F3 D57 ;<73 86035398 BC 3E9 F=56236::U5FF9==99T7 9?F=1C99 B905<79 01??12 79279 86035397 3E53

5 F94712 D1<=8 213 677<9 5 49096F3 :14 5 0E90K D63E 5 E<@9 5?1<23 6: 7E9 8197 213 K21D DE53 3E53 67 :14 528 76?6=54=C

D1<=8 213 677<9 X5Y 49096F3 DE60E D1<=8 B628 E94 9?F=1C94 6: 7E9 8197 213 E5>9 F4614 62734<036127 31 81 X71Y :41?

E94 7<F946147f

+E648G +E9 7568 0E90K :14 9542973 ?129C D57 89F176398 62 3E9 B52K BC 89:928523U5FF9==523 528 213 <236= 5:394 129

C954 868 63 1::94 31 493<42 3E9 75?9G #9:928523U5FF9==523 052213 0=56? =50K 1: K21D=98@9 1: 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 0E90K

Page 21: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 21/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- P/

76209 3E949 D57 5 =93394 :14 63A 528 63 67 ;<73 6204986B=9 3E53 5 B6@ 5?1<23 1: ?129C D57 89F176398 62 X637Y 5001<23

XD63E1<3 K21D62@Y 5B1<3 63 X14Y 62>9736@53X62@Y DE53 X63 D57Y :14G Z9 549 ?149 620=6298 31 B9=69>9 3E53 3E964 62503612

:14 ?149 3E52 129 C954 12 3E9 9542973 ?129C F568 D57 8<9 31 3E9 :503 3E53 5:394 3E9 F5C?923 1: 9542973 ?129C 3E9

F=509 7E1<=8 B9 0=95498 1: <2D52398 3925237 B9:149 3E9 :<== 5?1<23 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 D6== B9 F568 57 5@4998

<F12 57 7E1D2 62 3E9 =93394 7923 BC 3E9 F=56236::U5FF9==99G

*7 735398 5B1>9 3E9 F4979209 1: 89:928523U5FF9==523T7 0127923 528A 0141==546=CA 3E9 9R6739209 1: 5 F94:90398 01234503

B93D992 3E9 F543697 549 9>6892098 BC 3E9 F5C?923 528 49096F3 1: SEF /ccAcccGcc 57 9542973 ?129C BC 3E9

0123450362@ F543697T R R RG ]2894 3E9 =5D 12 75=97A 7F906:605==C *4360=9 /bOP 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A 63 F41>6897 3E53 DE929>94

9542973 ?129C 67 @6>92 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 63 7E5== B9 0127689498 57 F543 1: 3E9 F4609 528 F411: 1: 3E9 F94:903612 1:3E9 01234503G *=3E1<@E 3E9 F497<?F3612 67 213 0120=<76>9A 57 3E9 F543697 ?5C 34953 3E9 9542973 ?129C 86::94923=CA

3E949 67 213E62@ 5==9@98 62 3E9 F497923 0579 3E53 D1<=8 @6>9 4679 31 5 0123454C F497<?F3612G

B!C 7<()*E , J?&+4 7.<?/ 8C4 !9:8

(2 3E9 0579 1: "14495 >7G !5391 528 (0576521A DE94962 52 <249014898 F5031 89 49341 75=9 D57 012734<98 57 52

9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9A 63 D57 4<=98 3E53 3E9 F=56236:: E58 3E9 46@E3 WD63E62 76R3C 85C7 5:394 :625= ;<8@?923A :14 5 :56=<49 31

F5C 3E9 5?1<23 8<9 528 1D62@ E6?A 31 :1490=179 E67 ?143@5@9 62 5 F41F94 F41099862@ 528 79== 5== 14 52C F543 1: 3E9

392 F5409=7 1: =528 31 75367:C E67 89B3GW (2 9::903A 3E67 "1<43 4901@26L98 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 F=56236:: 31 92:1409 E67 =692 62 5

79F54539 F41099862@ 213D63E7352862@ 3E9 :503 3E53 E9 E58 :56=98 31 1B3562 ;<8@?923 890=5462@ E6? 3E9 71=9 528

5B71=<39 1D294 1: 3E9 F5409=7 1: =528 62 H<973612G

+E9 =5D 5BE147 62;<73609G (3 D1<=8 B9 <2;<73 62 3E67 0579 31 5==1D 3E9 89:928523 31 9705F9 F5C?923 1: E67 89B3 528AD1479 736==A 31 4536125=6L9 7<0E 5 497<=3 BC E67 >94C 0=56? 3E53 E9 67 5 89B314 528 213A 57 3E9 F=56236:: 75C7A 5 >92814 1:

F41F943C 62 :5>14 1: 3E9 =53394G -34603=C 7F95K62@A DE949 3E9 F9363612 1: 3E9 >92899 62 5 F5031 89 49341 75=9 67 :14 5

;<86065= 14894 F<47<523 31 *4360=9 /Vc[ 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A 71 3E53 01271=6853612 1: 1D2947E6F BC >643<9 1: 3E9 :56=<49 1:

3E9 >92814 31 49899? ?5C B9 49014898 62 3E9 .9@6734C 1: S41F943CA 3E9 46@E3 1: 503612 31 :1490=179 3E9 ?143@5@9 14 31

01==903 3E9 6289B3982977 546797 :41? 3E9 ;<8@?923 1: 3E9 01<43 890=5462@ 3E9 01234503 57 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9G

B!! 1F(^,?//* , -?<&'0&4 Q(2I B4 BCC9

*2 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 E57 B992 89:6298 57 129 DE60E 5=3E1<@E =50K62@ 62 71?9 :14?5=63CA 14 :14? 14 D1487A 14 13E9449H<676397 89?52898 BC 5 7353<39A 29>943E9=977 49>95=7 3E9 623923612 1: 3E9 F543697 31 0E54@9 495= F41F943C 57

790<463C :14 5 89B3A 3E949 B962@ 21 6?F1776B6=63C 214 52C3E62@ 0123454C 31 =5D 62 3E67 623923G

bG * 01234503 1: 75=9 67 F497<?98 31 B9 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 DE92 52C 1: 3E9 :1==1D62@ 0640<?7352097 67 F497923d

*43G /VcPG +E9 01234503 7E5== B9 F497<?98 31 B9 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9A 62 52C 1: 3E9 :1==1D62@ 05797dI/J ZE92 3E9 F4609 1: 5 75=9 D63E 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 67 <2<7<5==C 62589H<539f

IPJ ZE92 3E9 >92814 49?5627 62 F177977612 57 =97799 14 13E94D679f

I_J ZE92 <F12 14 5:394 3E9 9RF6453612 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 5213E94 62734<?923 9R392862@ 3E9 F94618 1:

4989?F3612 14 @452362@ 5 29D F94618 67 9R90<398f

IbJ ZE92 3E9 F<40E5794 4935627 :14 E6?79=: 5 F543 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609f

IaJ ZE92 3E9 >92814 B6287 E6?79=: 31 F5C 3E9 35R97 12 3E9 3E62@ 71=8f

IVJ (2 52C 13E94 0579 DE949 63 ?5C B9 :564=C 62:94498 3E53 3E9 495= 623923612 1: 3E9 F543697 67 3E53 3E9 34527503612 7E5==

790<49 3E9 F5C?923 1: 5 89B3 14 3E9 F94:14?5209 1: 52C 13E94 1B=6@53612G

(2 52C 1: 3E9 :149@162@ 05797A 52C ?129CA :4<637A 14 13E94 B929:63 31 B9 49096>98 BC 3E9 >92899 57 4923 14 13E94D679

7E5== B9 0127689498 57 62394973 DE60E 7E5== B9 7<B;903 31 3E9 <7<4C =5D7G

\14 3E9 F497<?F3612 1: 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 31 54679 <2894 *4360=9 /VcPA 3D1 49H<676397 ?<73 0120<4d I5J 3E53 3E9F543697 9239498 6231 5 01234503 8921?625398 57 5 01234503 1: 75=9f 528A IBJ 3E53 3E964 623923612 D57 31 790<49 52

9R67362@ 89B3 BC D5C 1: 5 ?143@5@9G

*2C 1: 3E9 0640<?7352097 =568 1<3 62 *4360=9 /VcPA 213 3E9 0120<449209 214 52 1>94DE9=?62@ 2<?B94 1: 3E9

92<?945398 0640<?7352097A 67 7<::606923 31 7<FF143 3E9 0120=<7612 3E53 5 01234503 1: 75=9 67 62 :503 52 9H<635B=9

?143@5@9G (2 79>945= 05797A D9 E5>9 213 E97635398 31 890=549 5 F<4F14398 01234503 1: 75=9 31 B9 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9

B5798 71=9=C 12 129 1: 3E9 92<?945398 0640<?7352097 <2894 *4360=9 /VcPG +E67 5FF4150E :1==1D7 3E9 4<=9 3E53 DE92

81<B3 9R6737 12 3E9 253<49 1: 3E9 F543697 34527503612A 3E9 =5D :5>147 3E9 =9573 34527?677612 1: F41F943C 46@E37G

Page 22: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 22/33

 

+E53 5 01234503 DE949 3E9 >92814 49?5627 62 FEC7605= F177977612 1: 3E9 =528A 57 =97799 14 13E94D679A 67 52 9H<635B=9

?143@5@9 67 D9==U7933=98G +E9 495712 :14 3E67 4<=9 =697 62 3E9 =9@5= 495=63C 3E53 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 3E9 =9@5= 363=9 31 3E9

F41F943C 67 6??986539=C 34527:94498 31 3E9 >92899f 493923612 BC 3E9 >92814 1: 3E9 F177977612 1: 3E9 F41F943C 67

620127673923 D63E 3E9 >928997 50H<6763612 1: 1D2947E6F <2894 5 34<9 75=9G (3 8670=1797A 62 3E9 5==9@98 >92899A 5 =50K 1:

62394973 62 3E9 F41F943C 3E53 B9=697 3E9 34<3E:<=2977 1: 3E9 75=9G

B!B -&(&E/&'R , _&NF<&4 -&3 8C4 BC!!

-<B?6776127 1: 3E9 !*"*-'*,) :<43E94 7<FF14398 3E9 :62862@7 1: 3E9 .+" 12 3E9 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9G \6473=CA 3E949

D57 3E9 954=694 85398 62734<?923 I8998 1: F5031 89 49341J 62>1=>62@ 3E9 75?9 F41F943CA 5=B963 3E9 0127689453612 D5712=C SbOcAcccGccA 9R90<398 B93D992 3E9 F936361294 57 >92814 5 49341 528 3E9 497F128923 .92531 p5?145 57 >92899 5

49341G -90128=CA 3E949 D949 3D1 49096F37 :14 3E9 F5C?9237 3E9 F936361294 E58 ?589 31 3E9 497F1289237 3135=62@S_ccAcccGccG *28A 3E648=CA 3E9 :14?94 79049354C 1: 497F128923 !9=B5 p5?145 9R90<398 52 5::685>63 50K21D=98@62@

3E53 3E9 F936361294 E58 5=4958C F568 5 3135= 1: SaccAcccGcc 31 3E9 497F1289237G *== 3E979 012:64?98 3E9 F936361294l7

0=56? 3E53 7E9 49?56298 3E9 1D294 1: 3E9 F41F943C 528 D57 736== 92363=98 31 637 F177977612G

*4360=9 /VcP 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 92<?945397 3E9 627352097 DE92 5 01234503A 49@548=977 1: 637 21?920=53<49A ?5C B9

F497<?98 31 B9 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9A 25?9=Cd I5J ZE92 3E9 F4609 1: 5 75=9 D63E 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 67 <2<7<5==C

62589H<539f IBJ ZE92 3E9 >92814 49?5627 62 F177977612 57 =97799 14 13E94D679f I0J ZE92 <F12 14 5:394 3E9

9RF6453612 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 5213E94 62734<?923 9R392862@ 3E9 F94618 1: 4989?F3612 14 @452362@ 5 29D

F94618 67 9R90<398f I8J ZE92 3E9 F<40E5794 4935627 :14 E6?79=: 5 F543 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609f I9J ZE92 3E9 >92814

B6287 E6?79=: 31 F5C 3E9 35R97 12 3E9 3E62@ 71=8f 528A I:J (2 52C 13E94 0579 DE949 63 ?5C B9 :564=C 62:94498 3E53 3E9 495=

623923612 1: 3E9 F543697 67 3E53 3E9 34527503612 7E5== 790<49 3E9 F5C?923 1: 5 89B3 14 3E9 F94:14?5209 1: 52C 13E941B=6@53612G

+E9 0640<?7352097 954=694 ?92361298 D949A 628998A B58@97 1: 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 D63E62 3E9 01239R3 1: *4360=9

/VcP 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189G ,1293E9=977A 3E9 :62862@7 :5>145B=9 31 3E9 F936361294l7 1D2947E6F 549 2963E94 :625==C

89394?62536>9 1: 3E9 363=9 62 3E9 F41F943CA 214 0120=<76>9 62 52C 13E94 F41099862@ DE949 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943C

62>1=>98 E94962 ?5C B9 ?149 :63362@=C 58;<8605398G

B!8 7/T0FE , %T*<2*4 UT'* !"4 BC!B

+E9 ,53<49 1: 3E9 *@499?923 B93D992 3E9 S543697G '1?6797 H<9736127 3E9 253<49 1: 3E9 5@499?923 B93D992 E6? 528

`1E22CA 62767362@ 3E53 63 D57 5 01234503 1: =152A 213 52 5776@2?923 1: =9579E1=8 46@E37 528 75=9 1: 6?F41>9?9237G (2

13E94 D1487A DE53 9R67398 D57 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9A 57 01239?F=5398 62 *4360=9 /VcPA 62 49=53612 D63E *4360=9 /VcbA

1: 3E9 "6>6= "189G W*2 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 E57 B992 89:6298 i57 129 DE60E 5=3E1<@E =50K62@ 62 71?9 :14?5=63CA 14 :14?14 D1487A 14 13E94 49H<676397 89?52898 BC 5 7353<39A 29>943E9=977 49>95=7 3E9 623923612 1: 3E9 F543697 31 0E54@9 495=

F41F943C 57 790<463C :14 5 89B3A 3E949 B962@ 21 6?F1776B6=63C 214 52C3E62@ 0123454C 31 =5D 62 3E67 623923GTW

B!# M&<(?& , ̀ ?//&<4 MI1I >FI !5""9!4 UT'* B:4 BC!B

+E9 ?949 :503 3E53 3E9 F<40E5794 1: 52 6??1>5B=9 E57 213609 3E53 3E9 50H<6498 495=3C 67 920<?B9498 D63E 5 ?143@5@9

8197 213 492894 E6? =65B=9 :14 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 89B3 @<54523998 BC 3E9 ?143@5@9A 62 3E9 5B79209 1: 736F<=53612 14

012863612 3E53 E9 67 31 577<?9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 ?143@5@9 89B3G +E9 495712 67 F=562d 3E9 ?143@5@9 67 ?949=C 52

920<?B45209 12 3E9 F41F943CA 92363=62@ 3E9 ?143@5@99 31 E5>9 3E9 F41F943C :1490=1798A 6G9GA 71=8A 62 0579 3E9 F46206F5=

1B=6@14 8197 213 F5C 3E9 ?143@5@9 89B3A 528 5FF=C 3E9 F4109987 1: 3E9 75=9 31 3E9 75367:503612 1: E67 049863G !143@5@9

67 ?949=C 52 50097714C <289435K62@ :14 3E9 012>9269209 528 790<463C 1: 3E9 ?143@5@9 04986314A 528 9R6737

6289F928923=C 1: 3E9 1B=6@53612 31 F5C 3E9 89B3 790<498 BC 63G +E9 ?143@5@99A 6: E9 67 71 ?62898A 052 D56>9 3E9

?143@5@9 790<463C 528 F410998 31 01==903 3E9 F46206F5= 89B3 BC F947125= 503612 5@56273 3E9 146@625= ?143@5@14G

B!5 %.EI XF<0& ,EI %.EI U&\T*4 MI1I >FI !99"5B4 >F,*NO*< !B4 BC!#

63 67 5 4<=9 3E53 qDE92 81<B3 9R6737 57 31 3E9 34<9 253<49 1: 3E9 F543697T 34527503612A 01<437 ?<73 012734<9 7<0E

34527503612 F<4F14362@ 31 B9 5 75=9 57 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9A 57 3E9 =53394 62>1=>97 5 =97794 34527?677612 1: 46@E37

528 623949737 1>94 3E9 F41F943C 62 012341>947CGh (2 >69D 3E9491:A 3E9 34527:94 1: 1D2947E6F 1: '13 bcNO 31 3E9 `50H<97

D57 62>5=685398G +1 81 71 qD1<=8 5?1<23 31 01281262@ 3E9 F41E6B6398 F4503609 1: F503<? 01?677146<?G *4360=9 PcOO

1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 0=954=C F41>6897 3E53 5 04986314 052213 5FF41F46539 14 01271=68539 1D2947E6F 1>94 5 ?143@5@98

F41F943C ?949=C <F12 :56=<49 1: 3E9 ?143@5@14 31 F5C 5 89B3 1B=6@53612Gh

Page 23: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 23/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- P_

B!@ ;*?<E FG %F/?,& ,EI %F/?,&4 MI1I >FI !59@!!4 7.<?/ BB4 BC!5

\14 3E9 F497<?F3612 1: 52 9H<635B=9 ?143@5@9 31 54679 <2894 52C 1: 3E9 0640<?7352097 92<?945398 62 *4360=9 /VcPA

E1D9>94A 3D1 49H<676397 ?<73 0120<4d I5J 3E53 3E9 F543697 9239498 6231 5 01234503 8921?625398 57 5 01234503 1: 75=9f

528 IBJ 3E53 3E964 623923612 D57 31 790<49 52 9R67362@ 89B3 BC D5C 1: ?143@5@9G

B!: J?<I , 7O&O&4 S*O<T&<3 B:4 !9:9

S9363612947 0123928 3E53 5 01234503 :14 5 012362@923 :99 >61=5397 *4360=9 /bN/ B905<79 63 62>1=>97 52 5776@2?923 1: 5

F41F943C 7<B;903 1: =636@53612G +E53 54360=9 F41>6897d *4360=9 /bN/G +E9 :1==1D62@ F947127 052213 50H<649 BC F<40E5799>92 53 5 F<B=60 14 ;<86065= 5<03612A 963E94 62 F94712 14 3E41<@E 3E9 F9363612 1: 5213E94G `<736097A ;<8@97A F41790<362@

5331429C7A 0=94K7 1: 7<F94614 528 62:94614 528 13E94 1 528 9?F=1C997 012290398 D63E 3E9 58?62673453612 1: ;<73609A3E9 F41F943C 528 46@E37 62 =636@53612 14 =9>698 <F12 52 9R90<3612 B9:149 3E9 01<43 D63E62 DE179 ;<4678603612 14

39446314C 3E9C 9R940679 3E964 497F9036>9 :<2036127f 3E67 F41E6B63612 620=<897 3E9 503 1: 50H<6462@ BC 5776@2?923 528

7E5== 5FF=C 31 =5DC947A D63E 497F903 31 3E9 F41F943C 528 46@E37 DE60E ?5C B9 3E9 1B;903 1: 52C =636@53612 62 DE60E 3E9C

?5C 35K9 F543 BC >643<9 1: 3E964 F41:977612G

+E67 0123923612 67 D63E1<3 ?9463G *4360=9 /bN/ F41E6B637 12=C 3E9 75=9 14 5776@2?923 B93D992 3E9 =5DC94 528 E67

0=6923A 1: F41F943C DE60E 67 3E9 7<B;903 1: =636@53612G *7 ZQ E5>9 5=4958C 735398G W+E9 F41E6B63612 62 7568 54360=9 5 12=C

31 5FF=697 735398d W +E9 F41E6B63612 62 7568 54360=9 5FF=697 12=C 31 5 75=9 14 5776@2?923 31 3E9 =5DC94 BC E67 0=6923 1:

3E9 F41F943C DE60E 67 3E9 7<B;903 1: =636@53612G (2 13E94 D1487A :14 3E9 F41E6B63612 31 1F94539A 3E9 75=9 14 3 1: 3E9

F41F943C ?<73 35K9 F=509 8<462@ 3E9 F928920C 1: 3E9 =636@53612 62>1=>62@ 3E9 F41F943CW

'6K9D679A <2894 *?946052 '5DA 3E9 F41E6B63612 8197 213 5FF=C 31 W05797 DE949 5:394 01?F=93612 1: =636@53612 3E9

=5DC94 5009F37 12 5001<23 1: E67 :99A 52 62394973 3E9 577937 495=6L98 BC 3E9 =636@53612WG W+E949 67 5 0=954 86734503612

B93D992 7<0E 05797 528 129 62 DE60E 3E9 =5DC94 7F90<=5397 12 3E9 1<301?9 1: 3E9 ?53394 62 DE60E E9 67 9?F=1C98WG

* 01234503 :14 5 012362@923 :99 67 213 01>9498 BC *4360=9 /bN/ B905<79 3E9 3452:94 14 5776@2?923 1: 3E9 F41F943C 62

=636@53612 35K97 9::903 12=C 5:394 3E9 :625=63C 1: 5 :5>145B=9 ;<8@?923G (2 3E9 6273523 0579A 3E9 5331429Cl7 :997 1: *33CG

\9425289LA 012767362@ 1: 129UE5=: I/rPJ 1: DE539>94 !5R6?1 *B54H<9L ?6@E3 4901>94 :41? E67 7E549 62 3E9 =137 62

H<973612A 67 012362@923 <F12 3E9 7<00977 1: 3E9 5FF95=G M9209A 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 5331429Cl7 :997A 3E53 67A 3E9 34527:94

14 5776@2?923 1: 129UE5=: I/rPJ 1: 3E9 F41F943C 62 =636@53612 D6== 35K9 F=509 12=C 6: 3E9 5FF95= F417F947G +E949:149A 3E93452:94 503<5==C 35K97 9::903 5:394 3E9 :625=63C 1: 5 :5>145B=9 ;<8@?923 49289498 12 5FF95= 528 213 8<462@ 3E9

F928920C 1: 3E9 =636@53612 62>1=>62@ 3E9 F41F943C 62 H<973612G "1279H<923=CA 3E9 01234503 :14 5 012362@923 :99 67 213

01>9498 BC *4360=9 /bN/G

B!" H&?R , 674 >F,*NO*< B!4 !9:"

*331429C7 549 12=C F41E6B6398 :41? B<C62@ 3E964 0=69237l F41F943C DE60E 67 3E9 7<B;903 1: =636@53612G

*4360=9 /bN/G +E9 :1==1D62@ F947127 052213 50H<649 BC F<40E579A 9>92 53 5 F<B=60 14 ;<86065= 503612A 963E94 62 F94712

14 3E41<@E 3E9 ?98653612 1: 5213E94d

IaJ `<736097A ;<8@97A F41790<362@ 5331429C7A 0=94K7 1: 7<F94614 528 62:94614 01<437 528 13E94 1::60947 528

9?F=1C997 012290398 D63E 3E9 58?62673453612 1: ;<73609A 3E9 F41F943C 528 46@E37 62 =636@53612 14 =9>698 <F12

52 9R90<3612 B9:149 3E9 01<43 D63E62 DE179 ;<4678603612 14 39446314C 3E9C 9R940679 3E964 497F9036>9 :<2036127f

3E67 F41E6B63612 620=<897 3E9 503 1: 50H<6462@ BC 5776@2?923 528 7E5== 5FF=C 31 =5DC947A D63E 497F903 31 3E9

F41F943C 528 46@E3 DE60E ?5C B9 3E9 1B;903 1: 52C =636@53612 62 DE60E 3E9C ?5C 35K9 F543 BC >643<9 1: 3E964

F41:977612G

B!9 %&<?/? ,I H&R<FE&4 MI1I >FI !985!:4 U&'T&<3 !54 BC!#

+E9 73492@3E 1: 3E9 B<C94T7 62H<64C 12 3E9 79==94T7 05F5063C 14 =9@5= 5<3E1463C 31 79== 89F9287 12 3E9 F411: 1: 05F5063C

1: 3E9 79==94G (: 3E9 F411: 1: 05F5063C 01276737 1: 5 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 8<=C 213546L98A ?949 627F903612 1: 3E9

:509 1: 7<0E F<B=60 810<?923 5=4958C 0127363<397 7<::606923 62H<64CG (: 21 7<0E 7F9065= F1D94 1: 5331429C 67 F41>6898

14 3E949 67 129 B<3 3E949 5FF9547 31 B9 :=5D7 62 637 2135465= 50K21D=98@?923A ?949 627F903612 1: 3E9 810<?923 D6==

213 81f 3E9 B<C94 ?<73 7E1D 3E53 E67 62>9736@53612 D923 B9C128 3E9 810<?923 528 6231 3E9 0640<?7352097 1: 637

9R90<3612G

Page 24: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 24/33

 

(2 3E9 F497923 0579A 63 67 <2867F<398 3E53 -F7G -546=6 F<40E5798 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C :41? .5?17 12 3E9 73492@3E 1:

3E9 =53394T7 1739276B=9 5<3E1463C 31 79== <2894 3E9 7<B;903 -S*G +E9 7568 810<?923A E1D9>94A 49586=C 628605397 :=5D7 62

637 2135465= 50K21D=98@?923 76209 3E9 497F128923T7 01??<263C 35R 09436:60539 I"+"J 2<?B94 D57 213 628605398

3E94912G ]2894 3E9 @1>94262@ 4<=9 12 2135465= 50K21D=98@?9237 53 3E53 36?9A 6G9GA -903612 /V_I5J 1: .9F<B=60 *03 ,1G

[/VcA 13E94D679 K21D2 57 3E9 W'105= )1>942?923 "189 1: /NN/AW DE92 52 6286>68<5= 7<B;903 31 3E9 01??<263C 35R

50K21D=98@97 52C 810<?923 B9:149 5 21354C F<B=60A 63 7E5== B9 3E9 8<3C 1: 3E9 58?626739462@ 1::6094 31 49H<649 7<0E

6286>68<5= 31 9RE6B63 3E9 01??<263C 35R 09436:60539G #97F639 3E67 6449@<=5463CA E1D9>94A -F7G -546=6 :56=98 31 7E1D 3E53

3E9C 0128<0398 52 62>9736@53612 B9C128 3E9 7<B;903 -S* 528 6231 3E9 0640<?7352097 1: 637 9R90<3612 57 49H<6498 BC

F49>56=62@ ;<467F4<89209G M9209A -F7G -546=6 052213 B9 0127689498 57 62210923 F<40E57947 :14 >5=<9G

_G +E9 89:9036>9 213546L53612 1: 3E9 7<B;903 -S* 5=71 ?9527 3E53 3E9 7568 810<?923 7E1<=8 B9 3495398 57 5 F46>539

810<?923 528 3E<7 9R5?6298 <2894 3E9 F545?93947 1: -903612 PcA .<=9 /_P 1: 3E9 .<=97 1: "1<43 DE60E F41>6897 3E53WB9:149 52C F46>539 810<?923 1::9498 57 5<3E92360 67 49096>98 62 9>689209A 637 8<9 9R90<3612 528 5<3E9236063C ?<73

B9 F41>98 963E94d I5J BC 52C129 DE1 75D 3E9 810<?923 9R90<398 14 D463392f 14 IBJ BC 9>689209 1: 3E9 @92<6292977 1:

3E9 76@253<49 14 E528D46362@ 1: 3E9 ?5K94 R R RGW -933=98 67 3E9 4<=9 3E53 5 89:9036>9 213546L53612 D6== 7346F 3E9

810<?923 1: 637 F<B=60 0E5450394 528 498<09 63 31 5 F46>539 62734<?923A 528 3E9 9>68923654C 73528548 1: 637 >5=6863C

7E5== B9 B5798 12 F49F128945209 1: 9>689209G

BBC KT22* , [34 S*O<T&<3 B"4 !9@B

* 01U1D294 1: 52 <286>6898 7E549 67 290977546=C 5 01U1D294 1: 3E9 DE1=9G ZE949:149A 52C 129 1: 3E9 .5?649L E9647A

57 7<0E 01U1D294A B905?9 92363=98 31 9R940679 3E9 46@E3 1: =9@5= 4989?F3612 I49345031 89 01?<29417J 57 7112 57

5213E94 01U1D294 I!5465 )542694 e85G 89 .5?649LJ E58 71=8 E94 <286>6898 7E549 31 5 73452@94A !52<9= ]C o -127A(20G +E67 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612 >97398 9R0=<76>9=C 62 0127689453612 1: 3E9 4989?F361294l7 7E549 DE60E 3E9 =5D 21DE949

35K97 6231 5001<23G

+E9 763<53612 67 62 21 D679 5=39498 BC 3E9 9R6739209 1: 5 ;<86065= 58?6267345314 1: 3E9 973539 1: `179 eG .5?649L DE6=9

<2894 3E9 .<=97 1: "1<43 3E9 58?6267345314 E57 3E9 46@E3 31 3E9 F177977612 1: 3E9 495= 528 F947125= 973539 1: 3E9

89095798A 71 :54 57 299898 :14 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 89098923l7 89B37 528 3E9 9RF92797 1: 58?62673453612 I790G _A .<=9

OaJA 528 3E9 58?6267345314 ?5C B462@ 14 89:928 5036127 :14 3E9 4901>94C 14 F413903612 1: 3E9 F41F943C 14 46@E37 1: 3E9

89095798 I790G PA .<=9 OOJA 7<0E 46@E37 1: F177977612 528 58?62673453612 81 213 620=<89 3E9 46@E3 1: =9@5= 4989?F3612

1: 3E9 <286>6898 7E549 71=8 31 ]C o "1?F52C BC !47G )542694 .5?649LG

+E9 495712 67 1B>61<7d 3E67 46@E3 1: =9@5= 4989?F3612 12=C 05?9 6231 9R6739209 DE92 3E9 75=9 31 ]C o -127A (20G D57

F94:90398A 96@E3 IOJ C9547 5:394 3E9 8953E 1: `179 eG .5?649LA 528 :14?98 21 F543 1: E67 973539G +E9 4989?F3612 46@E3

>97398 62 3E9 E9647 146@625==CA 62 3E964 6286>68<5= 05F5063CA 3E9C 868 213 8946>536>9=C 50H<649 63 :41? 3E964 89098923A :14DE92 `179 eG .5?649L 8698A 2129 1: 3E9 13E94 01U1D2947 1: 3E9 -35G "4<L F41F943C E58 57 C93 71=8 E67 <286>6898 7E549

31 5 73452@94G M9209A 3E949 D57 213E62@ 31 49899? 528 21 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612f 528 6: 3E9 =539 .5?649L E58 21 7<0E

46@E3 53 E67 8953EA E9 01<=8 213 34527?63 63 31 E67 1D2 E9647G

(3 67 54@<98 3E53 3E9 503<5= 7E549 1: 5FF9==523 !47G &<339 62 3E9 973539 1: `179 eG .5?649L E57 213 B992 7F906:605==C

89394?6298 57 C93A 3E53 63 67 736== 012362@923f 528 3E53 3E9 =6H<6853612 1: 973539 1: `179 eG .5?649L ?5C 49H<649 3E9

5=69253612 1: 3E9 89098923l7 <286>6898 F143612 62 3E9 -35G "4<L F41F943CA 62 DE60E 9>923 !47G &<339 D1<=8 E5>9 21

62394973 62 7568 <286>6898 F143612G Q>92 6: 63 D949 34<9A 3E9 :503 D1<=8 49?562 3E53 71 =12@ 57 3E53 <286>6898 7E549

49?5627 62 3E9 973539A 3E9 E9647 1: `179 eG .5?649L 1D2 63A 57 3E9 89095798 868 1D2 63 B9:149 E67 89?679A 71 3E53 E67

E9647 549 21D 57 ?<0E 01U1D2947 1: 3E9 -35G "4<L F41F943C 57 `179 eG .5?649L D57 E6?79=: 5 01U1D294 3E9491: 8<462@

E67 =6:936?9G

*7 01U1D2947 1: 3E9 F41F943CA 3E9 E9647 1: `179 eG .5?649LA 14 52C 129 1: 3E9?A B905?9 F947125==C >97398 D63E 46@E31: =9@5= 4989?F3612 57 7112 57 !47G )542694 71=8 E94 1D2 F41U6286>671 62394973 31 ]C o -127G Q>92 6: 7<B79H<923=CA

3E9 <286>6898 7E549 1: .5?649L I528 1: E67 E9647J 7E1<=8 9>923<5==C B9 71=8 31 75367:C 3E9 049863147 1: 3E9 973539A 63

D1<=8 213 897341C 3E964 1D2947E6F 1: 63 B9:149 3E9 75=9A B<3 D1<=8 12=C 012>9C 14 34527:94 63 57 62 3<42 71=8 I1: 63

503<5==C 67 71=8J 31 F5C E67 049863147G M9209A 3E9 46@E3 1: 52C 1: 3E9 .5?649L E9647 31 49899? 3E9 )542694 7E549 D6== 213

B9 493415036>9=C 5::90398G

*== 3E53 3E9 =5D 49H<6497 67 3E53 3E9 =9@5= 4989?F361294 7E1<=8 B9 5 01U1D294 53 3E9 36?9 3E9 <286>6898 7E549 1:

5213E94 01U1D294 67 71=8 31 5 73452@94G ZE93E94 14 213 3E9 4989?F361294 D6== 012362<9 B962@ 5 01U1D294 5:394

9R9406762@ 3E9 =9@5= 4989?F361294 67 6449=9>523 :14 3E9 F<4F1797 1: =5DG

Page 25: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 25/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- Pa

BB! 6F'*Y*<F , 674 7.<?/ B94 !9@@ 

&125 :689 4989?F3612 290977546=C 6?F1437 5 7957125B=9 528 >5=68 392894 1: 3E9 923649 49F<40E579 F4609A 528 3E67 D57

213 8129G +E949 67 21 01@923 495712 :14 49H<6462@ 3E9 >92899 31 5009F3 F5C?923 BC 62735==?9237 :41? 5

4989?F361294A 57 63 D1<=8 <=36?539=C 497<=3 62 52 6289:62639 9R3927612 1: 3E9 _cU85C 4989?F3612 F94618A DE92 3E9

F<4F179 1: 3E9 =5D 62 :6R62@ 5 7E143 528 89:62639 394? 67 0=954=C 31 5>168 F41=12@98 528 5236U90121?60 <209435623C 57

31 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 3E62@ 71=8G

(3 67A =6K9D679A 54@<98 3E53 392894 1: 3E9 F4609 67 9R0<798 B905<79 *4360=9 /VPc 1: 3E9 29D "6>6= "189 5==1D7 3E9

4989?F361294 31 F5C 12=C 5 4957125B=9 F4609 6: 3E9 F4609 1: 5=69253612 67 @4177=C 9R09776>9A 528 3E53 3E94957125B=92977 1: 3E9 F4609 31 B9 F568 052 12=C B9 89394?6298 BC 3E9 01<437G Z9 3E62K 3E53 3E9 46@E3 1: 5

4989?F361294 31 F5C 5 4957125B=9 F4609 <2894 *4360=9 /VPc 8197 213 9R0<79 E6? :41? 3E9 8<3C 31 ?5K9 F41F94392894 1: 3E9 F4609 3E53 052 B9 E12973=C 899?98 4957125B=9 <2894 3E9 0640<?7352097A D63E1<3 F49;<8609 31 :625=

54B63453612 BC 3E9 01<437f 214 8197 63 5<3E146L9 7568 4989?F361294 31 89?528 3E53 3E9 >92899 5009F3 F5C?923 BC

62735==?9237A 57 F9363612947 E5>9 71<@E3 31 81G *3 52C 4539A 3E9 F9363612947A 62 ?5K62@ 3E964 1::94 31 49899?A 29>94

012397398 3E9 4957125B=92977 1: 3E9 F4609 4906398 62 3E9 8998 1: 75=9G (2 :503A 3E9C 9>92 1::9498 ?149A 528 D949

D6==62@ 31 F5C 57 ?<0E 57 S_bAcccG

(3 67 213 86::60<=3 31 8670942 DEC 3E9 4989?F3612 F4609 7E1<=8 963E94 B9 :<==C 1::9498 62 =9@5= 392894 14 9=79 >5=68=C

01276@298 62 01<43G %2=C BC 7<0E ?9527 052 3E9 B<C94 B901?9 0943562 3E53 3E9 1::94 31 49899? 67 129 ?589 79461<7=C

528 62 @118 :563EG * B<C94 052 213 B9 9RF90398 31 923943562 52 1::94 1: 4989?F3612 D63E1<3 533928523 9>689209 3E53

3E9 4989?F361294 052A 528 67 D6==62@ 31 5001?F=67E 3E9 49F<40E579 6??986539=CG * 86::94923 4<=9 D1<=8 =95>9 3E9

B<C94 1F92 31 E54577?923 BC 7F90<=53147 14 0450KF137A 57 D9== 57 31 <229097754C F41=12@53612 1: 3E9 4989?F3612F94618A 0123454C 31 3E9 F1=60C 1: 3E9 =5DG ZE6=9 01276@253612 1: 3E9 39289498 F4609 67 213 5=D5C7 29097754C B905<79

=9@5= 4989?F3612 67 213 ?589 31 8670E54@9 5 F49U9R67362@ 89B3 I*73<4657 -<@54 "92345= >7G "529 !1=57797 "1GA Vc SE6=G

Pa_JA 5 >5=68 392894 67 62867F9275B=9A :14 3E9 4957127 5=4958C 735398G %: 01<479A 01276@253612 1: 3E9 F4609 D1<=8

49?1>9 5== 012341>947C 57 31 3E9 4989?F361294l7 5B6=63C 31 F5C 53 3E9 F41F94 36?9G/

BBB 7/F'+F , 674 -&3 B94 !9": AET.<&4 S&N?/3 1*/&2?F'ED

(2 5446>62@ 53 1<4 0120=<7612 3185CA D9 549 89>65362@ :41? 3E9 734603 =93394 1: 3E9 =5DA DE60E 3E9 497F128923 01<43<2894735285B=C 5FF=698 F<47<523 31 9R67362@ ;<467F4<89209G +E9 7568 01<43 50398 F41F94=C 57 63 E58 21 01?F939209 31

49>9479 3E9 810346297 =568 81D2 BC 3E67 "1<43 62 3E9 5B1>9U06398 05797G (2 :503A 528 3E67 7E1<=8 B9 0=954=C 73497798A D9

1<479=>97 549 213 5B5281262@ 3E9 #9 "129;941 528 &<33=9 810346297G ZE53 D9 549 8162@ 76?F=C 67 581F362@ 52

9R09F3612 31 3E9 @92945= 4<=9A 62 >69D 1: 3E9 F90<=654 0640<?7352097 1: 3E67 0579G +E9 01UE9647 62 3E67 0579 D949<289265B=C 62:14?98 1: 3E9 75=97 5=3E1<@E 21 213609 62 D46362@ D57 @6>92 3E9?G *28 3E949 67 21 81<B3 963E94 3E53 3E9

_cU85C F94618 B9@52 528 92898 8<462@ 3E9 /b C9547 B93D992 3E9 75=97 62 H<973612 528 3E9 :6=62@ 1: 3E9 01?F=5623 :14

4989?F3612 62 /N[[A D63E1<3 3E9 01UE9647 9R9406762@ 3E964 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612G +E979 549 3E9 ;<736:60536127 :14 3E67

9R09F3612G

BB8 ;FY&E , 7N&'&)4 MI1I >FI !98#584 UT'* 54 BC!8

+E9 @92945= 4<=9 62 4989?F3612 67 3E53 63 67 213 7<::606923 3E53 5 F94712 1::9462@ 31 49899? ?526:9737 E67 897649 31 81

71G +E9 73539?923 1: 623923612 ?<73 B9 5001?F52698 BC 52 503<5= 528 76?<=35291<7 392894 1: F5C?923G +E67

0127363<397 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579G

(2 79>945= 05797 8906898 BC 3E9 "1<43 DE949 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 D57 E9=8 31 E5>9 B992 F41F94=C 9R9406798A 3E949

D57 52 <29H<6>105= 392894 1: F5C?923 :14 3E9 :<== 5?1<23 1: 3E9 49F<40E579 F4609G %3E94D679A 3E9 1::94 31 49899? 67629::903<5=G &125 :689 4989?F3612 290977546=C 6?F=697 5 4957125B=9 528 >5=68 392894 1: 3E9 923649 49F<40E579 F4609A

13E94D679 3E9 4<=9 12 3E9 4989?F3612 F94618 :6R98 BC =5D 052 9576=C B9 0640<?>92398G

!1491>94A ;<467F4<89209 5=71 0E54503946L97 5 >5=68 392894 1: F5C?923 57 129 DE949 3E9 :<== 4989?F3612 F4609 67

39289498G "1279H<923=CA 62 3E67 0579A 3E9 1::94 BC 497F1289237 12 `<=C PbA /NOV 31 49899? 3E9 :1490=1798 F41F943697

:14 s/AO[PAN_a 528 3E9 7<B79H<923 01276@253612 62 01<43 1: S/AaccAccc 12 *<@<73 P[A /NOVA DE6=9 ?589 D63E62 3E9

F94618 1: 4989?F3612A D57 629::9036>9 76209 3E9 5?1<23 1::9498 528 503<5==C 01276@298 213 12=C 868 213 620=<89 3E9

62394973 B<3 D57 62 :503 5=71 D5C B9=1D 3E9 SPA[OPAaabGVV F568 BC 3E9 E6@E973 B68894rF<40E5794 1: 3E9 F41F943697

8<462@ 3E9 5<03612 75=9G

Page 26: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 26/33

 

BB# XF/FE& , [6LK4 MI1I >FI !"8C5"4 7.<?/ 84 BC!8

M949A 3E9 F94618 31 49899? E57 5=4958C 9RF6498 14 DE92 3E9 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 F41F943C E58 5=4958C B992

01271=685398 62 :5>14 1: 3E9 ?143@5@99UF<40E5794Gb[ M5>62@ 01271=685398 637 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943697

5:394 3E9 -F1<797 +1=175 :56=98 31 9R940679 3E964 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612A ]"S& D57 0144903=C :1<28 BC 3E9 "* 92363=98 31

5 D463 1: F177977612G -6209 52C H<973612 49@54862@ 3E9 >5=6863C 1: 3E9 ?143@5@9 14 637 :1490=17<49 052213 B9 5 =9@5=

@41<28 :14 49:<762@ 5 D463 1: F177977612AbO 3E9 .+"l7 ?626739465= 8<3C 31 677<9 3E9 75?9 D463 D57 BC 21 ?9527

49289498 867049361254C BC 3E9 F928920C 1: "6>6= "579 ,1G V/OcG

BB5 MF/0*'a&3 , L6WK&'^4 -&<() !84 BC!8

+E9 =5D @1>94262@ 05797 1: 9R345;<86065= :1490=17<49 1: ?143@5@9 67 *03 ,1G _/_aA 57 5?92898 BC *03 ,1G b//OG

-903612 V 3E9491: F41>6897d

-Q"G VG (2 5== 05797 62 DE60E 52 9R345;<86065= 75=9 67 ?589 <2894 3E9 7F9065= F1D94 E94962B9:149 49:94498 31A 3E9

89B314A E67 7<00977147U62U62394973 14 52C ;<86065= 04986314 14 ;<8@?923 04986314 1: 7568 89B314A 14 52C F94712 E5>62@ 5

=692 12 3E9 F41F943C 7<B79H<923 31 3E9 ?143@5@9 14 8998 1: 34<73 <2894 DE60E 3E9 F41F943C 67 71=8A ?5C 49899? 3E9

75?9 53 52C 36?9 D63E62 3E9 394? 1: 129 C954 :41? 528 5:394 3E9 8539 1: 3E9 75=9f 528 7<0E 4989?F3612 7E5== B9

@1>94298 BC 3E9 F41>676127 1: 79036127 :1<4 E<28498 528 76R3CU:1<4 31 :1<4 E<28498 528 76R3CU76RA 620=<76>9A 1: 3E9

"189 1: "6>6= S41098<49A 62 71 :54 57 3E979 549 213 620127673923 D63E 3E9 F41>676127 1: 3E67 *03G

+E9 129UC954 F94618 1: 4989?F3612 67 01<2398 :41? 3E9 8539 1: 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E9 09436:60539 1: 75=9G (2 3E67 0579A

3E9 F543697 F41>6898 62 3E964 495= 973539 ?143@5@9 01234503 3E53 <F12 F936361294T7 89:5<=3 528 3E9 =53394T7 923649 =1521B=6@53612 B901?62@ 8<9A 497F128923 ?5C 6??986539=C :1490=179 3E9 ?143@5@9 ;<86065==C 62 5001485209 D63E 3E9

.<=97 1: "1<43A 14 9R345;<86065==C 62 5001485209 D63E *03 ,1G _/_aA 57 5?92898G

M1D9>94A -903612 b[ 1: .G*G ,1G O[N/ 13E94D679 K21D2 57 W+E9 )92945= &52K62@ '5D 1: PcccW DE60E 311K 9::903 12

`<29 /_A PcccA 5?92898 *03 ,1G _/_aG -568 F41>67612 49587d

-Q"+(%, b[G \1490=17<49 1: .95= Q73539 !143@5@9G t (2 3E9 9>923 1: :1490=17<49A DE93E94 ;<86065==C 14

9R345;<86065==CA 1: 52C ?143@5@9 12 495= 973539 DE60E 67 790<463C :14 52C =152 14 13E94 049863 5001??1853612

@452398A 3E9 ?143@5@14 14 89B314 DE179 495= F41F943C E57 B992 71=8 :14 3E9 :<== 14 F54365= F5C?923 1: E67

1B=6@53612 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 D63E62 129 C954 5:394 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 495= 973539A 31 49899? 3E9 F41F943C BCF5C62@ 3E9 5?1<23 8<9 <2894 3E9 ?143@5@9 8998A D63E 62394973 3E94912 53 3E9 4539 7F906:698 62 3E9 ?143@5@9A

528 5== 3E9 01737 528 9RF92797 620<4498 BC 3E9 B52K 14 627363<3612 :41? 3E9 75=9 528 0<7318C 1: 7568 F41F943C

=977 3E9 6201?9 8946>98 3E949:41?G M1D9>94A 3E9 F<40E5794 53 3E9 5<03612 75=9 012094298 DE93E94 62 5

;<86065= 14 9R345;<86065= :1490=17<49 7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 92394 <F12 528 35K9 F177977612 1: 7<0E F41F943C6??986539=C 5:394 3E9 8539 1: 3E9 012:64?53612 1: 3E9 5<03612 75=9 528 58?6267394 3E9 75?9 62 5001485209

D63E =5DG *2C F9363612 62 01<43 31 92;162 14 49734562 3E9 0128<03 1: :1490=17<49 F41099862@7 627363<398

F<47<523 31 3E67 F41>67612 7E5== B9 @6>92 8<9 01<479 12=C <F12 3E9 :6=62@ BC 3E9 F936361294 1: 5 B128 62 52

5?1<23 :6R98 BC 3E9 01<43 01286361298 3E53 E9 D6== F5C 5== 3E9 85?5@97 DE60E 3E9 B52K ?5C 7<::94 BC 3E9

92;16262@ 14 3E9 497345623 1: 3E9 :1490=17<49 F41099862@G

,13D63E7352862@ *03 _/_aA ;<468605= F947127 DE179 F41F943C 67 B962@ 71=8 F<47<523 31 52 9R345;<86065= :1490=17<49A

7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 49899? 3E9 F41F943C 62 5001485209 D63E 3E67 F41>67612 <236=A B<3 213 5:394A 3E9 49@673453612 1:

3E9 09436:60539 1: :1490=17<49 75=9 D63E 3E9 5FF=605B=9 .9@67394 1: #9987 DE60E 62 21 0579 7E5== B9 ?149 3E52 3E499 I_J

?123E7 5:394 :1490=17<49A DE60E9>94 67 954=694G %D2947 1: F41F943C 3E53 E57 B992 71=8 62 5 :1490=17<49 75=9 F4614 31

3E9 9::9036>63C 1: 3E67 *03 7E5== 493562 3E964 4989?F3612 46@E37 <236= 3E964 9RF6453612G IQ?FE5767 7<FF=698GJ

]2894 3E9 29D =5DA 52 9R09F3612 67 3E<7 ?589 62 3E9 0579 1: ;<468605= F947127 DE60E 549 5==1D98 31 9R940679 3E9 46@E3

1: 4989?F3612 12=C W<236=A B<3 213 5:394A 3E9 49@673453612 1: 3E9 09436:60539 1: :1490=17<49 75=9W 528 62 21 0579 ?1493E52 3E499 I_J ?123E7 5:394 :1490=17<49A DE60E9>94 01?97 :6473G

SQ+(+(%,Q. +M]- "%,+Q,#-A 3E53 -903612 b[ 1: .G*G ,1G O[N/ 67 625FF=605B=9 0127689462@ 3E53 3E9 0123450362@

F543697 9RF4977=C 528 0539@14605==C 5@4998 3E53 3E9 :1490=17<49 1: 3E9 495= 973539 ?143@5@9 7E5== B9 62 5001485209

D63E *03 ,1G _/_aA 528 5FF=C62@ -903612 b[ 1: .G*G ,1G O[N/ 31 3E9 F497923 0579 D1<=8 B9 5 7<B7352365= 6?F564?923 1:

637 >97398 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612 <2894 3E9 495= 973539 ?143@5@9 01234503G -<0E 6?F564?923 D1<=8 B9 >61=536>9 1: 3E9

0127363<36125= F417046F3612 5@56273 6?F564?923 1: 1B=6@536127 1: 01234503A 5 F53923 8941@53612 1: F936361294T7 >97398

46@E3 528 0=954=C 0E52@97 3E9 623923612 1: 3E9 0123450362@ F543697G

Page 27: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 27/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- P[

S936361294T7 0123923612 3E53 -903612 b[ 1: .G*G O[N/ >61=5397 3E9 0127363<36125= F417046F3612 5@56273 6?F564?923 1:

3E9 1B=6@53612 1: 01234503 E57 21 B5767G

+E9 86::949209 62 3E9 34953?923 1: ;<468605= F947127 528 253<45= F947127 D57 B5798 12 3E9 253<49 1: 3E9 F41F943697

:1490=1798 j DE93E94 3E979 549 <798 57 497689209A :14 DE60E 3E9 ?149 =6B945= 129UC954 4989?F3612 F94618 67 49356298A

14 <798 :14 628<73465= 14 01??94065= F<4F1797A 62 DE60E 0579 5 7E14394 394? 67 899?98 29097754C 31 498<09 3E9

F94618 1: <209435623C 62 3E9 1D2947E6F 1: F41F943C 528 925B=9 ?143@5@99UB52K7 31 867F179 711294 1: 3E979 50H<6498

577937G (3 ?<73 B9 <2894701498 3E53 3E9 )92945= &52K62@ '5D 1: PcccA 045:398 62 3E9 5:394?53E 1: 3E9 /NN[ -1<3E9573

*7652 :6252065= 046767A 71<@E3 31 49:14? 3E9 )92945= &52K62@ *03 1: /NbN BC :57E61262@ 5 =9@5= :45?9D14K :14

?562356262@ 5 75:9 528 71<28 B52K62@ 7C739?GPO (2 3E67 01239R3A 3E9 5?928?923 623418<098 BC -903612 b[ 9?B18698129 1: 7<0E 75:9 528 71<28 F45036097 56?98 53 927<462@ 3E9 71=>920C 528 =6H<6863C 1: 1<4 B52K7G/uDFE6/ (3 052213

3E949:149 B9 867F<398 3E53 3E9 7568 F41>67612 5?92862@ 3E9 4989?F3612 F94618 62 *03 _/_a D57 B5798 12 54957125B=9 0=5776:6053612 528 @94?529 31 3E9 F<4F179 1: 3E9 =5DG

+E67 =9@636?539 F<B=60 62394973 F<47<98 BC 3E9 =9@67=53<49 :<43E94 92:99B=97 F936361294T7 6?F564?923 1: 01234503

3E914CG

+E9 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612 B962@ 7353<314CA 63 ?<73 B9 9R9406798 62 3E9 ?52294 F497046B98 BC 3E9 7353<39A 528 D63E62 3E9

F497046B98 36?9 =6?63A 31 ?5K9 63 9::9036>9G \<43E94?149A 57 D63E 13E94 6286>68<5= 46@E37 31 01234503 528 31 F41F943CA 63

E57 31 @6>9 D5C 31 F1=609 F1D94 9R9406798 :14 F<B=60 D9=:549G +E9 01209F3 1: F1=609 F1D94 67 D9==U9735B=67E98 62 3E67

;<4678603612G (3 E57 B992 89:6298 57 3E9 W73539 5<3E1463C 31 92503 =9@67=53612 3E53 ?5C 62394:949 D63E F947125= =6B943C 14

F41F943C 62 14894 31 F41?139 3E9 @92945= D9=:549GW (37 701F9A 9>94U9RF52862@ 31 ?993 3E9 9R6@920697 1: 3E9 36?97A

9>92 31 523606F539 3E9 :<3<49 DE949 63 01<=8 B9 8129A F41>6897 921<@E 411? :14 52 9::606923 528 :=9R6B=9 497F1279 310128636127 528 0640<?7352097 3E<7 577<?62@ 3E9 @4953973 B929:637G

BB@ J&,?0 , J&,?04 MI1I >FI !@B8@54 U&'T&<3 !54 BC!#

* 75=9 D63E 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 67 @1>94298 BC *4360=9 /Vc/ 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A DE60E F41>6897 3E53d W"12>9236125=

4989?F3612 7E5== 35K9 F=509 DE92 3E9 >92814 49794>97 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 3E9 3E62@ 71=8A D63E 3E9 1B=6@53612 31

01?F=C D63E 3E9 F41>676127 1: *4360=9 /V/V 528 13E94 736F<=536127 DE60E ?5C E5>9 B992 5@4998 <F12GW "12:14?5B=C

D63E *4360=9 /V/VA 3E9 79==94 @6>92 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 ?5C 9R940679 E67 46@E3 1: 4989?F3612 BC F5C62@ 3E9 B<C94d

I5J 3E9 F4609 1: 3E9 75=9A IBJ 3E9 9RF92797 1: 3E9 01234503A I0J =9@636?539 F5C?9237 ?589 BC 495712 1: 3E9 75=9A 528 I8J3E9 29097754C 528 <79:<= 9RF92797 ?589 12 3E9 3E62@ 71=8G

* 4989?F3612 D63E62 3E9 F94618 5==1D98 BC =5D 67 213 5 ?53394 1: 623923 B<3 1: F5C?923 14 >5=68 392894 1: 3E9 :<==

4989?F3612 F4609 D63E62 3E9 F94618G e946=CA 3E9 392894 1: F5C?923 67 3E9 79==94T7 ?526:97353612 1: E67 897649 31

49F<40E579 3E9 F41F943C D63E 3E9 1::94 1: 6??986539 F94:14?5209v X*Y 7620949 392894 1: F5C?923 67 7<::606923 317E1D 3E9 9R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579G M949A Q8<5481 F568 3E9 49F<40E579 F4609 31 .1B9431 BC 89F176362@ 3E9

F4109987 1: 3E9 75=9 1: 3E9 &5@<61 "63C =13 62 3E9 =53394T7 5001<23G -<0E F5C?923 D57 52 9::9036>9 9R940679 1: 3E9 46@E3

31 49F<40E579G

(2 75=97 D63E 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579A 3E9 363=9 528 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943C 71=8 549 6??986539=C >97398 62 3E9

>92899A 7<B;903 31 3E9 4971=<314C 012863612 1: 49F<40E579 BC 3E9 >92814 D63E62 3E9 736F<=5398 F94618G *0014862@=CA

3E9 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 5::90398 F41F943697 49>94398 31 Q8<5481 1209 E9 01?F=698 D63E 3E9 012863612 :14 3E9

49F<40E579A 3E949BC 92363=62@ E6? 31 3E9 F177977612 1: 3E9 13E94 ?1314 >9E60=9 D63E 3456=94G

BB: 6%6%X ,EI -?E2*<?F4 MI1I >FI !:9CB54 UT'* !:4 BC!5

(2 05797 1: 012>9236125= 4989?F3612 DE92 3E9 >92814 5 49341 49794>97 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 3E9 F41F943C 71=8A 3E9

F543697 31 3E9 75=9 ?<73 1B794>9 3E9 F545?93947 793 :143E BC *4360=9 /VcV 1: 3E9 ,9D "6>6= "189A DE60E 735397d*43G /VcVG +E9 46@E3 49:94498 31 62 *4360=9 /Vc/A 62 3E9 5B79209 1: 52 9RF4977 5@499?923A 7E5== =573 :1<4 C9547

:41? 3E9 8539 1: 3E9 01234503G -E1<=8 3E949 B9 52 5@499?923A 3E9 F94618 052213 9R0998 392 C9547G

M1D9>94A 3E9 >92814 ?5C 736== 9R940679 3E9 46@E3 31 49F<40E579 D63E62 3E643C 85C7 :41? 3E9 36?9 :625= ;<8@?923 D57

49289498 62 5 06>6= 503612 12 3E9 B5767 3E53 3E9 01234503 D57 5 34<9 75=9 D63E 46@E3 31 49F<40E579G

+E<7A 89F92862@ 12 DE93E94 3E9 F543697 E5>9 5@4998 <F12 5 7F906:60 F94618 D63E62 DE60E 3E9 >92814 5 49341 ?5C

9R940679 E67 46@E3 31 49F<40E579A 3E9 F41F943C 7<B;903 1: 3E9 75=9 ?5C B9 49899?98 12=C D63E62 3E9 =6?637 F497046B98

BC 3E9 F41>67612G

Page 28: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 28/33

 

+1 49F953A *4360=9 /VcV 9RF4977=C F41>6897 3E53 62 3E9 5B79209 1: 52 5@499?923 57 31 3E9 F94618 D63E62 DE60E 3E9

>92814 5 49341 ?5C 9R940679 E67 46@E3 31 49F<40E579A 3E9 75?9 ?<73 B9 8129 D63E62 :1<4 IbJ C9547 :41? 3E9 9R90<3612

1: 3E9 01234503G (2 3E9 9>923 3E9 01234503 7F906:697 5 F94618A 3E9 75?9 052213 9R0998 392 I/cJ C9547G

+E9 :49981? 31 01234503 67 213 5B71=<39G +E9 0123450362@ F543697 ?5C 9735B=67E 7<0E 736F<=536127A 0=5<797A 394?7 528

0128636127 57 3E9C ?5C 899? 012>926923A F41>6898 3E9C 549 213 0123454C 31 =5DA ?145=7A @118 0<731?7A F<B=60 14894A

14 F<B=60 F1=60CG

BB" J* /FE %&'2FE , 674 BCC@

#Q '%- -*,+%-T 12=C F568 /a 1<3 1: Vc 5?1436L53612 F5C?9237G ZE949 =977 3E52 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237 E5>9 B992?589A -90G b 1: .* VaaP @45237 3E9 >92899 5 @4509 F94618 1: 213 =977 3E52 Vc 85C7 :41? 3E9 8539 3E9 62735==?923

B905?9 8<9 31 F5C 3E9 5?1436L536127G (: 3E9 >92899 :56=7 31 F5C 53 3E9 928 1: 3E9 @4509 F94618A 3E9 >92814 ?5C 05209=

3E9 01234503 _c 85C7 5:394 3E9 49096F3 BC 3E9 >92899 1: 3E9 213609 1: 05209==53612G "1234503 5=71 5==1D7 4970677612

7E1<=8 >92899 :56= 31 F5C D63E62 Vc 85C7 :41? 8<9 8539G

BB9 -&'T*/ [3 b %F'E4 W'(I ,EI `&/OT*(F4 MI1I >FI !:959#4 %*.2*NO*< !!4 BC!8

.G*G ,1G VaaP 5FF=697 31 012345037 31 79==G ]2894 .G*G ,1G VaaPA 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 B<C94 31 49:<28 5004<97 12=C DE92 E9

E57 F568 53 =9573 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237G

*7 :1<28 BC 3E9 "1<43 1: *FF95=7A 3E9 3D1 0128636125= 89987 1: 75=9 9239498 6231 BC 3E9 F543697 549 012345037 31 79==A57 3E9C B13E 012356298 5 736F<=53612 3E53 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 F41F943697 7E5== 213 F577 31 3E9 >92899 <236= 5:394 :<==

F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G (2 5 0128636125= 75=9A 57 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 1D2947E6F 49?5627 D63E 3E9 >92814 528

8197 213 F577 31 3E9 >92899 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G +E9 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 F5435K97

1: 5 7<7F9276>9 012863612A 528 212U:<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 012863612 F49>9237 3E9 1B=6@53612 31 79== :41? 546762@G +1

86::949236539A 5 8998 1: 75=9 67 5B71=<39 DE92 3E949 67 21 736F<=53612 62 3E9 01234503 3E53 363=9 31 3E9 F41F943C 49?5627

D63E 3E9 79==94 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G

.5?17 >G M94<9=5 E9=8 3E53 *4360=97 //N/ 528 /aNP 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 549 5FF=605B=9 31 012345037 1: 75=9A DE6=9 .G*G ,1G

VaaP 5FF=697 31 012345037 31 79==G

+E9 "1<43 1: *FF95=7 0144903=C E9=8 3E53 .G*G ,1G VaaPA 13E94D679 K21D2 57 3E9 .95=3C (2735==?923 &<C94 *03A 5FF=697

31 3E9 7<B;903 012345037 31 79==G .G*G ,1G VaaP 4901@26L97 62 0128636125= 75=97 1: 5== K6287 1: 495= 973539 I628<73465=A

01??94065=A 4976892365=J 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 79==94 31 05209= 3E9 01234503 <F12 212UF5C?923 1: 52 62735==?923 BC 3E9B<C94A DE60E 67 76?F=C 52 9>923 3E53 F49>9237 3E9 1B=6@53612 1: 3E9 >92814 31 012>9C 363=9 :41? 50H<6462@ B62862@

:1409G (3 5=71 F41>6897 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 B<C94 12 62735==?9237 62 0579 E9 89:5<=37 62 3E9 F5C?923 1: 7<0099862@

62735==?9237 57 :1==1D7d

-903612 _G (2 5== 345275036127 14 012345037 62>1=>62@ 3E9 75=9 14 :6252062@ 1: 495= 973539 12 62735==?923 F5C?9237A

620=<862@ 4976892365= 01281?626<? 5F543?9237 B<3 9R0=<862@ 628<73465= =137A 01??94065= B<6=862@7 528 75=97 31

3925237 <2894 .9F<B=60 *03 ,<?B9498 +E643CU96@E3 E<28498 :143CU:1<4A 57 5?92898 BC .9F<B=60 *03 ,<?B9498

-6R3CU3E499 E<28498 96@E3CU2629A DE949 3E9 B<C94 E57 F568 53 =9573 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237A 3E9 B<C94 67 92363=98 31

3E9 :1==1D62@ 46@E37 62 0579 E9 89:5<=37 62 3E9 F5C?923 1: 7<0099862@ 62735==?9237d

I5J +1 F5CA D63E1<3 588636125= 62394973A 3E9 <2F568 62735==?9237 8<9 D63E62 3E9 3135= @4509 F94618 954298 BC E6?

DE60E 67 E949BC :6R98 53 3E9 4539 1: 129 ?123E @4509 F94618 :14 9>94C 129 C954 1: 62735==?923 F5C?9237 ?589d

S41>6898A +E53 3E67 46@E3 7E5== B9 9R9406798 BC 3E9 B<C94 12=C 1209 62 9>94C :6>9 C9547 1: 3E9 =6:9 1: 3E9 01234503 528637 9R39276127A 6: 52CG

IBJ (: 3E9 01234503 67 05209=98A 3E9 79==94 7E5== 49:<28 31 3E9 B<C94 3E9 057E 7<4492894 >5=<9 1: 3E9 F5C?9237 12 3E9

F41F943C 9H<6>5=923 31 :6:3C F94 0923 1: 3E9 3135= F5C?9237 ?589A 528A 5:394 :6>9 C9547 1: 62735==?9237A 52 588636125=

:6>9 F94 0923 9>94C C954 B<3 213 31 9R0998 26293C F94 0923 1: 3E9 3135= F5C?9237 ?589d S41>6898A +E53 3E9 503<5=

05209==53612 1: 3E9 01234503 7E5== 35K9 F=509 5:394 3E643C 85C7 :41? 49096F3 BC 3E9 B<C94 1: 3E9 213609 1: 05209==53612 14

3E9 89?528 :14 4970677612 1: 3E9 01234503 BC 5 2135465= 503 528 <F12 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 057E 7<4492894 >5=<9 31 3E9

B<C94G

Page 29: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 29/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- PN

#1D2 F5C?9237A 89F17637 14 1F36127 12 3E9 01234503 7E5== B9 620=<898 62 3E9 01?F<353612 1: 3E9 3135= 2<?B94 1:

62735==?923 F5C?9237 ?589G

-90G bG (2 0579 DE949 =977 3E52 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237 D949 F568A 3E9 79==94 7E5== @6>9 3E9 B<C94 5 @4509 F94618 1:

213 =977 3E52 76R3C 85C7 :41? 3E9 8539 3E9 62735==?923 B905?9 8<9G

(: 3E9 B<C94 :56=7 31 F5C 3E9 62735==?9237 8<9 53 3E9 9RF6453612 1: 3E9 @4509 F94618A 3E9 79==94 ?5C 05209= 3E9 01234503

5:394 3E643C 85C7 :41? 49096F3 BC 3E9 B<C94 1: 3E9 213609 1: 05209==53612 14 3E9 89?528 :14 4970677612 1: 3E9 01234503

BC 5 2135465= 503G

(2 3E67 0579A 497F128923 E57 F568 =977 3E52 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237f 3E949:149A -903612 b 1: .G*G ,1G VaaP 5FF=697G

+E9 "1<43 1: *FF95=7 E9=8 3E53 9>92 6: 497F128923 89:5<=398 62 637 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 1: 3E9 7<B;903

=137A 3E9 0128636125= 89987 1: 75=9 49?562 >5=68 528 7<B767362@A B905<79 3E949 D57 21 >5=68 213609 1: 2135465=

4970677612 31 497F128923A 57 3E9 213609 D57 7923 31 3E9 D412@ 5884977A 3E53 67A 31 !5E1@52C S418<037 "14F1453612A

528 63 D57 49096>98 BC 5 F94712 9?F=1C98 BC !5E1@52C S418<037 "14F1453612 528 213 3E9 497F128923G +E9 "1<43 1:

*FF95=7 735398 3E53 3E9 5==9@53612 3E53 !5E1@52C S418<037 "14F1453612 528 497F128923 E5>9 3E9 75?9 S49768923A

129 e5=946521 &<921A 67 6449=9>523 528 E57 213 B992 503<5==C F41>92 14 B1429 BC 9>689209G +E9 5FF9==539 01<43 E9=8

3E53 3E949 D57 627<::606923 F411: 3E53 497F128923 503<5==C 49096>98 3E9 213609 1: 2135465= 4970677612 1: 3E9 0128636125=

89987 1: 75=9f E9209A 3E9 <26=53945= 4970677612 1: 3E9 0128636125= 89987 1: 75=9 052213 B9 @6>92 04989209G M1D9>94A

<F12 49>69D 1: 3E9 4901487 1: 3E67 0579A 3E9 "1<43 :6287 3E53 497F128923 E58 B992 794>98 5 213609 1: 3E9 2135465=

4970677612 1: 3E9 0128636125= 89987 1: 75=9 DE92 63 D57 :<4267E98 D63E 3E9 F936361294l7 *27D94 31 637 :6473 "1?F=5623

:6=98 D63E 3E9 .+" 3E53 D57 =5394 867?67798 D63E1<3 F49;<8609G

]2894 .G*G ,1G VaaPA 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 B<C94 31 49:<28 5004<97 12=C DE92 E9 E57 F568 53 =9573 3D1 C9547 1:

62735==?9237G (2 3E67 0579A 497F128923 E57 F568 =977 3E52 3D1 C9547 1: 62735==?9237f E9209A 63 67 213 92363=98 31 5

49:<28G

B8C %*O&E2?&' ,EI KLW S&N?/3 K&'^4 MI1I >FI !@C!C:4 Q(2FO*< BB4 BC!#

+E9 F413903612 1: .9F<B=60 *03 ,1G VaaP I.95=3C (2735==?923 &<C94 S413903612 *03J 8197 213 01>94 5 =152 9R392898 BC

3E9 9?F=1C94 31 925B=9 637 9?F=1C99 31 :625209 3E9 F<40E579 1: 5 E1<79 528 =13G +E9 =5D F4139037 12=C 5 B<C9450H<6462@ 3E9 F41F943C BC 62735==?923A 213 5 B1441D94 DE179 46@E37 549 @1>94298 BC 3E9 394?7 1: 3E9 =152 :41? 3E9

9?F=1C94G

B8! X&R&32&3 1*&/23 ,I M&(T2&'4 MI1I >FI !@CC884 UT/3 C!4 BC!5

+E9 B<C94 67 736== =65B=9 31 F5C 3E9 62735==?923 F4609 IDE60E 620=<897 62394973J 9>92 DE92 3E9 89>9=1F94 E57 :56=98 31

01?F=939 3E9 F41;903 12 36?9G -<0E :56=<49 12 3E9 F543 1: 3E9 89>9=1F94 8197 213 49=69>9 3E9 B<C94 1: E67 14 E94

1B=6@53612 31 F5C 62394973G *=3E1<@E 3E9 89>9=1F94 67 53 :5<=3 :14 :56=62@ 31 01?F=939 3E9 F41;903 57 49H<6498 BC

S4976892365= #90499 ,1G Na[A 7<0E :5<=3 8197 213 94579 3E9 3E9 46@E3 1: 3E9 89>9=1F94 97F9065==C DE92 63 E58 5 >5=68

@41<28 :14 212U012362<5209 1: 3E9 F41;903G

"127689462@ 3E53 3E9 F936361294l7 <26=53945= 7<7F927612 1: 3E9 012734<03612 1: 3E9 5?9263697 D57 62392898 31 75>9

6379=: :41? 01737A 637 F=95 :14 49=69: :41? 637 01234503<5= 1B=6@536127 D57 F41F94=C 49;90398 B905<79 63 D1<=8 3E949BC

@562 5 F1763612 1: 58>5235@9 53 3E9 9RF9279 1: 3E9 =13 1D2947 =6K9 3E9 497F128923G (37 62>1053612 1: *4360=9 /PV[ 1: 3E9

"6>6= "189A DE60E F41>6897 3E53 WIDJE92 3E9 794>609 E57 B901?9 71 86::60<=3 57 31 B9 ?526:973=C B9C128 3E9

01239?F=53612 1: 3E9 F543697A 3E9 1B=6@14 ?5C 5=71 B9 49=95798 3E949:41? 62 DE1=9 14 62 F543AW D57 :503<5==C

<2:1<2898G \14 *4360=9 /PV[ 31 5FF=CA 3E9 :1==1D62@ 0128636127 7E1<=8 0120<4A 25?9=Cd I5J 3E9 9>923 14 0E52@9 620640<?7352097 01<=8 213 E5>9 B992 :1497992 53 3E9 36?9 1: 3E9 9R90<3612 1: 3E9 01234503f IBJ 63 ?5K97 3E9

F94:14?5209 1: 3E9 01234503 9R349?9=C 86::60<=3 B<3 213 6?F1776B=9f I0J 63 ?<73 213 B9 8<9 31 3E9 503 1: 52C 1: 3E9

F543697f 528 I8J 3E9 01234503 67 :14 5 :<3<49 F497353612G +E9 49H<676397 868 213 0120<4 E94962 B905<79 3E9 86::60<=3C 1:

F94:14?5209 <2894 *4360=9 /PV[ 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 7E1<=8 B9 7<0E 3E53 129 F543C D1<=8 B9 F=5098 53 5 86758>5235@9

BC 3E9 <2:1497992 9>923G !949 62012>9269209A 14 <29R9F90398 6?F986?9237A 14 620495798 9RF92797 868 213 7<::609 31

49=69>9 3E9 89B314 :41? 5 B58 B54@562G

B8B K?R'&3 , ['?F' K&'^4 MI1I >FI !:!59C4 S*O<T&<3 !B4 BC!#

Page 30: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 30/33

 

Q>603612 7E5== 35K9 F=509 DE929>94 BC 5 :625= ;<8@?923 B5798 12 5 46@E3 F4614 31 3E9 75=9 14 52 503 6?F<35B=9 31 3E9

>92814A 3E9 >92899 67 89F46>98 1: 3E9 DE1=9 14 1: 5 F543 1: 3E9 3E62@ F<40E5798Gbc (2 0579 9>603612 100<47A 3E9 >92899

7E5== E5>9 3E9 46@E3 31 89?528 1: 3E9 >92814A 5?12@ 13E947A 3E9 493<42 1: 3E9 >5=<9 DE60E 3E9 3E62@ 71=8 E58 53 3E9

36?9 1: 3E9 9>603612A B9 63 @495394 14 =977 3E52 3E9 F4609 1: 3E9 75=9f 3E9 9RF92797 1: 3E9 01234503A 6: 3E9 >92899 E57 F568

3E9?f 528 3E9 85?5@97 528 623949737A 528 1425?9235= 9RF92797A 6: 3E9 75=9 D57 ?589 62 B58 :563EG

B88 H&GF<2*+& , -&()T(&4 888 %617 @#8 ABCCCD

*=3E1<@E 3E9 ?9?14528<? 5@499?923 D57 5=71 8921?625398 57 5 W"1234503 31 -9==WA D9 E1=8 3E53 3E9 F543697

01239?F=5398 5 01234503 1: 75=9G * 8998 1: 75=9 67 5B71=<39 62 253<49 5=3E1<@E 8921?625398 5 0128636125= 75=9 62 3E95B79209 1: 5 736F<=53612 49794>62@ 363=9 62 3E9 F9363612947 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G (2 7<0E 05797A

1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 3E62@ 71=8 F57797 31 3E9 >92899 <F12 503<5= 14 012734<036>9 89=6>94C 3E9491:G +E9 ?949 :503 3E53 3E91B=6@53612 1: 3E9 497F128923 31 F5C 3E9 B5=5209 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 D57 ?589 7<B;903 31 3E9 012863612 3E53 3E9

F9363612947 :6473 89=6>94 3E9 490127363<398 363=9 1: 3E9 E1<79 528 =13 8197 213 ?5K9 3E9 01234503 5 01234503 31 79== :14

7<0E 012863612 67 213 620127673923 D63E 5 01234503 1: 75=9G

B8# %.EI ̀ &/*'+T*/& , V&/&3&&'4 MI1I >FI !@8B##4 UT'* BB4 BCC9

]2894 5 01234503 31 79==A 3E9 79==94 4935627 363=9 31 3E9 3E62@ 31 B9 71=8 <236= 3E9 F<40E5794 :<==C F5C7 3E9 5@4998

F<40E579 F4609G +E9 :<== F5C?923 67 5 F17636>9 7<7F9276>9 012863612A 3E9 212U:<=:6==?923 1: DE60E 67 213 5 B4950E 1:

01234503A B<3 ?949=C 52 9>923 3E53 F49>9237 3E9 79==94 :41? 012>9C62@ 363=9 31 3E9 F<40E5794G +E9 212UF5C?923 1: 3E9

F<40E579 F4609 4928947 3E9 01234503 31 79== 629::9036>9 528 D63E1<3 :1409 528 9::903G ]2=6K9 5 01234503 1: 75=9A DE949

3E9 363=9 31 3E9 F41F943C F57797 31 3E9 >92899 <F12 3E9 89=6>94C 1: 3E9 3E62@ 71=8A 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 1D2947E6F 67ABC 5@499?923A 49794>98 31 3E9 >92814 528 67 213 31 F577 31 3E9 >92899 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G

%3E94D679 735398A 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 3E9 >92814 =1797 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 F41F943C 528 052213 4901>94 63 <236= 528

<2=977 3E9 01234503 67 4971=>98 14 497062898f DE94957A 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 363=9 67 49356298 BC 3E9 >92814 <236= :<==

F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G (2 3E9 =53394 01234503A F5C?923 1: 3E9 F4609 67 5 F17636>9 7<7F9276>9 012863612A :56=<49

1: DE60E 67 213 5 B4950E B<3 52 9>923 3E53 F49>9237 3E9 1B=6@53612 1: 3E9 >92814 31 012>9C 363=9 :41? B901?62@

9::9036>9G

+E9 212U:<=:6==?923 BC 3E9 497F128923 1: E67 1B=6@53612 31 F5CA DE60E 67 5 7<7F9276>9 012863612 31 3E9 1B=6@53612 1:

3E9 F9363612947 31 79== 528 89=6>94 3E9 363=9 31 3E9 F41F943CA 49289498 3E9 01234503 31 79== 629::9036>9 528 D63E1<3 :1409528 9::903G +E9 F543697 73528 57 6: 3E9 0128636125= 1B=6@53612 E58 29>94 9R67398G *4360=9 //N/ 1: 3E9 ,9D "6>6= "189 D6==

213 5FF=C B905<79 63 F497<FF1797 52 1B=6@53612 5=4958C 9R3523G +E949 052 B9 21 4970677612 1: 52 1B=6@53612 3E53 67 736==

212U9R67362@A 3E9 7<7F9276>9 012863612 213 E5>62@ E5FF9298G

B85 -F'2*(&/,F , ;*?<E FG ZTR*'?& L<?N*<F4 @B# %617 5:5 AUT/3 94 BC!CD

+E9 5B79209 1: 5 F41>67612 62 3E9 *@499?923 34527:94462@ 363=9 :41? 3E9 1D294 31 3E9 B<C94 67 35K92 57 5 73412@

6286053612 3E53 3E9 *@499?923 67 5 01234503 31 79==G

(2 5 01234503 31 79==A 1D2947E6F 67A BC 5@499?923A 49794>98 62 3E9 79==94 528 67 213 31 F577 31 3E9 B<C94 <236= :<==

F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609G %3E94D679 735398A 62 5 01234503 1: 75=9A 3E9 79==94 =1797 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 F41F943C

528 052213 4901>94 63 <236= 528 <2=977 3E9 01234503 67 4971=>98 14 497062898f DE94957A 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 363=9 67

49356298 BC 3E9 79==94 <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F4609G (2 3E9 =53394 01234503A F5C?923 1: 3E9 F4609 67 5 F17636>9

7<7F9276>9 012863612A :56=<49 1: DE60E 67 213 5 B4950E B<3 52 9>923 3E53 F49>9237 3E9 1B=6@53612 1: 3E9 >92814 31

012>9C 363=9 :41? B901?62@ 9::9036>9G ZE53 3E9 79==94 5@4997 14 1B=6@97 E6?79=: 31 81 67 31 :<=:6== E67 F41?679 31 79== 3E9

7<B;903 F41F943C DE92 3E9 923649 5?1<23 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 67 89=6>9498 31 E6?G

B8@ J&,?0 , -?E&N?E Q((?0*'2&/4 UT/3 !!4 BC!B

+E9 4<=9 67 3E53 63 67 213 3E9 363=9 1: 3E9 01234503A B<3 637 9RF4977 394?7 14 736F<=536127 3E53 89394?629 3E9 K628 1:

01234503 9239498 6231 BC 3E9 F543697G \6473A 3E949 D57 ?99362@ 1: ?6287 57 31 3E9 34527:94 1: 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 7<B;903

?53394G +E9 =93394A 3E1<@E 5FF95462@ 31 B9 5 ?949 F4609 H<1353612rF41F175=A D57 213 DE53 63 799?98G (3 012356298

394?7 528 0128636127A 71 3E53A BC 3E9 :503 3E53 `6?929LA "E564?52 1: 3E9 "1??63399 12 !525@9?923A 528 Q2@4G .585A

)92945= !525@94 1: !%Q'"(A E58 76@298 3E964 25?97 <2894 3E9 D148 W"%,\%.!QAW 3E9CA 62 9::903A 5@4998 D63E 3E9

394?7 528 0128636127 D63E 497F903 31 3E9 F<40E579 1: 3E9 7<B;903 /c !e* S1D94 +4527:14?94G *7 0144903=C 54@<98 BC

#5>68A 6: 3E964 F<4F179 D57 ?949=C 31 50K21D=98@9 3E9 49096F3 1: 3E9 F41F175=A 3E9C D1<=8 213 E5>9 76@298 3E964

25?9 <2894 3E9 D148 W"%,\%.!QGW

Page 31: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 31/33

!"# %&'()*+(%,- *,# "%,+.*"+- _/

B8: J?*RF , J?*RF4 MI1I >FI !:99@54 S*O<T&<3 BC4 BC!8

(3 67 7933=98 ;<467F4<89209A 31 3E9 F1623 1: B962@ 9=9?92354CA 3E53 52 5@499?923 DE60E 736F<=5397 3E53 3E9 79==94 7E5==

9R90<39 5 8998 1: 75=9 12=C <F12 14 5:394 3=== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 67 5 01234503 31 79==A 213 5 01234503 1: 75=9G

(2 .9C97 >G +<F5452A 3E67 "1<43 890=5498 62 0539@14605= 394?7 3E53 WXDYE949 3E9 >92814 F41?6797 31 9R90<39 5 8998 1:

5B71=<39 75=9 <F12 3E9 01?F=93612 BC 3E9 >92899 1: 3E9 F5C?923 1: 3E9 F4609A 3E9 01234503 67 12=C 5 01234503 31 79==G

+E9 5:14906398 736F<=53612 7E1D7 3E53 3E9 >928147 49794>98 363=9 31 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C <236= :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9

F<40E579 F4609GW

B8" %LI XTN?O&3 ,E %.I HF.*+ 4 MI1I >FI!:!@9B4 UT'* 84 BC!8

Z9 549A 3E<7A 620=6298 31 4<=9 3E53 3E949 D57A 628998A 5 01234503<5= 5@499?923 B93D992 3E9 F543697 :14 3E9 F<40E579 1:

3E9 7<B;903 =528 528 3E53 3E67 5@499?923 F54311K 1: 52 145= 01234503 31 79== :14 3E9 7<? 1: SOccAcccGccG * 01234503 31

79== E57 B992 89:6298 57 W5 B6=53945= 01234503 DE949BC 3E9 F417F9036>9 79==94A DE6=9 9RF4977=C 49794>62@ 3E9

1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C 897F639 89=6>94C 3E9491: 31 3E9 F417F9036>9 B<C94A B6287 E6?79=: 31 79== 3E9 7568

F41F943C 9R0=<76>9=C 31 3E9 F417F9036>9 B<C94 <F12 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 012863612 5@4998 <F12A 3E53 67A :<== F5C?923 1:

3E9 F<40E579 F4609GW (2 5 01234503 31 79==A W1D2947E6F 67 49356298 BC 3E9 79==94 528 67 213 31 F577 <236= 3E9 :<== F5C?923

1: 3E9 F4609 R R RGW (3 67 W01??12=C 9239498 6231 71 57 31 F413903 3E9 79==94 5@56273 5 B<C94 DE1 6239287 31 B<C 3E9

F41F943C 62 62735==?9237 BC D63EE1=862@ 1D2947E6F 1>94 3E9 F41F943C <236= 3E9 B<C94 9::9037 :<== F5C?923 3E949:14GW

B89 `*'2T<& , ;*?<E FG Z'0&3&4 MI1I >FI !9CC!@4 Q(2FO*< B4 BC!8

+1 2139A DE6=9 3E9 H<5=63C 1: 012362@920C 62E9497 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 3E9 75?9 7E1<=8 213 B9 012:<798 D63E 5

0128636125= 01234503 1: 75=9G (2 5 01234503 31 79==A 3E9 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 7<7F9276>9 012863612 D6== 213 5<31?53605==C

34527:94 1D2947E6F 31 3E9 B<C94 5=3E1<@E 3E9 F41F943C ?5C E5>9 B992 F49>61<7=C 89=6>9498 31 E6?G +E9 F417F9036>9

79==94 736== E57 31 012>9C 363=9 31 3E9 F417F9036>9 B<C94 BC 9239462@ 6231 5 01234503 1: 5B71=<39 75=9Gab %2 3E9 13E94

E528A 62 5 0128636125= 01234503 1: 75=9A 3E9 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 7<7F9276>9 012863612 4928947 3E9 75=9 5B71=<39 528 3E9

F49>61<7 89=6>94C 1: 3E9 F41F943C E57 3E9 9::903 1: 5<31?53605==C 34527:94462@ 3E9 79==94T7 1D2947E6F 14 363=9 31 3E9

F41F943C 31 3E9 B<C94G

>F2*] Q>92 5:394 3E9 :<== F5C?923 62 01234503 31 79==A 3E949 67 21 5<31?5360 34527:94 1: 1D2947E6FG +E<7A 6: 3E9 79==9471=8 63 31 5213E94A 3E9 79==94 67 =65B=9 :14 85?5@97 B<3 213 :14 81<B=9 75=9G (2 9::903A C1< 052213 01?F9= 3E9 79==94 31

9R90<39 5B71=<39 8998 1: 75=9 897F639 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 @4998 F<40E579 F4609 6: 3E9 B<C94 :56=98 31 01?F=C 3E9 13E94

394?7 1: 3E9 01234503 7<0E 57 F5C?923 1: 35R97A 930G "1279H<923=CA 3E949 =697 21 94414 12 3E9 F543 1: 3E9 "* 62

49>94762@ 3E9 .+" #9067612 528 867?67762@ F9363612947T 01?F=5623 :14 7F906:60 F94:14?5209 799K62@ 31 01?F9=497F1289237 31 9R90<39 5 8998 1: 75=9 1>94 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943697

B#C 76Z SFF0E4 W'(I ,I -?(<F L&(?G?(4 MI1I >FI BCC@CB4 J*(*NO*< !!4 BC!8

(2 3E67 0579A 3E9 "1<43 0120<47 D63E 3E9 "* 3E53 3E9 F543697 E5>9 5@4998 31 5 01234503 1: 75=9 528 213 31 5 01234503 31

79== 57 58;<8@98 BC 3E9 .+"G &95462@ 62 ?628 637 0127927<5= 253<49A 5 01234503 1: 75=9 E58 B992 F94:90398 53 3E9

F490679 ?1?923 *"Q \1187A 57 9>6892098 BC 637 503 1: 792862@ !+"' 3E9 S<40E579 %4894A 5009F398 3E9 =53394T7

F41F175= 31 79== 3E9 7<B;903 F418<037 62 0127689453612 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 1: SVbVAbVbGccG \41? 3E53 F1623 62 36?9A

3E9 4906F4105= 1B=6@536127 1: 3E9 F543697 j 6G9GA 12 3E9 129 E528A 1: !+"' 31 89=6>94 3E9 7568 F418<037 31 *"Q \1187A

528A 12 3E9 13E94 E528A 1: *"Q \1187 31 F5C 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 3E949:14 D63E62 3E643C I_cJ 85C7 :41? 89=6>94C j

5=4958C 54179 528 01279H<923=C ?5C B9 89?52898G *4360=9 /b[a 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189 ?5K97 3E67 0=954G

*3 3E67 ;<203<49A 3E9 "1<43 ?<73 867F9= 3E9 213612 3E53 3E9 736F<=53612 52923 !+"'T7 49794>53612 1: 1D2947E6F 1: 3E97<B;903 F418<037 57 49:=90398 62 3E9 (2>1609 .9096F3A 6G9GA 3E9 363=9 49794>53612 736F<=53612A 0E52@98 3E9 01?F=9R612 1:

3E9 34527503612 :41? 5 01234503 1: 75=9 6231 5 01234503 31 79==G .901487 549 B949:3 1: 52C 7E1D62@ 3E53 3E9 7568

736F<=53612 21>5398 3E9 01234503 1: 75=9 B93D992 3E9 F543697 DE60EA 31 49F953A 5=4958C 9R67398 53 3E9 F490679 ?1?923

*"Q \1187 5009F398 !+"'T7 F41F175=G

B#! Q.2?NTN J*,*/F.N*'2 K&'^ ,I %.FTE*E UF,*//&'FE4 MI1I >FI !"9!#54 J*(*NO*< #4 BC!8

e946=CA 62 5 01234503 31 79==A 3E9 F417F9036>9 79==94 B6287 E6?79=: 31 79== 3E9 F41F943C 7<B;903 1: 3E9 5@499?923

9R0=<76>9=C 31 3E9 F417F9036>9 B<C94 <F12 :<=:6==?923 1: 3E9 012863612 5@4998 <F12 DE60E 67 3E9 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9

Page 32: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 32/33

 

F<40E579 F4609 B<3 49794>62@ 31 E6?79=: 3E9 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 7<B;903 F41F943C 897F639 89=6>94C 3E9491: 31 3E9

F417F9036>9 B<C94G +E9 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609 62 5 01234503 31 79== 67 5 7<7F9276>9 012863612A 3E9 212U

:<=:6==?923 1: DE60E F49>9237 3E9 F417F9036>9 79==94T7 1B=6@53612 31 012>9C 363=9 :41? B901?62@ 9::9036>9A 57 62 3E67

0579G

B#B 1F\T* , 7RT&0F4 MI1I >FI !98:":4 7.<?/ :4 BC!#

(3 67 97792365= 31 867362@<67E B93D992 5 01234503 31 79== 528 5 0128636125= 01234503 1: 75=9 7F9065==C 62 05797 DE949 3E9

7<B;903 F41F943C 67 71=8 BC 3E9 1D294 213 31 3E9 F543C 3E9 79==94 0123450398 D63EA B<3 31 5 3E648 F94712A 57 62 3E9 0579

53 B920EG (2 5 01234503 31 79==A 3E949 B962@ 21 F49>61<7 75=9 1: 3E9 F41F943CA 5 3E648 F94712 B<C62@ 7<0E F41F943C897F639 3E9 :<=:6=?923 1: 3E9 7<7F9276>9 012863612 7<0E 57 3E9 :<== F5C?923 1: 3E9 F<40E579 F4609A :14 62735209A 052213

B9 899?98 5 B<C94 62 B58 :563E 528 3E9 F417F9036>9 B<C94 052213 799K 3E9 49=69: 1: 49012>9C5209 1: 3E9 F41F943CG+E949 67 21 81<B=9 75=9 62 7<0E 0579G +63=9 31 3E9 F41F943C D6== 34527:94 31 3E9 B<C94 5:394 49@673453612 B905<79 3E949 67

21 89:903 62 3E9 1D294U79==94T7 363=9 F94 79A B<3 3E9 =53394A 1: 01<479A ?5C B9 7<98 :14 85?5@97 BC 3E9 62392862@ B<C94G

B#8 %.EI `?/F<?& , 6F'2?'*'2&/4 U&'T&<3 BC!B

+E9 F46?14865= 86::9492365362@ 0127689453612 B93D992 3E9 3D1 IPJ 012345037 I-*'Q 528 *)Q,"^J 67 3E9 34527:94 1:

1D2947E6F 14 363=9 1>94 3E9 F41F943C 7<B;903 1: 3E9 01234503G (2 52 5@920CA 3E9 F46206F5= 4935627 1D2947E6F 528

012341= 1>94 3E9 F41F943C 528 3E9 5@923 ?949=C 5037 12 3E9 F46206F5=l7 B9E5=: 528 <2894 E67 62734<036127 62

:<43E945209 1: 3E9 1B;9036>97 :14 DE60E 3E9 5@920C D57 9735B=67E98G %2 3E9 13E94 E528A 3E9 01234503 67 0=954=C 5 75=9 6:

3E9 F543697 62392898 3E53 3E9 89=6>94C 1: 3E9 F41F943C D6== 9::903 5 49=62H<67E?923 1: 363=9A 012341= 528 1D2947E6F 62

7<0E 5 D5C 3E53 3E9 4906F6923 ?5C 81 D63E 3E9 F41F943C 57 E9 F=95797G

B## S?<E2 ['?2*0 ,I K&3&'?)&'4 MI1I >FI !@#9"54 U&'T&<3 !54 BC!#

.901<F?923 I49012>920612J 67 3E9 503 1: 49B5362@ 14 4901<F62@ 5 F543 1: 5 0=56? <F12 DE60E 129 67 7<98 BC ?9527 1:

5 =9@5= 14 9H<635B=9 46@E3 497<=362@ :41? 5 01<23940=56? 546762@ 1<3 1: 3E9 75?9 34527503612G (3 67 3E9 793362@ <F 1: 5

89?528 546762@ :41? 3E9 75?9 34527503612 57 3E9 F=56236::T7 0=56?A 31 5B539 14 498<09 3E53 0=56?G

+E9 =9@5= B5767 :14 4901<F?923 BC 3E9 B<C94 67 3E9 :6473 F545@45FE 1: *4360=9 /aNN 1: 3E9 "6>6= "189A >6Ld

*4360=9 /aNNG ZE949 3E949 67 5 B4950E 1: D544523C BC 3E9 79==94A 3E9 B<C94 ?5CA 53 E67 9=903612dI/J *009F3 14 K99F 3E9 @1187 528 793 <F 5@56273 3E9 79==94A 3E9 B4950E 1: D544523C BC D5C 1: 4901<F?923 62

86?62<3612 14 9R36203612 1: 3E9 F4609f

IPJ *009F3 14 K99F 3E9 @1187 528 ?5623562 52 503612 5@56273 3E9 79==94 :14 85?5@97 :14 3E9 B4950E 1:

D544523CfI_J .9:<79 31 5009F3 3E9 @1187A 528 ?5623562 52 503612 5@56273 3E9 79==94 :14 85?5@97 :14 3E9 B4950E 1:

D544523Cf

IbJ .970628 3E9 01234503 1: 75=9 528 49:<79 31 49096>9 3E9 @1187 14 6: 3E9 @1187 E5>9 5=4958C B992 49096>98A

493<42 3E9? 14 1::94 31 493<42 3E9? 31 3E9 79==94 528 4901>94 3E9 F4609 14 52C F543 3E9491: DE60E E57 B992

F568G

(3 D57 6?F41F94 :14 F9363612947 31 793 <F 3E964 0=56? :14 49F564 9RF92797 528 13E94 7F549 F5437 1: 3E9 8<?F 34<0K

5@56273 3E964 49?56262@ B5=5209 12 3E9 F4609 1: 3E9 F46?9 ?1>94 528 3E9 3452763 ?6R94 3E9C 1D98 31 497F128923G

.901<F?923 ?<73 54679 1<3 1: 3E9 01234503 14 34527503612 <F12 DE60E 3E9 F=56236::T7 0=56? 67 :1<2898G +1 B9 92363=98

31 4901<F?923A 3E949:149A 3E9 0=56? ?<73 54679 :41? 3E9 75?9 34527503612A 6G9GA 3E9 F<40E579 1: 3E9 F46?9 ?1>94 528

3E9 3452763 ?6R94 528 213 31 5 F49>61<7 01234503 62>1=>62@ 3E9 F<40E579 1: 3E9 8<?F 34<0KG +E53 3E949 D57 5 794697 1:

F<40E5797 ?589 BC F9363612947 01<=8 213 B9 0127689498 57 5 762@=9 34527503612A :14 3E9 4901487 7E1D 3E53 3E9 954=694

F<40E579 1: 3E9 76R 8<?F 34<0K7 D57 5 79F54539 528 86736203 34527503612 :41? 3E9 7<B79H<923 F<40E579 1: 3E9 M621S46?9 !1>94 528 3E9 (7<L< +452763 !6R94G "1279H<923=CA 3E9 B495K81D2 1: 129 1: 3E9 8<?F 34<0K7 868 213 @4523 31

F9363612947 3E9 46@E3 31 731F 528 D63EE1=8 F5C?923 1: 3E964 49?56262@ B5=5209 12 3E9 =573 3D1 F<40E5797G

Pba -94:621 > \Q&+"A )G.G ,1G /[/ObaA %031B94 /cA Pc/P

*2 5776@2?923 1: 049863 67 52 5@499?923 BC >643<9 1: DE60E 3E9 1D294 1: 5 049863A K21D2 57 3E9 5776@214A BC 5 =9@5=

05<79A 7<0E 57 75=9A 853612 62 F5C?923A 9R0E52@9 14 81253612A 528 D63E1<3 3E9 0127923 1: 3E9 89B314A 34527:947 E67

049863 528 50097714C 46@E37 31 5213E94A K21D2 57 3E9 5776@299A DE1 50H<6497 3E9 F1D94 31 92:1409 63 31 3E9 75?9

9R3923 57 3E9 5776@214 01<=8 92:1409 63 5@56273 3E9 89B314G (3 ?5C B9 62 3E9 :14? 1: 75=9A B<3 53 36?97 63 ?5C 0127363<39

5 853612 62 F5C?923A 7<0E 57 DE92 5 89B314A 62 14894 31 1B3562 5 49=9579 :41? E67 89B3A 5776@27 31 E67 04986314 5 049863

Page 33: Civ II Case Doctrines 2

8/15/2019 Civ II Case Doctrines 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/civ-ii-case-doctrines-2 33/33

E9 E57 5@56273 5 3E648 F94712GW *7 5 853612 62 F5C?923A 3E9 5776@2?923 1: 049863 1F945397 57 5 ?189 1: 9R362@<67E62@

3E9 1B=6@53612f 3E9 89=6>94C 528 34527?677612 1: 1D2947E6F 1: 5 3E62@ I62 3E67 0579A 3E9 049863 8<9 :41? 5 3E648

F94712J BC 3E9 89B314 31 3E9 04986314 67 5009F398 57 3E9 9H<6>5=923 1: 3E9 F94:14?5209 1: 3E9 1B=6@53612G

*2 5776@2?923 1: 049863 213 12=C 92363=97 3E9 5776@299 31 3E9 049863 6379=:A B<3 5=71 @6>97 E6? 3E9 F1D94 31 92:1409 63 57

5@56273 3E9 89B314 1: 3E9 5776@214G -6209 21 >5=68 5776@2?923 1: 049863 311K F=509A 3E9 7F1<797 -94:621 052213 >5=68=C

0=56? 1D2947E6F 1: 3E9 493649?923 B929:637 3E53 D949 89F176398 D63E \Q&+"G Z63E1<3 1D2947E6F 46@E37 1>94 3E9

5?1<23A 3E9C 7<::9498 21 F90<2654C =177 3E53 E57 31 B9 01?F9275398 BC 503<5= 85?5@97G +E9 @4523 1: 503<5= 85?5@97

F497<FF1797 3E53 3E9 0=56?523 7<::9498 5 8<=C F41>92 F90<2654C =177G

(2 3E9 F497923 0579A 3E9 ;<8@?923 89B3 D57 213 9R362@<67E98 BC 3E9 ?949 8976@253612 62 3E9 01?F41?679 ;<8@?923 1:

!5@85=925T7 493649?923 B929:637 57 3E9 :<28 :41? DE60E F5C?923 7E5== B9 71<4098G +E53 3E9 01?F41?679 5@499?9235<3E146L97 4901<479 62 0579 1: 89:5<=3 12 13E94 9R90<35B=9 F41F943697 1: 3E9 7F1<797 "1439LA 31 75367:C 3E9 ;<8@?923

89B3A :<43E94 7<FF1437 1<4 0120=<7612 3E53 3E949 D57 21 5776@2?923 1: !5@85=925T7 049863 D63E 3E9 )-(- 3E53 D1<=8

E5>9 9R362@<67E98 3E9 1B=6@53612G