saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri ekonomikuri wesrigiwesrigi

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigiwesrigi

1.1. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis arsi da kanonzomierebebiarsi da kanonzomierebebi

2.2. ganviTarebadi qveynebis strategia ganviTarebadi qveynebis strategia da politika axal saerTaSoriso da politika axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigSiekonomikur wesrigSi

3.3. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonzemsoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonze

I.saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri I.saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis arsi da wesrigis arsi da

kanonzomierebebikanonzomierebebi

1.1 ek. wesrigis arsi da ZiriTadi subieqtebi1.1 ek. wesrigis arsi da ZiriTadi subieqtebi 1.1.1 saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis 1.1.1 saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis

Camoyalibebis TaviseburebebiCamoyalibebis Taviseburebebi 1.1.2 saxelmwifos rolis cvlilebebi saerTaSoriso 1.1.2 saxelmwifos rolis cvlilebebi saerTaSoriso

wesrigis sxvadasxva etapze.wesrigis sxvadasxva etapze. 1.1.3 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da transnacionalur 1.1.3 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da transnacionalur

korporaciebi.korporaciebi.

1.2. saerTaSoriso ek. wesrigis 1.2. saerTaSoriso ek. wesrigis Tanamedrove problemebiTanamedrove problemebi

1.2.1 saxelmwifosa da tnk-ebis urTierTobebi1.2.1 saxelmwifosa da tnk-ebis urTierTobebi 1.2.2 saerTaSoriso terorizmi 1.2.2 saerTaSoriso terorizmi

1.1. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi es gaxlavT globaluri masStabiT es gaxlavT globaluri masStabiT SeaTanxmebuli da aRiarebuli im e.w. SeaTanxmebuli da aRiarebuli im e.w. “TamaSis wesebis” erToblioba, “TamaSis wesebis” erToblioba, romelTac emorCileba misi nebismieri romelTac emorCileba misi nebismieri subieqti da cdilobs am garemoSi subieqti da cdilobs am garemoSi miaRwios misTvis sasurvel Sedegs.miaRwios misTvis sasurvel Sedegs.

2. wesrigi ar arsebobs calmxrivi wesrigi ar arsebobs calmxrivi aRiarebis pirobebSi.aRiarebis pirobebSi.

wesrigis etapebi SeiZleba wesrigis etapebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT misi mTavari ganvixiloT misi mTavari subieqtebis Seqmnisa da subieqtebis Seqmnisa da transformaciis safuZvelze.transformaciis safuZvelze.

saerTaSoriso ekonomiuri wesrigis mTavari saerTaSoriso ekonomiuri wesrigis mTavari subietebi arian:subietebi arian:

1.1. saxelmwifosaxelmwifo

2.2. transnacionaluri korporaciebitransnacionaluri korporaciebi

3.3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaerTaSoriso organizaciebi

SeiZleba gamovyoT Tanamedrove msoflio SeiZleba gamovyoT Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis formirebis sami ekonomikuri wesrigis formirebis sami mTavari etapi:mTavari etapi:

1.1. 1648 weli vestfaliis xelSekruleba (zavi), romlis 1648 weli vestfaliis xelSekruleba (zavi), romlis Sedegadac Camoyalibdnen saerTaSorisod Sedegadac Camoyalibdnen saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebi da gaxdnen aRiarebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebi da gaxdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTavari subieqtebisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTavari subieqtebi..

2. 2. 1944 weli. breton-vudsis sistemis Camoyalibeba. 1944 weli. breton-vudsis sistemis Camoyalibeba. Camoyalibda iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa Camoyalibda iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi.msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi.

3. 1970-iani wlebi, rodesac gansakuTrebiT 3. 1970-iani wlebi, rodesac gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen tnk-ebi da gaeros specialur sesiaze gaaqtiurdnen tnk-ebi da gaeros specialur sesiaze miRebul iqna deklaracia: “axali saerTaSoriso miRebul iqna deklaracia: “axali saerTaSoriso wesrigis Sesaxeb”wesrigis Sesaxeb”

saxelmwifoTa da pirvel rigSi eri-saxelmwifoTa ricxvi saxelmwifoTa da pirvel rigSi eri-saxelmwifoTa ricxvi swrafad gaizarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. Tu swrafad gaizarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. Tu 1871-1914 wlebSi 12 axali saxelmwifon warmoiqmna, 1871-1914 wlebSi 12 axali saxelmwifon warmoiqmna, 1918-1945 wlebSi ki_16, 1945-1997 wlebSi axlad 1918-1945 wlebSi ki_16, 1945-1997 wlebSi axlad Seqmnilma suverenulma saxelwifoebis ricxvma 110 Seqmnilma suverenulma saxelwifoebis ricxvma 110 Seadgina anu orjer da ufo metjer meti vidre manmde Seadgina anu orjer da ufo metjer meti vidre manmde iyo.iyo.

tradiciuli warmodgena saxelmwifoze, rogorc msoflio tradiciuli warmodgena saxelmwifoze, rogorc msoflio wesrigis ZiriTad erTeulze, gulisxmobs mis SedarebiT wesrigis ZiriTad erTeulze, gulisxmobs mis SedarebiT homogenurobas, anu igi gvevlineba rogorc unitaruli, homogenurobas, anu igi gvevlineba rogorc unitaruli, erTiani miznebis mqone subieqti. magram erTiani miznebis mqone subieqti. magram Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso da transnacionaluri Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso da transnacionaluri organizaciebis ricxvis zrdam, Secvala rogorc organizaciebis ricxvis zrdam, Secvala rogorc saxelmwifos ise samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dinamika.saxelmwifos ise samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dinamika.

globalizaciis da maRalteqnologiuri globalizaciis da maRalteqnologiuri sistemebis ganviTarebis fonze arsebobs sistemebis ganviTarebis fonze arsebobs garkveuli sferoebi, sadac saxelwifos roli garkveuli sferoebi, sadac saxelwifos roli radikalurad Seicvala da amis Sedegad, radikalurad Seicvala da amis Sedegad, misi unari, rom gaakontrolos sakuTari misi unari, rom gaakontrolos sakuTari mosaxleoba da Sida socialuri procesebi, mosaxleoba da Sida socialuri procesebi, Semcirda.Semcirda.

integraciuli procesebis gaRrmavebam integraciuli procesebis gaRrmavebam kidev ufro gaamZafra erTi qveynis kidev ufro gaamZafra erTi qveynis moqalaqeebSi erTiani saxelmwifos aRqmis moqalaqeebSi erTiani saxelmwifos aRqmis sakiTxi.sakiTxi.

h.martini da k.Sumani : `globalizaciis xafangi, Seteva h.martini da k.Sumani : `globalizaciis xafangi, Seteva demokratiasa da keTildReobaze~demokratiasa da keTildReobaze~ 1996w 1996w

`globalizaciis Zala aerTianebs msoflios da `globalizaciis Zala aerTianebs msoflios da amave dros angrevs mas. udidesi amave dros angrevs mas. udidesi investiciuri saxsrebisa da msoflio investiciuri saxsrebisa da msoflio koncernebis mflobelebi TavianT pirobebs koncernebis mflobelebi TavianT pirobebs karnaxoben sust erovnul saxelmwifoebs~karnaxoben sust erovnul saxelmwifoebs~

mraval arguments Soris aRniSvnis mraval arguments Soris aRniSvnis Rirsia radikaluri globalistebis Rirsia radikaluri globalistebis sapirispiro mosazrebac:sapirispiro mosazrebac:

saerTaSoriso samarTals ar SeuZlia saerTaSoriso samarTals ar SeuZlia moqmedeba eri-saxelmwifos gareSe, moqmedeba eri-saxelmwifos gareSe, ara ubralod imitom, rom ara ubralod imitom, rom saxelmwifoebi mis materialur saxelmwifoebi mis materialur uzrunvelyofas da im agentebs uzrunvelyofas da im agentebs warmoadgenen, romlebsac es warmoadgenen, romlebsac es normebi Seexeba, aramed imitom, normebi Seexeba, aramed imitom, rom isini warmoadgenen agentebs, rom isini warmoadgenen agentebs, romlebic qmnian da auqmeben romlebic qmnian da auqmeben kanonebs.kanonebs.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa roli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa roli umniSvnelovanesia saerTaSoriso umniSvnelovanesia saerTaSoriso ekonomuri wesrigis CamoyalibebaSi.ekonomuri wesrigis CamoyalibebaSi.

gaerTianebuli erebis gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciaorganizacia.. Seiqmna 1945 wels. Seiqmna 1945 wels. aRsaniSnavia rogorc konkretulad misi aRsaniSnavia rogorc konkretulad misi agreTve misi specializebuli agreTve misi specializebuli dawesebulebebis da gaeros sistemis dawesebulebebis da gaeros sistemis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rolisaerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisaerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. . gaxlavT gaeros sistemis specializebuli gaxlavT gaeros sistemis specializebuli dawesebuleba. Seiqmna 1944 wels breton dawesebuleba. Seiqmna 1944 wels breton vudsis konferenciaze. misi mTavari mizania vudsis konferenciaze. misi mTavari mizania globaluri finansuri sistemis mdgradobis globaluri finansuri sistemis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa, valutebis gacvliTi kursebis da uzrunvelyofa, valutebis gacvliTi kursebis da qveyanaTa sagadamxdelo balansebis qveyanaTa sagadamxdelo balansebis monitoringis safuZvelze. igi agreTve monitoringis safuZvelze. igi agreTve saWiroebisamebr ganviTarebad qveynebs saWiroebisamebr ganviTarebad qveynebs sTavazobs teqnikur da finansur sTavazobs teqnikur da finansur mxardaWeras.mxardaWeras.

msoflio banki.msoflio banki. gaxlavT gaeros gaxlavT gaeros sistemis specializebuli dawesebuleba. sistemis specializebuli dawesebuleba. Seiqmna 1944 wels breton vudsis Seiqmna 1944 wels breton vudsis konferenciaze. mis konferenciaze. mis mTavar amocanas mTavar amocanas Seadgens ganviTarebad qveynebSi stabiluri Seadgens ganviTarebad qveynebSi stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdisTvis xelSewyoba da siRaribis ekonomikuri zrdisTvis xelSewyoba da siRaribis donis Semcireba. msoflio bankTan donis Semcireba. msoflio bankTan TanamSromlobis mTavari upiratesoba TanamSromlobis mTavari upiratesoba daxmarebis mimRebi qveynisTvis daxmarebis mimRebi qveynisTvis mniSvnelovnad SeRavaTiani saprocento mniSvnelovnad SeRavaTiani saprocento ganakveTebia sesxebze sxva saerTaSoriso ganakveTebia sesxebze sxva saerTaSoriso kreditorebTan SedarebiT. msoflio bankis kreditorebTan SedarebiT. msoflio bankis kreditebs mohyveba samTavrobaTSoriso kreditebs mohyveba samTavrobaTSoriso sesxebic, rac mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis sesxebic, rac mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis mimRebi qveynis sakredito reitings kerZo mimRebi qveynis sakredito reitings kerZo investorebisTvis.investorebisTvis.

vaWrobis msoflio organizacia.vaWrobis msoflio organizacia.

gaxlavT gaeros sistemis saerTaSoriso gaxlavT gaeros sistemis saerTaSoriso organizacia, igiorganizacia, igi warmoadgens mravalmxrivi warmoadgens mravalmxrivi savaWro sistemis samarTlebriv da savaWro sistemis samarTlebriv da institucionalur safuZvelsinstitucionalur safuZvels ( (GATT-GATT-is is samarTalmemkvidre)samarTalmemkvidre), aris urugvais raundis 8 , aris urugvais raundis 8 wliani (1986-1994 w.w.) kompleqsuri da xSirad wliani (1986-1994 w.w.) kompleqsuri da xSirad sadavo molaparakebebis Sedegi. sadavo molaparakebebis Sedegi.

vmo-s ZiraTi mizani aris saerTaSoriso vaWrobis vmo-s ZiraTi mizani aris saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyoba da masStabebis zrda msoflio xelSewyoba da masStabebis zrda msoflio politikis liberalizaciis saSualebiT.politikis liberalizaciis saSualebiT.

gaeros monacemebiT, dRes msoflioSi arsebobs gaeros monacemebiT, dRes msoflioSi arsebobs

65 aTasze meti tnk, romlebic akontroleben 600 65 aTasze meti tnk, romlebic akontroleben 600

aTas Svilobil kompaniasa da ganyofilebas aTas Svilobil kompaniasa da ganyofilebas

sazRvargareTsazRvargareT. . maTze modis msoflio vaWrobis maTze modis msoflio vaWrobis

daaxloebiT 2/3 , tnk-ebi awarmoeben msoflio daaxloebiT 2/3 , tnk-ebi awarmoeben msoflio

warmoebis naxevars da akontroleben msoflioSi warmoebis naxevars da akontroleben msoflioSi

arsebuli patentebis, licenziebis da nou-haus arsebuli patentebis, licenziebis da nou-haus

daaxloebiT 4/5-s.daaxloebiT 4/5-s.

maT strategiul miznebSi Sedis: sakuTari warmoebis maT strategiul miznebSi Sedis: sakuTari warmoebis

uzrunvelyofa ucxouri nedleuliT; sxva qveynebis uzrunvelyofa ucxouri nedleuliT; sxva qveynebis

bazarebze SeRweva filialebis Seqmnis gziT; bazarebze SeRweva filialebis Seqmnis gziT;

sawarmoebis ganlageba im qveynebSi, sadac xarjebi sawarmoebis ganlageba im qveynebSi, sadac xarjebi

sakuTar qveyanasTan SedarebiT ufro dabaliasakuTar qveyanasTan SedarebiT ufro dabalia

transnacionalizaciis indeqsis gaangariSeba transnacionalizaciis indeqsis gaangariSeba Semdegi formuliT xdeba: Semdegi formuliT xdeba:

TI = 1/3 (A1/A + R1/R + S1/S) TI = 1/3 (A1/A + R1/R + S1/S) x 100%x 100%

sadac:sadac: TITI _ _ transnacionalizaciis indeqsi,transnacionalizaciis indeqsi, %; %; A1A1_ _ sazRvargareTuli aqtivebisazRvargareTuli aqtivebi; ; AA _ _ mTliani aqtivebi; mTliani aqtivebi; R1R1 _ _ ucxouri filialebis mier saqonlisa da ucxouri filialebis mier saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis gayidvebis moculoba; momsaxurebis gayidvebis moculoba; RR _ _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gayidvebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gayidvebis

mTliani moculoba; mTliani moculoba; S1S1 _ _ sazRvargareTuli Stati;sazRvargareTuli Stati; SS _ _ kompaniis muSakTa mTliani Stati.kompaniis muSakTa mTliani Stati.

aRsaniSnavia tnk-ebis dadebiTi gavlena aRsaniSnavia tnk-ebis dadebiTi gavlena mimRebi qveynis ekonomikazemimRebi qveynis ekonomikaze

axali tnk-s Semosvlas axali teqnologiebis danergva, produqciis axali tnk-s Semosvlas axali teqnologiebis danergva, produqciis

axali saxeobebis gamoSveba, menejmentis axali stili, axali saxeobebis gamoSveba, menejmentis axali stili,

sazRvargareTis praqtikidan saukeTeso gamocdilebis sazRvargareTis praqtikidan saukeTeso gamocdilebis

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba moyhvebagamoyenebis SesaZlebloba moyhveba

tnk-s saqmianoba adgilobriv kompaniebs aiZulebs koreqtivebi tnk-s saqmianoba adgilobriv kompaniebs aiZulebs koreqtivebi

Seitanon warmoebis teqnologiur procesSi, meti yuradReba Seitanon warmoebis teqnologiur procesSi, meti yuradReba

dauTmon produqciis xarisxs, samomxmareblo Tvisebebs da a.S. dauTmon produqciis xarisxs, samomxmareblo Tvisebebs da a.S.

yovelive es dadebiTad aisaxeba qveynis ekonomikuri cxovrebazeyovelive es dadebiTad aisaxeba qveynis ekonomikuri cxovrebaze

tnk-ebis saqmianobas didi sargebeli moaqvs im tnk-ebis saqmianobas didi sargebeli moaqvs im

qveynebisaTvisac, saidanac maT gaaqvT kapitali. ramdenadac qveynebisaTvisac, saidanac maT gaaqvT kapitali. ramdenadac

es procesebi zrdian saSualo mogebas da misi miRebis es procesebi zrdian saSualo mogebas da misi miRebis

saimedoobas, tnk-s aqciaTa mflobelebs SuZliaT maRali da saimedoobas, tnk-s aqciaTa mflobelebs SuZliaT maRali da

mdgradi Semosavlis imedi iqonionmdgradi Semosavlis imedi iqonion..

tnk xels uwyobs ekonomikur integracias da mdgrad ekonomikur tnk xels uwyobs ekonomikur integracias da mdgrad ekonomikur

kavSirebs qmnis.kavSirebs qmnis.

SeiZleba gamovyoT transerovnuli kapitalis SeiZleba gamovyoT transerovnuli kapitalis erovnulze uaryofiTi gavlenis sakvanZo erovnulze uaryofiTi gavlenis sakvanZo momentebi:momentebi:

tnk-ebi mZlavr konkurencias uweven adgilobriv tnk-ebi mZlavr konkurencias uweven adgilobriv kompaniebs da aviwroveben maT Sida bazarze, ar aZleven kompaniebs da aviwroveben maT Sida bazarze, ar aZleven ganviTarebis saSualebas.ganviTarebis saSualebas.

transerovnuli kapitalis Tavisufalma gadaadgilebam transerovnuli kapitalis Tavisufalma gadaadgilebam SeiZlebam SeiZleba Searyios erovnuli valutis stabiluroba SeiZlebam SeiZleba Searyios erovnuli valutis stabiluroba da Seuqmnas safrTxe ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnul da Seuqmnas safrTxe ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnul usafrTxoebas.usafrTxoebas.

tnk-ebi aRweven dargSi, romelic dakavSirebulia erovnul tnk-ebi aRweven dargSi, romelic dakavSirebulia erovnul usafrTxoebasTan da SeuZliaT uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinon usafrTxoebasTan da SeuZliaT uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinon maT ganviTarebaze.maT ganviTarebaze.

transerovnuli kapitalisaTvis Sinaganad Tanmdev transerovnuli kapitalisaTvis Sinaganad Tanmdev kosmopolitizms SeuZlia CaaxSos ganviTarebadi qveynebis kosmopolitizms SeuZlia CaaxSos ganviTarebadi qveynebis jer kidev moumagrebeli saxelmwifoebrioba da danergos jer kidev moumagrebeli saxelmwifoebrioba da danergos iseTi ideologia, romelic erovnuli biznesis ganviTarebis iseTi ideologia, romelic erovnuli biznesis ganviTarebis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

transerovnuli kapitali, icavs ra Tavis intersebs, SeuZlia transerovnuli kapitali, icavs ra Tavis intersebs, SeuZlia mZlavri politikuri zewolis moxdena mimReb qveynebze mZlavri politikuri zewolis moxdena mimReb qveynebze iseTi mimarTulebiT, romelic zogjer ar emTxveva erovnul iseTi mimarTulebiT, romelic zogjer ar emTxveva erovnul interesebs.interesebs.

tarnsnacionaluri korporaciebi maT aqtivebis da tarnsnacionaluri korporaciebi maT aqtivebis da saxelmwifoebi maTi mSp-s mixedviT (mln. aSS saxelmwifoebi maTi mSp-s mixedviT (mln. aSS

dolari)dolari)

mravali qveynis pirveli ukmayofilebis mizezi iyo mravali qveynis pirveli ukmayofilebis mizezi iyo is, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ar asrulebdnen is, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ar asrulebdnen TavianT gacxadebul movaleobebs da maTi TavianT gacxadebul movaleobebs da maTi Seqmnis mizani iyo mxolod msxvili Seqmnis mizani iyo mxolod msxvili transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis xelis Sewyobatransnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba

ganviTarebadma muslimanurma qveynebma ganviTarebadma muslimanurma qveynebma udidesi tempiT iwyes ganviTareba. garkveulwilad udidesi tempiT iwyes ganviTareba. garkveulwilad ganTavisufldnen im saerTaSoriso kapitalis ganTavisufldnen im saerTaSoriso kapitalis tyveobidan, romelmac maT ganviTarebaSi did roli tyveobidan, romelmac maT ganviTarebaSi did roli Seasrula. maTma finansurma damoukideblobam Seasrula. maTma finansurma damoukideblobam da uzarmazarma saxsrebma, maT saSualeba da uzarmazarma saxsrebma, maT saSualeba miscaT sakuTari pretenziebi wamoeyenebinaT miscaT sakuTari pretenziebi wamoeyenebinaT nebismieri subieqtis winaSe.nebismieri subieqtis winaSe.

aRmoCndnen iseTi qveynebic, romelTa aRmoCndnen iseTi qveynebic, romelTa mravalsaukunovanma kulturam advilad ver miiRo mravalsaukunovanma kulturam advilad ver miiRo is faseulobebi da tradiciebi, romelic am is faseulobebi da tradiciebi, romelic am korporaciebma Camoitanes sakuTari qveynebidan.korporaciebma Camoitanes sakuTari qveynebidan.

kidev ufro tragikuli xasiaTi miiRo am kidev ufro tragikuli xasiaTi miiRo am faseulobebisaTvis brZolam, rodesac igi “kargad” faseulobebisaTvis brZolam, rodesac igi “kargad” iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva islamuri iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva islamuri eqstermistuli organizaciebis mier da _ gadasul eqstermistuli organizaciebis mier da _ gadasul iqna religiur WrilSi.iqna religiur WrilSi.

saerTaSoriso terorizmi sabolod saerTaSoriso terorizmi sabolod SeZlebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SeZlebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis damuxruWebas. amis Tavidan damuxruWebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa axal globalur asacileblad saWiroa axal globalur msoflio rukaze meamboxe msoflio rukaze meamboxe qveyanaTa Rirsuli adgilis daTmoba qveyanaTa Rirsuli adgilis daTmoba da im msoflios naxevarze meti da im msoflios naxevarze meti mosaxleobis interesebis dacva, mosaxleobis interesebis dacva, romelTa umravlesoba moklebulia romelTa umravlesoba moklebulia elementarul sayofacxovrebo elementarul sayofacxovrebo pirobebs.pirobebs.