sua saukuneebis saqartvelos saertasoriso...

zurab papasqiri

Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso arenaze

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XI s. 60-80-ian wlebSi

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~ Tbilisi – 1991

63.3(2Г) p 182

naSromSi gaSuqebulia erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareo-ba XI s. 60-80-ian wlebSi. naCvenebia saqarTvelos samefos ro-li amierkavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mimdinare rTul politikur movlenebSi Turq-selCukTa Semosevebis periodSi.

wigni gankuTvnilia istorikosebisa da saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTaTvis.

redaqtori: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, prof. mariam lorTqifaniZe recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori zurab ratiani, istoriis mecnierebaT kandidati vaxtang Wania

© gamomcemloba `mecniereba~

0503020906 p –––––––––––– rez. 91 M 607(06)–91 ISBN 5–511–00389–13

S e s a v a l i*

XI-XII saukuneebSi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda saerTaSoriso arenaze.

mas mere, rac X-XI ss. mijnaze bagrat III bagrationis he-

gemonobiT moxerxda ZiriTadi qarTuli qveynebis —`af-

xazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ samefoebis, kaxeT-hereTis — er-

Tian samefoSi gaerTianeba, Zirfesvianad Seicvala sa-

qarTvelos roli da adgili saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

baSi. amieridan, daqucmacebuli qarTuli politikuri

erTeulebis nacvlad istoriis sarbielze gamovida er-

Tiani mZlieri samefo, romelmac warmoqmnis dRidanve

ganacxada seriozuli pretenzia saerTo kavkasiis masS-

tabiT liderobaze.

gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe ara-

erTi mniSvnelovani sagareo-politikuri amocana idga.

amaTgan umTavresi qveynis sruli damoukideblobisa da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erovnuli suvenerite-

tis mopovebisaTvis brZola iyo. qarTvel mefeTa am mis-

wrafebas imTaviTve win aRudga bizantiis imperia, ro-

* wignis eleqtronuli versia ibeWdeba zustad im saxiT, ro-gorc is gamoqveynda 1991 wels. erTaderTi, risi redaqtire-bac aucileblad CavTvaleT aris samecniero aparati. amas-Tan, is ar Sevsebula axali, ufro gvian gamosuli specialu-ri literaturiT, ubralod, moxda arsebulis mowesrigeba da sqolios daxvewa. rac Seexeba ZiriTad teqsts, mas aravi-Tari azrobrivi cvlileba ar ganucdia, Casworda mxolod wignis gamocemisas gaparuli zogierTi koreqturuli xarve-zi (Tumca ara varT darwmunebuli, rom naSromis gadabeWd-visas ar gaCnda axali uzustobani). garda amisa, moxda umniS-vnelo stilisturi `Carevac~ (mag. sityva: `faqtiuri~ Seicva-la `faqtobrivi~-T da a.S.). eleqtronul versiaSi frCxileb-Si wiTeli feriT miTiTebulia 1991 wlis gamocemis gverdebi. mag. {3} Semdeg iwyeba momdevno {4} gverdi. asevea sqolioSi.

melic yvelanairad cdilobda, rogorme SeenarCunebina

garkveuli kontroli saqarTveloSi mimdinare proce-

sebze da ar daeSva axladSeqmnili qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos sruli Camocileba imperiisagan. XI s. 20-50-ian

wlebSi jer giorgi I-is, xolo Semdeg bagrat-IV-is ener-

giuli antibizantiuri qmedebebis Sedegad, am mimarTu-

lebiT garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi iqna mopovebuli

marTalia, saqarTvelos mefe Zveleburad atarebda bi-

zantiur (amjerad ufro maRali novelisimosis da se-

vastosis) sakariskaco titulebs, es misi mxridan kons-

tantinepolis uzenaesobis mxolod formaluri aRia-

reba iyo. faqtobrivad, araviTar eWvs ar iwvevda, rom

bagrat IV bizantiis imperatoris Tanasworuflebian

partniorad gadaiqca da Sors ar iyo is droc, rodesac

saqarTvelos samefo bizantiis imperiisagan srul (e.i.

iuridiulsac) damoukideblobas miaRwevda, magram XI s.

60-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos axali gasaWiri daatyda

Tavs: Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma uaRresad daamZima

qveynis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba da bizanti-

asTan urTierTobis saboloo mogvarebisa da saerTa-

Soriso arenaze damoukideblad gasvlis sakiTxma ukana

planze gadavida.

winamdebare naSromSi Cven SevecadeT gagveSuqebina

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgo-

mareoba misi istoriis am uaRresad Znelsa da tragi-

kul periodSi; gveCvenebina Cveni qveynis roli aRmosav-

leTSi mimdinare rTul politikur movlenebSi. {3}

Tavi I Turq-selCukTa Semosevebi da

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba

XI s. 60-ian wlebSi

selCukTa Turquli tomebis gamoCenam politikur

arenaze, rogorc cnobilia, Zireulad Secvala ZalTa

Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. selCukTa sa-

sulTnos saxiT, romelic ZiriTadad Camoyalibda ira-

nisa da samxreT amierkavkasiis farglebSi XI s. 40-60-ian

wlebSi, gaCnda uZlieresi politikuri erTeuli, rome-

lic praqtikulad gabatonda mTels maxlobel aRmosav-

leTSi da sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi.

selCukebma saqarTvelos samefo karis yuradReba

amierkavkasiaSi gamoCenisTanave miipyres. erTi qarTu-

li wyaros mixedviT bagrat kurapalati (bagrat IV)

sulTans dasxmia Tavs jer kidev 1029 wels1, rac mkvle-

vrebs ramdenadme saeWvod miaCniaT.2 n. Sengelias azriT

aRniSnul wyaroSi dafiqsirebul qarTvelTa Setakebas

selCukTa marbiel razmebTan adgili unda hqonoda

mogvianebiT, arauadres 1032-1034 wlebisa.3 am droidan

1qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwer-lobisa. Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, I. tf., 1892, gv. 169. 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi. Tb., 1968, gv. 172-173. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, gv. 173. zogierTi somxuri wyaros (maTe urhaeli, vardani) cnobiT, selCukebi amierkavkasiaSi pirvelad SemoiWrnen jer kidev 1016 wels, magram rogorc am bolo dros dadginda, es sinamd-viles ar Seefereba da maTi pirveli SemoWra somxeTSi daTa-riRebulia 1032-1034 wlebiT. amis Sesaxeb dawvril ix.: С. Г. Агаджанов, К. Н. Юзбашян. К истории тюркских набегов на Арме-

moyolebuli selCukebi angariSgasawev Zalas warmoad-

gendnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurTaTvis. uf-

ro metic, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, ukve XI s. 30-ian wlebis

II naxevridan, amierkavkasiaSi selCukTa samxedro aqcie-

bi aSkarad {4} mimarTuli iyo bagrat IV-is aqtiuri po-

litikis winaaRmdeg. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamom-

JRavnda 1037-1038 wlebSi, rodesac selCukebma xeli Se-

uSales saqarTvelos mefes Tbilisis dakavebaSi. arabi

istorikosis ibn al-asiris cnobiT, `afxazTa mefem

Tbilisi garemoicva, radganac Tbilisis mosaxleoba ar

danebda, garemocva gaaZlieres da gaagrZeles... Tbili-

sis mosaxleobam azerbaijanSi kaci gagzavna da musli-

manebi dasaxmareblad moiwvia... qarTvelebs maTi See-

SindaT, rogorc ki gaiges, rom oRuzebi azerbaijans

mouaxlovdnen da Seityves ra Caidines maT somxebTan,

isini Tbilisidan aiyarnen da wavidnen~.1

XI s. 40-iani wlebidan selCukTa mxridan saSiSroe-

bis safrTxe kidev ufro gamoikveTa. maTma Semosevebma

somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi sul ufro sistemuri xasiaTi

miiRo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mmarTveli wreebi, bu-

nebrivia, gulxeldakrefili ar daelodnen mosalod-

nel safrTxes da maTac gadadges saTanado nabijebi

selCukTa agresiis SesaCereblad. 1040-1041 wlebSi bag-

rat IV-em 4 aTasi molaSqre daaxmara dvinis emiris

abul-sovaris winaaRmdeg mebrZol taSir-ZorakeTis me-

fe daviT `umiwawylos~ da gaamarjvebina mas.2

нию в XI в. – Палестинский сборник. Вып. 13. (76), 1965, gv. 145-158; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 166-170. {4} 1 П. К. Жузе. Материалы по истории Азербайджана из «Тарих ал-ка-мил» Ибн ал-Асира. Баку, 1940, gv. 147; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, gv. 174. 2 Р. М. Бартикян. `Хронография~ Матфея Эдесского о Грузии и гру-зинах. – bizantinologiuri etiudebi. eZRvneba akad. s. yaux-

XI s. 40-ian wlebSi selCukebma kidev ufro gaaqti-

ures TavianTi moqmedebebi somxeTis mimarTulebiT da

seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnes bizantielTa mflobelo-

bas am regionSi. konstantinepolma ar daayovna sapasu-

xo RonisZiebebi da ramdenime eqspedicia moawyo sel-

CukTa winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos samefo kari, romelic

antibizantiur politikur kurss atarebda, Tavdapir-

velad ar iyo Cabmuli am brZolaSi, magram masSi aqtiur

monawileobas iRebda liparit baRvaSi, romelic bizan-

tielTa mokavSired gamodioda `yovels dids laSqro-

baSi, romelic ki berZnebs aRmosavleTSi SemTxveviaT~.1

erT-erT SetakebaSi —1048 wels — selCukebma daatyveves

kidec is. liparitis tyved Cavardnam droebiT Seqmna pi-

robebi bizantia saqarTvelos urTierTobis erTgvari

stabilizaciisaTvis. bagrat IV-m am dros (1048 an 1049)2

monawileobac ki miiRo bizantiis saimperatoro karis

mier selCukTa winaaRmdeg mowyobil erT-erT laSqro-

baSi, romlis {5} drosac maT ganZis qveyana `daarCines~.3

XI s. 40-50-iani wlebis mijnaze gaxSirda selCukTa

laSqrobebi saqarTvelos samxreTis misadgomebTan. ker-

Zod, am dros maT ramdenimejer dalaSqres iberiis Temis

— basili keisris mier mitacebuli imiertaos — miwa-wya-

li. mixeil ataliates cnobiT. maT `didi simZafriT~ mo-

urbeviaT `mTeli iberia~, gauZarcvavT qalaqebi da sof-

CiSvilis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavs. Tb., 1978, gv. 143; n. Senge-lia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 176. 1 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w. II — Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II. Tb., 1983, gv. 146; dawvrilebiT ix. n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 179-196. 2 p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTe-ulebi XI-XII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1975, gv. 195. {5} 3 matiane qarTlisa. — qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 302.

lebi, mouspiaT ùdidesi mxareebi da qveyana udaburi~

gauxdiaT.1 ìberia~ — imiertaoSi selCukTa laSqrobebis

Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian sxva bizantieli da agreTve

somexi istorikosebic,2 romlebic aseve aRniSnaven ìbe-

riis mdidari qveynis~ darbevasa da ganadgurebas.3

ìberiis~ Temi — bizantiis mier saqarTvelosTvis

warTmeuli teritoria, marTalia, qarTveli (agreTve

somxuri) tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram is am dros

ukve ar Sedioda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos farglebSi

da amdenad, am masalis gamoyeneba uSualod saqarTvelo-

selCukTa urTierTobasTan mimarTebiT arasworia. sam-

wuxarod, istoriografiaSi yovelTvis ar iTvaliswine-

ben am garemoebas da bizantiis ìberias~ xSirad saqar-

TvelosTan aigiveben. Tu amgvari Secdoma araqarTveli

istorikosebis (umTavresad bizantologTa) mxridan4

advili asaxsnelia, — yovelive es sruliad gaugebaria

qarTvel mecnierTa SromebSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs n.

Sengelias soliduri gamokvleva saqarTvelo-selCuke-

bis urTierTobaze, sadac, araerTgzis, ìberiaSi~ sel-

CukTa laSqrobebis Sesaxeb bizantiel avtorTa cnobebs

mkvlevari azogadebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoze. {6}

1 mixeil ataliate. istoria. — georgika. bizantieli mwerle-bis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. t. VI. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebani daurTo s. yauxCiS-vilma. Tb., 1966, gv. 24. 2 giorgi kedrene. qronografia. — georgika. bizantieli mwer-lebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. t. V. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebani daurTo s. yauxCiS-vilma. Tb., 1965, gv. 82; aristakes lastiverteci. istoria. qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiTa da saZieble-biT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1974, gv. 80-90. 3 giorgi kedrene. qronografia, gv. 82. 4 Ф. И. Успенский. История Византийской империи. III. М.,1948, gv. 85-86. Г. Г. Литаврин. Внутренняя и внешняя политика Византии в 1025-1057 гг. – История Византии, т. II. М., 1967, gv. 270. {6}

magaliTad, mohyavs ra giorgi kedrenes cnoba sel-

CukTa winaaRmdeg bizantielTa mier iberiaSi jaris gag-

zavnis Sesaxeb, `sadac (e.i. iberiaSi — z.p.) mtrebad Tvli-

an ara marto romaelTa mtrebs, aramed TviT romaeleb-

sac,1 n. Sengelia akeTebs daskvnas (am cnobis safuZvel-

ze), rom `bizantielebi mxardaWeras ver poulobdnen sa-

qarTveloSi, radgan qarTvelebisaTvis isini iseTive

dampyroblebi iyvnen, rogorc selCukebi~,2 aseve araswo-

radaa gagebuli giorgi kedrenes meore cnobac: `iberiis

mdidari qveyanac, romelmac ukve winaTac ganicada rbe-

va da dasustebuli iyo, sabolood daeca da ganadgur-

da~.3 n. Sengelias mtkicebiT, `kedrenes am cnobaSi naT-

lad Cans selCukTa Semosevis Sedegad saqarTvelosa da

amierkavkasiis qveynebSi Seqmnili viTareba~.4

vimeorebT, giorgi kedrenes (iseve, rogorc mixe-

il ataliatesa da sxva bizantiel avtorTa) `iberia~ am

SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

teritorias, es aris bizantiis imperiis administraci-

uli erTeuli da iq mimdinare movlenebi ver gamodgeba

sakuTriv saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi `Seqmnili viTa-

rebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad, Tumca, savsebiT bunebrivia,

rom `selCukTa aseTi grandiozuli eqspediciebi sa-

qarTvelos mezobel qveynebSi ar SeiZleboda uaryo-

fiTad ar asaxuliyo qarTul sinamdvileSi~.5 ufro me-

tic, arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, SeiZleba

davuSvaT am samxedro kampaniis periodSi selCukTa

calkeuli razmebis SemoWra uSualod saqarTvelos sa-

1 giorgi kedrene. qronografia, gv. 79. 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da.., gv. 199. (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.). 3 giorgi kedrene. qronografia, gv. 82. 4 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da.., gv. 201. (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.). 5 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da.., gv. 206. (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.)

mefos teritoriebSi, kerZod samcxis raionebSi.1

aseve selCukebs miaweren2 `warmarTTa didi laSq-

ris~ mier {7} manglisis xevSi borcvis jvris mamulis

aoxrebas, romelic dafiqsirebulia bagrat IV-is 1057

wels Sio-mRvimis lavrisaTvis gacemuli Sewirulobis

sigelSi.3 miuxedavad amisa, XI s. 50-ian wlebSi selCukebi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos uSualod ar damuqrebian da

qveynis uSiSroebisaTvis raime safrTxe ar SeuqmniaT.

piriqiT, am periodSi selCukTa faqtori, sagareo-po-

litikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosTvis erTgvarad

sasikeTodac moqmedebda, ramdenadac man xeli Seuwyo

saqarTvelo-bizantiis konfliqtis mogvarebas, aman ki,

Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo gamwvavebuli Sinapolitikuri

1 am hopoTezis avtoris T. Jordanias azriT, es laSqroba unda momxdariyo 1053 wels bagrat IV-is bizantiaSi yofnis dros. mogvianebiT, 1055 wels — wers T. Jordania — `эта самая Месхийская область… была снова опустошена сельджукскими турка-ми, приглашенными эриставом Иваном – сыном вышеупомянутого Ли-парита. ix.: Ф. Жордания. К материалам по истории Грузии XI-XII вв. М., 1895, gv. 7. იx. agreTve: n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarT-velo... gv. 200, 206-207. 2 Ф. Жордания. К материалам по истории Грузии.., gv. 7; n. Senge-lia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 207. {7} 3 T. Jordania. istoriuli sabuTebi Sio-mRvimis monastrisa da `Zegli vahxanis qvabTa~. tf., 1896, gv. 3-5; Ф. Жордания. К ма-териалам, gv. 3-18; Е. С. Такаишвили. Сигель Грузинского царя Багра-та IV (1027-1072). – Записки Восточного отделения Императорского Русского Археологического Общества (ЗВОИРАО), т. IX, 1893 gv. 59-68; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. II. saero sakanonmdeblo Ze-glebi (X-XIX ss.). teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem. Tb., 1966, gv. 6-7; Грузинские документы XI-XV вв. в собрании Ленинградского отделения Востоковедения АН ССР. Перевод и комментарии С. С. Какабадзе. М., 1982, gv. 32-34; qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, qarTuli istoriis sabuTebi IX-XIII ss. Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1984, gv. 35-36.

viTarebis stabilizaciasac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs bag-

rat IV-is mier liparit baRvaSis sabolood damarcxeba,

romlis Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad ganmtkicda samefo

xelisufleba.

ase rom, XI s. 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saqar-

Tvelos samefos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba ga-

cilebiT ufro stabiluri gaxda. bizantiis saxelmwi-

fos mesveurTaTvis naTeli Seiqmna, Tu ra savalalo Se-

degebi mohyva saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mimarT maT mi-

er gatarebul windauxedav RonisZiebebs imperiis aRmo-

savleTi sazRvrebis dacvis saqmeSi.1 amitom konstanti-

nopoli iZulebuli Seiqmna xeli aeRo agresiul zrax-

vebze saqarTvelos mimarT da maTTan mSvidobiani, ke-

Tilmezobluri urTierToba daemyarebina. Tu adre Ta-

visi imperiuli ambiciebiT Sepyrobili bizantiis xeli-

sufleba dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos erTianobis

moSliT da yovelmxriv aRvivebda aq separatistul gan-

wyobilebebs, rac gansakuTrebiT liparit baRvaSisadmi

mis aqtiur mxardaWeraSi gamoixata, axla, mozRvavebu-

li muslimuri stiqiis winaSe imperia praqtikulad mar-

to aRmoCnda da sxva gza ar hqonda {8} garda qristia-

nul saqarTvelosTan kavSiris ganmtkicebisa.

amrigad, saqarTvelos kvlav unda Seesrulebina

erTgvari buferis roli dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis

urTierTWidilSi. swored aman ganapiroba bizantiis sa-

imperio xelisuflebis damokidebulebis Secvla bagrat

IV-isadmi da faqtobrivad misi cnoba qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos meTaurad.2 yovelive amis Sedegad, XI s. 60-iani wle-

1 Ф. И. Успенский. История Византийской империи, III, gv. 53. {8} 2 amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. z. papasqiri. erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna da saqarTvelos saga-reo-politikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 1990, gv. 203-210.

bis damdegidan saqarTvelos sagareo-politikurma aq-

ciebma mniSvnelovnad aiwia da is kvlav iqca umTavres

politikur Zalad amierkavkasiaSi. amasTan, swored sa-

qarTvelom itvirTa selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mes-

veuroba kavkasiaSi. am droidan, bagrat IV-is nebismieri

politikuri nabiji mimarTuli iyo selCukTa winaaR-

mdeg, rasac kargad grZnobdnen sulTnis karze da saTa-

nado zomebsac iRebdnen saqarTvelos mefis amgvari aq-

tiurobis aRsakveTad.

pirvelad es naTlad gamoCnda 1062 wels, rodesac

bagrat IV-em, ukve meramdened, daikava Tbilisi. `454

(1062) wels — wers arabi avtori al-fakihi — ganZis mbr-

Zanebel abul-asvarTan movida Tbilisis sapatio moqa-

laqeTa jgufi da sTxoves, vinme gamogvigzavne, rom qa-

laqis cixe CavabaroT, qalaqis patroni jafar ibn-ali

mokvda da ori vaJiSvili darCa — mansuri da abul-hei-

ja, romelTa Soris mtroba Camovarda cixeSi batonobis

Taobaze... mcxovreblebma orive gandevnes qalaqidan da

Tbilisi mTlianad moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlebis xel-

Si gadavida. abul-asvars surda am winadadebis miReba,

magram... Tavi Seikava am winadadebaze pasuxis gacemisa-

gan da daubruna maT kliteni cixisa. isini (Tbilisele-

bi) mobrundnen da es klite da cixe gadasces aRsarTan

gagikis Zes, Saqis mflobels, romelmac miiRo igi, misca

maT Zvirfasi saCuqrebi da gauSva isini. Semdeg man miyi-

da is (Tbilisi) didi Tanxis fasad rumis (igulisxmeba

saqarTvelos)1 mflobels da rumis mefem dauyovnebliv

gagzavna iq Sihna da moamaraga is laSqriT, iaraRiT da

1 r. kiknaZe. XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan (aRmosavluri wyaroebis mixedviT). — istoriis institutis Sromebi. V, nakv. I. Tb., 1960, gv. 114; S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi. — wgn.: S. mesxia. saistorio Ziebani. t. I. Tb., 1982, gv. 240. {9}

sursaT-sanovagiT. man gasca brZaneba, gaefarTovebi-

naT gzebi mTebSi, raTa gaadvilebodaT {9} urwmunoebs

iqidan gadasvla islamis qveynebSi~.1

aRniSnul cnobaSi mocemuli informacia mraval-

mxriv aris saintereso. mkvlevarTa yuradReba man gan-

sakuTrebiT miipyro XI s. TbilisSi saqalaqo TviTmmar-

Tvelobis (komunis) arsebobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.2

S. mesxias safuZvliani mosazrebiT al-fakihis mier mo-

tanili masala adasturebs Tbilisis jafarid mflo-

belsa da mis mosaxleobas Soris mimdinare Seurigebeli

brZolis faqts.3 es iyo gagrZeleba im brZolisa, rome-

lic `Tbilisis xalxma~ wamoiwyo jafaridebis xeli-

suflebis winaaRmdeg jer kidev XI s. 30-ian wlebSi. am

brZolaSi `TbilelTa~ kontragenti bagrat IV iyo, ro-

melic ramdenimejer (1037, 1045-46 wlebsa da 1048-1051

wlebSi)4 `tfilel berTa~ — `qalaqis uxucesTa~5 — mow-

veviT daeufla kidec qalaqs, magram verc erTxel ver

SeZlo misi SenarCuneba.

1062 wels q. Tbilisi kvlav ajanyebula jafaridi

amirebis winaaRmdeg, magram, ratomRac, amjerad maT

1 r. kiknaZe. XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan.., gv. 113-114; S. mes-xia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi, gv. 240; p. ra-tiani. Tbileli berebi. Tb., 1989, gv. 14. 2 amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi.., gv. 199-323; Ш. А. Месхия. К вопросу о характере социальной борбы и городокого строя средневекового Тбили-си – Проблемы обшественной и истории России и славянских стран. Сб. статей к 70-летию академика М. Н. Тихомирова. М., 1963. 3 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi, gv. 241. 4 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi, gv. 241. 5 am ukanasknel xans p. ratianma warmoadgina gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi `tfi lel berTa~ vinaobisa da saerTod, Tbilis-Si mimdinare social-politikuri brZolis sakiTxebze, ro-melic Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba S. mesxias daskvnas am prob-lemaze. ix. p. ratiani. Tbileli berebi...

bagrat IV ar mouwveviaT. riTi unda ixsnas es? daskvna

imis Sesaxeb, rom `tfilel berebs~ bagrat IV-ze imedi

gaucruvdaT, radgan mas didgvarovanTa winaaRmdego-

bis gamo, TbilisSi gamagreba ar SeeZlo~,1 damajerebe-

li ar Cans. Tbilisis mesveurT ar SeiZleboda ar scod-

nodaT, rom bagrat IV-s, am droisaTvis, feodaluri

opozicia daTrgunvili hyavda da qveynis saqmeebs er-

Tpirovnulad uZRveboda. amitom Cven ufro dasaSvebad

migvaCnia is, rom `Tbilel keTilSobilTa jgufisaT-

vis~, am SemTxvevaSi TavianTi Zveli `mokavSire~ bag{10}

rat IV miuRebeli iyo.

maT, SesaZloa, eeWvebodaT, rom gaZlierebuli sa-

qarTvelos mefe Zvel pirobebs dasjerdeboda da Seuna-

rCunebda `uxucesebs~ damoukideblobas saqalaqo saqme-

ebis marTva-gamgeobaSi. arc is unda iyos SemTxveviTi,

rom maT mimarTes saqarTvelos samefos mowinaaRmdege

Zalebs — jer abul-asvars, xolo Semdeg kaxTa mefe aR-

sarTans. araa gamoricxuli, rom maT es gaakeTes `afxaz-

Ta~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis SiSiTac, romelic, am droi-

saTvis, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, sakmaod momZlavrda da

kvlav ganaaxla zruvna sruliad saqarTvelos gaerTia-

nebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, bagrat IV-sTan urTierTobis

gamwvavebas unda moridebodnen abul-asvarica da aRsar-

Tanic, rodesac maT uari Tqves Tbilisis dakavebaze.2

saqarTvelos mefis mier Tbilisis dakavebam,3 et-

1 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis, gv. 239. {10} 2 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi, gv. 241; m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo viTareba X s. 80-iani wlebidan XI s. 80-ian wlebamde. — saqarT-velos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III. Tb., 1979, gv. 168. 3 istoriografiaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa am sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT, Tu ra pirobebiT daeufla Tbiliss bagrat IV. eyrd-noba ra munejim-baSic cnobas, r. kiknaZe Tvlis, rom q. Tbi-lisi bagrat mefes sakuTrebad ar dauWeria, man jafaris Svi-

yoba, arc Tu ise usafuZvlod, muslimuri samyaros SeS-

foTeba gamoiwvia. bagrat IV-is mier TbilisSi gatare-

bul RonisZiebebSi, romelsac xazgasmiT aRniSnavs al-

fakihi (`gasca brZaneba gaefarTovebinaT gzebi mTebSi,

raTa gaadvilebodaT urwmunoebs iqidan gadasvla isla-

mis qveynebSi~). selCukTa mmarTvel wreebs, savsebiT rea-

lurad, SeeZloT daenaxaT saqarTvelos mefis mxridan

axali samxedro aqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis Tadari-

gis daWera. unda vivaraudoT, rom am droidan, amierkav-

kasiaSi gabatonebis gzaze selCukebis mTavar metoqed

swored saqarTvelos saxelmwifo iqca. aman ki saqarTve-

lo selCukebis omi gardauvali gaxada.

1064 wels1 selCukTa sulTanma alf-arslanma mo-

awyo pirveli didi laSqroba saqarTveloSi, romlis

drosac man mxolod samxreT saqarT{11}velos zogier-

Ti olqis darbeva (`Semusra kargani da TrialeTi... gar-davida SavSeTs, klarjeTs da taos vidre fanaskertam-de. da masve Jamsa Camouwia Tors da R¢vis-£evs, da T¢iT dadga TrialeTs sam dRe~)2 da axalqalaqis aReba moaxer-

xa.3 miuxedavad qarTvelTa gmiruli SemarTebisa (`mes-xni aznaurni da zemore kerZisani Zlierad dges~),4 sel-

lebi Semoiriga da dasva isini qalaqis gamgeblad (r. kiknaZe. XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan.., gv. 114). S. mesxias daskvniT ki, `Tbilisis memamule~ jafaridebis warmomadgenlis xelis-ufleba aRsdga 1065 wels alf-arslanis Semosevis Sedegad (S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna.., gv. 242-243). igive azria ganviTa-rebuli `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ III tomSic (m. lorTqifaniZe, saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo viTareba.., gv. 168). 1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 226. {11} 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 306. 3 am laSqrobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. n. Sengelia. selCuke-bi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 219-225. 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 306.

Cukebma SeZles maTi winaaRmdegobis daZleva da axalqa-

laqis cixis dakaveba, alf-arslans uricxvi tyve ugdia

xelT, romelTa Soris bevri warCinebulic yofila1 da

selCukTa pirveli laSqrobac amiT dasrulebula.

rogorc Cans, sulTani daafrTxo gaweulma wina-

aRmdegobam da man amjerad saqarTvelos dapyrobaze

xeli aiRo.2 ufro metic alf-arslanma saqaerTvelos

mefesTan saerTo enis gamonaxva da damoyvreba arCia...

`ahkida mzaxoba da sTxova diswuli colad~.3 marTalia,

zogierTi aRmosavluri wyaro dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs,

rom sulTanma qarTvelTa mefes mosTxova an islamis

miReba an kidev jiziaze daTanxmeba, romlis gadaxda

TiTqosda ikisra kidec bagrat IV-m,4 magram movlenebis

Semdgomi {12} ganviTareba sruliad ar adasturebs sa-

1 hamdalah yazvinis cnobiT erT-erT aseT warCinebuls — beSTegins (beSqeni) — muslimanoba miuRia da alf-arslans misTvis qalaqi veravi uboZebia (isTaxri, hodud al-alemi, hamdalah yazvini. Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da saZieblebiTurT v. fuTuriZisa. Tb., 1937, gv. 27; p.Tofuria. aRmosavleT ami-erkavkasiis.., gv. 165). mkvlevarTa azriT swored am beSTegin—beSqenidan unda iRebdes saTaves CrdiloeT iranSi erT-erTi olqis amirTa beSqenianTa qarTuli dinastia. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: И. П. Петрушевский. Бешкениды-Пиштегиниды, грузинские мелики Ахара в XII – начале XIII в. — masalebi saqar-Tvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1937, nakv. VII, gv. 587-592; p. Tofuria. masalebi beSqenianTa qarTuli dinasti-is istoriisaTvis. — maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis sa-kiTxebi. Tb., 1963, gv. 113-133; p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amier-kavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi.., gv. 163-184. 2 m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri.., gv. 198. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 306-307. 4 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini alf-arslanis saqarTve-losa da amierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. — Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan. eZRvneba saqarTve-los mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikos n. berZeniSvilis da-badebis 80 wlisTavs). Tb., 1976, gv. 190; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 225-226. {12}

qarTvelos mefis mier raime valdebulebis Sesrulebas

selCukTa sulTnis sasargeblod. rac Seexeba Tavisi

diswulis gaTxovebas sulTanze, es ufro bagrat IV-is

mier gadadgmul marjve diplomatiur nabijad unda Ca-

iTvalos da ara iZulebiT aqtad, rogorc amas aRniS-

navs XIII s. avtori al-bondari.1 is ki arada, situacia,

romelSic moxvda sulTanisTvis bagrat IV-is diswulis

miTxoveba, aSkarad mowmobs saqarTvelos mefis sagare-

o-politikur potencialze, mis mzard politikur av-

toritetze amierkavkasiis masStabiT. ra gvaZlevs amis

Tqmis saSualebas.

bagrat IV-is diswuli,2 romelsac saqarTvelos me-

fe colad dahpirda alf-arslans, amave dros, taSir-

Zoraketis mefe kvirike I-is Zmiswuli iyo: `xolo diswu-li bagratisi, romelsac iTxovda sultani, iyo Zmiswu-li somexTa mefisa k¢rikesi, sTxova bagrat da ar misca somexTa mefeman. miugzavna bagrat mociqulad didZali erisTavi varazbakur gamrekeli, ibirna kacni somexTa

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 226. 2 al-bondaris cnobiT, alf-arslanma `afxazTa meliqi bag-rat giorgis Ze aiZula zavis Camosagdebad masTan Tavisi qaliSvili daeqorwinebina~ (n. Sengelia. selCukebi da sa-qarTvelo.., gv. 226, xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.) magram meore arabi avtori bar-hebrai xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sulTan alf-ar-slanTan dasaqorwineblad moyvanil iqna swored `qarTvelTa mbrZaneblis bagratis diswuli~ (n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 226.). somexi istorikosi maTeos urhaeci, romelic aseve exeba am sakiTxs, SeniSnavs, rom alf-arslani daqorwinda kvirike somexTa mefis asulze da ara Zmiswulze da rom am saqmeSi bagrat IV saerTod ar monawileobda (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t. II. gv. 152-153; n. Sen-gelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 226.). hamdalah yaz-vinis cnobiTac, alf-arslans colad SeurTavs somxeTis me-fis asuli (isTaxri hodud al-alemi, hamdalah yazvini.., gv. 27; iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t. 11. gv. 153; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 226). {13}

mefisnacvali da samS¢ldes Semomavali somexTa mefe k¢-rike da Zma misi sumbat Seipyres queSis Walasa, da acno-bes bagrats da warvida qvax£urelTaT mswrafl, da mo-guarnes pyrobilni kldekarTa queSe. sTxova samS¢lde da ara misces, rameTu erTi Zma maTi adarnese Sesrul iyo samS¢ldes, xolo miiyvanes samS¢ldes da amarTes Ze-li, da gasues somexTa mefe k¢rike sam dRe; iTxoves mS¢-doba da misces samS¢lde. xolo mosrul iyvnes orni erisTavni somexTa mefisani: lukiis erisTavi da kaqva-qarisa. aZlevda da miscemda samTa cixeTa sumbat, Zma k¢rikesi: ofreTs da koSqsa da varzaqarsa. xolo Seew-yalnes bagrat mefesa: miscna da uTavisuflna yoveli cixe T¢nier samS¢ldisa; da arc sxuani cixeTa-{13}u-falni, kacni didebulni, SemouSvna, aramed samS¢lde oden iurva saxlad T¢sad, da egreTve monebdes somex-ni... xolo Semdgomad amissa gaaTxova diswuli T¢si da SerTo sparsTa mefesa sultansa~.1

rogorc vxedavT bagrat IV-m araTu moaxerxa sul-

TnisaTvis micemuli dapirebis Sesruleba, aramed man sa-

babadac ki gamoiyena es taSir-ZoraketSi SesaWrelad,

`daipyro samSvilde~, `iurva saxlad Tvisad~ da daimor-

Cila taSir-Zoraketis mosaxleoba (`monebdes somexni~). es iyo kidev erTi wingadagdmuli nabiji somexTa mier

mitacebuli qvemo qarTlis — xunan-samSvildis qarTuli

saerisTavoebis ZvelisZveli miwebis dasabruneblad,2 im

miwa-wylisa, romelTa `gamoxsnis sakiTxi saqarTvelos

politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis metad mwvave da didad

sazrunav saqmes warmoadgenda~ X s. — XII s. I meoTxedSi.3

garda imisa, rom taSir-Zoraketis samefoze xelis

dadeba TavisTavad mowmobda `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~

1 matiane qarTlisa. gv. 307-308. 2 T. papuaSvili. ranTa da kaxTa samefo. Tb., 1982, gv. 247. 3 T. papuaSvili. ranTa da kaxTa samefo, gv. 247.

mefis poziciebis ganmtkicebas am regionSi, es aqcia

selCukTa sulTnis TvalSi saqarTvelos samefos sam-

xedro Zlierebis erTgvar demonstraciadac unda war-

movidginoT, romelsac ar SeiZleboda ar Caefiqrebina

selCukTa mmarTveli wreebi. iqneb amis sapasuxo reaq-

ciad unda miviCnioT politikuri reJimis Secvla Tbi-

lisSi 1065 wels da iq `Tbilisis memamule~ jafaridi

amiras xelisuflebis aRdgena, romelic udaod alf-

arslanis SemweobiT unda momxdariyo.1 etyoba, bagrat

`afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis SemdgomSi `eqspansiis~

aRkveTas isaxavda miznad abul-asvaris laSqroba sa-

qarTveloSi,2 im abul-asvarisa, romelsac selCukTa

sulTnisagan amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulebze

meTvalyureoba hqonda davalebuli.3

mkvlevarTa azriT, amas bagrat IV-m bardavs laSq-

robiT upasuxa.4 `460 wels (1067-1068 ww.) — wers sadr ad-

din al-huseini, afxazTa mefe bagrati bardavs Seesia da

iavarhyo~.5 bardas, rogorc {14} `muslimTa erT-erT

qveyanTagans~ xels adebda selCukTa sulTani da is, ra-

sakvirvelia, ver moiTmenda saqarTvelos mefis am ga-

moxtomas, amitom man `Tavisi mtkice survilis mixed-

viT gadawyvita moewyo afxazTa qveyanaze galaSqreba~.6

es iyo selCukTa meore mosvla saqarTveloSi.

amrigad, 1064-1068 wlebSi — saqarTveloSi selCuk-

Ta pirvel da meore laSqrobas Soris periodSi, bagrat

1 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna.., gv. 241-242. 2 r. kiknaZe. XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan.., gv. 115. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 237. 4 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 237. 5 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini alf-arslanis saqarTve-losa da amierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb, gv. 192; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 238. {14} 6 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini alf-arslanis saqarTve-losa da amierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb, gv. 192.

IV sulac ar `cdilobda garkveul kompromisebze~ was-

vliT `karze momdgari mtrisagan qveynis aoxreba da ga-

nadgureba Tavidan aecdina~, rogorc amas askvnis n. Sen-

gelia. piriqiT, saqarTvelos mefe, am periodSi, selCu-

kebis mimarT aSkara konfrontacias ar erideboda da

TavgamodebiT zrunavda Tavisi poziciebis gamagrebi-

saTvis amierkavkasiaSi. amaze metyvelebs, Tundac isic,

rom swored alf-arslanis saqarTveloSi meored Se-

mosvlis win bagrat IV-m gadadga energiuli nabijebi ka-

xeT-hereTis Semosamtkiceblad: `mas Jamsa... iyo bagrat galaSqrebuli aRebad kaxeTisa... da uambes Semosvla sultanisa da dayra cixeTa, Semoiqca swrafiT da movi-da qveyanad T¢sad qarTlad~.1

selCukebma kaxeTis mefe aRsarTan gagikis Ze, ro-

gorc ityvian `sulze miuswres~. am ukanasknels zogier-

Ti `mis queyanasa~ (igulisxmeba hereTi — z.p.) didebulni

ganudga da bagrat `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefes miem-

xro. aRsarTanma da misma erTgulma didebulebma `da-yarnes cixeni... da ivlotes kavkasiad~. bagrat mefes is

is iyo unda aeRo kaxeTi: `laSqarni misni wina gagzavni-li iyo veJinis erisTavsa Tana wirqualelsa~, roca Se-

ityo sulTnis `ugrZeulad~ hereTs mosvlis ambavi.2

selCukTa ase operatiuli gamoCena, SesaZlebelia, kaxe-

Tis mefis aRsarTanis iniciativiTac moxda.

marTalia, wyaroebi pirdapir arafers amboben

amis Taobaze, magram araa gamoricxuli, rom kritikul

situaciaSi aRsarTanma uxmo selCukTa sulTans. sain-

teresoa, rom wyaroebi mainc da mainc xazs usvamen im

garemoebas, rom selCukebi hereTSi umetesad bagrat

IV-is momxreebs ebrZodnen. `Seqs gars ertya muxnari da

tyiani adgilebi, — vkiTxulobT arabul wyaroebSi, —

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 308. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 308.

romelzedac urumTa da afxazTa yaCaRebi da qurdebi

imalebodnen. sulTanma menavTeebs ubrZana, raTa es Wa-

obiani da WoWi adgilebi gadaewvaT~.1 aRsarTan kaxTa

mefe eaxla sulTans, `miuZRu{15}ana ZRueni didi, dau-teva sjuli, daic¢Ta wina, aRuTqua xaraja~.2

rogorc vxedavT, bagrat mefesTan morigebas aR-

sarTanma sulTnis vasaloba arCia.3 sulTanma daufasa

kidec erTguleba `da miscna yovelni cixeni dayrilni... masve: da romelni afxazTa mefis kacTa daeyarnes, da romelni T¢T aRsarTanisa, misca yovelni da Semdgomad samisa k¢risa warmoemarTa afxazTa mefesa zeda~.4 sul-

Tnis jarSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen kaxTa mefe aRsarTa-

ni, taSir-Zoraketis mefe kvirike, agreTve Tbilisis

amira, e.i. is politikuri Zalebi, romlebic mudam kri-

WaSi edgnen bagrat IV-s saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasia-

Si hegemonobis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. yovelive es

erTxel kidev miuTiTebs imaze, rom erTaderT realur

Zalas, romelic aSkarad upirispirdeboda Turq-sel-

Cukebs amierkavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos samefo warmoad-

genda, da rom bizantiis Semdeg swored erTiani qarTu-

li saxelmwifo iyo selCukTa mTavari mowinaaRmdege

axlo aRmosavleTSi. amitom iyo, rom alf-arslanma ga-

dawyvita bagrat IV-is samagaliTod dasja da misi er-

Txel da samudamod gzidan CamoSoreba.

is `gaemarTa afxazTa mefe bagratis winaaRmdeg, —

1 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini.., gv. 192; n. Sengelia. sel-Cukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 238. (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.). {15} 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 309; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarT-velo.., gv. 239. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 239. 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 309. aRsarTanis didi pativiT miRebas sulTnis mier dawvrilebiT aRweren aRmosavluri wyaroebic. ix.: n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini alf-arslanis.., gv. 193. n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 239-240.

wers sadr ad-din huseini, — da Tavis jarebs misca (sru-

li) Tavisufleba am vilaieTebSi, rom eTxovaT da gae-

nadgurebinaT~.1 sulTnis marbielma razmebma eqvsi kvi-

ris ganmavlobaSi mTlianad moaoxres qarTli: `da iqmna saZagel queyana qarTlisa saxilvelad kacTa: moox£rdes yovelni eklesiani da simravlisa mZorisaTa arRara da-edgomodes queyanasa Tualni~...2 qarTlis aoxrebis Sem-

deg sulTnis laSqari argveTs gadavida da daarbia qve-

yana vidre sueris cixemde.3 bagrat IV-em ver SeZlo je-

rovani winaaRmdegobis gaweva da iZulebuli gaxda zavis

saTxovnelad ivane liparitis Ze miegzavna alf-arslan-

Tan. am ukanasknelma `Seaqcia igi {16} afxazeTad bagra-tisa, sTxova xaraja da uqada mS¢doba. xolo sificxli-sagan verRara moilodina da warvida qarTliT~.4

zogierTi aRmosavluri wyaros mixedviT, sulT-

nis saqarTvelodan naCqarevad wasvla mkacr zamTars ki

ar gamouwvevia, aramed TurqTa xakanis sikvdilis Sesa-

xeb cnobis miRebas.5 ase iyo Tu ise, molaparakeba faq-

tobrivad CaiSala da bagrat IV-em amjeradac SeZlo

TurqTa xarajis Tavidan acileba. miuxedavad amisa,

selCukTa am laSqrobas uaRresad mZime Sedegebi hqon-

da saqarTvelosaTvis. garda imisa, rom aoxrda qarTli,

alf-arslanma Tbilisic miitaca da amiT sakmaod mya-

rad `Cadga fexi~ amierkavkasiis SuagulSi: `da Camaval-man waruRo tfilisi da rusTavi, da misca fadlons, ganZisa patronsa~.6

1 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini.., gv. 193. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 309. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 309; iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. II. gv. 154. {16} 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 309-310. 5 n. Sengelia. sadr ad-din huseini.., gv. 194; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 242. 6 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310.

istoriografiaSi savsebiT samarTlianad miipyro

yuradReba im faqtma, rom sulTanma Tbilisi da rusTa-

vi adgilobriv amirebs ki ar dautova, aramed gadasca

fadlons.1 mkvlevarTa azriT, alf-arslanma es gaakeTa

ara imitom, rom is ar endoboda Tbilisisa da rusTavis

amirebs, piriqiT isini, rogorc `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ av-

tori wers, `dadgomil iyvnes karsa missa zeda~ 2 da sul-

Tnis keTilismyofeli msaxurni iyvnen,3 magram alf-ars-

lans `fadloni ufro saimedo da Zlier gamgeblad~ mi-

aCnda. misi azriT, ganZis patroni `saqarTvelos pro-

vinciebis dasamorCileblad da meTvalyureobis gamwe-

vad ufro aqtiuri da Zlieri iqneboda, vidre Tbilisi-

sa da rusTavis amirebi~.4

fadlonisaTvis Tbilisis gadacemiT sulTanma ba-

grat IV-s axali, Zlieri metoqe daupirispira da amiT

kidev ufro daZaba situacia amierkavkasiaSi. saqarTve-

los mefe, rasakvirvelia, ase advilad ver Seurigdebo-

da Tavisi poziciebis daTmobas aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi da ar miscemda fadlons Tbilissa da {17} mis Se-

mogarenSi Tavisuflad parpaSis uflebas. am ukanas-

knels, rogorc Cans, sakmaod Sors mimavali miznebi

hqonda, mas ara marto dauwyia `ampartavneba~ da `urju-

eba~,5 aramed TbilisSi myarad dafuZneba ganuzraxavs.

amaze metyvelebs mis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi Tbi-

lisSi xelosnuri warmoebis gamococxlebisaTvis (`da

1 r. kiknaZe. XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan.., gv. 117; S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna.., gv. 242-243; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da sa-qarTvelo.., gv. 244; m. lorTqifaniZe, saqarTvelos Sinapo-litikuri da sagareo viTareba.., gv. 200. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310. 3 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna.., gv. 242. 4 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 244. {17} 5 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310.

siaxlesa sada sadme gamoyvanebasa £elosanTasa~).1 ro-

gorc cnobilia, ganZa xelosnuri warmoebis erT-erTi

Zlieri centri iyo amierkavkasiaSi, amdenad savsebiT

gasagebi xdeboda fadlonis zraxvebi.2

bagrat IV-m sworad ganWvrita mosalodneli saf-

rTxis mniSvneloba da umal daiwyo zrunva fadlonis

`ampartavnebis~ asalagmavad. `da viTarca iqmna gazaf-xuli, gardamovida mefe qarTlad da Cadga didgorTa, rameTu sazafxulo mefeTa sadgomi ars adgili igi~.3

gaTamamebulma fadlonma `arad Seracxa didgorTa dgo-ma mefisa, wamoemarTa laSqriTa, ocdacameti aTasiTa ka-ciTa, movida tfiliss da daibanaka velsa isnisasa, xolo dautevna karavni da movlo Rame yovel muxranisa, da ar-bivna qarTlisa napirni~.4 bagrat IV-m saswrafo zomebi

miiRo. man qarTveli didaznaurebi gagzavna `rCeuliTa laSqriTa~ fadlonis winaaRmdeg, romelnic `wilknis gorTa Tana... Seebnes da pirvelsave £rmlisa mokidebasa gaaqcies fadlon... da sdevna laSqarman bagratisaman vidre mTamde xerkisa. mosres da tyue yves laSqari fa-dlonisi~. TviT ganZis patronma mainc SeZlo mdevris-

gan Tavis daRweva da TxuTmetiode cxenosniT `warvlo gza wilknisa, da miex¢a pirsa arag¢sasa da ga£da narRu-evTa gziT erwod~.5

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310. 2 p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis.., gv. 196. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310. 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310. 5 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 310-311; cnobas am brZolis Sesaxeb iZleva `Tarix al-babvis~ avtoric: `rodesac muslimanT xe-lebi savse iyo nadavliT, afxazTa daiWires gadasasvlelebi da SeebrZolnen maT. muslimanebi damarcxdnen da gaiqcnen, mxolod fadli darCa mamakacTa mcire jgufTan erTad. isic iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo. mas Semdeg, rac misi xalxi dai-xoca~. В. Ф. Миронский. История Ширвана и Дербенда. М., 1963, gv.

fadlons, etyoba, {18} aRsarTan kaxTa mefis imedi

hqonda da misi meSveobiT fiqrobda bagratisagan Tavis

daxsnas. gzaSi is amaod cdilobda Tavisi vinaobis da-

malvas. `fadlonis mociquli var da maxaroblad mival aRsaris Tana; afxazTa mefisa laSqari gavaqcieT~-o eub-

neboda SemxvedrT, magram is mainc Seicnes da `JaleTis isak tolobelis Zesa, aznaursa mesxsa~ mihgvares.1 am

ukanasknelma ki àra i£sena... mk¢droba afxazTa mefisa~ da imis magivrad, rom àfxazTa mefisagan gaqceuliyo fadlon Seepyra da Seguara boWormas bagratisT¢s... msw-rafl wariyvana da mihguara aRsarTans Telavs~.2

kaxeTis mefem sworad gansaja, rom fadlonisaT-

vis TavSesafris micema misTvis arc Tu ise usafrTxo

iyo, `rameTu afxazTa mefisagan eSinoda ukana Cadgomi-sa~.3 garda amisa , fadlonis TbilisSi gabatoneba da misi

politikuri aqtiuroba sabolood ar SeiZleboda kaxe-

Tis mefisaTvis saziano ar yofiliyo. is ki arada, ro-

gorc `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ masalebidan irkveva, am peri-

odSi fadloni kaxeTis mefis kuTvnil zogierT terito-

rias (xornabujisa da aradeTis sanapiro olqebi) dapat-

ronebia kidec.4 yovelive es ar SeiZleboda ar gaeTva-

liswinebina aRsarTan gagikis Zes da ar gadaesinja Tavi-

si damokidebuleba àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefesTan.

amrigad, ganZis amirasTan tradiciulma mtrobam,

romelic mudam akavSirebda erTmaneTTan qarTvel da

somex politikur moRvaweebs (SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom

am movlenebSi arsad Cans kvirike somexTa mefe, rome-

105 ; p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis.., gv. 197. {18} 1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 311. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312; ix. agreTve p. Tofuria. aRmosa-vleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi.., gv. 198.

lic, am SemTxvevaSi, safiqrebelia, bagrat IV-isaTvis

sasargeblo neitralitets icavda), amjeradac Seariga

bagrat mefe da aRsarTan I, magram kaxeTis mefe erTba-

Sad ar SeTanxmebula bagrat IV-sTan, jer man `wariyvana xornabujs... miupyrnes xornabujs fadlon, da misca xornabuji, wariyvanes aradeTad da misca aradeTi aR-sarTansve~.1 mxolod Tavisi samflobeloebis dabrune-

bis Semdeg gaaba man saqarTvelos mefesTan molaparake-

ba, da misganac garkveuli safasuri moiTxova: `xolo bagrat SeSinda gaSuebasa fadlonissa, misca boWorma da ujarmo kaxTa, da wamoiyvanes fadlon~.2

fadlonis Sepyrobam bagrat IV-es gza gauxsna Tbi-

lisisaken: `gasues {19} (fadloni — z.p.) Zelsa da miupy-res tfilissa; da aiRes Wirveulad tfilisi, rameTu mun Sina mdgomi kaci T¢T gaamirebasa lamobda~.3 Tbi-

lisSi, am dros, rogorc Cans, mwvave `Sinagani brZola~

mimdinareobda,4 amitom bagrat IV-em ver moaxerxa qala-

qis `Tavisad daWera da iZulebuli gaxda garkveul kom-

promisze wasuliyo. man dmaniss datovebuli siTlarabi

Zebna,... da misca mas tfilisi~.5 faqtobrivad, amiT bag-

ratma sruli kontroli daamyara qalaqze. garda amisa,

man `Tavisad aRixuna cixeni rusTavi, farcxisi, agarani, grigil-wmindani, qavazani, da ormocdaoTxi aTasi drah-kani, da mZevalni Zmiswulni misi, Ze manuCarisi, da samTa TavadTa ganZisaTa~.6 rogorc fiqroben, aq CamoTvlili

cixeebi ZiriTadad qvemo qarTlSi — somxiTSi — mdeba-

reobda7 da Tbilisis im `sasazRvro raions~ Seadgenda,

1 matiane qarTlisa. gv. 312. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. {19} 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. 4 S. mesxia. saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi, gv. 244. 5 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. 6 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. 7 am cixeebis adgilomdebareobis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: n. berZe-

romelic alf-arslanma fadlons gadasca.1 es ukve di-

di gamarjveba iyo. amiT bagrat IV-em kvlav xelSi aiRo

iniciativa da Tanmimdevrulad Seudga Tavisi pozicie-

bis ganmtkicebas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos mefis mier fadlonis Sepyroba da

Tbilisis dakaveba mZime dartyma iyo alf-arslanisaT-

vis da is, bunebrivia, upasuxod ar datovebda am gamow-

vevas. `da mogzavna sultanma sarangi alxazi, da misiTa SuamdgomlobiTa da sity¢iTa sultnisaTa daezava bag-rat da ganuteva fadlon, da gagzavna saxelmwifosa T¢ssa ganZas. da warhyva sarangi Tana~.2 rogorc vxe-

davT, alf-arslanma, am SemTxvevaSi, damsjeli eqspedi-

cia ki ar moawyo saqarTveloSi, aramed bagratTan mSvi-

dobiani morigeba arCia. ufro metic, fadlonis gaSve-

bis safasu{20}rad bagrat IV—es `moarTunes gagiT kli-teni, da aRiRo afxazTa mefeman gagi~.3 riTi unda yofi-

liyo gamowveuli didi selCukis amgvari lmobiereba?

wyaroebSi raime konkretuli miTiTeba, romelic axsni-

da alf-arslanis am nabijs, ar gagvaCnia. amdenad sruli

niSvili. Zveli Tbilisis toponimikidan (agarani). — saqarT-velos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. I. Tb., 1964, gv. 308; d. berZeniS-vili. bolnisis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi. — saqarT-velos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, II. Tb., 1964. gv. 42. 1 p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis.., gv. 199. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 312. qarTveli mematianis mier sagan-gebod aRniSnva imisa, rom sarangi `Tan warhyva~ fadlons, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rogorc munejim baSis anonimis qronikidan irkveva, fadlonis tyveobaSi yofnisas mis Zma aSots sasaxlis gadatrialeba mouwyvia da aranis mmarTve-lis taxtsac dauflebia (В. Ф. Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербенда, gv. 97; p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis po-litikuri erTeulebi.., gv. 199.) rogorc Cans, sarangs sulT-nisagan davalebuli hqonda fadlonis ganZaSi Cayvana da iq misi xelisuflebis aRdgena. {20} 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 313.

da amomwuravi pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze udavod ga-

Wirdeba, magram Tu gaviazrebT axlo aRmosavleTSi im

dros Seqmnil politikur viTarebas, SesaZleblad mig-

vaCnia garkveuli Sexedulebebis SemuSaveba am sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT.

XI s. 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi saqarTvelos samxre-

TiT situacia uaRresad daiZaba, Turq-selCukebi Tanda-

Tan sul ufro aZlierebdnen TavianT Setevas bizantiis

imperiis samflobeloebze. am periodSi maT TavianTi

Tavdasxmebis mTavar obieqtad anatolia aqcies,1 amis pa-

ralelurad selCukebma bizantias antioqiis mxridanac

Seuties.2 selCukebi ara marto arbevdnen da aoxrebd-

nen anatoliis provinciebs, aramed iqve yovndebodnen

da ukan aRar brundebodnen. ase eyreboda safuZveli

anatoliaSi TurqTa Casaxlebas da am regionis sabolo-

od gaTurqebas.3 Turq-selCukTa amgvarma gaaqtiurebam

bizantiis xelisufleba metad mZime mdgomareobaSi Caa-

yena. aucilebeli gaxda konstantinopolis mxridan ga-

damwyveti RonisZiebebis gatareba TurqTa am Setevis Se-

saCereblad. es misia Tavis Tavze aiRo imperatorma ro-

man diogenma, romelmac 1068 wels daikava keisris taxti.

axalma imperatorma umokles droSi daamyara wes-

rigi armiaSi.4 Sekriba laSqari frankTa, oRuzTa da make-

donelTagan da daiZra selCukebis winaaRmdeg.5 roman

diogenma Tavdapirvelad selCukebs siriaSi Seutia, ai-

Ro alepos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare menbijis ci-

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 248. 2 А. П. Каждан. Внутриполитический кризис в конце XI в. и внешне-политический разгром. – История Византии, т. II. М., 1967, gv. 284. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 248. 4 А. П. Каждан. Внутриполитический кризис.., gv. 283-284. 5 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 249.

xe1 da mniSvnelovani dartyma miayena selCukTa mflobe-

lobas am regionSi. selCukebi bizantiis imperatoris am

Semotevas, rasakvirvelia, upasuxod ar datovebdnen,

1069 wels maT erT{21}droulad sami mxridan — aRmosav-

leTidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTiadn da samxreTidan — da-

iwyes Tavdasxmebi anatoliaSi da xelT igdes konia.2

roman diogenma sakmaod energiulad upasuxa sel-

Cukebs da evfrats iqiT gadareka isini.3 amave dros, im-

peratorma moindoma selCukebis, saerTod, anatoliis

sazRvrebidan gandevna.4 dainaxa ra anatoliaSi selCuk-

Ta poziciebis Sesustebis saSiSroeba, xorasanSi myof-

ma alf-arslanma ganizraxa didi laSqroba moewyo bi-

zantiis winaaRmdeg. sulTnis es gadawyvetileba daaCqa-

ra misma survilma gaelaSqra egvipteze. am dros egvip-

tis fatimianTa saxelmwifoSi mwvave SinabrZolebi mim-

dinareobda, romlis drosac amiraTa erTma nawilma

alf-arslani egvipteSi miiwvia.5 1070 wels alf-arslani

ni didi jariT dasavleTisaken daiZra. is azerbaijan bi-

zantiis teritoriaze SeiWra da erT dReSi aiRo cnobi-

li qalaqi manaskerti.6 ase daiwyo selCukTa axali sam-

xedro kampania, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, dasrulda

manaskertis Zlevamosili epopeiT 1071 w. 24 agvistos.7

amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, XI s. 60-iani wlebis miwu-

ruls, rodesac bagrat IV-m ganaviTara Tavisi gacile-

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250; А. П. Каж-дан. Внутриполитический кризис в конце XI в.., gv. 284. {21} 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250. 4 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250-251. 5 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250. 6 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 250. 7 dawvrilebiT ix.: n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, gv. 253-265. {22}

biT ufro mniSvnelovani saqmeebiT iyo dakavebuli da

mas ubralod saqarTvelosTvis ar ecala. unda vifiq-

roT, rom alf-arslanma, bizantiis winaaRmdeg genera-

luri Setevis mzadebis periodSi, ar miiCnia gamarTle-

bulad Zalebis gafantva da Segnebulad ar gaamwvava ur-

TierToba bagrat IV-sTan. garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos

mefis dasja, TavisTavad, arc Tu ise advili saqme iyo

(raSic sulTani 1068 w. laSqrobis dros unda darwmune-

buliyo), es alf-arslanis mxridan arc diplomatiuri

TvalsazrisiT iyo gamarTuli. mas, rogorc sakmaod gam-

Wriax politikur moRvawes, uTuod unda gaeTvaliswine-

bina selCukTa winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa da bizantielTa

erToblivi gamosvlis SesaZlebloba.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, jer kidev XI s. 50-iani wle-

bis damlevidan kardinalurad Seicvala bizantiis mmar-

Tveli wreebis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos samefos

mimarT da am or qveyanas Soris mSvidobiani, praqtiku-

lad Tanasworuflebiani, keTilmezobluri urTierTo-

ba daamyara, 60-ian wlebSi, selCukTa safrTxis gaZlie-

rebasTan erTad, es urTierToba {22} kidev ufro unda

gaRrmavebuliyo, ris gamoxatulebadac miCneulia impe-

rator konstantine X dukas vaJis daqorwineba bagrat

IV-is asul marTaze (mariami), romelsac mkvlevrebi Zi-

riTadad 10651 Tu 10662 wliT aTariReben.3

1 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb., 1980, gv. 217; v. kopaliani. saqarTvelosa da bizantiis po-litikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi. Tb., 1969, gv. 277. 2 T. Jordania. qronikebi.., I. gv. 210-216; И. М. Нодия. Грузинские материалы о византийской императрице Марфе-Марии. —bizantino-logiuri etiudebi. eZRvneba akad. simon yauxCiSvilis daba-debidan 80 wlisTavs. Tb., 1978, gv. 149. 3 amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom aris mosazreba romlis mixedviT mixeil dukasa da mariamis qorwineba moxda mogvianebiT — 1071 wels, rodesac mixeilma imperatoris tax-

marTalia, wyaroebSi ara gvaqvs raime kon{23}kre-

tuli miniSneba, am periodSi selCukTa winaaRmdeg saqar-

Tvelo-bizantiis samxedro-politikuri urTierTanamS-

romlobis Sesaxeb, magram saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg ra-

Rac SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis mTlianad gamoricxvac ar

migvaCnia gamarTlebulad. amdenad, kategoriuli mtki-

ti daikava (T. Jordania. qronikebi. I. gv. 211; Б. С. Эсадзе. Ле-топись Грузии. Тифлис, 1913, gv. 148), miuxedavad imisa, rom i. no-dia Seecada (ix. И. М. Нодия. Грузинские материалы.., gv. 149.) da-esabuTebina am Tvalsazrisis mcdaroba, unda iTqvas, rom mis mier motanili argumenti — TiTqos bizantiuri saojaxo sa-marTliT nebadarTuli iyo 13-14 wlis qaliSvilis gaTxoveba, xolo 1071 wels mariami 20 wlis mainc iqneboda, amitom es qorwineba 1071 wlamde unda momxdariyo, mainc da mainc da-majerebeli ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni azriT, ufro meti mniSvneloba unda hqonoda ara sapatarZlos, aramed uflis-wul mixeilis asaks. cnobilia, rom 1065-66 wlebSi, rodesac mariami Camoiyvanes konstantinopolSi, mixeil duka jer kidev mcirewlovani iyo da am mizeziT 1067 wels konstantine X-m sikvdilis win regentad Tavisi meuRle evdokia gamoacxada (А. П. Каждан. Внутриполитический кризис.., gv. 283; v. kopaliani. sa-qarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba.., gv. 277-278.) marTalia, giorgi xuces-monazonis TxrobaSi, romelic iZleva dawvrilebiT informacias marTa-mariamis konstanti-nopolSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb. pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom `mas Jamsa,... marTa ufliswuli sZlad T¢sad konstantine du-kiwman moiyvana, dedoflad samefosa amas qalaqsa~ (giorgi mcire. cxovreba da moqalaqeoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cvenisa giorgi mTawmindelisa. — Zveli qarTuli litera-turis Zeglebi. msoflio literaturis biblioTeka. Tb., 1978, gv. 327, xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.), magram advili SesaZlebelia am dros momxdariyo mxolod niSnoba da ara qorwineba. es sruli-adac ar niSnavs imas, rom mixeili 1071 wlamde, taxtze asvlam-de ar SeiZleboda daqorwinebuliyo mariamze, magram udavoa, rom es qorwineba 1065-66 wlebSi, ufliswulis arasrulwlo-vanebis gamo, jer kidev naadrevi iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebari xdeba konstantine dukas gadawyvetileba Tavisi meuRlis regentad daniSnvis Sesaxeb. {23}

ceba imisa, rom am dros sabolood wydeba bizantia-sa-

qarTvelos samxedro-politikuri kavSiri `aRmosavle-

Tidan mosuli mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~,1 cota naC-

qarevad gveCveneba.

rasakvirvelia, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom roman di-

ogenis mTavrobas garkveuli koreqtivebi Seetana im

urTierTobaSi, romelic damyarda bagrat IV-sa da kon-

stantine dukas Soris. SeuZlebelia axal imperators

ar gaeTvaliswinebina is safrTxe, romelsac Seuqmnida

mas saqarTvelos mefis siZe mixeil duka, romelsac xe-

lisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, albaT, Tavisi simamris

bagrat sevastosis imedic eqneboda. yovelive amis ga-

mo, roman diogenisaTvis, bunebrivia, naklebad mosawo-

ni iqneboda dukebis sagvareulos dinastiur-naTesau-

ri kavSiri bagrationTa samefo-saxlTan, magram sel-

CukTa winaaRmdeg erTiani brZolis interesi, safiqre-

belia, aiZulebda mas Tavi Seekavebina raime antiqarTu-

li aqciebisagan da amiT ar gaerTulebina urTierToba

saqarTvelos mefesTan, miT ufro, rom es ukanaskneli,

obieqturad bizantiis mokavSired gamodioda selCuke-

biis winaaRmdeg omSi.

asea Tu ise, Cven ar gagvaCnia araviTari safuZveli

vivaraudoT saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris politi-

kuri kavSiris gawyveta XI s. 60-iani wlebis miwuruli-

saTvis. sxva sakiTxia, rom amis miRwevas Seecdeboda

selCukTa sulTani, romelsac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

awyobda saqarTvelo-bizantiis samxedro-politikuri

blokis Seqmna. aqedan gamomdinare, am kuTxidan xom ar

Segvexeda alf-arslanis `samSvidobo iniciativisadmi~

bagrat IV-is mimarT? iqneb cbieri sulTani am gziT cdi-

lobda bizantiasTan did omSi saqarTvelos mefis mxri-

1 v. kopaliani. saqarTvelosa da bizantiis.., gv. 279.

dan neitralitetis uzrunvel yofas. erTi sityviT,

Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom alf-arslanis pasiuroba bag-

rat-fadlonis konfliqtis dros SemTxveviTi ar iyo

da is gamowveuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTSi im dros arse-

buli saerTo politikuri viTarebiT. swored bizantia-

selCukebis fonze Seqmnilma gamwvavebulma situaciam

misca bagrat IV-m aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi Tavisu-

fali moqmedebis saSualeba.

Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi bagrat IV-s

kvlav mouxda ganZis amiras winaaRmdeg galaSqreba.

fadlonma ver moinela Tavisi marcxi `gatexna ficni da Suamdgomlobani didisa sultanisa, da miopara qavazi-ni~. man isargebla bagrat mefis afxazeTs yofniT `da moadga agaraTa; da miscna cixisTavman agarani~. magram

mefe `mswrafl aRmovida~ da agara ukan daibruna.1 bag-

rat IV, rogorc Cans, gaabraza fadlonis {24}am avantiu-

ram da misi samagaliTod dasja gadawyvita. am mizniT

`gamoiyvana dorRoleli, ovsTa mefe, ormoci aTasiTa ovsiTa, da waruZRuana Ze misi giorgi kurapalati da mo-aox£ra ganZa, da aRiRo tyue da natyuenavi uricx¢, da gagzavna Tavis samefod~.2 saqarTvelos mefis mier gan-

Zis dalaSqvra, TavisTavad, uaRresad mniSvnelovani

movlena iyo. am faqtma erTiorad aamaRla saqarTvelos

samefos avtoriteti mis mezoblebSi. bagrat IV-m am aqci-

iT ara marto gadaWra fadlonis problema. aramed aSka-

ra gaxada saqarTvelos saxelmwifos pretenziebi poli-

tikur hegemonobaze saerTo kavkasiuri masStabiT.

amgvari mtkicebis safuZvels gvaZlevs CdriloeT

kavkasiis yvelaze Zlieri politikuri erTeulis — ov-

seTis samefos — CarTva saqarTvelos saxelmwifos po-

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 313. {24} 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 313.

litikuri interesebis realizaciis saqmeSi. aRsaniSna-

via, rom daaxloebiT X s. I naxevridan, `afxazTa~ mefe

giorgi II-is droidan, qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi

Tanmimdevrulad zrunavdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sa-

qarTvelos kulturul politikuri hegemonobis damya-

rebisaTvis.1 am TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

hqonda ovseTis samefos — imierkavkasiaSi yvelaze anga-

riSgasawevi politikuri Zalis — Semoyvanas saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos politikuri interesebis sferoSi.

am mimarTulebiT bagrat IV-mac gadadga garkveu-

li nabijebi, daamyara ra axlo dinastiur-naTesauri

kavSiri ovsTa samefo saxlTan. rogorc viciT is da-

qorwinda borenaze, ovsTa mefis urdures asulze,

dorRolelis daze. am kavSirma pirveli poziciuri Se-

degebi jer kidev XI s. 30-ian wlebSi gamoiRo, rodesac

bagrat IV-is mier inspirirebul iqna ovseT-kaxeTis kon-

fliqti.2 Semdgom ovseT-saqarTvelos samxedro-poli-

tikuri TanamSromloba, etyoba, kidev ufro gaRrmavda,

ramac Seqmna kidec pirobebi iseTi grandiozuli erTob-

livi aqciis mowyobisa, rogoric iyo ganZaSi galaSqreba.

is faqti, rom ganZaSi laSqrobis iniciativa mTli-

anad saqarTvelos samefo karidan modioda — `gamoiy-vana (bagrat IV-m — z.p.) dorRoleli~ da, rom gaerTia-

nebul laSqars sardlobda ufliswuli giorgi (`wa-ruZRuana Ze misi giorgi kurapalati~), aSkarad miuTi-

1 z. papasqiri. saintereso monografia (recenzia T. mibCuanis naSromze: `megobrobis saTaveebTan~ Tb., 1986). — mnaTobi 8, 1987, gv. 174-175. 2 g. TogoSvili. saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobaTa isto-riidan (uZvelesi droidan XIV s. dasasrulamde). staliniri, 1958, gv. 132-133; Г. Д. Тогошвили. К вопросу о характере грузино –северо-кавкаских взаимоотношений в XI-XIII вв. – Вопросы истории народов Кавкази. Сборник статей, посвяшенных памяти З. В. Анчабад-зе. Тб., 1988, gv. 186. {25}

Tebs {25}saqarTvelos samefos garkveul prioritetze

ovseTTan urTierTobaSi1 Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

ovseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi, am droisaTvis, uk-

ve aSkarad gamoikveTa vasalur-siuzerenuli urTier-

Tobis elementebi.2

amrigad, XI s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis sa-

qarTvelos samefos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba

mniSvnelovnad gamosworda, miuxedavad imisa, rom sul-

Tani alf-arslani ase advilad ar exsneboda bagrat IV-

es, `arebda sultani alf-arslani mociqulTa da ukreb-da ZRuenTa bagrat mefesa, amiTa eniTa sTxovda xaraja-sa ... ara daidva bagrat mefeman xaraja, aramed avlenda mociqulTa, da ukrebda igica ZRuensa. da iyo maT So-ris sity¢iT siyvaruli~.3

1 j. stefnaZe. saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebi kav-kasiis xalxebTan XII s. Tb., 1974, gv. 115-116. 2 am azrs kidev ufro amyarebs `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ cnoba dorRolelis stumrobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi, romelsac adgili hqonda ganZidan dabrunebisTanave: `amisa Semdgomad aRisurvila didman ovsTa mefeman dorRolelman di-siZisa maTisa bagratisa sevastosisaTvis, da iTxova darbazoba ba-gratisagan. xolo bagrat neba sca da mxiarulad warmoemar-Ta ovsTa mefe yovliTa TavadiTa ovseTisaTa, da aRmovlo gza afxazeTisa da mivida quTaTiss. da naxa da¡ maTi dedo-fali, deda giorgi kurapalatisa; rameTu giorgi kurapa-lati gebul iyo uwina, da moiyvanes qarTls. da mefe dga tinis£idis Walasa, nadarbazevs. da moegeba wina didiTa ze-imiT da pativiTa. Sekrbes erTgan kezuTa zeda. da iyo sixa-ruli da £ma bukTa da dumbulTa saSineli da miuwdomeli. da dayves erTgan dRe Tormeti. da ganisuenes yovliTa gansue-nebiTa da sixaruliTa. da mizeziTa zamTriTa gaiswrafes, da misca niWi da saboZvari mefesa da yovelsa didebulsa ovse-Tisasa, gagzavna da warvides sixaruliTa~. matiane qarTlisa, gv. 313 (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.). j. stefnaZe. saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebi.., gv. 115-116. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 314. {26}

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos mefem moxerxebuli

samxedro da diplomatiuri svlebiT SeZlo uvneblad

gamosvla mZime politikuri situaciidan da Tavi daaR-

wia selCukTa diqtats. garda amisa, saqarTvelos same-

fo, amave dros konstantonopolidanac praqtikulad

damoukidebeli politikuri Zala gaxda. yovelive es ki

imaze miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifom XI s. 60-

ian wlebSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga sa-

erTaSoriso arenaze erovnuli suverenitetis mopove-

bis gzaze. {26}

Tavi II. Turq-selCukTa gabatoneba maxlobel

aRmosavleTSi da saqarTvelos

sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis

gauareseba 70-80-ian wlebSi

XI s. 70-iani wlebis damdegs bizantia-selCukebis

frontze ganviTarebulma movlenebma sruliad axali

politikuri klimati Seqmnes axlo aRmosavleTSi. 1071

wels manaskertTan gancdilma katastrofam sabolood

gatexa welSi bizantiis imperia.1 amieridan bizantiis

imperia ukve ver aCerebda selCukTa winsvlas dasavle-

Tis mimarTulebiT da maTac, sul mokle xans, xmelTa-

Sua da marmarilos zRvebis sanapiroebsac miaRwies.2

amave periodSi dasrulda somxeTis dapyrobac da som-

xeTsa da samxreT-dasavleTis mxridan saqarTvelos

uSualod selCukTa sulTani gaumezoblda. paralelu-

rad selCukebma mniSvnelovnad ganimtkices TavianTi

poziciebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSic, daamyares ra

kontroli Sarvan-darubandze.3

yovelive aman ukiduresad gaauaresa saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba. is,

faqtobrivad, martodmarto aRmoCnda mrisxane mtris

winaaRmdeg. aseT mZime sagareo-politikur viTarebaSi,

saqarTvelos samefos mwvave Sinapolitikuri garTu-

lebebic daatyda Tavs, rac saxelmwifos saTaveSi axali

mefis — giorgi II-is — mosvliT iyo gamowveuli. jer

(1073 w.) niania quabulis Zem, ivane liparitis Zem da var-

dan suanTa erisTavma `auSales qveyana~ giorgi mefes da

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 266. 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 269. 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 302; p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi.., gv. 132.

saTuo gaxades misi xelisufleba.1 mefem ver SeZlo

mkacri zomebis gatareba ajanyebulTa mimarT da mxo-

lod `sikeTiTa sibrZniTa~ daaSoSmina isini: `uboZa iva-nes samS¢lde; da Zesa ivanessa liparits misca lowoban-ni nacvlad rusTavisa~, romelic ergo ajanyebulTa

mokavSire kaxelebs.2 nianiasa da vardansac eboZa axali

samflobeloebi da ase `yovelive erTguli da orguli dafara wyalobiTa~,3 magram aman ver moutana mSvidoba

giorgi II-s: `kualad dadga ivane liparitis-Ze~.4

saqarTvelos mefe amjerad ufro mobilizebuli

Sexvda {27} urCi feodalis am amboxs; `moirTna mesxni~,

agreTve `moiyvana kaxTa mefe aRsarTan~ da maTi meSveo-

biT SeZlo ivanes Semorigeba, Tumca am ukanasknelma ma-

inc SeZlo kldekarisa da samSvildis SenarCuneba.5 iva-

ne liparitis Zem arc amis Semdeg moisvena: `kualadac gadga... gamostyua gagi cixovanTa giorgi mefisaTa, da mihyida fadlons, ganZis patronsa~.6 saqarTveloSi mim-

dinare procesebs, rogorc Cans, fxizlad adevnebda

Tvals sulTani maliq-Sahi, romelic, etyoba, mxolod

Sesaferis momentsRa eloda saqarTvelos mefis winaaR-

mdeg brZolis ganaxlebisaTvis.

gagis cixe, rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, bagrat

IV-m, faqtobrivad, sulTan alf-arslanis sanqciiT mii-

Ro. gavarkvieT agreTve, rom es aqti selCukTa mxridan

ramdenadme iZulebiTi iyo da is bizantiis winaaRmdeg

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316; iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, II. gv. 150; m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapoli-tikuri da sagareo viTareba.., gv. 201-202. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316. 4 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316. {27} 5 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316 ; n. Sengelia. selCukebi da sa-qarTvelo.., gv. 304. 6 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316.

totaluri Setevis mzadebis pirobebSi garkveul poli-

tikur mizans emsaxureboda, magram mas mere, rac sel-

Cukebma gadamwyvet upiratesobas miaRwies imperiasTan

omSi, axali sulTani maliq-Sahi yovelmxriv Seecdebo-

da Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas aRmosavleT amier-

kavkasiaSi da nebismier sababs gamoiyenebda am amocanis

Sesasruleblad. albaT, amitom iyo, rom is aqtiurad

Caeba giorgi II-sa da ivane liparitis Zis konfliqtSi.

`movida sultani maliq-Sa mtrad yovelTa qristianeTa. miegeba ivane Ze misi liparit wina, Seawynara sultansa da dayo misTana mciredi xani~.1

rogorc vxedavT, bagrationTa xelisuflebis wi-

naaRmdeg tradiciulad mebrZoli sagvareulos warmo-

madgenelma ivane liparitis Zem, mamamisis msgavsad, Ta-

visi Sinaklasobrivi interesebis dasacavad, gareSe Za-

lis gamoyeneba scada, magram selCukTa sulTans, etyo-

ba, Sors mimavali gegmebi hqonda da mas, am SemTxvevaSi,

naklebad awuxebda amboxebuli qarTveli didebulis

bed-iRbali, darwmunda ra amaSi, lipariti gamoipara

sulTnis banakidan da mamasTan erTad samSvildeSi ga-

magrda. `movida sultani, da miadga samS¢ldesa, da wa-ruRo samS¢lde, da tyue iqmna ivane TaviTa, coliTa da SviliSviliTa, da yovelTa aznaurTa dedawuliTa, da daiWira samS¢lde sulTanma~. maliq-Sahi amasac ar das-

jerda. man isargebla momentiT da `moarbia qarTli, wa-iRo tyue da natyuenavi uricx¢ da Seiqca gare~. 2{28}

istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesa-

xeb, rom qarTlis darbeva maliq-Sahis mier TiTqos

datyvevebuli ivane liparitis Zis rCeva-darigebis Se-

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316. n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarT-velo.., gv. 304. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316-317. {28}

degad moxda,1 rac wyaroTa monacemebis safuZvelze ar

dasturdeba. ivane liparitis Zes raime damsaxureba

rom hqonoda maliq-Sahis winaSe qarTlis dalaSqvris

dros, vfiqrobT es saTanadodac iqneboda dafasebuli

sulTnis mier. wyaroebis dumili ivane liparitis Zis

Semdgomi bed-iRblis Sesaxeb ki imaze unda migviTiTeb-

des, rom es ukanaskneli tyved Cavardnis Semdeg ar Ta-

maSobda aqtiur rols politikur cxovrebaSi.2 gaZlie-

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 305. 2 gamonakliss warmoadgens `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli som-xuri Targmani, sadac daviT aRmaSeneblis winaaRmdeg mebr-Zolad gamocxadebulia ara daviTis istorikosis `liparit amira~ aramed misi mama — `liparitis Svili ivane~, romelic, maliq-Sahis `tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg~, ajanyebia daviT mefes. am ukanasknelma `Seipyra is da Casva sapyrobileSi, rom gawvrTniliyo. kvlav gaaTavisufla borkilebidan da imave didebiT pativi sca mas. magram, roca ZaRliviT moeqca naTxe-vars, isev Seipyro is da saberZneTs gagzavna~ (`qarTlis cxo-vrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmani. qarTuli teqsti da Zveli somxuri Targmani gamokvlevebiTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i. abulaZem. Tb., 1953, gv. 238). daviTis istorikosis Txzulebis qarTul originalsa da Zvel somxur Targmans Soris arse-bul am winaaRmdegobas yuradReba miaqcia il. anTelavam. im motiviT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmanis uZvelesi nusxa gacilebiT ufro adrindelia (1279-1311 wle-bSia gadawerili. ix.: qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Tar-gmani... gv. 04), vidre Cvenadme moRweuli qarTuli nusxebi, mkvlevarma upiratesoba mianiWa somxuri Targmanis monace-mebs. il. anTelavas azriT, mravaljeradi gadawerisas, SesaZ-loa, `amovarda saxeli `ivane~ da darCa `lipariti~... vinaidan lipariti cnobili iyo ivanes Svilad. `matiane qarTlisa¡s~, mixedviT, Cans, CaiTvala rom daviTis istorikosTan swored maszea saubari~ (il. anTelava. daviT aRmaSeneblis istori-kosi `liparit amiras~ Sesaxeb; il. anTelava. XI-XIV ss. qar-Tuli saistorio wyaroebi. Tb., 1988, gv. 35). aqedan gamomdi-nare mkvlevari svams sakiTxs`cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTis~ teqstis Sesabamis adgilebSi somxuri Targmanis monacemebis safuZvelze koreqtivebis Setanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (il. anTelava. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, gv. 36). Cven

saeWvod migvaCnia motanili argumentebis mixedviT daviTis istorikosis TxzulebaSi Sesworebis Setanis aucilebloba. rasakvirvelia, SesaZle{29}belia ama Tu im matianis mravalg-zis gadawerisas zogierTi saxeli (an sityva) marTlac amo-vardes, magram Zneli dasajerebelia es momxdariyo ukleb-liv yvela qarTuli nusxis gadawerisas da, Tanac TiToeulSi orjer (rogorc cnobilia, daviT mefis `cxovrebis~ teqst-Sic or adgilasaa dafiqsirebuli kldekaris imdroindeli erisTavis saxeli — `liparit~). baRvaSTa sagvareulos same-fo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi brZolis istoria sakmaod kargad iyo cnobili qarTuli feodaluri sazogado-ebisaTvis, rac dasturdeba mogviano xanis istorikosTa (`is-toriani da azmani SaravandeTani~ avtori, JamTaaRmwereli) monacemebiT. rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebidan Cans, sa-qarTveloSi am brZolis amsaxveli specialuri saistorio naSromic (sagvareulo matiane) ki unda arsebuliyo. `warvida RalRur, — wers `aswlovani matianis~ avtori, — da kaxaberis Ze kaxaberi, romeli iyo TesliT boroti, viTar gvauwyebs wigni mefeTa baRuSisaTa da naTesavTa misTa ~ (qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. gv. 268; JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, SeneSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo r. kiknaZem. Tb., 1987, gv. 157, xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.). marTalia, zogierT mecniers `wigni mefeTa, ba-RuSisTa da naTesavTa misTa~ `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ qronikas-Tan aqvs gaigivebuli (k. grigolia. `matiane qarTlisa~ da mi-si dasaTaurebis sakiTxisaTvis. — iv. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tb.,1976., gv. 223-225), magram es srulebiTac ar gamoricxavs amgvari xa-siaTis sagvareulo qronikis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. ni-Sandoblivia aseve isic, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilic Tavis TxzulebaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis metoqed liparit baRvaSs asaxelebs (batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarT-velosa. — qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 156). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cven gaumarTleblad migvaCnia somxuri Targmanis monacemebisaT-vis upiratesobis miniWeba qarTul originalebTan Sedare-biT. rasakvirvelia, Znelia dabejiTebiT raime vTqvaT imaze, Tu ratom gaCnda somxur teqstebSi baRvaSTa saxlTan davi-

rebul maliq-Sahs, rogorc Cans, mtki{29}ced hqonda

ganzraxuli, yovelgvari mokavSireobis gareSe dauf-

leboda {30} aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis umniSvnelova-

nes strategiul punqtebs da aq uSualo Tavisi xeli-

Tis konfliqtis amgvari interpretacia. TavisTavad savse-biT dasaSvebia, rom ivane liparitis Zem droTa ganmavloba-Si, marTlac Tavi daaRwia tyveobas da dabrunda samSobloSi. araa gamoricxuli, rom selCukebma, mas mere rac dainaxes, saqarTvelos samefo taxtze maTTvis saSiSi saxelmwifo moR-vawe — daviT IV, moindomes baRvaSTa sagvareulos gamoyeneba mis {30} winaaRmdeg da swored am mizniT gaaTavisufles ki-dec ivane liparitis Ze, magram am droisaTvis es ukanaskneli, savaraudoa, asakovani iqneboda da amis gamo daviTis winaaRm-deg oms misi vaJi lipariti gauZRva, romelsac, SesaZlebe-lia, selCukebma `amiras~ titulic ki uboZes. asea Tu ise, aS-karaa, rom somxur istoriografiaSi raRac informacia ivane liparitis Zis tyveobidan dabrunebis Sesaxeb arsebobda. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom somexi istori-kosebi kargad icnobdnen swored ivane liparitis Zes, raze-dac naTlad metyvelebs aristakes lastivertcisa da maTeos urhaecis TxzulebaTa monacemebic (amis Sesaxeb ix. n. Senge-lia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 209-212), rasac ver vity-viT mis vaJ liparitze, romelic saerTod ar aris naxsenebi arc erT somex avtorTan. iqneb, aman misca somex mTargmnels `ufleba~ Taviseburad `Caesworebina~ kidec qarTuli origi-nalis es `Secdoma~. rac Seexeba azrs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos li-parit ivanes Ze mamis dabrunebis driosaTvis saerTod gar-dacvlili unda yofiliyo (il. anTelava. daviT aRmaSeneb-lis istorikosi.., gv. 35), vfiqrobT, es yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia. marTalia, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ monacemebi ga-moricxaven liparit ivanes Zis datyvevebas maliq-Sahis mier, — rogorc wyaros cnobidan Cans man moaxerxa `gamoparva~, xolo samSvildis aRebis dros is ar dautyvevebiaT (`tyue iq-mna ivane TaviTa, coliTa da SviliSviliTa, da yovelTa az-naurTa dedawuliTa~.— qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. gv. 317, xaz-gasma Cvenia — z.p.) — magram gaugebaria, es ratom unda gvaZ-levdes imis mtkicebis sababs, rom XI s. 90-iani wlebis dasaw-yisisaTvis lipariti cocxali aRar iyo da mas ar SeeZlo da-viT mefis winaaRmdeg gamosvla.

sufleba daemyarebina. amaze miuTiTebs isic, rom qarT-

lidan gabrunebisas man àRiRo da daagdo sarangi Tava-dad ganZas da brZolad queyanasa yovlisa, ormocdarva aTasiTa kaciTa, Sedga fadlon cixeTa magarTa, da ver daudgna, gamoiyvanes da daapatimres igica~.1 e.i. maliq

Sahi iseve moeqca ganZis anira fadlons, rogorc ivane

liparitis Zes.

erTi SexedviT, es TiTqos gaugebari Cans, radgan

fadloni selCukTa potenciur mokavSired iTvleboda,

magram es ase iyo uwin, XI s. 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac àmi-

erkavkasiis Semomtkicebi{31}saTvis da saqarTvelo-bi-

zantiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, zurgis usafrTxoebis

mizniT, selCukebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis muslimi

mmarTvelebis mimarT jer kidev garkveul loialuro-

bas iCendnen.2 manaskertTan gamarjvebis Semdeg selCu-

kebs ukve aRar sWirdebodaT zedmeti sifrTxile aRmo-

savleT amierkavkasiis muslimuri erTeulebis mimarT

da isini maTac igive beds umzadebdnen, rasac bizantias

Tu saqarTvelos. rogorc savsebiT marTleburad Se-

niSnavs p. Tofuria, Turq-selCukebi èrTnairad uTx-

ridnen Zirs rogorc qristianuli, aseve muslimanuri

sazogadoebis ekonomikur da socialur safuZvels~.3

swored amiT unda aixsnas maliq-Sahis mier amira fad-

lonis datyveveba da ganZis uSualod misi xelqveiTis,

sarang sivTeginisaTvis gadacema.

sarangis daniSnva ganZaSi, rogorc Cans, saqarTve-

los samefos winaaRmdeg agresiis gaZlierebis saWiroe-

biTac iyo gamowveuli. mas, etyoba, sulTnisgan specia-

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 317. {31} 2 p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis.., gv. 82. 3 p. Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis.., gv. 82.

lurad hqonda davalebuli saqarTvelos dalaSqvra.1

`Semdgomad mciredisa xanisa — wers `matiane qarTlisa-¡s~ avtori, — Sekrba sarangi yovliTa laSqriTa misiTa da ganZisaTa, dvinisa da dmanisisa amiraTa Tanadgomi-Ta, da momarTa giorgi mefesa~.2 gaiTvaliswina ra mosa-

lodneli safrTxis masStabebi, giorgi II-m sagangebod

Sekriba didi jari, `zemoTa da qvemoTa~, moiSvelia aR-

sarTan kaxTa mefe da `miu£da zeda, farcxiss quemoT, da iotna banaki sarangisi: gaaqcia da aswyvita, iyo Jami mwuxrisa da siRameman daarCina neSti sarangis laSqri-sa, da Semoiqca ukleblad da mSvidobiT mefed-mefe gi-orgi Tavisa samefosa~.3

farcxisTan qarTvelTa gamarjvebas4 didi mniSvne-

loba hqonda saqarT{32}velos samefos uSiSroebis ganm-

tkicebisaTvis.5 amiT, garkveuli droiT, mogeriebul

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 305. 2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 317. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 317. 4 wyaroebSi ar aris pirdapiri miTiTeba farcxisis brZolis TariRis Sesaxeb, rac am sakiTxze mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. iv. javaxiSvili am brZolas 1073-1074 wlebiT aTariRebda (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris isto-ria. w. II. gv.106); T. Jordanias varaudiT ki, mas adgili unda hqonoda 11077 wels (qronikebi.., I. gv. 229-230). Tanamedrove Turqul istoriografiaSi farcxisis omis TariRad miRebu-lia 1076 weli (n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 306). `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~ gatarebulia iv. javaxiSvilis azri da sarangis gandevna 1074 wliTaa daTari-Rebuli (m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo viTareba.., gv. 202) amis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: М. Д. Лордкипанид-зе. Из истории византийско-грузинских взаимноотношений (70-в годы XI в.). – Византийский временник. т. 40. М., 1979, gv. 94. {32} 5 aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi II-is gamarjvebas sagangebod ga-moyofs daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, romelic farcxis-Tan gamarjvebas `did Zlevad~ miiCnevs. `masve welsa movida sarangi ZaliTa sultanisaTa, Camodga samS¢ldis bars; da

iqna selCukTa Semoteva ganZa-aranis mxridan da saSua-

leba mieca giorgi II-s sxva sagareo-politikuri prob-

lemebis mogvarebisaTvis ezruna.

`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ cnobiT saqarTvelos mefes

`momadla RmerTman mZlavrebisagan berZenTasa waxmul-ni cixeni. wauxuna berZenTa anakofia, Tavadi cixeTa af-xazeTisaTa, da mravalni cixeni klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, javaxeTisa da artaanisa. da Semdgomad amisa eseca mom-madla RmerTman, aRiRo qalaqi karisa, cixe-queyana, da simagreni vanandisa da karniforisani, da iotna Turqni mis queyanisani~.1

daviTis istorikosi, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avto-

risagan gansxvavebiT, arafers ambobs giorgi II-is mier

anakofiisa da samxreT saqarTvelos cixeTa dabrunebis

Sesaxeb da mis mier mxolod karis cixisa da mimdgomi

qveynis dauflebis faqts afiqsirebs, Tanac am faqts

ganixilavs, rogorc grigol bakurianis Zis mier saqar-

Tvelos mefisadmi morTmeul saCuqars: `warvida mefe giorgi mamulsa T¢ssa taos, da movida banas. xolo mun movida winaSe maTsa zorvari aRmosavlisa grigol baku-rianis Ze, romelsa hqondes olTisi, da karnuqalaqi, da kari, da didad ganixares da ganisuenes. da mosca gior-gi mefesa karis cixe-qalaqi da misi mimdgomi queyana, da ganiyarnes~.2

am bolo dros mkvlevrebma yuradReba miaqcies

movides laSqarni giorgi mefisani, Seibnes farcxiss, Zlies spaTa giorgi mefisaTa da iotnes sparsni, rameTu didi Zleva mosca RmerTman giorgisa~. — daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriko-si. cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi. — qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 318. 1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 313. 2 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 318.

`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ qronikasa da daviTis istoriko-

sis Txzulebas Soris arsebul am Sinaarsobriv sxvao-

bas. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom daviTis istorikosi

TiTqos, Segnebulad, unda Cqmalavdes giorgi II-is mier

berZenTaTvis mTeli rigi cixe-simagreebis warTmevis

faqts da amiT cdilobdes misi pirovnebisadmi Crdilis

miyenebas.1 {33} ufro metic, am da daviTis istorikosis

zogierT sxva monacemebze dayrdnobiT adgili aqvs gi-

orgi II-is pirovnebis erTgvari `reabilitaciis~ mcde-

lobebsac.2 marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar visaxavT

miznad giorgi II-is politikuri saqmianobis srul Sefa-

sebas, da, amdenad, arc vapirebT am sakiTxze dawvrile-

biT SeCerebas, magram xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, rom

daviTis istorikosis dadanaSauleba giorgi II-is pi-

rovnebisadmi tendenciur midgomaSi gaumarTleblad

migvaCnia. gana SeiZleba istorikoss amgvari braldeba

wavuyenoT mxolod imis gamo, rom man ar daafiqsira me-

fis meir berZnebisagan anakofiisa da sxva cixeTa ganTa-

visuflebis faqti.

ver gaviziarebT agreTve mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom daviTis istorikosi daumsaxureblad akritikebs

giorgi II-s vejinis cixis alyis moxsnis gamo, romelic

aseve mohyavT giorgi II-is pirovnebisadmi daviT mefis

1 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских взаимно-отношений.., gv. 94-95. {33} 2 ix. n. Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 307-319; r. metreveli. giorgi II-is moRvaweobis Sefasebis sakiTxi. — wgn: r. metreveli. narkvevebi fedoaluri saqarTvelos is-toriidan. Tb., 1972, gv. 29-60; m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo viTareba.., gv. 208; М. Д. Лордки-панидзе. Из истории изантийско-грузинских взаимноотношений.., gv. 94-95; il. anTelava. qarTuli saistorio masala giorgi II-is statusis Sesaxeb. — wignSi: il. anTelava. XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi. Tb., 1988, gv.97.

`cxovrebis~ avtoris negatiuri damokidebulebis da-

mamtkicebel faqtad. qvemoT Cven ufro dawvrilebiT

SevexebiT imas, Tu ra savalalo Sedegebi mohyva giorgi

II-is mier vejinis cixis mitovebas da SevecdebiT dava-

sabuToT saqarTvelos mefis mier gadadgmuli am nabi-

jis daviTis istorikosiseuli Sefasebis absoluturi

siswore. amjerad ki gvinda SevniSnoT, rom daviTis is-

torikosis TxzulebaSi aranakleb vxvdebiT iseT masa-

lasac, romelic TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs Txzulebis av-

toris pozitiur damokidebulebaze giorgi II-is pirov-

nebis mimarT.

rogorc ukve zemoT avRniSneT, daviTis istori-

kosma sakmaod maRalfardovnad gadmogvca giorgi II-is

mier farcxisTan sarang sivTeginis laSqris damarcxe-

bis faqti, uwoda ra mas `didi Zleva~, romelic `mosca RmerTman giorgis~.1 daviTis istorikosis giorgi II-sa-

dmi damokidebulebis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT kidev

ufro niSandoblivia is Sefaseba, romelic mematianem

misca giorgi II-is mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas sel-

CukTa sulTanTan gamgzavrebis Taobaze: `amaT ra esreT xedvida mefe giorgi da rameTu ara sadaT iyo Rone xsnisa da Sewevnisa, arc ra damxsneli amaT Z¢rTa, ro-mel moecva piri yovlisa queyanisa, rameTu Zali ber-ZenTaca Semcirebul iyo, da romelni queyanani maT aR-mosavleTs hqondes zRuasa gareT, yoveli TurqTa da-epyra, maSin hyo ganzrax{34}va didebulTa TvisTa Tana, da daamtkices wasvla maRalsa sultansa maliqSas wina-Se. da esreT dadva suli T¢si da sisxlni qristeaneTa £snisaTvis da mindobiTa da warZRuanebiTa Zelisac-

1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 318, xazgasma Cvenia — z.p. {34}

xovrebisaTa warvida aspans~.1 rogorc vxedavT, daviTis istorikosi ar iSurebs

saqebar sityvebs giorgi II-is mimarT, maSin rodesac mas

mefis esa Tu is nabiji an moqmedeba swored da gamarT-

lebulad miaCnia. magaliTad, am SemTxvevaSi, giorgi me-

fis sulTanTan gamgzavreba, mematianis azriT, udides

riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli, magram es arafrad Caagdo

giorgi II-m da radgan es iyo qveynisa da eris gadarCenis

erTaderTi gza, man uyoymanod `dadva suli T¢si da sisxlni qristeaneTa £snisaTvis~. dabejiTebiT SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom giorgi II-is politikuri moRvaweobis ga-

muqebiT dainteresebuli istorikosi ase ar daSvrebo-

da misi gmiruli SemarTebisa da Tanganwirvis saaSkara-

oze gamosatanad.

ase, rom, daviTis istorikoss unda moexsnas bral-

deba giorgi II-is pirovnebisadmi negatiuri damokide-

bulebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba `matiane qarTlisa¡sa~ da

`cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisas~ Soris arsebul Si-

naarsobrivi xasiaTis gansxvavebas, saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifos mier zogierTi samxreTuli teritoriis Semom-

tkicebis Sesaxeb Txrobisas, vfiqrobT, aq mainc da mainc

raime dauZlevel winaaRmdegobasTan ar unda gvqondes

saqme, rogorc savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTebs m.

lorTqifaniZe, orive wyaroSi gadmocemuli masala Ta-

visTavad sworad unda asaxavdes saqmis viTarebas.2

erTi mxriv, savsebiT swori unda iyos `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtori, rodesac xazs usvams giorgi II-is

mier aRniSnuli teritoriebis iaraRiT dapyrobas; meo-

re mxriv ki, arc daviTis istorikosi unda tyuodes,

1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 321, xazgasma Cvenia — z.p. 2 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских взаимно-отношений (70-в годы XI в.). gv. 94.

roca laparakobs igive miwebis saqarTvelos mefisaT-

vis grigol bakurianis Zis mier gadacemis Taobaze. Cve-

ni azriT daviTis istorikosis es informacia srulia-

dac ar niSnavs imas, rom giorgi II-s uomrad ergo ber-

ZenTa mier `naboZebi~ miwa-wyali. bizantiis imperiis xe-

lisuflebis mier karisa da vanandis qveynebis gadacema

saqarTvelos mefisaTvis SemTxveviT ar momxdara.

istoriografiaSi savsebiT marTebuladaa SeniS-

nuli, rom bizantias es teritoriebi 1074 wlis Semdeg

faqtobrivad dakarguli hqonda, mas mxolod garegnu-

li iuridiuli uflebebi SerCenoda1 da amitom imperia,

sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos mefes {35} mxolod maTi br-

ZoliT gamoxsnis uflebasRa aZlevda.2 aseve aRniSnu-

lia, rom `boZebis~ amgvari forma tradiciuli iyo kon-

stantinopolis diplomatiisaTvis, ris naTel maga-

liTsac warmoadgens, Tavis droze, daviT kurapalati-

saTvis `zemo qveynebis~ `boZeba~ barda skliarosis aja-

nyebis CaxSobaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.3

aqedan gamomdinare, rasakvirvelia, savsebiT da-

saSvebia, rom bizantiis mmarTveli wreebi am gziT, mar-

Tlac, fiqrobdnen aRniSnul teritoriebze TavianTi

uflebebis SenarCunebas, radgan maT TvalSi saqarTve-

los mefe jer kidev rCeboda imperiis vasalad.4 magram

arc is unda gamovricxoT, rom berZenTa mier saqarTve-

los mefisaTvis karisa da vanandis teritoriebis gada-

cema warmoadgenda im pirvel realur nayofs, bizantia-

saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri daaxloebisa da

1 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских взаимно-отношений.., gv. 94. {35} 2 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских.., gv. 94. 3 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских.., gv. 94. 4 М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Из истории византийско-грузинских.., gv. 94.

urTierTTanamSromlobisa, romelic Turq-selCukTa

mozRvavebuli agresiis pirobebSi miznad isaxavda ori

qveynis Zalebis gaerTianebas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

is, rom yovelive es xdeboda im dros, rodesac keisris

taxtze ijda saqarTvelos mefis siZe mixeil VII duka,

romlis meuRle mariam dedofali, SesaZlebelia, saTa-

veSi edga erTgvar `qarTul partias~ bizantiis saimpe-

ratoro karze. am partiis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri

wevri unda yofiliyo grigol bakurianis Ze, romlis

namdvili aRzeveba, rogorc Cans, mixeil dukas mefobis

periodSi iwyeba.1 swored am periodSi (1072 w.) unda dae-

kavebina mas `iberiis~ Temis mmarTvelis Tanamdeboba.2

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom grigol bakurianis Ze

ekuTvnoda im gamoCenil qarTvel moRvaweTa ricxvs,

romlebic yovelmxriv cdilobdnen imperiis samsaxuri

gamoeyenebinaT Tavisi qveynis sakeTildReod. mis mier

1083 wels Soreul balkaneTSi patriwonis qarTuli sa-

monastro kompleqsis daarseba dagvirgvineba iyo {36}

im nayofieri samxedro-politikuri da saxelmwifoeb-

rivi saqmianobisa, romelsac wlebis ganmavlobaSi eweo-

da es WeSmariti mamuliSvili bizantiis saimperatoro

1 marTalia, grigol bakurianis Zes konstantine X mefobis wlebSic ekava sakmaod maRali Tanamdeboba. 1064 wels alf-arslanis Semosevis dros is sardlobda bizantielTa jars aRmosavleTSi (ak. SaniZe. qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni. Tb., 1971, gv. 259-260; Н. Ю. Ломоури. К исто-рии Петрицонского монастыря. Тб., 1981, gv. 5), magram XI s. 70-80-ian wlebSi misma avtoritetma Zlier aiwia da is imperiaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian moRvawed iqca. 2 В. А. Арутонова-фиданян. К вопросу о термине `восток~ в конце X–XI вв (По данным о высших должностях Византийской империи). –Византийские очерки. Труды советских ученых к XVI Международ-ному конгрессу Византистов. М., 1982, gv. 136. {36}

karze saqarTvelos sasargeblod.1

rogorc ukve zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, daaxloe-

biT XI s. 50-iani wlebis miwurulidan saqarTvelo-bizan-

tiis urTierTobaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba urTierTgagebi-

sa da daaxloebis tendenciebi. bizantiis xelisufalTa

TvalSi dRiTidRe matulobda saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos avtoriteti. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, mas mere

rac imperias selCukebis mxridan udidesi safrTxe dae-

muqra, saqarTvelosTan kavSiris aucilebloba sul uf-

ro naTeli Seiqmna. aseT viTarebaSi, konstantinopoli

yovelmxriv cdilobda qarTveli mefeebis gulis moebas.

amis naTel magaliTad unda miviCnioT giorgi II-saTvis

umaRlesi sakariskaco titulis — kesarosis — miniWeba.

wyaroebidan pirdapir ar Cans, Tu rodis miiRo aR-

niSnuli tituli giorgi II-m. `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ mi-

xedviT, TiTqos 1071 wels — taxtze asvlisas giorgi II

jer kidev kurapalati rCeboda: `Semdgomad amisa daj-

1 istoriografiaSi, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs azrTa sxva-dasxvaoba grigol bakurianis Zis eTnikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. somex mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (v. aruTunova-fidaniani, r. bartikiani, p. muradiani da sxvebi) dabejiTebiT cdilobs daasabuTos Tavis droze m. maris mier wamoyenebuli udavod mcdari debuleba grigolis imiertaos qalkedonit somexTa Temidan warmomavlobis Taobaze (Н. Я. Марр. Аркаун, Монгольсков название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах-халкедонитах. СПБ, 1905. – Оттиск из `Византийского вре-менника~, №1-2) qarTvelma mecnierebma, am bolo xans sagul-dagulod Seiswavles ra petriwonis monastris tipikonis xelnawerebi da agreTve sxva masalebi, savsebiT argumenti-rebulad daasabuTes grigol bakurianis Zis qarTveloba. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: ak. SaniZe. qarTvelTa monaste-ri bulgareTSi.., gv. 13-57; 243-273; Н. Ю. Ломоури. К истории Петрицонского монастыря.., iqve ixileT problemis irgvliv ar-sebuli literatura.

da Ze bagratisi giorgi kurapalati mefed~1 — wers mema-

tiane, magram ukve 1073 wels daTariRebul sigelSi gi-

orgi II Tavis Ze daviTs moixseniebs kurapalatad.2 aqe-

dan gamomdinare, TviT giorgi mefe am droisaTvis uf-

ro maRali titulis, Tu kesarosis ara, sevastosis ma-

inc, matarebeli unda yofiliyo. vfiqrobT, rom giorgi

II-is mier maRali titulis miReba ZiriTadad 70-80-ian

wlebSi unda momxdariyo da es Sedegi unda iyos `qar-

Tuli partiis~ — mariam de{37}doflisa da grigol ba-

kurianis Zis — aqtiurobisa am mimarTulebiT. swored

70-80-iani wlebi unda miviCnioT `qarTuli partiis~

gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobis periodad.

es, pirvel rigSi, ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo

imiT, rom samefo taxtze ijda mariam dedofali, jer

rogorc mixeil VII dukas (1071-1078) Tanamecxedre, Sem-

deg ki imperator nikifore botaniates (1078-1081 ww.)

meuRle. rogorc cnobilia, aleqsi komnenosi mariam

dedoflis da grigol bakurianis Zis aqtiuri mxarda-

Weris Sedegad daeufla taxts. marTalia, axali impera-

tori, Tavisi winamorbedis msgavsad, ar daqorwinebula

mariamze, magram maT Soris garkveuli politikuri ga-

rigeba moxda, romlis mixedviTac mariamis vaJi kons-

tantine duka daniSnul iqna aleqsi komnenosis qaliS-

vil anaze da gacxadebul iqna imperatoris TanammarT-

velad.3 {38}

1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 316. 2 1073 w. sigeli giorgi mefisa mRvimisadmi. — qarTuli isto-riuli sabuTebis korpusi. I. gv. 46. {37} 3 rogorc ana komnenosis Txzulebidan irkveva, im dros sa-saxleSi erTgvari miTqma-moTqma da CurCuli yofila imis Se-saxeb, rom mariam dedofals axali imperatoric SeirTavda, Tumca TviT anas mtkicebiT, aseTi ram mas (aleqsi komnenoss — z.p.) azradac ar mosvlia (Анна Комнине. Алексиада. Вступи-тельная статья, перевод, комментарии Я. Н. Любарского. М., 1965,

gv. 118) Tavis droze akad. T. uspenski ar gamoricxavda aleq-si komnenosis mariamze daqorwinebis SesaZleblobas da miu-TiTebda, rom im dros — `была сильна тенденция соединить новую династию с фамилией Дук, в этих видах предполагалось устроить брак Алексая с царицей Марией. супругой Михаила VII `Дуки~ (Ф. И. Успенский, История Византийской империи, III, gv. 171-172, xaz-gasma Cvenia — z.p.) gansxvavebuli mosazreba hqonda v. ko-palians, romelsac miaCnda, rom iseTi windaxeduli moRvawe, rogoric aleqsi komnenosi iyo, aseT `gaumarTlebel saqci-els ar Caidenda. jer erTi, — wers v. kopaliani, — komnenose-bisa da dukaTa saxlebis urTierTnaTesauri SekavSireba, uk-ve ganxorcielebuli faqti iyo, aleqsis colad hyavda ioane dukas, kesaris SviliSvili irine, meorec, aleqsim kargad icoda, Tu raodeni ziani miayena nikifore botaniates misma fuqsavaturma saqcielma... rogorc cnobilia amisaTvis (ma-riamis SerTvisaTvis — z.p.) is romis papmac SeaCvena da dasav-leTi mtrad gadahkida~. mkvlevris azriT, aleqsi komnenoss `kidev ufro did codvad CaeTvleboda saeklesio wesiT ga-formebuli dedobilis colad SerTva~ (v. kopaliani. saqar-Tvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba.., gv. 299). rasakvirvelia, Zalze Znelia arsebul masalebze dayrdno-biT am sakiTxze kategoriuli msjeloba. marTalia, is moti-vebi, romlis gamoc aleqsi komnenosi uars ityoda mariamze daqorwinebaze, uTuod angariSgasawevia, magram meore mxriv, arc sasaxleSi darxeuli Worebis sruli usafuZvlobis mtki-ceba Cans gamarTlebuli. rogorc cnobilia, 70-80-iani wle-bis mijnaze {38} konstantinopolSi uaRresad rTuli situa-cia Seiqmna. xelisuflebisaTvis brZolam kulminacias miaR-wia. mariam dedofali, romelic Tavisi vaJisTvis taxtis Se-narCunebis mizniT, 1078 wels daTanxmda nikifore botania-tes colobas, kvlav moeqca sasaxleSi mimdinare mZafri po-litikuri intrigebis qselSi. amis mizezi iyo is, rom impera-torma nikifore botaniatem gadawyvita taxtis memkvidred mariamis vaJ konstantine dukas nacvlad sinadinebis sagvare-ulos warmomadgeneli daetovebina (Ф. И. Успенский, История Византийской империи, III, gv. 74; Г. Ф. Герцберг. История Византии. Перевод, примечания и приложения П. Б. Безобразова. М., 1896, gv. 254; v. kopaliani. saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba.., gv. 293). Tavisi meuRlis am gadawyvetilebiT ganawyenebulma mariamma mas zurgi aqcia da Seudga zrunvas

miuxedavad imisa, rom mariam dedofali 1081 wlis

Semdeg samefo taxtze ar mjdara, is da `qarTuli par-

tia~, rogorc Cans, amis Semdegac TamaSobdnen garkve-

ul rols imperiis politikur cxovrebaSi. {39} magram

mas mere, rac 1086 wels paWanikebTan SetakebaSi daiRu-

pa grigol bakurianis Ze, mariamisa da `qarTuli parti-

is~ gavlena, etyoba, erTgvarad Seirya. SemTxveviTi ar

unda iyos, rom swored am periodSi (k. kekeliZis azriT

1088 wels)1 mariam dedofali monazvnad aRkvecila.2

botaniates taxtidan Camosagdebad. Tavis mTavar mokavSi-red, mxardamWerad am saqmeSi mariamma aleqsi komnenosi miiC-nia. dedoflis es arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iyo. am droisaTvis imperiis politikur arenaze aleqsi komnenosi erT-erTi wam-yvani figura iyo, mas dasavleTis didi domestikosis Tanam-deboba ekava da seriozul pretenzias acxadebda saimperato-ro taxtze. mariam dedoflisa da aleqsi komnenosis es daax-loeba, rasakvirvelia, SeumCneveli ar darCebodaT maT mo-winaaRmdegeebs da unda vifiqroT, rom aleqsi-mariamis disk-reditaciis mizniT, swored maT gaavrceles Wori qarTveli dedoflis SesaZlo xelaxali daqorwinebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, arc is unda gamoiricxos mTlianad, rom Tavisi politikuri miRwevebis misaRwevad aleqsi komne-nosi aseTi ukiduresi nabijis gadadgomas maincdamainc ar moerideboda. asea Tu ise, erTi ram cxadia, movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom samefo taxtis dasapyrobad momaval imper-ators aRar dasWirda mariam dedofalTan Tavisi urTierTo-bis axali qorwinebiT gamntkiceba. amisaTvis savsebiT sakma-risi aRmoCnda maT Soris dadebuli zemoxsenebuli garigeba. yovelive amaSi ki, albaT. gadamwyveti roli Seasrula gri-gol bakurianis Zem, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, axlo ur-TierTobaSi iyo aleqsi komnenosTan da yovelmxriv uwyobda xels mis gamefebas (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: v. kopalia-ni. saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba.., gv. 296-301). {39} 1 k. kekeliZe. etiudebi qaTuli literaturis istoriidan. V. Tb., 1957, gv. 205; И. М. Нодия. Грузинские материалы о византийс-кой императрице.., gv. 153. 2 ioane zonara. istoria. georgika.., t.VI. gv. 157. Sdr. И. М.

mogvianebiT, rogorc wyaroTa monacemebiT irkveva, sa-

bolood Camtydara xidi mariam dedofalsa da aleqsi

komnenoss Soris.

1094 wels mariams monawileoba miuRia imperato-

ris winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi. nikifore dio-

genes mier organizebuli es SeTqmuleba, rogorc cno-

bilia, marcxiT damTavrda. varaudoben, rom dasjilTa

Soris iyo mariam dedofalic, romelic pinkripos kun-

Zulze unda gadaesaxlebinaT, xolo misma Zem konstan-

tine dukam sabolood dakarga saimperatoro taxtis

miRebis imedi.1 es ukve `qarTuli partiis~ kraxs warmo-

adgenda da SesaZlebelia, aman ramdenadme zegavlena

iqonia saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobazec. am

TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad niSandoblivia is garemoeba,

rom daviT aRmaSenebelma, swored XI s. 90-ian wlebSi,

Tqva uari bizantiur sakariskaco titulze.2 {40} xom ar

unda niSnavdes es imas, rom mamidamisisa da `qarTuli

partiis~ mimarT gatarebuli represiebi gamoiyena da-

viT IV-m formalur sababad bizantiis imperatoris iu-

ridiuli uzenaesobidan Tavis daRwevisaTvis? safiqre-

Нодия. Грузинские материалы о византийской императрице.., gv. 153. 1 amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. И. М. Нодия. Грузинские материа-лы о византийской императрице.., gv. 153-155. 2 bizantiuri tituli (`panipersevastosis~) daviT aRmaSene-beli moxseniebulia 1091 wliT daTariRebul dokumentSi. ix.: qronikebi.., I. gv. 236; amis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: S. mesxia. Zlevai sakvirveli. — saistorio Ziebani. III, gv. 50; v. kopalia-ni. saqarTvelos urTierToba jvarosnebTan da bizantiasTan XI—XII saukuneTa mijnaze. — XII saukunis saqarTvelos istori-is sakiTxebi. Tsu Sromebi, t. 125. Tb., 1968, gv. 122; j. stefna-Ze. XI—XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos mefeTa titulebis gage-bisaTvis. — Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan. eZRvneba saqarTvelos mevnierebaTa akademiis akademikos n. berZeniSvilis dabadebis 80 wlisTavs. Tb., 1979, gv. 161. {40}

belia, rom saqarTvelos samefo karisaTvis ar iqneboda

umniSvnelo, Tu vin daikavebda imperatoris taxts

aleqsi komnenosis Semdeg. konstantine duka daviT me-

fis saxlikaci (mamidaSvili) iyo da misi gamefeba kon-

stantinopolSi udavod Slida axal perspeqtivebs ori

mezobeli qveynis urTierTkavSirisa da TanamSromlobis

saqmeSi. amdenad, saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebi usaTu-

od iqnebodnen dainteresebulni konstantine ufliswu-

lis poziciebis gamagrebiT.

marTalia, Cven ar gagvaCnia raime pirdapiri cno-

ba, magram araa gamoricxuli, rom `qarTul partias~

konstantinopolSi saqarTvelos samefo karidan saTa-

nado mxardaWera da ara marto moraluri da diploma-

tiuri, hqonda amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom mogvianebiT

(XII s. 10-ian wlebSi) saqarTvelos mefis wargzavnilebi

aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen bizantiis saimperato-

ro taxtis irgvliv atexil dinestiur WidilSi. mxedve-

lobaSi gvaqvs iaoane zonaras cnobaSi dafiqsirebuli

faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom pirvelni, vinc manganis sasax-

lidan gamosul ioane komnenoss mamiseuli taxtis da-

ufleba miuloces, iyvnen qarTvelni (wyaros mixedviT

`abazgi~) mxedrebi.1 es mxedrioni Tan Camohyva daviT

aRmaSeneblis asuls kata¡s.

es ukanaskneli, rogorc cnobilia, swored am xaneb-

Si misTxovda aleqsi komnenosis erT-erT vaJs isaaks,2

1 ioane zonara. istoria.., gv. 157. 2 bolo dromde egonaT, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis asuli kata¡ daniSnuli iyo aleqsi komnenosis SviliSvil aleqsize — ana komnenosis da nikifore vrienosis vaJze, magram rogorc es ga-moarkvies qarTvelma istorikosebma, kata¡s meuRle unda yo-filiyo isaak komnenosi (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: v. ko-paliani. saqarTvelos urTierToba jvarosnebTan.., gv. 121; S. mesxia. Zlevai sakvirveli.., gv. 51-52; r. metreveli. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, epoqis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri

romelic mxars uWerda ioanes gamefebas. maT winaaRmdeg

moqmedebda gardacvlili imperatoris qvrivi irine, ro-

melic yovelmxriv cdiloba samefo taxtze Tavisi qa-

liSvili ana da misi meuRle nikifore vrienosi aeyvana.

taxtisaTvis gamarTuli es brZola irines gamarjvebiT

damTavrda. fiqroben, rom ioane komnenosis warmatebaSi

garkveuli wvlili Seitana qarT{41}velTa mxedrobam,

romelic SesaZlebelia, `sagangebod iyo Cayvanili kon-

stantinopolSi, rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da-

sayrdeni Zala ioanesa da isaakis momxreebisa~.1

Cveni azriT, savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs v.

kopaliani, rom `aleqsi komnenis mefobis ukanasknel

wlebSi da aleqsis memkvidris ioanes mefobis drosac,

saqarTvelos mTavroba bizantiis Sinapolitikuri am-

bebis kursSi iyo da zog SemTxvevaSi aqtiurad ereoda

politikur ambebSi~.2 yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan ga-

momdinare, sruliad dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom daviT

aRmaSeneblis mier bizantiur sakariskaco titulze

uaris Tqma iyo erTgvari reagireba konstantinopolSi

mimdinare movlenebze, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, es mxo-

lod amiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli, mTavari da gadamwyve-

ti, am SemTxvevaSi, mainc iyo saqarTvelos mefis survi-

li gamxdariyo suluflebiani suveneruli xelmwife.

amrigad, XI s. 70-80-iani wlebis I naxevarSi mainc,

yvela piroba gvaqvs vivaraudoT, saqarTvelo-bizanti-

is urTierTobasa da TanamSromlobis tendenciebis ar-

seboba, es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom gior-

gi II-is mier zogierTi teritoriis Semomtkiceba bizan-

tiis xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebulad da am ukanaskne-

istoriis mimoxilva. Tb., 1990, gv. 293). {41} 1 S. mesxia. Zlevai sakvirveli.., gv. 52. 2 v. kopaliani. saqarTvelos urTierToba.., gv. 124-125.

lis sanqciiT moxda. ase rom, daviT aRmaSeneblis isto-

rikosis cnoba grigol bakurianis Zis mier `karisa da

misi mimdgomi queynis~ saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gada-

cemis Sesaxeb realur Sinaarss iZens da amis gamo davi-

Tis mematianis dadanaSauleba tendenciurobaSi sru-

liad usafuZvloa.

samxreTis teritoriebis SemoerTeba ukanaskneli

warmateba iyo giorgi II-is sagareo-politikur saqmia-

nobaSi. XI s. 70-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis selCukebma

kidev ufro gaaxSires saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebi. jer

iyo da sulTan maliq-Sahis mier gamogzavnil amira ah-

madma miayena Zlieri dartyma saqarTvelos mefes. man

jer grigol bakurianis Zis samflobeloSi — arzrumi

da olTisi — daipyro.1 xolo Semdeg `giorgi mefesa yu-elsa garemdgomsa... ugrZneulad daesxa da gaaqcia~.2

selCukebma uamravi nadavli igdes xelT: `xolo saWur-velni didni — wers daviTis istorikosi, — da samsaxu-rebuli samefoTa tablaTani, oqrosa da vercxlisani, bagrateulni sasmurni da samwdeoni patiosanni, karav-ni samefoni da yovelTa didebulTani aixunes iava-{42}rad da warvides~.3

giorgi II iZulebuli gaxda afxazeTSi gadaxvewi-

liyo. Turqebma, isargebles ra giorgis aryofniT

(`cnes meoteba giorgisi~), axali marbieli razmebi iasi-

sa da buJRuSis meTaurobiT gamogzavnes saqarTveloSi

da isinic `moefinnen pirsa yovlisa queyanisasa, viTar-ca mkalni~.4 Turqebs am dros TiTqmis mTeli saqarTve-

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 309. 2 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 319. {42} 3 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 319. 4 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 319.

lo daulaSqravT: `asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis pi-ramdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi. samo-qalaqo da Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa. moisra da tyue iqmna amaT queyaniTa mk¢dri yoveli. da masve erTsa dResa dawues quTaTisi, da artanuji, da udabnoni klarjeTisani. da dayves amaT queyanaTa Sina TurqTa vidre mosvlamde Tovlisa, moWames qveyana da moswy¢-des, Tu sadRa vin darComil iyo tyveTa, kldeTa, quab-Ta da £urelTa queyanisaTa. da ese iyo pirveli da didi Turqoba; rameTu qoronikoni iyo samasi~.1

amrigad, 1080 wlidan sruliad axali situacia Se-

iqmna saqarTveloSi. qveyanaSi Turq-selCukebi gaba-

tondnen. aman uaRresad mZime mdgomareoba Seqmna, `mo-o£rda queyana da tyued gardaiqca, da nacvlad kacTa m£ecni da nadirni velisani velisani daemk¢drnes mas Si-na. da iyo Wiri mouTmeneli yovelTa zeda mk¢drTa que-yanisaTa, Seusworebeli da aRmatebuli odesme yofil-Ta smenilTa da gardasrulTa o£rebaTasa~.2 Seqmnil vi-

TarebaSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver SeZlo aqti-

uri Tavdacvis organizeba da konfliqtis mSvidobiani

gzebiT mogvarebas Seudga.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, giorgi II-m naxa ra, rom `ara sadaT iyo, Rone £snisa da Sewevnisa, arca ra dam£sneli amaT Z¢rTa, romel moecva piri yovlisa queyanisa, rame-Tu Zali berZenTaca Semcirebul iyo, da romeli queya-nani maT, aRmosavleTs hqondes zRuasa gareTa yoveli TurqTa daepyra~, gadawyvita xleboda sulTans da ec-

no misi uzanaesoba.3 istoriografiaSi savsebiT marTe-

1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 319-320. 2 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 320. 3 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-

bulad aris SeniSnuli, rom saqarTveloSi `didi Tur-

qobis~ damyarebisaTvis `yovelgvari sagareo pirobebi

arsebobda~.1 mxedvelobaSia miRebuli ama periodisaT-

vis selCukTa sruli gabatoneba anatoliaSi, bizantia-

sa da somxeTis teritoriebze Turquli politikuri

erTeulebis warmoqmna da sxva.2

aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo praqti-

kulad, {43} izolirebuli aRmoCnda qristianuli samya-

rosagan da martodmarto mouxda brZola selCukTa Se-

mosevebis winaaRmdeg.3 miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans,

saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebi mainc cdilobdnen emoq-

medaT zogierT mezobel mmarTvelTan SeTanxmebiT.

amis erTgvar dadasturebad SeiZleba CavTavloT some-

xi istorikosis vardanis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gior-

gi II maliq-SahTan marto ar wasula, aramed masTan er-

Tad iq Casulan taSir-Zoraketis mefe kvirike (daaxl.

1048-1089ww.) da somexTa kaTalikosi barseRi.4 marTa-

lia am da meore somexi avtoris mxiTar airivanelis ana-

logiur cnobaSi5 araferia naTqvami qarTvel da somex

moRvaweTa SeTanxmebul moqmedebaze, magram somex av-

torTa mier ispahanSi maTi maincdamainc erTdrouli

viTisi, gv. 320. 1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 310. 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 310. {43} 3 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 310. 4 Всеобшая история Вардана Великого. Первод Н. Эмина. М., 1864, gv. 132. vardanisagan gansxvavebiT, mxiTar airivaneci, giorgi II-is nacvlad, SecdomiT asaxelebs `qarTvelTa mefe demet-res~: `somexTa mefe kvirike, qarTvelTa mefe demetre, da so-mexTa kaTalikosi ufali barseRi wavidnen sulTan maliq-SahTan; ukan pativiT dabrundnen~. — mxiTar airivaneci. qro-nografiuli istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo l. davlianiZe-tatiSvil-ma. Tb., 1990, gv. 77. 5 mxiTar airivaneci. qronografiuli istoria. gv. 77.

wasvlis dafiqsireba SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos.

rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, Tanamedrove qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi, am bolo dros, aris cda giorgi

II-is viziti ispahanSi miCneul iqnas samefo karis erTa-

derT swor gadawyvetilebad Seqmnil situaciaSi. Cven,

principulad, araferi gvaqvs am mosazrebis sawinaaRm-

dego, Tumca, vfiqrobT, giorgi II-is am nabijis Sefase-

bisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT is realuri Sede-

gic, rac am gadawyvetilebas mohyva. samwuxarod, mov-

lenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aSkarad ver gaamarTla

is imedebi, rasac amyarebdnen giorgi II-is vizitze. Tav-

dapirvelad, TiTqos, yvelaferi kargad midioda: sul-

Tanma Seiwynara giorgi II `viTarca Svili sayuareli~...

da `yoveli saTxoveli aRusrula, umetesca sasoebisa, da samefo misi ganaTavisufla zedamarbevelTagan da mosca kaxeTi da hereTi, garna xaraja iTxova samefosa missa, romelsa iaRebdes mravalTa da esre gandidebiTa da mravliTa didebiTa gamogzavna T¢sad samefod war-moayolna spani didni, raTa warvlon gza mS¢dobisa da raTa aarTvan kaxeTi~.1

rogorc vxedavT, molaparakeba {44} maliq-SahTan

sakmaod warmatebiT dasrulebula.2 saqarTvelos mefem

1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 321. {44} 2 istoriografiaSi ar aris erTi azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis Sedga giorgi II-is es viziti. erTi qarTuli wyaros mixedviT `giorgi mefe sultans... winaSe~ wasula 1083 wels (qronike-bi.., I. gv. 229). mxiTar airivanecis qronologiur CanawerebSi ki es faqti dafiqsirebulia 1081 wlis qveS (mxiTar airivane-ci. qronografiuli istoria.., gv. 77). etyoba, somexi istori-kosis am cnobaze dayrdnobiT akad. s. janaSia miiCnevda, rom `TurqTa ganuwyvetelma Semosevebma aiZula giorgi II wasu-liyo sultanTan (1080-1081 ww.) da eyida zavi da mSvidoba yo-velwliuri xarjiT~ (s. janaSia. saqarTvelos istoria. uZve-

araTu miiRo selCukTa TareSis Sewyvetis garantia,

aramed, mas (marTalia, sultan maliq-Sahis droSis qveS)

saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi poziciebis

Semdgomi ganmtkicebis (kaxeTis SemoerTebis Sedegad)

Sansic ki mieca. magram es kargad dawyebuli saqme, davi-

Tis istorikosis mtkicebiT, giorgi II-s erTi aragoniv-

ruli moqmedebiT gaufuWebia. vejinis cixisTvis brZo-

lis dros mas TiTqos `moe£sena nadiroba ajameTisa, ar-Raras zrunvides sxuasa, arca eloda aRebasa vejinisa-sa da kaxeTisa, aramed laSqarTa TurqTasa, romel hyva, misca niWad sujeTi da yoveli queyana ioris piris ku-xeTi, romeli moo£rda mun dReindelad dRemde. xolo T¢T gardavlo mTa lixTa da STavida afxazeTad~.1

umTavresad daviTis istorikosis mier motanili

am faqtis safuZvelze qarTul istoriografiaSi Semu-

Savda negatiuri azri giorgi II-ze, rogorc politikur

moRvaweze. magaliTad, akad. iv. javaxiSvili mefis am na-

bijs `ugunur saqcielad~ miiCnevda.2 pirveli mkvleva-

ri, romelmac moindoma giorgi II-is mier vejinis cixi-

lesi droidan XII s-mde. — Sromebi. t. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 425.) qar-Tul istoriografiaSi, ZiriTadad mainc, vizitis TariRad miRebulia 1083 weli (ix. m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Si-napolitikuri da sagareo viTareba X s. 80-iani wlebidan.., gv. 205), Tumca aris azri, rom es viziti Sedga 1081-1082 wlebSi (r. metreveli. daviT aRmaSenebeli.., gv. 64). 1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 322. 2 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. II.., gv. 362. unda iTqvas, rom giorgi II-is pirovnebis mimarT negatiuri damo-kidebuleba ZiriTadad swored iv. javaxiSvilidan modis. mas giorgi II miaCnda `metad rbili da susti xasiaTis kacad~, ro-melsac `hklebia is sidinje da saqmianoba, romelic qveynis batonisTvis aucileblad aris saWiro... verc Tavgasuls didgvarian aznaurebs uwevda Rirseul winaaRmdegobas, verc gaTamamebul gareSe mters igeriebda~ — iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w. II.., gv. 159. {45}

saTvis alyis moxsna politikuri miznebiT aexsna da

amiT giorgi mefis pirovnebis erTgva{45}ri reabilita-

cia moexdina, iyo n. Sengelia. misi azriT, giorgi II-m Se-

gnebulad Tqva uari kaxeTis Semomtkicebaze, radgan

`mas naTlad hqonda warmodgenili, Tu ra mdgomareoba-

Si aRmoCndeboda kaxeTis cixe-simagreebi selCukTa mi-

er dakavebis Semdeg, man erTaderTi gamosavali mxo-

lod imaSi pova, rom gacloda maT da kaxeTis aoxrebaSi

monawileoba ar mieRo~.1

n. Sengelias Sexedulebas am sakiTxze mTlianad

iziarebs r. metrevelic, romelsac sruliad daujereb-

lad miaCnia daviTis istorikosis versia vejinis alyis

moxsnisa da `afxazeTSi gadasvlis~ Sesaxeb.2 `raoden di-

dia survili istorikosis mier giorgi II-is pirovnebis

damcrobisa — aRniSnavs r. metreveli, — rom saxelmwifo

cxovrebis iseTi rTuli da seriozuli sakiTxis gadaW-

ris gadadeba, rogoric vejinis aReba da kaxeTis Semoer-

Teba iyo, nadirobis mizeziT aqvs axsnili~.3 vejinis ci-

xisaTvis alyis moxsnas giorgi II-is mxridan TurqeTis

mimarT gakeTebul erTgvar sabotaJad miiCnevs S. badri-

Ze.4 m. lorTqifaniZis azriTac, giorgi II-m Segnebulad

Tqva uari selCukTa ZalebiT kaxeT-hereTis aRebaze.5

1 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 316-317. 2 r. metreveli. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli.., gv. 70; amis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: r. metreveli. giorgi II-is moRvaweobis.., gv. 29-60. 3 r. metreveli. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli.., gv. 70; aRsaniSnavia, rom vejinis cixis alyis moxsnas r. metreveli dasavleT sa-qarTveloSi mdgomareobis gamwvavebiT xsnis, magram ar uTi-Tebs imas, Tu ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi. — r. metreveli. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli.., gv. 65. 4 S badriZe. keTilad Sesaxvedri wigni (recenzia r. metreve-lis wignze `narkvevebi feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos isto-riidan~). — ciskari. 9, 1972, gv. 110. 5 m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo

yvela zemoTCamoTvlili mecnierisaTvis sakiTxis

amgvari dayenebisas erTaderT `realur~ arguments,

praqtikulad warmoadgens azri daviTis istorikosis

tendenciuri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb giorgi II-is mi-

marT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es argumenti, maincdama-

inc, ase ukritikod misaRebad ver CaiTvleba da daviTis

istorikosis gamocxadeba giorgi II-is mZageblad, Cveni

azriT, arcTu ise samarTliania, mainc ar gamovric-

xavT, rom giorgi II-is mier vejinis cixis mitoveba mar-

Tlac Segnebulad, garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT

moxda. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, saerTod, ajameTSi na-

diroba giorgi II-m ubralod moimizeza kidec, xolo da-

viTis istorikosma, romelic ukmayofilo iyo im Sede-

gebiT, rac vejinis cixis alyis {46} moxsnas mohyva,

sxvagvari axsna mouZebna mefis am nabijs. ase iyo Tu ise,

erTi ram udavoa, daviT mefis `cxovrebis~ avtori ar

iwonebs giorgi II-is mier kaxeTis mitovebas. ufro me-

tic, aRniSnuli faqtis daviTis istorikosiseuli Se-

faseba da kidev zogierTi sxva masala, vfiqrobT imaze

metyvelebs, rom is, am etapze, ramdenadme optimistu-

rad uyurebda selCukebisa da saqarTvelos TanamSrom-

lobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, srulebiTac ar miaCnda

saTakilod selCukebis daxmarebiT kaxeT-hereTis pro-

blemis gadaWra.

rogorc viciT, daviTis istorikosi imTaviTve

iwonebda giorgi II-is gadawyvetilebas xleboda maliq-

Sahs da miaCnda es qveynis xsnis erTaderT saSualebad.

mas aseve sruliad akmayofilebda sulTanTan gamarTu-

li molaparakebis Sedegebi, xolo TviT maliq-Sahi miaC-

nda uaRresad dadebiT pirovnebad, romelmac gamoiCina

didsulovneba saqarTvelos mefis mimarT da kargad

viTareba XV s. 80-ian wlebamde.., gv. 208. {46}

moeqca mas: `Sewynarebul iqna misgan viTarca Svili sa-yuareli. rameTu iyo kaci igi maliq-Sahi viTarca si-didiTa kideTa mpyrobelobisaTa Seusworebel, egre-Tve saxiTa sitkboebisaTa da saxierebiTa aRmatebul yovelTa kacTasa, romlisani mraval arian da sxuanica uricxuni sacnaurebani, marTlmsajulobani, mowya-lebani, qristianeTa siyuarulni, da raTa ar ganvagr-ZoT sityua, yovlad uboroto rame goneba yovliT kerZo aqunda. amisT¢sca yoveli saTxoveli aRusrula mefesa giorgis, umetesca sasoebisa~.1

qarTveli istorikosis mier maliq-Sah sulTnis

amgvari daxasiaTeba, rasakvirvelia, ar unda iyos SemT-

xveviTi, magram es ar unda ixsnas mxolod imiT, rom ma-

liq-Sahi sargeblobda didi avtoritetiT mis mier ga-

tarebuli farTo masStabis reformebis (samxedro, sa-

kalendro, sasamarTlo da sxv.) gamo, rogorc amas fiq-

robda v. gabaSvili.2 ueWvelia, rom istorikosis mier

maliq-Sahis Seqeba, marTlac garkveuli politikuri

koncefciis gamoxatuleba iyo, magram ara mxolod imi-

sa, rom maliq-Sahma aRniSnuli reformebis wyalobiT

alagma centridanuli Zalebi, rac mimzidveli iyo same-

fo xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mosurne qarTveli me-

{47}matianesaTvis.3

Cveni azriT `qebaTa qeba~ TurqTa sulTnis ufro

sagareo politikuri motivebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. ro-

1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 321. (xazgasma Cvenia — z.p.) 2 v. gabaSvili. aRmosavleTi XI-XII ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis furclebze. — XII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tsu Sromebi, t. 125. Tb., 1968, gv. 293; r. metreve-li. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli.., gv. 65. 3 v. gabaSvili. aRmosavleTi XI-XII ss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis furclebze, gv. 293; r. metreveli. daviT IV aRma-Senebeli.., gv. 65. {47}

gorc Cans, im mZime viTarebaSi, romelic Seiqmna saqar-

TveloSi XI s. 80-iani wlebis damdegidan, qveynis mmarT-

veli wreebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom krizisidan ga-

mosvla SeiZleboda mxolod maliq-SahTan morigebisa

da misi gulis mogebis gziT. daviTis istorikosi am po-

litikuri kursis momxre Cans (`ara sadac iyo Rone xsni-sa da Sewevnisa..,~), amitomaa is ase rom iwonebs giorgi

II-is vizits ispahanSi da iq miRweul SeTanxmebas. es, ra-

sakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom daviTis istorikosi

saerTod winaaRmdegi iyo selCukTa mimarT aqtiuri,

Semtevi politikis gatarebisa.

piriqiT, mematianis mTeli Semdgomi monaTxrobi

mTlianad am politikis propagandas emsaxureba, mag-

ram, rogorc Cans, misi Rrma rwmeniT, XI s. 80-ian wlebSi

jer kidev ar iyo Sesaferisi momenti Turq-selCukTa

winaaRmdeg aqtiuri politikis dawyebisaTvis. swored

amitomaa, rom mas gaumarTleblad miaCnda giorgi II-is

es nabiji. Tumca kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTeba saris-

koa, magram aSkaraa, rom giorgi mefis am moqmedebaSi

marTlac Zalzed gaWirdeba Tanmimdevrulobis danax-

va. giorgi II an saerTod ar unda wasuliyo sulTanTan,

an arada, mere ar unda gadaexvia aRebuli kursisagan.

imiT, rom man TiTqos Segnebulad ar miiRo monawileo-

ba kaxeTis dalaSqvraSi,1 arc sakuTriv erTian qarTul

1 m. lorTqifaniZe Tvlis, rom `sulTanTan misul giorgi me-fes araviTari saSualeba ar hqonda, uari eTqva mis wyalo-baze da ar wamoeyvana Tan selCukTa laSqari `naCuqari~ kaxe-Tisa da hereTis dapyrobis mizniT, magram amasTanave, gior-gis unda scodnoda, Tu ra mohyveboda Sedegad selCukTa mi-er kaxeTisa da hereTis aRebas. amitom erTaderTi rac mas Se-eZlo gaekeTebina, TviTon mainc ar mieRo monawileoba am qarTuli kuTxeebis aRebaSi da Tavisi laSqriT ar Seewyo xe-li selCukebisaTvis, albaT amitom gaecala maT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida~. — m. lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos dastyobia raime sasikeTo da kaxeT-here-

Tis SemoerTebis sakiTxic karga xniT gadaido. rogorc

cnobilia, aRsarTan kaxTa mefe eaxla sulTans, `daute-va qristianoba da SeeZina sarkinozTa sjulsa, da amiT RoniT aiRo sulTanisagan kaxeTi~.1

erTi {48} sityviT, giorgi II-is vizitma ispahanSi ve-

rafriT gaaumjobesa qveynis saSinao Tu sagareo poli-

tikuri mdgomareoba. maliq-Sahma `afxazTa~ da `qarT-

velTa~ samefos `ranTa~ da `kaxTa~ samefoc miayola da

amiT mTels saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaze sruli

politikuri diqtati daamyara. mTeli am regionis saer-

To mmarTveloba ki Tavis biZaSvils yoTb ed-din isma-

ils Caabara.2

yovelive aman, rogorc Cans, Zlier daZaba situa-

cia saqarTveloSi. `amaT eseviTarca JamTa arave dam-S¢dna queyana, arc ra iqmna lxineba kacTa...~ 3 saWiro Se-

iqmna politikuri kursis Zireulad Secvla. giorgi II-

is politikiT ukmayofileba TandaTan sul ufro izr-

deboda. man Tavis apogeas miaRwia 1088-1089 wlebis mij-

naze,4 rodesac saqarTveloSi saSineli miwisZvra mom-

xdara, romelic gagrZelebula `vidre weliwdamdis, romelsa Sina moswyda simravle uricx¢~.5 stiqiurma

ubedurebam wertili dausva giorgi II-is mefobas da is

iZulebuli gaxda, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, po-

litikuri asparezobidan wasuliyo da taxti Tavisi

Sina-politikuri.., gv. 208. 1 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba.., gv. 322. {48} 2 n. Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo.., gv. 317. 3 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 322. 4 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. II, gv. 163. 5 daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefe da-viTisi, gv. 323. {49}

Teqvsmeti wlis vaJisTvis daeTmo.

amrigad, XI s. 70-80-ian wlebSi erTiani qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelo-

vnad gauaresda. marTalia, saqarTvelos samefom am droi-

saTvis, praqtikulad, gainTavisufla Tavi bizantiis uze-

naesobisagan da mis Tanasworuflebian partniorad iqca,

magram amas ver mohyva erovnuli suverenitetis mopoveba

saerTaSoriso arenaze. amjerad saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos es gza Turq-selCukebma gadauketes. `didi Turqobis~

damyarebam saqarTvelo gadaaqcia selCukTa sulTnisadmi

daqvemdebarebul qveynad. am droidan saqarTvelos mesve-

urTa mTavar amocanas Turq-selCukTa batonobis uRli-

dan gamosvla warmoadgenda. amieridan, sagareo-politi-

kuri suverenitetis mopovebac swored am amocanis Sesru-

lebas daukavSirda, rac sabolood ganxorcielebul iqna

kidec XII s. I meoTxedSi daviT aRmaSeneblis mier. {49}

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ...................................................................................... 3 Tavi I. Turq-selCukTa Semosevebi da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XI s. 60-ian wlebSi .................................................................... 5 Tavi II. Turq-selCukTa gabatoneba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi da saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba 70–80-ian wlebSi …................... 37

ЗУРАБ ВАЛЕРЬЯНОВИЧ ПАПАСКИРИ

СРЕДНЕВЕКОВАЯ ГРУЗИЯ НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ АРЕНЕ

Внешнеполитическое положение Грузии

в 60-80-х годах XI века

На грузинском языке

«Мецниереба» Тбилиси 1991

warmodgenili wignis vrceli rusuli reziume ix.: З.

В. Папаскири. От Давида до Давида. Из истории международных отношений Грузии. 70-е годы X – 80-е годы XI вв. Тб., 2001, gv. 85-

109. — https://sites.google.com/site/zpapaskiri/publications-georgian.

daibeWda saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos gamomcemlobaTa poligrafiisa da wigniT vaWrobis

saqmeTa saxelmwifo komitetis dadgenilebiT (brZ. 143;08.0471988. wignis avtoris xarjze

gamocemis Sesaxeb).

gamomcemlobis redaqtori: l. jvebenava teqredaqtori: n. bokeria

gadaeca warmoebas 29.01.91. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 28.01.91.

qaRaldis zoma 60X841 qaRaldi #2 ; beWdva ofseturi

pirobiTi sabeWdi Tabaxi 3,25 ; saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 3.03

tiraJi 500. SekveTa 167.

fasi 90 kap.

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 380060, kutuzovis q. 19.

Издательство «Мецниереба», Тбилиси 380060, ул. Кутузова, 19

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis stamba, Tbilisi, 380060, kutuzovis q. 19.

Типография АН Грузии, Тбилиси 380060, ул. Кутузова, 19

sua saukuneebis saqartvelos saertasoriso...

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