qartuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze (eZRvneba mixeil javaxiSvilis da niko lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan 130-e wlisTavs) Tbilisi 2010

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Page 1: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

qarTuli literatura modernizmisa

da realizmis mijnaze

(eZRvneba mixeil javaxiSvilis da

niko lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan

130-e wlisTavs)

Tbilisi 2010

Page 2: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

UDC(uak)821.353.1.09 q-279

samecniero krebuli gamoica

qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos mxardaWeriT. redaqtori

irma ratiani

saredaqcio kolegia:

ivane amirxanaSvili

maka elbaqiZe

miranda tyeSelaSvili

mxatvari

nodar sumbaZe

kompiuteruli uzrinvelyofa

TinaTin duglaZe

© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti,

2010 ISBN 978-9941-0-2514-3

2

Page 3: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

sarCevi

bela wifuria

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

SedarebiTi literaturis instituti

modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi.........................................3

Tamaz vasaZe

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

sulierebis pirvelujredi.....................................................................19

maia jaliaSvili

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,

rogorc modernizmis alternativa........................................................25

inga milorava

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe................................34

manana kvaWantiraZe

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

triqsteri rogorc antigmiri

(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)...................................40

3

Page 4: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

rusudan burjanaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

niko lorTqifaniZe _ adamianis uflebaTa damcveli..................58

nona kupreiSvili

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

mxatvruli da ekonomikuri diskursis

korelacia `jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT................................................64

irma ratiani

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~.................................................74

4

Page 5: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

bela wifuria

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,

SedarebiTi literaturis instituti

modernistuli gamocdileba saqarTveloSi

meoce saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi modernistuli

gamocdilebis arseboba mniSvnelovani movlenaa ara mxolod

kulturuli, aramed sociokulturuli da istoriul-poli-

tikuri TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli Semdegi

periodis qarTuli kulturuli/sociokulturuli sinamdvi-

lisaTvis am gamocdilebas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs, rogo-

ric, mTeli meoce saukunis manZilze, saqarTvelis pirveli

respublikis arsebobas aRmoaCnda Tanamedrove qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos ganviTarebis perspeqtivisTvis. ufro metic: SeiZ-

leba vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad gansazRvra sazogado-

ebriv doneze dasavluri kulturisadmi swrafvam saqarTve-

los pirveli demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis miswrafe-

ba, ramdenad iqonia dasavlurma kulturulma arCevanma gav-

lena qveynis saxelmwifoebriv-politikur arCevanze. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavluri

tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi

imave sazogadoebrivma tendenciebma ganapiroba, ramac gansaz-

Rvra dasavluri tipis kulturuli garemos Seqmnis mcde-

lobac. amave dros, modernizmisadmi da Tanamedrove dasav-

luri kulturisadmi interesi, mTeli sabWoTa periodis gan-

mavlobaSi, swored iseve iyo SenarCunebuli, rogorc inte-

resi dasavluri tipis saxelmwifoebisadmi. aqac SegviZlia

vimsjeloT urTierTganmapirobebel tendenciebze, erTi mxriv

dasavlur sazogadoebriv-politikur, meore mxriv ki kul-

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Page 6: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

turul procesebSi integrirebis survilze. ufro zustad

ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi dasavluri tipis sa-

zogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis Seqmnis survils sabWoTa

sinamdvileSic swored is sazogadoebriv-inteleqtualuri

tendenciebi ganapirobebdnen, romlebic aRZravdenen interess

Tanadrouli dasavluri kulturisadmic. qarTuli modernis-

tuli teqstebi, kulturuli memkvidreoba am periodSic

moqmedebda ufro farTo dasavlur kulturul arealTan Se-

makavSirebeli funqciiT, rac aris kidec kulturis zogadi

misia. amgvari midgomiT, saqarTveloSi modernistuli kul-

turuli tendenciis arseboba mniSvnelovania rogorc sin-

qronul droSi, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, ise mTel Sem-

dgom periodSi da dRemde.

roca saqarTveloSi modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebo-

baze vmsjelobT, kiTxvebi ismis rogorc misi kulturuli,

aseve sociokulturuli amocanebis mimarT: ra kulturuli

winapirobebi hqonda dasavluri kulturul-politikuri siv-

rcisadmi interess? ra mizniT xdeboda saqarTveloSi moder-

nizmis, rogorc dasavluri kulturis dominanturi stilis

implementacia da dasavluri kulturuli gamocdilebis aT-

viseba? ramdenad srulad moxda saqarTveloSi modernizmis

kulturuli (esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi) gamocdi-

lebis adaptacia? ramdenad Rirebuli mxatvruli produqcia

Seiqmna saqarTveloSi modernistuli kulturuli gamocdi-

lebis safuZvelze? ramdenad didi zegavlena hqonda moder-

nistuli stilis adaptacias qarTuli kulturis ganviTare-

baze? SegviZlia Tu ara, sabolood, vaRiaroT ara mxolod

qarTul teqstebSi calkeuli modernistuli niSnebis arse-

boba, aramed erTiani kulturuli situaciis, qarTuli mo-

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Page 7: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

dernizmis arsebobac? ra adgili aqvs qarTul modernizms

dasavluri modernizmis erTian kulturul sinamdvileSi?

SegviZlia Tu ara vimsjeloT qarTuli modernistuli

kulturis/azrovnebis wvlilze ruseTis imperiis rRvevisas

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli, dasavlur-demokartiuli arCeva-

nis ganxorcielebaSi? tician tabiZis saprogramo werili

`cisferi yanwebiT~ naTlad gviCvenebs saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebrivi arCevanisadmi modernistTa erTian pozicias,

rac, cxadia, qarTuli kulturuli da sociokulturuli

garemos saerTo ganwyobebzec zemoqmedebda. rusuli koloni-

uri gamocdilebis Sefasebisas, misi Sexedulebebi Seesabameba

qarTuli kulturis arealSi mecxramete sukuneSive arsebul

antikoloniur ganwyobas, magram ufro calsaxad aris verba-

lizebuli: `mecxramete saukunis dasawyisi xdeba ukanaskneli

qartexili qarTuli politikuri cxovrebis, romelmac gan-

sazRvra mTeli Semdegi yofna. saqarTvelom dakarga Tavisi

saxe, rogorc saxelmwifom. am dRidan yoveli dRe TiTo

lursmans umatebs mis kubos. TandaTan mtkicdeba ruseTis

gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. Zveli qarTuli

suli jer mZlavrobs, magram aRdgomis magier iferfleba~

(tabiZe 1916). amave dros, 1916 wlis dasawyisSi daweril am

werilSi cxadad Cans, rom modernistebi emzadebian saqarTve-

loSi axali sinamdvilis dadgomisTvis. pirveli msoflio

omis mimdinareoba maT axali istoriul-politikuri realo-

bis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs, Tavad ki am procesSi

qarTuli inteleqtualuri da SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis rols

acnobiereben: `xolo dRes iwyeba Zirianad Secvla qarTuli

azrovnebis, saukunod daCrdiluli warsuli cocxldeba da

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi dgebian, damone-

buli suli ubrundeba Tavis Zvel budes. ramdenadac gaiz-

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Page 8: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

rdeba erovnuli Segneba, imdenad vuaxlovdebiT warsuls da

inakvTeba qarTuli idea. saqarTvelos xelovnebis momavalic

am ideis gaSliT gaizomeba~ (tabiZe 1916).

modernizmisadmi kulturuli miswrafeba, rogoradac is

pirvelad grigol robaqiZis, sxva cisferyanwelebis, galak-

tionis SemoqmedebaSi, meoce saukunis aTiani wlebis, ruseTi

imperiis mier kolonizebul saqarTveloSi iqmneba, cxadyofs,

rom qarTveli avtorebi aSkarad gamoxataven interess ara

rusuli, aramed sakuTriv dasavluri kulturuli sivrci-

sadmi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rusuli kulturis sivrceSic

maT ainteresebT `vercxlis xanis~ avtorebis modernistuli

teqstebi. maSin, roca kulturuli kavSiris TvalsazrisiT

rusuli kultura gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomia da ar-

sebobs kidec pirovnuli da teqstualuri kontaqtebis mra-

vali faqti, qarTul modernizmSi deklarirebulia miswrafe-

ba swored evropuli kulturisaken. tician tabiZec werilSi

`cisferi yanwebiT~ aanalizebs rusul kulturul garemos,

Tumca saubrobs rusul literaturaSi modernizmis arare-

levantur modificirebaze da modernistuli gamocdilebis

adaptaciisaTvis uSualo wyarod evropul teqstebs asaxe-

lebs. qarTvelo modernistebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi SeiZle-

ba aRviqvaT rogorc modernizmis avTenturi sinamdvilis ga-

Tavisebis survili da, aseve, antikoloniuri gancdis gamoxa-

tuleba: qarTveli modernistebi ar aRiareben metropoliis

kulturisadmi imgvar daqvemdebarebul damokidebulebas, ro-

ca periferiaSi fasobs da upiratesad miiCneva centris kul-

turuli tendenciebi, kulturuli teqstebi da figurebi.

1910-ian wlebSi, qarTuli modernizmis warmoSobisas, ruse-

Tis imperiis mier, cxadia, xorcieldeboda imperiuli poli-

tika, maT Soris kulturis donezec, magram Tavisi Tanmim-

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Page 9: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

devrulobiT is ver Seedreboda sabWour kulturul poli-

tikas, roca periferiaze centris kulturis dominanturi

gavlenis damkvidreba ufro agresiulad da mizanmimarTulad

xdeboda. qarTveli modernistebis mier evropis, da sakuTriv,

parizis, rogorc kulturuli centris deklarireba Tavis-

Tavad Seesabameba evropuli modernistuli kulturis re-

alobas (iaSvili 1916). meore mxriv, vropis, rogorc kul-

turuli centris pozicionireba gamoxatavs antikoloniur

suliskveTebas da ewinaaRmdegeba rusuli kulturul-poli-

tikuri sivrcis aRmatebulad aRiarebis tendencias, rac ko-

loniuri gamocdilebis pirvel etapze, mecxramete saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi, aseTi sagrZnobi iyo qarTul sociokul-

turul sivrceSi. Tumca rusuli kulturul-politikuri

dawinaurebis imperiuli miTis rRveva ukavSirdeba ara uSu-

alod qarTvel modernistebs, aramed maT wina Taobas, da

sakuTriv ilia WavWavaZes, romelmac am amocanis Sesruleba

jer kidev `mgzavris werilebSi~ daiwyo, roca am antikolo-

nuri suliskveTebis teqstis dasawyisSive, rusuli etli-

sadmi frangi nacnobis damcinavi poziciiT (`magiT dadis?!

imitomac Sors aris wasuli!..~) gvamcno, rom ruseTis impe-

riis saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli procesi TavisTavad Ca-

morCeba evropis winsvlas. rusuli centris upiratesobis

modelis rRvevas uSualod dasavluri realobisadmi, kul-

turuli da, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

mowyobisadmi interesis gaRvivebis mizans emsaxureba ilia

WavWavaZis asobiT publicisturi werili. amdenad, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom centrisa da periferiis imperiuli mimarTebis

moSlis amocana qarTveli modernistebis gamosvlis dro-

isaTvis ukve Sesrulebulia da dasavluri kulturisadmi ma-

Ti damokidebuleba, rusuli kulturis dominantobis sa-

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Page 10: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

nacvlod dasavluri gamocdilebis adaptaciis survili, uSu-

alo gagrZelebaa ilia WavWavaZis mier qarTul kulturul

garemoSi damkvidrebuli xedvisa. swored am xedvas Seesaba-

meba is miznebic, romelTa mixedviTac xdeboda qarTuli

kulturis dasavluri gamocdilebasTan sinqronizacia, `qar-

Tuli kulturis gamarTva msoflio radiusiT~ (t. tabiZe).

am fonze qarTveli modernistebi rusul kulturasTan mi-

marTebis koloniur models cvlian centris gadmonacvlebis,

qarTuli kulturis centrulobis modeliT, rac realobad

iqceva saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodSi, roca

mTeli ruseTis yofili imperiis farglebSi swored Tbilisi

gaxdeba `kulturuli oazisi~, rusi modernistebis TavSesa-

fari, `aRTqmuli qveyana~ (o. mandelStami) (nikolskaia

2000). imisda miuxedavad, rom qarTveli modernistebis mier Ca-

tarebuli muSaoba, upiratesad, kulturul-esTetikur are-

alSi mimdinareobda, dasavluri gamocdilebis adaptacia ze-

gavlenas axdenda siciokulturul arealze, rac, Tavis

mxriv, gavlenas axdenda qveynis dasavluri mimarTulebiT

ganviTarebis strategiaze. niSandoblivia, rom es mimarTeba

qarTveli avtorebis pirvelive saprogramo teqstebSia dek-

larirebuli. nacionalur funqciaze, saqarTvelos ganaxle-

bis mizanze orientacia gacxadebulia paolo iaSvilis `pir-

velTqmaSi~. teqstSi gabneuli kodebiT SeiZleba saqarTve-

los saxis rekonstruireba, rogoradac is aRiqmeba cisfer-

yanwelTa mier: saqarTvelo aris maradi, magram misi arseba

axla landuria da mdumarebiT damSvidebuli, saqarTvelos

xalxi aris usxivo da daviwyebuli, magram didebiT dagvir-

gvinebis Rirsi, saqarTvelos sxeuls dapatronebian yalbi

mqadageblebi, magram saqarTvelos axalgazrdebi qveynis mo-

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Page 11: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

mavlisaTvis gaerTiandebian da maTi ideebi da energia mo-

itans ganaxlebas (iaSvili 1916). manifestSi, jgufis misiis

Semcvel dokumentSi, warmoCenilia, rom SemoqmedebiT ganax-

lebis ideas ordeni akavSirebs, zogadad, qveynis ganaxlebis

ideasTan, xolo dasavluri sivrcidan gamocdilebis aTvise-

bisas isini rogorc sakuTriv esTetikur, aseve zogad done-

ze cvlian qveynis sinamdviles. am mxriv qarTveli modernis-

tebis miznebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ara mxolod esTetikur,

aramed socialur movlenad, rac TavisTavad Seesabameba iur-

gen habermasis mier esTetikuri da, ufro zogadad, kultu-

ruli modernizmis amocanebis ganxilvas, rogorc mraval-

mxrivi socialuri modernizaciis amocanebis winapirobisa

(habermasi 1993.). am konteqstSi logikuri Cans qarTveli

modernistebis mier nacionaluri identobis axleburad gaaz-

rebis mcdelobebi, rac zog SemTxvevaSi idealizebulia `qar-

Tuli messianizmis~ (g. leoniZe) ideamde, zog SemTxvevaSi ki

sakmaod pragmatul-inteleqtualur pozicias gulisxmobs,

rac ukavSirdeba evropeizaciis procesis garduvalobis fon-

ze nacionaluri kulturuli saxis gacnobierebas _ evropu-

li kulturis winaSe mtkice poziciis mosapoveblad (`ro-

gorc unda gaTavdes omi, aSkaraa wina aziaSi evropa Semo-

aRebs kars da am dros Cven unda davxvdeT SeWurvili erov-

nuli SemecnebiT, erovnuli kulturis yvela folaqeb Sek-

ruli~) (tabiZe 1916).

am fonze iqmneba qarTul garemoSi modernistuli kul-

turuli stilisa da kulturuli figurebis sociokultu-

ruli funqciac. gansxvavebiT mecxramete saukunis mwerlis

sociokulturuli saxisagan, rac, uwinaresad, ukavSirdeba

zneobrivi misiisa da identobis damcvelis funqciis mqone

nacionaluri lideris rols, modernizmis epoqis mwerals

11

Page 12: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

da, zogadad, mwerlobas, morgebuli aqvs kulturtregeris

statusi da am funqciT moqmedebs sociumSi. TavisTavad es

statusi uzrunvelyofs maTTvis lideris rols, ramdenadac

ganaxlebasTan, TanamedroveobasTan, ganviTarebis perspepeqti-

vasTan dakavSirebis misiiT swored isini gamodian. Tumca ni-

Sandoblivia, rom qarTveli modernistebi mwerlis figurisa

da literaturuli qmnilebebis ufro tradiciul, samoci-

anelTa mier damkvidrebul statuss daubrundebian sabWour-

totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi, roca mTeli modernistu-

li Taoba akeTebs axal kulturul arCevans, sabWouri kul-

turis fasadis miRma qmnis nacionaluri orientaciis kul-

turas da xels uwyobs qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Se-

narCunebas _ amjerad ara dasavlur sivrceSi integraciis

gziT, rac obieqtur pirobebSi SeuZlebeli xdeba, aramed

rusul-sabWouri sivrcisagan kulturul-inteleqtualuri

da RirebulebiTi izolaciis strategiis meSveobiT.

niSandoblivia, rom cisferyanwelebis, rogorc pirveli

modernistuli dajgufebis mier dasaxuli dasavluri kul-

turuli da sazogadoebrivi orientirebi aqtualuria saqar-

TveloSi modernizmis arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavloba-

Si. maSinac, roca calkeuli avtorebi an jgufebi edavebian

erTmaneTs ama Tu im konkretuli modernistuli mimdinare-

obisadmi kuTvnilebis an pirovnuli dapirispirebis niSniT

(iqneba es futuristebis polemika cisferyanwelebTan, an,

Tundac, konstantine gamsaxuridias polemika grigol roba-

qiZesTan), sadavo ar xdeba da ar gadaisinjeba dasavluri

kulturuli sivrcisadmi orientacia. da maSinac, roca esTe-

tikuri poziciis Seqmnisas deklarirebulia dasavluri da

aRmosavluri, an dasavluri da nacionaluri esTetikis sin-

Tezi (konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan, an, cxadia, tician tabi-

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Page 13: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

ZesTan, romelic hafizis da prudonis, besikisa da bodleris

poetikis Serwymaze, Tu axal qarTveli poetSi rusTavelisa

da malarmes Sexvedraze saubrobs), an, Tundac, roca evro-

puli modernistuli figurebis nacvlad klasikur evropul

memkvidreobaze keTdeba aqcenti (`akademiuri asociaciis mi-

er~), es mainc dasavlur kulturuli realobaSi integraci-

is da am gziT qarTuli kulturis ganaxlebis amocanis na-

wilad ganixileba.

ramdenad srulfasovnad ganviTarda modernizmi saqarTve-

loSi, an gaxda Tu ara qarTuli modernizmi, iurgen haberma-

sis sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT kidev erTi dausrulebeli pro-

eqti modernizaciisa? istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare,

modernizmis kulturuli procesis ganviTarebisTvis saqar-

Tvelos aT welze odnav meti ergo _ Tuki aTvlas davi-

wyebT `cisferi yanwebis~ gamosvliT, 1916 wlidan, gamodis,

rom Tavisufali da aqtiuri ganviTarebisaTvis modernizms,

saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde, xuTiode weli aqvs. 1921 wlidan

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod 1920-iani wlebis bo-

lomde, kulturaze sabWouri, sakuTriv ki beriaseuli agre-

siuli kontrolis pirobebSic, jer kidev iwereba modernis-

tuli teqstebi, rac 1930-iani wlebis damdegs, kulturaze

totalitaruli sabWouri kontrolis damyarebisas wydeba.

amdenad, qarTuli modernizmi ara Tu dausrulebeli, aramed

Sewyvetili proqtia, kulturuli procesis wyveta dakavSi-

rebulia sastik da sisxlian istoriuli procesTan. am fon-

ze SegviZlia vimsjeloT imazec, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iyo

saqarTveloSi modernizmis talRa, Tuki, amisda miuxedavad,

dRemde aqtualuria is kulturul produqcia da Tavad

kulturuli procesi, romelsac qarTuli kulturis isto-

riaSi ganviTarebis aTiode weli eTmoboda. am periodSi mo-

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Page 14: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

dernizmis esTetikiT Seqmnili, modernizmis saxeliT produ-

cirebuli literaturuli teqstebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba

aRiarebulia qarTveli mkiTxvelis da qarTuli literatu-

rismcodneobis mier. raodenobrivadac swored am periodze

modis qarTuli literaturisTvis umniSvnelovanes teqstTa

da umniSvnelovanes literaturul figuraTa didi wili _

galaktionis asobiT simbolisturi lirikuli Sedevri da

Sedevrebis wignad wodebuli `artistuli yvavilebi~, tician

tabiZis, paolo iaSvilis, valerian gafrindaSvilis, kolau

nadiraZis, giorgi leoniZis, grigol robaqiZis simbolistu-

ri lirika da eseistika, grigol robaqiZis romani `gvelis

perangi~ da misi piesebi, niko lorqifaniZis impresionistu-

li novelebi, konstantine gamsaxurdas eqspresionistuli

novelebi da misi romani `dionisos Rimili~, demna Senge-

laias romani `sanavardo~, leo qiaCelis modernistuli no-

velebi, mixeils javaxiSvilis fsiqoanalitikuri proza da

modernistuli problematikiT gajerebuli misi romanebi

`TeTri sayelo~ da `jayos xiznebi~, simon Ciqovanis futu-

ristuli leqsebi da sxva. Sesabamisad, 1910-1920-ian wlebSi

modernistuli kulturis farglebSi SegviZlia araerTi li-

teraturuli teqstis, individualuri avtoris da, aseve av-

torTa dajgufebis (`cisferi yanwebi~, `H2SO4~, `akademiuri asociacia~), dajgufebaTa saxeliT gamocemuli perioduli

organoebis, originaluri teqstebis identificireba, rac da-

savlur garemosTanac konteqstualizebulia evropuli mo-

dernistuli teqstebis Targmanebisa da esseistur-analiti-

kuri refleqsiis meSveobiT. modernistuli esTetika vrcel-

deba qarTuli literaturis arealidan da moicavs mTel

kulturul-SemoqmedebiT sinamdviles _ mxatvrobis, Teat-

ris, kinos sivrces. literaturuli procesis TavisTavadi

14

Page 15: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

mTlianoba da moculoba, da masTan kavSirSi, mTeli saxe-

lovnebo sivrcis farglebSi aRqmuli qarTuli modernistu-

li mxatvroba, Teatri, kino (irakli gamrekelis, Salva qi-

qoZis, elene axvledianis, lado gudiaSvilis, petre ocxe-

lis, daviT kakabaZis modernistuli esTetikiT Seqnmili na-

muSevrebi, kote marjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis speq-

taklebi, kote miqaberiZis, nikoloz Sengelaias filmebi)

gvidasturebs, rom modernizmi im periodis saqarTveloSi

namdvilad aris dominantuli kulturuli stili, romelic

moicavs kulturis yvela sferos da TiTqmis yvela avtors,

maT Soris, maTac, vinc sabWoTa periodSi savsebiT aramoder-

nistuli statusiT, sabWoTa kulturuli sivricisadmi kuT-

vnilebis niSniT, Sesabamisi teqstebiT iyvnen popularize-

bulni (magaliTad, cnobili sabWouri teqstis `dediserTa

leninTan~ avtori, sandro SanSiaSvili, amave dros, cisfer-

yanwelTa megobrad da modernistuli piesis, `berdo zmanias~

avtorad gvevlineba, cnobili sabWoTa kritikosi, besarion

JRenti _ qarTvel futuristad a.S).

cxadia, sabWoTa Zalas, romelic, istoriuli katakliz-

mebis Sedegad, modernizmis amgvar aqtivobas Sewyvetda, mar-

Tlac mZlavri moqmedebebi dasWirdeboda Tavisi agresiis gan-

saxorcieleblad. sxvadasxva etapze sabWoTa xelisufleba

sxvadasxva meTodebiT moqmedebs da am process Tavisi qro-

nologia aqvs: koniunqturuli sabWouri teqstebis Seqmnis

moTxovna da msgavsi teqstebis gamoCena, jer kidev Tavisu-

fali SemoqmedebiTi produqciis gverdiT, rac 1920-iani

wlebis bolodanve TvalsaCinoa modernist avtorebTan; amave

periodidan _ modernistuli dajgufebebis daSla; 1930-iani

wlebis dasawyisidan _ modernistuli esTetikis sruli ga-

modevna kulturis sivrcidan; amave periodidan _ TvalsaCino

15

Page 16: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

mweralTa figurebis `gasabWoeba~, sabWouri kulturis kont-

eqstSi moqceva, maTTvis sabWouri socialuri statusis Seq-

mna da sabWouri jildoebiT dajildoeba; amave dros, met-

naklebad `xelisSemSlel~ modernist avtorTa identifici-

reba da maTi izolacia (Tundac, grigol robaqiZis gandevna

qveynidan); 1937 wlisTvis ki _ amgvar avtorTa (tician

tabiZis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, nikolo miwiSvilis, paolo

iaSvilis) fizikuri ganadgureba; maTi teqstebis blokireba

(ZiriTadad, 50-ian wlebSi reabilitaciamde); amave wlebSi,

qveynis mosaxleobis im nawilis fizikuri ganadgureba an ga-

dasaxleba, vinc nacionalur, religiur Tu dasavluri Rire-

bulebebs aRiarebda da modernistuli kulturis momxmareb-

lis potencials flobda; modernistuli kulturis aRqmis

praqtikis moSla da gamocdilebis amoSla sazogadoebrivi

mexsierebidan; amis sanaclod sabWouri ideologizirebuli

kulturis indoqtrinacia; dasavluri modernistuli kultu-

ris blokireba da qarTveli mkiTxvelis Tavisufali inte-

leqtualuri ganviTarebis procesis xelis SeSla; qarTuli

modernizmis ignorireba an damamcrobeli Sefaseba (cnobil

qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebis modernistuli periodis sa-

xeldeba `ymawvilur senad~ Tu `gulubryvilo gatacebebad~,

mweralTa Sesaxeb Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi maTi teqstebis mo-

dernistuli Sinaarsis miCqmalva, qarTvel mweralTa moder-

nistuli teqstebis sanacvlod maTive realisturi teqstebis

popularizacia da a.S.). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa agre-

sia qarTuli modernizmis mimarT iseTive mizanimimarTuli

iyo, rogoric qarTuli aristokratiuli gvarebis da, rac

mTavaria, qarTuli qristianuli kulturisa da eklesiis mi-

marT. es kidev erTxel migviTiTebs qarTuli modernizmis

TavisTavad mniSvnelobaze, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuf-

16

Page 17: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

lebis mier am mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis faqtze. amasTanave,

drois mdinarebis fonze, cxadad Cans modernistuli kultu-

ris da, zogadad, adamianuri Rirebulebebis saboloo upira-

tesoba TviT mZlavr da agresiul sabWoTa sistemaze: tota-

litaruli reJimebi marcxdeba, modernistuli kulturuli

memkvidreobisadmi interesi ki mxolod izrdeba. es kanonzo-

miereba warmoCenilia meoce saukunis meore naxevris erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi poetis, rusuli modernizmis namdvi-

li memkvidris, iosif brodskis TvalsazrisSic, romlis Ta-

naxmadac kacobriobam meoce saukunis didi totalitaruli

reJimebis damarcxeba imis ZaliTac SeZlo, rom msoflioSi,

da Tavad am qveynebSive, arsebobda individualisturi (anu

modernistuli) kulturuli gamocdileba. amave dros, sab-

WoTa periodSi qarTuli modernistuli kulturuli mem-

kvidreobis ignorirebiT da dasavluri sivrcisagan izola-

ciiT miRebuli Sedegi gamoixateba imaSic, rom qarTuli mo-

dernistuli gamocdileba ar aris moqceuli msoflio mo-

dernizmis konteqstSi. is rCeba lokalur qarTul da, aseve,

garkveuli saxiT, rusul kulturul garemoSi aRiarebul

faqtad, modernizmis avTentur dasavlur sivrceSi ki kvlav

legitimacias saWiroebs.

niSandoblivia isic, 1990-iani wlebidanve, sabWouri sis-

temisagan gaTavisuflebis pirvelive etapidanve, saqarTvelo-

Si, uwinaresad, daiwyo sazogadoebriv sivrceSi qarTuli mo-

dernistuli kulturis dabrunebis procesi. Tuki sabWoTa

periodSi am kulturul memkvidreobasTan kavSiri araforma-

lur, individualur SemTxvevebSi iyo SenarCunebuli, post-

sabWoTa periodSi am kavSiris aRdgena, modernistuli lite-

raturuli figurebis saTanado Sefasebis, teqstebis saTana-

do interpretaciis procesi ufro farTod, formalur li-

17

Page 18: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

teraturul-akademiur doneze daiwyo. axalgazrda avtorTa

da, rac niSandoblivia, axladSeqmnil dajgufebaTa (`qrono-

fagebi~, `reaqtiuli klubi~ da sxva) SemoqmedebiT Camoyali-

bebis procesSi ki swored 1910-1920-ian wlebis qarTul mo-

dernistul (simbolistur da avangardistul) gamocdilebas

mieniWa gansakuTrebuli roli. sanam kulturuli komunikacia

damyardeboda dasavlur literaturul sinamdvilesTan, qar-

Tuli literaturul-kulturuli garemos liberalizaciis,

inovaciuri tendenciebis gamokveTis, ararealistur-aranorma-

tiul esTetikur procesebSi reorientaciis amocana kvlavac

qarTulma modernizmma Seasrula. amjeradac saqarTveloSi

modernistuli tradiciis arseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

rogorc qveynis xelmeore dasavluri kulturuli, socio-

kulturuli da, aseve, politikuri arCevanis winapiroba. ama-

ve dros, qarTul kultura da, zogadad, saqarTvelo, ara

mxolod Suasaukuneebis klasikuri kulturis, aramed, mniS-

vnelovanwilad, modernistuli gamocdilebis arsebobiT da

mis ganviTarebiT moipovebs sayrdenebs msoflios Tavisufal

kulturul sivrceSi TviTdasamkvidreblad.

damowmebani:

tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t. `cisferi yanwebiT~. J. `cisferi yanwebi~, # 2.

1916.

iaSvili1916: iaSvili p. `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmindesi qveyana aris

parizi. adide, xalxo, es Cveni mrisxane qalaqi~. `pirvelTqma~. J. `cisferi

yanwebi~, # 1. 1916.

nikolskaia 2000: Никольская Т. «Фантастический город»: Русская культурная жизнь в Тбилиси: 1917-1921. М.: Пятая страна, 2000. habermasi 1993: Habermas J. Modernity – An Incomplete Project, in:

Postmodernism: A Reader, ed. Thomas Docherty. New York: Harvester Wheatsheat, 1993.

18

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Tamaz vasaZe

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

sulierebis pirvelujredi

mwerlis Rrma emociuri kavSiri Tavis mTavar faseulo-

bebTan mudam sagrZnobia niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi. iSvi-

aTia sulis sisufTavisken, keTilSobilebisken, adamianur

urTierTobaTa guliTadi harmoniulobisken ase gatacebiT

mswrafveli prozaikosi meoce saukuneSi. upirvelesad es

qmnis niko lorTqifaniZis pirovnul-mwerluri ieris gamor-

Ceul momxibvlelobas.

sulieri sinaTlis da sifaqizis, sulieri aristokratiz-

mis bedi uxeS realobaSi, misi Sejaxeba cxovrebis simkac-

resTan, disharmoniasTan niko lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli

xedvis, mtkivneuli fiqris ZiriTadi sagania.

yvelaze mniSvnelovan sulier-moralur faseulobaTa

Semkrebia niko lorTqifaniZisTvis ojaxis fenomeni, romel-

sac qarTul faseulobaTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili

ukavia. igi Semoinaxavs umTavres erovnul tradicias _ ada-

mianur urTierTobaTa siwrfeles da siTbos, humanurobas.

1910 wels, Tavisi literaturuli cxovrebis dasawyisSi,

niko lorTqifaniZe wers miniaturas `ojaxi~, romelSic misi

Semoqmedebis Zireuli motivebis da problematikis Canasaxi

ikveTeba.

`...sad movisvenebT daRlil-daqanculi, sad SegvaSroben

ofls da ar gangvikiTxaven, Tu ratom meti ver movimoqmedeT?

ojaxSi.

19

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dauZlurebuls, wlebiT gatexils, sad moarCenen movliT

da damSvidebiT?

ojaxSi.

cxovrebis navi uecrad rom gatydeba da yoveli qafi

daxrCobas gipirebs, yoveli qvis natexi fexebSi gedeba, roca

zizRi da SurisZiebis survili fexdafex gsdevs, vin daxris

Tavs mwuxarebiT da dagexmareba sevdis atanaSi?

ojaxi.

ojaxi! nu vaxlebT xels, _ igi wmidaa. yovels adamians

erTi adgili mainc unda hqondes, sadac igi xeluxlebeli,

sayvareli, mudam erTi da igive ukvdavi wevria.

nu vaxlebT xels yovelTvis, yovels mdgomareobaSi siy-

varulis, saTnoebis, lmobierebis da Tavganwirvis taZars-

ojaxs.

cxovrebis saerTo simkacre, cota ar iyos, sustdeba

ojaxis kerasTan.

davexmaroT, winadve Tandayolili Tvisebani ojaxisa gava-

magroT, maTi uarmyofeli movTxaroT, movspoT.

mkvidri safuZveli CavugdoT ojaxs. erTi udidesi ube-

dureba iqneba ojaxis mospoba.

qristes ar hqonia ojaxi, magram TviTon iyo yovelisave

navTsayudeli. vinc ar iCemebs _ me TviT qriste varo, sxvebs

ar urCevs _ qristes Tvisebani miiweros, mas sWirdeba

ojaxi!~.

niko lorTqifaniZe arsebiTad ojaxis fenomenis sakrali-

zebas axdens _ ojaxi `wmidaa~, is `taZaria~, qristes msgav-

sad `navTsayudelia~ adamianebisTvis; ojaxia sivrce, sadac

SesaZlebelia xelSesaxeb realobad iqces ZiriTadi qristi-

anuli moraluri Rirebulebebi _ `siyvaruli, saTnoeba,

lmobiereba da Tavganwirva~, sadac adamianebs Rrma Tanagan-

20

Page 21: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

cda da Tanamzrunveloba amTlianebs; aq yoveli adamiani ab-

soluturi, usasrulo faseulobis mqone da Seucvlelia,

`ukvdavia~...

hegelis ganmartebiT, ojaxi zneobis pirveladi, bunebrivi

xorcSesxmaa, romelsac daeSeneba zneobriobis realizebis

sxva, ufro farTo sferoebi _ samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da

saxelmwifo.

meoce saukunis filosofosis ivan ilinis TqmiT, `ojaxi

aris pirveli, bunebrivi da amave dros wminda kavSiri, ro-

melSic adamiani aucileblobis ZaliT Sedis. igi mowodebu-

lia es kavSiri siyvarulze, rwmenaze da Tavisuflebaze da-

amyaros, eziaros masSi gulis pirvel erTobliv moZraobebs

da misgan amaRldes adamianTa sulieri erTobis momdevno

formebisken _ samSoblos da saxelmwifosken~.

niko lorTqifaniZis miniaturaSi lirikuli uSualobiT

gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi _ ojaxi zneobis, sikeTis, suli-

eri erTianobis upirvelesi samkvidrebelia, sadac adamians

yvelaze humanuri da moraluri urTierToba aqvs sxva adami-

anebTan _ yofiTi realiebiT da detalebiT, utyuari cxov-

rebiseuli siuJetiT imoseba moTxrobaSi `tyvedyofilis

dabruneba~. moTxrobis gmiri, cxovrebisgan nagvemi kaci, oja-

xuri siyvarulis, siTbos da mzrunvelobis wyalobiT TiT-

qos mkvdreTiT aRdgeba, xelaxla ibadeba. mis TavgadasavalSi

ganfenilia avtoris TvalTaxedva, rom saqarTvelos gadam-

rCeni Zala istoriis koSmarSi uwinaresad mkvidri ojaxi

iyo da momavalSic is SeiZleba iyos; rom zneobiT ganmtki-

cebuli ojaxidan bunebrivad amoizrdeba iseTi moraluri

fenomeni, rogoricaa zrunva sakuTar qveyanaze da saxelmwi-

foze. amis gamoc Tvlis niko lorTqifaniZe aucileblad

ojaxis tradiciis sagangebo mofrTxilebas.

21

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kritikaSi miniSnebulia, rom miniaturiT `ojaxi~ niko

lorTqifaniZe upirispirdeba memarcxene radikalebs, romle-

bic `ojaxuri borkilebis~ msxvrevisTvis ganawyobdnen sazo-

gadoebas (v.ciskariZe). ojaxis damngrevi, individis unapiro

`Tavisuflebis~ damamkvidrebeli moralis saqarTveloSi fe-

xis mokidebas gviCvenebs moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~; mci-

re, SeWirvebuli erisTvis es morali tragikuli safrTxis

Semqmnelia(T. doiaSvili).

niko lorTqifaniZis saukeTeso moTxrobaTa umetesobaSi

ojaxis fenomenis daknineba Tu rRveva, ojaxuri dramebi da

tragediebia gamosaxuli. rac ufro mniSvnelovania mwerlis-

Tvis TviTkmari da sicocxlisunariani ojaxi rogorc pirov-

nebis damoukideblobis, Rirsebis gamoxatuleba (`glexis mo-

saxleoba imereTSi~), rac ufro faqizad grZnobs adamianebis

ojaxur urTierTobaTa organulobas, emociur siRrmes, siZ-

virfases (`Zmebi~), miT ufro mtkivneulia misTvis ojaxis

tradiciis gadagvareba, ngreva. ojaxis fenomenis deforma-

ciaTa warmoCena niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi erovnuli or-

ganizmis sneulebebs amJRavnebs, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi mo-

ralur faseulobaTa gamofitvas, humanurobis kriziss xdis

xiluls. amgvari literaturuli meTodis efeqtianoba mra-

valjer dadasturebulia (gavixsenoT Tundac `mefe liri~,

`mama gorio~...). igi niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi ise mud-

mivad, sistemurad iCens Tavs, rom mis arsebiT Taviseburebad

iqceva.

ojaxur urTierTobaTa gaukuRmarTeba, metic, mkvlelobis

codviT Seryvnaa warmosaxuli `mrisxane batonSi~ da `JamTa

siaveSi~; adamianis ara damcveli, aramed damTrgunveli da

dammonebulia ojaxi `sabaSi~; ojaxis zneobriv sayrdenTa

moSla, ojaxuri siyvarulis deficiti gansazRvravs `Tavsaf-

22

Page 23: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

riani dedakacis~ da `qorwilis~ gmirTa bedis simZimes; oja-

xis rRvevas ewinaaRmdegeba da amiT sakuTar sulSi sinaTlis

gadarCenas dramatulad cdilobs moTxrobis `sanaxavaT~ pa-

tara gmiri; ojaxis, Svilebis mimarT pasuxismgebloba ga-

usaZlisi tvirTi aRmoCndeba moTxrobis `tragedia ugmiroT~

mTavari personaJisTvis; ojaxis mier individis damonebis,

ojaxis tradiciis angarebiT da usiyvarulobiT, tyuiliT

Selaxvis msxverplia moTxrobis `marad da marad~ gmiri _

gamousworebeli romantikosi; Zveli aristokratuli ojaxe-

bis gapartaxebaze mogviTxrobs `dangreuli budeebi~ _ ele-

giuri poema prozad; erT-erTi aseTi ojaxuri `budis~ ngre-

vis da mis gareSe darCenili adamianis tragikuli istoriaa

`Selocva radioTi~; koloniuri Cagvris mikromodels war-

moadgens sakuTari ojaxuri cxovreba `sizmrebis~ peronaJis-

Tvis; `qaRaldis kacSi~ groteskulad gamoisaxeba filiste-

ruli ojaxis yofa _ ori mcenaris simbiozi; yvelaze bu-

nebriv adamianur kavSirs _ dedaSvilur kavSirs wyvets da

sakuTari `feodaluri~ ojaxis winaaRmdeg klasobriv brZo-

las aCaRebs moTxrobis `didi saqmis orRobeSi~ karikaturu-

li personaJi _ socialisti...

niko lorTqifaniZis mier Seqmnili am naRvliani panora-

mis Sinagani sazrisi is aris, rom `raki ojaxi sulierebis

pirvelujredia, sulieri krizisi uwinaresad mas azianebs~

(i. ilini).

ojaxis tradiciis sulieri krizisiT gamowveuli ero-

zia, romelsac niko lorTqifaniZe aCvenebs, ufro mkveTrad

dasanaxia XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi gamosaxuli

zneobiT SeduRabebuli, gamZle ojaxebis fonze (`oTaraanT

qvrivi~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `gamzrdeli~). magram saukune-

ebis mijnaze daviT kldiaSvili ukve mkveTrad aRbeWdavs

23

Page 24: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

ojaxis zneobrivi sayrdenebis ryevas (`samaniSvilis dedinac-

vali~, `miqela~...) da niko lorTqifaniZe am TvalsazrisiT

misi memkvidrea.

ojaxis fenomens guldasmiT akvirdeba niko lorTqifani-

Zisgan mravalmxriv gansxvavebuli mwerali mixeil javaxiSvi-

lic. misTvisac ojaxis deformirebis warmoCena _ oRond

mware skeptikuri tonalobiT, daundobeli sarkazmiT _ sa-

zogadoebis sulier _ moraluri krizisis gamomJRavnebis me-

Todia. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, `ori ganaCeni~ an ,,dampatiJe~,

`jayos xiznebi~ an `TeTri sayelo~, romelSic mwvave ref-

leqsiis sagania sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi ojaxis zneobrivi

fundamentis SenarCunebis problema...

24

Page 25: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

maia jaliaSvili

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

mixeil javaxiSvilis neorealizmi,

rogorc modernizmis alternativa

(Strixebi)

`CvenTvis literatura arc TviTgarTobaa, arc sxvisi

gasarTobi. igi arc parnasia gandegilebisTvis, arc gaxsnili

sanavardoa usaqmurebisTvis. igi Tavdapirvelad socialuri

saqmianobaa, xolo mwerali _ piruTvneli da bejiTi mosam-

saxurea erisa. amitom davadeqiT axals _ neorealistur

gzas da amitom davswereT Cvens droSaze: `axali gziT, er-

TgulebiT, imediT, SromiT da siyvaruliT~ (javaxiSvili

1980:48). ase gamoacxada mixeil javaxiSvilma neorealizmi,

rogorc Tavisi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli.

XX saukunis I naxevarSi qarTul literaturas ori

mZlavri nakadi msWvalavda, erTi mxriv, modernizmi, Tavisi

sxvadasxva ganStoebiT (simbolizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresi-

onizmi, futurizmi...) da, meore mxriv, neorealizmi _ java-

xiSvilis proziT. es ori nakadi erTmaneTs avsebda da war-

moaCenda epoqis majiscemas.

modernizmi iyo erTgvari protesti realizmis winaaR-

mdeg. erTgvari, radgan es iyo literaturuli cxovrebis

axali etapi, romelic imeorebda warsulis gamocdilebas da

axali kuTxiT aviTarebda. gameorebaSi vgulisxmobT, imas,

rom modernizmi iTvaliswinebda winaparTa garkveul gamocdi-

lebas. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom modernizmis esTetikam gar-

25

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kveulwilad aaRorZina barokos idealebi, Suasaukuneobrivi

dualizmi, saxeTa alegoriuloba da sxva. magaliTad, cis-

feryanwelebi TavianT `winaprad~ besikis Semoqmedebas asaxe-

lebdnen, aRiarebdnen, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi iyo musikis

azrze upiratesoba, xazgasmuli metaforuloba. tician tabi-

Ze werda: `momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSi unda Sexvdes

rusTaveli da malarme~ (tabiZe 2002: 91). rusTaveli _

rogorc qarTuli kulturis saukeTeso tradicia da malar-

me _ Tanamedrove dasavluri kulturis simbolo. moderniz-

mis esTetikas saqarTveloSi qmnidnen gamorCeuli mwerlebi:

maT Soris: grigol robaqiZe, cisferyanwelebi, niko lor-

TqifaniZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, vasil barnovi, demna

Sengelaia, leo qiaCeli.

mixeil javaxiSvili Tavidanve gamoirCeoda yvelasgan. mi-

si pirveli moTxrobebi amxeldnen sruliad sxvagvar inte-

ress Temisa Tu stilis TvalsazrisiT. amitomac SeiZleba

vilaparakoT mis realizmze, rogorc modernizmis erTgvar

alternativaze. Semdeg, mogvianebiT, 1926 wels mixeil java-

xiSvilma is nakadi, romelic mis saxels ukavSirdeboda,

upirvelesad, Seafasa, rogorc neorealizmi, romlis calke-

uli principi Camoayaliba kidec werilSi `Cveni miwa~ (li-

teraturuli gancxadeba). mixeil javaxiSvilis azriT,

`mxatvruli sityva misi Casaxvis pirvelive dRidan umTavre-

sad realisturi iyo _ am cnebis uRrmesi da ufarToesi

mniSvnelobiT. aseTia igi dResac da aseTive darCeba moma-

valSic. yovelive danarCeni an misi nakadebia, an Senakadebi:

`realizmi dedaxea mxatvruli literaturisa. igi miwaze

dgas da miwidanve amodis. oriveni erTmaneTs hkvebaven, zrdi-

an da amagreben~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 44).

26

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mwerali miwisagan mowyvetas eris sulieri Zalebis mo-

dunebisa da Semoqmedebis daqveiTebis safuZvlad miiCnevda.

igi fiqrobda, rom `visac miwis alRo dauClungda da re-

alobis grZnoba daekarga, imas xerxemalic moerRva da kunTe-

bic moeSala. xolo uZvlo da usisxlo sxeuli ueWvelad

ganwirulia. realobis mZlavri grZnoba da miwis gabasruli

alRo xelovnebisTvis da xalxisaTvisac uebari duRabia _

maTi sulisa da sxeulis gamfoladebeli~ (javaxiSvili

1980: 45).

mwerali, amgvarad, naTlad gamokveTda ZiriTad debule-

bas: xelovneba miwisTvis, CvenTvis, xalxisTvis! es iyo erT-

gvari mibruneba iliaseul da akakiseul principTan (`RmerT-

Tan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia),

`mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT, rasac Sig Cauxedia~ (akaki).

mixeil javaxiSvili realizms gamijnavda naturalizmis-

gan: `mxatvruli literatura arc mSrali sagazeTo ambavia,

arc fotografiuli suraTia. mxatvari mecnieri ar aris, xo-

lo misi Tavi faqtebis civ sawyobad an qimiur laborato-

riad ver gadaiqceva. mSralma da usulo naturalizmma Tvisi

saTqmeli sTqva da wavida~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48). igi im-

gvar realizmsac uaryofda, romelic unda damorCileboda

ama Tu im politikur-socialur ideologias. `mxatvrisTvis

es gza, saidanac unda modiodes igi, metad molipulia. Cven-

Tvis misaRebia ideiuri, utilitaruli xelovneba, mosaTmenia

didaqtiuric, xolo mesame safexuri _ uaRresi tendencia _

mxatvrisTvis metad saxifaTod migvaCnia~ (javaxiSvili 1980:

48).

`arifionis~ literaturul skolasac, romelSic erTi

TvalTaxedvis mwerlebi gaerTiandnen (1927-1928). `arifi-

onis~ wevrebi iyvnen: v. gorgaZe, S. dadiani, k. kapaneli, b. me-

27

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liqiSvili, l. metreveli, i. mosaSvili, m. mrevliSvili, d. su-

liaSvili, i. tatiSvili, p. qavTaraZe, l. qiaCeli, g. qiqoZe,

s. SanSiaSvili, k. WiWinaZe, m. javaxiSvili. gaerTianebam ga-

mosca almanaxi `arifioni~ (1928), romelsac neorealizmis

principebi daedo safuZvlad.

mwerlisTvis ras niSnavda neorealizmi da riT gansxvav-

deboda igi realizmisgan? `neorealizms safuZvlad udevs

igive klasikuri realizmi Semdegi ganmeorebiT, damatebiTa

da ganmartebebiT; Seswavla maxlobel da Soreul kultu-

raTa warsulisa da misi mxatvruli gamoyeneba dRevandeli

adamianis gemovnebis mixedviT. ganukveTeli kulturuli

mTlianoba warsulisa, awmyosi da momavlisa. Senaxva jansaRi

tradiciebisa... kultura adamianisa da adamianebisa. SeduRe-

buli marTali mSveniereba da mSvenieri simarTle (orive er-

Tia, forma da Sinaarsi (ganuyrelia). `vici~! da `ar vici~,

namdvili da uCinari (pirveli mravaljer sWarbobs meores)...

mkacri dacva qarTuli enis bunebisa da leqsikonisa gadagva-

rebisa da amRvrevisagan. bejiTi Sroma enis gamdidrebisaTvis

da gaxalisebisaTvis arsebulis sruli gamoyenebiT da axa-

lis frTxili SemoSvebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 46).

isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom evropul literaturaSi ne-

orealizmi XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan gamoCnda (neore-

alist mwerlebad miiCnevian; elio vitorini, Cezare paveze,

bepe fonolio, italo kalvino, alberto moravia, vasko pra-

tolini, franCesko jovine, domeniko rea, karlo levi, mario

tobino, karlo kasola), xolo rogorc kinematografiuli

mimdinareoba, italiaSi 1940-1950-ian wlebSi ganviTarda.

Tumca termini jer kinematografiaSi gaCnda (neorealisturi

kinos yvelaze cnobili reJisorebi arian: roberto roseli-

ni, vitorio de sika, lukino viskonti).

28

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rogor gaiazrebda mixeil javaxiSvili realizmis gzas

saqarTveloSi? `roca mxatvruli prozis sakiTxi irCeoda,

t. tabiZem yvelaferi is, rac ara galeqsiT CvenSi dawerila,

mxatvruli prozis nimuSad CaTvala. mis kvals rom gavyveT,

yvela sagazeTo werili mxatvrul prozaSi unda SevitanoT.

namdvilad mxatvruli proza iwyeba iq, sadac iwyeba raime

faqtiuri ambis mxatvruli gardaqmna, anu mogonili ambis Se-

Txzva. evropiuli beletristikis damwyebi ilia WavWavaZe

gaxlavT da sxva aravin. saba-sulxan orbelianis prozas

dRes ver gavyvebiT. igav-arakebis Janri mokvda da mis gamo-

cocxlebas aravin apirebs...~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 48) mixeil

javaxiSvili didad afasebda Tavisi drois SemoqmedTa naR-

vaws (maT Soris, grigol robaqiZesa, konstantine gamsaxur-

dias, vasil barnovis (am ukanasknelis SemoqmedebaSi is ro-

mantizmisa da realizmis nazavs xedavda) (ix. werili `bar-

novis dakrZalvaze~), Tumca ar erideboda mkveTrad gamoeTqva

Tavisi Tvalsazrisi modernizmis Sesaxebac: `mxatvrul li-

teraturaSi mZlavrad SemoiWra sneuli dadaizmi da sulis

momdunebeli dekadansi. am movlenas TavisTavad mohyva par-

naseloba _ gandegiloba. mwerali moswyda miwas da xalxs.

cxovrebis dakvirvebis nacvlad simbolistebma ganyenebuli

azrovneba Semoitanes da cxadi qveyana bundovani nisliT

daCrdiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 45).

sagulisxmoa, rom mixeil javaxiSvili ar uaryofda miTs,

zRapars, mistikas, magram gansxvavebul funqcias akisrebda:

`janmrTeli realistis TvalSi garkveuli Rirebuleba aqvs

zRapars, miTs, alegorias da simbolosac, Tu maT aqvT naTe-

loba, sicxade da mWidro kavSiri miwasTan e. i. Tu simbolo

naTlad da mkafiod aris aSenebuli am qveynis niadagze da

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amave qveyanas ara swydeba~ (javaxiSvili 1980:46). mis Semoq-

medebaSi, ra Tqma unda, aris zRaparic, miTica da alegoriac.

igi fiqrobda, rom mwerali ar unda damoneboda arc Te-

mas da arc formas: `zogni mxolod Sinaarss eZeben, zogni

drogadasul formebSi gaiyinnen, zogierTebma axali forma

TviTmiznad daisaxes, sxvebma ki sityvisa da bgeris kulti

SemoiRes da azri sityvas daumorCiles. Cven xelovnebad ver

CavTvliT martooden Sinaarss, Tundac metad jansaRic rom

iyos igi~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).

mixeil javaxiSvili drois majiscemas miyuradebuli mwe-

rali iyo, amitomac fiqrobda, rom `dRes aRarc dromoWmul

formaze SeiZleba dasveneba. verc axali forma dagvakmayofi-

lebs, Tu masSi Sesaferi Sinaarsi _ fabula, siuJeti ar

aris Caqsovili. marTalia, formisa da Sinaarsis gankveTa

zedmiwevniTi sisworiT SeuZlebelia, magram oriveni mainc

cal-calke arseboben. mxolod forma an marto Sinaarsi nam-

dvil xelovnur nawarmoebs ver Sehqmnian. WeSmariti xelov-

neba moiTxovs orives Sezavebas da SeduRebas. Tu pirvels

meore aklia, usisxlo da uxerxemlo xorci gamova. Tu me-

ores pirvelic Tan ar axlavs, Seumoseli ConCxi darCeba.

amitom Cven pirvelobas verc formas mivakuTvnebT, verc Si-

naarss. namdvili Rirebuleba cal-calke arc erTs aqvs, arc

meores. xolo oriveni erTad, Tanabrad Sezavebulni, mTli-

ansa da ganukveTel mxatvrul erTeuls hqmnian~ (javaxiS-

vili 1980: 46).

igi akritikebda futuristebs: `sityvisa da ritmis gamo-

calkevebas uazro da carieli bgerebis varjiSoba mohyva. Tu

forma mxolod garegania mTliani mxatvruli sxeulisa, mar-

to bgera carieli da usxeulo samoselia, romelSic arc

xorcia, arc Zvali, arc suli~. misi azriT, `mxatvruli na-

30

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warmoebi ki unda savse iyos erTiani da mTliani ritmiT. mi-

si ganviTareba damokidebulia Sinaarsis ganviTarebisagan mTli-

an mxatvrul saxeSi, romelic, mxatvrul simarTlesTan er-

Tad, Semoqmedebis dedaboZad unda CaiTvalos~ (javaxiSvili

1980: 46).

mixeil javaxiSvils mxatvruli saxis TviTmiznad gadaq-

cevis principic ar moswonda: `Semoqmedma marto mxatvrul

ornamentze ar unda daaxurdaos Tvisi niWi. zomierad nax-

mari ornamenti mxolod Sesamkobi masalaa mxatvruli sinTe-

zis das mTliani dinamiuri saxis, romelic dedaRerZiviT un-

da iyos Sedgmuli da ganviTarebuli mxatvrul nawarmoebSi~

(javaxiSvili 1980: 47).

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, ras fiqrobda igi gamsa-

xurdias Semoqmedebaze (`konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris

motaceba~): `k. gamsaxurdia freskebis magvari saxeebis

mxatvaria... peizaJis didi ostatia, magram alag-alag peizaJi

moqmedebasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, TavisTavadia. zogjer

peizaJi geografiaSi gadadis. zogierTi adgilis aRweriloba

vnebs siuJetis ganviTarebas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).

qarTuli literaturis modernistuli esTetikiT ganaxle-

bas igi `saxifaTo calmxrivobad~ miiCnevda: `lirikam TiTqmis

savsebiT daiufla samwerlo are. Cven saWirod migvaCnia wo-

nasworobis aRdgena: mxatvrul masalis damuSavebas safuZ-

vlad unda daedos rogorc lirikuli, agreTve epiuri da

dramatiuli misvla sagnebTan da movlenebTan~ (javaxiSvili

1980: 46).

neorealizmi ar zRudavda mxatvris alRosa da Tvalis

Tavisuflebas, `magram Cven mainc Tanadrouloba gvirCevnia _

am cnebis farTo mniSvnelobiT. gulwrfelobis SenarCunebi-

saTvis Semoqmedi movalec aris ise dainaxos da igrZnos sag-

31

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nebi da movlenebi, rogorc SeuZlian da moeCveneba. magram

Cvenc mainc gvirCevnia iseTi masalis SerCeva, SegrZnoba da

Tvali, romelnic gaamxneveben xalxs da gauRviveben imeds,

energias da zneobas~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 47).

modernizmma, rogorc cnobilia, gansakuTrebuli yurad-

Reba miaqcia axal enobriv konstruqciebs. amis Taobazec ga-

moTqvamda mixeil javaxiSvili azrs: `ori ukiduresoba swe-

wavs qarTuls: erTi rvaliviT amagrebs sityvas (mohxkal!),

meore ki bambasaviT arbilebs (mokal!). aqac zomiereba gvir-

Cevnia (mohkal!). mainc erTi ram unda gvaxsovdes mudam: qar-

Tuli magar enebis jgufs ekuTvnis da ar iguebs frangul-

sparsulis sitkbosa da sirbiles~ (javaxiSvili 1980: 129).

mas ar moswonda modernistul nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebuli

amgvari sintaqsuri konstruqcia: `kaci modis maRali~. igi,

am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas amaxvilebda vasil barnovis

prozaze da SeniSnavda: `vasil barnovis sintaqsuri wyoba _

`saxlebi eTamaSebodnen maRalni~ _ mxolod saintereso cda

iyo axali sintaqsuri formebis SemoRebisa da isev cdad

darCa. ase dalagebuls ociode striqons kidev gauZlebs

mkiTxveli, mTeli wignis wakiTxva ki metismetad Znelia~

(javaxiSvili 1980: 107).

oTar CxeiZem SeniSna da gamokveTa mixeil javaxiSvilis

neorealizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi mniSvnelovani Tvise-

ba: `am realistur nawarmoebSi (igulisxmeba `jayos xizne-

bi~), am yovlad realur, yovlad yofiTsa Tu Cveulebriv si-

tuaciebSi, Tu gnebavT, yovlad banalur situaciebSi, bevri

ram ufro simboluria, simboluri da metaforulia, gazRap-

rebulobaze Tu miTologizirebaze ro araferi iTqvas; ro-

gorRac ucnaurad aq TiTqos piriqiTaa yvelaferi: Tu sxva-

gan metaforebsa da simboloebSi, alegoriebsa da miTosur

32

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situaciebSi kiTxuloben realur saxeebsa, aq realurSi, re-

alursa da SiSvel saxeebSi, naturalisturobamde gaSiSvle-

bul saxeebSi, amoikiTxeba piriqiTa anTu gaiazreba piriqiTa,

metaforuli da simboluri suraTebi gaiazreba, – ase piri-

qiTaameTqi yvelaferi; es araa patara xelovneba, es didi xe-

lovnebaa, didostatoba sworedac esaa realistur romanSi~

(CxeiZe 2009: 1)

oTar CxeiZis azriTve, da rac unda iyos, Tu rogorc

unda iyos, Cveni drois mxatvruli proza, qarTuli cxadia

da, raRa Tqma unda, ganisazRvreba ZiriTadad ori TavTavise-

buri mxatvruli stiliTa, ori mxatvruli koncepciiTa: er-

Ti vasil barnovia, erTica mixeil javaxiSvili; Tu SeimCneva

kidev sxva rameca, ufro modaa, literaturuli modaa, uf-

ro, swrafwarmavali da ukvalo (CxeiZe 2009: 1).

sagulisxmoa, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi orive nakadma

_ modernistulmac da neorealisturmac, mniSvnelovani na-

warmoebebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. daiwera modernistuli

romanebi: grigol robaqiZis `gvelis perangis~, konstantine

gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimilis~, demna Sengelaias `sanavar-

dos~ saxiT, meore mxriv neorealisturi romanebi: `jayos

xiznebis~, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~, `givi Saduris~, `TeTri sa-

yelos~, `arsena marabdelis~ saxiT.

damowmebani:

tabiZe 2002: tabiZe t. cisferi yanwebiT. // `tician tabiZe, paolo

iaSvili~. Tb.: `dia~, 2002.

CxeiZe 2009: CxeiZe o. isev `jayos xiznebi~. http://burusi.wordpress.com/

2009/07/04/otar-ckheidze/

javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili m. werilebi, Txzulebani. t. VI, Tb.: `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1980.

33

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inga milorava

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

keria _ miwa _ mamuli _ niko lorTqifaniZe

niko lorTqifaniZe gansakuTrebul adgils iWers qarTu-

li mxatvruli azrovnebis im nakadSi, romelic erTi mxriv

uwyvetia saukuneTa manZilze, meore mxriv ki mudmivad mdid-

rdeba sxvadasxva axali SenakadiT. man SeZlo gaegrZelebina

qarTuli literaturis tradicia. igi Sinagan kavSirs amya-

rebs im problemebTan da TemebTan, romlebic mudmivad aqtu-

aluria qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis, Tumca XX s-

is damdegs, modernizaciis procesis dasawyisidanve, man qar-

Tuli mxatvruli sivrce gaamdidra sruliad axali, gansa-

kuTrebuli, im droisTvis Zalian Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelo-

biTi sistemiT _ impresionizmiT.

impresionistuli samyaros aRqma gulisxmobs mocemuli

wertilidan mocemul wamSi miRebuli STabeWdilebis mxat-

vruli anabeWdis Seqmnas. Sesabamisad Tavisi arsiT, filoso-

fiuri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, igi Zalian subieqturia

da saTaves iRebs zogadad modernistuli azrovnebis Tavise-

burebebis gamapirobebeli zmanebisa da cxadis urTierTmimar-

Tebis msoflmxedvelobrivi qvakuTxedidan. samyaro, romel-

sac qmnis impresionisti xelovani (mwerali, mxatvari, musi-

kosi) naklebadaa orientirebuli realizmis damaxasiaTebel

ganzogadebasa da e. w. `miwier~, xelSesaxeb orientirebsa da

problemebze, Tundac socialur, politikur Temebze. impre-

sionisti mozRuduli sivrcidan (wertili) miRebul aseve

mxolod wamier STabeWdilebebSi cdilobs Caatios mTeli

34

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samyaro da sakuTari individualuri gancdebi, grZnobebi, ma-

radiuloba da warmavaloba _ erTsa da imave wertilSi Tav-

moyrili. isini Tavisuflad, moqnilad moZraoben, dasriale-

ben saxeebis, bgerebis, grZnobebis ferad RrublebSi da Tavi-

anTi Semoqmedebis nayofis aRmqmel-Semmecnebel-mkiTxvels iw-

veven Caebas am SemoqmedebiT procesSi da STabeWdilebis mi-

Rebis Semdeg fiqris gagrZelebiT, wertilisa da wamis usaz-

Rvrod gafarToebiT cxadis farglebs gascdnen da miaRwion

zmanebismier, miRmur, metafizikur samyaros, saidanac arek-

lilia xiluli samyaros nebismieri sagani Tu movlena.

impresionistuli da saerTod yvela modernistuli mim-

dinareoba raki nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs miwier, socialur,

politikur da a. S., vTqvaT ase, materialistur Temebs, maT

Soris bunebrivad unda moqceuliyo erovnuli problemati-

kac da umetesad es asec xdeba. niko lorTqifaniZis adgili

da roli imiTac unikaluria, rom man SeZlo erTmaneTTan bu-

nebrivad Seexamebina tradiciuli Temebi, saukuneebSi gamota-

rebuli saxeebi, tkivilebi, gancdebi da sruliad axali, er-

Ti SexedviT ucxo, magram misi ostatobiT ukve gasagebad da

misaRebad gardaqmnili gamomsaxvelobiTi sistema, mxatvruli

qsovilis Seqmnis gansxvavebuli xerxi. es magaliTia, Tu ro-

gor SeiZleba moxdes modernizeba nebismieri sivrcis, movle-

nis, mxatvruli struqturis ise, rom ar daikargos misi ar-

si, suli, is mentaluri xerxemali, romlis garSemoc iz-

rdeba ganaxlebuli qsovili, niko lorTqifaniZem siaxle yo-

velgvari snobizmis, arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebis gareSe

miiRo da SeZlo misi tradiciulis niadagze bunebrivad

gadmonergva.

arc erTi wamiT, arc erT nawarmoebSi, vrcelsa Tu mini-

aturulSi, niko lorTqifaniZes ar moudunebia yuradReba,

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erTi wamiTac ar mouSorebia Tvali Tavisi qveynis maco-

cxlebeli uwyveti nakadisTvis, romlis ufro STambeWdavad

gadmosacemadac moiZia swored es axali gza da axali

xerxebi.

niko lorTqifaniZis samyaros aRqmis da gamosaxvis Tavi-

seburebebs SeiZleba Tavi movuyaroT modelSi keria→miwa→ mamuli→samyaro. am models, romlis safuZvelSic devs sam-

Soblos, rogorc umaRlesi miRmuri ideis xiluli saxis

koncefcia, myari centridanuli struqtura aqvs. usasrulo-

ba, mTeli samyaro sayrdeni centris irgvlis iSleba. es cen-

tri-wertili aris keria. rogorc erTi wertilis afeTqebiT

warmoiSva mTeli samyaro, ise keriidan (keriis qvaSi koncen-

trirebuli sulieri energiis gamoTavisuflebis Semdeg) iS-

leba cxadis (samSoblo, mamuli) da zmnebis, usasrulobis,

maradiulobis sivrce.

keria ar aRiqmeba mxolod erT, kerZo, nivTier planSi.

igi Zevs miwis _ mamulis centrSi da adamianis garSemo

kravs mis samyofels, mis adgils vrcel samyaroSi. arc ke-

ria, arc miwa-mamuli ar Semoifargleba. mxolod materi-

alisturi sazRvrebiT, isini usasrulod farTovdebian da

TandaTan sulier sferoSi, miRma samyaroSi ganefinebian... `vi-

sac saxl-kar-midamoSi mTeli gvaris legendebi, winaprebis

tanjva da sixaruli Camarxuli eCveneba, saxlis gayidvasTan,

warsulis daSorebasTan ekargeba momavalic. win aRaraferia

CvenTvis Tu ukanidan ar Semogvyurebs winapris mkacri ul-

mobeli saxe _ tradicia, Tu isa gvyavs, kidev bevri ris-

Tvisme vvargivarT, rac saWiroa qveynisTvis~. _ wers niko

lorTqifaniZe `dangreul budeebSi~. am nawarmoebis Sidasiv-

rceze naTlad aisaxa, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs miwa-mamulis da

misi sakraluri centris, droTa kavSiris Semkvreli sawyi-

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sis _ keriis dakargvas. Tu qreba sayrdeni centraluri wer-

tili _ keria, mis garSemo apokalifsuri procesebi viTar-

deba da qreba yvela Semdegi gare Sre da sabolood mTeli

samyaroc _ sulieri plani.

niko lorTqifaniZis vrcel moTxrobaSi `keriasaTvis~

gmiris, minais, egzistencialuri sivrcis centri-wertili

zustad emTxveva nawarmoebis kompoziciur centrs. aseTi

konceptualuri da kompoziciuri centria keria, romliske-

nac miemarTeba minais cxovrebis gzis spirali. kerias ori

urTierTgamsWvalavi plani aqvs: 1) nivTieri _ mozRudul

nakveTze, miwaze, mamulze dadebuli keriis qvis saxiT; 2)

sulieri _ keria, rogorc sakuTari `meobis~ srulad gamov-

lenis, ojaxis, samSoblos siyvarulis, momavlis imedis da

bednierebis maradiuli idea. minais mTeli cxovreba keriis

mosapoveblad gamarTuli umZimesi brZoliTa da SromiTaa

gansazRvruli.

niko lorTqifaniZem keriis nivTier-sulieri plani erT

mTlianobaSi gaiazra da adamianis cxovreba miwiT, mamuliT,

keriiT gansazRvrul odenobad warmoadgina. keria mwerlis-

Tvis niSnavs adamianis arsebobis safuZvels, fizikur da su-

lier centrs, romlisken swrafvac gansazRvravs mis gzas da

adgils samyaroSi. minais gza miuyveba tradiciul samyaros

RerZs, riTac xorcieldeba adamianis kavSiri kosmosTan.

tradiciuli warmodgenis mixedviT samyaros RerZs aseTi

struqtura aqvs: kosmosi qalaqi sofeli keria. minai gaiv-

lis yvela am fazas. `egsistencialur sivrces~, romelsac

haidegeri `samyaroseul oTxsaxas~ uwodebs oTxi mxare aqvs:

miwa, ca, RmerTi da kaci. adamianis samyaro am oTx mxares

iSleba, qalaqSi minaia ocnebobs, rom `isev iq miva, Tavis ek-

lesiaze ilocavs, Tavisi xarebi eyoleba, Tavisi keria eqne-

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ba~. minais am ocnebaSi mweralma Tavi mouyara ZiriTad pos-

tulatebs, romelic warmoadgens adamianis cnobierebis say-

rdens, misi `egzistencialuri sivrcis~ qvakuTxeds, esaa

rwmena cis, RmerTis _ `Tavis eklesiaze ilocavs~; miwa _

`Tavisi xarebi eyoleba~ _ xarebi bunebrivad ukavSirdeba mi-

waTmoqmedebiT kulturas da keria _ `Tavisi keria eqneba~,

rac misi, rogorc kacis arsebobas gansazRvravs. ase ikvreba

`samyareuli oTxsaxa~: miwa, ca, RmerTi da kaci. keriis qvas,

rogorc miwis, Semdeg mamulis, bolos ki mTeli samyaros

flobis simbolos am erTianobaSi sakraluri mniSvneloba

eniWeba.

Tavdapirvelad minais swrafva keriisaken gaucnobierebe-

lia. mxolod arsenas zRapris mosmenis Semdeg gaiazrebs igi

Tavisi ltolvis WeSmarit arss, zRapruli plani iWreba

mxatvrul qsovilSi da Tvisobrivad gardaqmnis, ganmartavs

mas. zRapari afarToebs realuri droisa da sivrcis far-

glebs da ambavi zedrouli xdeba. zRapris metafizikuri,

ideebis samyarodan wamosuli impulsebis miRebis da gaazre-

bis Semdeg igebs minai ra da vin unda eZebos _ keria da ke-

riis mfarveli qali, Tu SeZlebs maT mopovebasa da SenarCu-

nebas, ipovis Tavis adgils da Seasrulebs Tavis sulier da

fizikur misias.

iq, sadac ingreva sawyisi wertili _ keria da wydeba

misgan wamosuli STabeWdilebaTa jaWvi, iSleba Semdegi Srec

_ mamulic. magaliTad, `raindebSi~ Tavad moqelaZis mamulSi

daingra keria, mraval cecxladSretil, civ segmentad daiSa-

la da TavTavianT odebSi SeyuJulma STamomavlebma verc ki

gages rodis gardaicvala maTi winapari, anu gaqra saZirkve-

li, tradicia. miqelaZis danawevrebuli samflobelo saxea

mTeli mamulisa, xolo mamulis ngreva mTeli samyaros, mak-

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rokosmosSi mikrokosmosis _ adamianis Sinagan rRvevas iw-

vevs. swored es procesi aisaxa `dangreul budeebSi~, `Tav-

safrian dedakacSi~, `Selocva radioTiSi~, `JamTa siaveSi~.

es modeli _ centrSi _ wertili-keria, misgan aRZruli

fiqrebisa da STabeWdilebebis gafarToebiT Seqmnili Semdegi

sibrtye-mamuli da maTi kavSiri mTel garemomcvel, idumal

samyarosTan naTlad warmoaCens, rom mweralma SeZlo qarTu-

li mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis aqtualuri samSoblos, adami-

anis samSobloSi arsebobis da miwa-mamulis adamianisTvis Se-

narCunebis Tema samyaros SecnobasTan daekavSirebina da axa-

li formiTa da mxatvruli saSualebebiT gamoesaxa.

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manana kvaWantiraZe

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

triqsteri rogorc antigmiri

(mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~)

mixeil javaxiSvili epoqaluri mwerali iyo, da ara mxo-

lod imitom, rom warmatebiT SeZlo realizmis klasikuri

tradiciebisa da modernizmis sinTezi, aramed imitomac, rom

Semoitana mTeli rigi konceptebi, romelTa damuSavebac gag-

rZelda literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapebze da

grZeldeba dResac. sinTezSi vgulisxmobT rogorc orive am

mimarTulebis Tematur-formaluri SesaZleblobebis axle-

bur gamoyenebas msoflmxedvelobriv da stilur doneebze,

ise saxeTa realisturi sicxadisa da groteskuli polise-

mantizmis urTierTSerwymas.

`mwerali, upirveles yovlisa, valSia Tavisi drois wina-

Se~ _ drois mimarT es gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba,

garkveulwilad, xsnis mixeil javaxiSvilis interess

triqsteris mimarT.

triqsteri (ingl.: moxerxebuli, gaiZvera, iluzionisti.

damat.; flidi, matyuara, TaRliTi, avanturisti, lizRi da

sxv.). msoflio literaturisa da miTologiis erT-erTi yve-

laze arqauli personaJia. XX saukunis filosofiasa da

kulturologiaSi triqsteri aRiarebulia msoflio kultu-

ris erT-erT ZiriTad personaJad (termini samecniero mimoq-

cevaSi Semoitana amerikelma anTropologma pol radinma).

swored adamianis es tipi aRwera mixeil javaxiSvilma

Tavis romanSi `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~ (1925 w.)

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rogorc yvela arqetipuli saxe, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi

periodis ganmavlobaSi triqsteric saxecvlilebas ganicdis.

es cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia triqsteris lite-

raturuli saxeebis ganviTarebis WrilSi, dawyebuli karnava-

luri kulturis tradiciiTa da dasavluri pikareskuli

romaniT _ XX saukunis moderistuli romaniT damTavrebu-

li. kvaWis Tavgadasavlebic qarTuli variaciaa im mravalri-

cxovani avanturebisa, romlebsac mkiTxveli msoflio lite-

raturis oriaTaswlovani istoriidan da xalxuri _ maT

Soris qarTuli _ zepirsityvierebidan icnobs.

1925 wlis YJurnalSi ,,Teatri da cxovreba~ (#5, gv.

17) ,,wvrili ambebis~ rubrikaSi gvxvdeba cnoba imis Sesaxeb,

rom ,,m. javaxiSvili wers axal romans, romlis saTauria

,,nacarqeqia~. cnobaSi mokledaa aRniSnuli, rom romani Tana-

medrove cxovrebas asaxavs, sadac gamoyvanilia qarTveli don

-kixoti. es romani, qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT, ,,arqivSi

ar aRmoCnda. arsebobs mxolod calkeuli Canawerebi, romel-

Tac miwerili aqvs ,,nacarqeqia~, saidanac irkveva, rom rom

mwerals dawyebuli hqonda axal romanze muSaoba~ (javaxiS-

vili 1989: 28) aseve, mwerlis pirad arqivSi Semonaxulia

1925 wels ruTavelis TeatrSi ,,jayos xiznebTan~ dakavSi-

rebiT gamarTuli diskusiis programac. Temebis dasaxeleba

imaze metyvelebs, rom mixeil javaxiSvili sxvadasxva teq-

stebs Soris paralelebisa da saxeTa ganviTarebis Cvenebas

isaxavs miznad. magaliTad: ,,luarsab TaTqariZidan Teimuraz

xevisTavamde~; ,,hamletizmi da don-kixotizmi. mwignobroba

da saqmianoba, umweoba da Zliereba~ (javaxiSvili 1989: 45).

Cans, mwerali bevrs fiqrobs momavalze, cdilobs gaarkvios,

ra sWirdeba sazogadoebas, grZnobs epoqaTa gzajvaredins,

roca wesrigs, sistemas qaosi enacvleba da Rirebulebebi

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azrs kargaven; roca cxovreba tragikomikur elfers iZens

da deformirebuli sinamdvile groteskuli profiliT

imzireba. am dros scenaze gamodis triqsteri _ farsis

mTavari personaJi _ da gmiris mantiiT imoseba.

imas, Tu ramdenad aqtualuri iyo triqsteris Tema ara

mxolod mixeil javaxiSvilisTvis, aramed mTeli qarTuli

sinamdvilisaTvis, rusTavelis Teatris 1927 wlis repertu-

arSi Setanili oTxi speqtaklic mowmobs, oTxive kvaWize: S.

dadianis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ inscenireba, n. SiukaSvilis

ori piesa — `amerikeli Zia~ da `Ziis gasabWoeba~, dabolos,

Tavad m. javaxiSvilis piesa `iveriumi~, romelic ar dadgmu-

la da xelnaweric dakargulia. qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT,

masSi kvaWis saqarTveloSi dabruneba yofila aRwerili

(javaxiSvili 1989: 176).

,,kvaWi narevi tipia~_ ganmartavs javaxiSvili. mas

erTdroulad ainteresebs rogorc triqsteris folkloru-

li winaresaxe — nacarqeqia, ise ,,realuri~ kvaWi, gansakuT-

rebiT ki misi mimarTeba kulturul antipodTan — raindTan

anu gmirTan, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qmnida isto-

riulad Camoyalibebul da tradiciiT ganmtkicebul, mama-

kacis normatiul eTikur-zneobriv models. am modelis qar-

Tul variants Cveni sazogadoeba `vefxistyaosnidan~ icnobs.

am periodidan mokidebuli, qarTuli mwerloba, kulturis

moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, xangamoSvebiT aZlierebda Ri-

rebulebaTa moryeul sistemas da aRadgenda raindis saxesac.

XIX saukuneze rom araferi vTqvaT, Tanamedrove etapze

amis warmatebuli magaliTi gaxldaT Wabua amirejibis `daTa

TuTaSxia~, guram doCanaSvilis `samoseli pirveli~ da sxv.

saukuneze metia, am modelis mravalferovani transformaci-

ebi ara mxolod mwerlobis, aramed qarTuli kritikisa da

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publicistikis Sefasebisa da gansjis obieqtia. raki sityvam

moitana, am Temis Tanamedrove adaptorTa sayuradRebod min-

da vTqva: sanam saboloo, Cveni droisaTvis esoden damaxasi-

aTebel radikalur, nihilistur da arakoreqtul daskvnas

gamovitanT (,,mSvidobiT raindo…da...…jandabamdis gza gqo-

nia...~), vfiqrob, gonivruli iqneba, kidev erTxel yuradRe-

biT movisminoT guram asaTianis dakvirveba am sociokul-

turul personasa da paradigmul literaturul modelze:

,,saqarTveloSi TviT yvelaze srulad Camoyalibebuli, uime-

do obivatelic ki (praqticizmis, gamdidrebis, TavkerZobis,

uTavmoyvareobis, qurdbacacobis adeptebi) dRemde ,,raindoba-

nas~ TamaSoben.

es sasaciloa, zogjer amazrzenic. magram, Tu mSvidad

SevxedavT, amas Tan erTvis erTi mosaTmeni garemoebac: ,,Tama-

Si~ aiZulebs maT, formalurad mainc, Seasrulon arCeuli

Tu aCemebuli rolidan gamomdinare zogierTi rituali da,

ase gasinjeT, es Tvisebebi (Tundac sabalagano saxiT) uneb-

lieT maTSic ganagrZobs arsebobas...“ (asaTiani 2002: 101).

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, kritikosis es Tvalsazrisi

mixeil javaxiSvilisa da misi epoqis mweralTa tradiciis

gagrZelebad moCans aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: Tu

ver qmni gmirs, SeiZleba Seqmna triqsteri, romlis grotes-

kuli habitusis miRma yovelTvis SeiZleba dakargulis amo-

kiTxva, raindis daviwyebuli aCrdilis gacocxleba, radgan

formis ,,siWarbe~ yovelTvis aRZravs gamqrali mniSvnelobis

xsovnas, groteski ki _ deformaciis gasworebis impulss.

javaxiSvilma swored es gza airCia, radgan kargad grZnobda:

roca raindis ideali sabolood miecema daviwyebas, maSin

cxovrebis scenidan gaikrifebian samarTlianoba, moZmeze

zrunva, vaJkacoba, siyvaruli da megobroba, patiosneba,

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keTilSobileba, Semwynarebloba da sxva siqveleni. erT

garemoebasac unda gaewios angariSi, romlis gareSec, vfiq-

rob, mTeli Tanamedrove ,,antirainduli~ Sefasebebi, ubra-

lod, informaciis an, sulac, realobis grZnobis naklebobas

SeiZleba mieweros: inteleqtualur samyaros triqsteri ori

ipostasiT evlineba: rogorc realuri istoriuli figura,

gansaxlebuli normatiuli kulturul-moraluri sivrcis

periferiaze da rogorc iluziuri _ koleqtiuri warmo-

saxvis konkretuli dominantebisagan warmoqmnili. Sesabami-

sad, gansxvavebulia misi aRqmac: Tan saxifaTo _ qceva-az-

rovnebis normaluri zonebisaTvis da imavdroulad momxib-

lavic _ socialur-egzotikuri elferis gamo. swored am

ormagobis gamo triqsteri da misi struqturulad monaTesa-

ve figurebi (yaCaRebi, meamboxeebi da a.S.) _ anu periferiaze

dasaxlebuli araordinaluri socialuri tipebi, TavianTi

negatiuri konotaciebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis warmatebiT

heroizdebodnen xalxur zepirsityvierebasa da literatu-

raSi. gavixsenoT bediswerasTan moTamaSe, xelisuflebasTan

da kanonTan dapirispirebul adamianTa saxeebi miTebSi, zRap-

rebSi, baladebSi, prozasa Tu poeziaSi.

mainc rogor gamoiyureboda triqsteri/gmiris opizacia

XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi da ras eubneba is dRes

Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, rogoria triqsteri globalur kon-

teqstSi, travestul droSi, anu XXsaukunis istoriul

monakveTze?

zogi ram triqsteris xasiaTidan: triqsteri gamoirCeva

eSmakobiT, gonebamaxvilobiT, sisastikiT, transformaciis

unariT; erTdroulad Semoqmedicaa (magaliTad, nacarqeqia)

da damangrevelic, matyuarac da tyuilis msxverplic. mis

saqciels upiratesad instinqtebi da impulsebi gansazRvra-

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ven. moralurad ganurCevelia _ arc sikeTe icis, arc bo-

roteba da, SesaZloa amitomac, uCveulod gamZlea da sico-

cxlisunariani. miTebis did umravlesobaSi triqsteri samya-

ros meore Semoqmedia, riskiani TamaSis wamomwyebi, xSirad

gmiris saqmis uneblie xelSemwyobi an Segnebuli CamSleli.

igi kulturuli gmiris komikur (groteskul) dubliorad

gvevlineba. ormagoba, ambivalenturoba TviT triqsteris cne-

baSia Cadebuli, amitom misi qmedebebi ar eqvemdebareba erT-

mniSvnelovan, calsaxa Sefasebas, ver Tavsdeba `dadebiTis~ an

`uaryofiTis~ CarCoebSi. igi mxolod sakuTari vnebebiT,

ltolvebiT, survilebiT xelmZRvanelobs da amisda miuxe-

davad, xSirad swored misi wyalobiT iZens yvela faseuloba

Tavis namdvil mniSvnelobas.

istoriis gardamaval etapebze, roca RirebulebaTa sis-

tema ingreva da sociokulturuli sivrce ganurCevlobasa

da qaosSi iZireba, triqsteris Tema gansakuTrebul aqtu-

alurobas iZens swored imitom, rom mas SeuZlia dadebiTi

gmiris, zogadad, dakarguli gmiris saxis indikatoroba ikis-

ros. cxadia, misTvis, vinc mixeil javaxiSvilis am romans

icnobs, Zneli araa triqsteris zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebeb-

Si kvaWi kvaWantiraZis saxis amokiTxva, xolo is, vis mi-

marTac igi indikatoris funqcias asrulebs, gmiri da rain-

dia. am azriT, kvaWi-triqsteri antigmiri da fsevdoraindia,

Tumca ganuwyvetliv migvaniSnebs im adgilze, romelic gmirs

ekava kulturis teqstSi (gavixsenoT, Tundac, kvaWis ,,ZmaTa

rainduli ordeni~ _ mkacr urTierTmxardaWeraze dafuZnebu-

li, mkafiod ganawilebuli saqmiT, ierarqiiT, Zmobis ficiT

da kvaWi _ beladi). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociokulturu-

li realobidan gaZevebuli raindi triqsteris saxiT ganag-

rZobs arsebobas teqstSi. gmiris xsovna triqsteris meSve-

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obiT cocxlobs. igi opoziciis is wevria, romelic dakar-

gulze miuTiTebs.

rogor xedavs mas javaxiSvili da rogor afasebs perso-

naJi sakuTar Tavs? es ori pozicia Zalze saintereso wer-

tilebSi gadakveTs erTmaneTs. zemoT vTqviT, rom triqste-

ri Semoqmedia. faqtobrivad, kvaWi istoriis Semoqmedad xe-

davs Tavs im wuTidanve, roca sakuTar saxels - identobis

umTavres niSans uaryofs da napoleon apoloviCs irqmevs,

anu istoriisa da miTis SeuRlebis nayofad asaRebs Tavs.

epizodSi, romelic saimperatoro karze momxdar saidumlo

Sexvedraze gviambobs, ukve mweralic araorazrovnad miakuT-

vnebs Tavis gmirs istoriis erT-erTi Semoqmedis statuss

vinme anonimi-s saxiT. javaxiSvili istorias `asworebs~ li-

teraturiT, radgan, misive TqmiT, istoria ,,yovelTvis tyu-

is~, is `ujiaTi bavSvia~, anu infantiluri, mkafio cnobi-

erebas moklebuli zrdadausrulebeli arseba, romelic unda

`daseriozuldes~, ,,gaizardos~ da WeSmariti mniSvneloba

SeiZinos literaturaSi da misi meSveobiT. mwerali Tavisi

travestuli epoqis axal istorias wers, romlis mTavari

gmiric triqsteria, radgan es epoqa kvaWisnairTa Semoqmede-

baa, maTi aqtiurobis nayofi, iseTive ,,Wreli~, rogoric Ta-

vad kvaWia. travestul droSi kvaWi beladi da raindia: ,,mas,

Zlevamosil rainds~... (javaxiSvili 1960: 332); ,,saca bela-

di, Cvenc iq viqnebiT~ (javaxiSvili 1960: 307).

im did qaosSi, romelsac imdroindeli ruseTis imperia

erqva, kvaWi pirvelxarisxovani moTamaSea: ,,Cveni morgani~,

,,udidesi finansisti~, ,,guluxvi mecenati~. ,,piaric~ exerxe-

ba, imperiis faqtiur mmarTvelTa gulsac igebs da veeberTe-

la Tanxebsac ganagebs. swored amitom, mwerali kvaWis xe-

liT usworebs angariSs ruseTs, ,,salosebis klasikur qveya-

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nas~ _ did sociokulturul gaugebrobas, sadac marTlmadi-

deblur eklesiebs TaRliTi ebraeli komersantebi aSeneben,

imperiis beds ki rasputinebi wyveten.

irakli abaSiZe ixsenebs, rom romanis gamoqveynebisTanave

Tbilisur ojaxebSi, Turme, ar wydeboda saubrebi nikoloz

II karze rasputinis wlebSi datrialebul intrigebsa da

avanturebSi qarTvel didgvarovanTa monawileobis Sesaxeb:

,,am dros amotivtivdnen gvarebi ivane nakaSiZisa, aleqsandre

eristovisa, alek amilaxvrisa, uCa dadianisa, nikoloz niJa-

raZisa, andronikovisa, ServaSiZisa, dumbaZisa, orbelianisa,

Tarxanovisa. magram yvelaze metad rasputinis sasiZo simon

fxakaZisa~ (,,kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~) (abaSiZe 2003: 86).

paradoqsia, magram triqsteri swored sociokulturu-

li qaosis wyalobiT ikvreba, mTliandeba da Zlierdeba: yo-

vel dabrkolebaze kvaWi `gaStikindeba~ xolme. igi erTaderT

bolomde myar struqturad rCeba irgvliv gamefebul amor-

fulobaSi. kvaWi gadawyvetilebebis uyoymanod mimRebia —

daeWvebulTa Soris, moqmedia — umoqmedoTa, damfrTxalTa

Soris, moZravia — umoZraoTa Soris miuxedavad imisa, rom

arc guladobiT gamoirCeva da arc WkuiT. triqsteri para-

doqsia, magram paradoqsuli epoqisTvis is gmiria, RviZli

Svili da demiurgia. `dRevandel epoqas suli ara aqvs, da

Tu aqvs, mZulvarebaa misi saxeli~ — ase afasebs mixeil

javaxiSvili Tavis epoqas. am fonze, cxadia, kvaWic `usu-

loa~: arasodes eZebs TanagrZnobas — mxolod gamosavals,

aravin uyvars — mxolod iyenebs, arasdros arafers nanobs

imis garda, rac da vinc ver daiTria, ver ,,gaaimasqna~, ver

acduna an gaabriyva.

da mainc: kvaWis uzneoba xandaxan TavSesaqcevi, maxvil-

gonivruli, saxalisoc kia. nawilobriv, kvaWis saxes am or-

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magobas mwerlis komizmi aniWebs: rainduli esTetika, ,,rain-

dulad“ Sesrulebuli sisaZagle kvaWis amazrzen uzneobs sa-

sacilod aqcevs, amiT ki asatans xdis. miuxedavad imisa, rom

TiTqos ar vdaobT mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze, kvaWi mainc

sxvaa, vidre uaryofiTi personaJi. SesaZloa imitom, rom mi-

si dadebiTi mewyvile realurad ar Cans. SeiZleba imitomac,

rom igi yoveli sazogadoebis raRac iseTi suliskveTebis

gamomxatvelia, romelsac arasdros gasdis yavli da rome-

lic Zalze Zlieradaa mibmuli sasicocxlo instinqtze, ub-

ralod, mxolod saxes da saxels icvlis.

sxvaTa Soris, kvaWis tipiT moxibvla erT-erT braldebad

wauyenes javaxiSvils 1937 wels, damatimrebidan samiode

dRis Semdeg, roca `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis Tavgadasavals~ (ase

erqva romanis pirvel, 1925 wlis gamocemas _ m.k.) uwodes

`tipiuri burJuaziuli yaidis romani... avanturizmis, TaRli-

Tobis, satyuarobisa da TavalTmaqcobis gaSiSvlebuli apo-

logia~ (demetraZe 2005: 112).

cxadia, es ar iyo apologia. kvaWi cocxali mxatvruli

saxea da javaxiSvilic mxolod gviCvenebs, arafers gveubneba

pirdapir. es misi mxatvruli meTodia. kvaWis saxis es xib-

li, sanam racionalur-eTikuri gansja CaerTveba, aSkaraa da

rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, mas, nawilobriv, saxis esTetizacia

(komizmi) qmnis. meore mxriv, esaa adamianis am tipis uCve-

ulo sicocxlisunarianoba, sicocxliT tkbobis absolutu-

ri Rirebulebis aRiareba yvela sxva RirebulebasTan Sedare-

biT. swored sicocxlis es gansakuTrebuli,SiSveli da

aulagmavi instinqti marTavs kvaWis xasiaTs da qcevas. ami-

tomaa amazrzenic da momxiblavic erTdroulad, mxdalic da

gabedulic, riskiani da daudevari: ,,mxolod daudevarTaTvis

Rirs sicocxle da mxolod maT ician misi fasi

48

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(javaxiSvili 2005: 158) am SemTxvevaSi javaxiSvili moder-

nistic aris da realistic; ,,sicocxlis filosofiis~ mim-

devaric da epoqis mkacri, daundobeli mxatvaric.

erTi ram cxadia: javaxiSvili ar ubrazdeba Tavis gmirs.

aq arc mrisxanebaa da arc siZulvili. igi akvirdeba da Tuki

vinmes dascinis, im epoqas, romelSic kvaWebi ase xaroben; im

sazogadoebas, romelmac isini gmiris mantiiT Semosa. erT

CanawerSi Teimuraz xevisTavs aTqmevinebs: ,,Cveni cxovrebis

RerZi da idumaleba is aris, rom xelisufleba da xalxi

erTmaneTs atyuebs. amitom dRes motyueba udides mecniere-

bad gadaiqca~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 161) mwerali drois sa-

idumlos amocnobas cdilobs, rainduli esTetikisa da TaR-

liTobis maxinji simbiozis, misi zemoqmedebis Zalis(,,umal

miizida rainduli yofa-qceviT~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 338)

mxileba unda; misi ,,mecnierebis~, anu miznebisa da meqanizme-

bis garkveva swadia. javaxiSvilis satira drozea damizne-

buli, pirdapir uyurebs drois maxinj saxes, kvaWobis sico-

cxlisunarianobisa da gavrcelebis saSiS masStabebs, sazo-

gadoebis yvela fenis TaRliTur suliskveTebas: `meubnebian,

dRes kvaWebi aRar gvyavs. es marTalia, radgan udabnoSi

kvaWs ra unda, samagierod Tumniani kvaWiko aTasobiT moipo-

veba, didi kvaWebi ki sul sxva banakSi unda veZeboT (po-

litkvaWebi)~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 177).

mwerali Txzavda antigmirs, raTa gmiri Seexsenebina sa-

zogadoebisaTvis, qmnida triqsteris saxes, raTa daviwyebuli

raindobis idealis xsovna gamoewvia qarTvelebSi. is, Tu,

raoden mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis es amocana, ubis wignakSi

aqvs CaniSnuli: `vinc vaJkacia, gamokvleva dasweros am Te-

maze: vaJkacobis kulti qarTul mwerlobaSi da xalxur po-

eziaSi, es dedaRerZi unda aRzdges, Torem sul daviRupebiT~

49

Page 50: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

(javaxiSvili 2005: 162). da sxvagan: `Tavadaznauroba mokvda,

iqneb, sulis aristokratizmi mainc gadarCes~. gmiris Seqmna

fsevdogmirebis epoqaSi Zalze riskiani (mxtvruli damaje-

reblobis TvalsazrisiT) da saxifaTo saqme iyo. Tuki niko

lorTqifaniZe raindis xsovnas istoriul suraTebSi acocx-

lebda, javaxiSvilma antigmirebiT, nakacarebiT daiwyo: jayo-

Ti, TeimuraziT, kvaWiT, givi SaduriT da bolos Seqmna

gmiris saxe — glexi arsena, romelsac swored is Tvisebebi

mianiWa, romlebic Tavis xalxSi undoda daenaxa.

triqsteri-kvaWis moqmedebis klasikuri sfero dangrevaa.

am azriT kvaWi gmiris kontrastul anabeWds warmoadgens.

Tuki gmiri demiurgia, triqsteri destruqciulia, Tumca

misi es unari periodulad da SemTxveviT, uaryofiT wesrig-

sac utevs xolme (ruseTis imperiis ngreva). gmiri yovel-

Tvis dakavebulia samyaros mowesrigebiT. am azriT igi sis-

temis, wesrigis centrSi myofobs. triqsteri — centris

aucilebeli sapirwone — aaqtiurebs samyaros centridanul

tendenciebs, utevs normebs, RirebulebaTa sistemas da Tavi-

si xan cinikuri, xan ki — ukiduresad gaubraloebuli Se-

fasebebiT axdens mis recesias, mis adgilas ki sakuTars am-

kvidrebs (kvaWis msjelobebi samSobloze, siyvarulze, zne-

obaze). kvaWis qmedebis saxe da saxeli `gaimasqnebaa~, cru-

saqmianoba anu imis keTeba, rac wesrigs arRvevs da areuloba

Semoaqvs. kvaWis usaxelo teqnologiebi kosmosuri aqtis sa-

pirispiroa da saxelic amitom ar qvia.

Tuki gmiris adgili kulturis centrSia, triqsteri eq-

scentriulia. isini aucilebel, gardauval opoziciur wyvi-

lad rCebian maSinac ki, roca gmiri ar Cans da sabolood

periferiazea gandevnili. triqsteri centris imitirebas ax-

dens — icvlis saxels, ikazmeba gmiris mantiiT, raTa daS-

50

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lili centris adgili daikavos (gavixsenoT kvaWis aznauro-

ba, misakuTrebuli saxelebi, aristokratuli wodebebi). Ta-

maSi/seriozulobis opoziciis konteqstSi triqsteri Tama-

Sis, araseriozulobis mxares dgas (bzis kovzis epizodi).

gmiri rTul gzebs gadis, ar iiolebs cxovrebas, emsaxureba

kanons da kodeqss (rainduls an sxv.). triqsters imedgac-

rueba, SfoTi da areuloba Seaqvs realur wesrigSi da amas

TamaSiTa da elementaruli energiebiT axerxebs. gmirs dab-

rkolebad eqceva Tavisi kulturuloba, triqsters — saku-

Tari ukulturoba uxsnis xel-fexs. gmiri qmnis da ganamtki-

cebs kulturul tradicias, Soridan mosuli triqsteri ki

mas Slis, orazrovnebas aniWebs. triqsteri gmiris paro-

diaa, magram, imavdroulad, am parodirebiT emsaxureba kidec

mas. garkveuli azriT, triqsteri srulad uferulia, ordi-

naluria, magram amiTac gmiris saxiT siRrmesa da gansakuT-

rebulobas gamokveTs. triqsteri profanuli personaJia, ro-

melic gmiris sakralurobas usvams xazs.

triqsteris sicocxlisunarianobis xarisxi gacilebiT

maRalia, vidre gmirisa. gmirs ar SeuZlia miznis misaRwevad

yvela meTodis gamoyeneba, triqsteri ki isaa, visTvisac be-

diswerad arasodes iqceva didsulovneba da keTilSobileba;

visTvisac xerxi yovelTvis sjobia Rones, naZraxi sicocxle

— saxelovan sikvdils, msoflio geografiuli sivrce –

sakuTar samSoblos da a.S.

triqsteri travestuli drois iluzionistia, romelic,

rogorc vTqviT, raindis mantias irgebs. triqsteris oinba-

zobebi (TamaSis wesebi) Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis ara mxo-

lod miuRebeli, aramed warmoudgenilic kia. amitom atyuebs

ase iolad volkovis qvrivs, inteligent mama-Svils, TviT

samefo karis gaqnil moxeleebsa da udides maqcias —

51

Page 52: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

griSka rasputins. sxvaTa Soris, triqsteri yovelTvis la-

parakobs gmirze, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod

gmiri. Tu gmiri vinmes axsovs, es triqsteria. Tavisi qceviT,

sityviT, niSnebiT, sizmarSic ki — igi uneblied axdens gmi-

ris (kvaWis SemTxvevaSi — tarielis, avTandilis) komenti-

rebas. triqsteris toposi, raindis msgavsad — mTeli msof-

lios geografiuli sivrcea; kvaWisTan ki aqcentirebulad:

samefo kari, didi qalaqebi, restornebi da... sawoli.

Tumca triqsteri gmirs ar asaxelebs, magram avtorma

zustad icis, vin dgas personaJis ukan, visi xsovna ukargavs

mas mosvenebas da Semoaqvs kidec teqstSi es faruli meta-

teqsti xan pirdapiri citirebiT, xan ki niSnebis, qveteqste-

bisa Tu miniSnebebis saxiT. es metateqsti `vefxistyaosania~.

javaxiSvilis teqstisTvis `vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgens me-

safuZvle kulturul konteqsts, Secvlili, Tumca jer ki-

dev Senaxuli mniSvnelobebiT, romlis Semotanas triqsteri,

rogorc teqsti-interpretatori Tavis sasargeblod cdi-

lobs. igi (kvaWi) TiTqos am konteqstTanaa mibmuli jaWviT

da ara marto imitom, rom arev-dareva, gaurkvevloba misi

stiqiaa, aramed imitomac, rom sakuTari mniSvnelovneba daam-

tkicos, istoriuli kulturuli konteqstiT miaCumaTos,

gadafaros sakuTriv misi konteqstis ukulturoba. magram

Zvel konteqsts, uneblied, Tavisi sakuTari gmiris kvali da

anabeWdi, anu xsovna axlavs. am konteqsts gareSe kvaWi

araraobaa, erTi martivi crupentela: angarebiani, mSiSara

suteniori.

raindi yovelTvis tovebs kvals, radgan erTgulia – su-

verenis, satrfos, drois, normisa da kulturis. triqsteri

kvals ar tovebs, radgan arsad ar rCeba (masze marto Wo-

rebi dadis). suliT daumZimebeli sxeuliT sul zedapirze

52

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srialebs, sul ,,zRvarzea~. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelganaa,

igi aravisTan ar identificirdeba, landiviTaa. rainduli

konteqstis gareSe is ar Cans. am konteqtTan gadaZaxilia

romanis Tavebis dasaTaureba (,,ambavi kvaWis dabadebisa~; ,,aqa

ambavi umadur samSoblodan gadaxvewisa~; ,,aqa ambavi... mra-

valTa sagmiro saqmeTa~ da sxv..) da siuJetis kompozicia.

axali amocanidan gamomdinare, mixeil javaxiSvilTan raindu-

li romanis siuJeturi daZabuloba Sesustebulia, Txroba

miznisken (kulminaciisken) ar miemarTeba aseTis arasebobis

gamo. ambis ganviTarebas triqsteruli Tavgadasavlebis rit-

mulad ucvleli Txroba Caenacvleba. Cndeba erT wreze

trialis aRqma. javaxiSvili bolomde asrulebs Tavis mxat-

vrul amocanas kvaWis daqorwinebiT saroskipos mepatrone

beber `dediloze~ (interteqstualuri gadaZaxili vefxis-

tyaosnis finalTan: ,,ambavi Zveli siyvarulis ganaRdebisa,

kvaWis daojaxebisa da ambavTa dasrulebisa”). SemTxveviToba

iseve ikavebs aucileblobis adgils, rogorc TaRliToba da

Ralati _ movaleobis, ficis, erTgulebis, rainduli ko-

deqsis adgils. triqsters uSromels ver uwodeb, magram

misi saqmianoba `gaimasqnebaa~; kvaWis ,,gzebze sufris gadafe-

na~ Tu ara, restornebis daxurva namdvilad uyvars. Tu

mdidrisgan warTmeuls Raribebs ar urigebs, samagierod Zma-

kacebsa da sayvarlebze ,,zrunva~ ,,exerxeba~ (maT Soris,

mkvlelobac, gacurebac. gaqiravebac). erTi sityviT, Tavisda

uneburad, triqsteri mcveli da Semxsenebelia imisa, rac da-

ikarga. rainduli teqsti javaxiSvilis antigmirs samagieros

imiT uxdis, rom triqsteri am kulturidan sabolood vera-

fers iCemebs. kvaWis ganuwyvetliv Tan sdevs raindis sarkas-

tulad momRimare aCrdili.

53

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kidev erTi konteqsti — romantikuli konteqstia, ro-

melSic kvaWi Tavis zmanebebSi meranze (swored baraTaSvilis

,,huneze”) amxedrebuli Sedis. ase rom, triqsteri-kvaWi am

ori konteqstis _ rainduli da romantikuli _ kulturu-

li konteqstebis mniSvnelobadakargul, groteskulad de-

formirebul interteqsts warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad

mniSvnelovani iyo mwerlisaTvis es konteqsti da ratom

,,mosinja~ igi kvaWisTan dakavSirebiT, Semdegi Canaweri mow-

mobs: ,,mxolod qarTul foladur romantikas SeuZlian sav-

sebiT gangvkurnos~ (javaxiSvili 2005: 162).

Tumca yvelas Tavisianad da Sinaurad eCveneba, triqsteri

mudam ,,sxvaganaa~. igi sxvagan yofnis niSania. kvaWi arasodes

ekuTvnis im sivrces da im adamianebs, romlebTanac saqmes

iWers: arc im socialur jgufs, romlis warmomadgenladac

Tavs acxadebs, arc im qalaqs, romelsac ipyrobs, arc im

qals, visi gulisTvisac dedamiwis erTi kididan meoremde

darbis. misi maidentificirebeli niSani, misi amosacnobi ko-

di sasicocxlo instinqti da egoa — usasrulo survile-

biT, siamovnebisa da Zalauflebisaken ltolviT. is mudam

sxvis sivrceSi TamaSobs (,,CaliCobs~, ,,anaRdebs~, ,,aimasqnebs~

– m.k.) _ istoriis megzuri, sazogadoebis SuagulSi ,,moxe-

tiale~ niRbiani crupentela da TaRliTi, romlis saxec

isea mizrdili niRabTan, rom gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia.

yvelaferi, rac romanSia, travestirebas anu karnavalur

gadacmas, saxis Secvlas, niRbis afarebis princips emorCile-

ba: rasputinis mkvlelobis scena `sasiZos mokvlisa~ da

imavdroulad WaSnagiris mkvlelobis aluzias iwvevs. impera-

torisa da imperatricas (,,batuSka~ da ,,matuSka~) saidumlo

wveuleba kvaWis monawileobiT indoeTis karze momxdari in-

cindentis Soreul asociacias badebs. saidumlo serobis,

54

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osmaleTis frontis scenebis, nacnobi kulturuli da lite-

raturuli teqstebis calkeul fragmentTa gadaTamaSeba, is-

toriuli faqtebis, dokumenturi masalebis CarTva romanis

teqstSi, TviT mwerlis gamoyvana romanis personaJad da av-

torisa da kvaWis urTierTgacnoba, masTan avtoris pirdapiri

dialogi — es yvelaferi da mravali sxva modernistuli da

pistmodernistuli literaturuli TamaSebis arsenalidanaa.

kvaWis cxovrebis gza — dabadebidan daqorwinebamde, misi

Tavgadasavlebis sagangebo dasaTaureba `vefxistyaosnis~ kva-

lobaze, enis `saxarebiseuli~ gardaqmna romanis bolo Taveb-

Si, triqsteris Soreuli interteqstis — Suasaukuneebis

rainduli tradiciisa da kidev ufro Soreuli konteqstis

— saxarebis profanacias aRwers.

,,bedi-mdevris~ koncepti, romelic m. javaxiSvilis ara-

erT moTxrobasa da romanSi gvxvdeba, `kvaWi kvaWantiraZeSi~

,,bedis mdevris~ konceptad gardaisaxeba da es principuli,

konceptualuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebaa. gmirs sabediswero

gansacdels umzadebs bediswera _ ,,qamandiani bedi~, fatumi,

moira anu boroti gangeba. triqsteris Tavgadasavlebsa da

avanturebs ki fortuna anu iRbali xelmZRvanelobs, e. i.

arsTagamrigis keTilganwyobis, gangebis mxardaWera warmar-

Tavs. bedis mdevneli, masTan moTamaSe da misi mxardaWeris

moimede, raindis niRabafarebuli avanturisti – aseTia axa-

li, modernistuli epoqis protagonisti, sicocxlis mZlav-

ri instinqtiTa da mopovebis JiniT Sepyrobili qarTveli

triqsteri.

kvaWi saSiSia. cnobilia: imisaTvis, rom SiSma Zala da-

kargos, igi sasacilod unda iqces, anu daknindes. romanis

finalSi sworad aseT kvaWis vxedavT: mwerali ironiulad,

magram TiTqos TanagrZnobiT exmianeba Tavis mowyenil, aspa-

55

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rezis gareSe darCenil ,,rainds~: ,,maS ra ginda kvaWantira-

Zev? mudmivi xetiali? maradiuli devna bedisa? uTavbolo

sirbili da qrola qveyanaSi? maS ra ginda, ra? Senc ar ici.

mesmis Seni, kvaWikov! mesmis da vici~ (javaxiSvili 1960:

419).

ra icis mweralma da vis ekuTvnis es TanagrZnoba _ ra-

inds Tu triqsters, dakargul gmirs Tu imas, vinc istori-

isa Tu bediweris gadawyvetilebiT mis adgilas aRmoCnda?

an, iqneb, triqsters mxolod iTmenen da isic imitom, rom

raindis ,,memorialuri sivrce~ sabolood ar dacarieldes?

globaluri soflis usasrulo sivrceebSi monavarde be-

dis-maZiebeli, yvela xalxisa da yvela kulturis (sinqro-

nul da diaqronul WrilebSi) momxmarebeli, moxerxebuli

da mizanmimarTuli, hedonisti da ara esTeti, arc inteleq-

tuali da arc meocnebe, aramed qurdi, mkvleli, TaRliTi

da politikosi _ aseTia XXsaukunis antigmiri _ triqste-

ri, romelic romanis dasasruls Cumad dardobs da raRacas

elodeba. iqneb, axali speqtaklis wamowyebas gegmavs? an iq-

neb qarTveli triqsteri beds ki ara, saukuneebSi dakarguli

mewyvilis gamoCenas elis? avtoris finaluri fraza `mesmis

da vici Seni, kvaWi~ —saukunes wvdeba. mwerlis gamWoli

mzera da xma gafrTxilebis intonacias Seicavs.

damowmebani:

abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan. Tb.: ,,inteleqti~,

2003.

asaTiani 2002: asaTiani g. niko lorTqifaniZe. TxzulebaTa Txtomeuli.

t.3. Tb.: ,,neostudia~, 2002.

demetraZe 2005: demetraZe d. m.javaxiSvilis moRalaturi saqmianobis

Sesaxeb. 17.08.1937. ,,lelvari~. Tb.: ,,literaturuli matiane”, 2005.

56

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javaxiSvili 1960: javaxiSvili m. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. III. Tb.:

,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1960.

javaxiSvili 1989: javaxiSvili q. mixeil javaxiSvili. Tb.: ,,sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1989.

javaxiSvili 2005: mixeil javaxiSvilis ubis wignakebidan. ,,lelvari~.

Tb.: qarTuli literatueris saxelmwifo muzeumis gamomcemloba ,litera-

turuli matiane~, 2005.

sxva literatura:

TeTruaSvili l. RirebulebaTa gadafaseba mixeil javaxiSvilTan, anu

kvaWi Cveni Tanamedrovea. ,,saunje~, #3-4, 2002.

Кереньи К. Трикстер и древнегреческая мифология. http://ec-dejavu.net/t-

2/Trickster-3.html

Шильман М. Трикстер, Герой, его Тень и ее заслуги. http://abuss. narod.ru/

texthtml/trickster.htm

Юнг К. Психология образа трикстера. В кн.: Душа и миф: шесть архетипов.

Киев: 1996.

57

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rusudan burjanaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwofi universiteti

niko lorTqifaniZe _

adamianis uflebaTa damcveli

miuxedavad didi aRmSeneblobisa, XX saukune sakmaod

sevdiani da tragikuli saukunea _ gauTavebeli omebiT, re-

voluciebiT, masStaburi Tu lokaluri agresiiTa da misi

SedegebiT. zogjer iseTi STabeWdilebac Cndeba, TiTqos, yve-

la Tu ara, adamianTa mniSvnelovani jgufi marcxena xeliT

aSenebs da marjvenaTi angrevs. am gaugebrobis Sedegi ki,

upirveles yovlisa, ngrevas garidebul, ferfls Sefarebul,

sulgamoclil adamianTa ukurnebeli tkivilia, rasac xan

`dakarguli Taobis~ sindromi uwodes, xan nicSeanuri zeka-

cis saZebnelad gauyenes Saragzas. yvelafer amas ki oblad

darCenilTa, siyvarulis gareSe gazrdilTa zneobrivi kom-

promisisa Tu kategoriulad ukompromisobis kompleqsi da-

erTo Tan.

asea Tu ise, faqtia: globaluri Tu lokaluri katak-

lizmebis dros erTeulebi inarCuneben adamianur saxes, da-

narCenebi am saxes an kargaven, an, mdumare sasowarkveTaSi

myofni, sakuTar samSobloSi agrZeleben eamigrantebad

cxovrebas.

am mcirericxovan, gonier, zneobriv da ukompromiso ada-

mianTa kategorias ekuTvnian mixeil javaxiSvilica da niko

lorTqifaniZec. paradoqsia, magram faqtia isic, rom swored

am niSniT gamoarCies da danarCenebs (igive saxadi rom ar

58

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SehyrodaT) samudamod moaSores javaxiSvili. magaliTis Za-

la xom Zalian gadamdebia...

Cexovi ambobda, provincializmi geografiuli mdebareoba

ki ara, sulis mdgomareobaao. SeuZlebelia, ar daeTanxmo.

provincialma sul ori nacvalsaxeli icis. pirisa _ `me~ da

kuTvnilebiTi _ `Cemi~. aseve, ori zmna: `minda~ da `mekuTv-

nis~. sxvasac Tu unda da ekuTvnis raime, amaze provinciali

naklebad fiqrobs da iwyeba Zalauflebis, qonebis, sicocx-

lis xelyofac ki. xolo, Tu raodenobrioba Tvisobrivad iq-

ca, erisgan, sazogadoebisgan, kacobriobisgan, brbos garda,

aRaraferi rCeba.

am katastrofas upirispirebs dRes arsebuli, adamianTa

uflebebis damcveli uamravi organizacia, romelTa upirve-

lesi sazrunavi grandiozuli aRmSeneblobebis miRma verSem-

Cneuli, uZRebi agresiis Sedegad travmirebuli Tu, ubra-

lod, gangebisgan ganwiruli adamianis daxmarebaa.

amave katasrofas upirispirdeboda rafinirebuli, gonieri

da kacTmoyvare mwerali niko lorTqifaniZe mTeli Tavisi

SemoqmedebiTa Tu pirovnuli qmedebiT.

haine ambobs: `adamiani qveynierebaa, romelic masTan er-

Tad ibadeba da kvdeba. TiToeul samarxSi marxia mTeli qvey-

nierebis istoria~.

niko lorTqifaniZe moTxrobaSi `dadianis asuli da maT-

xovari~ wers: `gamxdar Txas, dakoWlebul cxens, Caxmaxmo-

texil Tofs fasi ekargeba. adamianis fasi ki arafriT gani-

zomeba, samegrelos mTavrobas uboZebs mas RmerTi Tu dadi-

anis meRoreobas daakisrebs... adamiani arc iyideba, arc ic-

vleba. is Seufasebelia, is erTia, mxolod erTi~.

mwerali mudam iyo am erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli qvey-

nierebis qomagi an monaRvle. `monaRvle~ sabas leqsikonSi

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damcvels, Wirisufals niSnavs. am damokidebulebis dasturia

lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedebac. iqac, sadac is ambobs,

didebuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebiano (`Tavsafriani de-

dakaci~) da iqac, sadac glaxa, maTxovari, arseba (`dadianis

asuli da maTxovari~) Rirsebis grZnobis gaRviZebisTanave

adamianad, pirovnebad iqceva.

gana ra iyo CemSi iseTi, ramac dadianis asuli SeaCera,

cxenze Semisva da oms gamaridao, dafiqrda aqamde yvelasagan

SeumCneveli arseba. me xom arc lamazi var, arc _ axalgaz-

rda, arc mdidario?!.. da didi wvalebis Semdeg miagno im er-

TaderT da swor pasuxs, ramac Rirseba daubruna, adamianad,

pirovnebad aqcia da SeaZlebina, aqeT eca pativi misi sico-

cxlis uflebis gadamrCenisTvis. pasuxi ki sul ubraloa:

isic adamiania!

Tavsafriani dedakacisadmi miZRvnili Zeglis marTebulo-

baSi dasarwmuneblad ki quCaSi gagdebuli, Svilebis azriT,

funqciadakarguli dedis ukanaskneli depeSac kmara. `wavedi

salocavaT. nuRar meZebT~. Rirsebaayrilma isev Svilebis

Rirseba daindo, sasikvdilod gawirulma isev maTi adamianu-

ri saxis SenarCunebis valdebuleba ikisra. gasaocari suli-

eri simaRlea. Tumca xSirad amboben, gana iseTi ra moxda,

Cvenc xom xSirad (ojaxSi mainc) aTasgvar rames veubnebiT

erTmaneTs, mere rao?.. didi ambavi, `Segenana~, `saRirali pa-

tivi~ Svilma akadra, ucxom xom arao~?

am kiTxvebsa da sityvis magiur Zalaze bibliaca da fsi-

qolingvistikac Cemze ukeT gascemen pasuxs. me ki martivad

vityvi: TiToeul bgeras, bgeraTkompleqss, sityvas, sityvaTa

Tanamezoblobas garkveuli sixSire gaaCnia, garkveuli ener-

getika, rac acocxlebs an klavs iseve, rogorc _ locva da

wyevla.

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am Tezis dasturia n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saintere-

so moTxroba `Selocva radioTi~, sadac moTxrobis gmiri

qalis namdvili saxeli `elpide~ (imedi) didedas locvanSi

rCeba, xolo emociebs ayolili, saxel da saxedakarguli

mSvenieri eli, viRac ingliselis `wyalobiT~, emigranti

xdeba. mwerali Cveuli lakonizmiT, detalebze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebis gareSe, gviambobs elis Tavgadasavals evropaSi,

misi gaurkveveli urTierTobis ambavs heqsli-bromleisTan.

gakvriT axsenebs, rom man samSobloSi moxuci mama da Svili

datova, rom ori uiRblo qorwinebis Semdeg evropa daage-

movna, umdidresi Tayvanismcemlebic SeiZina da a. S. erTi

sityviT, elis dRes yvela piroba aqvs `saukeTeso cxovre-

bisTvis~. da, miuxedavad amisa, rogorc ki iRviZebs masSi

droebiT miZinebuli Rirsebis grZnoba, iwyeba identifikacia

samSoblosTan, iq darCenilebTan, didedas locvanSi myof

imedTan... elis ukurnebeli saxadi Seeyreba _ `nostalgia~,

rac ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi ase ganmartebuli: umZimesi

seni samSobloSi verdabrunebis gamo. eli ukidures qmedeba-

ze midis da erTaderT gamosavlad gvelebTan cekva miaCnia.

miT ufro, rom mas aRar surs valSi darCena vinme bromle-

isTan, kacTan, romelic arafrad uRirs. man unda daimsaxu-

ros wasvla, moigos naZlevi. ris fasad? Tundac _

sikvdilis...

elisa da gvelebis cekvis epizodi, garda imisa, rom ki-

dev erTxel adasturebs Rirsebaayrili adamianis gaadamiane-

bis, Rirsebis dabrunebis, pirovnebad qcevis ucilobel faqts,

erT-erTi saukeTeso ferweruli tilocaa impresionistuli

weris manerisa, sadac mwerali ki ar mogviTxrobs, aramed

gviCvenebs...

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sityvis magiuri, zogjer _ mistikuri _ Zalis uZlureba

Cans elis ukanaskneli survilis aRsrulebaSi, rodesac gam-

zrdeli roqsanis locvas radios saSualebiT awvdian mo-

makvdavs... elisa da samSoblos Soris Camdgarma manZilma da

drom gawyvita is organuli kavSiri, rac malamod unda dah-

fenoda mis nawvaleb suls...

an, iqneb, aRarc Rirda misi dabruneba, vin icis...

gana erTi da ori magaliTi viciT guSindel Tu Tanamed-

rove migrantTa cxovrebidan, literaturul gmirTa Tu, ub-

ralod, nacnob-axlobelTa yoveldRiuri yofidan _ gaorebu-

lebma, ucxod qceulebma da sasowarkveTilebma, veRarsad

rom moizomes sakuTari adgili?..

n. lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi saukeTeso novelidan `trage-

dia ugmirod~, romelzedac bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba, me

gamovyof ukanasknel abzacs, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia Cem

mier arCeul TemasTan _ adamianis, adamianurobis, humanizmis

sayovelTao moralur kanonTan da mis damcvelebTan, kerZod

ki _ mezoblis mier gamoTqmul `wuxilTan~ mas Semdeg, rac

ubedurma mamam sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana sakuTar Tavs

da bavSvebi upatronod dayara. `raRa Cems ezoSi, Cemi TokiT

CamoixrCo Tavi am ojaxqorma!~ _ iwyevleboda mezobeli, ro-

melsac am SemTxvevis gamo garkveuli diskomforti eloda.

samagaliTo sisastikea, samagaliTo usulgulobac, gama-

ognebeli gulgrilobac.

sazogadoebis gulgriloba ki upirvelesi mizezia calke-

ul adamianTa tragediis...

ai, am gulgrilobis, ugulisyurobis, sixarbis, sisasti-

kis, ugunurebisa da, zogadad, isev provincializmis winaaR-

mdegaa mimarTuli aristokratiuli sulis mqone mwerlisa

da moazrovnis niko lorTqifaniZis mTeli Semoqmedeba, rom-

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lisTvisac TiToeuli arsebis adamianad, pirovnebad qceva ra-

finirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs da amitoma-

caa, rom dResac zariviT rekavs misi ritmuli proziT dawe-

rili erTgverdiani miniatura:

`iyideba saqarTvelo!

yidis yvela!

iyideba yvelgan!~

da Tu yurs mivugdebT da gavigonebT am Zaxils, iqneb

mogveces Sansi erTad, sazogadoebad, saxelmwifod darCenisa

dRes, Cveni qveynisTvis umZimes istoriul realobaSic...

dabolos, markus avreliusi ambobda: `oboba amayobs, ro-

ca buzs abams qselSi; vis baWiis daWera eamayeba, vis _ sar-

dinisa badiT, vis _ gareuli taxis Zleva, vis _ daTvisa,

vis kidev _ sarmatis (barbarosTa tomis). magram gana yvela-

ni yaCaRebad ar warmogvidgebian, Tu gamowvlilviT ganvixi-

lavT maTs samoqmedo sawyisT?

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nona kupreiSvili

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

mxatvruli da ekonomikuri diskursis korelacia

`jayos xiznebis~ mixedviT

arsebobs sakmaod miviwyebuli saubris Canaweri mixeil

javaxiSvilsa da mweral daviT kasraZes Soris. es aris uaR-

resad cocxali, aluziuri teqsti, romelSic mixeil java-

xiSvilis ara mxolod rogorc mwerlis, aramed rogorc

praqtikos-ekonomistis Sefasebaa asaxuli. daviT kasraZe:

`rogorc Cans, Sen ufro finansisti unda yofiliyavi, vidre

beletristi. rogor moxda, rom kaios∗ mopasanoba arCie?~

dasmul kiTxvaze javaxiSvili mTeli seriozulobiT pasu-

xobs: `Sen xumrob, magram vin icis, ra emjobineboda Cveni

qveynisTvis~. mwerlis avtobiografiac adasturebs zemoga-

moTqmul varauds, radgan masSi sakmaodaa warmodgenili, ase

vTqvaT, araliteraturuli saqmianobis faqtebi: aviRoT Tun-

dac 1906 weli. gazeT `glexis~ redaqtorobisaTvis samar-

TalSi micemuli da SveicariaSi gaparuli mwerali parizSi

aRmoCndeba da, rogorc TviTonve wers, `sorbonaSi litera-

turas, xelovnebasa da politikur ekonomias swavlobs~.

drois gansakuTrebuli niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom swo-

red am periodSi `TergdaleulTa~ kvaldakval mosuli axa-

li Taoba jansaRi pragmatizmis, `praqtikuli cxovrebis al-

Roianobis~ aucileblobas gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT grZnobs.

amitomac f. gogiCaiSvili emigraciaSi mimaval axalgazrdas

∗ Jozef kaio – safrangeTis finansTa ministri.

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sagangebod urCevs, dro uqmad ar dakargos, humanitarul

mecnierebebs ar CauRrmavdes da mTeli energia ekonomikis

Seswavlas moaxmaros. imave daviT kasraZesTan saubarSi mwe-

rali ityvis: filipe gogiCaiSvilma gamaracionalistao. sxva-

dasxva dros mix. javaxiSvili, marTalac, gvevlineba rosto-

vis damzRvevi sazogadoebis saolqo inspeqtorad; amave sazo-

gadoebis rwmunebulad amierkavkasiaSi; wiTeli jvris sazoga-

doebis intendantad; savaWro-samrewvelo palatis erT-erT

damfuZneblad; amierkavkasiis sagareo vaWrobis safinanso

ekonomikuri da salicenzio ganyofilebis gamged; Tumca so-

cialuri revanSis epoqaSi interesTa farTo wre, maRali

profesionalizmi da Rrma azrovneba ara pativiscemas, aramed

eWvs iwvevda. bolos yvelaferi daaxloebiT ise damTavrda,

rogorc romanSi `jayos xiznebi~ _ mwignobari Teimuraz xe-

visTavi, romelic vaWrobasa da finansebSic erkveoda, jayos

daxlidarobisTvis gaiwira...

mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri diskursi ilia WavWavaZis

`modernizatoruli proeqtis~ Semadgeneli nawilia, mxolod

misi realizaciis gadamwyvet fazaSi, drois axal gansxvave-

bul konteqstSi. is, rasac Tanamedrove ilialogebi `lite-

raturis wiaRSi axali saqarTvelos Seqmnis process~ uwo-

deben, XX s.aukunis dasawyisSi ramdenadme koreqtirebuli

saxiT warmoudga evropis universitetebSi ganaTlebamiRebul

axalgazrdobas, romelsac ilias kvalSi dgoma xSirad gada-

ulaxavi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe ayenebda. arCil jorjaZe,

geronti qiqoZe, mixeil javaxiSvli, revaz gabaSvili, samson

fircxalava da sxvebi miuxedavad `TergdaleulTa~ miznebisa

da amocanebis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli Sefasebisa, zogjer

ki maTi ideebis recesiis mcdelobisa, erTianni iyvnen TviT

ekonomikuri urTierTobis erovnuli da politikuri cxov-

65

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rebis saZirkvlad aRiarebisas. sakiTxebi, romelic mTeli

simwvaviT daisva publicistikaSi ekonomikas, rogorc kul-

turis formas, ganixilavda da mas axali qarTvelis TviT-

dadgenis, TviTrealizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kompo-

nentad miiCnevda. maTi nawili Tavis droze ilias Semoqmede-

baSi aisaxa. mag. mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori da

rogorc metafora; codnisa da rwmenis morigeba sekulariza-

ciis konteqstSi; raindze vaWris gamarjvebis kanonzomiereba

anu xmlisa da fulis antinomia; qalaqi da sofeli – Teza

da antiTeza; erovnuli da kapitalisturi eTosis morigeba;

aqtiuri xasiaTis, igive funqciuri adamianis, aucileblobis

stimulireba da sxva. Tumca swrafva `faqizi balansisaken~

(kaxa kacitaZe) progresistul ideebsa da myar faseulobebs

Soris, romliTac ilias strategia gamoirCeoda, axal sa-

ukuneSi ufro xisti da pirdapiri xdeba. es clileba, upir-

veles yovelisa, Tavad mix. javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis xasi-

aTs Seexo. Cvidmeti weliwadi, romelic man mwerlobis miRma

gaatara da swori kulturul-politikuri orientaciis de-

terminirebas moaxmara, naTlad cxadyofs ara marto sazoga-

doebriv cxovrebaSi arsebuli dapirispirebis xarisxs, ara-

med konkretuli istoriuli momentis mniSvnelobas.

kulturuli identobis problema, romelic iliam da

misma Taobam `axali istoriuli konteqstis Seqmnamde~ ga-

afarToes, mix. javaxiSvilTan ufro metad detalizebuli da

aqtivizebulia. erT-erT publicistur werilSi `patara ka-

cis patara fiqrebi~ (1906 w.) TbilisSi stumrad myofi uc-

xoeli (sxvaTa Soris, erovnebiT poloneli), romelic yvela

niSniT, avtoris `alter egoa~, realobis kondensirebul su-

raTs ase warmogvidgens: igi xedavs, rom qarTuli kultura

caristuli ruseTidan Semosul kulturas daumarcxebia, Tan

66

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qarTvelTa aqtiuri xelSewyobiT. saWiroa ara misi aRdgena,

aramed axlis Seqmna _ `magram vin unda Seqmnas es kultura,

es wyaro, es adgilobrivi cxovreba?~ – svams kiTxvas idu-

mali poloneli da adekvatur pasuxsac iZleva: `mas ver Seq-

mnis verc Tqveni gamyidveli Tavadaznauroba (Zala, romelic

ase eimedeboda ilias – n.k.), verc Tqveni radikaluri inte-

ligencia da verc socialisturi muSa xalxi. ara mgonia,

moiZebnos sadme cotad Tu bevrad Segnebuli kaci, romelmac

ar aRiaros, rom Tanamdrove kulturas aSenebs da qmnis mxo-

lod mesame elementis ganviTareba, mxolod vaWroba da mrew-

veloba~... (javaxiSvili 2001:246) Tavadaznaurobis Sesaxeb

javaxiSvils `jayos xiznebis~ Seqmnamdec hqonda gamoTqmuli

ukompromiso Sexedulebebi. mag: `aTiode TavadiSvilma ufro

metad azarala saqarTvelo ekonomiurad da politikurad,

vidre aRa-mahmad xanma...~ Tumca aq TviTkoreqcia gaxda saWi-

ro, radgan male mixvda, rom social-demokratiuli ideebiT

mowamlul atmosferoSi jansaRi kritika mizans Sordeboda

klasobrivi brZolisken mowodebad aRiqmeboda. rac Seexeba

ilias mier Tavis droze aRmoCenil disproporcias raindsa

da vaWars an mrewvels Soris, mix. javaxiSvilisTvis aq qar-

Tuli kulturul-istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

konsesusuri formula aRmoCnda misaRebi. `vai, im xalxs,

vinc mxolod vaWrobs da vui, imas, vinc mxolod raindobs~.

gavixsenoT, rogor mosazrebas gamoTqvams am sakiTxTan dakav-

SirebiT Tavadi – mwignobari Teimuraz xevisTavi, XX s. da-

sawyisis aristokratuli warmoSobis qarTuli inteligenci-

is warmomadgeneli: `...qeCodan moyolebuli fexis frCxilam-

de aznaurebi varT... yvela Sromas gaurbis... qarTvels suli-

viT uyvars fuli, magram uZiro siyvaruliT sZuls da eziz-

Reba fuliani kaci, ese igi, fulis Sovnis xerxi, ese igi,

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vaWroba da mrewveloba. xolo, vaWrobisaTvis da mrewvelo-

bisaTvis saWiroa didi Taosnoba, garja da momWirneoba, ese

igi, oris Sovna da erTis daxarjva. ese igi, TavdaWerili,

dinji da angariSiani cxovreba, sulisa da xorcis discip-

lina, ese igi, Sroma da nebisyofa~. da swored aq gaismis

seriozuli braldeba XIX saukunis Suaxanebis qarTuli

mwerlobisadmi, romelmac erisTavis, cagarelis, antonovis

da sxvaTa damxarebiT gaamasxarava vaWari, daTesa am saqmiano-

bis mimarT yovlad gaumarTlebeli zizRi da Sxami.

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo aRmoCnda Sromis kulturis

mimarT mix. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani. eko-

nomikuri sakiTxebisadami miZRvnil mis publicistur weri-

lebSi xSirad figurirebs inglisi, belgia Tu amerika, sadac

swored Sromis swori organizebis xarjze gadarCenilan, sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebis mkvidri safuZvlebi CauyriaT. cxadia,

Teimurazmac, romlis `msubuqi kalami~ am Temasac swvdeboda,

kargad icis Sromis fasi, Sromis ara tanjvad, aramed sasi-

amovno movaleobad aRqmis mniSvneloba. icis, Tumca TviTon

yofiT, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, srul uunarobas iCens.

kontrasti, romelic mTeli romanis manZilze nakacaris Te-

oriulsa da praqtikul momzadebas Soris igrZnoba, qarTuli

inteligenciisaTvis mwerlis mier gamotanili verdiqtis

mxatvruli transformaciis formad aRiqmeba, romelmac gar-

kveul dro-sivrcul arealSi `jayoobis~ Seucvleli stimu-

latoris funqcia Seasrula. samwuxarod, am romanSi oTara-

anT qvrivisa da misi meuRlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sromis-

unarianobis, giorgisaTvis ki sabediswerod qceuli namusiani

garjisTvis adgili aRar aris. igi bolSevikuri `ngrevis Se-

nebas~ Caunacvlebia, rac savsebiT amarTlebs zaza firaliS-

vilis mosazrebas `TaTqariZeobis~ igive crusaqmianobis (ara-

68

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adekvaturi iluzoruli TviTSefasebiT) msgavsi Tvisebebis

mqone socializmiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb: `TaTqariZeoba soci-

alizmma Caanacvla~... (firaliSvili 2005:205). maS, soci-

alizmi Tu kapitalizmi? romeli gziT wava mravaltanjuli,

monobisagan gadagvarebuli qveyana? ilias dros am kiTxvas,

erTi SexedviT, naklebi seriozulobiT ekidebodnen. mix. ja-

vaxiSvili ki TvalnaTliv xedavs social-demokratebis `moR-

vaweobis~ Sinaarss, imas, Tu rogor ~mRvrie nakadad Seeriv-

nen~ isini qarTuli cxovrebis ris vai-aglaxiT daZrul mdi-

narebas da aqcents, Tavisi didi winamorbedebis msgavsad

(ilia, niko nikolaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvli) kerZo sakuTre-

bis xelSeuxeblobaze akeTebs. aqac igive ambivalenturobaa:

mamuli, rogorc ekonomikuri faqtori da mamuli, rogorc

metafora. Teimuraz xevisTavs arc erTi ganzomilebis mimarT

ar gamouCenia Tavdadeba, ar CabRauWebia mama-papis danato-

vars, ar ucdia sakuTari ojaxis miwis siyvaruliT gadarCe-

na. saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebuli ucxoeli mecni-

eri jefri hoskingi wignSi `ruseTi, xalxi da imperia~

(1955-1917 ww.) (hoskingi 2001:53) SeniSnavs: `TavianTi uf-

lebebis bolomde miyvanaSi qarTvelebs ganuviTarda Tavisebu-

ri forma nacionalizmisa, romelic ragind paradoqsulic ar

unda iyos _ dafuZnebuli iyo marqsizmze... marqsizmi pasu-

xobda maT internaconalur da antikapitalistur miswrafe-

bebs~... polonelic, mix. javaxiSvilis zemodamowmebuli we-

rilidan, kargad xedavs erTsulovan gatacebas socialistu-

ri ideebiT... rac saqarTvelos anomaliuri mdgomareobis ga-

movlinebad miaCnia (javaxiSvili 2001:247).

maqs veberis mier kapitalizmisa da konfesiebis urTierT-

mimarTebis kvlevis konteqstSi kapitalizmis sulis makoor-

dineblad Sromasa da yairaTianobaze dafuZnebuli eTikis

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miCneva, rogorc Tamaz vasaZe SeniSnavs Tavis werilSi `or-

gvari cnobiereba~, analogiuradaa gaazrebuli `oTaraanT

qvrivSi~. uqmi sityvis koncepti, qvrivis damokidebuleba saq-

misagan daSorebul sityvasTan, `sityva saqmianis~ upirateso-

bis aRiarebis surviliT, qristianuli moraliTaa ganpirobe-

buli. am moments saTanadod iTvaliwineben kidec ilias `se-

kularizaciul proeqtze~ saubris dros, Tumca is, rac iq

mxolod miniSnebulia, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi idealebis

kraxiT gawiwmatebuli Teimuraz xevisTavis aRsarebaSi radi-

kaluri formiT Cndeba: `ho, Sroma, isev Sroma da Sroma!

axali drois axali sarwmunoeba, axali religia, qristiano-

baze ufro mZlavri, ufro saWiro da sasargeblo. vinc es

gaigo da mas xorci Seasxa, gamarjvebulia, vinc ver moeria

– daRupulia. CvenTvis ki Sroma umZimesi tvirTia, RvTis

wyevlaa. ai, Turme sad yofila ZaRlis Tavi Camarxuli! ai,

Turme ra gvklebia _ Sroma da nebisyofa, ese igi, kultu-

ra!..~ (javaxiSvili 1998:105). vfiqrobT, es qarTuli socio-

kulturuli cxovrebis peripetiebSi gamotarebuli axali

ideologemaa, romelic gaucxoebul drosa da sivrceSi aR-

mocenda da amdenad, sruliad unayofo aRmoCnda.

sruli Tanxvedra iliasa da mixeil javaxiSvilis ekono-

mikur koncefciebs Soris glexisadmi, `rogorc sazogado-

ebis qveda fenebSi dagrovili SemoqmedebiTi energiis~ mata-

reblisadmi, gamJRavnda. `me TviTon glexi var, sofelSi da-

vibade, glexebSi gavizarde da Zalian kargad vici glexis

cxovreba da vaivaglaxi. mamaCemi dilidan saRamomdis muSa-

obda, oflSi iwureboda, welze fexs idgamda da Tavisi

colSvilisaTvis lukmapurs Soulobda~ _ ase gvacnobda sa-

kuTar mSobels mwerali saukunis dasawyisSi (javaxiSvili

2001:272). 30-ian wlebSi ki dasZenda: `xelmoWerili qiziye-

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li iyo, mklavmagari da sakmaod SeZlebuli. exla mamal ku-

lakad CaiTvleboda...~ am or amonaridSi social-politikuri

kataklizmebis, kulturuli paradigmebis cvlis xanaSi gle-

xis, momavali saqarTvelos am yvelaze saimedo social-eko-

nomikuri Zalis, realuri bedia proecirebuli. ilias swraf-

va, batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg qarTuli mowinave sazo-

gadoeba daerwmunebina glexis kerZo mesakuTred Camoyalibe-

bis aucileblobaSi, mix. javaxiSvilis publicistikaSi, `mo-

qalaqeobrivi Tavisuflebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis~...

myar orientiradaa wamodgenili. mTavari iyo glexi revolu-

ciur anu `sxvis~ brZolebSi ar SeetyuebinaT. mas upirvele-

sad sakuTar miwasTan kavSirisa da sakuTari miwisaTvis unda

ebrZola. mwerali sagangebod mimarTavs irlandili glexebis

Tavdadebis magaliTebs gamovlenils kanons daqvemdebarebuli

da ingliseli `lendlordebis~ Tavnebobisagan miwis Tavisu-

fali gankargvis uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gamarTul brZo-

lebSi. mwerali mizanmimarTulad warmoaCens saqarTveloze

aranakleb Seviwroebul, mtruli mezoblis garemocvaSi myof

qveyanas, sadac eri Tavs swiravs ara sxvaTagan Tavsmoxveul

utopiur ideebs, aramed sakuTar miwaze mesakuTris uflebe-

bis ganmtkicebas. swored amitom mix. javaxiSvilis werili

`agraruli reformebi irlandiaSi~ TavisuflebisaTvis brZo-

lis manifestiviT ikiTxeba. `jayos xiznebSi~ warmodgenili

glexebi ki mas Semdeg, rac Teimurazisagan `Cveneburi nexvis~

Senaxvis Sesaxeb sasurvel informacias ver iReben, advilad

erTvebian axali sabWoTa adamianis mimikriul oromtrialSi

da jayosa da `jayoobasTan~, `ninikasa~ da `ninikobasTan~ ad-

vilad misasvlel gzebs eZeben. is, Tu rogor moswyda glexi

miwas da rogor daadga crusaqmianobiT, Zveli uprincipobiT

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gatkepnil gzas STambeWdavadaa asaxuli mogvianebiT Seqmnil

moTxrobaSi `dampatiJe~.

mix. javaxiSvilis ekonomikuri da literaturuli dis-

kursis konceptualuri erTianoba, sxvaTaSoris, abaTilebs am

bolo dros damkvidrebul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac

qarTuli mwerloba miTo-poeturi cnobierebis generaciis sa-

Sualebad ganixileba. gamodis, rom Cven srulyofilad ar

vicnobT Cvensave klasikas. gavixsenoT, ramodenime aTeuli

wlis win, rodesac tabuirebuli `jayos xiznebis~ persona-

Jebi reJisor T. CxeiZis satelevizio speqtaklSi gacocxl-

dnen, sazogadoebis didi nawilis reaqcia sruliad unugeSo

iyo. dRes am romans, sabednierod, sxva TvaliT vkiTxulobT

da vrwmundebiT, rom aseTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli teq-

stis mravalgvari recefcia mkiTxvelis warmodgenaTa aqtu-

alizebisa da konkretizebis axal-axal saSualebebs iZleva.

amasTan xdeba Tavad mkiTxvelis meir sakuTari Tavis formi-

reba. mix. javaxiSvili, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela drois-

Tvis uxerxuli avtoria, teqstisa da mkiTxvelis swored

amgvari urTierTobis saSualebas iZleva. yovelive amis gaT-

valiswinebiT, unda vivaraudoT, Cven mier warmodgenili mo-

sazrebebic, inerpretaciis dauwereli kanonis moTxovniT, mo-

mavalSi kidev ufro daixveweba da Seivseba.

72

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damowmebani:

berZeniSvili 1965: berZeniSvili n. masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

cxovrebisaTvis. // qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. Tb.: 1965.

guguSvili 1972: guguSvili p. ekonomikuri urTierTobani amierkavka-

siaSi XIX-XX s.s. mijnaze. Tb.: 1972.

gogiCaiSvili 1902: gogiCaiSvili f. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-

reba me-19 saukuneSi. `kvali~, # 49, Tb.: 1902.

kacitaZe 2007: kacitaZe k. ilias epoqa da dRevandeloba. // ilia

WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2007.

firaliSvili 2005: firaliSvili z. ilia: istoriuli konteqsti da

pirovneba. // ilia WavWavaZe 170. Tb.: 2005.

javaxiSvili 1985: javaxiSvili m. jayos xiznebi. Tb.: 1985.

javaxiSvili 2001: javaxiSvili m. werilebi (r. SiSniaSvilis red.). Tb.:

2001.

hoskingi 2001: Хоскинг Дж. Россия, люди и империя 1855-1916 гг. 2001.

73

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irma ratiani

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

teqstis interpretaciuli SesaZleblobebi.

mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebi~

`interpretacia gaugebrobiT iwyeba~, acxadebda hermenev-

tikuli meTodis fuZemdebeli fridrih Slaiermaxeri, Sesa-

bamisad, interpretaciis xelovnebis upirveles daniSnulebad

am gaugebrobis Tavidan acileba miaCnda. gaugebrobis pirvel-

wyarod Semecnebis procesis garTulebas asaxelebda, gadaW-

ris gzad ki _ meTodologiur daxmarebas, rac, upirveles

yovlisa, gulisxmobda gagebis procesis gardaqmnas meTodo-

logizebul movlenad.

interpretacia, Tuki mas aqvs marTebuli gagebis preten-

zia, warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavidan Seqmnis,

anu kvlav-Seqmnis mowesrigebul sistemas. Slaiermaxerisave

azriT, araferi Rirebuli, maT Soris arc literaturuli

teqsti, ar iqmneba avtoris mier winaswar dadgenili wesebis

farglebSi, magram interpretatori, anu kvlav-Semqmneli, ro-

melic axdens teqstis rekonstruqcias masSi gamokveTili

Tu nagulisxmevi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad ufro

swor axsnas aZlevs teqstis dafarul da gaugebar Sreebs,

vidre avtori. amgvari, wesebze dafuZnebuli, rekonstruqcia,

veRar CaiTvleba meqanikur procesad, vinaidan moicavs, sul

mcire, or, meTodologiurad gamarTul mimarTulebas. es mi-

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marTulebebia: a) gramatikuli, istoriuli da komparativis-

tuli rekonstruqcia; b) intuiciuri rekonstruqcia.

rekonstruqciis pirveli tipi teqsts miiCnevs Semecnebis

paradigmatul obieqtad. iseve rogorc TiToeuli sityvis

Semecneba teqstSi damokidebulia winadadebaze da, xSirad,

frazeologiur konteqstze, teqstis Semecnebac farTovdeba

masStaburi konteqstis mimarTulebiT: Tu teqsti ganixileba

avtoris kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, avtoris kanonebi ganixileba

lingvistur kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, mocemuli enis lingvis-

turi kanonebi ganixileba sxva enebis lingvistur kanonebTan

mimarTebaSi, enebis lingvisturi kanonebi ganixileba maTi

ganviTarebis etapebTan mimarTebaSi da a.S. da a. S. rekon-

struqciis am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretaciis procesi SeiZ-

leba iyos sasruli, magram Semecnebis sfero amouwuravi da

usasruloa.

rekonstruqciis meore tipi intuiciuria. gansxvavebiT

Semecnebis sferosgan, romelic amouwuravi da usasruloa,

Sesamecnebeli obieqtis mniSvneloba yovelTvis gansazRvru-

lia, vinaidan warmoadgens konkretuli avtoris Semoqmedebis

produqts misi moRvaweobis konkretul etapze. interpreta-

tori, cxadia, ver moaxerxebs avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi

Tu stilisturi maneris srulyofilad aRdgenasa da SeTvi-

sebas, Sesabamisad, interpretaciis procesis warmarTvisaTvis

igi saWiroebs konkretuli masalis intuiciur wvdomas. re-

konstruqciis am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretatori Semoqmedis

TanaSemoqmedad iqceva.

sruliad cxadia, rom rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxve-

vaSi, interpretacia dafarulis Sesamecneblad warmarTuli

procesia. da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT martin haidegeris marTe-

bul SeniSvnas, rom dafarulis Sesamecneblad sakmarisi ar

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aris aRwera, aramed saWiroa safaris axda, mivalT daskvnam-

de, rom interpretacia mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze dafa-

rulsa da gacxadebuls Soris.

sainteresoa, warmodgenili modelis farglebSi, rogor

saxes iRebs teqstisa da interpretatoris struqturuli

urTierTmimarTeba?

naSromSi `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ hans georg gadameri

miuTiTebs, rom teqsti ki ar emorCileba interpretatoris

anu individis ukve Camoyalibebul da kristalizebul siste-

mas, aramed, piriqiT, Tavad individi integrirdeba teqstSi

da ganicdis transformacias. interpretatoris xedvis hori-

zonti mudmivad esazRvreba teqstis horizonts da warmo-

adgens masTan mudmiv dialogs. interpretatori SekiTxvebs

usvams teqsts da, piriqiT, teqsti usvams SekiTxvebs inter-

pretators. msgavs viTarebaSi savsebiT dasaSvebia interpre-

tatoris gamocdilebis gadanacvleba teqstis doneze, misi

Serwyma teqstis TviTSemecnebasTan da axali gamocdilebis

gamomuSaveba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, teqstis interpretacia

warmoadgens mudmiv dialogs awmyosa da warsuls Soris,

sadac awmyos gansazRvruloba mxolod warsulis miRmaa Se-

saZlebeli. iqmneba gangrZobiToba, romlis wiaRSic erTmaneTs

erwymis istoriuli da Tanamedrove xedvis horizontebi.

principuli mniSvneloba aq eniWeba ara avtoriseul inten-

ciebs, aramed _ teqstis gadanacvlebis process erTi kul-

turul-istoriuli konteqstidan meoreSi. am process gada-

meri hermenevtikuli aqtis istoriul aspeqts uwodebs, kon-

dicias, romelic warmoaCens istoriis dialeqtikur xasiaTs

da interpretaciis ganpirobebulobas konkretuli kultu-

rul-istoriuli konteqstiT.

76

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ibadeba kiTxva: aseT SemTxvevaSi, daculia Tu ara avto-

ris uflebebi? hirSis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, interpreta-

ciuli wris gafarToveba odnavadac ver aryevs avtoris

uflebebs: nebismieri interpretaciis procesi warmoadgens

gaxsnil perspeqtivas, masalis marTebulad gaazrebaTa inva-

riantul sistemas, romelic avtoris mier SemoTavazebul

albaTobebsa da varaudebzea orientirebuli. avtori amkvid-

rebs teqstis `azrsa~ da `arss~, mravalricxovani mkiTxveli

ki individualurad adgens mis `mniSvnelobas~. kritikosis

interesis sagans unda warmoadgendes ara konkretuli avto-

riseuli wiaRsvlebi, aramed, `arsebiTobis~ zogadtipologi-

uri sivrce, teqstis e.w. `Sinagani Janri~, romelic warmo-

aCens avtoris zogad mosazrebebsa da xedvis ZiriTad per-

speqtivas SemoqmedebiTi aqtis procesSi. hirSi zrunavs av-

toris `kerZo mesakuTris~ statusis SenarCunebaze. misi az-

riT, teqstis `arsebiToba~ ar unda daeqvemdebaros sociali-

zaciis, Aanu teqstis `saerTo-saxalxo~ sakuTrebad qcevis

process: teqsti ekuTvnis avtors da Tu mkiTxvels ar ga-

aCnia mowiweba avtoris mier dadgenili normebisadmi, maSin

arc interpretaciis norma gaaCnia da meqanikurad axdens

kritikuli anarqiis provocirebas.

mogvianebiT, rodesac, pol rikiori gamijnavs `ganmarte-

bisa~ da `interpretaciis~ cnebebs, aRniSnavs, rom `ganmarte-

ba~ cxadyofs teqstismier informacias, xolo `interpreta-

cia~ aRniSnavs teqstze kritikosis reaqciis siRrmes. Sesaba-

misad, `SegrZneba~ teqstis obieqtur Tvisebad miiCneva, `Se-

niSvna~ ki warmoaCens kritikosis codnis perspeqtivas, mis

intencionalobas, romelic gansazRvravs reaqcias.

Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

interpretaciis xibli Tavisuflebaa, magram ara sumburuli,

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aramed – logikuri, dafuZnebuli konkretul meTodologi-

ur xerxebze da mowodebuli dafarulis Sesamecneblad. in-

terpretaciis procesi warmoaCens intepretatoris Semecne-

biT SesaZleblobebs avtoris uflebebis dacviTa da gaTva-

liswinebiT. Sesabamisad, kiTxvaze: gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba ga-

vafarTovoT teqstis interpretaciis sazRvrebi, pasuxi cal-

saxad dadebiTia. xolo kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara interpre-

taciis procesi iyos umarTavi, pasuxi aris calsaxad

uaryofiTi.

teqsti Sreobrivi sistemaa. jer kidev roman ingardeni

werda, rom teqstis struqtura Sreebad dayofil formulas

warmoadgens, xolo avtorisagan teqstis zogadi perpeqtivis

SerCevis procesi garkveuli sizustiT aireklavs mwerlis

SemoqmedebiT resursebsa da stilistur Taviseburebebs. mag-

ram avtors ar ZaluZs srulganzomilebiani samyaros Seqmna,

is sjerdeba calkeuli fragmentebis warmoCenas im pirobiT,

rom avtoris SemoqmedebiTi intencionaloba swored aRniSnu-

li fragmentebis farglebSi gadaikveTeba interpretatoris

recefciul intencionalobasTan. gamomdinare aqedan, erTi

mxriv, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis intencionaloba da, meore

mxriv, reduqciuli strategia, romlis miRmac ganirCeva teq-

stis struqturuli Sreebi, warmoadgens literaturul

kritikasTan SeTavsebad bazisur fenomenologiur koncefci-

ebs. literaturuli teqstis Semecnebis es Tavisebureba ga-

nasxvavebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs samecniero naSromisagan: Tu

mecnieruli narkvevis Semecnebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba an

grovdeba codna, romelic aRniSnuli narkvevisgan damouki-

deblad arsebobs, literaturuli teqstis Semecneba safuZ-

vels uyris faseuli esTetikuri gamocdilebis dagrovebas.

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Sesabamisad, rac metad fragmentulia literaturuli

teqsti da rac ufro farTo esTetikuri impulsebis genera-

torad gvevlineba igi, miT ufro maRalia misi mxatvruli

Rirebuleba. da amis erT-erT mniSvnelovan dadasturebad

qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi mixeil javaxiSvilis ro-

mani `jayos xiznebi~ mosCans.

Tavs ar SegawyenT romanis irgvliv Seqmnili salitera-

turo kritikis dawvrilebiTi mimoxilviT, mxolod aRvniS-

nav, rom misi interpretacia sakmaod mravalferovania: kri-

tikosTa da literaturaTmcodneTa nawili mas realizmis

literaturul mimdinareobas anac neorealisturi romanis

Janrs miakuTvnebs, nawili _ viwrosocialuri romanisa, nawi-

li modernistul WrilSi kiTxulobs, nawilic evropuli

subieqtivisturi romanis tendenciebs Wvrets. visTvis `ja-

yos xiznebi~ ukiduresad miTologizebuli teqstia, visTvis,

piriqiT demiTologizebuli. albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vity-

viT, rom yvela wakiTxvas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, garda im

wakiTxvisa, romelic:

1. avtoris koncefcias aqcevs intepretaciuli kliSes

pirobebSi;

2. sakuTar intepretacias miiCnevs imperatiulad swor

versiad.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, kritikosi arRvevs avtoris uflebas

da axorcielebs interpretaciul Zaladobas avtorze, meore

SemTxvevaSi _ ugulvebelyofs Semecnebis procesis SesaZleb-

lobebs da uSvebs uxeS Secdomas Tavad intepretaciis ideis

mimarT. ra uwyobs xels interpretaciuli kliSeebis Camoya-

libebas? erTi mxriv, hipertrofirebuli ideologizebuli

manqana, rogorc mTavari gamRizianebeli, meore mxriv _ li-

teraturaTmcodneobiTi inercia, pasiuri mokrZaleba avtori-

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tetebis winaSe, rac xSirad aranakleb `efeqturia~ vidre

pirveli. rodis iZens interpretacia imperatiul tons? ro-

desac kritikosi mxedvelobis aredan kargavs avtors, an _

rodesac avtomatizdeba sakuTarive meTodologiis farglebSi.

Tuki interpretacias gavaTavisuflebT am xelovnuri

SezRudvebisgan, miviRebT Zalze saintereso Sedegs: inter-

pretaciul Tavisuflebas, rogorc meTodologiur movlenas,

dafuZnebuls teqstis realur SesaZleblobebze.

vxelmZRvanelobdiT ra am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime wlis

winaT, monografiaSi `qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqa-

tologiuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis~ (2005 w.)

Cven warmovadgineT mixeil javaxiSvilis romanis `jayos

xiznebi~ wakiTxvis inovaciuri versia. SevecadeT, wagvekiTxa

romani erTi mxriv, antiutopiuri Janris da meore mxriv,

liminalobis anTropologiuri Teoriis WrilSi. interpreta-

ciis am models safuZvlad daedo konkretuli meTodologi-

uri principebi: pirvel yovlisa, davefuZneT sakvlev teq-

stSi antiutopiuri JanrisTvis niSandoblivi iseTi motiva-

ciuri maxasiaTeblebis realizebis tendencias, rogoricaa:

koleqtiuri Sromisa da kvazinominaciis motivi; liderisa

da fsevdo-lideris motivi; mecnieruli progresisa da teq-

nokratizmis motivi; SemoqmedebiTi gonis nivelirebis moti-

vi; SiSis motivi; ojaxuri tradiciis destruqciis motivi;

TviTmkvlelobis motivi; fsevdokarnavaluri da fsevdoritu-

aluri motivi; parodirebis motivi.

am motivTa detalurma ganxilvam teqstis faqtobrivi

monacemebis doneze (qronotopi... 2005: 181-269) da, rac ar-

sebiTia, maTi koordinirebis dadgenam avtoriseul fragmen-

tebTan da teqstis zogadtipologiur sivrcesTan, migviyvana

daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli motivebis mxatvruli realizacia

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teqstSi iZens mkveTrad gamoxatul esqatologiur datvir-

Tvas, risi meTodologiuri analizic Tavsebadia liminalo-

bis anu sazRvris anTropologiur TeoriasTan.

am, garkveulwilad, moulodnelma eqsperimentma, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom Segviqmna intepretaciuli winaaRmdegoba ro-

manis wakiTxvis tradiciul modelebTan, swored imitom, rom

daefuZna mkacr meTodologiur principebs, Tavi daaRwia li-

teraturaTmcodneobiTi eTikis normebis darRvevas da Tavisi

niSa daikava im interpretaciul dialogSi, romelic warmo-

ebs `jayos xiznebis~ garSemo. Tumca, safrTxe yovelTvis ar-

sebobs. maSinac, rodesac meTodologiur principebze gamar-

Tul kritikas waradgen da maSinac, rodesac amas ar gaake-

Teb. rogori SeiZleba iyos es safrTxe?

Tomas elioti, ganixilavda ra saliteraturo kritikis

sazRvrebsa da SesaZleblobebs, aRniSnavda, rom literatu-

ruli kritikis umTavresi daniSnuleba `xelovnebis nimuSe-

bis axsna-ganmarteba da gemovnebis daxvewaa~ (elioti 2005:

71), romelic, mogvianebiT, Caanacvla fraziT `gageba da li-

teraturiT tkbobis mxardaWera~ (elioti 2005: 71), aqve mi-

uTiTa, rom `tkboba~ da `gageba~ sulac ar aris gansxvavebu-

li movlenebi, aramed erTi da igive movlenis emociuri da

inteleqtualuri mxareebia. SeiZleba gesmodes, magram ver

ganicdide siamovnebas, meore mxriv, Tu mxolod gsiamovnebs

da ar gesmis, es niSnavs, rom siamovnebas mxolod sakuTari

naazrevidan iReb. rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi inter-

pretacia arasrulyofilia. maSasadame, saliteraturo kri-

tikis dayvana arc mxolod meTodologiur axsna-ganmartebaze

SeiZleba da arc mxolod esTetikur siamovnebaze, aramed maT

mTlianobaze.

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Page 82: qarTuli literatura modernizmisa da realizmis mijnaze

vfiqrobT, eliotis am mosazrebas Cveni moxsenebis dasa-

wyisSi gamoTqmul azrTan mivyavarT: interpretaciis proce-

sis, rogorc gaxsnili perspeqtivis, amocanas Seadgens teq-

stis dafaruli azris Semecneba, rac gulisxmobs, erTi

mxriv, teqstis faqtobrivi moncemebis ganxilvasa da axsna-

ganmartebas garkveuli meTodologiuri normebis da ara ide-

ologiuri kliSes farglebSi, meore mxriv ki _ esTetikuri

gamocdilebis gamomuSavebas teqstis calkeuli fragmentebis

mimarT, ara rogorc sayovelTao standartisa, aramed ro-

gorc individualuri recefciis formisa. msgavsi interpre-

taciuli strategia avtorisa da interpretatoris uflebe-

bis Tanabrad dacvas gulisxmobs da interpretaciuli war-

matebis winapirobad gvevlineba.

Sesabamisad, warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos `jayos

xiznebis~ nebismieri interpretacia, romelic icavs zemoT

Camoyalibebul normebs, romanis yoveli axali, dasabuTebuli

interpretacia ki unda moviazroT ara rogorc tradiciis

darRveva, aramed rogorc nacnobi teqstis kidev erTi axali,

ucnobi rakursis aRmoCena.

damowmebani

ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi. esqatolo-

giuri antiutopiis interpretaciisaTvis. Tb.: 2005.

elioti 2005: elioti t. s. kritikis sazRvrebi // sjani, #6. Tb.:

2005.

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