supplementary readingafter readingdetailed readingglobal readingbefore reading unit 7 the glorious...

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Unit 7 The glorious messiness of EnglishUnit 7 The glorious messiness of English

Part Division of the Text

Parts Para(s). Main Ideas

1 1~3

2 4~16

Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language. Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.



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Parts Main Ideas

3 17~19 Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others — these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.

Para(s).




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英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。

THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH

Translate the title into Chinese.




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The rhetorical device used here is called oxymoron ( 矛盾修饰法 ). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here “Glorious” is a commendatory ( 褒义的 ) term, while “Messiness” is derogatory ( 贬义的 ). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom, and the respect for others’ rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the author’s ingenuity.

What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title?




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Paraphrase the sentence.

French children are expected to say the word “balladeer” instead of “Walkman” but they don’t say it.

… which French kids are supposed to say instead – but they don’t.




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What can we know about the author’s attitude towards English from this sentence?

He thinks much of it.

Such is the glorious messiness of English.




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Paraphrase this part.

The history of English is revealed in the first words a child learns about …

The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about …

Translate this part into Chinese.

英语的历史体现在孩子最先学会用来表示…的词汇当中。




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What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And what’s the function of it?

The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism ( 排比法 ). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers.

… “We shall fight … surrender.”




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What kind of rhetorical device is used here?

The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy ( 转喻 ). Here the word “churches” stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. Another example, in the sentence “The kettle boils.”, the word “kettle” stands to “the water in the kettle”.

… French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.




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What is the Chinese version of this part?

希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册。

Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page,

What kind of rhetorical device is used here?

The author used personification ( 拟人法 ) in this part.




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Where are the two words “television” and “cyberspace” from?

The word “television” is formed by “tele” (Greek, meaning “far off”) and “vision” (Latin, meaning “to see”.The word “cyberspace” is formed by “cyber” (Greek, meaning “to steer”) and “space” (Old French, Latin) .

Today we still borrow from Latin … cyberspace.




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What can we infer from this sentence about the author’s attitude towards English?

The author prefers what English is today to what some British scholars wanted to do.

Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.




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What does “that idea” refer to?

It refers to the fact that the English language today results from the great respecters of the liberties of each individual and his freedom to strike out new path for himself.

I like that idea.




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The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, … grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is compared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special preserve of grammarians (Para. 19).

What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences?

Consider that … around their language.




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corrupt: vt. The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language.Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?

cause errors to appear in

cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power.

To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government.




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ban: vt. 1. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.

The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year.

Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again.

Lady Chatterley’s Lover was banned when it was first published.




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CF:

The treaty bans all nuclear tests.

该条约禁止一切核试验。 forbid 是普通用词，可用于较细小的事物。例如：

He forbade his children sweets because he didn’t want their teeth to be ruined.

他不许孩子们吃糖果，因为他不希望他们的牙齿蛀坏。

ban, forbid & prohibit这三个是及物动词，均含“禁止”之意。

ban 语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”。一般含有“严厉谴责”的意思，只能用于严重危害公众利益的事物。例如：




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prohibit 指“（通过法律、法令或严正警告）禁止某些事物”，应用范围较 ban 广。例如：

In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.

在一些国家禁止出售含酒精的饮料。

2. ban: n. (followed by on)

The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising.

The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world.




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Standing still in the teacher’s office, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class.

invent: vt.

James Watt invented the steam engine. Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine

1. make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.)

2. give (a name, reason, etc. that doesn’t exist or is not true)

All the characters in the novel are invented.




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CF:

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 亚历山大•格雷厄姆•贝尔发明了电话。

invent & discover这两个词都是及物动词，在意义上比较容易混淆。

invent“ 发明”，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西；如：工具、手段或方法 , 是实践问题，不仅仅是认识问题。例如：




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discover“ 发现”，发现的对象是本来就存在，但主语不知道的东西，如新的科学真理，新领域等。有时也可泛指“发现”、“认识到”某种情况。例如：The planet Pluto was discovered in

1930. 冥王星是在 1930 年被发现的。




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fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction

The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to.

It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.

我觉得有关克隆的讨论很有吸引力。

I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating.




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strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact senseHe’s not strictly speaking an artist; he is more

of a performer.

Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty.




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The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he would cry.

tolerance: n.

the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you don’t agree or approve of it (followed by for)

School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children.He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him.

Human beings have limited tolerance of/to noise.

the ability to bear sth. painful or unpleasant (followed by of / for / to)

1.

2.




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Collocation ：

display/show tolerance

have tolerance

tolerance for/of/towards

表示宽容

有容忍力；有雅量

对…容忍




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to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent: to the degree specified

I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us.

To some extent the water pollution has affected local residents.

从某种程度上说，餐馆的失败是由于经营不善造成的。

To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad management.




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necessity: n.

1. sth. you must have in order to live properly or do sth.

A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a luxury item.

Water is a basic necessity of life.

The workers’ wages were so low that they hardly had enough money to buy the bare necessities of life.




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2. circumstances that force one to do sth.; the state of being necessary; the need for sth. (followed by of / for)

There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved in the project.

再搞一次选举有必要吗？

Is there any necessity for another election?




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Collocation ：感到有…的必要feel the necessity of 最低限度的必需品 the bare necessities 生活必需品 the necessities of life 必然地 of necessity

You will of necessity remain silent.

你必然会保持沉默。由于必要；不得已 by necessity

I walked home by necessity, because the car broke down. 汽车坏了 , 我不得已只好走回家。




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arouse: vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude)

These educational toys give children a feeling of self-worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks.The man’s strange behavior aroused the policeman’s suspicions.




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surrender: v. give in (followed by to)

After several weeks of severe attacks, Afghanistan’s Taliban forces surrendered to the Northern Alliance.After the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered.We’ll never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks.

你们必须向警方缴枪。 You must surrender your guns to the police.




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virtually: adv. for the most part, almost

It’s virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing.

It has been raining virtually non-stop for the past several days.

晚饭差不多准备好了；我只差做蔬菜了。The dinner’s virtually ready; I only have to finish the vegetables.




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invade: vt. enter with armed forces In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China.

The Germans invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of World War II.




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mystery: n. sth. that people can’t, or have not been able to understand or explain

The politician’s sudden death remains a mystery to us all.

No one has ever been able to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle.

埃及的金字塔（ pyramid ）是如何建成的依然是个谜。 How Egyptian pyramids were built still remains a mystery.




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Collocation ：形成疑团 pose a mystery

依然是个谜 remain a mystery

使神秘的事真相大白 clear up a mystery

阐释奥秘 solve/unravel a mystery

处于神秘之中shrouded/cloaked/wrapped in mystery




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resemble: vt. be like or similar to

I’d say he resembles his mother more than his father.

约翰在各方面都非常像他父亲。

John resembles his father very much in all ways.




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descend: v. come down (from a source), go down

These ideas descend from those of the ancient philosophers.

The old lady descended the stairs.

太阳落山了。

The sun descended behind the hills.




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descend, fall & drop 这三个词都是动词，均含“下落”之意。

CF:

descend 是相当正式的用法，表示从某一高处落到某一低处。fall 为不及物动词，表示由于地球吸引力或失去支撑而导致的下落。广义上讲，指任何形式的下落。drop 表示一点一滴地落下，但通常表示下落或使下落时的速度、方向出乎意料或不经意。




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1. The rain was still from the trees. 2. On turning the corner, we saw that the road steeply. 3. Large masses of rock are constantly into the se

a. 4. The hawk (鹰 ) in a vertical stoop on its quarr

y (猎物 ).

dropping

descends

__________

falling

descended

______

__________

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

__________




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establish: vt.

The bank helps people wanting to establish their business.

1. cause to be, set up

这学校是由一位意大利教授于 1905 年建立的。

The school was established in 1905 by an Italian professor.




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2. place or settle sb./oneself in a position, an office, etc.

Ingrid Bergman established her fame as a film star at the age of 20.

Yao Ming established himself in the team soon after he arrived in U.S.




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drift:

The football match was over, and the crowds drifted away from the stadium.

Jimmy spent the year drifting around Europe.

1. vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way

她经常调换工作。

She just drifts from job to job.




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Nowadays there is a drift of young people from the country to the city.

2. n.

I’m sorry: I can’t catch/get the drift of what you’re saying.

1) the movement or course of sth. drifting

2) the general meaning

论点的要旨你明白了吗？

Did you get/see the drift of the argument?




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谈话从一个主题转到另一个主题。

Collocation:

drift along 漫无目的地游荡

drift apart 分开；疏远

drift into/toward 渐渐进入；陷入

drift from … to … 从…漂流到 …

At last, he drifted into a life of crime.

最后，他陷入了犯罪生涯。

The conversation drifted from one subject to another.




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a general drift 总的倾向

get/catch the drift of … 理解大意

follow sb’s drift 听懂某人的意思

Collocation:




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pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) to (sb.)

When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura.The King passed on much of his fortune to the princess.




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addition: n. 1. a person or thing added (followed by to)

The baby is a welcome addition to the Smith family.

2. the act of adding, esp. adding numbers together

Before I entered the primary school, my mother taught me to do addition and subtraction.

他将是我们篮球队里可贵的新增力量。 He will be a valuable addition to our basketball team.




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Collocation:

do addition 做加法

make an addition 增加一些

in addition to 除…之外

In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from giving lectures.

in addition 另外；加之 You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.




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conquer: vt. take possession and control of (a country, city, etc.) by force; defeat

Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance conquered Kabul a month ago.

She has conquered the hearts of many men. 全世界已作出巨大努力来征服癌症。

There has been a tremendous international effort to conquer cancer.




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conquer, beat & defeat这三个词都是动词，均含“打败”、“胜过”之意。

CF:

The Romans conquered parts of Britain in the first century B. C.

公元前一世纪罗马人曾占领了英国的部分领土。

conquer 指通过武力、斗争或坚强的意志把某事或某物、某人置于自己的控制之下。例如：




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beat 强调对手被彻底打败，该词常用在正式场合，可用于描写任何比赛。例如：

She beat her brother at tennis.

在网球上，她打败了她弟弟。

He was defeated by 165 votes against 132.

他以 132票对 165 票落选了。

defeat 是个普通用语。可指打败敌人、对手，也可指在选举中落选，希望、计划受挫等。例如：




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该词本意是“另一个，每两者中的第二个”，因此仅限于在两者之间进行选择，但现在也可指“几种可能中的一种”，类似 We have several alternatives to chose from. ( 有几种可能性可供我们选择。 ) 之类的句子也相当普遍。

alternative: 1. n. one of two or more possibilities (followed by to)His father gave John the alternative of staying in

high school or going to work. 恐怕除了向警察告发你之外，我别无选择。

NB:

I’m afraid I have no alternative but to report you to the police.




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2. adj. (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another; other

有时 alternate 可用来代替 alternative: They had an alternate/alternative plan. ( 他们另有一个计划。 ) 但是， alternative 被认为是更地道的英语。

We returned by an alternative road.

NB:




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enrich: vt.

That once poor coastal village has been enriched by the profits from tourism.

1. make rich or richer

油田的发现使许多阿拉伯国家富足起来了。 The discovery of oil has enriched many Arabian countries.

2. improve It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting. Music can enrich your whole life.




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source: n.

Tourism, which is a major source of income for the city, has been seriously affected by SARS.

Do you have any other source of income apart from your job?

Where is the source of the Amazon River?

1. a place from which sth. comes or is obtained

2. the place where a stream of water starts




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source & origin 这两个词都是名词，均含“根源，起因”之意。

CF:

They had to find a new source of income.

他们不得不寻找新的收入来源。 origin 指事物的起源、源头，含有现在的情景已有变化之意，有时也指“出身，血统”。

source 原指“水源”，转义指事物的“根源，起因或处”。例如：




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1. There are a number of words in the English language

which were French in 2. Where is the of the River Thames? 3. They had to find a new of income. 4. This practice owes its to the Chinese.

originsource

sourceorigin

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

_______ .________

_______________




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Useful Expressions

1. 排行榜 2-2 a hit parade

2. 严格地说 3-2 strictly speaking

3. 对我们真正至关重要的事 4-9 the things that really matter to us

4. 发表演说 3-3 make a speech

5. 为了加强效果 6-5 for effect

6. 系统的研究 8-3 a systematic study

7. 起源于 8-4 descend from




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come up with

drift west

pass on to us

enjoy oneself

rear/raise a child

the Normans conquered England

common people

8. 提出 9-1

9. 向西漂泊 9-7

10. 留传给我们 11-1

11. 日子过得开心 11-3

12. 抚养孩子 13-4

13. 诺曼人征服英国 14-2

14. 平民百姓 14-4




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15. 印刷机 15-1 a printing press

16. 大量新思想 15-3 a wealth of new thinking

17. 欧洲文艺复兴 15-4 the European Renaissance

18. 失控 16-4 be out of control

19. 付诸实施 16-6 put into practice

20. 个人自由的崇尚者 17-4 a respecter of the liberties of each individual




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21. 开拓新路 17-6 strike out new path

22. 培育了…的准则 18-2

nourish the principles of …

23. 人权 18-3 the rights of man 24. 知识精英 19-

3 an intellectual elite

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