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Unit 7 The glorious messiness of EnglishUnit 7 The glorious messiness of English

Listening and Answering the Questions

History of English

Winston Churchill

Julius Caesar

Viking

Norman

William Caxton

Otto Jespersen

Renaissance



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History of English

The root of English

The development of Modern English

20th Century English



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Winston Churchill

A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill

Chronology of Winston Churchill

A Video Clip about Winston Churchill



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Yes. For example, the meaning of “your house burns up” is the same as that of “your house burns down”, or “you fill in a form” is the same as “you fill out a form”.

1. What is the passage about?

Listen and Answer the Questions Directions: Listen to the recording two or three times

and then think over the following questions.

English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language.

2. Can you give one or two examples to illustrate the messiness of the English language?



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3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage?

Some of the more confusing usages are explained here:1) ship by truck / send cargo by

ship: ship can be either a verb or a noun.The first “ship” means “send”, the second one “a large boat”.

2) noses that run / feet that smells: This refers to what people usually say “have a runnin

g nose” ( 流鼻涕 ), “have smelly feet” ( 臭脚 ).



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3) a slim/fat chance: a remote possibility

4) a wise guy: a person who pretends to be much wiser than he/she really is; a derogatory term

a wise man: a really wise person; a commendatory term5) overlook:

fail to see or notice, pay no attention to oversee: control (work, workmen)



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6) hot /cold as hell: extremely hot/cold

7) burn up: catch fire and flare up burn down: be destroyed by fire

8) fill in a form/fill out a form: synonymous

9) go off: start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise go on:

continue doing something



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10) when stars are out: when stars appear in the sky when lights are out:

when lights are turned off

11) wind up a watch:

tighten the spring of a watch

wind up a speech: end a speech



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The root of English

English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.



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From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th. century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales



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Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeare’s plays were seen by many people.

The development of Modern English



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The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnson’s dictionary was published, Noah Webster’s The Elementary Spelling Book



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was published in the US. At first it used Johnson’s spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.



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During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.

20th Century English



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As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britain’s greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as a soldier in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determination to win the war, especially at times of great crisis. Examples of Churchill’s phrases still often quoted today are “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, and “This was their finest hour”.

A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill



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The Conservative Party led by Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.



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Chronology of Winston Churchill

November 30, 1874 October 1, 1911 April 30, 1915

November 6, 1924

Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, near Oxford.Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government.

Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation as First Lord of the Admiralty.

Baldwin named him Chancellor of the Exchequer.



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May 10, 1940 July 1945April 24, 1953 December 10, 1953

January 24, 1965

Appointed to head wartime coalition government.

Lost general election.

Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

Awarded Nobel prize for literature in recognition of “historical works and biographies as well as his brilliant speeches.”Died in London; given a state funeral; buried in the churchyard at Bladon, near Blenheim.



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Directions: Watch this video clip and answer the following questions.

A Video Clip about Winston Churchill

1. What do you learn from the clip?

2. What do you think of Winston Churchill?



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Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)

Julius Caesar was the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army. He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later.



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eastern England, and the Danish king Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships and as sailors. They had an important influence on English

Viking Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the Scottish islands and in areas of

culture and the English language.



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Norman

Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Normans took control of the country, a process known as the Norman Conquest. They used many of the



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existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government became first Latin, and then Norman French, and this caused many new words to be added to the existing English language.



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William Caxton (c. 1422~1491)

William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. were French stories which he translated himself.



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Otto Jespersen (1860~1943)

Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the “direct method” in language teaching with the publication of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (1909~1949).



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Renaissance



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The Renaissance emerged in northern Italy in the 1300s when, not content with the abstract and highly subjective thinking of the Middle Ages, scholars turned for inspiration to the ancient Greeks and Romans with their love of earthly life. Italian architects rediscovered ancient construction techniques and incorporated Greek and Roman columns, arches, and domes into their public buildings. Instead of the flat, stiff figures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance artists portrayed rounded, flesh-and-blood people, people filled with emotions. To depict the world they lived in realistically, Renaissance artists developed linear perspective, which creates on a



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flat surface the illusion of depth. Renaissance scholars explored their world through mathematics, science, and engineering. Probably the most famous people of the Renaissance times are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. By the 1500s the Renaissance had spread to Spain and the countries of northern Europe, where people sought to blend the intense interest in human affairs with spiritual ideals.



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Part Division of the Text

Further Understanding



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Pair Discussion

English – the Sea of Language

Questions and Answers

Further Understanding



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Part Division of the Text

Parts Para(s). Main Ideas

1 1~3

2 4~16

Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language. Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.



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Parts Main Ideas

3 17~19 Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others — these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.

Para(s).



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Pair Discussion

Directions: Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner.

1. What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words?English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has only about 75,000 words.

English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasn’t. And the French government even tries to ban words from English.



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2. What can we infer from the invention of a French word “balladeer”?

In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative.We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.

3. How did the word “Walkman” come into being?

The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product.



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English – the Sea of Language

eye angel sky royal kingly capsule

water

thermometer habitua

l mahjong

Old English

Vikings French

Chinese

Latin

Christianity

Greek



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Questions and Answers

1. Who is Otto Jespersen?

He is a Danish scholar.

2. According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become what it is?

It’s the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual.

3. What is English language in the author’s opinion? English is the tongue of common man.




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The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer.

French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language.

The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead — but they don’t.

THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH




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Walkman is fascinating because it isn’t even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesn’t bother us, butit does bother the French. Such is the glorious

messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.




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How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet — more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.

Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions.




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Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last — surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, “We shall never give in,” but it is one of the lovely — and powerful — opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.

For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitler’s armies positioned to cross the English Channel: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.”




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Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.

When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery,

but there is a theory.




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Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar’s armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc. — that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.




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The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.The next big influence on

English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.




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Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.

Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.




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With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language — Middle English — with about 10,000 “borrowed” French words.




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Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.




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As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources — American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.




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That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905,

“The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.”

I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.




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Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, language police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.




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英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。

THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH

Translate the title into Chinese.




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The rhetorical device used here is called oxymoron ( 矛盾修饰法 ). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here “Glorious” is a commendatory ( 褒义的 ) term, while “Messiness” is derogatory ( 贬义的 ). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom, and the respect for others’ rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the author’s ingenuity.

What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title?




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Paraphrase the sentence.

French children are expected to say the word “balladeer” instead of “Walkman” but they don’t say it.

… which French kids are supposed to say instead – but they don’t.




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What can we know about the author’s attitude towards English from this sentence?

He thinks much of it.

Such is the glorious messiness of English.




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Paraphrase this part.

The history of English is revealed in the first words a child learns about …

The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about …

Translate this part into Chinese.

英语的历史体现在孩子最先学会用来表示…的词汇当中。




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What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And what’s the function of it?

The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism ( 排比法 ). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers.

… “We shall fight … surrender.”




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What kind of rhetorical device is used here?

The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy ( 转喻 ). Here the word “churches” stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. Another example, in the sentence “The kettle boils.”, the word “kettle” stands to “the water in the kettle”.

… French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.




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What is the Chinese version of this part?

希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册。

Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page,

What kind of rhetorical device is used here?

The author used personification ( 拟人法 ) in this part.




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Where are the two words “television” and “cyberspace” from?

The word “television” is formed by “tele” (Greek, meaning “far off”) and “vision” (Latin, meaning “to see”.The word “cyberspace” is formed by “cyber” (Greek, meaning “to steer”) and “space” (Old French, Latin) .

Today we still borrow from Latin … cyberspace.




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What can we infer from this sentence about the author’s attitude towards English?

The author prefers what English is today to what some British scholars wanted to do.

Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.




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What does “that idea” refer to?

It refers to the fact that the English language today results from the great respecters of the liberties of each individual and his freedom to strike out new path for himself.

I like that idea.




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The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, … grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is compared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special preserve of grammarians (Para. 19).

What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences?

Consider that … around their language.




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corrupt: vt. The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language.Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?

cause errors to appear in

cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power.

To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government.




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ban: vt. 1. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.

The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year.

Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again.

Lady Chatterley’s Lover was banned when it was first published.




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CF:

The treaty bans all nuclear tests.

该条约禁止一切核试验。 forbid 是普通用词，可用于较细小的事物。例如：

He forbade his children sweets because he didn’t want their teeth to be ruined.

他不许孩子们吃糖果，因为他不希望他们的牙齿蛀坏。

ban, forbid & prohibit这三个是及物动词，均含“禁止”之意。

ban 语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”。一般含有“严厉谴责”的意思，只能用于严重危害公众利益的事物。例如：




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prohibit 指“（通过法律、法令或严正警告）禁止某些事物”，应用范围较 ban 广。例如：

In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.

在一些国家禁止出售含酒精的饮料。

2. ban: n. (followed by on)

The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising.

The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world.




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Standing still in the teacher’s office, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class.

invent: vt.

James Watt invented the steam engine. Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine

1. make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.)

2. give (a name, reason, etc. that doesn’t exist or is not true)

All the characters in the novel are invented.




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CF:

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 亚历山大•格雷厄姆•贝尔发明了电话。

invent & discover这两个词都是及物动词，在意义上比较容易混淆。

invent“ 发明”，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西；如：工具、手段或方法 , 是实践问题，不仅仅是认识问题。例如：




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discover“ 发现”，发现的对象是本来就存在，但主语不知道的东西，如新的科学真理，新领域等。有时也可泛指“发现”、“认识到”某种情况。例如：The planet Pluto was discovered in

1930. 冥王星是在 1930 年被发现的。




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fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction

The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to.

It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.

我觉得有关克隆的讨论很有吸引力。

I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating.




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strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact senseHe’s not strictly speaking an artist; he is more

of a performer.

Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty.




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The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he would cry.

tolerance: n.

the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you don’t agree or approve of it (followed by for)

School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children.He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him.

Human beings have limited tolerance of/to noise.

the ability to bear sth. painful or unpleasant (followed by of / for / to)

1.

2.




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Collocation ：

display/show tolerance

have tolerance

tolerance for/of/towards

表示宽容

有容忍力；有雅量

对…容忍




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to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent: to the degree specified

I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us.

To some extent the water pollution has affected local residents.

从某种程度上说，餐馆的失败是由于经营不善造成的。

To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad management.




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necessity: n.

1. sth. you must have in order to live properly or do sth.

A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a luxury item.

Water is a basic necessity of life.

The workers’ wages were so low that they hardly had enough money to buy the bare necessities of life.




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2. circumstances that force one to do sth.; the state of being necessary; the need for sth. (followed by of / for)

There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved in the project.

再搞一次选举有必要吗？

Is there any necessity for another election?




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Collocation ：感到有…的必要feel the necessity of 最低限度的必需品 the bare necessities 生活必需品 the necessities of life 必然地 of necessity

You will of necessity remain silent.

你必然会保持沉默。由于必要；不得已 by necessity

I walked home by necessity, because the car broke down. 汽车坏了 ,我不得已只好走回家。




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arouse: vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude)

These educational toys give children a feeling of self-worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks.The man’s strange behavior aroused the policeman’s suspicions.




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surrender: v. give in (followed by to)

After several weeks of severe attacks, Afghanistan’s Taliban forces surrendered to the Northern Alliance.After the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered.We’ll never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks.

你们必须向警方缴枪。 You must surrender your guns to the police.




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virtually: adv. for the most part, almost

It’s virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing.

It has been raining virtually non-stop for the past several days.

晚饭差不多准备好了；我只差做蔬菜了。The dinner’s virtually ready; I only have to finish the vegetables.




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invade: vt. enter with armed forces In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China.

The Germans invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of World War II.




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mystery: n. sth. that people can’t, or have not been able to understand or explain

The politician’s sudden death remains a mystery to us all.

No one has ever been able to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle.

埃及的金字塔（ pyramid ）是如何建成的依然是个谜。 How Egyptian pyramids were built still remains a mystery.




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Collocation ：形成疑团 pose a mystery

依然是个谜 remain a mystery

使神秘的事真相大白 clear up a mystery

阐释奥秘 solve/unravel a mystery

处于神秘之中shrouded/cloaked/wrapped in mystery




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resemble: vt. be like or similar to

I’d say he resembles his mother more than his father.

约翰在各方面都非常像他父亲。

John resembles his father very much in all ways.




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descend: v. come down (from a source), go down

These ideas descend from those of the ancient philosophers.

The old lady descended the stairs.

太阳落山了。

The sun descended behind the hills.




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descend, fall & drop 这三个词都是动词，均含“下落”之意。

CF:

descend 是相当正式的用法，表示从某一高处落到某一低处。fall 为不及物动词，表示由于地球吸引力或失去支撑而导致的下落。广义上讲，指任何形式的下落。drop 表示一点一滴地落下，但通常表示下落或使下落时的速度、方向出乎意料或不经意。




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1. The rain was still from the trees. 2. On turning the corner, we saw that the road steeply. 3. Large masses of rock are constantly into the se

a. 4. The hawk (鹰 ) in a vertical stoop on its quarr

y (猎物 ).

dropping

descends

__________

falling

descended

______

__________

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

__________




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establish: vt.

The bank helps people wanting to establish their business.

1. cause to be, set up

这学校是由一位意大利教授于 1905 年建立的。

The school was established in 1905 by an Italian professor.




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2. place or settle sb./oneself in a position, an office, etc.

Ingrid Bergman established her fame as a film star at the age of 20.

Yao Ming established himself in the team soon after he arrived in U.S.




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drift:

The football match was over, and the crowds drifted away from the stadium.

Jimmy spent the year drifting around Europe.

1. vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way

她经常调换工作。

She just drifts from job to job.




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Nowadays there is a drift of young people from the country to the city.

2. n.

I’m sorry: I can’t catch/get the drift of what you’re saying.

1) the movement or course of sth. drifting

2) the general meaning

论点的要旨你明白了吗？

Did you get/see the drift of the argument?




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谈话从一个主题转到另一个主题。

Collocation:

drift along 漫无目的地游荡

drift apart 分开；疏远

drift into/toward 渐渐进入；陷入

drift from … to … 从…漂流到 …

At last, he drifted into a life of crime.

最后，他陷入了犯罪生涯。

The conversation drifted from one subject to another.




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a general drift 总的倾向

get/catch the drift of … 理解大意

follow sb’s drift 听懂某人的意思

Collocation:




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pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) to (sb.)

When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura.The King passed on much of his fortune to the princess.




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addition: n. 1. a person or thing added (followed by to)

The baby is a welcome addition to the Smith family.

2. the act of adding, esp. adding numbers together

Before I entered the primary school, my mother taught me to do addition and subtraction.

他将是我们篮球队里可贵的新增力量。 He will be a valuable addition to our basketball team.




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Collocation:

do addition 做加法

make an addition 增加一些

in addition to 除…之外

In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from giving lectures.

in addition 另外；加之 You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.




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conquer: vt. take possession and control of (a country, city, etc.) by force; defeat

Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance conquered Kabul a month ago.

She has conquered the hearts of many men. 全世界已作出巨大努力来征服癌症。

There has been a tremendous international effort to conquer cancer.




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conquer, beat & defeat这三个词都是动词，均含“打败”、“胜过”之意。

CF:

The Romans conquered parts of Britain in the first century B. C.

公元前一世纪罗马人曾占领了英国的部分领土。

conquer 指通过武力、斗争或坚强的意志把某事或某物、某人置于自己的控制之下。例如：




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beat 强调对手被彻底打败，该词常用在正式场合，可用于描写任何比赛。例如：

She beat her brother at tennis.

在网球上，她打败了她弟弟。

He was defeated by 165 votes against 132.

他以 132票对 165 票落选了。

defeat 是个普通用语。可指打败敌人、对手，也可指在选举中落选，希望、计划受挫等。例如：




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该词本意是“另一个，每两者中的第二个”，因此仅限于在两者之间进行选择，但现在也可指“几种可能中的一种”，类似 We have several alternatives to chose from. ( 有几种可能性可供我们选择。 ) 之类的句子也相当普遍。

alternative: 1. n. one of two or more possibilities (followed by to)His father gave John the alternative of staying in

high school or going to work. 恐怕除了向警察告发你之外，我别无选择。

NB:

I’m afraid I have no alternative but to report you to the police.




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2. adj. (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another; other

有时 alternate 可用来代替 alternative: They had an alternate/alternative plan. ( 他们另有一个计划。 ) 但是， alternative被认为是更地道的英语。

We returned by an alternative road.

NB:




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enrich: vt.

That once poor coastal village has been enriched by the profits from tourism.

1. make rich or richer

油田的发现使许多阿拉伯国家富足起来了。 The discovery of oil has enriched many Arabian countries.

2. improve It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting. Music can enrich your whole life.




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source: n.

Tourism, which is a major source of income for the city, has been seriously affected by SARS.

Do you have any other source of income apart from your job?

Where is the source of the Amazon River?

1. a place from which sth. comes or is obtained

2. the place where a stream of water starts




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source & origin 这两个词都是名词，均含“根源，起因”之意。

CF:

They had to find a new source of income.

他们不得不寻找新的收入来源。 origin 指事物的起源、源头，含有现在的情景已有变化之意，有时也指“出身，血统”。

source 原指“水源”，转义指事物的“根源，起因或处”。例如：




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1. There are a number of words in the English language

which were French in 2. Where is the of the River Thames? 3. They had to find a new of income. 4. This practice owes its to the Chinese.

originsource

sourceorigin

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

_______ .________

_______________




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Useful Expressions

Synonyms

Body Language

Listening Comprehension

Writing Practice

Talk about the Pictures

Sentence Translation

Proverbs and Quotations




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Listening Comprehension

Brainstorm

Respond




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Writing Practice

A brief introduction

An example

Some useful expressions in graph writing

Homework




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Useful Expressions

1. 排行榜 a hit parade

2. 严格地说 strictly speaking

3. 对我们真正至关重要的事 the things that really matter to us

4. 发表演说 make a speech

5. 为了加强效果 for effect

6. 系统的研究 a systematic study

7. 起源于 descend from




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come up with

drift west

pass on to us

enjoy oneself

rear/raise a child

the Normans conquered England

common people

8. 提出

9. 向西漂泊

10. 留传给我们

11. 日子过得开心

12. 抚养孩子

13. 诺曼人征服英国

14. 平民百姓




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15. 印刷机 a printing press

16. 大量新思想 a wealth of new thinking

17. 欧洲文艺复兴 the European Renaissance

18. 失控 be out of control

19. 付诸实施 put into practice

20. 个人自由的崇尚者 a respecter of the liberties of each individual




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21. 开拓新路 strike out new path

22. 培育了…的准则 nourish the principles of …

23. 人权 the rights of man 24. 知识精英 an intellectual elite




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Directions: Work in groups and brainstorm as many words as possible that are related to the topic – Chinese Language.

Brainstorm

standard Chinese

United Nation




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Directions: Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.

Respond

1. What does the Chinese language usually refer to?It refers to the standard language and its dialect.

93.3%.

2. What percentage of the Han nationality accounts for the total population?




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3. Why do we say the Chinese language is very important in the world? Because it is one of the five working languages in the United Nations.

4. How many overseas Chinese and persons of Chinese decent in Southeast Asia speak Chinese language?It’s more than 10 million.

5. According to this passage, what was the world’s population when the passage was written?

About 5 billion.




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6. How long has the Chinese language been spoken? More than 6,000 years.




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Chinese Language — Our Mother Tongue

The Chinese language usually refers to the standard language and its dialects used by the Han nationality which makes up 93.3% of the total population. Most of the minority nationalities in China have their own languages. Both numerically (从数量上来讲 ) and in the extent of its distribution, Chinese is the most important language in China and also one of the five official working languages of the United Nations. It is also one of the richest and highly developed languages in the world. Chinese is also spoken by many overseas Chinese: it is the common language of more than 10 million overseas




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Chinese and persons of Chinese descent in Southeast Asia alone. At present, more than one billion people, approximately 1/5 of the world’s population, speak Chinese as their mother tongue. A written form of the language was developed as early as 6,000 years ago. From the point of view of its origin, it belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages family (汉藏语系 ,包括汉语、西藏语、缅甸语等 ).




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a) I you both a very pleasant journey.

Directions: Choose a suitable word from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the difference in meaning.

Synonyms

Some words, like wish and want, raise and rear, royal, kingly and sovereign, come very close in meaning but are not interchangeable in some contexts.

1. want/wish

wish ____




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b) Ann, I am sorry. I I had never said that to you. c) My parents me to give you their best regards. d) We do not to waste our money on

such worthless things. wish/want __________

wish ____

want ____

b) “I’m sorry I called you a pig.” “My is thick enough; it didn’t bother me.”

c) This pair of boots is made of buffalo They are very durable.

a) This is the best lotion I’ve ever known for care.

2. skin/hide

skin ____

hide ____ .

hide/skin

_________




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d) I don’t need a knife; I can peel the off with my fingers.

skin ____

3. raise/rear

b) You cannot corn here. The climate is not right for it.

c) The couple agreed that to the children properly they need two incomes.

a) The male bird helps the female to the young.

d) He worked hard to himself from poverty. raise ____

raise ____

rear/raise _________

rear/raise _________




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b) The young man’s bearing (仪态 ) has won him many admirers.

c) When did India gain its independence and become a

state?

a) The British family has been the focus of media attention in recent weeks.

d) With his health restored, he is now ready to resume his duties.

4. royal/kingly/sovereign

royal/kingly __________

royal

_____

sovereign

_________

kingly/royal __________




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Directions: In this part, you can see four pictures and each picture shows the different meaning of body language both in China and U.S. At the same time, you can also see the different phrases or expressions showing the meaning of the different pictures. You’re required to match the picture with the phrases by drawing the phrases into the proper places.

Body Language




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considered impolite; making people embarrassed, self-consciousapplauding oneself; improper, immodestcuriosity, sometimes surprisecalling for silencethank you; mutual positive feelingsgiving comfort, consolation or encouragement; also showing affectiondisapproval, hissing ( 用嘘声责骂 )patting the head of children to show affection; patting the head of a teenager or adult causing displeasure

A

BCDEF

GH




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No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4

Meaning in China Meaning in U. S.

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4A

B

C

DE

F

G

H

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )




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Sentence Translation

1. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.

这种乐意包容的精神，这种不管源自何方都来者不拒的精神，恰好解释了英语为什么会这样丰富，解释了英语缘何在很大程度上成了第一种真正的国际语言。




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如果不是多少世纪以来英国人一向崇尚个人自由，如果不是人人都能自由地为自己开拓新的道路，英语就不会成为今天的英语。

2. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.系统的研究显示，许多现代语言起源于一个共同的母语，但由于没有文字记载，该母语已经失传。

3. The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.




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4. English may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.

英语可能成为人们了解世界、开启机遇大门、扩展思路、接纳新思想的一种工具。

5. 而演说中使用我们语言中的古词汇具有直接拨动心弦的效果。

Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.




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The world is in transition, and the English language will take new forms.

6. 希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册。Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page.

7. 到 2010 年，将英语作为第二语言或外语使用的人数将超过以英语为母语的人数。By 2010, the number of people who speak English as a second or foreign language will exceed the number of native speakers.

8. 世界正处于变革之中，英语将会出现新的形式。




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Graph Writing

Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. The following tips can help you draft this type of essay:




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A brief introduction

Graph writing, in fact, is a way to transfer information into written language from a graph or chart.Here the word “graph” refers to Graphs, Charts, and Tables. Graphs and charts are pictures which show numbers or figures, and tables are just rows and columns of information.Usually, graph writing consists of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Introduction should describe the purpose of report and say what overall trends you see. Body should describe the most important trends, while all information is summarized

1.

2.

3.




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to avoid unnecessary details. Conclusion should sum up the global trends shown on the figure and compare them if possible.In order to have a better composition, the writer should be familiar with some special expressions in graph writing. (Details can be seen in Some common connects below)

4.




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An example

Directions: Write a composition entitled “Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China”. The composition should be based on the following graph.

Others Motor Vehicles

BicyclesPedestrians

Percentage of Accidents




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Your composition should be in three paragraphs:

1. introduce the causes;2. report the information given in the graph;3. conclude the composition by giving some

suggestions.




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Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China

With the development of the cities, the road accident is becoming a more and more serious problem in China. The information represented in the graph, which depicts the leading causes of road accidents in China, indicates that most accidents are caused by motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.

In the graph we can clearly see that motor vehicles are responsible for most of the road accidents, namely about 50% of them. Bicycles account for 35% of the accidents and pedestrians caused nearly 10%. These results indicate that motor vehicles can thus be regarded as the enemy of the




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whole society, especially when the people’s life is taken into consideration.

Since we know that motor vehicles are the leading cause of road accidents in China, we should take some measures to prevent them from happening. First, we should make a law to punish any violators of traffic regulations. Then, cyclists should use hand signals to warn other road users of their intentions. Last but not least, the department concerned should educate ordinary people to walk on a zebra crossing or overpass when they cross a street. All in all, it’s time for us to attach great importance to this problem.




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Some useful expressions in graph writing

1. The picture shows….2. This table shows the differences between….3. The diagram represents…4. The chart above indicates…5. The information represented in the graph indicates…6. As can be seen from the chart, …7. As is shown in the bar graph, there were…8. From the diagram it can be seen clearly that…9. From these figures one can easily see that…




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10. According to the graph given above, we can see that… 11. This is an illustration of…/a typical example of…12. There was a great/slight increase/rise.13. There has been a sudden/slow/rapid fall/drop…14. Take the above chart as an example,…




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Homework

Directions: Write a composition entitled “Us Spending Patterns, 1966-1996” based on the following pie charts.




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The pie charts show changes in American spending patterns between 1966 and 1996.

Food and cars made up the two biggest items of expenditure in both years. Together they comprised over half of household spending. Food accounted for 44% of spending in 1966, but this dropped by two thirds to 14% in 1996. However, the outlay on cars doubled, rising from 23% in 1966 to 45% in 1996.

Other areas changed significantly. Spending on eating out doubled, climbing from 7% to 14%. The proportion of salary spent on computers increased dramatically, up




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from 1% in 1996 to 10% in 1996. However, as computer expenditure rose, the percentage of outlay on books plunged from 6% to 1%. Some areas remained relatively unchanged. Americans spent approximately the same amount of salary on petrol and furniture in both years. In conclusion, increased amounts spent on cars, computers, and eating out were made up for by drops in expenditure on food and books.




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Talk about the Pictures




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1. Speech is silver, silence is gold.

Proverbs and Quotations

雄辩是银，沉默是金。2. Speech is the index/picture of the mind.

3. Speech shows what a man is.

言为心声。

听其言而知其人。




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4. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.

— Karl Marx, German revolutionary外国语是人生斗争的武器。

—— 德国哲学家 K. 马克思

5. Grammar must be learned through language, and not language through grammar. — Johann G. Herdor, German philosopher 必须从语言中学习语法，而不是从语法中学习语言

—— 德国哲学家 J.G. 赫尔德




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6. Speech is a mirror of soul; as a man speaks, so is he. — Ephraem Syrus, American writer

语言是心灵的镜子；一个人只要说话，他说的话就是他心灵的镜子。 —— 美国作家 E. 塞拉斯




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Culture Notes

Reading

Comprehension Tasks




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Culture Notes

From English to Panglish




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Comprehension Tasks

Task One: Table Completion

Task Two: Questions and Answers




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From English to PanglishDirections: You are required to read the words while listening to the following passage and then have a dialogue about the pros and cons of Internet.

We know that English is the prevailing world language, and that Chinglish should be avoided. However, a new global tongue, called “Panglish”, is expected to overtake traditional English in the coming decades.

The language of Shakespeare and Dickens is evolving into a new, simplified form of English that will




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be spoken by billions of people around the world. The changes are being driven by people who speak English as a second language, New Scientist magazine reports.

According to the report, Panglish will be similar to the versions of English used by non-native speakers.

Linguists say Panglish will lose some of the English sounds which non-native speakers find difficult to pronounce. For instance, the “th” sounds in “this” and “thin” might be replaced by “z” or “s”, respectively. The short “l” sound in “hotel” might be replaced with the longer “l” of “lady”.




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Consonants at the end of words may be dropped. So “friend” may be pronounced as “frien” and “send” as “sen”. Group nouns like “information” and “furniture” – which don’t have plural versions – could vanish. Therefore, it may become acceptable in Panglish to talk about “informations” and “furnitures”.

Non-English speakers often forget the “s” at the end of third person singular verbs like “he runs” or “she walks”. In Panglish, people may say “he talk” or “she eat”.




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“By 2010, around 2 billion people, or a third of the world’s population, will speak English as a second language. In contrast, just 350 million people will speak it as a first language. By 2020, the number of native speakers will be down to 300 million,” the Daily Mail newspaper predicts.

Unlike French, which is protected from corruption by the Academie Francaise, there is no organization to guard the English language.




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The global spread of English over the last 40 years has been remarkable. It is unparalleled in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.

The Role of English in the 21st Century Melvyn A. Hasman

Wondering whether all the time and effort spent learning English is worthwhile? Here are some good reasons why it is.




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Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the world’s population speaks some English. And at present one in five — over one billion people — are learning English. Over 70% of the world’s scientists read English. About 85% of the world’s mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems is stored in English. By 2010, the number of people who speak English as a second or foreign language will exceed the number of native speakers. This trend will certainly affect the language.

English is used for more purposes than ever before.




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When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When German physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their findings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian businessmen,

Vocabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and scientific developments, economics and management, literature and entertainment. What began some 1,500 years ago as a crude language, originally spoken by little known German tribes who invaded England, now covers the globe.




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Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to integrate vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects.

they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English.

In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall dominance by the language, first in Europe and then globally.




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Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economies from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed work, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-aided communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It encourages more informal conversational language and a tolerance for diversity and individual style.




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English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic grammar. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is foreign. It has borrowed and continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteristic makes it unique in history. Finally, no English language central authority guards the standards of the language, therefore, many dialects have developed: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Australian, to name a few. There is no standard pronunciation. But within this diversity is a unity of grammar and one set of core vocabulary.




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Thus, each country that speaks the language can introduce aspects of its own culture into the usage and vocabulary. However, the future is unpredictable. There has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so many people as English. So, there are no examples to help us predict what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status. The world is in transition, and the English language will take new forms. The language and how it is used will change, reflecting new patterns of contact with other languages and the changing communication needs of people.




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English is ridding itself of its political and cultural associations as more people realize that English is not the property of only a few countries. Instead, it is a vehicle that is used globally. It belongs to whoever uses it for whatever purpose or need. There is no reason to believe that any one other language will appear within the next 50 years to replace English. However, it is possible that English will not remain unchallenged in the 21st century. Rather, a small number of languages may share in importance — each with a special area of influence. For example, Spanish is rising because of expanding trade and the increase of the Latino population in the United States. This could create a bilingual English-Spanish region.




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A language shift, in which individuals change their language loyalties, is another possibility. These shifts are slow and difficult to predict. But within the next 50 years substantial language shifts could occur as economic development affects more countries.

Because of these shifts in loyalties, more languages may disappear. Those remaining will rapidly get more native speakers. This includes English.

Universities using English as the medium of instruction will expand and rapidly create a generation of middle-class professionals. Economic development will only increase the middle class, a group that is more likely to learn and use English in jobs.




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While languages such as English, German, and French have been international languages because of their governments’ political power, this is less likely to be the case in the 21st century where economics and shifts in population will have more influence on languages.

English has been an international language for only 50 years. If the pattern follows the previous language trends, we still have about 100 years before a new language dominates the world. However, this does not mean that English is replacing or will replace other languages as many fear. Instead, it may supplement or co-exist with languages by allowing strangers




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to communicate across language boundaries. It may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.




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range: n. the limits within which sth. exists, operates, or is effective

An earthquake occurred within the range of 300 km around the city.

Animals can sometimes hear sounds beyond the range of human hearing.

动物有时可以听到超出人类的听觉范围的声音。




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exceed: vt. go beyond in quantity, degree, etc.

The shop’s Christmas Season revenue exceeded their wildest expectations

The civilian death toll in Iraq exceeded 100,000 by 1st October, 2004.

到 2004年 10月 1日为止，伊拉克平民的死亡人数超过了 10万人。




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management: n. the art or practice of managing, esp. of a business or money

Management is both a science and an art.

管理既是一门科学也是一门艺术。

She plans to study hotel management in Switzerland next year.




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crude: adj. not refined

The term “crude oil” refers to petroleum directly out of the ground.

Soybeans in their crude form are inedible.

“原油”这个术语是指直接来自地下的石油。




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conduct: vt. carry out or direct

宇航员在哥伦比亚号宇宙飞船上进行实验。

Astronauts conducted experiments onboard spacecraft Columbia.

Well-conducted dialogues are valuable ways for exploring ideas within our community.




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个人行为，环境因素和遗传特征都会导致疾病的复杂性。

contribute to: help to causeThe involvement in a romantic triangle may have contributed to the decline of her mental health.

Individual behaviors, environmental factors, and genetics all contribute to the complexity of diseases.




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integrate: vi. cause to become a member, make into a whole

由于经济全球化，我国也必须融入世界经济中去。

Older students form clubs to integrate into campus life.

Our country must also integrate into the world economy because of globalization.




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What is your overall impression of the new Apple computer?

overall: adj. including everything

你对新品苹果电脑的总体印象如何？Retail sales continued the overall downturn trend.




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transform: vt. change completely in form, appearance or nature

水能把一片不毛之地变成一座花园。

Her whole posture was totally transformed: head up, shoulders back and down, and there was a confidence in her step that I’d never seen before.

Water can transform a desert into a garden.




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give way to: yield to

阳光明媚，温暖舒适的星期六过后可能就是一个暴风骤雨的星期日。

The sunny, mild Saturday may give way to a stormy Sunday.

Though in many people the habit of reading and writing has given way to the habit of listening and seeing, it can never be totally discarded.




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characteristic: n. a quality or feature that is typical of sth. or sb.

不喝水还能长时间生存的能力是骆驼的一个特点。 A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.

Decisiveness is a characteristic of high-performing men and women.




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unique: adj. being the only one of its kind

研究人员已经识别出一种人类和其同类猿所特有的基因。

Researchers have identified a gene unique to humans and their ape kin.

You’ve come to the right place to find unique gifts of style and quality.




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authority: n. person(s) having the power or right to give orders and make others obey

他是环境保护方面的权威人士。He is a great authority on environmental protection.

The law allows authorities to take DNA samples from anyone convicted of a felony ( 重罪 ).




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to name a few: give just a few examples

中国有很多大城市，比如上海、北京、重庆、武汉等。There are many big cities in China — Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing, Wuhan to name a few.

There are hundreds of preset visual effects available (smoke, fire, explosions, sparkles, fireworks, just to name a few) in this animation program.




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Security is an aspect of freedom because no one who is unsafe is free.

aspect: n. an element or side of a situation or idea

安全是自由的一个方面，因为没有一个具有不安全感的人会是自由的。

The poem offers possibilities for gaining fresh insights into other aspects of late medieval literary culture.




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predict: declare or tell in advance

卫星图（ Satellite imagery ）在预测自然灾害方面正在起着重要作用。 Satellite imagery is now playing an important role in predicting natural disasters.

Today, there are many active volcanoes worldwide. Is there anything we can do to predict how and when they will erupt?




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in transition: in the course of changing into another state or condition

家庭和学校的紧密联系可以为转型期的儿童提供无缝支持。A strong home and school connection can create a seamless web of support for children in transition.

American higher education is in transition in terms of the way colleges and universities are organized and function.




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rid oneself of: free oneself from

要使自己摆脱一位因逗留过久而使人生厌的客人是一件很困难的事。

It is a tough job ridding oneself of a guest who has overstayed his/her welcome.

Artistic expression will help Susanna rid herself of built-up emotional junk, and then she can move on.




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substantial: of considerable size, degree, extent, etc.

护士的工作环境要有重大的改观，以确保他们能够最好地照顾病人。

Substantial changes are required in nurses’ working environment to ensure that they can best take care of patients.

Delta Air Lines reported a “substantial”loss this year and warned it may have to seek bankruptcy protection if its financial situation worsens.




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dominate: have control of or a very strong influence on

巴勒斯坦新内阁中占主导地位的是一些新当选的官员The new Palestinian cabinet is dominated by new faces.

The movie Titanic dominated the weekend box office.




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It is unparalleled in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.Translate the sentence into Chinese.

这一过程在几个方面都是前所未有的：英语使用人数的增加，英语在不同社会渗透的深度，以及英语功用的广度。




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What began some 1,500 years ago as a crude language, originally spoken by little known German tribes who invaded England, now covers the globe.Translate the sentence into Chinese.

大约 1500 年前，英语还只是那些入侵英格兰的鲜为人知的日耳曼部落使用的一种粗俗的语言，如今它却遍及全球。




Global Reading

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While languages such as English, German, and French have been international languages because of their governments’ political power, this is less likely to be the case in the 21st century where economics and shifts in population will have more influence on languages.Translate the sentence into Chinese.

虽然英语、德语和法语这些语言曾经凭着各自政府的政治力量而成为国际语言，这种情况在经济和人口变化对语言的影响更大的 21世纪不太可能发生。




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TOEFL or IELTS?

Here is a passage about two famous English tests in the world — TOEFL and IELTS. After you listen to it, you are required to finish the following tasks.

Task One: Table Completion

Directions: Listen to the passage three times and complete the following table with the information from the passage.




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TOEFL IELTS

Number of county having the test Number of examinee per year Form of test

Cost of test

180

1 million

paper test ； iBT ；spoken test

$150; $150~200; $ 125

121

paper test

$160

1 million




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Directions: Now listen to the passage again and answer the following questions according to the information from the passage.

Task Two: Questions and Answers

1. What do TOEFL and IELTS stand for respectively?

TOEF stands for “the Test of English as a Foreign Language” while IELTS for “the International English Language Testing System”.




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2. How many colleges and universities in USA are recognizing the IELTS now?

2,000.

3. How is the speaking test done with the IELTS?

It is done in the form of a live interview. That’s to say, a candidate should speak with a certified examiner.

4. What does TOEFL iBT mean?It means Internet-based test. It is a computer version of TOEFL.




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5. Is the TOEFL paper test the same as TOEFL iBT?

No, the paper test only tests reading, listening and writing while TOEFL iBT tests one more — speaking.

6. Are the reading and writing tests in the IELTS the same?No, they are designed for academic or general training.

7. Who developed the IELTS?

Institutions in Britain and Australia jointly developed it.




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Most American colleges and universities accept one or both of the two major tests. One is the Test of English as a Foreign Language, known as the TOEFL. The other is the International English Language Testing System, or IELTS. The TOEFL is given in one hundred eighty countries. The competing IELTS is given in one hundred twenty-one countries. One million people each year take the TOEFL, says Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service. Same with the IELTS, says Beryl Meiron, the executive director of IELTS International.




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She says two thousand colleges and universities in the United States now recognize the IELTS. Schools might accept it only for undergraduate or graduate admission or both. The IELTS is a paper test, while the TOEFL is given on paper only in places where a computer test is unavailable. The TOEFL paper test costs one hundred fifty dollars. It tests reading, listening and writing. A separate Test of Spoken English costs one hundred twenty-five dollars. The computer version is called the TOEFL iBT, or




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The TOEFL iBT and the IELTS both measure all four language skills — listening, reading, writing and speaking. But with the IELTS, the speaking test is done separately as a live interview. You speak with an examiner who is certified in ESOL — English for speakers of other languages. Everyone takes the same speaking and listening tests. But there is a choice of two kinds of reading and writing tests — either academic or general training.

Internet-based test. The price is different in each country, but generally falls between one hundred fifty and two hundred dollars.




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IELTS International says the test measures true-to-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and employment. Institutions in Britain and Australia jointly developed it. The cost is different in each country. But Beryl Meiron says the price in local currency is generally comparable to about one hundred sixty dollars. The IELTS Web site is ielts.org. The TOEFL Web site is toefl.org.

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