2. background information br_main before readingglobal readingdetailed readingafter reading 3....

2. Background Information

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

3. Topic-related Prediction

4. An English Song

1. Warm-up Questions

George Orwell

George Bernard Shaw

Eclipses

Playing Cards

The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory

Before Reading Global Reading After Reading

Warm-up Questions

1. How did people think of the shape of the earth in history?

2. What do you think is the shape of the earth? Can you give any evidence to support your view?

Detailed Reading

flat, oval, sphere, pear-shaped


Warm-up Questions

3. Where do you get most of your knowledge, from experiments or from books?

4. Do you think everything in books worth believing? Did you ever question the book knowledge? Why or why not?

Detailed Reading

George Orwell


Life Time

Place of Birth

Nationality

Personal Experiences

1903~1950

India

British

serving with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma (1922~1927)living in poverty after his return to Europefighting in the Spanish Civil War on the republican side and was severely wounded

Detailed Reading


Works

Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)

Homage to Catalonia (1938)

Animal Farm (1945)

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Detailed Reading

Before Reading_2_2.1-sprict

Before Reading Global Reading After ReadingDetailed Reading

Orwell, George (1903~1950), pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair, British novelist and essayist, whose brilliant reporting and political conscience fashioned an impassioned picture of his life and times. His best-known novels are Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Throughout his career as a writer, Orwell stresses the importance of truth and objectivity, and the need to be willing to question the trustworthiness of those from whom we take our opinions and beliefs.

■


George Bernard Shaw

1856~1950

the Nobel Prize for Literature (1925)

Widowers’ Houses (1892) Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1898) Arms and the Man (1898) Man and Superman (1905) Major Barbara (1905) Pygmalion (1913) Saint Joan (1923)the greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare and the greatest British satirist since Swift

Detailed Reading

Life Time

Place of Birth

Honor

Works

Ireland

Influence

Before Reading_2_2.1-sprict


Shaw, George Bernard (1856~1950), Irish playwright, critic and novelist, is widely considered the greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare and the greatest British satirist since Swift. Shaw’s plays often ridicule governmental or social hypocrisies or mock the conventions of polite society. In the long prefaces to the printed editions he aired his views on all sorts of subjects. In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Among his most famous plays are Widowers’ Houses (1892), Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1898), Arms and the Man (1898), Man and Superman (1905), Major Barbara (1905), Pygmalion (1913) and Saint Joan (1923).

■


The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory

Detailed Reading

in the fourth century B.C. Aristotle came to the same conclusion because the earth’s shadow, during a lunar eclipse, is round.

during the Middle Ages The clergymen disapproved the spherical theory of the earth and claimed that the earth was the center of the whole universe and the earth is a flat disc with Jerusalem at the center.

The Greek philosopher Pythagoras believed that the earth was a sphere which he considered the most perfect of shapes. He reasoned that because the moon and the sun are spherical, the earth is too.

in the sixth century B.C.


in 1521 The Portuguese navigator Magellan’s voyage around the world proved that the earth was round.

nowadays The earth is somewhat pear-shaped. It is slightly flattened at the poles and has a bulge at the equator. Also there is another very small bulge at the North Pole.

Before Reading_2_3.2-pic



Eclipses

In astronomy the word “eclipse” is used to describe two different things: an eclipse of the sun or an eclipse of the moon. An eclipse of the sun is called a solar eclipse ( 日食 ). It occurs when the moon passes directly in front of the sun. As seen from various points on the earth, the moon blocks out the sun. An eclipse of the moon is called a lunar eclipse ( 月食 ). It occurs when the full moon passes behind the earth into the earth’s shadow. Within the shadow the moon is no longer directly lighted by the sun. When the whole moon or the whole sun is eclipsed, we speak of a total eclipse ( 全食 ). When only part of the moon or sun is eclipsed, we speak of a partial eclipse ( 偏食 ).

■

■


A pack of ordinary playing cards consists of four 13-card suits: , , , and . Each suit contains a , , and 10 cards assigned numbers from 1 to 10. The 1-card is known as an . An order of rank for the various cards within a suit is established for each game. In bridge, for instance, ace is the highest, followed by the king, queen, etc.

clubs_______diamonds_________ hearts______ spades_______ king____ queen_____jack______

ace_____

Playing Cards

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Before Reading_2_5-pic1




2

2


Topic-related Prediction

George Orwell put forward the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round?” in the title. Let’s predict what will be talked about in the text by answering the following questions:1) From what you learned about the author in the background information, what do you think he might talk about in this article?2) What is his purpose for writing this article? To show why the earth is round

or something else?


Moon river than a mile I’m you in style some dayOh, dream maker, you breaker you’re goingI’m going your Two drifters to see the There’s such world to seeWe’re after the same rainbow’s endWaiting round the My huckleberry friendMoon river and meWe’re after the same rainbow’s endWaiting round the My huckleberry friendMoon river and me

bend______

wider_____crossing_______

heart_____

Wherever_________way______

off____ world______a lot of______

bend______

An English Song

■

Moon River

1. Part Division of the Text

2. Further Understanding


For Part 1

For Part 2

For Part 3

True or False

Table Completion

Questions and Answers

After Reading

Part Division of the Text

Main IdeasLinesParts

1 1~13

2 14~46

3 47~59

Detailed ReadingBefore Reading Global Reading

Shaw’s remark on modern credulity

The author tries to prove the Round Earth Belief.

Much of our knowledge rests on authority, not on reasons or on experiment.

3. According to Shaw, the average man has enough reasons for thinking that the earth is round.

Global Reading After Reading

1. Bernard Shaw remarks that we are less credulous today than we were in the Middle Ages.

2. The widespread belief that the earth is round is cited as an example of modern credulity.

F( )

According to Shaw, the average man can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.

T ( )

F( )

Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more credulous today than we were in the Middle Ages.

True or False

Detailed ReadingBefore Reading


In the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round?”, “we” refers to the astronomers, geographers and so on.

In the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round?”, “we” refers to the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen.

F ( )

4.

The twentieth-century mentality refers to the twentieth-century way of thinking.

5.

T ( )


How do I know the eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth?

the analogy of the sun and moon: They are round.


signal words of order

five cards against the Oval Earth man

refutation by the Oval Earth man

the first card 1) They may be flat discs.2) Why must the earth be the same shape as them?

my second card

the earth’s shadow:It appears to be the shadow of a round object during eclipses.

my queen of trumps

1)Have I tested it?2)Would I know a way of testing it?

Table Completion

the opinion of the experts:Astronomer Royal says the earth is round.



my ace one way of testing it:Astronomers’ opinions are sound because they can foretell eclipses.

only one card left

may possibly have some kind of counter

Ancient Egyptians who thought the sun goes around the earth could also predict eclipses.

navigation



1. What does most of our knowledge rest on?

Most of our knowledge rests on authority.

2. Does the author think that his reasons for thinking that the earth is round are well-grounded?

No, he thinks they are rather precarious.

3. When does the expert become an ignoramus?

As soon as he strays away from his own specialty, he becomes an ignoramus.

Questions and Answers



4. What would most people say if they were asked to prove that the earth is round?

They would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry.

5. Do you think the author’s conclusion is correct? Why? (open-ended)

Yes. Because a man’s knowledge consists of two parts, one coming from direct experience and the other coming from indirect experience. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot have direct experience of everything, nor is he able to test everything; as a matter of fact, most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience.


Can you prove that the earth is round? Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts?



Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round? George Orwell

SentenceSentence WordWord

Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.

Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular

Detailed Reading



proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.

As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth’s surface is curved. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical.

Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don’t know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that

Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it?

Detailed Reading



one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can’t answer that one either.

Before Reading

My second card is the earth’s shadow: when cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is that I don’t know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.

Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal’s statement, and would I even know a way of testing it? Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.

Detailed Reading



Before Reading

If the Oval Earth man answers — what I believe is true — that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses, then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ships round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculations which assume that the earth is spherical. I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.

It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast

Detailed Reading

Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading


that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty? Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.

Before Reading

Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round? George OrwellSomewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to

Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.



1. Why people in the Middle Ages were very gullible and superstitious?

Because they accepted the church’s authority unquestioningly.

2. What does Bernard Shaw suggest?

He suggests that compared with people in the Middle Ages, we are even worse in blindly accepting what institutional authorities say.





Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

1. What does “swallow this theory” mean?

It means to accept this theory without question or suspicion.

2. How do you understand the reason for people to accept the theory?

People accept the theory so long as it has a quality that attracts the contemporary mind.

Before Reading






1. Paraphrase this part.

… there is some truth in what he says and the question is worth discussing further because of what it may reveal about the validity of present-day beliefs.

2. Translate this part of the sentence.

但他说的确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它有助于说明现代知识的真实情况。

Before Reading


Detailed Reading





As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth’s surface is curved. But it does not


1. What does this part mean?

…the first point I can make to support my argument is the act of comparing the earth to the sun and moon.

2. When is the figure of speech “the first card I can play” often used?

This figure of speech is often used when someone is presenting an argument point by point.

Before Reading


Detailed Reading





1. What does “the minor exchanges” refer to?

It refers to the two less important rounds of debate.

2. What is the grammatical function of this part?

过去分词短语作状语，表示原因。

Before Reading


Detailed Reading




1. How do you understand this part?It means then my ace suddenly loses its effectiveness as though it had been cut to shreds.

2. When you say “bang goes”, what do you mean?It suddenly becomes obvious that it cannot now succeed or be achieved.

Before Reading


Detailed Reading




1. What does “that” refer to?

It refers to the last argument presented by the author.

2. What does “finishes the Oval Earth man” mean?

It means “defeat the Oval Earth man”.

Before Reading


Detailed Reading




1. What does “precarious” mean?

It means “not well-grounded”.

2. What does the author admit?

He admits that the evidence he provides is not enough to establish his beliefs beyond any doubt.

Before Reading


Detailed Reading




What is the function of the word “much”?

“Much” is used as an adverbial, meaning “by far”.

Before Reading


Detailed Reading



1. How do you understand this sentence?

This is an age in which people tend to believe whatever they are told, and one reason for this is that we have inherited so much knowledge.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

如今是一个轻信的时代。究其缘由，部分在于，我们现今必须掌握的知识实在太多了。

Before Reading


Detailed Reading







Detailed Reading






Before Reading Detailed Reading



Before Reading



Detailed Reading






cite: vt. mention as an example; quote (a passage, book, etc.)

SS 你能举出与此例相似的另一个例子吗？

SS The mayor cited the latest crime figure as proof of the need for more police.

CF: cite & quote 这两个词都是动词，都有“援引”、“转述”之意。

cite 指列举事例、事实，主要是为了以此证明自己的论点，不强调引用的是否是原话或原文，往往只是提及某一出处、作者的名字。例如： To support his argument he cited Article 68, Charter 10, of the Constitution of the United Nations. 为了证明自己的论点，他引据了联合国宪章第十章第 68 条。

TT Can you cite another example like this one?

quote 一般指忠实或尽量忠实地引用原文或他人说过的话，借以修饰、说明问题或周密调查。例如： Routers quotes a Chinese diplomat as saying, “Only the people can decide the fate of their country, not superpowers.” 路透社引用中国一位外交官的话说：“只有人民才能够决定本国的命运，而不是超级大国。”







advance: vt. put or bring forward

SS Mary is too shy to advance her opinion at the meeting.

In the 19th century, the new theory of the origin of life advanced by Darwin raised a storm of debate in England and other parts of the world.

SS

Collocation: advance an idea / a plan 提出一种想法 / 一个计划advance sb. (money) 提前向某人支付钱款







appeal: vi.

SS 出国工作的想法吸引你吗？

1) please, attract or interest

2) make a serious public request for help, money, information, etc.

The Prime Minister appealed for economic aid from the neighboring countries.

SS

TT Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you?The magazine is intended to appeal to professional women in their 30s and 40s.

SS

She appealed to the kidnappers to release her son.SS

3) make a formal request to a court or sb. in authorityHe appealed against the judge’s decision.SS

If you are not satisfied with the verdict, you can appeal to the supreme court.

SS







Collocation:

appeal against sb. 对某人提出申诉

appeal to sb. 吸引某人 , 向某人提出申诉

appeal to sth. 诉诸某物

appeal to sb. to do sth. 呼吁某人做某事 , 恳求某人做某事

appeal to sb. for help 向某人求助







exaggerate: vt. represent (sth.) as larger, worse, more important, etc. than it really is; overstate

SS People don’t believe what he says because he is always exaggerating.

Peter exaggerated his own role in the episode.SS







follow up: pursue or investigate closely; take further action after (sth.)

SS 报纸编辑认为这个故事值得进一步调查。

The editor of the newspaper thinks that this story is worth following up.

TT

Before Reading

SS The idea sounds interesting and I’d like to follow it up.

Detailed Reading






for the sake of: for the good or advantage of; for the purpose of

SS The pretty actress married an old millionaire for the sakeof his money.

SS He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.







throw light on: make clear; explain

SS 这些新发现可能可以解释宇宙的起源。

These new discoveries may throw light on the origins of the universe.

TT

SS This newspaper article throws some / much / a clear light on the situation in the Middle East.









refute: vt. prove (a statement) to be untrue; prove (a person) to be mistaken

SS How would you refute the theory that the earth is flat?

SS You can refute him easily as his opinion is not based on facts.








Article3-4_W-horizon


horizon: n.

SS We could see a ship on the horizon.

1) the line where the earth or sea seems to meet the sky

2) the limit of one's ideas, knowledge, experience

Judging by his narrow political horizons, he is not suitable for the post.

SS

The sun had already sunk below the horizon.

SS

Read this book, and it will broaden your horizons.SS

Collocation:broaden / expand one’s horizons 开阔眼界

rise above / sink below the horizon 从地平线升起 / 落下on the horizon 在地平线上








Article3-4_W-phenomenon


phenomenon: n. a fact, event, type of behavior

SS 未婚母亲应被认为是一种社会现象。

Unmarried mothers should be regarded as a social phenomenon.

TT

SS Snow in Egypt is an almost unknown phenomenon.

NB: 该词的复数形式为 phenomena 。








Article3-4_W-follow


follow: vi. result or occur as a consequence, effect, or inference

SS If we were to adopt the proposal, several advantages would follow.

From all this evidence it follows that he must be guilty.SS

Pattern:

it follows (from sth.) + that clause

（由某事）可以推断 / 可见……

it doesn’t follow (from sth.) that + clause

（由某事）不能推断 / 得出结论……







cast: vt. throw or drop; cause (light or shadow) to appear (on)

Collocation:

cast sth. away 放弃某事cast sth. aside 扔掉某物

SS 渔民们一到捕鱼区就把渔网撒进了大海。

As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen cast their nets into the sea.

TT

SS The candle cast a flickering light on the wall.

cast a light on sth. 把光投射在某物上 , 给某事以启示

Before Reading

CF: throw, cast & toss这三个词都是动词，都有“抛”、“掷”、“扔”之意。

throw 为普通用语，常可和其他词交替使用，表示将手臂弯曲后伸出以将某物抛于空中。

Detailed Reading






CF: throw, cast & toss这三个词都是动词，都有“抛”、“掷”、“扔”之意。

cast 除了表示投票、撒网，也用于文学用语和古语，常用来做比喻。

toss 常表示漫无目的地向上抛扔，用力不大。

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

He understood what I meant and me the lighter.

The moon a shadow on the top of the house, which

made the latter prettier than usual.

The little girl one stone after another into the pond to

see the ripples made.

The two angry students were books at each other

when the teacher came in.

The boy the ball through the hoop.

The joke him into a fit of laughter.

tossed_______

cast_____

cast_____

throwing________

threw______tossed______







statement: n. expression in words; a written or spoken declaration, esp. of a formal kind

Collocation:confirm a statement 证实一项声明 issue an official / a joint statement 发表正式 / 联合声明

SS Dr. Forster issued an official statement about the new drug to the press.

SS I couldn’t believe his statement that he would retire in September.

make a false / correct statement 做不实 / 正确的陈述refute a statement 驳斥一种说法withdraw a statement 收回一项声明

Before Reading

CF: account, statement & report这三个词都是名词，均有“描述”、“陈述”之意。

account 通常指由目击者提供的对事件或状况的一份符合实际情况的事实陈述。也可指“帐目”，即对收入和支出的财务情况进行陈述。

Detailed Reading






CF: account, statement & report这三个词都是名词，均有“描述”、“陈述”之意。

statement 指口头的或书面的对某人或某事的事实、情况细节的陈述。

report 指在调查之后由下级写给上级的报告，它提供了对一些重要事实的描述或一种对证据加以分析和讨论后做出的结论性意见。


1.2.

3.4.

5.6.

Could you write a on the committee meeting? The penalty for making false to the tax officer can be severe. He read some newspaper of the accident.She gave him a short of her conversation with the doctor. The show that business is beginning to improve. The policeman told us that we’d have to make a at the police station after the accident.

statements_________report______

account_______reports_______

statement________accounts________







bring out: show; offer to the public

SS 突然那人掏出一支枪，威胁出租车司机。

Suddenly the man brought out a gun and threatened the taxi-driver with it.

TT

SS That incident brought out the bad side of her nature.






Article5-6_W-justify


justify: vt. give a good reason for; show to be just, right or reasonable

SS The fine quality of this cloth justifies its high price.

SS He doesn’t know how to justify his speech and conduct.

Pattern:

justify (doing) sth. 证明（做）某事是正当的；为（做）某事辩护

be justified in doing sth. 做……理所应当的

Before Reading

CF: justify & warrant这两个词都是动词，都有“证明有理”、“辩明”之意。

warrant 所表示的证明指的是有正当的理由，并强调有权威的支持，或者有先例、经验、逻辑上的支持。

justify 适用于当做某事的必要性与道义上的正确性之间有冲突时。

Detailed Reading







1.

2.

3.

4.

The Prime Minister the action of the government.

The cloth is pure silk.

Nothing can such insolence.

He is fully in leaving this matter untouched.

warranted_________

justified________

justified_______

warrant_______






predict: vt. announce or tell beforehand; forecast

SS 经济学家预言利率会在这个秋天下跌。 Economists predicted a fall in the interest rate in the coming fall.

TT

SS It’s impossible to predict which team will win the football game.

CF: predict, foretell & forecast这三个词都是动词，都有“预言”、“预测”之意。

predict 语气较强，表示从许多已知事实中或根据自然规律断定将要发生的事情，准确性较大。主语只能是人。例如： Some observers predicted that a new coup would take place in that country. 一些观察人士预测该国将发生一次新的政变。






foretell 是最普通的用语。指凭借自己的经验事先感知将要发生何事，但不表明预言是否正确。例如： Who can foretell what will happen? 谁能预言将会发生什么事呢？

forecast 表示根据现有的信息、情况预测有可能发生的事。现在多用于预报天气。例如： With weather satellites it is easy to forecast weather now. 有了气象卫星，现在很容易预测天气。

Before Reading

CF: predict, foretell & forecast这三个词都是动词，都有“预言”、“预测”之意。

Detailed Reading




Article8_W-exceptionally


exceptionally: adv. unusually

SS Throughout the debate she defended her position exceptionally well.

SS Michael Jordan is an exceptionallytalented player in NBA history.





Article8_W-fall back on


fall back on: turn to for support

SS If this plan fails, there are other plans we can fall back on.

SS In case of emergency we’ll have to fall back on our original plan.





Article8_W-rest on


rest on: rely on; be based on

SS 管理上的成功根本上取决于好的判断。

TT Success in management ultimately rests on good judgment.

SS Columbus’s decision to sail west to reach the East rested on his belief that the earth was round.





Article8_W-authority


authority: n. power to influence; power to give orders and make others obey

SS Prof. Brown has international authority in the field of sociology.

SS Do you think teachers should have greater authority over their students?

Collocation:

cite an authority 引经据典

establish an authority 建立权威

have / possess authority over sb. / sth. 对某人 / 某事具有管辖权力

absolute / complete / full authority 绝对权威




Article8_W-stray away from


stray away from: wander away from; leave (a subject)

SS It’s annoying to talk to people who keep straying away from the point.

SS Our dog is lost; he strayed away from home when we left the door open.




Article8_W-outline


outline:

SS We all listened carefully as Jim outlined his reasons.

1. vt. indicate the main ideas or facts of

2. n. a systematic listing of the important points of a subject

你能不能给我看一下建议的纲要？SS

She outlined the story of Romeo and Juliet to us before we went to the theatre.

SS

TT Can you show me the outline of your proposal?

Chapter I describes in outline the basic principles by which we develop our national economy.

SS




Article8_W-press


press: vt. demand or ask for continuously; urge strongly

SS All the children pressed the teacher to continue her story.

SS He looked very ill that morning and all his classmates pressed him to go and see the doctor at once.




Article8_W-in a way


in a way: to a certain extent; in a certain but limited manner

SS 从某种程度上来说，我喜欢一个人待在家里。

TT In a way, I’d prefer to stay at home alone without their company.

SS He considers himself a great singer, and in a way he is justified.




Article8_W-credulous


credulous: adj. tending to believe sth. on little evidence, arising from credulity

SS Credulous people are easily fooled and often swindled.

SS The local people are pretty credulous; they’ll believe almost anything you tell them.




Article8_W-burden


burden: n. sth. difficult to bear; heavy load sb. has to carry

SS A donkey can carry a heavy burden.

Too much praise is a burden.

SS 太多的赞扬是一种负担。

TT



1. Useful Expressions

2. Group Discussion

3. Compound Dictation

4. Supply the Missing Information

5. Writing Practice

6. Talking About the Pictures

7. Proverbs and Quotations

A Brief Introduction

Homework

1. 广为传播的信念

2. 全盘接受这一理论

3. 二十世纪的思维方式

4. 值得进一步探讨

5. 观察得来的证明

6. 理论知识

7. 这并不意味着 / 不能因此而推断

8. 盲目接受

a widespread belief

swallow the theory

twentieth-century mentality

be worth following up

ocular proof

theoretical knowledge

it doesn’t follow that …

take sth. blindly

Useful Expressions

Global Reading Detailed Reading After ReadingBefore Reading


11. 有充分理由（做）……

12. 接受……关于……的论断

13. 检验……结论

14. 不这样又有什么办法呢？

15. 知识的范围

be justified in doing sth.

accept one’s say-so about …

test the pronouncements

How can it be otherwise?

range of knowledge

9. 几个小小的回合 / 交锋

10. 预报（月）蚀

minor exchanges

foretell eclipses

16. 不愿…… would not bother to do sth.



17. 无力的论据

18. 轻信的时代

19. 靠不住的理由

weak arguments

a credulous age

precarious reasons

20. 负部分责任 be partly responsible for


Group Discussion


1. Orwell’s essay was written in the 1940’s. Science has made great advances since then. What new evidence could be used to support Orwell’s argument? (evidence supplied by voyages into space)

2. Comment on the remark that this is a credulous age.


Compound Dictation

Global Reading After ReadingDetailed Reading

You will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 5 with the exact words you have just heard. For the blanks numbered from 6 to 8, you are required to fill in the missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

Directions:

Before Reading

Global Reading After ReadingDetailed Reading

A scientist called Anixamander that the big group of which we call the Great Bear was so to the Pole star that it was always the horizon. Then he visited Egypt. . In the Egyptian sky it seemed to hide below the horizon for a short time every night. Anixamander believed that . If the world was flat, the Great Bear would always stay in the same place in the sky.

noticed_______Greek______stars______ close______

this meant the world was not flat, but a sphere_______________________________________

above______ He saw the Great Bearagain, but its position had changed

____________________

_____________________________

It might look farther away

if you traveled away from it, but it would not go down behind the horizon

____________________

__________________________________________________________.

Before Reading

■

After Reading_4.1


Supply the Missing Information

Read the text carefully and supply the missing information to complete the following sentences.

Directions:

1. George Orwell begins his article by citing Bernard Shaw’s remarks that

.we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages______________________________________________________________

2. The author puts forward the question why believe that the earth is round.

3. To refute the Oval Earth theory, the author plays his first card, .the analogy of the sun and the moon______________________________

newspaper-reading citizen_______________________

4. We can depend on the expert’s opinion to prove that the earth is round. However,

we haven’t tested the expert’s statement_________________________________.



5. The last card left is . The author believes it will finish the Oval Earth man, but he may possibly have .

6. On most other questions, the author thinks he should have to the expert earlier, and would to test his pronouncements.be less able___________

navigation___________some kind of counter__________________

fall back on___________

7. Much the greater part of our knowledge does not rest on or on , but on .

8. Finally, George Orwell draws the conclusion that this is a age because we have such a heavy burden of knowledge____________________________________

.

reasoning_________authority________

credulous_________

experiment__________



It is important to provide specific details so as to support an idea. If terms are vague and general, quite often the reader will have to interpret what the writer means and often the reader will not have enough information to accurately do that. Therefore, the meaning should be clear so that anyone who reads the work understands exactly what the writer wants him / her to understand.

A ModelThe RENNS model stands for Reasons, Examples, Names, Numbers, Senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch). The following examples illustrate how you can use this model to make your writing more specific.

A Brief Introduction


1.

2.


REASONS (Why?)

General Specific

Student parking is becoming an important issue on many college campuses.

Because of the increasing numbers of students commuting to college, parking is becoming an important issue.

EXAMPLES (What?)

General Specific

The handbook is a good guide for using documentation.

The MLA handbook provides a guide for documenting works cited.



NAMES (Who?)

NUMBERS (How many?)

General Specific

The governor of Minnesota enacted legislation that decreased the amount of aid available to college students.

The governor of Minnesota, Arne Carlson, enacted legislation that decreased the amount of aid available to middle-income college students.

General Specific

Even though many members of the student congress were absent, the motion still passed.

Even though thirteen members of the student congress were absent, the motion still passed.



SENSESSight

Sound

General Specific

After we viewed the movie about nuclear destruction, we better understood the devastating effects of this type of warfare.

After we viewed the enormous mushroom cloud produced by a nuclear bomb, we better understood the devastating effects of this type of warfare.

General Specific

The music was very loud at the rock concert last night.

My ears are still ringing today because the music was very loud at the rock concert last night.



Smell

Taste

General Specific

Through the use of aromatherapy, many retail stores are trying to enhance their customers' moods to increase business.

By using floral perfumes or outdoor scents, many retail stores are trying to make their customers feel like they are in a natural setting.

General Specific

The university sponsored a festival which featured Japanese foods.

The university sponsored a festival featuring hot spicy Japanese foods.



Touch

General Specific

The Braille system of communication uses touch to convey a message.

The Braille system of communication requires a person to touch a series of raised dots to convey a message.



Use the RENNS model to make the following sentences more specific.

1) There seem to be more traffic jams in big cities in China.2) The writer is famous for his writing style.3) The President of the country addressed the congress the other day.4) A large number of students entered university, which made the teacher very happy.5) Many people enjoy Sichuan food.

Homework



Talking About the Pictures


Global Reading After ReadingDetailed ReadingBefore Reading

Proverbs and Quotations

1. All great truths begin as blasphemies.

一切伟大的真理开始都是离经叛道之言。

2. There is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous.

真理到谬误只有一步之遥。

3. A single fact is worth a shipload of arguments.

事实胜于雄辩。

Global Reading After ReadingDetailed ReadingBefore Reading

5. Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. － Thomas Fuller, British churchman

所有的人都是无知的，只是对不同的科目无知而已。 —— 美国幽默作家 W•罗杰斯

知识是一座宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。 —— 英国教士 T•富勒


4. Everybody is ignorant, only on different subjects. － Will Rogers, American humorist


2. background information br_main before readingglobal readingdetailed readingafter reading 3....

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