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Myths and Legends

Directions: Listen to the following paragraph and fill in the missing words.

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Both myths and legends are stories handed down from earliest times. Although the two words are often used interchangeably, myths are stories about and legends stories about men.

Myths embody the beliefs of peoples, and provided a romantic explanation of the wonders of nature when explanations were lacking. Natural forces were and deified. For example, the Greeks believed that thunder and lightning expressed the of great god Zeus.

Legends are stories connected with some period in the history of a people or nation, often containing an of fact. Legends are intended to a hero and tell marvelous deeds he supposedly performed.

traditional___________

gods______

primitive_________scientific_________

personified____________

displeasure____________

element_________

glorify_______

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In Chinese folklore, the story of Da Yu who succeeded in the rivers is a legend and the story of Chang’E Flying to the Moon is a .

taming________

myth______

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Isaac Asimov

Isaac Asimov (1920~1992) — A Russian-born American writer

Detailed Reading

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Birth: Jan. 2, 1920~Apr. 6, 1992

Education: a doctorate in chemistry from Columbia University

Working experience: A teacher of biochemistry (1949~1958) at Boston University, remaining on the faculty there until his death

His works: － I, Robot (1950)－ The Foundation Trilogy (1951~1952)－ The Gods Themselves (1972)－ Foundation’s Edge (1982)－ New Guide to Science (1984)－ Foundation & Earth (1986)－ Prelude to Foundation (1988)

Achievements: the Hugo and Nebula awards

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The Russian-born American scientist and writer Isaac Asimov, born on Jan. 2, 1920 and died on Apr. 6, 1992, wrote prolifically on a variety of subjects. Asimov's New Guide to Science (revised edition 1984) is ranked by critics among the best books of science written for nonscientists. Asimov was best known, however, for his many works of science fiction. The most famous include I, Robot (1950), The Foundation Trilogy (1951~1952), The Gods Themselves (1972), and Foundation's Edge (1982), which won both the Hugo and Nebula awards. Two volumes of his autobiography were published: In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980). Later works include Foundation & Earth (1986), Prelude to Foundation (1988), etc. His family immigrated to the United States when he was three years old and settled in Brooklyn, New York. He entered Columbia University at the age of 15, and at the age of 18 he sold his story to Amazing Stories. Asimov received a doctorate in chemistry from Columbia University and taught biochemistry (1949~1958) at Boston University, remaining on the faculty there until his death.

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What do you think of the way people live today? Are you satisfied with our life now on the Earth’s surface? Please give reasons to support your point of view.

What do you suggest to solve the urban housing problem?

Do you think it would be reasonable for human beings to make their houses underground? Why?

Warm-up Questions

Detailed Reading

1.

2.

3.

a: All the agents sell the houses on credit.b: The government may provide buyers with low-interest loan.

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Heading Matching

Directions: Read the following paragraphs and choose the most suitable heading for each one from the list below.

A.

B.

Growing numbers of Europeans are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos and shopping malls. It is already proving a way of life in extreme climates: in winter months in Montreal, Canada, for instance, citizens can escape the cold in an underground complete with shops and even health clinics. And underground shopping malls are already common in Japan.Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid disfiguring or threatening a beautiful or environmentally sensitive landscape. Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land such as cinemas, supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries have no need to be on the surface since they do not need windows.

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C.

D.

There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A development of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land above ground would occupy 2.7 while the number of roads would be halved. And an underground dweller has never paid a heating bill, thanks to solar panels and natural insulation.In the U.S., where energy-efficient homes become popular after the oil crisis of 1973, 10,000 underground houses have been built. A terrace of five homes, Britain’s first subterranean development, is under way in Nottinghanshire. Italy’s outstanding example of subterranean architecture is the Olivetti residential center in Ivrea.

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Headings:

i. Demands on space and energy are reduced

ii. The plans for future homes

iii. Worldwide examples of underground living accommodation

iv. Some buildings do not require natural light

v. Developing underground services around the world

vi. Underground living improves health

Detailed Reading

A-v B-iv C-i D-iii

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Would you choose to live underground if you could gain many advantages from doing so? Weather would no longer trouble you. Temperature would remain the same all the year round. Artificial lighting could make the rhythm of our life uniform the whole world over. And the ecology of the natural world above ground would be greatly improved. While the prospect of moving underground may not be appealing to many people, Isaac Asimov is an enthusiast.

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The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

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It may not seem a palatable suggestion, at first thought. We have so many evil associations with the underground. In our myths and legends, the underground is the realm of evil spirits and of the dead, and is often the location of an afterlife of torment. (This may be because dead bodies are buried underground, and because volcanic eruptions make the underground appear to be a hellish place of fire and noxious gases.)

Yet there are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imagining whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward; of having the outermost mile of the Earth’s crust honeycombed with passages and structures, like a gigantic ant hill.

SentenceSentence WordWord

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First, weather would no longer be important, since it is primarily a phenomenon of the atmosphere. Rain, snow, sleet, fog would not trouble the underground world. Even temperature variations are limited to the open surface and would not exist underground. Whether day or night, summer or winter, temperatures in the underground world would remain equable and nearly constant. The vast amounts of energy now expended in warming our surface surroundings when they are too cold, and cooling them when they are too warm, could be saved. The damage done to manmade structures and tohuman beings by weather would be gone. Transportation over local distances would be simplified. (Earthquakes would remain a danger, of course.)

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

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The whole world could be on eight-hour shifts, starting and ending on the stroke everywhere, at least as far as business and community endeavors were concerned. This could be important in a freely mobile world. Air transportation over long distances would no longer have to entail “jet lag.” Individuals landing on another coast or another continent would find the society they reached geared to the same time of day as at home.

Third, the ecological structure could be stabilized. To a certain extent, mankind encumbers the Earth. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all the structures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation. All these things distort the wild, depriving many species of plants and animals of their natural habitat — and sometimes, involuntarily, favoring a few, such as rats and roaches .

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

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If the works of man were removed below ground — and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals — man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth’s surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.

Detailed Reading

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Fourth, nature would be closer. It might seem that to withdraw underground is to withdraw from the natural world, but would that be so? Would the withdrawal be more complete than it is now, when so many people work in city buildings that are often windowless and artificially conditioned? Even where there are windows, what is the prospect one views (if one bothers to) but sun, sky, and buildings to the horizon — plus some limited greenery?

And to get away from the city now? To reach the real countryside? One must travel horizontally for miles, first across city pavements and then across suburban sprawls.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

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In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities — wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it — and I haven’t even said them all.

Detailed Reading

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The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

human beings by weather would be gone. Transportation over local distances would be simplified. (Earthquakes would remain a danger, of course.)

SentenceSentence WordWord

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First, weather would no longer be important, since it is primarily a phenomenon of the atmosphere. Rain, snow, sleet, fog would not trouble the underground world. Even temperature variations are limited to the open surface and would not exist underground. Whether day or night, summer or winter, temperatures in the underground world would remain equable and nearly constant. The vast amounts of energy now expended in warming our surface surroundings when they are too cold, and cooling them when they are too warm, could be saved. The damage done to manmade structures and to

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

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The whole world could be on eight-hour shifts, starting and ending on the stroke everywhere, at least as far as business and community endeavors were concerned. This could be important in a freely mobile world. Air transportation over long distances would no longer have to entail “jet lag.” Individuals landing on another coast or another continent would find the society they reached geared to the same time of day as at home.

Third, the ecological structure could be stabilized. To a certain extent, mankind encumbers the Earth. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all the structures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation. All these things distort the wild, depriving many species of plants and animals of their natural habitat — and sometimes, involuntarily, favoring a few, such as rats and roaches .

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

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If the works of man were removed below ground — and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals — man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth’s surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.

Detailed Reading

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Fourth, nature would be closer. It might seem that to withdraw underground is to withdraw from the natural world, but would that be so? Would the withdrawal be more complete than it is now, when so many people work in city buildings that are often windowless and artificially conditioned? Even where there are windows, what is the prospect one views (if one bothers to) but sun, sky, and buildings to the horizon — plus some limited greenery?

And to get away from the city now? To reach the real countryside? One must travel horizontally for miles, first across city pavements and then across suburban sprawls.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

SentenceSentence WordWord

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In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities — wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it — and I haven’t even said them all.

Detailed Reading

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The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

Analyze the structure and the voice of the sentence.

这是一个带有比较状语从句的句子，对不同的地点进行比较，即 there (in caves) 和 in the open 。比较状语从句中常可以将主句中已出现的成分省略掉。比较状语从句中的 would have (done) 是虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实不相符。

It is much colder this week than (it was) last week.SS

TT 这个星期比上个星期冷多了。

If we had been here a little earlier, we would have caught the bus.

SS

TT 如果我们早来一会儿就会赶上汽车了。

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It may not seem a palatable suggestion, at first thought. We have so many evil associations with the underground. In our myths and legends, the underground is the realm of evil spirits and of the dead, and is often the location of an afterlife of torment. (This may be because dead bodies are buried underground, and because volcanic eruptions make the underground appear to be a hellish place of fire and noxious gases.)

Yet there are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imagining whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward; of having the outermost mile of the Earth’s crust honeycombed with passages and structures, like a gigantic ant hill.

1. How do you explain the word ‘palatable’?

Palate, the top part of the inside of the mouth, was once generally held to be the organ of taste. So “palatable” means “pleasant to the taste”. Here used figuratively, it means “agreeable to the mind” or “acceptable”.

It doesn’t seem to be a palatable suggestion to drive home in such bad weather; I prefer to stay until it clears up.

SS

TT 在这样的坏天气里开车回家似乎不是一个恰当的建议。我宁愿等到天晴。

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

乍一看来，这似乎不是一个恰当的建议。

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It may not seem a palatable suggestion, at first thought. We have so many evil associations with the underground. In our myths and legends, the underground is the realm of evil spirits and of the dead, and is often the location of an afterlife of torment. (This may be because dead bodies are buried underground, and because volcanic eruptions make the underground appear to be a hellish place of fire and noxious gases.)

Yet there are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imagining whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward; of having the outermost mile of the Earth’s crust honeycombed with passages and structures, like a gigantic ant hill.

1. What is the meaning of “something to be said for”?

Say something (much / little) for: say something (much / little) in support of 支持，赞同（很支持 / 不支持）

There is really little to be said for this project.SS

Make sentences with the following patterns:1) There is little to be said for …2) There is something to be said for …3) There is plenty to be said for …4) There are things to be said for …

Whether he would be chosen, there is much to be said for his personality.

SS

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It may not seem a palatable suggestion, at first thought. We have so many evil associations with the underground. In our myths and legends, the underground is the realm of evil spirits and of the dead, and is often the location of an afterlife of torment. (This may be because dead bodies are buried underground, and because volcanic eruptions make the underground appear to be a hellish place of fire and noxious gases.)

Yet there are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imagining whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward; of having the outermost mile of the Earth’s crust honeycombed with passages and structures, like a gigantic ant hill.

2. Analyze the structure of the long sentence.

句中分号将句子分为两部分，分号后的 of having … 与前面的 to underground life … 是句子的并列成分，相当于 Yet there are advantages to underground life … and there are advantages of having …

3. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

然而生活在地下也有其有利之处，设想将整座城市，乃至全人类搬入地下是有一定道理的。如果在地壳最表层一英里厚的地方筑满通道和建筑物，就象一个巨大的蜂巢，这将会给人类带来各种好处。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

1. Paraphrase the sentence.

The cruel fact that the shift of day and night cannot be avoided.

2. What can we infer from the sentence?

The human beings living on the surface of the earth are always subject to the shift of day and night; we must follow the schedule of light and dark without any freedom of choice.

3. Translate the sentence.

昼夜交替这一严酷的事实是难以避免的。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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The whole world could be on eight-hour shifts, starting and ending on the stroke everywhere, at least as far as business and community endeavors were concerned. This could be important in a freely mobile world. Air transportation over long distances would no longer have to entail “jet lag.” Individuals landing on another coast or another continent would find the society they reached geared to the same time of day as at home.

Third, the ecological structure could be stabilized. To a certain extent, mankind encumbers the Earth. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all the structures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation. All these things distort the wild, depriving many species of plants and animals of their natural habitat — and sometimes, involuntarily, favoring a few, such as rats and roaches .

Detailed Reading

1. In what voice is the sentence?

The sentence is in subjunctive mood, indicating the future.

2. Analyze the grammar structure of the sentence.

Starting and ending … 是现在分词引导的状语，表示伴随状况。

3. What does “community endeavors” mean ?

It means public service and activities.

4. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

整个世界都可以实行八小时轮班制，各地都在同一时间上下班，至少公务活动和社会活动可以如此。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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The whole world could be on eight-hour shifts, starting and ending on the stroke everywhere, at least as far as business and community endeavors were concerned. This could be important in a freely mobile world. Air transportation over long distances would no longer have to entail “jet lag.” Individuals landing on another coast or another continent would find the society they reached geared to the same time of day as at home.

Third, the ecological structure could be stabilized. To a certain extent, mankind encumbers the Earth. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all the structures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation. All these things distort the wild, depriving many species of plants and animals of their natural habitat — and sometimes, involuntarily, favoring a few, such as rats and roaches .

Detailed Reading

1. Paraphrase the sentence.

Transportation by air over long distances would not have to make necessary “jet lag”.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

远距离的空中旅行将不再非有时差不可。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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If the works of man were removed below ground — and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals — man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth’s surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.

Detailed Reading

1. What do “works” stand for?

Here “works” stand for “all the roads and buildings”.

2. Paraphrase the sentence.

If the roads and buildings of man were moved below, and, please note, below the level of …

SentenceSentence WordWord

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If the works of man were removed below ground — and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals — man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth’s surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.

Detailed Reading

1. Paraphrase the sentence.

More and more of the earth’s surface might be saved for park and wildness, kept at ecological balance.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

地球表面有可能越来越多地让位于公园和荒野，保持生态平衡。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities — wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it — and I haven’t even said them all.

Detailed Reading

1. “However+ 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语”的句式

“However+ 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语”的句式相当于“ Although …”句式 , 引导让步状语从句，意思是“不管……如何”。

2. “(the) chances are that” 的句式

“(the) chances are that” 是非正式的口语表达方式，意思是“很可能”。

3. Analyze the voice of the sentence.

The dwellers of the new caves would see … than dwellers of surface cities do … 将未来新洞穴里的居民与今天地面城市的居民进行比较，主句中的 would see 是虚拟语气，表示对将来情况的推测。

4. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

但不管对向上的旅行做出多么认真的限制，新洞穴里的居民将有可能比今天地面城市的居民在更为健康的生态条件下见到更多的绿色。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities — wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it — and I haven’t even said them all.

Detailed Reading

1. Paraphrase the sentence.

No matter how strange and unpleasant underground living may seem at first consideration, there is still a lot to be said to support the idea — and I haven’t even mentioned them all.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

尽管地下生活乍想起来是多么的奇怪和不那么令人喜欢，仍然有很多好处可以举出——而我在这里只不过是略说一二。

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The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

expose to: leave no longer covered or protected from

SS Please stay indoors and don’t expose your skin to the sun.

这株小草经受风吹雨打。SS

TT The little grass is exposed to all kinds of weather.

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

in the open: outdoors; in the open air

SS The air in the open is not fresh at all because the city is seriously polluted.

户外活动对你有好处。SS

TT It will do you good to do exercise in the open.

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

virtually: adv.

SS 虽然她的丈夫是国王，但事实上她才是国家的统治者。

Virtually everyone got a toothache now and then.SS

1) in fact or practically

2) almost; nearly

Virtually, he is the manager of the business.SS

TT Virtually she was the ruler of the country, although her husband was the king.

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

someday: adv. at an indefinite time in the future

SS We'll succeed someday.

Let's meet sometime when your schedule permits. SS

Come sometime. SS

TT 有朝一日我们会成功的。

NB: someday （副词）和 sometime 都表示将来某个不确定的时间。

SS Someday, he might win a prize for being an outstanding clerk.

TT 也许有一天，他会获得优秀职员奖。

TT 请以后再来。

TT 让我们在您方便的某个时候见面吧。

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

两个单词分开的形式总是在下列情况下被使用，即当 some作为形容词修饰或限制一个比较特定的日子或时间时：

SS Come some day soon.

TT 请尽快在某个时候来吧。 (not someday)

SS Choose some day that is not so busy.

TT 请选择某个不太忙的日子。 (not someday)

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The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

add to: increase

SS I believe this trip will add greatly to our understanding of your country.

焰火为节日的夜晚增光添色。SS

TT Fireworks added to the attraction of the festival night.

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

The New CavesIsaac Asimov

During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. There they found greater comfort and security than they would have in the open.

We still live in caves called houses, again for comfort and security. Virtually no one would willingly sleep on the ground under the stars. Is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground — in new, manmade caves?

SentenceSentence WordWord

manmade: adj. produced or caused by men, not natural

SS Our dormitory overlooks a manmade lake.

有时候人为的灾难比自然灾害更有破坏力。SS

TT Sometimes manmade disasters are even more destructive than natural ones.

human beings by weather would be gone. Transportation over local distances would be simplified. (Earthquakes would remain a danger, of course.)

First, weather would no longer be important, since it is primarily a phenomenon of the atmosphere. Rain, snow, sleet, fog would not trouble the underground world. Even temperature variations are limited to the open surface and would not exist underground. Whether day or night, summer or winter, temperatures in the underground world would remain equable and nearly constant. The vast amounts of energy now expended in warming our surface surroundings when they are too cold, and cooling them when they are too warm, could be saved. The damage done to manmade structures and to

SentenceSentence WordWord

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simplify: vt. make easier or simpler

SS You’d better simplify the instructions so that children can understand them.

你的解释对小学生来说太复杂了，尽量简化一些。SS

TT Your explanation is too complicated for the pupils; try to simplify it.

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

vary: v. (cause to) be different, change

SS Teaching methods vary from teacher to teacher.

医生说我的饮食要多样化，不要总吃同样的东西。SS

TT My doctor said that I should vary my diet rather than eat the same thing all the time.

Collocation: vary from ... to ... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动vary with 随……而变化

vary in sth. 在某方面不同

SS The temperature varied throughout the day.

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

CF: vary, change, alter & diversify这几个词都是动词，都含有“改变”之意。

vary 指一系列相关事物的前后因素、范围有所不同。例如：

change 用法最普遍、最不正式。可表示任何演变过程，包括轻度或重大、表面或实质、量或质的变化。例如：

Prices vary with the season.

价格随季节的改变而改变。

You’ve changed a lot since I last saw you.

从我上次见你以后你改变了许多。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

alter 指“轻微的修改”，一般是外观和用法上的改变，通常指改变衣服大小、宽紧。多指在基本结构上进行改动，而不是整个的改头换面，结果好坏不论。例如：

diversify 有“使多样化、使不同；增加品种”之意。例如：

SS The lady had to alter her clothes after losing weight.

TT 这位女士体重减轻后不得不修改衣服。

SS Hills and woods diversify the landscape.

TT 群山和树林使景色变化有致。

CF: vary, change, alter & diversify这几个词都是动词，都含有“改变”之意。

SentenceSentence WordWord

Before Reading Global Reading After Reading

Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

artificial: adj.

SS The dress is made of artificial silk.

桌子上有一些人造花。SS

TT There were some artificial flowers on the table.

Collocation: artificial intelligence 人工智能an artificial leg / eye / hand / tooth 假肢 / 眼 / 手 / 牙

artificial satellite 人造卫星

1) manmade

2) not natural or realSS She welcomed him with an artificial smile.

在我看来她的演技有点不自然。SS

TT In my opinion her acting is a bit artificial.

SentenceSentence WordWord

Before Reading Global Reading After Reading

Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

artificial snow 人造雪artificial manners 矫揉造作的举止

CF: artificial, synthetic & manmade这些形容词均有“人造的，非自然的”之意。

artificial 指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西，强调真伪对比。

与 artificial近义，但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。

manmade 指完全用人工制造，不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。

synthetic

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

My shoes are made of rubber.He is badly burned by the sunlight from a sun lamp. The Grant Canal in China is a river.

1.2.3.

synthetic_______artificial_______

manmade________

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

adjust: vt.

SS The two children have adjusted themselves in the school.

He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.SS

1) change, adapt or conform to new conditions

2) bring into a more effective or efficient state

SS You should check and adjust the brakes regularly so that the car can run smoothly.

你可以旋转这个旋钮 (knob) 来调节电视机的颜色。SS

TT You can adjust the color on the TV by turning this knob.CF: adjust, adapt, conform & fit

这几个词都是动词，均含有“调整”、“适应”之意。adjust 指做出调整使之完全符合或适应，强调局部的或轻微不重要的调整。

一般与具体的事物连用。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

adapt 指做出修改或改变以适应新的环境或条件，强调为达到新的要求而发生巨大变化。

conform 意为符合某一模型或榜样，在日常使用时，常用来指去适应、遵守或固守常规或旧习。

fit 指为适应某一目的或用途而作出调整，如使大小合适等，引申为“吻合”、“协调”。

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

This key doesn’t the lock. These desks and seats can be to the height of any child. One must one’s way of living to changed conditions. When traveling in a foreign country, it is wise to oneself to the habit of the natives. He soon to army life.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

fit__adjusted________

adapt______

conform_______

adjusted_______

CF: adjust, adapt, conform & fit这几个词都是动词，均含有“调整”、“适应”之意。

SentenceSentence WordWord

Before Reading Global Reading After Reading

Second, local time would no longer be important. On the surface, the tyranny of day and night cannot be avoided, and when it is morning in one place, it is noon in another, evening in still another and midnight in yet another. The rhythm of human life therefore varies from place to place. Underground, where there is no externally produced day, but only perpetual darkness, it would be artificial lighting that produces the day and this could be adjusted to suit man’s convenience.

Detailed Reading

convenience: n. personal comfort or advantage; the quality of being convenientSS They bought this house for convenience; it’s near the shops

and the railway station.

Many stores have a delivery service for the convenience of the customers.

SS

如果你能在方便的时候给我们回复的话，我们将十分感激。SS

TT We would be most grateful if you could give us a reply at your earliest convenience.

Collocation: suit one’s convenience 为了某人方便at your (earliest) convenience 在你方便的时候

for (one’s) convenience 为了（某人）方便

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If the works of man were removed below ground — and, mind you, below the level of the natural world of the burrowing animals — man would still occupy the surface with his farms, his forestry, his observation towers, his air terminals and so on, but the extent of that occupation would be enormously decreased. Indeed, as one imagines the underground world to become increasingly elaborate, one can visualize much of the food supply eventually deriving from hydroponic growth in artificially illuminated areas underground. The Earth’s surface might be increasingly turned over to park and to wilderness, maintained at ecological stability.

Detailed Reading

turn over:

1) bring the bottom to the top or vice versa; rotate, cycle 2) think about; consider 3) transfer to another; give the control of sth. to sb.

Match the definition above with the meaning of this phrase in the following sentences.

His father had been turning the idea over in his mind for some time. The thief was turned over to the police. My stomach turned over. She turned over the problem in her mind.He has turned over his business to his brother.

2( )3( )

1( )2( )

3( )

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Fourth, nature would be closer. It might seem that to withdraw underground is to withdraw from the natural world, but would that be so? Would the withdrawal be more complete than it is now, when so many people work in city buildings that are often windowless and artificially conditioned? Even where there are windows, what is the prospect one views (if one bothers to) but sun, sky, and buildings to the horizon — plus some limited greenery?

And to get away from the city now? To reach the real countryside? One must travel horizontally for miles, first across city pavements and then across suburban sprawls.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

withdraw: v. move back or away; take out or away

TT He withdrew all his money from the bank.

SS The troops had to withdraw to a less exposed position.SS 他从银行取走全部存款。

TT After dinner the ladies withdrew.

SS 饭后妇女们退出。

CF: withdraw, retire & retreat 这三个动词均含“退下、退却”之意。

withdraw强调因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。例如： After two children had been hurt, the company was forced to withdraw the toy from store shelves. 两个小孩受伤后，公司被迫把玩具从货架上撤下。

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Fourth, nature would be closer. It might seem that to withdraw underground is to withdraw from the natural world, but would that be so? Would the withdrawal be more complete than it is now, when so many people work in city buildings that are often windowless and artificially conditioned? Even where there are windows, what is the prospect one views (if one bothers to) but sun, sky, and buildings to the horizon — plus some limited greenery?

And to get away from the city now? To reach the real countryside? One must travel horizontally for miles, first across city pavements and then across suburban sprawls.

Detailed Reading

SentenceSentence WordWord

retire 指从公开或公共场合退到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。例如：He will retire from the army next year.他明年从部队退役。

retreat 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。例如： They were attacked and forced to retreat. 他们受到攻击，被迫撤退。

CF: withdraw, retire & retreat 这三个动词均含“退下、退却”之意。

SentenceSentence WordWord

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In an underworld culture, the countryside would be right there, a few hundred yards above the upper level of the cities — wherever you are. The surface would have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting, but however carefully restricted the upward trips might be, the chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

However odd and repulsive underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it — and I haven’t even said them all.

Detailed Reading

restrict: vt. keep or confine within limits

TT Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.

SS The new law restricts the sale of hand guns.

SS The speaker restricted her remarks to the new health care proposal.

SS 市内车速每小时不得超过 30 英里。

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1. Useful Expressions

2. Spot Dictation

3. Discussion and Debate

4. Talking About the Pictures

5. Writing Practice

6. Proverbs and Quotations

the ice ages

in the open

for comfort and security

at first thought

the realm of evil spirits and the dead

volcanic eruption

noxious gases

temperature variation

冰河时代

在户外

为了舒适和安全

乍一想来

魔鬼与亡灵的世界

火山爆发

毒气

气温变化

Useful Expressions

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open surface

the rhythm of human life

露天

生活节奏

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Detailed Reading

11. vary from person to person

12. artificial light

13. suit one’s convenience

14. on eight-hour shift

15. a freely mobile world

16. mind you

因人而异

人工照明

根据人的需要

8小时轮班

自由流动的社会

请注意

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17. the burrowing animals

18. at ecological stability

19. limited greenery

20. under ecologically healthier conditions

穴居动物

生态平衡

有限的绿色草木

在更为健康的生态环境下

Detailed Reading

After Reading_2_1

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Spot Dictation

Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you have just heard.

Detailed Reading

After Reading_2_2

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The Desert Cave Hotel allows you to experience dug-out , underground shops, bar and opal (蛋白石 ) display areas － all within sandstone (沙岩 ) surrounds in the heart of Coober Pedy. above and underground we also offer dining and convention .Visitors can stay underground, , above ground rooms are also . Sleeping underground is . Quiet, cool, dark and airy ( 通风的 ) — . Most visitors say that sleeping underground gives them the best night's sleep they have ever had. The hotel offers visitors the best to experience Coober Pedy 'dugout' living. In 1989, the Desert Cave Hotel won both the South Australian and for Tourism Development. The Desert Cave Hotel again won the South Australian Tourism Award for national standard accommodation in 1990 and 1991.

Detailed Reading

style living___________

As well as___________

accommodation_________________ facilities_________

or if they prefer________________

available__________ a unique experience_____________________

the rooms are spacious with high ceilings___________________________________________

opportunity____________

National Tourism Awards__________________________

■

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Discussion and Debate

Detailed Reading

Directions: As known to all, since the 1970’s there has been considerable discussion about living in space and in underwater dwellings, so together with underground living the author advocated here and our current life style, we have four choices. Now students will be divided into four groups and each group should make a choice first. And discussion should be held about the advantages and disadvantages of the life-style your group chooses, trying to make good use of imagination. Then a reporter from each group summarizes the main ideas of the discussion. Finally there will be a debate among four groups. ( Pay attention to the skills of debate.)

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