1. warm-up questions 2. bill plaschke 3. baseball 4. los angeles dodgers - before readingglobal...

1. Warm-up Questions

2. Bill Plaschke

3. Baseball

4. Los Angeles Dodgers

-

Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading

5. Cerebral Palsy


Warm-up Questions

1. Do you know any disabled persons who are very successful? Please look at the

pictures on the previous page and work in groups to introduce them.

2. What’s your feeling when you see the disabled who are doing something difficult

for them?

3. Without using your hands and feet, could you imagine some other ways to type

on a computer?

4. What do you know about cerebral palsy?


Bill Plaschke


Bill Plaschke (born on April 2, 1956) is a U.S. journalist who has been a writer for the Los Angeles Times since 1987. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended Louisville’s Ballard High School. He received a bachelor’s degree in mass communications in 1980 from Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville in Edwardsville, Illinois. Currently he is one of the panelists

on the sports-themed show Around the Horn on ESPN. He is also a member of the Baseball Writers Association of America and the Professional Football Writers Association. In his career as a sportswriter, Plaschke has been named “National Sports Columnist of the Year” by the Associated Press. He has been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

■

Baseball



Baseball is a sport that is so popular in the United States that it is often called the national pastime. Every spring and summer, millions of people throughout the country play this exciting “bat and ball game. ” Millions also watch baseball games and closely follow the progress of their favorite teams and players.

There are organized baseball teams for every age group from 6-year-olds to adults. The teams that attract the most interest are those of the two major leagues: the American League and the National League. These teams are made up of men who rank as the world’s best players. Every year, about 50 million people flock to ballparks to watch major league baseball games. Many more millions watch games on television, listen to them on radio, read about them in newspapers, and discuss them with their friends.

Baseball

■

Los Angeles Dodgers


The Los Angeles Dodgers is a major league baseball team in Los Angeles, California. They are in the Western Division of the National League. The team originated in Brooklyn, New York, where it was known as the Brooklyn Dodgers before moving to Los Angeles for the 1958 season.

Cerebral Palsy


Cerebral Palsy


It is a disability caused by brain damage before or during birth or in the first few years after birth, resulting in a loss of voluntary muscular control and coordination. Although the exact cause is unknown, apparent predisposing factors include diseases (e.g. rubella, genital herpes simplex), very low infant birth weight (less than 3.3 lb [1.5 kg]), and injury or physical abuse, etc. Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and ingestion of certain drugs can also contribute to the disease. Most cases are associated with prenatal problems and about 10% of the cases are thought to be due to oxygen deficiency during the birth process. The severity of the affliction is dependent on the extent of the brain damage. Those with mild cases may have only a few affected muscles, while severe cases can result in total loss of coordination or paralysis.

1. Part Division of the Text

2. Further Understanding


Multiple Choice

For Part 1

For Part 3

For Part 2

Questions and Answers

Group Discussion


Part Division of the Text

Part Paragraphs Main Ideas

1 1~ 4

2 5 ~ 45

3 46 ~ 47

The author was impressed by an e-mail from a Dodgers fan.

How did the relationship between the author and Sarah Morris start and go on?

Sarah Morris had a great influence on the author.


Questions and Answers

1. In what ways was Sarah’s e-mail different from other letters the author had received?

2. In what way was Sarah’s e-mail similar to other letters the author had received?

It contained more details than the usual “You’re an idiot.”, and it was signed.

It also criticized the author’s comments on the Los Angeles Dodgers.


Multiple Choice

1. What was Sarah’s dream?

A) To be a baseball player.

B) To be a baseball editorialist.

C) To get a job.

D) To be a writer.

KEY

2. What in Sarah’s second e-mail caught the author’s attention?

A) In the email Sarah asked the author for a job.

B) The author learned Sarah was running a website about Dodgers.

C) There was a mistake in Sarah’s spelling.

D) The question Sarah asked.

KEY

Directions: Choose the best answers.


3. What did the author think of Sarah’s website?

A) Informed but not fancy.

B) Very popular.

C) Too serious.

D) Professional.

KEY

4. The author decided to drive a long way to visit Sarah because he

was curious about ____.

A) how did Sarah use a head pointer to type

B) whether Sarah was really suffering from physical handicap and

speech disability

C) how did Sarah become a Dodgers fan

D) how did a person with cerebral palsy live

KEY


Group Discussion

Work with your partner to discuss “How did Sarah Morris change the author and what can you learn from the story of Sarah Morris?”


A sportswriter thinks he’s met another crank. Instead, he finds a true winner.

The e-mail was in some respects similar to other nasty letters I receive. It took me to task for my comments on the Los Angeles Dodgers and argued that I had got everything wrong. However, the note was different from the others in at least two ways.

This note contained more details than the usual “You’re an idiot.” It included vital statistics on the team’s performance. It was written by someone who knew the Los Angeles Dodgers as well as I thought I did.


A Fan’s Notes

SentenceSentence WordWord

Bill Plaschke

And this note was signed. The writer’s name was Sarah Morris.

I was impressed. I wrote her back. Little did I know that this would be the start of a most unusual relationship.

May I ask you a question? For two years I have been running my own website about the Dodgers. How did you become a baseball editorialist? That is my deam.

This was Sarah’s second e-mail, and it came just as expected. Every time I smile at someone, they ask me for a job. But something else caught my eye. The misspelling in that last line. The part about “my deam.”

Maybe Sarah Morris was just a lousy typist. But maybe she was truly searching for something, yet was only one letter from finding it.

It was worth one more response, I asked her to explain.



So here was a physically handicapped woman, covering the Dodgers as extensively as any reporter in the country, yet writing for an obscure website with an impossible address, with a readership of about two.

I am 30 years old. … Because I have a physical handicap, it took me five years to complete my associate’s degree. … During the season I average 55 hours a week writing game reports, editorials, researching and listening and / or watching games.

Sarah called her website Dodger Place. I searched, and found nothing. Then I reread her e-mail and discovered an address buried at the bottom: http://members.tripod.com / spunky / dodgers.

I clicked there. It wasn’t fancy. But she covered the team with the seriousness of a writer. Still, I wondered, is anybody reading?

Nobody ever signs my guestbook. I get one letter a month.



I have a speech disability making it impossible to use the phone.That proved it. This was obviously an elaborate hoax. This writer was

probably a 45-year-old male plumber.

A head pointer? I ask her how long it took her to compose one of her

usual 400-word filings.Three to four hours.I did something I’ve never before done with an

Internet stranger.I ask Sarah Morris to call me.

That “deam” was missing a lot more than an r, I thought.I started my own website in hopes of finding a job. No luck. So what if my m

aximum typing speed is eight words per minute because I use a head pointer to type? My brain works fine. I have dedication to my work. That is what makes people successful.



I decided to end the correspondence. But then I received another e-mail. My disability is cerebral palsy. … It affects motor control. … When my brain

tells my hands to hit a key, I would move my legs, hit the table, and six other keys in the process.

When my mom explained my handicap, she told me I could accomplish anything I wanted to if I worked three times as hard as other people.

She wrote that she had become a Dodger fan while growing up in Pasadena. In her sophomore year at Blair High, a junior varsity baseball coach asked her to be the team statistician. She did it, with a typewriter and a head pointer.

Her involvement in baseball had kept her in school, she said — despite her poor grades and hours of neck-straining homework.

Baseball gave me something to work for. … I could do something that other kids couldn’t. … I wanted to do something for the sport that has done so much for me.



Okay, so I believed her. Sort of. Who, in her supposed condition, could cover a baseball team without the best equipment and help? I was curious, so I asked if I could drive over to see her. She agreed, giving me detailed directions involving farm roads and streets with no names.

I drove east across the stark Texas landscape. On a winding dirt road dotted with potholes the size of small animals, I spotted what looked like an old tool shed.


But it wasn’t a shed. It was a house, a decaying shanty surrounded by tall grass and junk.

Could this be right?A woman in an old T-shirt and skirt emerged. “I’m Sarah’s mother,” said Lois Morris, grabbing my smooth hand with a worn

one. “She’s waiting for you.”SentenceSentence WordWord

I walked out of the sunlight, opened a torn screen door and moved into the shadows, where an 87-pound figure was curled up in a wheelchair.

Her limbs twisted. Her head rolled. We could not hug. We could not even shake hands. She could only stare at me and smile.

But that smile! It cut through the gloom of the battered wooden floor, the torn couch and the cobwebbed windows.


I could bear to look at nothing else, so I stared at that smile, and it was so clear, so certain, it even cut through most of my doubts. But still, I wondered. This is Sarah Morris?

She began shaking in her chair, emitting sounds. I thought she was coughing.


She looked up and giggled. I looked down in wonder — and shame.This was indeed Sarah Morris. The great Sarah Morris.I had contacted Sarah Morris months earlier looking for a fight. I realized now,

watching her strain in this dark room to type words that perhaps no other soul will read, that I had found that fight.

She was, instead, speaking. Her mother interpreted. “I want to show you something,” Sarah said.

Lois rolled her up to an old desk on cinder blocks. On the desk was a computer. Next to it was a TV. Her mother fastened a head pointer around her daughter’s temples.

Sarah leaned over the computer and used her pointer to call up a story on the Dodger Place website. Peck by peck, she began adding to that story.



Only, it wasn’t with Sarah. It was with myself. It is the same fight the sports world experiences daily in these times of cynicism. The fight to trust that athletes can still be heroes.

In a place far from such doubt, with a mind filled with wonder, Sarah Morris had brought me back.










1. Analyze the structure of the sentence.

It is an inverted sentence with the negative word “little” at the beginning.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

一点也没有想到这一封信引出了一段非同寻常的来往。








1. Paraphrase the sentence.

Whenever I appear friendly, people take advantage of me and want me to help them get a job.


我每次对人微笑一下，人家就向我要一份工作。




6. This was Sarah’s second e-mail, and it came just as expected. Every time I smile at someone, they ask me for a job. But something else caught my eye. The misspelling in that last line. The part about “my deam.”




1. What is “it” referred to?

“It” refers to “Sarah’s dream. ”

2. Paraphrase the sentence.

…yet was only one step from realizing her dream.

13. So here was a physically handicapped woman, covering the Dodgers as extensively as any reporter in the country, yet writing for an obscure website with an impossible address, with a readership of about two.



Sarah called her website Dodger Place. I searched, and found nothing. Then I reread her e-mail and discovered an address buried at the bottom: http://members.tripod.com/ spunky / dodgers.





“So here was a physically handicapped woman” is an inverted structure, the natural order is “A physically handicapped woman was here.” Both “covering…” and “writing…” are present participle phrases used to modify “woman”.


所以，这里是一个身体残疾的妇女，她对道奇队的报道之广泛不亚于美国任何一个记者，可她却在为一个几乎不为人知的网站写作，网站的名字很怪很难记，读者大概有两个人。







1. What does “one” refer to?

It refers to Lois Morris’s hand.

2. What can you infer from “my smooth hand” and “a worn one”?

We can learn that Lois Morris must be living a hard life compared with the author.







1. What is the grammatical function of “in her supposed condition”?

It is a prepositional phrase working as the parentheses.


在像她所称的那种情况下，有谁能没有最好的设备和帮助而报道一个棒球队呢？

2. What does “in her supposed condition” means?

It means “in the condition she claimed to be in. ”








1. What does this sentence imply?

But how radiant, how dazzling that smile is!


可她那微笑里充满了光芒！









The participial phrase “watching…will read” modifies the main clause “I realized now …”

2. Paraphrase “I had found that fight. ”

I had been looking for a fight and found one, though it was not with Sarah as I had expected, but with myself.





1. What does “ Sarah Morris had brought me back” mean?

Sarah Morris had made me give up cynicism and return to my former positive attitude.


在一个远离这种怀疑的地方，一个心智充满神奇的萨拉•莫里斯帮我找回了信任。




A Fan’s Notes


Bill Plaschke


I am 30 years old. … Because I have a physical handicap, it took me five years to complete my associate’s degree. … During the season I average 55 hours a week writing game reports, editorials, researching and listening and/or watching games.










A Fan’s Notes


Bill Plaschke


in one (some, many, that) respect(s):

In many respects the new version is not as good as the old one.

SS

Collocations: in one respect / in some respects 在某一（些）方面

in respect of sth. 关于某事物；就某方面而言

Mum is very stubborn, and Kim takes after her in that respect.SS

used to say that sth. is true in one way, in some ways, etc.




A Fan’s Notes


Bill Plaschke


take sb. to task: criticize sb. severely (for sth.)

SS She took the government to task over its economic record.

SS 我因迟到而受批评 .

TT I was taken to task for arriving late.




A Fan’s Notes


Bill Plaschke


at least：

SS You might at least answer.

SS 他至少等了一小时。

TT He waited for at least an hour.

1) no less than a particular number or amount

2) even if sth. better is not true or is not done

SS 她是反应慢了点 , 但无论如何她很可靠。

TT She may be slow but at least she’s reliable.

Collocations: in the least 根本，丝毫

least of all 尤其不，最不








impress : v.

SS I impressed on him the importance of hard work.

1) make someone feel admiration and respect

2) make the importance of sth. clear to someone

SS Steve borrowed his dad’s sports car to impress his girlfriend.

Pattern: impress sb. with / by sth.

SS We were very impressed by the standard of work.

SS We were deeply impressed by the efficiency of the employees in the company.








catch one’s eye：

SS Every time she caught his eye, she would glance away.

1) attract someone’s attention and make them look at sth.

2) look at someone at the same moment that they are looking at you

SS Out on the freeway, a billboard caught his eye.

SS The beautiful scenery caught her eyes when she was driving along the natural park.








handicap：1. n. a physical or mental disability; a situation that makes it difficult for someone to do what they want

SS Not speaking the language is a real handicap.

2. v. make it difficult for someone to do sth. that they want or need to do

SS Babies of alcoholic mothers can be born with a severe degree of handicap.

SS The charity is handicapped by lack of funds.

SS Women were also handicapped by the constant cycle of pregnancy and childbirth to which they had to resign themselves.








Directions: Fill in the blanks with the three words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. He was born with a slight of the foot which made him limp. 2. “I have a terrible responsibility now. I’m . . . representing the . That feeling fills me with pride. ”3. a special school for mentally children4. The theatre has good access for the .

deformity______

disabled______

disabled______handicapped ________

CF: disabled, handicapped & deformity这几个词都含有“残疾”，“残疾人”的意思

disabled 指的是欠缺某种肢体能力。handicapped 指的是经由先天、意外或疾病而导致的一种心理或生理情况，

因这种情况而使得日常起居要比没有这种情况的人困难一些。deformity 含有畸形的意思，不但意思上不能表达残疾的完整意义 ,

而且充满了不尊重乃至侮辱，因此绝对不能用来指“残疾人”。








associate:

SS They are business associates.

1) a degree or certificate granted by a junior college to those who have completed the regular two-year course

2) a person united with another or others in an act, an enterprise, or a business; a partner or colleague.

SS It took him three years to complete his associate’s degree.

SS “ 我怎么总把查特顿与秋天联想在一起” ( 约翰•济慈 ) 。

1. n.

2. v. make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another

TT “I always somehow associate Chatterton with autumn.”

SS I always associate Forrest Gump with good luck.








3. adj. someone who is a member, etc. of sth. , but who is at a lower level and has fewer rights SS After three years, he was promoted to associate

professor.








average:

1. v. usually do sth. or usually happen a particular number of times, or usually be a particular size or amount

SS 这个湖的水不是特别深，大约平均 12 米左右。

2. adj. the average amount is the amount you get when you add together several quantities and divide this by the total number of quantities; having qualities that are typical of most people or things SS The average cost of making a movie

has risen by 15%. SS The cars were being sold at an average

price of $11, 000.

TT The water in the lake is not particularly deep, averaging about 12 metres.

SS The airport averages about a thousand flights a month.






Article3_W8_2



3. n. the amount calculated by adding together several quantities, and then dividing this amount by the total number of quantities

SS The average of 3, 8 and 10 is 7.

Collocations: on average 平均

above / below average 高于 / 低于平均水平








fancy: adj. having a lot of decoration or bright colors, or made in a complicated way; expensive and fashionable

SS It’s really a fancy dinner.

SS Harry took me to a fancy restaurant for our anniversary.







SentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWord

cover: v.

SS They were hoping to cover 40 miles yesterday.

1) report the details of an event for a newspaper or a television or radio programme

2) travel a particular distance

SS I’d just returned from covering the Cambodian war.

3) include or deal with a particular subject or group of things

SS The report covers many aspects of students’ campus life.SS “Exercise” is a word which covers a vast range of

activities.

SS The CBN news tonight covered the Lebanon war.

SS A leopard can cover a lot of ground very quickly.










so what: used to tell someone that sth. does not matter

SS So what if we’re a little late?

SS “She might tell someone.” “So what? No one will believe her.”在英语中，与 what 连用的短语还有：NB: (and) what’s more 另外，还有what (...) for? 为何目的，为何理由what if...? ……要是会怎么样呢？









affect: v.

SS The tax increases have affected us all.

SS High stress jobs may affect your health.

1) do sth. that produces an effect or change in sth. or in someone’s situation

TT 加税已经影响了我们大家。

SS 他们的意见不会影响我的决定 .

TT Their opinion will not affect my decision.

2) make someone feel strong emotions

SS We were deeply affected by the news of her death in a bombing.






one. “She’s waiting for you.”SentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWord

decay:

SS Hundreds of historic buildings are decaying.

1) be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make sth. do this

2) if buildings, structures, or areas decay, their condition gradually becomes worse

SS Her body was already starting to decay.

1. v.

SS Britain’s decaying inner cities

SS Sugar decays your teeth.






one. “She’s waiting for you.”SentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWord

SS He has got a tooth decay.

3) if traditional beliefs, standards, etc. decay, people do not believe in them or support them any more

2. n. the natural chemical change that causes the slow destruction of sth.

SS In Orthodox Europe, mass religion seems to have decayed less.








curl up: move so that you are lying or sitting with one’s back curved and one’s legs drawn up close to the body

SS I just wanted to curl up and go to sleep.

SS The child curled up in an armchair to read.

TT 那个小孩蜷曲在沙发里看书。








cut through: go straight through, penetrate; overcome or bypass (difficulties, etc.)

SS I usually cut through the car park to get to work.

SS You need someone to help you cut through all the irritating legal jargon.

Collocations:

cut back 削减；缩减cut in 插入（未按正常顺序地进入一排人或事物）；打断

cut down to size 使有自知之明cut loose 摆脱

cut no ice 不起作用，没有影响

cut short 缩减；缩短








temple: n.

SS He rubbed his palm across the temples.

SS Every month she goes to the temple near the city.

1) (usually plural) one of the two fairly flat areas on each side of your forehead

2) a building where people go to worship, in the Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, and Mormon religions







SentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWord

call up:

SS 由于战争危机，政府征召后备役军人服役。

1) make the computer display (information)

2) officially order someone to join the army, navy, or air force

SS He called up the statistics on the Internet.

SS “Yesterday Once More” is a beautiful song which can call up people’s old times.

SS I called up their website, but it didn’t have the information I was looking for.

TT Due to the war crisis, the state called up reserve troops for active duty.

3) cause one to remember; bring to mind







SentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWordSentenceSentence WordWord

4) (informal, especially American English) telephone someone

SS He called me up to tell me about the result of the European Cup.

SS I’m going to call up and cancel my subscription.

Collocations:

call in question 质疑：对……提出疑问

call down 招致，使降临

call forth 使产生；引起

call off 取消








add to: increase (sth.) in size, number, amount, etc.; say more about sth. that has just been said

SS This show will no doubt add to his growing reputation.

SS 我对我先前说的话 , 没有什么要补充的。

Collocations:

add up to 合计达add fuel to the fire / flames 火上加油（做的或说的使人反应

更强烈或激烈）

add insult to injury 伤害之外又加侮辱（使关系更糟）

TT I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.

SS Material about recent research has been added to this new edition.





bring back:

SS The trip brought back a lot of happy memories.

1) return someone to their previous job or position of authority

2) make you remember sth.

SS Following their latest defeat, soccer fans are urging the club to bring back the former manager.

SS The city council has decided to bring back the old electric trams.

3) start to use sth. again that was used in the past

SS Bringing back the death penalty has done absolutely nothing to reduce crime.


2. Listening Comprehension

1. Useful Expressions

3. Summary Writing

4. Multiple Choice

5. Writing Practice

6. Proverbs and Quotations

Listening Comprehension


Directions: Here are two English jokes. You are required to listen carefully for three times and then write down every word of them.

Who is that woman?

The newlyweds entered the elevator of their Miami Beach hotel. The operator, a magnificent blonde, looked at them in surprise and said, “Why, hello, Teddy, how are you?” When the couple reached their room, the piqued bride demanded: “Who was that woman?!” “Take it easy, honey,” said the groom, “I’m going to have trouble enough explaining you to her.”


The keys to Success

One day a father was teaching his son and said, “The keys to your success are keeping your word and cleverness. Once you give somebody a promise, you must carry it out no matter what will happen. This is called ‘keeping one’s word.’” “What is cleverness?” asked his son.

1. 痛斥

2. 一段非同寻常的来往

3. 被深深打动

4. 身体残疾

5. 大专文凭

6. 引起某人注意

7. 希望

8. 那又怎么样，那又有什么了不起

take sb. to task

a most unusual relationship

be impressed

physical handicap

associate’s degree

catch one’s eye

in hopes of

So what…

Useful Expressions


9. 对……非常专注 have dedication to…


10. 在来宾登记簿上签名

11. 一个精心策划的骗局

12. 一位校少年棒球队教练

13. 令脖子酸痛的家庭作业

14. 正在朽烂的小棚屋

15. 蜷缩

16. 调出网站上的一篇报道

17. 添字加句

sign the guestbook

an elaborate hoax

a junior varsity baseball coach

neck-straining homework

a decaying shanty

curl up

call up a story on the website

add to…

18. 玩世不恭的年代 times of cynicism

be affectedIt is difficult not to ( 被感动 ) by the tale of Sarah Morris. While her

( 身体状况，体质 ) made it difficult to ( 用语言表达 ), from her writing it would be impossible to spot that she

( 遭受严重的残疾 ). Writing slowly with the help of a pointer

(绑到头上 ), her ( 最高写作速度 ) is no more than ( 每分钟八个字 ). Yet she still ( 设法 ) write extensively on the team she grew up following. ( 令脖子酸痛 ) in the gloom of her room, ( 被……围绕着 ) her computer and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.

_________

Complete the following passage with words or phrases you have just learned from the text. Change the forms where necessary.

Summary Writing


physical conditions_______________ interpret her speech________________

fastened to her head_________________eight words per minute___________________

maximum writing speed___________________

Directions:

suffers from such asevere handicap

____________________________

Straining her neck _______________manages to_________

surrounded by_____________

2. The museums in the developing world often have fewer security

measures and thus remain more _________ thefts.

A) weak to

B) flexible to

C) sensitive to

D) vulnerable to

Multiple Choice


Directions: Choose the best answers.1. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th

____ the birth of Jesus Christ.

A) in accordance with

B) in hopes of

C) in favor of

D) in honor of

KEY

KEY


3. The clerk held my passport four inches from his face and ________ to

read it.

A) affected

B) flipped

C) strained

D) giggled

KEY

4. In order to reach ________ physical fitness for the coming match, he

cut out all social activities and concentrated on his training.

A) maximum

B) temporary

C) extensive

D) detached

KEY


5. English _____ dramatic changes in sounds throughout the history of the

English language.

A) underwent

B) undertake

C) understate

D) undermine

KEY

6. There were some_____ flowers on the table.

A) artificial

B) unnatural

C) false

D) unreal

KEY


7. It seemed for a while that infants were ______ to Aids.

A) contribute

B) attend

C) attribute

D) immune

KEY

8. The government has ______ defense spending.

A) cut away

B) cut across

C) cut back on

D) cut through

KEY


9. Prior _____ 1944, there was no atomic bomb.

A) at

B) to

C) in

D) before

KEY

10. When her mother came back, she _____ in the sofa watching TV.

A) curled up

B) called up

C) setting up

D) torn up

KEY


A brief introduction

Writing Practice — to learn to use connective words

In English writing you can link sentences or paragraphs together by connective words or phrases, such as “however”, “consequently”, “moreover”, etc. The connective words and phrases not only make your writing achieve cohesion and coherence but also convey the links of the thoughts clearly so that the readers can see what you are saying.

Here are some most frequently used connective words and phrases:


Category Connective Words and Phrases

and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

parallel

if, in fact, from now on, untilothers

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite

transition

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next sequence

as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, therefore, as, since, consequently, so

cause and effect

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

summarize

Since 1986, the Education Department of Hong Kong has begun to modify i

ts laissez-faire policy which allows secondary schools to choose their language o

f instruction. , the language of instruction in Hong Kong secondary s

chools has been an issue that interests language educators and policy makers f

or a long period of time. , many secondary schools in Hong Kong use

English as the only language of instruction in English and other subjects.


Homework

In the following paragraph, the connective words or phrases are missing, choose appropriate ones from those given below and fill in the blanks to make the paragraph logical.

however, if, accordingly, consequently, in fact, although, in a word, so, finally

However_______

In fact_____

Directions:

People claim to use English as the main instructional language because of

the practical function and status of English in Hong Kong, proficiency of students

in English, textbooks published in English and education of teachers in

English. , for the reasons against it are better academic

achievement of students in Chinese and non-fluency of teachers in English.

the problem of language barrier arises and using both English and Chinese

is suggested to solve the problem.

After Reading_5.4


However_______

So___

Proverbs and Quotations

1. There is no such thing as genius; it is nothing but labour and diligence.

世间无所谓的天才，它仅是刻苦加勤奋。

2. Consider other men’s troubles. That will comfort yours.

想想他人的不幸，你就能坦然面对人生。

3. Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.— Helen Keller, American writer

虽然世界多苦难，但是苦难总是能战胜的。 —— 美国作家海伦•凯勒


4. Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. — John Kennedy, American president

6. It never will rain roses. When we want to have more roses we must plant trees. — George Eliot

从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧。 —— 美国总统约翰•肯尼迪

天上永远不会掉下玫瑰来，如果想要更多的玫瑰，必须自己种植。 —— •乔治艾略特


5. The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible”. — Napoleon, French emperor

凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。 — 法国皇帝拿破仑

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