soviet policy and national minority of...

avTandil sonRulaSvili

Avtandil Songulashvili

sabWouri politika da saqarTvelos erovnuli umciresoba

Soviet Policy and National Minority of Georgia

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2018

UDC(uak) 321.74+323.15(479.22) s-677 naSromSi qarTuli da ucxouri naratiuli wyaro-

ebis, saarqivo dokumentebisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlilia erovnu-li umciresobis adgili da roli sabWoTa reJimis pe-riodis saqarTveloSi. naCvenebia maTi gansaxlebis, sa-meurneo yofisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis amsaxve-li faqtebi. Sefasebulia avtonomiuri formirebebis Seqmnis samarTlianoba. ganxilulia eTnokonfliqte-bis da enobrivi problemebis sakiTxebi. calke adgili eTmoba umciresobaTa ganaTlebasa da kulturas.

naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistebisa da mkiTx-velTa farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

redaqtori: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori igor kveselava

recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori gela (giorgi) saiTiZe istoriis doqtori xaTuna qoqraSvili

aRniSnuli monografia daiwera SoTa rusTave-lis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli gran-

tis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi. proeqti ganxorci-elda saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi samar-Tlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetze.

© a. sonRulaSvili, 2018

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2018

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-26-289-0

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Sinaarsi

winaTqma............................................................................. 5Sesavali............................................................................ 15pirveli Tavi _ eTnikuri terminologiis

zogierTi sakiTxi.................................................... 26meore Tavi _ erovnuli umciresoba

istoriaSi da Tanamedroveoba.......................... 40mesame Tavi _ erovnul umciresobaTa

Camosaxleba da gansaxlebis areali.............. 75$1. Camosaxlebis etapebi....................................... 75$2. ebraelebi............................................................. 106$3. somxebi................................................................... 116$4. osebi....................................................................... 133$5. berZnebi.................................................................. 147$6. azerbaijanelebi................................................ 163$7. rusebi..................................................................... 182$8. kazakebi.................................................................. 199$9. germanelebi.......................................................... 210$10. qurTebi.................................................................224$11. aisorebi................................................................230$12. udiebi....................................................................237$13. qistebi.................................................................. 242

meoTxe Tavi _ avtonomiuri formirebebi...........250$1. saqarTvelos teritoriaze CadebulinaRmebi.......................................................................... 250$2. aWara........................................................................258$3. afxazeTi................................................................ 264$4. `samxreT oseTi“................................................. 276

mexuTe Tavi _ qarTuli enis statusi..................289meeqvse Tavi _ sameurneo yofa da

tradiciebi.................................................................. 318

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meSvide Tavi _ savaWro centrebi daekonomikuri kavSirebi......................................... 415

merve Tavi _ religiebi da religiuriseqtebi.......................................................................... 436$1. saxelmwifo da religia................................. 436$2. iudevelebi........................................................... 448$3. grigorianebi........................................................459$4. mahmadianebi.......................................................... 479$5. kaTolikebi........................................................... 502$6. iezidebi................................................................. 520$7. seqtebi................................................................... 523$8. duxoborebi.......................................................... 533$9. moloknebi............................................................. 543$10. staroverebi....................................................... 551$11. SabaTianelebi.................................................... 555$12. prigunebi..............................................................557$13. skopcebi................................................................558$14. baptistebi............................................................560$15. meSvide dRis adventistebi..........................573$16. ormocdaaTianelebi....................................... 576$17. ieRovelebi.......................................................... 578$18. vahabitebi............................................................. 582$19. kriSnaitebi......................................................... 590

mecxre Tavi – eTnokonfliqtebi............................ 594meaTe Tavi _ ganaTleba da kultura...................618

gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa daliteraturis sia........................................................... 645

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winaTqma

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi kacobriobis isto-riaSi Sevida, rogorc totalitarizmis msxvrevisada antisabWouri gardaqmnebis epoqa. totalita-rizmma Sewyvita arseboba, TumcaRa dagvitova yal-bi doqtrinebisa da ideologiis nangrevebi, rom-lebmac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwires.

saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukunedaCagrul, damonebul erTa ganTavisuflebis, da-moukideblobis mopovebis aswleuli yofila.yvelgan mTel msoflioSi koloniurma xalxebmagamoiRviZes, ganTavisufldnen, sakuTari, Tavisu-fali, erovnuli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes. xalxTaganTavisuflebis es procesi msoflios saerToprincipad iqca da gaeros programa gaxda.

erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romelic cdilobdaSeenarCunebina koloniebi iyo ruseTi. rusma ko-munistebma ostaturad gamoiyenes niRabi – ssrk,romlis saSualebiT ruseTi kidev axerxebda zo-gierTi adamianis motyuebas, TiTqos sabWoTa kav-Siri marTlac Tavisufali erebis Tanasworuf-lebiani kavSiri iyo. magram yvelam kargad ico-da, rom e. w. sabWoTa kavSiri iyo ruseTis komu-nisturi imperia, sadac arc erT xalxs, gardarusebisa, Tavisufleba ar hqonda [1, 3].

sabWoTa ideologiis cnobili formula iyo`sabWoTa moqalaqeebis internacionaluri da pat-riotuli vali~, ras gulisxmobda misi namdviliSinaarsi? internacionaluri vali niSnavda did-mpyrobeluri rusis uflebas Careuliyo yvelaqveynis saSinao saqmeSi da gadaewyvita igi ruse-Tis sasargeblod. internacionalisti ki iyo is

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ararusi, romelic (ganurCevlad sacxovrebeliadgilisa) komunisturi imperiis sakeTildReodibrZoda. patrioti ki – is ararusi, romelicssrk-s erTguli, Tavis samSoblos interesebsssrk-s anacvlebda [1, 4-5].

xalxTa megobrobis da internacionalizmislozungebis akompanimentiT mimdinareobda erov-nuli enebisa da kulturis Serwymis propaganda,rac mogvianebiT yvela eris Serwymis programadgardaiqmna. daviwyebas mieca mcirericxovani ere-bis interesebi. axali politikis magaliTad iqca1938 wels ssrk mTel teritoriaze TiTqmis mTe-li ebrauli skolebis daxurva da antisemitiz-mis sxva gamovlinebani.

Tu sabWoTa reJimis pirvel wlebSi rusieris kuTvnilebaze saubari uxerxuli da saSi-Sic iyo, mogvianebiT warmoiSva meore ukvidure-soba _ Sovinisturi Tezisebi `ufros Zmaze~,`pirveli TanasworTa Soris~, rusi eris tenden-ciuri gamoyofa, rogorc `xelmZRvaneli erisa~da a. S. [2, 440].

marTalia omis dros didi mniSvneloba hqon-da sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianTa erTianobasmterTan brZolaSi, magram aRniSnul periodSikidev ufro metad gamoikveTa ssrk xalxTa dayo-fa did da mcire erebad. sailustraciod movi-tanT erT faqts: 1942 wlis 23 agvistos TbilisSiCatarda saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxe-Tis warmomadgenelTa mitingi, sadac aRiniSna:`msoflioSi ar aris iseTi Zala, romelsac SeeZ-los gaxliCos amierkavkasiis xalxebi didi rusixalxisagan... Cveni ufrosi Zmis ... (xazgasma Cemia,

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a. s.), romelmac mogvitana sixaruli da bedniericxovreba~ [3, 100].

radgan adamianTa SegnebaSi damkvidrda ter-minebi `didi rusi xalxi~, `ufrosi Zma~, e. i. ar-sebobdnen `patara xalxebi~ da `umcrosi Zmebi~.

meore msoflio omis dros da Semdgom peri-odSi, dasavleTSi gamoqveynebul literaturaSida Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze ZiriTadad da-fiqsirebulia `sabWoTa ruseTi~ da ara `sabWoTakavSiri~. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sruliadsamarTlianad e. w. `sabWoTa kavSirs miiCnevdamodernizebul ruseTis imperiad. ar cnobdnen,`mokavSire publikebis~ suverenul uflebebs. ase-ve Tvlis cnobili germaneli mecnieri robertgercSteini. misi sityviT germaniis samxedro kam-pania warimarTa, `sabWoTa ruseTis~ winaaRmdeg[4, 96]. ufro metic, stalini Teiranis, ialtisada potsdamis konferenciebze gamosvlisas yo-velTvis ambobda _ `Cveni rusebi~ da ara `CvensabWoTa xalxi~ an `sabWoTa kavSiri~ [5].

aseTi politikis Sedegad mravali erisa daerovnebis saxeli aRgaves pirisagan miwisa. TumagaliTad, 1906 wlis aRweriT ruseTis imperiaSicxovrobda 194 erovneba, 1939 wlis monacemebiTmaTi raodenoba asze naklebs Seadgenda.

sabWoTa periodis politikuri tendenciismixedviT ssrk yvela xalxis istoria ruseTisistoriasTan iqna gaigivebuli. aseve damkvidrdacru Tezisi, TiTqos yvela eri da erovneba neba-yoflobiT SeuerTda mefis ruseTs. mogvianebiTam xalxTa SeerTeba ganixileboda, rogorc `mci-re boroteba~ sparseTTan da TurqeTTan Sedare-

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biT. 1937 wels es koncefciac uaryves, SeerTebagamocxadda udavo warmatebad [2, 440-441].

social-demokratebma win wamowies `Cagvris~problema, magram naklebad ainteresebdaT erov-nuli sakiTxi. maT gamoacxades erovnebaTa Tavi-sufali TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, Tavad erovne-biT ki odnavac ar dainteresebulan.

`Tavisufali TviTgamorkveva~ bolSevikebsWirdebodaT politikuri da socialuri idealebi-saTvis brZolis saSualebad [6, 4]. maTi brZoladaCagruli erovnebebis ganTavisuflebisa da Ta-nasworobisaTvis iyo internacionaluri~, romelicganaSorebda da wyvetda erovnul adamians cocxa-li xatisagan – dedulisa da mamulisagan [6, 5].

marTali iyo k. leontievi, rodesac man bol-Sevikebis erovnuli politika, mxolod sayovel-Tao ngrevis iaraRad miiCnia da masSi mxolod de-mokratiisa da kosmopolitizmis zeimi dainaxa.

ar SeiZleba erovnulobis amogleja konkre-tuli istoriidan da misi uflebis abstraqtu-lad ganxilva. yovel erovnebas Tavisi arsebobisgansxvavebul periodebSi gansxvavebuli uflebe-bi aqvs [6, 7].

cneba `sabWoTa xalxi~ propagandistul li-teraturaSi jer kidev 20-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba.maSin miiCnevdnen, rom es cneba e. w. `sabWoTaxalxebis~ saxelmwifoebrivi, politikuri gaer-Tianebis aRmniSvneli termini iyo. rac Seexeba`sabWoTa xalxs~, rogorc adamianTa axal isto-riul erTobas, igi `mkvaxedan~ `momwifebuli so-cializmis~ pirobebSi sazogadoebrivi urTier-Tobebis axali etapis damaxasiaTebeli socialu-ri fenomeni yofila, rac sazogadoebrivi cxov-

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rebis yvela mxaris internacionalizaciis Sede-gad momxdara. ase afasebdnen da ganmartavdnencnebebs saxelovani `sabWoTa xalxis~ mecnierebi.

sinamdvileSi ki e. w. `sabWoTa kavSirSi~ mim-dinareobda erebisa da erovnebebis rusifikacii-sa da decentralizaciis politikis safuZvelzemaTi ZaldatanebiTi `Serwyma~ da raRac erTiani`sabWoTa rusuli tipis~ supernaciis Seqmna.

sabWoTa kavSiri `zesaxelmwifos~ warmoad-genda ZiriTadad samxedro Zlierebis wyalobiT.magram imave samxedro Zlierebis hipertrofiam,misma usasrulo zrdam xesaxelmwfo daaqveiTamesame xarisxovani qveynis mdgomareobamde. war-moSva procesebi, romlebmac qveyana katastrofiszRvramde miiyvana. saerTo erovnul produqciaSisamxedro xarjebis wiliT aSS-s vuswrebdiT er-Tnaxevarjer-orjer, janmrTelobis dacvisaTvisgaweuli xarjebiT CamovrCebodiT ornaxevarjer.

iaraRis msoflio bazarze pirveli adgilidavikaveT da Cveni mowinave teqnologiis droSadkalaSnikovis avtomati vaqcieT. mosaxleobiscxovrebis doniT, saxelmwifoTa meeqvse aTeulSiaRmovCndiT, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT– ocdameTormete adgilze, bavSvTa sikvdiliano-biT – ormocdameaTeze [7, 105].

qveynis sazRvrebs vketavdiT, rom moqalaqe-ebs gareT ver gaeRwiaT. ucxoeTSi gasamgzavreb-lad adamianebs ise varCevdiT, rogorc kosmonav-tebs mTvareze gasafrenad; adamianebs arCevaniaRar davutoveT. Tu gvwamda, rom Cveni ideolo-gia WeSmariti da mowinave iyo, maSin ratomRagveSinoda sxva mrwamsis warmomadgenlebTan kon-taqtisa? ratom vkrZalavdiT wignebs, ratom vax-

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SobdiT raiogadacemebs, ratom vsjidiT adamia-nebs imisaTvis, rom isini uyurebdnen sxva fil-mebs, ismendnen sxva musikas, cekvavdnen sxva cek-vebs? [7, 119-126]. amitomac axalgazrdobis Tval-sawieri metad SezRuduli iyo. imis cda, rom uf-ro meti gaegoT ra xdeboda `krinis fardis~ miR-ma, did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. amisTanave, mo-saxleobis didi nawili absoluturad darwmune-buli iyo, rom fardis iqiT mxolod qaosi bato-nobda, xolo CvenTan yvelaferi ise iyo, rogorcunda yofiliyo. e. i. mTeli msofdios mSromele-bi ocnebobdnen CvensaviT ecxovraT.

ruseTis modernizebul imperias sabWoTakavSiris saxiT dasavleTis oponentebma `borote-bis imperia~ uwodes. jer kidec 1918 wels mosko-visa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqma tixonmaanaTema gamoucxada sabWoTa wyobilebas da an-tiqristes gansaxiereba uwoda [8, 19, 25].

ar SeiZleba am ganawamebi epoqisaTvis dakar-guli saukune ar gewodebina. dakarguli imitom,rom marTla daikarga TiTqmis mTeli saukune,daikarga uzarmazari dro sul amaod. risTviscdeboda adamianis fiqri, ras akeTebda, ras aSe-nebda, ras qmnida? cxovrebis yvela sfero daza-ralda. ramdeni wuTi, ramdeni saaTi, ramdenidRe, ramdeni kvira, ramdeni weliwadi miiTvalacru saqmem? [9, 184].

didi xania mimdinareobs XX saukunis azrov-nebis uSeRavaTo gadafaseba. axla, amdeni wlisSemdeg, ar aris Zneli, davinaxoT da ganvsajoTsabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli reJimis da mi-si ideologiis – marqsizmis aqilevsis qusli.erTi rusi filosofosi kategoriulad imasac ki

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acxadebda, rom es iyo iseTi primitiuli azrov-nebis nimuSi, romelic Zalian hgavda adamianisidée fixe-s akviatebas, adamianis bodvas. amis nac-vlad ki SeiniSneboda xelovnuri procesi, ker-Zod, ideebis ilustrirebis meSveobiT cxovrebisfaqtebis gayalbeba. anu maTi ideebze dayvana, ra-mac sabolood gamoiwvia marqsizmis Teoriis mi-er yvela disciplinis, es iqneboda filosofia,istoria, literatura da sxva ram, profanacia.da, albaT, sulac kanonzomieri iyo, rom am me-tismetad gamartivebul sqemaSi yvela saganze er-TaderTi materialuri Zala dominirebda. am xe-lovnur gamonagonSi mcxovrebi `sabWoTa adamia-nebi~ ki daculad grZnobdnen Tavs, radgan yo-velTvis icodnen, sad iyo TeTri da iyo Savi,sad iyo boroteba da sad iyo sikeTe.

da Tumca `sabWoTa adamianma~, umravles Sem-TxvevaSi icoda Tu rogor ebrZola an rogoremoqmeda, magram, radganac am qveyanaSi winaswariyo daprogramebuli situacia Tu viTareba, mas-Si moqmedi subieqtebi _ `sabWoTa adamianebi~ ga-nixilebodnen, rogorc mxolod saSualebebi, ro-gorc usulo sagnebi, romelTa warmoCena isemoxdeboda, rogorc es mavan xelisuflebas moe-surveboda [10, 9].

dRes am gadafasebis procesma mTlianad mo-icva Cveni cxovreba. arafers vtovebT Seumowme-bels. diametrulad icvleba damokidebuleba sag-nebisa da movlenebisadmi. politikurma azrovne-bam ariv-daria Tavis droze qveynebi, mowamlaxalxis suliskveTeba, mospo Sefasebis kriteriu-mebi, daupirispira dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedi de-damiwis xuT meeqvseds.

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TandaTan gamogvaqvs dRis sinaTleze saSine-li informaciebi. Cveni codna, isedac damZimebu-li gulismomkvleli ambebiT, itvirTeba axalicnobebiT. Cven axla viciT ras warmoadgenda XXsaukunis èpoqaluri ideebi~, èpoqaluri Zvrebi~,`socialuri Teoria~, komunisturi aCrdili~, so-cialuri revolucia~, `xval ki ufro Rrmad daufro ukeT gvecodineba~. da axla mimdinareobsZirfesviani Seswavla da gadafaseba im politi-kuri azrovnebisa. romelmac mTeli saukune moic-va e. w. sabWoTa qveyanaSi, e. w. axal saqarTvelo-Sic [9, 185-186].

diax, dedamiwis patara nawilaki, romelsacsaxelad hqvia saqarTvelo, is saqarTvelo, isto-riam geopolitikur jvars rom acva, saswauleb-rivad gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmde-gobis Sesayari, romlebic imperiam Caimkvidra Ta-vis genetikur kodSi, romlebsac niadag iwvevdaprovokaciulad, da romlebic axlac ki, misi da-Rupvis Semdeg gvazanzarebs [11, 253]. rogorc aR-moCnda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gag-rZelda misi gadmonaSTebis arseboba, radganacàxlis warmoSobis miuxedavad Zveli ganagrZobsarsebobas, rogorc ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTdromoWmuli... saerTod Zvelis moxsnis Semdeggarkveul istoriul periodSi kvlav rCebian ada-mianebi, romlebic dromoWmul wesebs icaven. SeC-veulni arian ra Zveleburad azrovnebas, isiniver axerxeben erTbaSad xelis aRebas Zvel Sexe-dulebebsa da warmodgenebze~ [12, 117-118].

adamiani kriziss ganicdis, rodesac erTirwmenidan meoreze gadadis da dgas ori rwmenis

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darwmunebulobas Soris ise, rom Sinaganad arcerTis ar sjera [13].

1918-1921 wlebis damoukideblobis Semdeg sa-qarTveloze, rogorc gansazRvrul politikursubieqtze SeiZleba vilaparakoT 1988 wlidan, ma-namde saqarTvelo arsebobda rogorc teritori-ul-administraciuli erTeuli ssrk Semadgenlo-baSi, romelsac Camocidebuli hqonda ssrk sxvayvela danarCen nawilTan erTad raime damoukide-beli politikuri cxovrebis SesaZlebloba. raTqma unda, iyo gansxvavebac; kulturuli, socia-luri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis zogierTi Tavi-sebureba, qarTuli partnomenklaturis garkveu-li specifika, politikuri gamosvlebis epizodu-ri aqtivoba (20-iani, 1956 da 1978 wlebis gamos-vlebi), magram yvelafer amas mainc ar SeiZlebapolitikuri cxovreba vuwodoT. swored 1988wlidan, anu masobrivi erovnuli moZraobis aR-mocenebidan, SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarTvelospostsabWouri politikuri istoria [14, 14].

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali dapyrobili qvey-nebis mTavari samizne kremlisaTvis maTi erovnu-li TviTmyofadobis winaaRmdeg brZola iyo. ammiznis misaRwevad moskovma specialuri `proce-durebi~ SemoiRo. Tavidan mas denacionalizacia~erqva da yoveli damorCilebuli qveynis erovnu-li Tvimyofadobisaken iyo mimarTuli. am aqciismeore etaps `internacionalizacia~ ewodebodada, rogorc aRvniSneT `sabWoTa xalxis~ SeqmnasiTvaliswinebda, romlis safuZvelic rusi eriunda yofiliyo. mogvianebiT amas `asimilacia~ewoda.

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oficialuri statistika am procesis aSka-rad cinikur mtkicebulebebs iZleoda da asaxe-lebda zogierT dapyrobil qveyanas, romelTacrusuli ena mSobliur enad aRiares im qveynebisgverdiT, romlebmac aseT cvlilebas mtkice wi-naaRmdegoba gauwies.

terminologia axali iyo, magram moqmedebiswesebi Zveli rCeboda. Zveli procesis msxverplniam wesebs Zalian kargad icnobdnen, radgan rusi-fikacia jer kidev carizmis dros daiwyo. gansxva-veba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom wiTelma kremlma da-morCilebuli xalxebis ganadgurebisa da rusifi-kaciis meTodebi bevrad ufro daxvewa [15. 421].

XX saukuneSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi naT-lad aCvenebs, rom kacobriobis dajgufebis Ziri-Tad, organul safuZvels erovneba warmoadgensda ara xelovnurad Seqmnili droebiTi imperiebi.

istoriam kategoriulad uaryo iseTi xelov-nuri erebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, rogoric iyo`sabWoTa xalxi~. aseTi qmedebebi mxolod dap-yrobili qveynebis denacionalizaciisa da ganad-gurebis primitiul tendencias warmoadgens.

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Sesavali

saxelmwifo ki ara qmis erovnebas, `aramed,piriqiT, erovneba iwvevs cxovrebaSi erovnul sa-xelmwifos, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, cdilobs, Ta-visi arsebiTi moTxovnilebebis Sesaferi poli-tikuri organizacia moipovos~ [16, 23].

rusi avtoris petroviCis geografiaSi moce-mulia imperiis calkeuli teritoriebis aRwera,dasuraTebulia adgilobriv mkvidrTa tipebi. `ve-likorusi~ gamoyvanilia didi, axovani, kmayofi-li saxiT da amayi gamometyvelebiT. suraTis

qveS aris warwera: «Хозяйн земли русской».sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi daxatulia

monis da daCagrulis gamometyvelebiT. aseTi sa-xis literaturas awvdidnen skolebs da ra ga-sakviria, rom Cvevad eqcaT sxva eTnosebisaTvisecqiraT, rogorc monebisaTvis.

rodesac 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg gada-idga nabiji saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mi-saRwevad aq mcxovrebi rusebi ver urigdebodnensaqarTvelos Tavisuflebas. didi Tu patara, nas-wavli Tu uswavleli, yvela acxadebda: `rogorSeiZleba saqarTvelo iyos Tavisufali, es droe-biTia, mova Cveni jari da isev davimorCilebTo~.saqarTvelos Tavisufleba sasacilod miaCndaT.mas asaxelebdnen: «Кукурузная республика» anu «Рес-публика на 11/2 часа» [17, 47].

bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTisfederaciis 140 milioni mosaxleobidan 65 araru-si iyo. aq SexvdebodiT beloruss, yirgizebs, uz-bekebs, azerbaijanelebs, TaTrebs, somxebs, qar-Tvelebs, tajikebs, buriatebs da kidev sxva ara-

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erT erovnebas, romlebic ganviTarebis sxvadas-xva etapze imyofebodnen, pirvelyofilidan daw-yebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT damTavrebu-li. bolSevizms surda am erovnebebis Tavis mxa-reze gadabireba, maTi cnobierebidan carizmisreJimis aRmofxvra, da amitom yvelas avtonomiada TviTmmarTveloba SesTavaza. am jgufebidanbevrs arc erovnuli TviTSegneba gaaCnda, arcTviTmmarTvelobisaTvis saWiro minimaluri cod-na saqmis gasaZRolad isini sxvebis daxmarebazeiyvnen damokidebuli. maTi umravlesobisaTviskomuniszmis doqtrina igive iyo, rac ainStainisTeoria buxaris yaenebisaTvis. maTTvis revolu-cia primitiuli Temebis emirebis, yaenebisa damolebis batonobidan daxsnasa da evropeizaciis-ken gadadgmul nabijs niSnavda [18, 219-220].

1959 wels adamianTa ricxvi, romlebic Tavi-si erovneli niSnis mixedviT ekuTvnodnen xal-xebs vinc Seqmna mokavSire da avtonomiuri res-publikebi, xolo cxovrobda mis sazRvrebs ga-reT Seadgina 36,5 milioni suli anu ssrk mosax-leobis 17,5%. 1979 wlis aRweriT ki sabWoTa kav-SirSi adamianTa raodenoba, romlebic ar cxov-robdnen Sesabamis erovnul saxelmwifoebSi,formirebebSi anu Tavis ZirZvel samSobloSi 55milions iTvlida [19, 61]. am ori aTeuli wlisganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnebe-bis ricxvma 70-dan 100-mde miaRwia [19, 357].

komunisturi reJimi erebs Soris daaxloebissxvadasxva politikas mimarTavda. am mizniT iye-nebda propagandas, TvalsaCinoebas da a. S. maga-liTad, yvelaze dabali xarisxis papirosis _`federacia~ _ kolofze `exata xelgadaxveuli

17

sami glexi – qarTveli, somexi da azerbaijane-li~ [20, 124].

monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo TiTqmis ar arse-bobs. erovnuli umciresoba bevr qveyanaSi sakma-od did adgils ikavebs. amitom bunebrivad dgebaumravlesobisa da umciresobis demokratiuliTanaarsebobis regulirebis problema.

amis gareSe mwvave konfliqtebi gardauva-lia, ramac SeiZleba gaxliCos qveynis mTliano-ba. zogjer saqmes ver Svelis verc federacia,verc konfederacia, imdenad Zlieria gamTiSveliZalebi.

erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvisSesaxeb mravali saerTaSoriso dokumentia miRe-buli (mag., gaeros 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTadeklaracia, iuneskos 1960 wlis konvencia ganaT-lebis sferoSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, 1992wlis evropuli `CarCo-konvencia~, 1992 wlis ev-ropis qartia, 1996 wlis haagis rekomendaciebierovnul umciresobaTa ganaTlebis uflebis Se-saxeb).

erTi mxriv am dokumentebis dacva aucilebe-lia, meore mxriv – aseTi humanizmi da demokra-tizmi xels uwyobs umciresobaTa separatistulswrafvas, miTumetes maSin, roca gverdiT iseTiwamqezebeli eguleba, rogoricaa ruseTi [21, 59-60].

erovnuli moZraobis aqtivizaciis kvaloba-ze, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis me-ore naxevarSi mravali umwvavesi problema dag-vigrovda, romlebmac eTnokonfliqtebis saxiTmkveTrad iCina Tavi. amis mizezi ki, uwinaresyovlisa, aris is, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi uyu-radRebod rCeboda, ufro metic, iCqmaleboda

18

`xalxTa urRvevi Zmobis~ moCvenebiTi lozungisukan am sferoSi arsebuli uamravi mtkivneuliproblema. aSkarad unda iTqvas, rom mravali ase-Ti problema tabudadebuli iyo komunisturipartiis mier. mravali erovnuli da erovnebaTa-Soriso sakiTxebi arasworad, damaxinjebulad,istoriuli faqtebis aSkara ignorirebiT, SiSve-li administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiTwydeboda [22].

Cven wlebis manZilze yuradRebas ar vaqcev-diT erovnuli problemebis mecnierul donezegadawvetas, veridebodiT simarTlis Tqmas Cvensteritoriaze sxva xalxTa gansaxlebis obieqtu-ri mizezebis Sesaxeb. yvelafers mxolod da mxo-lod `internacionalizmis~ poziciebidan ganvi-xilavdiT. es TiTqmis borotmoqmedebis tolfasigaxda da filosofosis Tqmisa ar iyos, erTmaborotmoqmedebam gza gauxsna meores. Cvenve Se-mogvibrunda Cveni winapris SegonebiT gauTaveb-lad xelmZRvaneloba: `Cems mezoblebTan mtroba-sa isev moTmena virCie~. swored am daTmoba-moT-menam, iman, rom simarTle mTeli zomiT Tavisdroze ar iTqva, Cvenda samwuxarod, kargi nayofiver gamoiRo [23, 84-85].

saerTod ki sikeTismqmnelobis, solidaro-bis, zrunvisa da daxmarebis miuxedavad, `sxvisiWiris~ gamziarebel ers, xSirad, jerovnad rodiufasdeba sikeTe, gaweuli amagi. amitomac werdaiakob gogebaSvili, rom `... madls umadurobamosdevs xSirad ara marto kerZo pirTa Soris,aramed erTa Sorisac; magram qarTveli ki yovel-Tvis moSorebuli yofila umadurobasa da yvelapatara ers mis mfarvelobaSi Sexiznuls, erTia-

19

Tad gadauxdida xolme mcireoden sikeTesac kida aniWebda maT srul Tanasworobas TavisTana.miuxedavad amisa, bedi Cven ki sxvanairad mogvep-yro da didi sikeTe umadurobiT gadagvixada~...ase xdeboda warsulSi, ase xdeba amJamadac, rackidev erTxel amtkicebs im sibrZnes, rom isto-ria xalxis Wkuis maswavlebelia, igi gaTvalis-winebisTvis iwereba [24, 42].

Tavis droze mixeil javaxiSvilma reliefu-rad aCvena, rom kars mogadgeba gudamSieri dausaxlkaro gadamTieli. lukma-pursa da TavSesa-fars gTxovT, erTgul da morCil msaxurad giC-venebT Tavs. gulubryvilobis, uniaTobis, uzrun-velobisa da udardelobis gamo kars gauReb,Wersa da sazrdels miscem. igi momZlavrdeba, mo-Ronierdeba, galaRdeba da gaTavxeddeba. sakuTa-ri saxlidan gagagdebs, Sens mamuls, saqonelsmiiTvisebs... ratom da rodis xdeba es? roca mo-Zaladis Tavxedobas da Semotevas upirispirdebayalbad gagebuli gacTmoyvareoba [25, 241].

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `jayooba arissxvisi qonebis, simdidris, mamulis, saxl-karis,pativis, saxelis mitaceba-miTviseba, Zaladoba,qlesoba, pirferoba, orpiroba, urcxvi uprinci-poba, sruli umecroba da ukanonoba~ [25, 235].

msoflio istoriaSi analogia ar moepovebamezobeli qveynis mimarT iseT upativcemlobas,misi mTeli istoriuli warsulis gayalbebasa dakulturuli memkvidreobis miTvisebis iseT mcde-lobas, rogorc amas akeTebs zogierTi somexivai-mecnieri. maTi warmodgeniT `saqarTvelo sa-qarTvelo ki ar aris, aramed Zveli somxeTia;yvela qarTveli Tavadi somxuri warmoSobisaa:

20

baraTian – baraTaSvili, WavWavaZian – WavWavaZe,saakian – saakaZe...; borodinos gmiri petre bagra-tioni, TiTqos petros ovanesis Ze bagratunia –somexi xorciT, sisxliT da suliT. erTaderTiqarTuli warmomavlobis Tavaduri gvari maTiwyalobiT gamrekeli yofila...

aRorZinebis periodis poeziis mwvervali –SoTa rusTavelis ukvdavi poema `vefxistyaosa-nic~ araqarul nawarmoebad moinaTla. cnobili`suliko~ ki Turme daviT abramians dauweria, me-re teqsti qarTulad uTargmnia somexi Tavadis –rostom bagratunis Svils, akaki bagratuns, ro-melic TiTqos akaki wereTlis fsevdonimiT wer-da. qarTvelebs ki `suliko~ ise moswonebiaT,rom miuTvisebiaT.

cnobili mxatvari niko firosmanaSvilic,Turme somexi yofila (`nikolai firosmaniani Se-devrebs qmnida, raTa Semdeg gaeyida da somxurixelgaSlilobiT sayvareli qalisaTvis milionivardi eyida~).

ZiriTadad ruseTSi gamocemul wignebsa dapresaSi, mraval sisuleleebs weren osi separa-tistebi. axla ukve maT ganacxades pretenzia di-di qarTveli mxedarTmTavris giorgi saakaZis pi-rovnebaze. igi warmoSobiT osad miiCnies, igivebedi ewia `vefxistyaosnis~ avtorsac.

am movlenis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda:`lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCana-gon, qarTvelebis saxeli dedamiwis zurgidan aR-gavon da CalasaviT qars gaatanon~ [26, 126].

marTlac, eklis gvirgvini gaumzades XX sa-ukunis kaciWamia vandalebma saqarTvelos, veeba,uSvelebeli eklis gvirgvini da manac udrtvine-

21

lad daidga Tavze. WirTa Tmenis, didTa WirTamalvis niWi hqonda da yvelafers gauZlo...

ociode wlis win, antiqarTuli ideis avto-rebis mtkicebiT, piradobis mowmobidan erovnu-li grafis amoReba xels uwyobda sxvadasxvaerovnebis moqalaqeebis zogadqarTul Rirebule-bebTan Tanaziarobas, Sedegad ra miviReT?! maSin,rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dRiTi dRemcirdeba, magaliTad, qvemo qarTlSi eTnikuradsxva erovnebis adamianTa Sobadoba izrdeba, ro-melTac arc qarTuli ena ician da arc saqarTve-los istoria.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis wess gansaz-Rvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia [27, 9-10]. saqar-Tvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis meore ZiriTadisaSualeba aris naturalizacia, anu ucxo qveynismoqalaqis an moqalaqeobis armqone piris miergarkveuli procedurebis gavlis Semdeg saqar-Tvelos moqalaqeobis miReba. Tumca adamianissurvilis garda aucilebelia garkveuli moT-xovnebis dakmayofileba da procesis gavla, racgansazRvrulia 1993 wlis 25 marts miRebuli sa-qarTvelos organuli kanoniT `saqarTvelos mo-qalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sa-interesoa aRniSnuli kanonis 26-e muxlis b) dag) punqti, sadac naTqvamia, rom moqalaqeobismsurvelma `dadgenil farglebSi icodes saxel-mwifo ena; aseve `dadgenil farglebSi icodessaqarTvelos istoria da kanonmdebloba~ [28, 221].xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ara mxolod na-turalizaciiT, aseve saqarTveloSi dabadebiTmcxovrebi somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis didinawili qvemo qarTlsa da mesxeT-javaxeTSi ver

22

(an ar) floben saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, arician minimaluradac ki saqarTvelos istoria dasaxelmwifo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli enismeSveobiT urTierToben.

aseT viTarebas xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam,rom sabWoTa reJimis dros aTwleulTa ganmav-lobaSi saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi iqmne-boda situacia, romlis drosac qarTuli mosax-leobis diskriminacia _ Seviwroebis xarjzeformirdeboda araqarTuli mosaxleobis aSkaradprivilegiuri mdgomareoba. am imperiul politi-kas sabWouri internacionalizmis droSiT sxva-dasxva drois saqarTvelos komunisturi xeli-sufleba didis gulmodginebiT axorcielebda.aseTi politikis Sedegad, TiTqmis erT saukune-Si, ramdenime qarTuli regioni wminda araqar-Tul regionad iqca da aqtiurma araqarTvelmamosaxleobam qarTvelTa kanonieri uflebebis aR-dgena sakuTar uflebaTa SezRudvad aRiqva.

swored amitom, qarTveli eris istoriulubedurebad unda CaiTvalos misi internaciona-luri buneba im damaxinjebuli gagebiT, rogora-dac igi epyroboda da epyroba yvela juris ga-damTiels.

sxva erebisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSiCvenma zomagadasulma saTnoebam, TviT saqarTve-los mtrebisadmic ki gulTbilma mopyrobam damaTTvis erovnuli karis farTod gaRebam, _ stu-marTmoyvareobis am damaxinjebulma gagebam, udi-desi ziani miayena Cvens ers [29, 28].

erTaderTi qveyana varT msoflioSi, sadacnebismieri ltolvili Tavs maspinZlad grZnobs.Tavis enaze naTldeba, Tavis taZarSi loculobs,

23

Tavis TeatrSi iRebs sulier sazrdos, rocamsgavsic araferi Seuqmnia arc Tavisuflebissimbolos – safrangeTs da arc internaciona-lizmis `medroSes~ _ ruseTs.

Cveni tolerantuli Semwynareblobis wyalo-bis gamo, qarTul daba-soflebs Camosaxlebulmaucxo tomis Svilebma iseTi saxelebi daarqvesverc ki mixvdebiT, rom es dasaxlebebi saqarTve-los teritoriazea. Tavad gansajeT: filipovka, mi-asnikiani, kirovakani (axalqalaqis r-ni), yaurma,yulalisi, vladimirovka, gorelovka, efremovka,orlovka, spasovka, orojolari, asfara, rodio-novka (bogdanovkis r-ni), magirlo, jafarlo, inja-oRli, asaxonjalo, muRanlo, taStikulari, qoSa-qilisi, ahmedlo, abdalo, yaraTiqani, yaradaSi(bolnisis r-ni), aRTaRala, yaraTaRali, yarajali,nazarlo, muRanlo (gardabnis r-ni) da a. S.

is, rac sabWoTa reJimma dagvaklo, dResglobalistebi da liberastebi gvisruleben. im-as, rasac dasavleTi axal msoflio wesrigs uw-odebs, faqtobrivad kacobriobisadmi Tavsdatexi-li mixakisferi Wiria. es aris vandalizmi daqarborbala, romelic msofliosa da saqarTve-los Tavze trialebs. eWvia, rom es cunamebi dawyaldidobebi, qariSxali, avadmyofobebi da mis-Tanebi xelovnurad aris gamowveuli da malTu-sisa da ZmaTa maTTa programis safuZvelze xor-cieldeba [30, 4].

rodesac globalizaciaze vlaparakobT, un-da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `globalistebis~ radi-kaluri frTis warmomadgenlebi eris cnebas sa-erTod uaryofen da erTgvari ironiiTac acxade-ben, rom erovnuli aRqma (idenity) mxolod roman-

24

tikuli fantaziaa. xolo termini èri~ aRniSnavssaxalxo sazogadoebas dafuZnebuls saerTo sa-kuTrebasa da interesebze (romlis wevrebic izi-areben azrs genealogiuri da geografiuli fes-vebis Sesaxeb da swamT saerTo bedisa) [31, 123-124].

globalizmma `gadasinja~ religiis, geneti-kis, istoriuli erTobis sakiTxebi; eWvqveS daaye-na terminebis _ `patriotizmi~, èrovnuloba~,àvtoqtonoba~, èrovnuli ena~ _ da sxva poziti-uroba; seqtebis, calke administraciuli erTeu-lebis, ideologiuri Tu sqesobriv uflebaTadacvis humanuri motiviT sazogadoeba dayo `da-sacav~ nawilebad da gaarTula maTi tradiciulierTobis dacva; samagierod, danawilebul koleq-tivebs SesTavaza sxva gamaerTianebeli niSnebiwarsuli tradiciis gareSe – saerTo (magram uc-xo) ena, saerTo (magram mxolod ekonomikiT da-kavSirebuli) sivrce, saerTo fuladi niSnebi,erTnairi samosi, erTiani kanonmdebloba, erTnai-ri masmedia, erTnairi cnobiereba, saerTo mterida saerTo moyvare [31, 131].

globalizaciam planetaze yovelmxrivi eq-spansiis xasiaTi miiRo. mas axorcieleben calke-uli pirebi, koleqtivebi, saxelmwifoebi da sa-xelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi iseT sferoeb-Si, rogoricaa: vaWroba, finansebi, mrewveloba,komunikacia, informatika, mecniereba, teqnika,kultura, religia da a. S. am process Tan ax-lavs konvergencia. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobismetad rTul epoqaSi Sevida, sadac samyaro, glo-baluri da lokaluri, gaerTianebuli da gayofi-li xdeba.

25

Cvens epoqaSi, roca saqarTvelo Tavisi is-toriuli ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida, da-adga realuri suverenitetisa da saxelmwifoeb-rivi damoukideblobis gzas, erTa Soris urTi-erTobanic, cxadia, ganicdis garkveul cvlile-bebs. magram, rogorc Zveli sibrZne metyvelebs,`siaxle xSirad daviwyebuli siZvelea~.

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb araqarTul mosax-leobaSi saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda saku-Tari mentaliteti, razedac winaT yuradReba ga-maxvilebuli ar iyo, e, i. araqarTuli mosaxleo-ba yovelTvis araerTgvarovani iyo. xazgasasme-lia, rom saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da cxovro-ben ara mxolod isini, visac saqarTvelo mSob-liur saxlad miaCnia, aramed isinic, romelTaT-visac saqarTvelo sastumroa. arian iseTebic,vinc cdilobs miiTvisos am `sastumros~ saukeTe-so apartamentebi [32].

26

pirveli Tavi

eTnikuri terminologiiszogierTi sakiTxi

msoflios mowinave kulturul erebs (in-gliselebs, frangebs, germanelebs da a. S.) nak-lebad ainteresebdaT erovnuli problema, igimaTTvis ar warmoadgenda uSualo praqtikul sa-Wiroebas da amdenad, arc Teoriuli azrovnebissagans. magaliTad, rodesac erovnuli sakiTxiitaliaSi mwvaved dadga, XIX saukunis pirvel na-xevarSi, italieli paskuale manCini erT-erTipirveli moazrovne iyo, romelmac mTeli TavisiSemoqmedeba erovnul sakiTxs (cxadia, TeoriulplanSi) gaazrebas moaxmara da sagrZnobi kvalicdatova am mimarTulebiT. mas Semdeg arc erTitaliel filosofoss an mecniers am mxriv Taviar gamouCenia. ruseTSi arc vl. soloviovi, arcg. plexanovi da sxva romelime gamoCenili moaz-rovne ar dainteresebula eris raobiT, misi ni-San-TvisebebiT, warmoSobiT da a. S.

aRniSnuli problemis dayenebasa da gadaW-raSi Tavi gamoiCines avstrielma social-demok-ratebma k. renerma da o. bauerma, e. i. im qveynisSvilebma, romelTaTvisac es problema upirvele-sad praqtikuli saWiroeba iyo. aseve problemaainteresebdaT im xalxebis moazrovneebs, romel-nic erovnulad daCagruli iyvnen – Cexebs, polo-nelebs, ebraelebs, qarTvelebs da sxv. [33, 13].

cnobilia, rom eTnikuri sakiTxi metad mra-valmxrivia. igi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaris enisa da kulturis mniSvneloba kacobrio-bis diferenciisaTvis, jgufuri (eTnikuri) TviT-

27

Segnebis formireba da funqcionireba, calkeulkoleqtivebs Soris urTierTobis xasiaTi da a. S.mravali eTnikuri termini jer kidev azrTa sxva-obas iwvevs specialistebs Soris. cneba ucvle-li ar aris, is mudam moZraobaSia... amJamad mom-qmedi eTnikuri terminologia saTaves iRebsZvelberZnuli sityva – eTnosidan. Zveli berZnu-li enis leqsikonebi am sityvidan daaxloebiTaTobiT mniSvnelobis cnobebs iZlevian [19, 7].

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom specialuri gamok-vlevebi eTnosis arsis, eTnikuri urTierTobebi-sa da procesebisadmi da saerTod cnebebisadmi _èTnikuri jgufi~, èTnikuri erToba~, èTnosi-sadmi kuTvnileba~ dasavleTis mecnierul gamok-vlevebSi XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo.amasTanave, aseTi saxis gamokvlevebi cariel ad-gilze ar aRmocenebula [34, 207].

eTnosis cneba Tavisi miRebuli da gavrce-lebuli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc aRvniSneT ber-Znuli sityvis semantikas eyrdnoba. èTnos~ ber-Znulad niSnavs: modgmas, toms, jogs, remas,xalxs, ers, erovnebas. individis eTnikuri niSne-bi moicavs: temperaments, mixramoxras, kanis daTmis Seferilobas, xasiaTs, Cveul gunebaTa imTaviseburebebs, romlebic mas sisxlismier kav-SirTagan Semtkicebuli `Cven-jgufis~ Camomavlo-biT rgebia. vityviT: eTnikuri Cineli, maori anzulusio da vgulisxmobT, rom mavani tomobriv,sisxlismier xsenebul jgufTagan erT-erTsekuTvnis [35, 7-8].

eTnosebisgan gamoyofen adgilobriv mikro-eTnikur erTeulebs, romlebsac eTnografiulijgufebi ewodebaT. es jgufebi garkveuli eTno-

28

sis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian da konkretuli area-li aqvT dakavebuli. rogorc wesi, eTnografiu-li jgufi es aris xalxis an erTi eris terito-riulad gamoyofili nawili, romelsac SenarCu-nebuli aqvT zogierTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani. esniSnebi, xSirad kulturisa da yofis calkeulielementebis specifikurobis farglebSi Tavsdebada SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos gansxvavebulikilos Tu kilokavis saxiT, materialuri da su-lieri kulturis Taviseburi elementebiT da sxv.rogorc wesi, xSirad xdeba ise, rom yvelaferies ganapirobebs Taviseburi TviTSegnebis arsebo-basac.

eTnografiuli jgufebi damaxasiaTebeliamsoflios mravali xalxisaTvis. am Tvalsazri-siT didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva qarTulieTnografiuli sinamdvile. rogorc cnobilia, aqgansxvavebuli eTnografiuli niSnebiT gamoiyo-fian: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, imerlebi, megrele-bi, gurulebi, qiziyelebi, mTiulebi, svanebi, in-giloebi, aWarlebi da sxv. [36, 26-27].

e. w. `sabWourma~ mecnierebam mravalTagan ki-dev erTi yalbi doqtrina – eTnikuri integraciagamoigona, rodesac, adgili aqvs sxvadasxva eT-nikuri jgufis Serwymas, Serevas kulturul-sa-meurneo daaxloebis gziT. Tanac, es gza SemuSa-vebuli unda yofiliyo mesame, ufro maRalganvi-Tarebuli eTnosis mier. integraciis qveS igu-lisxmeboda sxvadasxva eTnosis daaxloeba mSvi-dobiani, Zaldautanebeli gziT, mravalerovan so-cialistur saxelmwifoebSi. xolo erovnuli sa-kiTxis gadaWris umTavres pirobad miCneuli iyoxalxebis kulturul-sameurneo daaxloeba, eko-

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nomikuri faqtoris ZiriTadi berketebis TiTqos-da maRalganviTarebuli eTnosis xelSi Tavmoy-riT. cxadia, aseTi Tvalsazrisi mTlianad impe-riul da koloniur miznebs isaxavda da maszeiyo damyarebuli. dReisaTvis man sruli kraxiganicada [36, 31].

Sua saukuneebidan dRemde eTnikur erTobaTaaRsaniSnavad ucxoel avtorebTan gamoiyenebodaZiriTadad oTxi termini: nacia (eri), tomi, rasada eTnikuri jgufi. am terminebis gamovlena dagamoyeneba sxvadasxva epoqaSi dakavSirebuli iyogansxvavebul istoriul-kulturul koncefcieb-Tan. erTi koncefciis meoriT Secvla iwvevda aR-niSnuli terminebis arsebiTad azrobriv cvli-lebebs.

yvelaze adre literaturaSi Semovida ter-mini `eri~, romelic adreuli Sua saukuneebidangamoiyeneboda eropaSi eTnikuri (lingvisturi dakulturuli) erTeulis aRsaniSnavad. VII sauku-nis pirvel naxevarSi aRniSnuli SinaarsiT gan-martavda ers isidore sevilieli, VIII saukunisfranciskaneli beri barTolomeo anglikusi. na-ciis SedarebiT sruli aRweriloba damaxasiaTe-belia aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis, ramac asaxva hpo-va i. bemusisa da s. miunteris SromebSi. 1527wels agripa miuTiTebda, rom sxvadasxva `naciis~(eris?) warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebian xmis, enis,laparakis maneris, kvebis, tradiciis, siyvaruli-sa da siZulvilis, SiSis da brazis gansakuTre-buli gamoxatviT.

termin `nacias~ aseTive azriT farTod iyeneb-dnen ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebi da

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istorikosebi (a. r. tiurgo, S. monteskie, a. fergi-usoni, J. kondorse da sxv. [34, 208].

dRes eris cneba ufro farToa, vidre moiaz-reba bibliaSi. wminda werilSi pirvelad sityvaèri~ gvxvdeba dabadebis wignSi faraonis morCi-lebaSi da msaxurebaSi myofTa mimarT, rodesaciosebi aRmoCndeba faraonis winaSe. kerZod, `saT-no-uCndes sityuani ese winaSe yovlisa erisa mi-sisa~ (dab. 41, 37) da Semdeg: `pirsa Sensa erCdeseri Cemi~ (dab. 41, 40). cxadia, rom aq igulisxmebaara eTnosi, aramed im xalxTa simravle, rome-lic faraonis morCilebaSi iyo, mis kanons emor-Cileboda, romelsac esmoda misi ena.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ufali mimarTavsmose winaswarmetyvels da ambobs, rom `xilviT vi-xile me Zviri erisa Cemisa~ da `gamoviyvano eri Ce-mi, Zeni israelisani queyaniT egviptiT~. igulis-xmeba RvTis morCilebaSi myofi xalxi, romelicismens RvTis sityvas da icavs sjuls [37, 36].

garkveuli specifiurobiT xasiaTdeba sityvaèris~ xmareba axali da Zveli aRTqmis naTargmnteqstebSi. aqac, iseve rogorc Zveli qarTulienis sxva ZeglebSi èrs~ vxvdebiT rogorc `xal-xis~, brbos~, `krebulis~, aseve jaris mniSvnelo-biTac.

bibliuri azrovneba mkveTrad mijnavs er-TurTisagan xalxis `naTesaobaze~ da RvTis cno-bierebaze damyarebul erTobas. qristianulikultura cnebaTa am gamijvnaSi, bunebrivia, mis-Tvis damaxasiaTebel qristianul Sinaarss debsda èrs~ aRiqvams, rogorc eklesias, anu morwmu-ne qristianTa erTobas. èri~ RvTis xalxis,

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qristianTa krebulis SinaarsiT xSirad gvxvdebaZvel qarTulSi [38, 29].

eris gageba, rogorc im xalxis mTeli erTo-bisa, romelic erTi saxelmwifos morCilia, anufaqtobrivad erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeni arian(am sityvis araTanamedrove gagebiT, rasakvirve-lia), aris gardamavali etapi, xidi èris~ Suasa-ukuneobrivsa da axal (XIX-XX saukuneebis) gage-bas Soris.

eri – naciis mniSvnelobiT XIX saukunidanukve farTod ixmareba. gansakuTrebiT iSleba amcnebis gaazreba qarTveli 60-ianelebis Semoqme-debaSi. faqtiurad, ukve XVIII saukunidan èris~rogorc naciis gageba Semzadebuli unda iyos.

amas mravali magaliTi adasturebs [38, 30].XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenili

moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi (1782-1846) ers Sem-degnairad ganmartavs: èri werilis sityviT Cve-neburad samxedrosa hqvian. mgonia, ase ebrauliunda iyos, swored ki ver dagimtkiceb da irwmu-ne, eri arc (ahl) aqedam ars warmoebuli, arceridama. iere berZulic aris. sakuTrad Cveneburi– naTesavi, Tesli, moqalaqe, mcxovrebi, samxed-ro, samkvircxlo, mkvircxlni eseni, romelsacxazi aqvs gasmuli, salaSqroni anu laSqarTagan-ni arian da sxvani~ [38, 30].

Cveni leqsikografi termin – Temis axsnisaseris ganmartebazec saubrobs. kerZod, `Temi sru-liad kacni romelisame queyanisa mcxovrebni mo-qalaqeni mdabioni da sxvani. Temi ars samefoTa,gina erTa erTi romelime nawili, sxvadasxva Te-mi niSnavs sxvasa da sxvasa naTesaobasa, gina ad-gilsa~ [39, 61].

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bagrationi nacias Semdegnairad ganmartavs:`gvarni anu sirani~ [39, 98]. misive axsniT `sira –STamomavlobasac niSnavs da sira – nawili anukerZo~ [39, 119].

daviT CubinaSvilis SexedulebiT `eri – mda-bio xalxi, naTesaoba kacTa, gansakuTrebuli eni-Ta, STamomavlobiTa da sarwmunoebiTa, simravlekacTa erTad SekrebilTa, jari~ [41, 241].

i. WavWavaZe, i. gogebaSvili, vaJa-fSavela, a.wereTeli, s. mesxi, a. jorjaZe da sxvebi, eris ni-SanTvisebebis uaRresad farTo speqtrs warmog-vidgenen da TiToeuli faqtoris miniSnebasac Zi-riTadad, swori – subieqtivizmisagan dazRveuliargumentebis moSveliebiT ganmartaven [42, 148].saerTo jamSi erisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebadisini Tvlian: enis, teritoriis da kulturis er-Tobas, saerTo istoriul beds, erTian STamomav-lobas, sisxliT naTesaobas, saxelmwifoebriverTobas da a. S.

eris Camoyalibebis etapebis problemiskvlevisaTvis dResac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-nia qarTvel swavlulTa Tvalsazrisi, rom erirogorc istoriuli kategoria, warsulis wiaRSiaRmocenda da misi arsebobis ganmapirobebeli sa-fuZvlebis cvlilebebiT eris cnebis Sinaarsob-rivi da praqtikuli mxareebic icvleba – mdid-rdeba da ufro mravalferovani xdeba [42, 149].

ilia eris (eTnosis) cnebasTan dakavSirebiT,mecnierul doneze ayalibebs misTvis damaxasia-Tebel komponentebs. aseTebia `mamuli~, terito-ria, sadac moxda ama Tu im eris, am SemTxvevaSiqarTveli eris formireba. ena _ saRvTo ramaris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, sazogadoebasTan er-

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Tad iqmneba da viTardeba im teritoriul erTe-ulze, sadac xdeba ama Tu im eris formireba Tavi-si rwmeniTa da kulturiT. enis erToba niSnavskulturis erTobas. erToba gvartomobisa, saerToistoriuli warsuli, kultura da masTan ganuyo-feli intensiuri cxovreba. qveynis ekonomikurimTlianoba ki masTan kacobriobis Ronisa da sim-kvidris dedaboZia. amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe, Seexora eris cnebas, xazi gausva yvela Taviseburebasda Camoayaliba yvela misi komponenti [43, 39].

XX saukunis dasawyisSi eris ganmsazRvrelZiriTad komponentad miaCndaT `samSoblo miwa-wyali, ena, istoria, erTnairi Tavgadasavali daara sarwmunoeba~. eTnosis am gansazRvraSi akakiwereTeli religiis ignorirebis winaaRmdeg ga-modioda, Tumca arc imas amarTlebda, vinc erov-nebasa da sarwmunoebas erTmaneTSi aigivebda. po-eti gvTavazobs Tavis koncefcias, kerZod, `ers~im droisaTvis arsebul sazogadoebriv wyobasigi adarebs xes. misi azriT, es aris igive erov-nebis xe, romelSic feodaluri ierarqiuli kibexeluxlebeli darCa [43, 44].

marqsistul literaturaSi dominirebuliadgili daimkvidra stalinis ganmartebam erisSesaxeb, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli Cans qar-Tveli 60-ianelebis Sexedulebebi. kerZod, 1913wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `marqsizmi da na-cionaluri sakiTxi~, aRniSnavda: `eri aris adami-anTa istoriulad Camoyalilebuli myari erTo-ba, warmoSobili enis, teritoriis, ekonomiuricxovrebisa da im fsiqikuri wyobis erTobis ba-zaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa kulturis erToba~.stalini ganmartebis saxiT, iqve gvTavazobs Se-

34

niSvnas: `xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom arc er-Ti zemoxsenebuli niSani, calke aRebuli, ar kma-ra eris gansazRvrisaTvis. ufro metic: sakmari-sia ar iyos Tundac erTi am niSanTagani, rom erierad aRar darCes~ [44, 319].

termini `tomi~ mecnierebaSi damkvidrdaaxal droSi. Tavdapirvelad toms uwodebdnenmcire socialur jgufebs, romlebic a. r. tiur-gos azriT monadireebSi moiTvlida 15-20 adami-ans. aRniSnuli terminis aseTi ganmarteba mem-kvidreobiT ergoT XIX saukunis mkvlevarebs.terminis srulyofili ganmarteba daixvewa XIXsaukunis meore naxevarsa da Semdgom periodSij. maklenanTan, g. spenserTan da a. S. [34, 209].

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukuneSi terminebi`tomi~ da `nacia~ (eri) xSirad sinonimebad gamo-iyeneboda. zogierTi avtori ganixilavda, ro-gorc ramdenime socialuri erTeulis – tomiseTnikur erTobas.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ernst renanmagamijna am ori cnebis – terminis mniSvneloba.`naciis~ warmoSoba man daukavSira eropaSi Suasaukuneebis sawyis etaps [34, 211].

Semdegi termini, romelic erTi periodifarTod gamoiyeneboda eTnikurobis mniSvnelo-biT aris `rasa~. misi Semotana samecniero brun-vaSi ganekuTvneba XIX saukunis dasawyiss [34, 212].

zemoT aRniSnul da sxva terminebTan dakav-SirebiT, rasac adgili hqonda qarTul sinamdvi-leSi, ganvixiloT ramdenime sakiTxi Cveni eriswarsulidan.

uZveles droSi qarTvelebi sxvadasxva tome-bad Tu jgufebad iyofodnen (romelTa detalu-

35

ri CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans), rom maT xan-grZlivi cxovrebis procesSi sul sxvadasxva uc-xo jgufebic Seerivnen (Semoxizvnisa Tu SemoW-ris gziT) da Seerwynen. bavSvuri gulubryvilo-ba da istoriis ucodinarobaa imisi warmodgenada mtkiceba, rom qarTveli xalxi – anu eri (`na-cia~) erTi dedmamidan, gvaridan an naTesauri Te-midan gaCnda da wminda warmoSobisaa. aseTi rambunebaSi ar arsebobs. pirdapir unda iTqvas, deda-miwis zurgze arsebuli yvela xalxi anu eri, ur-TierTmonaTesavesTan erTad, sul sxvadasxva ra-sis, enis, zne-Cveulebis, jiSis, kulturis, rwmena-warmodgenis, xasiaTisa da sxva adamianTa masisdajgufebis, Sezrdisa da Serwymis Sedegadaa war-moSobili xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad. dara Tqma unda, ase warmoiSva da Camoyalibda qar-Tveli eric (is gamonaklisi araa) [45, 94-95].

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli xalxis Camoya-libeba VIII-IX saukuneebSi damTavrda, rasac maleqarTveli eris (myari erTobis) saboloo formi-reba mohyva. am TvalsazrisiT raoden bevris met-yvelia Tundac saqarTvelos uSoreulesi kuTxissvaneTis erT-erTi Temis latalis patara soflislailis eklesiis xatis XI saukunis warwera:`wmidao mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden mefenibagratunianni da dadiani, da didebuli da erTo-bili saqarTvelo da erTobili suanni...~ rogorcCans, qarTvelTa erToba da erTianoba (bunebrivia,agreTve maT garSemo myofi sxva eTnikuri jgufe-bis)... sabolood sruliad saqarTvelos fargleb-Si gamoiwrTo da SeduRabda. es Cans Tundac svane-Tis patara soflis mosaxleTa TviTSegnebis (Sina-gani rwmenis) gamoxatulebidan erTiani da erTob-

36

livi mmarTveli bagrationebis, qarTvelebisa dasruliad saqarTvelos Sesaxeb [45, 94].

1926 wlis aRweriT, rogorc sxva sakavSiroaRwerebiT aWareli, svani, megreli da a. S. ara-qarTvelebad arian dafiqsirebuli. 1927 wels amantiqarTul pozicias gamoexmaura ucnobi avto-ri, magram gasagebi mizezebis gamo kritikuli we-rili ar gamoqveynebula. dedani aRmoCnda Sina-gan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. mogvaqvs weri-lis teqsti: `cneba aWareli, megreli, svani dasxva benebrivia ar ewinaaRmdegeba cnebas qarTve-li; piriqiT cneba `qarTveli~ Seicavs yvela da-narCens rogorc mTeli – calke nawilebs. rocasvani an megreli TavisTavs svans an megrelsuwodebs, amiT igi mxolod Tavis provincialurSTamomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara imas, rom igiqarTveli ar aris; piriqiT, svanis an megreliswarmodgenaSi saxelwodeba `svani~ an `megreli~es aris nawili cnebisa `qarTveli~, rogorc er-Ti mTelisa. es tomebi ara marto rasobrivi STa-momavlobiT, aramed erovnuli SegnebiT erTiqarTveli eris ganuyofel nawils Seadgens~ [46,29-30].

gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTvelos teri-toriis polieTnikuroba aqaur mosaxleobascxovrebis garkveul wess karnaxobda – toleran-tobas (im xarisxiT, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyogaerTianeba).

uxsovari droidan saqarTveloSic xalxijgufebad cxovrobda. erTad cxovrebis Sedegadadamianebs Tavisi jgufisadmi loialoba uyalib-debodaT. gaerTianebaTagan zogierTi sisxliTiyo SekavSirebuli (`Tesli~ da aqedan gamomdina-

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re `naTesavi~, `Tvisi~, `Tesltomi~, `tomi~, `gua-ri~, `saxli~, `guarnaTesaoba~, `maxlobeli~,`modgma~, `buneba~, `Temi~), xolo gaerTianebaTanawili mravaleTnikuri iyo _ `mkvidrni saqar-Tvelosani~, `qarTvelTa Svilni~, èri~.

gaerTianeba iyo, rogorc horizontaluri,aseve vertikaluri, rac Sesabamis gamoTqmebSi ai-saxeba, ukanaskneli, magaliTad, sakmaod xSir Se-sityvebaSi `sjuli mamaTa CuenTa~, an aqve SeiZ-leba gavixsenoT termini `Tvisi~, romelic samTaobas moicavs. naTesavni sxvadasxva iyvnen _`naTesavi sparsTa~, `naTesavi somexi~, `yovelninaTesavni berZenTani~, `naTesavi ismaelisi~, àga-ris naTesavni~, `bunebiT sarkinoz~. msgavsi ga-moTqmebis sixSire uZveles wyaroebSi naTladwarmoaCens avtorTa mkafio eTnikur cnobierebas.

ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobisani qarTulwyaroebSi aRiniSnebodnen rogorc ùcxoni~, ùc-xoni naTesavni~, ùcxoTeslni~, `mosulni~ da sxv.

`Cven~ da ìsini~ saqarTvelos teritoriazeZveli droidan Tanaarsebobdnen da maT SorisurTierTobebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisa iyo [47, 44].

Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, qarTuli saxel-mwifo, dasaxlebuli mravali erovnebis warmo-madgenlebiT, faqtia, rom arasodes gamxdara mra-valerovani qveyana (dRes ki, pirvelad saqarTve-los istoriaSi, aseTi arasasurveli perspeqtivarealurad isaxeba). es imitom, rom saqarTvelos,rogorc saxelmwifos, istoriul-tradiciulad,SemuSavebuli hqonda damcveli meqanizmi, romlismoqmedebiTac, Cvenma winaprebma dRemde Semogvina-xes qarTuli miwa-wyali, SeinarCunes erovnulikultura da TviTmyofadoba. es damcveli meqa-

38

nizmi iyo ùcxos~ miReba-dasaxlebis wesi, rome-lic uzrunvelyofda mosuli ùcxos~ im kultu-rul samyarosTan Sezrdas, romlis garemocvaSicigi eqceoda [48, 91].

termin ùcxos~ gagebas zogierTi Tavisebu-reba gaaCnia. magaliTad, istoriulad ùcxo~ Ta-visi SinaarsiT ara marto ucxoeTnikuri, sxvaerovnebis warmomadgenlis momcveli iyo, aramedùcxo~ iyo qveynis SigniT (mag., saqarTvelosSigniT) erTi kuTxidan meore kuTxeSi, erTi Te-midan meore TemSi sacxovreblad droebiT Tumudmivad gadaadgilebuli pirovnebac. qveynisSigniT gadaadgilebuli SeiZleba qarTvelic yo-filiyo da araqarTvelic. rogorc qarTveli, isearaqarTveli ùcxos~ miRebis da dasaxlebis we-si, principSi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo da erTmane-Tisagan cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeboda. Tu Tanamed-rove civilizebuli samyaros qveynebis SigniTmosaxleobis gadaadgileba Tavisuflad xdeba,xolo bevr qveyanaSi (mag., fineTSi, espaneTSi dasxv.) specialuri kanonebiTaa moxsnili qveynisSigniT, gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli yovel-gvari SezRudva (am qveynebis moqalaqeebs uflebaaqvT erovnuli teritoriis farglebSi Tavisuf-lad airCion sacxovrebeli adgili), ase rodiiyo istoriuladac. erTi Temidan meoreSi gada-adgilebuli piri Tu ojaxi, am TemisaTvis ùc-xo~ iyo da ùcxos~ miReba dasaxlebis erTxelda samudamod dadgenil wess emorCileboda [48,92-93].

da bolos kvlav ilias davesesxoT eris gan-martebasTan dakavSirebiT: èri es aris... istori-iT SeduRabebuli erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa

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krebuli~. am uaRresad lakonur, magram tevadgansazRvrebaSi mocemulia eris arsis maxasia-Teblebis iseTi gadmocema (Tanmimdevroba-mniv-Snelobis TvalsazrisiT), romlis dari arc misTanamedrove da arc dRevandel politikur mec-nierebaSi ar moipoveba [49, 102-103]. es rom ingli-sels an germanels daewera, politikuri ekonomi-is, samarTalmcodneobisa da politologiis ver-cerTi avtori am debulebas gverds ver auvlida.

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meore Tavi

erovnuli umciresoba istoriaSi daTanamedroveoba

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios 99 sa-xelmwifoSi cxovrobda 291 gansxvavebuli erov-nebis umciresoba, rac 340 milion adamians Sead-genda. aqedan 80 milioni enobrivi umciresobiswarmomadgeneli iyo. amasTan, eTnikuri da nacio-naluri identobis problemam SromiTi migrante-bisa da ltolvilTa ricxvis kvaldakval axalidatvirTva SeiZina, rac axal, permanentulad eT-nikur umciresobebs ayalibebs.

Tu romelime xalxis gansaxlebis dros xde-ba misi calke jgufebis geografiuli mowyveta,rac ufro xSiria sazRvao gziT gadasaxlebisdros, maSin ZiriTadi `mSobliuri~ xalxisagangamoiyofa axali damoukidebeli eTnosebi. swo-red ase daemarTad ingliselebs, frangebs, espa-nelebs, portugalielebs, holandielebs da da-savleT evropis sxva xalxebs, roca koloniurperiodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) moxda maTi gansaxlebaCrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis, avstraliisa daokeaniis mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis warTmeul dadapyrobil miwebze. aseT axal eTnosebs warmoad-genen amerikelebi, inglisel-kanadelebi, frangikanadelebi, laTinuri amerikis TiTqmis yvela`msxvili~ xalxi~, inglisel-axalzenlandielebida sxva mravalni.

zogierTi eTnosocialuri erTobebi Camoya-libdnen jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobi-lebis stadiaze, romlebic dReisaTvis SemorCnenasobiT, xolo nawili mxolod aTobiT adamians

41

moiTvlis. maSin, rodesac sxva eTnosebis – ere-bis formireba moxda axalsa da uaxles period-Si milionebs Seadgendnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom ka-cobriobis raodenobis naxevars Seadgens mxo-lod 11 dasaxelebis xalxi. maTgan SedarebiTmravalricxovania (100 milionze meti) eseni arianCinelebi, ukve didi xania miliardze meti, hin-dustanelebi (200 milionze meti), aSS-s amerike-lebi (daaxloebiT 180 milioni), bengalielebi(170 milioni), rusebi (150 milionze meti), brazi-lielebi (135 milionamde), iaponelebi (120 mili-onze meti) [50, 300].

erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamravreligiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufebebs,romelTaganc romeliRac mainc gamoTqvams pre-tenzias `eris~ statusze. yofili iugoslavia,romelic Tavis droze versalelma mSvidobismyo-felebma gansazRvres, CaTvales, rogorc `slavTaqveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yovelTvis dasaxlebu-li iyo sxvadasxva religiur-eTnikuri erTobe-biT, romelTac gaaCndaT sakuTari ena da isto-ria. amas mohyva eTnikuri wmendis saSiSroeba daes moxda kidec bosnieli serbebis mxridan [51,94-95].

Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio politikiswamyvani Zalebi cdiloben mravalerovnul qvey-nebSi ori ZiriTadi modeliT daareguliron na-cionaluri umciresobebis da sxva eTnikuri jgu-febis problema.

pirveli – es aris modeli, romlis arsimdgomareobs erovnuli umciresobebis da eTnose-bis asimilaciaSi (mesame-meoTxe Taoba da a. S.).igi damaxasiaTebelia amerikis, kanadis, safrange-

42

Tis, TurqeTis da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebi-saTvis. klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxel-des ruseTic, sadac ebraelebis TiTqmis mTlianiasimilacia moxda, magram gasakviri is aris, romruseTSi ebraelTa umciresobam TviTon moaxdinainteleqtualuri zegavlena umravlesobaze dasxva umciresobebTan erTad didi gavlena iqoniarusuli erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze.Tumca erovnuli sulis gamodevnis procesmamTlianobaSi uaryofiTi nakadi SesZina ruseTissazogadoebriv-politikur, ekonomikur da fsiqo-logiur ganviTarebas. am modelTan axlos dgasyvela yofili sabWoTa ruspublika.

meore modelad moiazreba mxolod kultu-ruli pluralizmi, rodesac qveynis masStabiTar arsebobs erTiani normatiuli kultura dafiqsirdeba kulturuli mravalsaxeoba [52, 40-41].

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa e. w.arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis ricxvis zrda. es isqveynebia, sadac erovnuli umciresobebis separa-tizmis gamo saxelmwifo, faqtiurad, daSliliacalkeul nawilebad da centralur xelisufle-bas ar SeuZlia Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelossakuTari saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. mecni-erTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, momavali msof-lios ZiriTadi politikuri winaaRmdegoba iqnebadapirispireba saxelmwifosa da eTnikur umcire-sobebs Soris [53, 47].

faqtia, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvismsoflios suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sam meoT-xedze mets hyavda erovnuli umciresobebis mniS-vnelovani raodenoba, romlebic Seadgenen deda-miwis mosaxleobis erT meeqvseds [53, 149].

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istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebis Se-degad ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufi war-moadgens erTian cocxal organizms Tavisi Sina-gani struqturiT. rogorc yovel cocxal orga-nizmSi, eTnosSic, axal bunebriv-klimatur an uc-xo-kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisas, iwyebs moq-medebas adaptaciuri meqanizmi, gamomuSavebulisaukuneebis manZilze. am meqanizmis qmediTunaria-nobazea damokidebuli, SesZlebs Tu ara esa Tuis eTnosi Seeguos axal garemos, SeiTvisos mis-Tvis aratradiciuli faseulobebi da warmodge-nebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis normebi, wavidesgarkveul kompromisze ise, ar daarRvios misispecifikuroba da sistemuri mTlianoba, anuadaptacia ar gadaizardos asimilaciaSi. zogier-Ti mecnieris SexedulebiT, eTnosTa swored esmadaptirebuli unari SeiZleba iqnas miRebulieTnikur jgufTa ganmasxvavebel, saklasifikacioniSnad, maTi tipologizaciis safuZvlad. uxeSidayofiT eTnosebi am niSnis mixedviT SeiZlebamiekuTvnos advilad modernizebad da Znelad mo-dernizebad, an dasavlur da aRmosavlur tipebs.Tu mivmarTavT kvlevis sistemur meTodologias,eTnikuri sistemebi am maxasiaTeblis mixedviTSeesabameba Ria da daxurul sistemebs [54, 81].

erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxi zogadsaka-cobrio problemaa. cnobilia, rom arsebobs eT-nikuri sazRvrebi da arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivipolitikuri sazRvrebi. es ori cneba erTmaneTsrom emTxveodes, maSin srul harmoniasTan gveqne-boda saqme. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xdeba. essazRvrebi yovelTvis daSorebulia. amitom po-litikur sazRvrebSi xSirad xvdeba mravali

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eris warmomadgeneli. politikuri sazRvrebi erTmTlian saxelmwifos gamoxatavs da masSi moxved-rili adamianebi ukve erTi uzarmazari sociumisanu saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi arian. erovnu-li umciresobebi, romelnic dominant, avtoqto-nuri eris gverdiT cxovroben erT saxelmwifo-Si, ukve politikurad dominirebuli eris `sa-kuTreba xdeba~. swored es principi aqvs aRebu-li dasavleT da, Tu gnebavT, aRmosavleT qvey-nebsac, sadac, oficialurad Tu araoficialu-rad, yvela mosaxle, erovnebis miuxedavad, iT-vleba im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad, mis Semadge-nel nawilad, romelic avtoqtonuri eris sa-xels atarebs.

ar arsebobs adamianisaTvis imaze maRaliram, vidre erovnebaa. erovnebis gareSe adamianimouwesrigebeli arsebis STabeWdilebas tovebs.erovnulobaSia akumulirebuli misi struqtura,Tavisi Tavis da adgilis povna. erovnuli mikuT-vnebuloba miRebulia rogorc aucilebeli, Ta-visTavadi. igi axdens arsebiT gavlenas xalxismoqmedebaze iseT situaciebSi, roca erovnulo-bis dacva uTanaswordeba cxovrebis da STamomav-lobis dacvas. magram araferi ar aris ise saSi-Si, rogorc erovnuloba, rodesac igi sakuTariambiciebis dasaokeblad separatistuli da poli-tikuri elitis manipulirebis sagani xdeba.

dayofili sazogadoebebi aris arasamar-Tlebriobis Sedegi. Tu ar arsebobs samarTleb-rivi midgoma, mRelvareba da konfliqti umcire-sobasa da umravlesobas Soris TiTqmis gardau-valia. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ki ufroxSirad mxars uWeren umciresobaTa moTxovnebs,

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xSirad umciresobas garedan aqvs strategiulida ideologiuri mxardaWera. yovelive amas Sede-gad mohyveba gaxangrZlivebuli, Zvirad Rirebulikonfliqti, sazogadoebis da ekonomikis dezin-tegracia da, bolos, rac mTavaria, didi sakiT-xis winaSe aRmoCndeba is Rirebulebebi, romelTadacva gaxda konfliqtis Tavdapirveli mizezi,anu konfliqti Seuqmnis safrTxes Tavad eTniku-ri jgufis arsebobas, eTnikur kulturas.

xSirad umciresoba Tvlis, rom pirovnuliusafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sazogadoe-bis avtonomiuri mowyoba. arsebobs azri, rom ga-dawyvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis miniWebisSesaxeb ar aris marTebuli, radgan igi warmoq-mnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis SigniT. ami-tom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars ar uWe-ren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro metademxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWebas. xo-lo imis gamo, rom kulturuli avtonomiac xSirSemTxvevaSi TavisTavad moiTxovs garkveul teri-torias, umciresoba umjobesad Tvlis garkveulidoziT moipovos administraciuli da finansuriavtonomia da amiT daicvas identoba.

magram politikur samyaroSi isicaa cnobili,rom umciresobebi yovelTvis imaze mets iTxoven,vidre saxelmwifos miaCnia saWirod mianiWos maT.msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom erovnuli saxel-mwfioebis umetesoba Tavs Tvlis monoeTnikur sa-zogadoebad, Tumca igi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT po-lieTnikuria da ar qmnis gansakuTrebul kanonebseTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis, sjerdeba mxolodadamianis uflebebis dacvas, rac TavisTavad gu-lisxmobs jgufis dacvasac.

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TavisTavad polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi yve-la adamians, ganurCevlad imisa, eTnikuri umrav-lesobis Tu umciresobis warmomadgenelia igi,unda hqondeT Tanabari uflebebi da saxelmwi-fos winaSe Tanabari movleoba. saxelmwifo maT,rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeebs, erTnairadunda icavdes, amitom arsebobs tendencia, romTavisi identifikacia yvelam moqalaqeobas dau-kavSiros.

aseve problemuria saxelmwifo mowyobisaT-vis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis sakiTxi. igi Tavismxriv ukavSirdeba sxvis (arasakuTari) teritori-aze mcxovrebi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis uflebisgansazRvras e. i. im eTnikuri jgufebis, romle-bic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi warmoadgenen eTni-kur umciresobebs. saerTaSoriso gaerTianebanierTdroulad aRiareben, rogorc TviTgamorkve-vas, aseve sazRvrebis daurRvevlobis princips,rac TavisTavad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.

arsebobs mosazreba `SidaTviTgamorkvevis~Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs erovnul umcire-sobaTa `TviTgamorkvevas~, amitom saxelmwifosgardaqmnebis periodSi saWiroa yovelive zemoT-moyvanili sakiTxis ara marto politikuri gaaz-reba, aramed mecnieruli kvlevac. aseTi SeswavlisgareSe am sakiTxebis gadaWra ar SeiZleba, radgan,Tu umciresobebs gansakuTrebul uflebebs miani-Weben, warmoiqmneba saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri ufle-bebis moTxovnebma miiRos avtonomiis, TviTmmarTve-lobis, TviTgamorkvevis, damoukideblobis, poli-tikuri gamoyofis da sxva mezobel saxelmwifoeb-Tan SeerTebis forma, rac daemuqreba qveynis teri-toriul mTlianobas [54, 305-306].

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amerikeli mkvlevarebi kegli da viTqofi Ta-namedrove msoflioSi eTnikuri daZabulobis ge-ografiuli ganawilebis Semdeg suraTs iZlevian:dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi 31 eTnopoli-tikuri jgufia. SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi arcerTi eTnikuri jgufi ar aris Cabmuli. xuTi eT-nikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobebSia mox-vedrili (baskebi, CrdiloeT irlandielebi dasxv.) [53, 149]. aRmosavleT evropa da yofili sab-WoTa kavSiri iTvlis 59 eTnopolitikur jgufs.aqedan ori eTnikur omSia Cabmuli. rva imyofebamaRali, xolo Svidi saSualo riskis mdgomareo-baSi (maT Soris arian somxebi, azerbaijanelebi,qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi, CeCnebi, bosnielebi,kosovos albanelebi).

aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia 34eTnopolitikur jgufs aerTianebs. xuTi jgufiomis mdgomareobaSia, sami imyofeba maRali ris-kis pirobebSi. kideT 12 jgufis mdgomareoba Se-iZleba Sefasdes rogorc saSualo riskis done(karenebi, minebi, Sanebi birmaSi, uiRurebi da ti-betelebi (CineTSi).

dasavleTi da samxreTi azia 25 eTnopoliti-kur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan 11 eTnikuri omis vi-TarebaSi, 6 maRali da 13 saSualo riskis kate-goriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT (xazarebi, taji-kebi, uzbekebi avRaneTSi, qaSmirebi indoeTsa dapakistanSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi).

axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi28 eTnopolitikuri jgufi gamoiyofa. 3 jgufiCabmulia eTnikur omSi. maRali riskis pirobebSiimyofeba 6, saSualo riskis pirobebSi ki 2 jgu-fi (qurTebi TurqeTsa da eraySi, Siitebi eraysa

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da libanSi, arabebi israelSi). tropikuli afri-ka 57 eTnopolitikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa-gan 11 eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia, 12 maRaliriskis, xolo 8 saSualo riskis doneze imyofeba(hutu burundiSi, ioruba nigeriaSi, tutsi zair-Si, afarebi eTiopiaSi).

laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi sul 32eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan eTnikuriomis mdgomareobaSia erTi, xolo saSualo ris-kis mdgomareobaSia 11 jgufi (miskito – nikara-guaSi da maia – meqsikaSi da sxv.).

kolumbiaSi jer kidev espaneTis, rogorcmetropoliis politikidan gamomdinare zangebi daindielebi, sambo, mulatebi da metisebi sazogado-ebrivi kibis yvelaze dabal safexurze imyofebod-nen [55, 19]. espanelebi iTvlebodnen `pirveli ri-gis~ adamianebad ara marto indielebTan da zan-gebTan SedarebiT, aramed kreolebTanac. marTaliakanoniT kreolebi politikrad gaTanabrebuli iy-vnen espanelebTan, magram faqtiurad aSkara dis-kriminaciaSi imyofebodnen. qveyanaSi rasobriviuTanabroba erwymoda socialurs [55, 20].

sruli absurdi iqneboda imis mtkiceba, romnebismier xalxs, visac erovnuli identurobaaqvs, saxelmwifo unda hqondes. am logikiT Tana-medrove msoflioSi 6 aTasamde damoukidebelisaxelmwifo iqneboda, rac sruli absurdia. saer-TaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebuli principi –xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da TviTgamor-kvevis principi Tanamedrove etapze srul Seusa-bamobaSia saerTaSoriso samarTlis meore funda-mentalur principTan – teritoriul mTliano-basTan [53, 151]. Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis sa-

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marTlianobisa da wesrigis garkveuli balansismoZieba da maT Soris wyalgamyofi xazis povnaaris erT-erTi umwvavesi problema da mravalimkvlevaris mosazrebiT, kvlavac darCeba momavalmsoflioSi.

amerikeli mkvlevari g. gotlibi Tavis wig-nSi `eri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~ cdilobs ga-daWras es problema da gvTavazobs Teorias `sa-xelmwifos alus erebi~, romlis mixedviTac sa-xelmwifoTa sistemis gverdiT unda Seiqmnas axa-li sivrce – erebis sistema. eris statusis mqoneerTeulebs SeeZlebaT gaxdnen saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis aqtorebi da warmodgenilni iyvnensaerTaSoriso irganizaciebSi e. i. erebs eniWe-baT saerTaSoriso statusi, romelic ar gulis-xmobs axali teritoriuli saxelmwifoebis Seq-mnas. daaxloebiT am poziciazea espaneli mkvle-vari m. giberno. misi azriT, erovnuli umcireso-bani gaxdebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mo-nawileni mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuriintegraciis maRal doneze. gibernos miaCnia, romerovkavSiri warmoadgens iseT organizacias,romlis SigniT ukve SesaZlebelia Tanabar subi-eqtebad gamokveTon rogorc saxelmwifoebi, isesaxelmwifos gareSe darCenili erebi. kerZod,Sotlandias, uelss, katalonias, kastilias dabaskeTs, didi britaneTisa da espaneTis msgavsad,unda hqondeT ufleba warmoadgendnen erokavSi-ris sruluflebian wevrebs, sargeblobdnen po-litikuri avtonomiis imave doniT erovkavSirSida hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi evropar-lamentSi. isini, faqtiurad, iZenen im uflebebs,rac adre mxolod saxelmwifosaTvis iyo damaxa-

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siaTebeli, magram saxelmwifos SigniT isinikvlav rCebian eTnikur umciresobad [53, 154].

cnobilia, rom espaneTis teritoriaze odiT-ganve arsebobdnen eTnikuri jgufebi (baskuri, kas-tiliuri, kataloniuri, galisiuri da sxv.) Tavian-Ti eniTa da gansakuTrebuli administraciuliwesdebiT, finansuri da samarTlebrivi privilegi-ebiT, romliTac isini TiTqmis XIX saukunis bo-lomde sargeblobdnen. mogvianebiT katalonie-lebs, baskebs da galisielebs yvela ufleba Camo-erTvaT da isini centralur xelisuflebas daeq-vemdebarnen. kapitalizmis epoqaSi qveyanaSi oTxierovnuli jgufidan oficialuri aRiareba mxo-lod erTma – kastiliurma miiRo. ase warmoiSvanacionaluri problema espaneTSi [56, 96].

frankom gamosca dekreti, romelsac safuZ-vlad daedo musolinis mier SemoRebuli kanonienis dacvis Sesaxeb. dekretis mixedviT ikrZale-boda èrovnul umciresobaTa dialeqti~ (basku-ri, galisiuri, kataloniuri) da ùcxouri nases-xobani~. adamianTa saxelebi, dasaxlebaTa, raio-nebis, otulebis da sxvaTa saxelwodebani undagaespanurebuliyo~. micvalebulebic ki ar moas-venes. saflavis qvebi, baskur enaze warwerebiT,unugeSod darCenil ojaxis wevrebs unda gamoec-valaT. akrZales komiqsebi regionalur dialeq-tebze, gansakuTrebiT mkacri cenzuris qveS moeq-ca sabavSvo literatura. `wiTelquda~ gadaiqca`cisferqudad~, `rusul~ saldaTs daerqva ìmpe-riuli~ an `nacionaluri~ [57, 230].

1978 wlis espaneTis axali, rigiT mecxrekonstituciis Tanaxmad qveyanaSi arsebobs 17 av-tonomiuri gaerTianeba. aseTi faqtis Semdeg zo-

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gierTi avtori Tvlis, rom `konstituciam gaiT-valiswina qveyanaSi arsebuli mwvave erovnuliviTareba da espaneTi unitarul saxelmwifod da-amkvidra~? [56, 97].

pirvel rigSi aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT mo-noeTnikuri da polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi; risSesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri Tvalsaz-risiT absoluturad erTgvarovani saxelmwifowarmonaqmni realurad ar arsebobs. amitom sa-mecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba,rom pirobiTad monoeTnikur saxelmwfiod CaeT-valaT is qveynebi, sadac mosaxleobis absolutu-ri umravlesoba (ukidures SemTxvevaSi 95%) mie-kuTvneba erT eTnoss. aseTebia, magaliTad, ban-gladeSi, brazilia, iordania, italia, madagaska-ri, norvegia, portugalia, germania, iaponia, ara-buli qveynebis umravlesoba [50, 300-301].

rogorc vxedavT erTa Soris urTierTobaSididmniSvnelovani adgili ukavia erovnuli umci-resobebis, erovnuli jgufebis problemas. saqmeexeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi sxvadasxvaerovnebis adamianTa urTierTobis demokratiulformebs, maTi normaluri socialur-ekonomikurida politikuri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis piro-bebs.

migraciuli da demografiuli procesebisSedegad eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cnde-bodnen da Cndebian mravalricxovani da sxvadas-xvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic in-tegrirebuli xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tanmim-devrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur, politikurda kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini amdidreben mo-saxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mravalfe-

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rovnebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia did qa-laqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi.

èrovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi kargaxania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi, sa-mecniero da publicistur literaturaSi. gar-kveuli etapze gaCnda èrovnuli jgufebis~ cne-bac, romelsac miusadagebdnen CvenSi mcxovrebisazRvargareTeli erebis warmomadgenlebs [58].

bolSevikebma partiuli RonisZiebebis gata-rebisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr cak-Tan Seqmnes `na-cionaluri umciresobebis~ saqmeTa komisia. afxa-zeTsa da aWaraSi uwodes `pirveli komisiebi~,xolo e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi`nacionalur umciresobaTa~ biuro [59, 1]. 1928wels aRniSnulma komisiam Tavisi warmomadgene-li dimoevi gagzavna moskovsa da xarkovSi ruse-Tisa da ukrainis xelmZRvanelobis gamocdile-bis gasacnobaT [60, 40].

1929 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelos maSinde-li xelisuflebis azriT, avtonomiuri respub-likebis gareSe erovnul umciresobebad iTvle-bodnen: somxebi, Turqebi (azerbaijanelebi), ru-sebi, osebi, berZnebi, germanelebi, asirielebi,polonelebi, ebraelebi (qarTveli da evropeli),iezidebi, qurTebi, lekebi da sxv. [61, 16].

umciresobis sakiTxi CvenTvis metad aqtua-luri problemaa. ZiriTadad arsebobs ramdenimesaxis umciresoba: politikuri, enobrivi religi-uri da sxv. umciresobebi [62, 23].

`sabWoTa mecnierebaSi~ cneba ùmciresobis~aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda sinonimuri gamonaT-qvamebi: èrovnuli umciresoba~ da `mcire xalxe-bi~ [63, 94]. a. kuznecovi SeniSnavs: ùfro marTe-

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buli iqneboda termini èrovnuli umciresobani~migvesadagebina mxolod mosuli xalxis, `migran-tebisaTvis da ara im mcirericxovani mkvidri mo-saxleobis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sakuTar teri-toriaze binadrobs~ [64, 35]. ucxoeli mecnierebiiyeneben iseT terminebs, rogoricaa èrovnuliumciresobebi~, ìndigenuri xalxi~, ùrbanuliumciresobebi~ da a. S. [63, 95].

bolo periodSi qarTul istoriografiaSigamoiTqva mosazreba èrovnuli umciresobis~ de-finiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, erT-erTiavtori miiCnevs, rom `mocemul qveyanaSi mcxov-rebi eTnikuri jgufebis meore Taoba, sadaurobi-sa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, ukvemkvidri xalxia~ [65, 2]. prof. g. yoranaSvilismarTebuli SexedulebiT `xSirad erTi saxelmwi-fos SigniT mkvidri, ZiriTadi eris garda, sxvaeTnikuri jgufebic (erovnuli umciresobebi)cxovroben. am ukanasknelTa mikuTvneba mkvidrierisadmi, Tumca maT saerTo saxelmwifoebriobada ekonomikuri cxovreba aerTianebT, gamoricxu-lia~ [66, 84].

mkvlevar giorgi JorJolianis ganmartebiT`mkvidri eri SeiZleba ewodos mxolod Tavdapir-vel binadarT, romelnic arsaidan mosulan, aqCamoyalibdnen rogorc xalxi, eri da sxva sam-Soblo arc gaaCniaT~ [65, 2].

igive avtori saqarTvelos magaliTze gani-xilavs cnebas _ èrovnuli umciresoba~ sadacnaTqvamia: `saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela erov-nul umciresobas istoriuli samSoblo Cvenirespublikis gareT aqvs, magram raki isini mniS-vnelovani raodenobiT arian warmodgenilni

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Cvens qveyanaSi, maT unda mieniWoT erovnuli um-ciresobis statusi~ [65, 2].

Cveni azriT èrovnuli umciresobis~ statu-sis miniWebas sulac ar gansazRvravs, CvenTanmcxovreb araqarTvelebs aqvT Tu ara sxvagan is-toriuli samSoblo. meorec, saqarTveloSi mcxov-reb yvela erovnul umciresobas rodi gaaCnia sam-Soblo qveyana. magaliTad, aisorebs da sxv.

l. kiknaZis mosazrebiT, àma Tu im xalxissiWarbe xSirad ricxobrivia, Tumca eTnikurijgufi, romelsac ara aqvs socialuri privile-giebi da miiCnevs Tavs uuflebod, SeiZleba gani-sazRvros, rogorc umciresoba~ [67, 32]. es gan-marteba mTlad gasagebi ver aris. marTalia sta-tiis avtori ucxour samecniero literaturaseyrdnoba, magram ramdenad misaRebia aseTi defi-nicia? ras niSnavs, rom àma Tu im xalxis siWar-be xSirad ricxobrivia~? xalxis siWarbe sxvasras unda warmoadgendes Tu ara ricxobriv upi-ratesobas?! an eTnikuri jgufis socialuri pri-vilegiebis nakleboba da uufleboba SeiZlebaiyos èrovnuli umciresobisaTvis~ mikuTvnebiskriteriumi?

literaturaSi gamoTqmulia aseTi ganmarte-bac, romelic SedarebiT misaRebad gveCveneba:èrovnul umciresobad iTvleba saqarTvelosrespublikis moqalaqeTa jgufi, romelTaTvisacmSobliuria araqarTuli ena, da romlebic flo-ben sxva eTnikur maxasiaTeblebs. es maxasiaTeb-lebi gansxvavdebian qveynis danarCeni mosaxleo-bisagan da raodenobrivad umciresobas Seadge-nen. maT moZraobas axasiaTebs mSobliuri enis,

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kulturisa da istoriuli tradiciis SenarCune-bisa da ganviTarebisaken swrafva~ [65, 5].

aRmosavleT eropaSi da yofil sabWoTa kav-SirSi mimdinare dramatulma movlenebma radika-lurad Secvales situacia am regionSi. saWirogaxda evropis usafrTxoebis axali sistemis Seq-mna da am mizniT evroTaTbirSi struqturulicvlilebebis Setana (euTo).

holandiis iniciativiT SemoRebuli iqnaerovnul umciresobaTa saqmeSi umaRlesi komisr-is Tanamdeboba 1992 wlis ivnisSi helsinkSi ga-marTul umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze [69, 152].

erovnuli umciresobebis amJamad yvelaze mi-Rebuli gansazRvreba ekuTvnis gaeros diskrimi-naciis acilebis da umciresobaTa dacvis qveko-misiis specialur raportiors (momxsenebels)franCesko kapoports. Tumca am ganmartebam yvelaeqsperti ar daakmayofila da gaero jer kideveZebs mis definicias. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad,`erovnuli umciresoba aris saxelmwifos danar-Cen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcirericxovani,aradominanturi poziciis, am saxelmwifoSimcxovreb ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadgenelTa-gan dakompleqtebuli jgufi, romlis wevrebsaqvT danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebulieTnikuri, religiuri an lingvisturi maxasiaTeb-lebi da TavisTavad gamoxataven solidarobasTavisi kulturis, tradiciis, religiisa da enisdasacavad~ [63, 96].

eTnikuri istoriis procesSi yofila Sem-Txvevebi, rodesac romelime eTnosis (eTnikurierTobis) nawili gadaadgilebis an sxvasTan Ser-wymis dros aRmoCenila calke ZiriTadi birTvi-

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sagan, da ganviTarebula damoukideblad. amavedros SeunarCunebia Tvisi eTnikuri erToba. sa-erTo kulturiTa da warmoSobiT adamianTa ase-Ti specifikuri jgufebi, gancalkevebiT arianirgvliv myofi eTnikuri masivisagan, xalxisagan,anu erisagan da iwodebian eTnografiul jgufe-bad. msgavs jgufebs, akademikos i. v. bromleisazriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT èTnikosebi~ [50, 32].(berZ. ethnikos) ixmareba ama Tu im tomTan, xal-xTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT [70, 123].

maSasadame, eTnografiuli jgufi aseve spe-cifikuri erTobaa. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTTurqulenovani gagauzebi bulgareTSi, iranule-novani iranelebi uzbekeTSi, manjurulenovaniorokebi saxalinze da sxv.

eTnografiuli jgufi ar SeiZleba gavaigi-voT erovnul umciresobasTan, romelic warmoad-gens eris erovnuli erTobis nawils ZiriTadisacxovreblis sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca maT So-ris SesaZlebelia zogierTi gardamavali tipivigulisxmoT [71, 58-59].

termini ùmciresoba~ _ ùmravlesoba~ rela-tiuria. umciresoba mxolod umravlesobasTan mi-marTebaSi arsebobs (da piriqiT) da SeesatyvisebasazRvrebis garkveul sistemas. Tanamedrove sa-zogadoebaSi es sazRvrebi ZiriTadad saxelmwi-fo sazRvrebs gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo sazRvre-bis Secvlam, bunebrivia, SeiZleba gamoiwvios um-ciresoba-umravlesobis Tanafardobis cvlilebe-bic. amasTanave, garkveul sazRvrebs SigniT myo-fi umciresoba sxvagan SeiZleba umravlesobaswarmoadgendes, an piriqiT.

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yvela umciresobas aqvs saerTo niSani – po-tenciurad konfliqturi damokidebuleba saxel-mwifosa da dominantur erTan [72, 22].

`socialuri identifikaciis Teoriis Tanax-mad, adamianebi midrekilni arian ufro metad po-zitiurad daaxasiaTon is `warmosaxviTi erToba~(yvelaze xSirad ki eri), romelsac Tavad miekuT-vnebian. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-nia erTobis SigniT myari kavSiris SenarCunebi-saTvis. Sesabamisad, mas, vinc am erTobas ar mie-kuTvneba, yvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebs miaweren[73, 73-74]. magaliTad, leki anwuxebi TavianT Tavsuwodeben `maraxSal~ (`Snoiani~, `lazaTiani~),xolo mezobel kapuWebs uwodeben `xvanalebs~,rac sapalneakidebul pirutyvs niSnavs~ [74, 18].

eTnikuri jgufis socialuri fsiqologii-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli e. w. eTnocentrizmis fe-nomeni amerikelma anTropologma u. samerma gamo-avlina. eTnocentrizmisaTvis mniSvnelovania sxvaeTnosebis Sefasebisas sakuTari eTnikuri jgu-fis etalonurad, referenturad aRiareba, Sesaba-misad sxva jgufi miiCneva Tavisaze uaresad, raciwvevs maTdami agdebul, mtrul damokidebule-bas, undoblobas. eTnocentrizmi, rogorc wesi,Tavs iCens eTnikuri jgufisaTvis eqstremalursituaciaSi, rodesac mis identurobas safrTxeemuqreba [54, 92]. magaliTad kategoria `zangi~ Se-saZloa mxolod neitralur kategorias gamoxa-tavdes da aranair negativizmis safuZvels ar qmni-des, magram rodesac kategorias `zangoba~ daemate-ba misi musikaluroba, sizarmace, crumorwmuneoba,CamorCeniloba da a. S. Cven ukve saqme gvaqvs ste-

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reotipul xatebTan da warmodgenebTan. faqtobri-vad, aq laparakia xat-warmodgenebze [54, 277].

adamianTa cnobierebis erT-erTi aucilebeliaqsesuari `Cven-isini~, ukve mkafiod ikveTeba pir-velyofil sazogadoebaSi. kerZod, Tavisianisa daucxos fenomeni. sxva tomis warmomadgenlebimtrebad iTvlebodnen. Semgroveblebi da monadi-reebi ki mters araadamianad Tvlidnen. brZolisdros adamiani ar klavda mas, vinc flobda ise-Tive informacias, rogorsac TviTon... is anadgu-rebs ucxos, mters, visi `fizionomia~ misTvisucnobia [75, 117].

Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen`remeCs~ (rac maT enaze niSnavda `adamians~), xolodanarCeni xalxi maTTvis `velurebi~ iyvnen [76, 42].

CineTSi, cinis epoqisa da ufro adreuli xa-nis werilobiT ZeglebSi, agreTve gomindanis re-Jimis droindel literaturaSi, CineTis mcire-ricxovani erebis aRmniSvnel TiTqmis yvela ie-roglifs, romelic klasifikatoris funqcias as-rulebda da ikiTxeboda, rogorc `ZaRli~. esfaqti, cxadia migviTiTebs Cinuri eTnocentriz-mis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTebelze _ urovnu-li umciresobisadmi lamis zoologiur zizRze.

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi (upiratesad in-doCineTis naxevarkunZulze) mcxovrebi taiebisTviTsaxelwodebaa tai, thai, rac siamur enazeniSnavs `adamians~. sxva eTnosebis mimarT ki isi-ni iyeneben klasifikators meng (`mweri~, `mwere-bi~). am wemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs eTnocentrizmisfriad vulgarul gamovlinebasTan [76, 43].

afrikaSi mcxovrebi hotentotebis avtoeTno-nimia koikoin rac maT enaze `namdvil adamianebs~

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an `rCeul, saukeTeso adamianebs~ niSnavs. mezo-bel buSmenebs ki isini uwodeben sanas, rac `ve-luris~ Sinaarss itevda. es sagulisxmo faqtiukve imis TvalsaCino mowmobaa, rom eTnocen-trizmi kulturuli ganviTarebis dabal safe-xurze mdgom xalxebTanac aranakleb eqspresiu-li formiT iCens Tavs [76, 44]. xamurabis kanone-bis mixedviT Zveli babiloni msoflio saxelmwi-fos warmoadgenda. amitom yvela Tavisufali, Ta-naswori iyo kanonis winaSe. ar arsebobda raimeprivilegia erovnuli niSnis mixedviT. elamelis,babilonelis, qanaanelis mimarT kanoni erTnai-rad moqmedebda. xamurabis kanonebma ar icis mo-sulisa da ucxotomelis cneba [77, 10].

jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom`stumroba ucxoelebisa, romlebic aRzrdiliarian sul sxva kanonebze, saxelmwifosaTvisaraa sasargeblo da ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifoskargad marTvis saqmes~. marTlac, praqtikuladdadasturebulia, rom emigrantebis mozRvaveba,gansakuTrebiT ki mcire saxelmwifosaTvis, de-mokratiuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiTac wamgebia-nia [78, 47].

eTikuri aRzrdis principebis TvalsazrisiTelinisturi epoqis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli misiaraeTnikurad da religiurad gaudiferencirebe-li xasiaTia da samoqalaqo konvenciaSi TvisisgansazRvra oden kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiTSemdegia: berZenia yvela vinc cxovrobs berZnulkulturaSi. elinistur epoqaSi eTnikuri sazome-bi daikarga monoTeizmSic – iudevelia yvela,vinc aRiarebs moses sjuls (eTnikuri warmoSo-bisa, Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), risi

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erT-erTi mizezi aris ebrauli enis sikdili damoses sjulis mimdevarTa ametyveleba arameul,berZnul, laTinur Tu qarTul enaze [79, 92].

berZen-romael avtorTa TvalsazrisiT amaTu im pirisa Tu jgufis erovnuli kuTvnilebisgasarkvevad mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara mxolodsisxliT monaTesaobas (e. i. piris, jgufis) cxov-rebis wessac: socialurs, ekonomikurs, religi-ursa da kulturuls. didi Tu ara gadamwyvetimniSvneloba hqonda enobriv faqtorsac.

Zv. w. 380 wels isokrate amayad acxadebda,rom `elinuri kulturis wyalobiT saxelwodebaelini aRniSnavs ukve ara warmomavlobas, aramedsulier erTobas; elinebs ukve uwodeben ara maT,vinc sisxliT monaTesaoben, aramed maT, vincCvens ganaTlebas arian naziarebi~ [80, 14]. aris-toteles SexedulebiT, barbarosi da mona bune-bis mixedviT identuri cnebebi iyo. barbarosebielinebisaTvis warmoadgendnen Tavisufal cxove-lebs. aristotele imowmebda evripides, romelicambobda: `berZenT neba aqvT batonobdnen barba-rosebze~ [79, 125].

mis sawinaaRmdegod ki mociquli pavle ga-latelTa mimarT epistoleSi wers: `ukve aRararsebobs arc iudeveli da arc berZeni, arc monada arc Tavisufali, arc mamri da arc dedri, vi-naidan Tqven yvelani xarT qriste iesoSi~ [81,408]. maSasadame maT yvelas aqvT erTi da igiveadamianuri Rirsebebi da Tanabari movaleobanimaTi zneobrivi qmedebebisadmi. yoveli adamianisTanasworuflebianoba mxolod qristianuli moZ-Rvrebis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli.

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saerTod, demokratiis fuZemdeblebi berZne-bi xasiaTdebodnen lamis zoologiuri qsenofo-biiT, da ara marto barbarosebis mimarT, aramedsxva berZnuli polisis (qalaq-saxelmwifos) mo-qalaqe berZnebis mimarTac ki: klasikuri berZnu-li epoqis samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad, bav-Svebi moqalaqisa da ucxoelis (anu sxva berZnu-li polisis moqalaqis) qorwinebidan umravlesSemTxvevaSi ver iRebdnen moqalaqeobas. aseTimdgomareoba dakanonebul iqna aTenSi periklesmier Zv. w. 451 wels. amis gamo gaCnda praqtikaspecialuri SeTanxmebebisa, romelTa TanaxmadaseTi internacionaluri qorwinebani iTvlebod-nen kanonierad SeTanxmebaSi monawile qalaq-sa-xelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs Soris. es iyo xelSek-rulebebi e. w. epigamiis Sesaxeb [79, 108-109].

rac Seexeba Zveli msoflios klasifikato-rul-kvalitatiur terminTa Soris upopulares`barbaross~, is berZnul enaze TavdapirveladniSnavda zogadad `ucxos, ucxoels, elinisaTvisgaugebar enaze molaparakes~ da faqtobrivadmoklebuli iyo raime odiozur niSans, TumcamogvianebiT man SeiZina `uxeSis, veluris, ukul-turos semantikuri niuansic~ [76, 44].

aris mosazreba, rom berZnebi barbaross yve-la ara elins anu ara berZens uwodebdnen. ucxo-enovani xalxebis saubari berZnebs, bunebrivia,ar esmodaT da maTi smenisaTvis gaugebrad aRiq-meboda. zogierTi avtoris SexedulebiT, aqedangamomdinareobs sityva `barbar-os~-i. TandaTano-biT Zvelma berZnebma maTgan gansxvavebuli kul-turis xalxebs qedmaRlurad dauwyes yureba.isini maT ufro dabla mdgomad, velurebad miiC-

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nevdnen. amitom TandaTan termini `barbarosi~ ve-luris sinonimi gaxda [80, 49].

Tumca, rogorc Cans, termini `barbarosis~gamoyenebas èlinTan~ dapirispirebaSi gansakuT-rebiT farTo gasaqani eZleva maSin, rodesacberZen tomebs sabolood uyalibdebaT eTnikurierTobis Segneba da maTTan myarad ikidebs fexsis azri, rom `Zveli elinebi~ barbarosi xalxe-bisagan gansxvavdebodnen, rogorc meti mosazre-bulobiT, ise ufro sruli TavisuflebiT suli-eri miamitobisagan (herodote).

Zveli berZnebi afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiro-ze jer kidev `didi kolonizaciis~ xanaSi (Zv. w.VII-VI ss.) ikidebdnen fexs. adgilobriv avtoqto-nur mosaxleobasTan intensiur kontaqtSi Sesv-lis Semdeg isini niadag ecnobian berberTa So-ris imxanad farTod gamoyenebul eTnonims `bra-ber-brabars~ an `beraber~ _ baraba-barabars~, ro-melsac iTviseben `barabar-barbarosis~ formiT.

rogorc Cans, berberebma Tavisi egzotikuriyofiT, kulturiT, ucnauri garegnobiT da wes-CveulebebiT, agreTve berZenTaTvis sruliad gau-gebari eniT, imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba moax-dines evropel kolonistebze, rom isini elin-TaTvis `sruliad ucxo, ucnauri, araCveulebrivixalxis~ erTgvar etalonad iqcnen. aseTnairmaeTnokulturulma stereotipma Tavis mxriv, èli-ni – araelinis~ dixtomiur Sepirispirebas Cauya-ra safuZveli da droTa ganmavlobaSi termini`barbarosic~ TandaTan daicala dasabamiTi viw-ro-eTnikuri Sinaarsisagan da aRniSnul dixto-mias moergo, rogorc zogadad ùcxos, ucxoto-melis, ucxoelis~, gaugebrad molaparakis~ sino-

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nimi... mogvianebiT, sxva araelin eTnosebTan ur-TierTobis negatiuri gamocdilebis dagrovebispirobebSi ki `barbarosma~ ara marto `ucxos~ucxoelis, ucxo tomelis~, aramed `uxamsis~, uxe-Sis, ukulturos, veluris, warmarTis~ damatebi-Ti mniSvneloba SeiZina [76, 49-50].

terminis _ `barbarosis~ berberTa tomobri-vi saxelwodebisagan momdinareobis sasargeblodunda metyvelebdes is faqtic, rom Zvel qarTvelmwignobarTac barbarosebi maincdamainc afrike-lebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Tqmulebis sailus-traciod sakmarisia davimowmoT sulxan-saba or-belianis `sityvis kona~, sadac vkiTxulobT:`barbarozi – afrikis Temi Savni. afrikaSi TemierTia SavTa, warmarTi, mona ucxoTesli~ [41, 50].

romaelebma pirvelebma SemoiRes moqalaqiscneba `romis moqalaqe~. romis moqalaqed yofni-saTvis romaelad (e. i. eTnikur laTinad) yofnaar iyo aucilebeli. romi ara Tu ar ganarCevdaTavis moqalaqeebs, eTnikuri da religiuri niS-niT, metic, is aniWebda romis moqalaqeobas mismier dapyrobili qveynebis moqalaqeebs, riTacaTanabrebda romis mkvidrTan. romis moqalaqeo-bis aucilebeli pirobac da Sedegic romaul sa-moqalaqo konvenciaSi gawevrianeba iyo [79, 114].

amave dros romauli formula RaRadebda di-vide et impera – e. i. saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebulerovnebaTa Soris sTese Suri da gaTiSe, arevda-revasa da erTmaneTTan kinklaobaSi amoxade su-li maT erovnul da politikur miswrafebebso[81, 150]. Zveli romis 12 tabulis kanonebis mixed-viT ki romis teritoriaze mxolod romis moqa-

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laqes hqonda miwis sakuTrebis ufleba. ucxoe-lebi am SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen [77, 16].

romSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenelidanaSaulisaTvis gansxvavebul sasjels iRebda.magaliTad, jvarze gakvras hqonda mkveTr

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