d i s e r t a c i apress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/disertaciebi/tamar_qarcivadze.pdf ·...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Tamar qarcivaZe

,,Sarifebi da filalis dinastia marokoSi‘‘

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

mecnier-xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, m. tikaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, n.gelovani

Tbilisi

2015

1

avtoris stili daculia

Fs a r C e v i Sesavali 3-7 Tavi I Sarifebi (,,Sorfa‘‘) da filalis dinastiis gamosvla marokos politikur asparezze 8-14

Tavi II filalis damkvidreba marokoSi da mosvla qveynis saTaveSi 15-28 $1. filalis dinastiis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis da marokos gaerTianeba 18-22 $2. mulai ar-raSidis mmarTveloba (1664-1672) 22-25 $3. sulTani mulai ismaili da filalis Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba 25-28 Tavi III sulTan ismailis saSinao politika 29-62 $1. sulTan ismailis jari 32-38 $2. saRvTo omi evropelTa winaaRmdeg 38-39 Tavi IV saqalaqo cxovreba da islamur-arabuli kultura marokoSi 40-62 Tavi V maroko da evropis saxelmwifoebi filalis gamgeblobis periodSi 63-104 $1. rifis respublika da espaneTis eqspansia marokoSi 68-81 $2. safrangeTis Careva konfliqtSi da misi Sedegebi 82-100 $3. rifis respublikis kapitulacia 100-104 Tavi VI filalis saxelmwifos dacema da aRzeveba 105-147 $1. maroko mulai ismailis memkvidreebis dros 105-113 $2. evropuli saxelmwifoebis gavlenis gazrda, damoukideblobis dakargva da aRdgena 113-147 daskvna 148-151 SarifTa genealogiis ori xe 152-153 filalis dinastiis sulTnebi 154 marokos politikuri ruka 155 marokos saxelmwifo droSa da gerbi, rifis respublikis droSa da gerbi 156 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi 157 literatura 157-163 enciklopediebi 163-164 internetis masala 164-165

2

S e s a v a l i

saukuneebis manZilze, arabebma Rrma kvali daamCnies mravali qveynis

da xalxis istorias. amasTanave, maT SeiTvises dapyrobil xalxTa

kulturis mravali elementi, ris Sedegad Camoyalibda Taviseburi

arabuli kultura. erT-erTi aseTi qveyanaa maroko.

maRribis qveynebSi, arabulTan axlo mdgom semitur-qamitur enebze

molaparake mosaxleobam aiTvisa arabuli ena, religia – islami,

materialuri da sulieri kulturis bevri elementi da SedarebiT mcire

droSi gaarabda.

XVI saukuneSi wina aziis da CrdiloeT afrikis arabuli qveynebi

(marokos gamoklebiT) osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen.

XVII saukuneSi marokos politikur asparezze gamovidnen mociqul

muhamedis SviliSvilis, hasanis STamomavlebi – filalis, igive

‘alavitebis gvaris Sarifebi. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules qveynis

momavlis ganviTarebaSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi filalim SeZlo marokos

mZime mdgomareobidan gamoyvana.

sulTan ismailis (1672-1727) ZalisxmeviT, `Sarifebis saxelmwifom‘‘

daZlia ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisi. ismailma daimorCila

amboxebuli ojaxis wevrebi, tomebi da rac mTavaria, gaaerTiana maroko.

axali jaris meSveobiT man daibruna evropis saxelmwifoebis mier

mitacebuli teritoriebi (ori kunZulis, seutasa da melilas garda) da

mas saerTaSoriso arenaze Rirseuli adgili daumkvidra.

ismailis memkvidreebis dros, maroko isev moicva anarqiam, gaZlierda

evropelTa gavlena. mxolod sulTan muhamad III-s mmarTvelobis periodSi

(1757-1790) droebiT `aRdga qveynis dideba“, gamococxlda saqalaqo

cxovreba.

XIX saukuneSi daiwyo imperialisturi saxelmwifoebis (didi

britaneTi, safrangeTi, espaneTi, italia) eqspansia maRribis qveynebSi, rac

dasrulda maTi kolonizaciiT. antiimperialisturma brZolam

gansakuTrebul piks miaRwia marokos CrdiloeT nawilSi - rifis raionSi,

sadac Seiqmna damoukidebeli rifis respublika (1921-1926). SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom rifelebis Tavdadebam garkveulwilad Searyia

3

proteqtoratis reJimi da igi gaxda magaliTi ara marto mTeli

qveynisaTvis, aramed kolonialuri reJimis qveS myofi sxva arabuli

saxelmwifoebisTvisac. amasTanave, damoukideblobis mopovebis survilma

ufro metad SeakavSira arabul-berberuli mosaxleoba.

XX saukuneSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Sedegad arabuli

saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam, maT Soris marokom, daibruna

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba.

saukuneebis manZilze, marokos amJamindeli da yofili sataxto

qalaqebi – rabati, fesi, maraqeSi da meqnesi yovelTvis asrulebdnen da

dResdReobiTac asruleben mniSvnelovan ekonomikur, politikur da

kulturul rols saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi. aRniSnuli qalaqebi mravali

mecnieris kvlevis sagans warmoadgenen.

sadisertacio naSromi, miznad isaxavs marokos mmarTveli dinastiis –

filalis qveynis saTaveSi mosvlis, misi damkvidrebis da rolis

Seswavlas samefos istoriaSi. naSromSi asaxulia XVII-XX ss. (1957-mde)

marokoSi Seqmnili viTareba, yvela is marcxi da warmateba, ramac

gansazRvra misi momavali. amave dros, SeZlebisdagvarad SevecadeT

marokos samefos istoriis kvlevaSi dRemde arsebuli xarvezebis

gamosworebas, rac bunebrivia albaT xels Seuwyobs am qveyanaSi

ganviTarebuli procesebis sworad gagebas da Sefasebas.

naSromSi farTodaa gamoyenebuli arabuli wyaroebi da orientalist-

istorikosTa monografiebi, qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa Sromebi.

aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia internetidan mopovebuli masala, romelSic

ufro metad asaxulia Tanamedrove periodi.

qarTvel mecnierTa Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia zaza menTeSaSvilis

monografia - “Берберы в общественно- политической жизни Марокко: 50-70-е годы

XX в.” (М., 1985), romelSic gadmocemulia sayuradRebo cnobebi sxvadasxva

berberul tomze da qristine maWaraSvilis sadisertacio naSromi

„marokos politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebani 1907-

2000 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 2006).

SarifebTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania rusi avtoris v.v. orlovis

monografia-“Традиционная социальная организация алауитского Марокко (середина

XVIII-начало XIX века)“, (М.,1998). rus mkvlevarTagan gasaTvaliswinebelia

4

v.a. argentovis - “Старина и новь Магриба” (М., 1985), romelSic

warmodgenilia marokos qalaqebis istoria. Tanamedrove periodTan

dakavSirebiT ki sayuradReboa n.s. luckaias - “Марокко” (М., 1958). rifis

respublikas mieZRvna misi monografia - “Республика Риф” (М., 1959), sadac

gadmocemulia ara marto rifis regionSi Seqmnili viTareba, aramed

safrangeTis zonaSi mimdinare movlenebic. garda amisa, mimoxilulia

respublikis Seqmnamde arsebuli mdgomareoba da safrangeT-espaneTis

namdvili miznebi.

samecniero naSromTagan umniSvnelovanesia agreTve alen meiersis -

“Slave soliders and state politics in early ‘Alawi Morocco, 1668-1728” (“The international

Journal of African historical studies”, vol. 16, XI, 1, 1983), romelSic avtori gvawvdis

saintereso cnobebs sulTan ismailis `Savi armiis‘‘ Sesaxeb da mis

saxelmwifo wyobaze. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom aRniSnul naSromSi

asaxuli informacia aris yvelaze ,,zusti‘‘ ismailis jarTan

dakavSirebiT, romelic warmoadgenda marokoSi im droisaTvis yvelaze

Zlier da organizirebul Zalas. swored misi meSveobiT SeZlo sulTanma

ismailma dakarguli teritoriebis dabruneba.

amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia “The Middle East and North Africa” (London,

1971), romelic axlo aRmosavleTisa da sxva CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebis

garda, kargad warmoaCens marokos istorias, uZvelesi droidan 1970-ian

wlebamde. cal-calke mocemulia sxvadasxva dinastia, romelic mTavrdeba

SarifTa periodiT.

marokos istoriis SeswavlisaTvis, aseve sayuradReboa ingliseli

mkvlevris viliam spenseris – “Historical dictionary of Morocco” (London,1980),

romelic naTels hfens ama Tu im sakiTxs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia b.

a. ogotis redaqciiT gamocemuli – “General history of Africa”(vol.V, Unesco-

Heinemann-California, 1992), agreTve ingliseli mecnieris k.e. bosvortis

monografia - “Мусульманские династии” (М., 1971), romelsac Tan erTvis

cnobebi ama Tu im dinastiaze da moyveba bibliografia.

Zalian mniSvnelovania agreTve cnobili frangi

aRmosavleTmcodneebis h. terasis – “Histoire du Maroc” (Paris, 1950), j.

deverdiunis – “Marrakech des origines ά 1912” (Rabat, 1959), S. a. Jiulenis

5

frangulidan rusulad Targmnili “История Северной Африки” (том 2, М., 1961),

romelic frangulidan arabul enazec iTargmna. aRniSnulma

monografiebma, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes arabuli maRribis

istoriis SeswavlaSi. mkvlevrebi kargad icnoben muslimur marokos da

miuxedavad umniSvnelo xarvezebisa, SeiZleba miviCnioT maRribis da

marokos Sesaxeb daweril saukeTeso naSromebad. gasaTvaliswinebelia e.

levi-provansalis – `Sorfa‘‘(Encyclopédie de l'Islam, tome IV, Leiden/Paris,1934).

`maRribis meqis‘‘ – fesTan dakavSirebiT umniSvnelovanesia

frangulidan arabul enaze Targmnili rojer lo turnos – (,,fas kabla

al-himaYa‘‘, Tarjama ila-l-‘arabÒa, al-juz’ al-aval. lubna n-bairóT,

1986) ramdenime tomad gamocemuli monografiac, romelSic SeiZleba

Tamamad iTqvas, dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli misi istoria, qalaqis

daarsebidan marokoze safrangeTis proteqtoratis damyarebamde (1912-

mde). sayuradReboa franguli ,,SemecnebiTi cnobaric‘‘ – “Bienvenue ά

Marrakech” (Paris, 1994) da poloneli avtoris b. miazgovskis “Марокко –

Красная земля” (М., 1963), romelic ufro metad asaxavs `wiTeli miwis‘‘

qalaqTa istorias.

Temis RerZs warmoadgens abu-l-kasim b. ahmad az-zaianis

fasdaudebeli wyaro, romelic frangulad Targmna da komentarebi

daurTo oqtav v. hudasma. igi gamoica amsterdamSi 1969 wels,

saxelwodebiT – “Maroc ά 1631 de 1812”. aRniSnul wyaroSi, gansakuTrebiT

kargadaa warmoCenili filalis marokos saTaveSi mosvlis pirveli

wlebi, SarifTa dapirispireba da sulTan ismailis mmarTvelobis

periodi. garda amisa, wyaroSi mimoxilulia iseTi faqtebi, romelTa

gareSe aRniSnuli Tema ar iqneboda ,,srulyofili‘‘. aqedan gamomdinare,

warmodgenili wyaro SeiZleba miviCnioT damowmebul literaturasTan

mimarTebaSi samecniero siaxled, vinaidan igi ar gamoyenebula im

periodTan dakavSirebiT (XVIII-XVIIIss), romelmac sabolood gansazRvra

„wiTeli qveynis bedi“ da misi aRorZinebis xana.

berberebTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis cnobili arabi

istorikosi da filosofosi ibn xalduni (1332-1406), romlis naSromi

6

unikaluria ara marto marokos, aramed mTeli arabuli maRribis

istoriis garkveuli periodisaTvis.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove periods, sainteresoa ‘abd al-qerim

al-xatabis memuarebi – “Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim, recueillis par J. Roger-Mathieu”

(Paris, 1927), romelic eZRvneba rifis respublikasa da zogadad marokoSi

mimdinare procesebs.

amasTanave, umniSvnelovanesia doqtor salah al-‘akadis, ,,al-maRribu-

l-‘arabi‘‘ (al-ka hira, 1993), al-maRribu-l-‘arabi 2 (al-ka hira, 1966), ‘abd

as-salam muhamad b. mahmódis, ,,Ta’rÒxu-l-maRrib‘‘ (al-juz’ as-sani, Titva n,

1957) da doqtor ‘atala h al-jamalis, ,,al-maRribu-l-‘arabi al-qabÒr‘‘

(al-kahira, 1997) monografiebi, romlebic maqsimaluradaa

gaTvaliswinebuli warmodgenil naSromSi.

ra Tqma unda, es ar aris gamoyenebuli wyaroebis da literaturis

sruli sia. Cven vcadeT mokled warmogveCina is sakiTxebi, rac bunebrivia

vrclad aris gadmocemuli da mimoxiluli warmodgenil TemaSi.

7

Tavi I

Sarifebi (`Sorfa‘‘) da filalis dinastiis gamosvla marokos

politikur asparezze

Sarifi (arabulad ,,SarÒf‘‘, mr. ricxvi ,,aSra f‘‘, `Surafa’‘‘ –

mravlobiTis dialeqturi forma `Sorfa‘‘ didgvarovani, keTilSobili,

warCinebuli, dawinaurebuli) mociqul muhamedis1 STamomavalTa

saxelwodebaa. pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT niSnavs saxelganTqmuli

winaprebis memkvidres, romelsac aucileblad gadaecema mamaTa keTili

Tvisebebi. Sarifebi, warCinebuli ojaxis Tavkacebi, monawileobas

iRebdnen qalaqebis administraciis marTvaSi. maT dapyrobiTi omebis

dros Seqmnes saxelmwifos mmarTveli zedafena. Sarifebi Tavs

aristokratebad Tvlidnen (àhl fadl‘‘). aRniSnuli termini agreTve

niSnavs pirovnebas, romelic dgas zeda safexurze, ufro dabali

socialuri statusis mqone pirTan SedarebiT. igi am mniSvnelobiT

gvxvdeba uZveles muslimur literaturaSi, kerZod al-balazuris (IX

saukunis II naxevari) ànsab al-aSrafSi‘‘ [127,125; 110,107; 54,47].

cnobili istorikosi at-tabari (838-923) Sarifebs axsenebs, rogorc

`banuHhaSimis‘‘ gverdiT mdgom gansakuTrebul jgufs. as-suiutis (1445-1505)

mixedviT, àS-SarÒf‘‘ gamoiyeneboda adreul periodSi àhl al-baiTis‘‘

wevrebis e.i. mociqulis STamomavlebis – hasanis, Hhusainis, jafaris,

‘akilis an abasis memkvidreebis aRsaniSnavad. islamSi, Siituri

propagandis gaZlierebis wyalobiT, muhamedis saxlisadmi – àhl al-

baiTisadmi‘‘ kuTvnileba gaxda gansakuTrebuli gamorCeulobis niSani.

àhl al-baiTisadmi‘‘ siyvarulis movaleobas gansazRvravda yurani. IX–X

saukuneebis literaturis istoriidan cnobilia ori Zma aS-SarÒf

ar-radi da aS-SarÒf al-murTadi.

abasianTa saxalifoSi (750-1258), Sarifebad iwodebodnen abasianebi da

talibianebi, xolo saxalifos daSlis periodSi, istorikosTa Soris

`SarÒf‘‘ iqca alidebis aRmniSvnel terminad. am periodSi alidebi

1 imisaTvis, rom ganvasxvavoT mociqulis saxeli, naSromSi igi aRniSnulia muhamediT.

8

awyobdnen ajanyebebs da iRebdnen Zalauflebas tabarisTansa da

arabeTSi. egviptesa da maRribSi ki, Sarifebad iTvlebodnen hasanis da

husainis STamomavlebi [133,530].

abasianTa periodidan moyolebuli, Sarifebi emorCilebodnen nakibebs

(arabulad – meTauri, xelmZRvaneli), romelTac Tavisi rigebidan

irCevdnen. IX saukunidan nakibebi iyvnen did islamur qalaqebSi. isini

eqvemdebarebodnen mTavar nakibs – `nakÒb an-nukaba ’s‘‘. nakibis movaleobaSi

Sedioda genealogiis sakiTxebis garkveva, saTanado davTarSi didebulTa

dabadebis da gardacvalebis TariRebis aRniSvna. nakibi valdebuli iyo

aecilebina SarifebisTvis sxvadasxva saxis usiamovneba, Seexsenebina

movaleobebi da daecva nebismieri iseTi qmedebisagan, rac maT prestiJs

Selaxavda [133,531; 18,210]. nakibi meTvalyureobas uwevda SarifTa vakfebs

da zogjer mosamarTlis funqciebsac asrulebda. abasiani xalifa

al-muTamidis (870-892) dros, baRdadSi muhamedis STamomavlebs

yovelTviurad eZleodaT erTi dinari, mogvianebiT dinaris meoTxedi.

zogierTi cnobiT, 824 wels iyo 33000 abasiani da 2300 talibiani Sarifi

[18,210].

XIV saukunis 70-iani wlebidan Sarifebi qudebze gansxvavebul mwvane

niSans (`Sutfa‘‘) ikeTebdnen. erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad, Sutfas Semotana

ukavSirdeba egviptis gamgeblis, al-aSraf Sa‘banis saxels (1363-1376). 1596

wels, rodesac egviptis faSam as-said muhamad al-aSrafma gamoitana

qisva, gasca brZaneba, rom Sarifebi misuliyvnen masTan mwvane dolbandiT.

im droidan moyolebuli, Sarifebs ufleba miecaT oficialurad

etarebinaT mwvane, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli Calma, rac gavrcelda mTel

islamur samyaroSi, rogorc Sarifebisadmi kuTvnilebis niSani. mwvane

feri aris samoTxisa da mociqul muhamedis sayvareli feri [68,327].

arabeTSi atarebdnen rogorc mwvane Calmas, aseve TeTri ferisas, iranSi

upiratesobas aniWebdnen mwvane dolbands. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sarifebi

konstantinopolSi Tavs aridebdnen mwvane feris dolbands, vinaidan mas

atarebdnen xelosnebi da vaWrebi. maTi azriT mwvane Calmas naklebad

etyoboda WuWyi [141,6238].

muslimebs evalebodaT pativi ecaT SarifebisaTvis, SeeZulebinaT is,

vinc awyeninebda Sarifs, moeTminaT misgan wyena, gaCumebuliyvnen mis

9

naklze, SeeqoT misi zneobrioba, eCuqebinaT is, ris yidvasac moisurvebda.

roca Sarifi fexze idga, aravis hqonda dajdomis ufleba da roca

saubrobda yvelas ekrZaleboda xmis amoReba. didi pativi iyo Sarifis

coloba. iTvleboda, rom Sarifs ar emuqreboda gankiTxvis dRis

sasjeli. mas mieteveboda yvela miwieri codva. aucilebeli iyo Sarifis

moxsenieba locvaSi. mravali RvTismosavi Sarifi wmindanad (`vali‘‘) iqna

aRiarebuli [62,294; 18,210]. garda amisa, `SarÒf‘‘ gaigivebulia `saidTan‘‘.1

droTa ganmavlobaSi, Sarifebi daifantnen islamur samyaroSi da

zogierT regionSi xelisuflebis saTaveSic aRmoCndnen. SarifTa

dinastia ganagebda meqas X saukunidan 1924 wlamde. savaraudoa, rom

Sarifebi cxovrobdnen TbilisSic. arabi istorikosi ibn al-azrak fariki

(XIIs) Sarifebs asaxelebs im muslimTa Soris, romelTac pativs miagebda

da asaCuqrebda mefe demetre I (1125-1156) [18,210].

SarifTa gamoCena arabul maRribSi, kerZod marokoSi idrisianTa

dinastias ukavSirdeba. `banó idrÒs‘‘ an `al-adarÒsa‘‘ – pirveli Siitur-

arabuli dinastiaa marokoSi (789-926). misi fuZemdebelia alisa da

fatimas ufrosi Svilis, hasanis2 SvilTaSvili, idris ibn ‘abd al-lahi.

man monawileoba miiRo hijazSi abasianTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi (786), ris

gamoc mas arc ifrikiaSi da arc Sua maRribSi ar edgomeboda. ajanyebis

Semdeg, idrisma Tavi Seafara egviptes, saidanac gadavida tanJerSi

(arabulad ,,tanja‘‘) (788). sabolood, igi damkvidrda valilaSi –

1 saidi (arabulad `saÒd‘‘, mr. ricxvi `sadaT‘‘, `asÓad‘‘– batoni) aRniSnvs monis batons, dapirispirebul qmars colTan. amasTanave, saidi iyo tomis an gvaris Tavkacis saxeli, romlis avtoriteti damokidebuli iyo pirovnul Tvisebebze, kerZod mis keTilgonierebaze, liberalobaze da STambeWdav metyvelebaze. agreTve didi mniSvneloba hqonda fizikur monacemebs. savaraudoa, rom aRniSnuli termini eniWebodaT im pirebs, romlebic TavianTi moRvaweobis sferoSi sargeblobdnen pativiscemiT. saidebad iwodebodnen sufieli wmindanebi da Teologebic. xSir SemTxvevaSi saidebs miakuTvneben husainis STamomavlebs [141,6230]. 2 al-hasan b. ‘ali talibi al-mujTabi (gard. 669 w.) – Siitebis meore imami, fatimas naadrevi sikvdilis Semdeg mamasTan izrdeboda. ZmebTan daZabuli urTierToba hqonda. TiTqmis asjer daqorwinda, ris gamoc miiRo metsaxeli - `mitlak‘‘, rac bunebrivia uaryofiTad moqmedebda alis ojaxis prestiJze. misi saqcieliT mowinaaRmdegeebi sargeblobdnen. hasans hqonda metyvelebis defeqti, rac garkveulwilad amcirebda saxalifos dauflebis Sansebs. 661 wels, rogorc alis saxlis ufrosi wevri, igi eraySi xalifad gamoacxades. erayelebi aqezebdnen hasans sirielebTan omis ganaxlebisaken, magram man amjobina xalifa muaviasTan (661-680) molaparakeba. gadmocemis mixedviT, mas amisken ubiZga finansurma siZneleebma. hasanma daxarja garkveuli Tanxa da mudmivi Semosavali, romelsac iRebda erayis erT-erTi provinciidan. omebi rasakvirvelia moiTxovda fuls, jamagirebis gacemas. man Tavisi mmarTvelobidan daaxloebiT 6-8 Tvis Semdeg dado zepiri SeTanxmeba muaviasTan da qufis meCeTSi saxalxod ganacxada, rom uars ambobda saxalifoze, ris sanacvlod miiRo fuladi konpensacia - 5 milioni dirhami da mudmivi Semosavali iranis erT-erTi olqidan, xolo umcrosi Zmis, husainisaTvis – 2 milioni dirhami. Siituri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, SeTanxmeba TiTqos iTvaliswinebda muavias gardacvalebis Semdeg hasanis gaxalifebas. hasanma datova erayi da damkvidrda medinaSi, rogorc kerZo piri. xalifa muaviasTvis is aRar warmoadgenda safrTxes. alis saxlis nawili akritikebda hasans. miuxedavad amisa, momavalma Siitebis Taobebma Seqmnes misi idealuri saxe. hasans miawerdnen saswaulqmedebebis unars. igi

gamoacxades wamebulTa saidad (`saÒd aS–Suhada’‘‘). hasanis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori versia: 1) igi medinasTan sasikvdilod daWra alis erT-erTma mowinaaRmdegem al-hajarma, ris Semdegac miiyvanes qalaqSi, sadac gardaicvala 45 wlis asakSi. 2) hasani moawamvlina muaviam [61,276].

10

romaelebis yofil qalaq volubilisSi [114,17; 53,28]. idris I cdilobda

zaidizmis (SiitTa mexuTe imamis muhamad al-bakiris Zmis, zaid b. alis

[gard.740 w.] mimdevrebis religiur-politikuri mimdinareoba) moZRvrebis

gavrcelebas, ris gamoc daukavSirda aurebs – erT-erT berberul toms

da misi daxmarebiTY daaarsa patara saamiro. rogorc Sarifi da xalifas

dauZinebeli mteri, berberebma idrisi imamad aRiares. male mas abasianTa

mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili arabebic SeuerTdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom

berberebi yovelTvis ifarebdnen samSoblodan gamoqceul `damnaSaveebs‘‘.

idris ibn ‘abd al-lahis Semdgomi moRvaweobisaTvis qalaqi valila

Seuferebeli aRmoCnda da man 789 wels mdinare sebus SenakadTan

safuZveli Cauyara dasaxlebas, romelsac Semdeg fesi ewoda. miuxedavad

amisa, idris I sicocxlis bolomde valilaSi darCa (ix. Tavi IV) [40,51;

14,136; 29,48]. misi gardacvalebidan ori Tvis Semdeg, berber mona qals

kenzas idrisisagan SeeZina vaJi. amgvarad, pirvelad qveynis istoriaSi

moxda muhamadis STamomavlebis – Sarifebisa da berberebis danaTesaveba.

uZvelesi droidan, maroko1-maRribis2 ganuyofeli nawili, dasaxlebuli

iyo momTabare tomebiT – Tanamedrove berberebis winaprebiT, romlebic

misdevdnen mesaqonleobas. mTebsa da xeobebSi aRmocenda pirveli

miwaTmoqmedebis kerebi [65,18].

berberebi cnobili iyvnen jer kidev Cv. w. aR.-mde mesame aTaswleulSi.

antikur wyaroebSi isini libielebad moixseniebian [65,18]. “Barbaru”

laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs gaurkvevlad molaparakes, ufro zustad

ucxos. maRribis mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs ìmaziRens‘‘ uwodebs, enas

1 evropelebi marokos uwodeben `wiTel qveyanas‘‘, istorikosebi `SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘, mogzaurebi `civ qveyanas mxurvale mziT‘‘, poetebi òqrosferi mzis Casvlis mxares‘‘ [38,2]. 2 `maRrib‘‘ – arabulad dasavleTi, mzis Casvlis adgili, afrikis Semadgeneli nawilia. afrika anu ìfrikÒa‘‘ – `faraka‘‘ sityvidan arabulad niSnavs gayofas. am saxelTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori mosazreba: 1. samyaros es nawili iwodeba ase, radganac gamoyofilia evropidan xmelTaSua zRviT da aziidan mdinare nilosiT. 2. saxelwodeba warmodgeba `bednieri arabeTis‘‘ mefis, ifrikosis saxelidan, romelmac pirvelma daadga fexi am kontinentze. mas, asureTis mefeebisagan devnils, ar SeeZlo Tavis samefoSi dabruneba. man jariT moaxerxa nilosze gadasvla da gaemarTa dasavleTisaken. iara iqamde, vidre ar miaRwia karTagenis midamoebs. amitom, arabebi TiTqmis yovelTvis miiCneven afrikad karTagenis mxares da mTel afrikaSi gulisxmoben mis nawils. maRribi, kontinentis ganuyofeli regioni, Sua saukuneebis muslimur geografiul literaturaSi iyofa sam nawilad: ìfrikÒa‘‘ (yofili romis provincia) – mdebare karTagenis teritoriaze (Tunisi), `maRrib al-avsa t‘‘ – kabilias mTebsa da mdinare muluias Soris (alJiri), `maRrib al-aksa‘‘ (maroko) [4,15].

11

,,amaziRs‘‘. isini sxvadasxva dros evropidan da aziidan mosuli

xalxia1 [27,74].

berberebi2 yovelTvis asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols marokos

socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi. maT Soris iyvnen warmarTebi,

iudevelebi da qristianebi [2,176]. VII saukunis miwurulsa da VIII

saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo berberTa gamuslimebis procesi. cnobili

arabi istorikosis da filosofosis ibn xaldunis Tanaxmad, berberebma

70 wlis manZilze 12-jer miiRes da uaryves islami [57,14]. VIII saukuneSi

dRevandeli marokos samefo Sevida omaianTa saxalifos (661-750)

SemadgenlobaSi da aq TandaTanobiT fexi moikida arabulma enam,

kulturam.

masmudas tomebs, romlebic cxovroben gomaras da marokos samxreT-

dasavleT nawilis mTebSi, baris mosaxleoba velurebad miiCnevs da

xSirad aniWebs Slehebis saxels, Tumca Slehebi Sua saukuneebidan

moyolebuli misdevdnen binadar cxovrebas. amasTanave, masmudas

SeZlebuli glexebi saxloben rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad [28,369; 9,232].

masmuda yovelTvis erTiandeboda konfederaciis tipis msxvil politikur

jgufebSi. mis gaerTianebaSi Sedian bergvata, gomara (Rum›ra) da atlasis

mTebis mosaxleobis nawili [5,124]. amasTanave, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

masmuda ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze idga, vidre udabnoebisa da

stepebis tomebi [19,85].

sanhajas berberebi, romlebic Seadgendnen CrdiloeT afrikis

mosaxleobis mesameds, mimofantuli iyvnen did teritoriebze. III

saukuneSi sanhajas tomebma hamuram, lemtunam da sxva maTma

monaTesaveebma daiwyes saharis dapyroba. es tomebi cnobili iyvnen,

rogorc aqlemebis qurdebi. maTi STamomavlebi iwodebodnen saharihad

[57,19].

1 nuhs anu noes hyavda sami Ze: sami, qami, iafisi. TiToeuls SeeZina sami vaJi. sami iyo arabebis, sparselebis da romaelebis winapari, iafisi slavebis, Turqebis, gogisa da magogis, qami ki - zangebis, koptebis da berberebis [3,26]. 2 ibn xaldunis Tanaxmad, berberebi momdinareoben boTridan da branesidan, boTrebi madhisidan, branesebi abTeridan. boTrebi arian momTabareebi, branesebi (mr.r. `barna is‘‘) mkvidrni. ibn xaldunis TqmiT, sityva berberi arabulad JRers rogorc bgeraTa gaurkveveli narevi [2,76].

12

rac Seexeba XIV saukuneSi aRmosavleTidan mosul zenaTas tomebs,

isini iyvnen stepebis xalxi, miiwevdnen dasavleTisaken da gars uvlidnen

saharas. zenaTas tomebi iTvlebodnen muslimuri dasavleTis saukeTeso

mxedrebad.

saukuneebis manZilze, berberebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli marokos

politikur cxovrebaSi da drodadro qveyanas berberuli dinastiebi

marTavdnen. XVI saukunis miwurulsa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi

marokos mTeli rigi raionebi berberebis xelSi iyo. isini Tavs esxmodnen

qalaqebs da soflebs. anarqiis periodSi gaxSirda Zarcva-yaCaRoba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, filalis gvaris Sarifebi momdinareoben

Siitebis meore imam hasanidan. Tavis mxriv, hasanianebi iyofian

idrisianTa, kadirianTa da muhamad an-nafs az-zaqiias jgufebad: 1.

idrisianebis Sto moicavs eqvs ganStoebas:

a) juTaianebis Sorfa, romelSic Sediodnen idris II-is Svilis, al-

kasimis STamomavlebi. al-kasimi Camoicila gzidan Zmam omarma da

waarTva mas Zalaufleba.

amis Semdeg, al-kasimma atlantis okeanis sanapiroze, qalaq

asilasTan (evropuli saxelwodeba `arsila‘‘) daaarsa banaki. al-kasimis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma Svilma daafuZna patara dasaxleba juTa –

garbis (arabulad `al-Rarb‘‘) provinciis, sebus xeobaSi. al-kasimis

STamomavlebi dasaxldnen fesSi, meqnesSi da jabal al-‘alamSi.

amave dros, juTaianebis ganStoeba Sedgeba qveganStoebebisagan. maT

Soris iyvnen ‘imranianebi, talibianebi, Ralibianebi, tahirianebi da

Sabihianebi. XV saukunis meore naxevarSi imranianebi Seecadnen fesSi

marinianTa1 damxobas. marcxis Semdeg, maT cota xniT Tavi Seafares

Tuniss [92,402].

b) hamudianTa Sorfa - momdinareobs idris omaridan. Tavdapirvelad

isini cxovrobdnen jabal al-‘alamSi, Semdeg dasaxldnen Tlemsenis

raionSi.

g) dabaRianebi – idris ‘isas STamomavlebi. X saukuneSi al-hasan ibn

kanunTan erTad isini damkvidrdnen kordovaSi, sadac darCnen

1 marinianTa dinastia ganagebda marokos 1196-1465 wlebSi. marinianebi ekuTvnian aRmosavleTidan mosul zenaTas momTabare toms [57,19].

13

rekonkistamde. marokoSi dabrunebis Semdeg dasaxldnen jer saleSi,

Semdeg fesSi.

d) amRarianebi – saTaves iReben idris ibn ‘abd al-lahidan.

cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT marokoSi, atlantis okeanis sanapiroze da

sabolood, damkvidrdnen azamuris samxreTSi.

e) katanianebis Sorfa – momdinareoben idris II-is umcrosi vaJidan

iahia II-dan. XVI saukunis meore naxevramde cxovrobdnen meqnesSi, Semdeg

dasaxldnen fesSi – ‘akabaT ibn sauvalis quCaze. xSirad maT am quCis

saxeliT moixsenieben.

v) idris II-is SviliSvilis, alis STamomavlebis Sorfa – iyofa

ganStoebebad. cxovrobdnen marokos CrdiloeT nawilSi. MmaT

ekuTvnodnen SafSavanianebi, lihianianebi, vazanielebi, raisunianebi da

rahmanianebi [92,402].

2. kadirianTa Sto – ‘abd al-lah al-qamilis, musa al-javnis

STamomavlebi. espaneTis datovebis Semdeg, XV saukunis miwuruls

dasaxldnen fesSi.

3. sa‘debis da ‘alavitebis, igive filalis Sarifebis Sto – ‘abd al-

lah qamilis Svilis, muhamad an-nafs az-zaqiias mecamete Taoba. isini

gamoCndnen marokoSi Zveli berberuli dinastiebis dacemis Semdeg.

amasTanave, marokoSi cxovrobs imam husainis STamomavlebis ori didi

jgufi:

1. sikilianebi – momdinareoben musa al-qazimis Zedan, ali ar-ridadan.

2. ‘irikianebi – ali ar-ridas Zmis, al-murTadis STamomavlebi [92,403].

isini ZiriTadad saxloben fesSi. XIX saukuneSi zogierTi maTgani

dasaxlda kairoSi (ix. marokos Sorfas genealogiis ori xe gv. 153-154).

14

Tavi II

filalis damkvidreba marokoSi da mosvla qveynis saTaveSi

rogorc aRvniSneT, droTa ganmavlobaSi Sarifebi mimoifantnen

islamur samyaroSi. XIV saukunis miwuruls, TafilaleTis1 qalaq

sijilmasadan piligrimebi gaemarTnen meqaSi. wiTeli zRvis sanapiro

qalaq ianbuSi, isini SemTxveviT Sexvdnen mis mkvidrs Sarif hasan al-

kasims da vinaidan, did pativs scemdnen mociqul muhamedis STamomavlebs,

Tavdapirvelad SeTavazes mas maTTan erTad medinaSi wasvla, Semdeg

marokoSi gamgzavreba. igi daTanxmda da sabolood, gaemarTa

piligrimebTan erTad marokoSi, sadac dasaxlda sijilmasaSi. erT-erTi

versiis mixedviT, marokoSi Sarifis damkvidreba moxda marinianTa

sulTnis abu iakub iusufis mmarTvelobis xanaSi (1286-1307) [96,239].

rogorc muhamedis STamomavali da RvTis madlis `baraqas‘‘ _ matarebeli,

al-kasimi marinianebma zarzeimiT miiRes. sijilmasaSi al-kasimma

Semoikriba garSemomyofni da cxovrobda rogorc RvTismosavi adamiani,

qadagebda ,,RvTisa da xalxis siyvaruls‘‘ [117,226].

saukuneebis manZilze, Sarifebi ar ereodnen qveynis politikur

cxovrebaSi. maTi saxiT Camoyalibda gamorCeuli religiuri fena,

romelic sargeblobda mosaxleobaSi pativiscemiT da gavleniT. Sarifebs

miawerdnen saswaulmoqmed, zeciur Zalas. dideba maT Sesaxeb cnobili

gaxda andalusiaSic [84, 24].

1511 wlidan, marokos politikur sarbielze gamovidnen hijazidan,

dra‘as xeobaSi dasaxlebuli mociqul `muhamedis ojaxis‘‘, `banó sa‘dis‘‘

STamomavlebi. 1515 wels maT aiRes TarudanTi, 1548 wels (an 1544)

daeuflnen maraqeSs, 1549 wels fesidan sabolood gandevnes vatasianebi2.

sa‘dis Sarifebma ganimtkices da gaavrceles Zalaufleba susis raionsa

1 TafilaleTi – oazisebis jgufi samxreT-aRmosavleT marokoSi, kasr as-suk raionSi. misi administraciuli qalaqi aris erfudi. erT-erTi mTavari qalaqia risani, romelsac adre erqva sijilmasa [79,102]. 2 vatasianTa berberuli dinastia marTavda marokos 1428-1549 wlebSi.

15

da qveynis CrdiloeTSi. isini filalisagan gansxvavebiT, cdilobdnen

osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi marokos daqvemdebarebas [26,16].

qveyanaSi TandaTanobiT Zlierdeboda evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlena.

marokos qalaqebi gadadioda ucxoelebis xelSi. espaneTis garda,

marokos dauflebisaTvis brZolas ganagrZobda portugalia. mas es

egzotikuri qveyana xiblavda xelsayreli, geografiuli

adgilmdebareobiT da rac mTavaria, izidavda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.

marokos portebSi mimdinareobda gacxovelebuli vaWroba, sadac Tavs

iyridnen sxvadasxva qveynis vaWrebi [67,115].

1578 an 1579 wels, al-maxazinis velze qveynisaTvis brZolas Seewira

portugaliis mefe sebastiani (1557-1578), yofili sulTani al-muTavaqili

(1574-1576) da sulTani ‘abd al-maliqi (1576-1578). portugaliis damarcxebis

mTavari mizezi iyo masiuri winaaRmdegoba dampyrobelTa mimarT. garda

amisa, ‘abd al-maliqs diplomatiur mxardaWeras uwevda inglisi,

radganac mas ar awyobda bragansTa1 mmarTvelobis `restavracia‘‘

marokoSi. inglisi miiswrafoda ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘ savaWro

urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofisken. im droisaTvis maroko ganixileboda,

rogorc Seucvleli xorblis mimwodebeli da bambis qsovilebis ubadlo

gamsaRebeli [67,115].

`sami monarqis‘‘ brZolis Semdeg, maroko saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis

TvalSi warmoadgenda uZlieres Zalas. SarifebTan daiwyes

urTierTobebis damyareba evropis didma mefeebma. rac Seexeba

portugalias, man dakarga jari da politikuri gavlena [67,115].

1585 wlidan, ingliseli vaWrebi monopolias uwevdnen marokos

evropasTan vaWrobas.

1591 wels, sa‘debis yvelaze saxelganTqmulma sulTanma, ahmad

al-mansurma (1578-1603) daipyro TimbuqTu2 da gaanadgura gao,3 gagzavna

jari dasavleT sudanSi. al-mansurma xelSi Caigdo didi nadavli –

monebisa da oqros saxiT. man Seqmna axali sistema, romlis safuZvelze

1 bragansa (BraganÇa) – portugaliis mefeebis (1640–1853) da braziliis imperatorebis (1822–1889) dinastia. misi fuZemdebelia Juan IV. 2 TimbuqTu (Timbuku), TombuqTu (Tombouctu) – qalaqi maliSi, mdinare nigeris marcxena sanapiroze. 3 gao (Gao) – qalaqi aRmosavleT maliSi, mdinare nigerze.

16

gaaTavisufla gadasaxadebisgan sxvadasxva arabuli tomi. samagierod, maT

daakisra samxedro samsaxuri.

sa‘dis Sarifebma SeZles TiTqmis mTeli qveynis daqvemdebareba, magram

calkeul regionebSi daiwyo separatistuli moZraobebi, ramac daasusta

maTi erTianoba. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna sulTan ahmad

al-mansuris gardacvalebis Semdeg [71,475; 93,186]. ufro metad gaZlierda

evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlena, gaCaRda mravalwliani, ZmaTaSorisi

sisxliani omi. am periodisaTvis maroko dayofili iyo zaviebad,1

romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia dilas zavia. igi daaarsa XVII saukunis

bolos muhamad ben abu baqrma. dilas zaviaze gadioda savaWro gza

fesidan TuaTSi da sudanSi [90, 300].

sulTan ‘abd al-maliqis mmarTvelobis xanaSi (1623-1631), muhamad ben

abu baqris Svilma al-hajma Tavi gamoacxada dilas zavias mmarTvelad

da wamoiwyo brZola teritoriebis xelSi Casagdebad. al-haji daeufla

kasba2 Tadlas, sales da dernas mTas.

TafilaleTis mosaxleobam daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa maT Soris

yvelaze pativsacem da gavlenian Sarifs, mulai3 alis [83,503]. muhamad ali

aS-Sarifi daibada 1579 wels. mas hyavda cxra vaJi. 1630 wels, SeeZina ar-

raSidi, romelic gaxda cnobili sulTani. 1631 wels, TafilaleTis

mosaxleobam ali aS-Sarifi sulTnad gamoacxada. istorikosTa didi

nawili, aRniSnul wels Tvlis qveynis saTaveSi filalis dinastiis

mosvlis TariRad. TafilaleTelma Sarifebma, rogorc TafilaleTidan

gamosulebma miiRes gvari filali [96,239; 114,17; 83,503].

1 zavia – (arabulad `za via‘‘, mr. ricxvi `zava Ya‘‘ – kuTxe, samreklo, monasteri, salocavi adgili, sadgomi, patara meCeTi) marokoSi gvxvdeba salocavi adgilis da religiuri saZmos mniSvnelobebiT. 2 kasba – (arabulad `kasb‘‘ – qalaqi) qalaqis yvelaze Zveli an ZiriTadi nawili citadeliT. Cveulebriv mdebareobs kldeze an borcvze. aqvs gamagrebuli Sesasvleli da faruli kari. XII saukuneSi kasbas terminis mniSvneloba gafarTovda da zogjer aRniSnavda nebismier gamagrebul qalaqs. XVI saukunidan igi agreTve warmoadgenda patara simagres. samxreT marokoSi kasba SeiZleba Segvxvdes koSkuri nagebobis mniSvnelobiT [104,78]. 3 mulai, maulai – arabulad `Cemi batoni‘‘ Sarifis titulia, romelsac oficialurad atarebda yvela ‘alaviti sulTani. XIV saukuneSi damkvidrda xmarebaSi, rogorc umaRlesi sasuliero piris da sulTnis damatebiTi aRmniSvneli tituli. igi XVI saukuneSi oficialurad gamoCnda dokumentebSi, xolo XVII saukunidan mulaid zogjer iwodebodnen marabutebi da wmindanebi. amJamad, masze ufleba aqvT samefo gvaris mamakacebs, agreTve sa‘debisa da idrisianTa STamomavlebs [23,194].

17

DdResdReobiTac maTi keTilSobiluri warmomavloba iseTive

mniSvnelovania, rogorc es iyo saukuneebis win. mociquli muhamedis

STamomavlebi sargebloben gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT islamur

samyaroSi.

§1. filalis dinastiis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis da marokos

gaerTianeba

1631 wels, rodesac marokos saTaveSi movida ali aS-Sarifi, mas

daupirispirdnen meamboxe berberebi da zaviebis marabutebi.1 garda amisa,

mas ganudga Tabu‘asamTis2 mosaxleoba. maT daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes

muhamad al-haj dilaels, romlis Zalaufleba vrceldeboda dernazec.

aS-Sarifma ki daxmareba sTxova suseli marabutis ahmad ben musa

semlalis Svils, bu hasuns, romelic ganagebda dads. amasTanave, misi

Zalaufleba wvdeboda sussa da antiatlass. bu hasunma daamyara savaWro

urTierTobebi inglisTan da holandiasTan, saidanac Rebulobda did

Semosavals [79,97]. igi gamagrda Tabu‘asamTis kedlebTan da imis Semdeg,

rac miiRo werili muhamad ben al-hajisagan, datova Tabu‘asamTi. or

marabuts Soris moxda SeTanxmeba. am konfliqtSi ar Caerivnen oazisebisa

da Sua atlasis mmarTvelebi. bu hasunma ar daRvara sisxli, ris

sanacvlodac patara dasaxlebis Tabu‘asamTis mosaxleobam mas misca

sakvebi da fuli [6,4].

1634-35 wlebSi, dilaelma marabutma muhamad al-hajma gailaSqra

saharis regionSi. ksar as-sukSi man miiRo Sarifebi, ali aS-Sarifis

meTaurobiT. molaparakebis Semdeg, al-hajis mmarTvelobaSi sabolood

gadavida ksar as-suki, ramdenime dasaxleba da saharis zogierTi raioni.

1635-36 wlebSi, ali aS-Sarifma uari ganacxada taxtze, Svilis

muhamadis sasargeblod. igi aRiara saharis mosaxleobis didma nawilma,

ramac bunebrivia ganarisxa muhamad al-haji, romelic gaemarTa

1 marabuti – (arabulad `mura bit‘‘ – sadarajoze mdgomi, marabuti) wmindani, moxalise mebrZoli, zavias meTauri. 2 Tabu‘asamTi – TafilaleTidan samxreTiT oc kilometrSi. cnobili aRmosavleTmcodne henri terasi aRniSnul simagres moixseniebs, rogorc Tabuasams [6,3].

18

sijilmasasaken. Sarifebi gamovidnen Suamavlebad da SenarCunebul iqna

mSvidoba [6,4].

1637-38 wlebSi, muhamad aS-Sarifma, orasi erTguli mebrZoliT RamiT

SeaRwia Tabu‘asamTSi. gadmocemis mixedviT, man moaxerxa citadelSi

Sesvla iq arsebuli xvrelis meSveobiT. man gaZarcva Tabu‘asamTi da

gaJlita garnizoni. meore diliT, ali aS-Sarifis da mulai muhamadis

winaSe wardga cixesimagris mosaxleoba. maT aRiares muhamadi sulTnad.

Tabu‘asamTis dapyrobis Semdeg, ali bu hasuni da ali aS-Sarifi

erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. bu hasunma isargebla sulTan muhamadis el-

faijaSi yofniT da isev miimxro aRniSnuli patara

dasaxlebis_cixesimagris mkvidrni. amis sapasuxod, mulai muhamadma

Seutia Tabu‘asamTs. bu hasunma tyved aiyvana da Tan waiyvana susSi ali

aS-Sarifi, miuCina mas mulati (sxva monacemebiT Savkaniani) mxevali,

romlisganac aS-Sarifs SeeZina vaJi ismaili - SemdgomSi yvelaze

saxelovani sulTani filalis dinastiis istoriaSi. igi darCa tyveobaSi

iqamde, vidre ar gamoisyida Tavisufleba didi fuliT. bu hasunma mas

`aCuqa‘‘ ismailis deda. mamis dabrunebis Semdeg, muhamadma gawyvita masTan

urTierToba da mxolod sikvdilis win gamoamJRavna misadmi siyvaruli

[6,5].

bunebrivia, muhamads surda Zalauflebis mopoveba qveynis yvela

raionSi. 1637-38 wlebSi, man angadSi Semoikriba zeda giris, ma‘kilis,

ahlafis da segunas arabuli tomebi. maT miaciles igi ujdamde [6,6].

amasTanave, muhamadi daupirispirda banu iznasens,1 gailaSqra mdinare

TafnasTan mcxovrebi tomebis winaaRmdeg, daupirispirda banu sanusis da

iahias tomebs. 1650 wels, mulai muhamadma aiRo ujdis raionebi, ris

Semdegac gaemarTa Tlemsenis samxreTisaken. igi Tlemsenis gzaze

Zarcvavda soflebs, dasaxlebebs da naxirTan erTad mierekeboda xalxs

[6,7]. Tavis gadasarCenad Tlemsenis mosaxleobam daxmareba Txova

osmaleTis Turqebis2 garnizons. Mmosaxleobis nawilma gaqceviT uSvela

Tavs, darCeniT ki mulai muhamadi sastikad gausworda. man Seutia orans,

daxoca xalxi, aiyvana tyveebi da xelSi Caigdo maTi qoneba. hamianis

1 `banó iznasen‘‘ – zenaTas tomi. 2 naSromSi SemdgomSic saubaria osmaleTis Turqebze.

19

tomma erTguleba gamoucxada sulTans. aseve mas miemxren sxva arabuli

tomebic, romlebic warmatebiT gamoiyena Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

muhamadma dasavleT alJirSi miaRwia laguatas da ‘ain-madis teritorias.

maskaras begma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa alJiris begs da maT

gaerTianebuli ZalebiT daatovebines sulTan muhamads ‘ain-madis

teritoria. gamarjvebuli muhamadi didZali nadavliTa da tyveebiT

dabrunda ujdaSi, ris Semdegac gaemarTa sijilmasaSi. am periodSi

marokos sazRvrebi gadakveTa Turqebis jarma. mosaxleobam mas sastiki

winaaRmdegoba gauwia da dampyroblebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan daexiaT

da sabolood, dabrunebuliyvnen alJirSi [6,8]. amis Semdeg, alJiris osman

faSam sulTan muhamadTan miavlina ori alJireli alimi da ori Turqi

meTauri. maT gadaces osman faSas Setyobineba da didi Zalisxmevis

Sedegad daarwmunes muhamadi, rom mas ar hqonda osmaleTis teritoriaze

SeWris ufleba da daafices alahi, rom is aRarasodes gadavidoda

mdinare Tafnaze. im droidan moyolebuli, 1845 wlamde Tafna iTvleboda

alJir - marokos sazRvrad [6,9].

1659 wels, `scenidan‘‘ gavida ukanaskneli sa‘di da fesis mosaxleoba

aujanyda dilael marabuts, muhamad al-hajs. maT daxmareba Txoves

sulTan muhamads. sulTani Sevida `fes al-jadidSi‘‘, Seipyro al-hajis

momxre, qalaqis mmarTveli abu baqr aTamali. yovelive amis Semdeg,

muhamad al-haji berberebTan erTad daiZra fesisaken. man daSala qalaqis

kedlebTan gaSlili banaki. sulTani muhamadi gaemarTa masTan

Sesaxvedrad, magram jaris simciris gamo iZulebuli gaxda fesSi

dabrunebuliyo. qalaqis mosaxleobam sulTans erTguleba Sehfica, ris

Semdegac igi dabrunda sijilmasaSi. fesisaTvis brZola isev gagrZelda,

mas Seewira bevri cnobili pirovneba: andalusielTa meTauri ‘abd

el-qerim el-lirini, muhamad ben selimani da a.S. al-hajma daamarcxa

feselebi. maT aRiares dilaelis avtoriteti. dilaelma marabutma, fesSi

mmarTvelad daniSna Tavisi Svili ahmadi da ubrZana ali ben idris

el-judis, mulai idrisis mavzoleumidan meamboxeTa neStebis gamotana.

vinaidan, el-judi ar daemorCila mas, al-hajma igi alyaSi moaqcia,

Tumca sicocxle SeunarCuna. idrisma da misma Tanamoazreebma Tavi

Seafares el-mokfias zavias, ris Semdeg datoves fesi [6,10].

20

1659 wlis ivnisSi, sijilmasaSi gardaicvala ali aS-Sarifi. cnobilma

swavlulma, mulai muhamad el-mobaraqma mas miuZRvna araCveulebrivi

elegia [101,126].

aS-Sarifis gardacvalebis Semdeg misma umcrosma Svilma ar-raSidma

datova TafilaleTi, vinaidan SiSobda, rom ufrosi Zma sulTani muhamadi

mas gauswordeboda. Tavdapirvelad igi gaemarTa TedRaSi,1 Semdeg

miaSura demnaTs,2 saidanac gadavida dilas zaviaSi. ar-raSidma moiara

azru, fesi, Taza, angadi.

1659-60 wlebSi, fesis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra mekobre Railanma. man

gaanadgura qalaqis aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi tomi. erT-erTi versiis

mixedviT, gadarCenilebi mowyalebas iTxovdnen fesis quCebSi.

1660-61 wlebSi, muhamad al-hajma berberebTan erTad miwasTan gaaswora

garbis provincia. Railanma Tavi Seafara abu selhamis zavias. 1661 wels

(an 1662) al-haji fesSi gardaicvala, ris Semdegac qalaqma daibruna

damoukidebloba [6,12]. amasTanave, dilaelebis dasustebiT isargebla

arabuli tomis doraidis meTaurma ad-doraidim da moaxvia Tavisi

Zalaufleba qalaqis mosaxleobas. amis sapasuxod, al-hajis Svili

muhamadi berberebis mravalricxovani jariT daiZra fesisaken. igi

dabanakda `fes al-balis‘‘ kedlebTan. aTi dRis manZilze, feselebma

qalaqis mmarTvelis, ben salahis meTaurobiT sastiki winaaRmdegoba

gauwies muhamads. igi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia.

1662 an 1663 wlis bolos fesidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare

haiainas dasaxleba miwasTan gaaswora sulTanma muhamadma. man daangria

meCeTebi da gaanadgura xorbali, riTac xalxi sakvebis gareSe datova.

faqtobrivad gaqra haiainas tomis dasaxlebis da misi soflebis

mosaxleoba. sasowarkveTilma da SeSinebulma feselebma daxmareba

Txoves dilael muhamad ben ali tahars. sabednierod, sulTanma maleve

datova fesi [6,13].

1661 wels, inglisis mefem Carlz II-m ([1630-1685] mefe 1666 w.-dan)

iqorwina portugaliis mefis qaliSvilze ekaterineze da mziTvis saxiT

miiRo tanJeri [96,222].

1 TedRa – sijilmasadan dasavleTiT 40 kilometrSi. 2 demnaTi – aRmosavleT marokoSi.

21

1663-64 wlebSi, fesis mosaxleoba ad-doraidis gavleniT ganudga

sulTan muhamads, rasac mohyva qalaqis erT-erTi ubnis, talas

ganadgureba. am adgilze Semdeg gaSenda plantaciebi. amave periodSi, ad-

doraidis mebrZolebi Tavs daesxnen meqnesis teritoriaze mcxovreb

berberul tomebs da xelT igdes didi nadavli da tyveebi. SurisZiebis

mizniT, berberebma gailaSqres ad-doraidis jaris winaaRmdeg.

$2. mulai ar-raSidis mmarTveloba (1664-1672)

1664 wels, mulai ar-raSidma angadTan Tavi sulTnad gamoacxada. mas

mxars uWerdnen ma‘kilis1 arabuli da berberuli banu iznasenis tomebi.

isini Tan gayvnen ar-raSids ujdaSi. bunebrivia, rom sulTani muhamadi

ver Seegua Zmis Tavnebobas. man datova sijilmasa da gaemarTa mulai ar-

raSidTan dasapirispireblad [6,14]. brZolis dasawyisSive, angadis velze

sulTani mulai muhamadi daiRupa. sulTnis jaris didi nawili

gmirulad daeca, nawili tyved aiyvanes, xolo jaris mcire nawilma

moaxerxa gaqceva. ar-raSidma gaqceulebi male ipovna da cocxlad

daamarxvina. mulai ar-raSidma berberul-arabuli tomebis meSveobiT gza

gaikafa taxtisaken. amave dros, mas miemxro vazanis Sorfa. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom ar-raSidi iyo filalis dinastiis realuri fuZemdebeli da

winamorbedebTan SedarebiT bevrad gavleniani sulTani. zogierTi

istorikosis TqmiT, mulai ar-raSidma Zalian ganicada Zmis sikvdili. man

igi daasaflava ibn meS‘alis dasaxlebaSi, saidanac dabrunda ujdaSi.

qalaq ujdaSi ar-raSidma moikriba Zalebi, mas erTguleba gamoucxades iq

mcxovrebma tomebma [6,15; 144,1; 142,569].

ar-raSidis warmatebam SeaSfoTa haiainas da fesis erT-erTi gareubnis

havzis mosaxleoba. maT SeiZines cxenebi, iaraRi da `bab al-fuTuhTan‘‘

sazeimod daifices, rom gailaSqrebdnen mulai ar-raSidis winaaRmdeg.

rasakvirvelia, ar-raSidma yvelaferi Seityo, magram man gamoiCina

gamWriaxoba, maSinve ar moimoqmeda araferi ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg.

datova Taza da alyaSi moaqcia ZmisSvili, muhamad ben muhamad aS-Sarifi.

1 ma‘kili – XI saukuneSi gadmovida da dasaxlda egviptidan marokoSi atlantis okeanis sanapiroze [4,20].

22

maT Soris brZola gagrZelda cxra Tve. muhamadma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.

ar-raSidi Sevida sijilmasaSi, ganaaxla qalaqis galavani da dabrunda

TazaSi. sulTnis sijilmasaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, feselebma gadawyvites

dapirispirebodnen mulai ar-raSids TazaSi. maT 1666 wlis aprilSi

datoves fesi, magram TazaSi Casvlamde moulodnelad waawydnen mtris

jars da iZulebuli gaxdnen gaqceuliyvnen. sulTani ar-raSidi daedevna

maT mdinare sebumde. iqaurma macxovreblebma raSidi aRiares marokos

sulTnad [6,16].

1666 wlis agvistoSi, mulai ar-raSidi dabanakda fesTan. pirveli

brZola gagrZelda sami dRe, romlis dros sulTani yurSi daiWra da

ukan daixia. is dabrunda da isev datova qalaqi, radganac gaemarTa

rifSi1 Saix arasis ajanyebis CasaxSobad, romelic daamarcxa.

sabolood, sulTanma ar-raSidma moaxerxa `fes al-jadidSi‘‘ Sesvla

melahis2 mxridan. qalaqis am nawilis mmarTvelma, ad-doraidim gaqceviT

uSvela Tavs. meore dRes, sulTani Sevida `fes al-balSi‘‘. lemtunas

meTaurma da misma Svilma Tavi Seafares al-jisas bastions. aseve gaiqca

andalusielTa meTauri ben salahi. mulai ar-raSidma ipova gaqceulebi

da sikvdiliT dasaja. ben salahis TanamebrZolebma Tavi moikles.

savaraudoa, rom sulTanma fesis alimebs gadauxada fuli da amiT gza

gaixsna aramarto fesisaken, aramed sxva regionebiskenac. aRsaniSnavia,

rom ‘alaviti sulTnebi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen fesis

alimebisa da mosaxleobis mxridan maTi Zalauflebis cnobas [96,210].

1667 wels sulTanma ar-raSidma Seutia amboxebul dilaelebs – `batn

rumanis‘‘ vakeze da daamarcxa isini 1668 wlis dasawyisSi, ris Semdegac

dabanakda dilaSi. dilaelebma sulTans gadaces qalaqis gasaRebi.

rodesac mulai ar-raSidi Sevida dilaSi, man Seiwyala mosaxleoba da

darCa iq Tve-naxevari. igi daepatrona fuls, ganZs, cxenebs, iaraRs da

xelSi Caigdo mniSvnelovani dokumentebi. darCenili mosaxleobis nawili

gaiqca fesSi. Semdeg sulTanma gasca dilas zaviis dangrevis brZaneba.

1 rifi, er-rifi – mTiani raioni CrdiloeT marokoSi, qedi atlasis mTebis sistemaSi; rogorc aRvniSneT safrangeTis proteqtoratis dros (1912–1956), arsebobda rifis respublika, muhamad ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis meTaurobiT (ix. TaviV). 2 melahi _ ebraelTa ubani; evropuli kvartali.

23

dilas aRebis Semdeg, ar-raSidi gaemarTa maraqeSisaken. am periodSi

mas daupirispirdnen Sua atlasis da sanhajas berberuli tomebi. 1668

wlis ivlisSi, sulTani Sevida maraqeSSi. aiyvana tyved ,,damoukidebeli

samTavros,‘‘ SabanaTis meTauri, abu baqr ibn qarum al-haj aS-Sabani da

misi ojaxis ramdenime wevri, romlebic sikvdiliT dasaja [96,210; 80,148;

69,53; 123,288].

1668-69 wlebSi, sulTani ar-raSidi daupirispirda mekobre Railans,

romelmac 1669 wels moaxerxa alJirSi gaqceva. amave wels ar-raSidi

dabrunda fesSi, saidanac gaaZeva iq dasaxlebuli dilaelebi.

gamonaklisis saxiT, mxolod ormoc dilaels darTo fesSi cxovrebis

ufleba [6,20]. gaZevebuli dilaelebi dasaxldnen TlemsenSi muhamad

al-hajTan da mis ojaxTan erTad.1 1669 wels mulai ar-raSidma gailaSqra

iliRis simagreSi mcxovreb muhamad as-semlalis winaaRmdeg. sulTanma

sicocxles gamoasalma marabuti, misi ojaxis wevrebi da momxreebi

[116,290]. mogvianebiT, 1670 wels ar-raSidma aiRo susi. Mman sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi ganaxorciela reidebi salesa da tanJerSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom istorikosebi dadebiTad afaseben sulTan

ar-raSidis mmarTvelobas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is iyo ganaTlebuli

pirovneba, swavlobda islamur samyaroSi cnobil karaviinis2

universitetSi, xSirad eswreboda universitetis samecniero sxdomebs.

maraqeSidan fesSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man gadaayena karaviinis

xelmZRvaneli, muhamad ben ahmad el-fasi da yadi al-mezuari. yadis

funqciebi gadaabara muhamad al-nejas, xolo universitetis mmarTvelad

daniSna muhamad al-buniani [96,211].

mulai ar-raSidi yvelanairad xels uwyobda ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis ganviTarebas, ajildovebda fuliTa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT

swavlulebs, xSirad stumrobda alimebs. sulTani ar-raSidi zrunavda

qalaqebis galamazebasa da keTilmowyobaze. man qalaqebSi gaiyvana arxebi

[96,212].

AamasTanave, ar-raSidma ganaviTara vaWroba, portebis saqmianoba, cada

sales mekobreebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyeneba. fesel vaWrebs da

1 muhamad al-haji gardaicvala TlemsenSi. is dakrZales Saix as-sanusis mavzoleumSi. 2 arabulad karavÒÒn. igi ar unda agverios TunisSi mdebare qalaq kairavanSi.

24

xelosnebs TavianTi saqmis gasafarToveblad uboZa fuli, gaaZliera da

gardaqmna jari. sulTanma moWra axali mrgvali formis spilenZis moneta

– `raSidia‘‘.1 sulTanma ar-raSidma SezRuda qveyanaSi arsebuli

`damoukidebeli samTavroebi‘‘, ganavrco Zalaufleba faqtobrivad mTel

marokoSi da SeZlebisdagvarad minimumamde daiyvana siRaribe, ris gamoc

igi SeiZleba CavTvaloT warmatebul sulTnad.

adamiani, romelic SiSs gvrida yvelas, imsxverpla ubedurma

SemTxvevam. 1672 wels, mulai ar-raSidi Cavida maraqeSSi

msxverplTSewirvis dResaswaulze (`‘Òd al-qabÒr‘‘). meore dRes, agdalis

baRebSi seirnobisas, misi cxeni SemTxveviT Seejaxa forToxlis xes,

romlis totebma mas Tavi moacala. igi gardaicvala 42 wlis asakSi.

Tavdapirvelad, ar-raSidi dakrZales maraqeSSi, saidanac ismailma

gadaasvena fesSi – sidi harazemis mavzoleumSi [6,23; 96,252].

$3. sulTani mulai ismaili da filalis Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba

mulai ar-raSidis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 26 wlis asakSi marokos

samefo taxtze avida misi naxevarZma ismaili, romelic sulTan

ar-raSidis mmarTvelobis xanaSi ganagebda meqness.2 ismails ar-raSidis

gardacvaleba acnoba meqnesSi mcxovrebma erT-erTma ebraelma, ris

Semdegac meqnesis mosaxleobam igi sulTnad cno.

mulai ismails, mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi daupirispirdnen Zmebi

haSimi, al-harani, romelic batonobda TafilaleTSi, dilaeli ahmad b.

‘abd al-lahi, ZmisSvili ahmad b. mahruzi – q. maraqeSidan. ibn mahruzs

mxars uWerdnen suselebi da cnobili mekobre Railani, romelsac

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodamde marokoSi mimoqcevaSi iyo oTxkuTxa monetebi. 2 ismailis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian evropeli mogzaurebi, diplomatebi, tyveebi, rac xSirad moklebulia simarTles. mulai ismaili iyo sulierad da fizikurad Zalian Zlieri pirovneba. 60 wlis asakSi erTi SextomiT jdeboda cxenze, eweoda jansaR cxovrebas, ar svamda, iyo WeSmariti muslimi. ismaili gamoirCeoda mtkice xasiaTiT da warmoudgeneli sisastikiT. amasTanave, igi iyo kargi mxedarTmTavari, Wkviani, cbieri, angarebiani, cecxlovani temperementis mqone adamiani, Zalian mdidari, saSualo aRnagobis, xorblisferkaniani. mas hqonda konusiseburi formis saxe, kargi nakvTebi da lamazi Tvalebi. igi atarebda wvers [147,1; 135,358; 129,414; 79,24].

25

aqezebdnen Turqebi. garda amisa, sulTan ismails aujanyda sxvadasxva

tomi [138,9801; 88,465].

1672 wels, ismaili Sevida maraqeSSi. ahmad b. mahruzma Tavi Seafara

saharas, saidanac mouwodebda feselebs sulTnis winaaRmdeg

gamosvlisaken. 1673-74 wlebSi, man isargebla biZis aryofniT da isev

daikava qalaqi.1 sulTani gaemarTa maraqeSisaken da angadis gzaze

daimorCila segunas tomi. bu-akabasTan brZolaSi ismailis ZmisSvili

damarcxda da Tavi Seafara maraqeSs. mulai ismaili daedevna mas da 1675

wels alyaSi moaqcia `wiTeli qalaqi‘‘. mis aRebamde, sulTans aseve

daupirispirda havzis tomi. orwliani alyis Semdeg, 1677 wels sulTanma

ismailma SturmiT aiRo qalaqi maraqeSi. ahmad b. mahruzi susSi gaiqca.

erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, ismailma sikvdiliT dasaja 10 aTasi

maraqeSeli, rac Zalian gadaWarbebulia. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT,

sulTanma maraqeSSi Sesvlis Semdeg Tavi mohkveTa mxolod eqvs adamians

da tyved aiyvana 301 mosaxle [1,12-13; 138,9802; 77,222; 88,468; 96,253].

1674 wels, sulTani ismaili oTxTviani alyis Semdeg Sevida fesSi. man

sikvdiliT dasaja amboxebis meTauri zaidan b. ‘abd al-amiri. sulTanma

`fes al-jadidis‘‘ mmarTvelad daniSna ‘abd ar-rahman el-muTrari, xolo

`fes al-balis‘‘ _ ahmad eT-Tlemsani. qalaqis orive nawilis mmarTvelebi

cnobili iyvnen despotizmiT. isini awiokebdnen fesis macxovreblebs.

el-muTraris ar dacalda axali fesis marTva. igi gardaicvala

bu-akabasTan, b. mahruzTan brZolisas [138,9802; 77,223; 1,13].

fesis damorCilebis Semdeg, ismaili daupirispirda Railans, romelic

daTareSobda fesisa da sales gzebze. mulai ismailma alyaSi moaqcia

TazaSi myofi mekobre, romelsac hyavda mcirericxovani jari. GRailani

damarcxda da gaiqca, magram sulTnis erT-erTi meomari daedevna mas da

sikvdiliT dasaja. ismailis brZanebiT mekobris Tavi Caatares fesis

quCebSi [1,14; 88,469].

1 mahruzs ismailis aryofna Seatyobina colma, sa‘dma lala mariamma (,,lala‘‘ _ keTilSobili qalbatoni an warCinebuli gvaris, mamakacis coli. lalas tituls atarebs marokos mefis meuRle salma benani).

26

1674 wels, ismailma gailaSqra alJireli Turqebis winaaRmdeg,

romlebic mas ecilebodnen sasazRvro simagreebsa da orans. isini

yvelanairad cdilobdnen, rom mulai ismails ecno maTi Zalaufleba.

vadi SelfTan brZolisas sulTani damarcxda, radaganac igi miatova

jarma da ismaili piradi armiis imedze darCa. garda amisa, Turqebi

arabebTan SedarebiT bevrad kargad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvili

zarbaznebiT. amasTanave, mulai ismails xeli SeuSala qarbuqma. am

marcxis Semdeg is iZulebuli gaxda mdinare Tafna eRiarebina maroko-

alJiris sazRvrad [96,259; 76,41].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom erTaderTi mulai ismaili ver rigdeboda

osmaleTis sulTanTan AaRniSnuli sadavo teritoriebis gamo. garda

amisa, igi Txovda ismails misi Zalauflebis aRiarebas da ecileboda

`amir al-mu’minÒnis‘‘ titulis tarebaSi. ra Tqma unda, sulTani ismaili

arasodes daTanxmdeboda osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi marokos

daqvemdebarebas. ismaili, iseve rogorc yvela ‘alaviti sulTani Tvlida,

rom mxolod mas Tavisi warmomavlobis gamo SeeZlo etarebina

marTlmorwmuneTa mbrZaneblis tituli.

1681 wels, ismaili daupirispirda fesis alimebs da gaaZeva

TanamoazreebTan erTad erT-erTi gavleniani yadi. sulTan ismailis

winaaRmdeg araerTxel gamovidnen fesis alimebi [85,20;86,148].

1682 wels, mulai ismailma gailaSqra banu sanusis da Tunisel murad

begTan erTad alJireli Turqebis winaaRmdeg, magram igi TurqebTan

brZolaSi kvlav damarcxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom ismails murad begTan

gansakuTrebuli kargi urTierToba hqonda.

1684 wels, ahmad b. mahruzma da al-haranma daikaves TarudanTi. maT

mxars uWerdnen banu sanusis, ‘aiT ‘atas da meS‘alis tomebi. alyis dros

b. mahruzi daiRupa, haranma Tavi Seafara saharas. 1687 wels, sulTanma

ismailma aiRo TarudanTi da SeaCera sanhajas tomebis atlasis mTebidan

Camosvla [96,261; 77,222; 134,7408].

gadmocemis mixedviT, 1684-94 wlebSi mulai ismailma daimorCila Sua

atlasis da zeda muluias berberebi. maT dauriga 20 aTasi msxvilfexa

saqoneli, ris sanacvlod moTxova garkveul periodSi matylis da

27

karaqis Cabareba. ismailma amiT aiZula isini miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad

xeli mieyoT mesaqonleobisaTvis [104,212; 74,586].

1701 wels, sulTan ismailis erT-erTma Svilma, mulai zaidanma

Tlemsenis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, gailaSqra alJirSi TurqTa winaaRmdeg

da gaZarcva qalaq maskaraSi begis sasaxle, ris gamoc ismailma igi

mkacrad dasaja [77,230; 123,296; 110,125].

28

Tavi III

sulTan ismailis saSinao politika

sulTani ar-raSidi yvelanairad Seecada qveynis mZime mdgomareobidan

gamoyvanas, magram misi Zalisxmeva ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. rodesac

ismailma Caibara mmarTveloba, marokos mosaxleobis umetesi nawili

SimSilobda. 1672 wels, verc erTma ubralo macxovrebelma ver dakla

cxvari `‘Òd al-adhas‘‘ - msxverplTSewirvis dResaswaulze. amasTanave,

1500-1800 wlebSi marokoSi drodadro mZvinvarebda sxvadasxva epidemia,

rasac Tan erTvoda gvalvebi da miwisZvrebi. 1800 wels marokos

mosaxleobis ricxvi aRwevda daaxloebiT 3-dan 4 milions, rac bevrad

naklebi iyo 1500 welTan SedarebiT [72,162].

taxtze asvlisTanave, mulai ismaili Seudga qveynis Senebas da misi

prestiJis aRdgenas saerTaSoriso arenaze. ismailma gansakuTrebiT didi

adgili dauTmo ekonomikis ganviTarebas, kontrolze aiyvana saSinao da

sagareo vaWroba, xeli Seuwyo samkurnalo balaxebis, zeTisxilis,

moSenebas da mefutkreobis ganviTarebas. ismaili iRebda importidan da

eqsportidan Semosuli mogebis 10%-s, aqedan Taflis sanTlis Semosavlis

25% ekuTvnoda piradad sulTan ismails. garda amisa, misi qonebis 1/6

modioda tyveebis gamosyidvaze. mulai ismailma tyveebisaTvis da

damnaSaveebisaTvis meqnesSi sagangebod aaSena cixe. miwisqveSa uzarmazari

nageboba yvelas zaravda. amboben, rom RamRamobiT miwisqveSeTidan

amodioda adamianTa godebis xmebi. sulTanma zustad cixis Tavze moawyo

elCebisaTvis misaRebi darbazi, raTa piradad gaegonaT TavianTi

moqalaqeebis yvirili. ismails zogjer Cahyavda elCebi cixeSi. amiT igi

cdilobda, rac SeiZleba mcire droSi mieRo didi gamosasyidi. mulai

ismaili qristian tyveebs iyenebda meqnesis mSeneblobaze (ix. Tavi IV)

[79,82; 123,299-301; 73,124].

miuxedavad imisa, rom sulTan ismails istorikosebi miaweren

ebraelebis Cagvrasa da awiokebas, isini qristianebTan erTad aqtiurad

CarTuli iyvnen vaWrobaSi, xolo ramdenime iudevels mniSvnelovani

Tanamdeboba ekava. 1666 wels, rodesac erT-erTi frangi diplomati

29

freJusi, wardga TazaSi ar-raSidis winaSe, man naxa sulTnis gverdiT

ori ebraeli: iakob paruni da aaron karsinetni. aaroni iyo cnobili

iuveliri da mulai ar-raSidis mTavari damfinansebeli, xolo mama-Svili

iusuf da abraam mimranebi asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols sulTan

ismailis karze. swored iusufma acnoba ismails ar-raSidis

gardacvaleba. man TiTqos winaswar gaTvala yvelaferi. iusufma mulai

ismails misca didi fuli, riTac gaimyara poziciebi. ramdenime wlis

Semdeg igi gaxda intrigebis msxverpli, xolo misma Svilma daikava

maRali Tanamdeboba. safrangeTis elCma senteolobma, romelmac piradad

ixila ismailTan momuSave iudevelebi ganacxada, rom mulai ismaili

eweoda vaWrobas da politikas yvela sjulis adamianTan, rac sulTnis

wisqvilze asxamda wyals [94,176-177;1,19].

XVII saukunis miwurulsa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi marokoSi

sagrZnoblad gaiafda produqtebi, ganviTarda vaWroba, soflis

meurneoba. egvipteli felahebis msgavsad mosaxleoba amuSavebda miwas.

xalxi usafrTxod gadaadgildeboda gzebze, razedac piradad zrunavda

sulTani ismaili.

mulai ismaili did yuradRebas aqcevda qalaqebis keTilmowyobas. es

gansakuTrebiT exeba meqness, romelic saukuneebis manZilze warmoadgenda

patara dasaxlebas. ismailma igi dedaqalaqad aqcia (ix. Tavi IV).

1699-1700 wlebSi, sulTanma ismailma daunawila qveyana Svilebs.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, man ixmo TavisTan didi vaziri al-qaTibi da hkiTxa

mas, Tu vin imsaxurebda yvelaze metad taxts. man sulTans dausaxela

sami pretendenti. ismailma Tadla arguna ahmad az-zahabis (dialeqturi

forma ad-dahabi), ‘abd al-maliqs dra‘a, muhamad al-‘alems susi, mulai

al-mu‘min al-kadirs sijilmasa. mogvianebiT igi damkvidrda TizimSi,

magram or weliwadSi gardaicvala da Secvala iusufma. ufrosi vaJi ver

gaxda vice-sulTani. janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, man uari Tqva

sakuTar gegmebze [77,228].

1708 wels ismailma gaaZeva alJireli Turqebi oranidan. rodesac

mulai ismailma SeaRwia samxreTSi, misma erT-erTma vaJma daikava ‘ain-

madis teritoria, erT-erTma biZaSvilma ki ganalaga jari bu-semgunaSi

(1710-13) da miuxedavad imisa, rom ianiCarTa amboxebebma da tomTa

30

ajanyebebma Seamsubuqa iq SeWra, sulTanma ismailma ver gamoiyena es

SesaZlebloba. man gadaitana mTeli yuradReba Svilebs Soris

ZalauflebisaTvis atexil brZolaze. mulai abu nasri daupirispirda

Zmas ‘abd al-maliqs, daamarcxa igi da daikava dra‘a, xolo ‘abd

al-maliqma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. sulTanma gagzavna mulai Sarifi

dra‘Si da daniSna igi ‘abd al-maliqis nacvlad [108,90-91]. am periodSi

susis mmarTvelma Tavi gamoacxada sulTnad da gaemarTa maraqeSisaken,

romelic alyaSi moaqcia. brZola masa da zaidans Soris gagrZelda ori

weli.

1718 wels ‘abd al-maliqma uari ganacxada dedaqalaqisaTvis wilis

gagzavnaze. ismailma ixmo Svilebi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina marokos

daSla. Tadla man sabolood uanderZa ahmad az-zahabis da igi taxtis

memkvidred gamoacxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom nacvlebi yovelwliurad

agzavnidnen meqnesSi provinciebze dawesebul garkveul Tanxas, rac

abidebis jars xmardeboda.

1717-18 wlebSi mulai ismailma SvilebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

mogvarebis mizniT, daiwyo maTi gagzavna dedebTan erTad sijilmasaSi.

TiToeul maTgans gamouyo saxli, miwis nakveTi da mosamsaxureebi.

simravlis gamo, isini verc erT qalaqSi ver dasaxldebodnen. gadmocemis

mixedviT, mulai ismails hyavda 700 vaJi, 1000 qaliSvili da 15060

SviliSvili, rac sakmaod gadaWarbebulia. 34 an 35 wlis asakSi sulTans

hyavda 60-ze meti Svili, aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi mas eyoleboda daaxloebiT 200 memkvidre [40,273; 77,230].

ismailis haremi iTvlida 500 mxevals. sulTani gansakuTrebiT didi

pativiTa da siyvaruliT epyroboda gamuslimebul inglisel qera

qalbatons pilous da Savkanian zaidanas. rodesac mxevali gadaabijebda

30 wels, mas agzavnidnen sijilmasas Zvel haremSi [116,126].

sulTan ismailis Svilebs Soris ZalauflebisTvis dawyebulma

brZolam, gavlena moaxdina qveynis erTianobaze. 1721 wlidan marokos

xeobebi TandaTanobiT maxzanisagan damoukidebeli xdeboda. aseve

gaaqtiurdnen tomTa beladebi [101,227].

31

mulai ismailma darCenili sicocxlis bolo sami dRe gaatara

TadlaSi, ahmad az-zahabisTan. erT-erTi Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg,

mas sagrZnoblad Seerya janmrTeloba. igi gardaicvala 1727 wlis

gazafxulze, 81 wlis asakSi. mulai ismailis piradi, unikaluri

biblioTeka – 12 aTasi wigni gadaeca meCeTebs. ismaili dakrZales

meqnesSi, marokoeli poetis sidi el-mejdubis gverdiT. dRevandeli

samefos qalaqebis mravali quCa dResac atarebs mis saxels [77,231].

ismailis didebas xels uwyobda `marokos versalis‘‘ – meqnesis Seneba,

haremuli Tavgadasavlebi. istorikosebi xSirad adareben erTmaneTs

mulai ismails da `mzis mefes‘‘ – ludoviko XIV-s (1638-1715). safrangeTis

mefes surda mTeli evropis marTva, ismaili ki ocnebobda CrdiloeT

afrikis dapyrobaze. orive monarqi Sepyrobili iyo gandidebis maniiT.

isini xSirad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs.

ismaili 55 wlis manZilze cecxliTa da maxviliT ganagebda marokos.

man daimorCila amboxebuli tomebi, ojaxis wevrebi, gaaerTiana da

qveyanas daubruna dakarguli teritoriebi, aaRorZina ekonomika, Seqmna

Zlieri jari.

sulTanma ismailma Tavis memkvidreebs dautova aSenebuli qveyana, misi

Zalaufleba wvdeboda vadi senegals. sulTani sZulda yvelas da

amavdroulad mas pativs scemdnen da angariSs uwevdnen evropis didi

monarqebi. man daumkvidra marokos Rirseuli adgili saerTaSoriso

sarbielze. ismailma datova ukvdavi saxeli da kvali qveynis istoriaSi.

sulTan ismailis memkvidreobas ver gaufrTxildnen misi Svilebi,

romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg qveyanaSi isev anarqia daiwyo [116,168; 111,87;

106,65].

$1. sulTan ismailis jari

qveyanaSi Seqmnilma viTarebam, kerZod tomTa daumorCileblobam,

ojaxis wevrebis dapirispirebam, evropelebis mier mitacebuli

teritoriebis dabrunebis survilma da Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis

32

aucileblobam, 1674-76 wlebSi sulTani ismaili miiyvana axali da Zlieri

jaris Seqmnis azramde [76,43]. gadmocemis mixedviT, maxzanis1 erT-erTma

xelmZRvanelma, muhamad ibn al-kasim aliliSma, romlis mamas ekava

sa‘debis cnobili sulTnis al-mansuris karze mdivanis Tanamdeboba,

mulai ismails acnoba wignis Sesaxeb, sadac registrirebuli iyo im

meomrebis saxelebi, romlebic jer kidev cxovrobdnen maraqeSis

SemogarenSi. ra Tqma unda, ismaili dainteresda miwodebuli informaciiT

da daavala al-kasims maTi moZebna da saTanado davTarSi gatareba [77,225;

76,45; 102,273]. rac Seexeba marokoSi am dromde arsebul jars, cnobilia,

rom is ZiriTadad dakompleqtebuli iyo arabuli tomebisagan. zogjer

sulTnebi iyenebdnen gamuslimebul qristianebsac. jariskacebs moqondaT

qveynisaTvis Semosavali fuladi da nadavlis saxiT [76,41].

Tavdapirvelad, ismailis armiaSi Sevidnen arabuli – giSis tomebi,

romlebsac iyenebdnen marinianebic. sa‘dis Sarifebis mmarTvelobis

periodSi jari umeteswilad Sedgeboda ma‘kilis tomebisagan, romlebsac

ewinaaRmdegebodnen hiladiis arabuli tomebi. sulTanma ismailma

gamoiyena agreTve oazisebidan da atlasis regionidan gamosuli ma‘kilis

tomi, romelsac aseve eyrdnoboda misi naxevarZma ar-raSidi. mulai

ismailma jarSi Caricxa Tavisi dedis, mRafras arabuli tomi. TurqTa

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma kampaniam ki mas naTlad daanaxva, rom

saWiroebda bevrad Zlier da erTgul jars [96,255].

1678-79 wlebSi, sulTanma monebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, moawyo

eqspediciebi susis gavliT saharasa da sudanSi. Mman qalaq Sinkitidan

Camoiyvana 2 aTasi mona. mulai ismaili drodadro avsebda jars samxreT

saharidan, sudanidan, TimbuqTudan, segudan2 Camoyvanili tyveebiT [70,182;

78,169]. patara zangebi izrdebodnen `jaris Svilebad‘‘. aTi wlis asakSi

isini miyavdaT ismailTan. pirveli sami weli maT aswavlidnen sxvadasxva

xelobas – kalatozobas, mWedlobas, iZendnen jorebis gamrekis

profesias. swavlebis meoTxe wels iwyeboda samxedro saqmis daufleba:

cxenze jdoma, mSvildosnoba, muSketi, calke avarjiSebdnen sirbilSi.

1 `maxzan‘‘ – arabulad sawyobi, xazina – damkvidrda maRribSi al-muvahidebis dros saxelmwifos da xelisuflebis aRsaniSnavad. periodulad igi aRniSnavda mxolod xazinas. 2 segu – qalaqi maliSi, mdinare nigeris marjvena sanapiroze.

33

amave dros, axalgazrda zang gogonebs aswavlidnen meurneobis

gaZRolas, maT Soris yvelaze lamazs _ musikas. 15 wlis asakSi jaris

bavSvebi SeyavdaT qvedanayofSi da aqorwinebdnen. maTi vaJebi aseve

ekuTvnodnen jars. gogonebs an meomrebze aTxovebdnen an uSvebdnen

sulTnis vaJebis mosamsaxureebad. meomrebs ar hqondaT Tavisufal qalze

daqorwinebis ufleba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1680 wels ismailma samxedro samsaxurisagan

gaaTavisufla Sorfa [1,16]. sulTani ismaili sufritebs1 maSinve ar

uSvebda sabrZolvelad. Tavdapirvelad igi agzavnida maT meSra‘ ar-

remulSi.2 axalgazrda meomrebis mTavari movaleoba iyo gamravleba.

pirveli meomari, romelic daibada meSra‘ ar-remulSi da romelic

miuyvanes sulTans meqnesSi TariRdeba 1688-89 wlebiT [119,149; 13,16]. isini

TavianTi warmoSobis gamo iZendnen zangebis (,,zinji‘‘, mr.r. ,,zunój‘‘) an

monebis – abidebis3 saxels da radgan debdnen fics al-buxaris4

hadisebis krebulze, uwodebdnen maT àl-buxaris‘‘ an `bavaxers‘‘. isini

laparakobdnen adgilobriv dialeqtebze [40,274; 29,70; 77,226; 86,70]. saharis

zangebi da is meomrebi, romlebic dabadebuli iyvnen meSra‘ ar-remulSi,

Seadgendnen sulTnis regularul jars. vinaidan maT àr hqondaT

fesvebi‘‘ marokoSi, isini TavianTi mbrZaneblis erTgulni iyvnen. sulTan

ismailis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi, Savi monebis ricxvma miaRwia 150

aTass, aqedan 70 aTasi imyofeboda meSra‘ ar-remulSi, 25 aTasi meqnesSi,

romelic Seadgenda ismailis pirad armias. danarCenebi idgnen

garnizonebad kasbebSi. sulTanma ismailma aago 76 kasba [136,630].

1 sufritebi (às-sufrÒa‘‘) - mimdevrebi sami umTavresi xarijituli Temidan erT-erTisa, romelic Seiqmna basraSi VII saukunis meore naxevarSi. misi damaarsebelia ziad b. asfari. Temis saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba damaarseblis mamis saxels (`sufr‘‘,mr.r.àsfa r‘‘). ramdenjerme moxda sufritTa ajanyeba. aRniSnuli Temis warmoqmnis mizezi gaxda xarijitTa Soris religiur-politikuri uTanxmoebani. azrakitebisagan gansxvavebiT, sufritebi ar miiCnevdnen urwmunoebad im TanameTemeebs, romlebic Tavs ikavebdnen ajanyebebSi monawileobisgan. isini uaryofdnen mowinaaRmdegeTa qalebisa da bavSvebis daxocvas. dasaSvebad miaCndaT rwmenis keTilgonieri dafarva (`TaqÒa‘‘) [12,178-179]; sufriti _ meomari, axalwveuli.

2 meSra‘ ar-remuli – meqnessa da sebus Soris, salesTan axlos. 3 ,,‘abd‘‘, mr.r. `‘abÒd‘‘ – arabulad mona. 4 al-buxari (810-870) – gamoCenili suniti muhadisi. daibada buxaraSi, gardaicvala samaryandSi. 10 wlidan daiwyo hadisebis Seswavla da cxovrebis miznad daisaxa maTi Segroveba. aRsaniSnavia misi krebuli às-sahÒh‘‘ da biografiuli naSromi hadisebis

gadamcemTa Sesaxeb àT-Ta'rÒx al-qabÒr‘‘.

34

aRniSnuli jari iRebda monawileobas yvela msxvil laSqrobaSi.

sulTanma maT mica miwebis SeZenis, e.i. hamaTinis ufleba. roca Savi

meomrebi mixvdnen, rom isini warmoadgendnen marokoSi erTaderT Zlier

da organizebul Zalas, maT gauCndaT Zalauflebisaken ltolvis

tendencia, magram abidebis raodenoba TandaTan Semcirda. XVIII saukunis

bolos isini iqcnen sulTnis pirad mcvelebad [105,66; 72,149].

mulai ismaili imedovnebda, rom Savi armiis meSveobiT SeZlebda

qristianTa okupaciisagan portebis gaTavisuflebas da Turqebis

Semotevis ukugdebas.

Sav jarSi Sedioda renegatebis mcire kontingentic, romlebic

flobdnen samxedro teqnikur xelovnebas.Ggarda amisa, ismails

safrangeTidan Camoyavda samxedro pirebi, romlebic amaragebdnen

iaraRiT da wvrTnidnen sulTnis meomrebs. mas iaraRi holandiidanac ki

Semohqonda [129,414].

Aamgvarad, mulai isamilis jari SeiZleba davyoT sam kategoriad:

1. al-buxaris jari, romelSic Sediodnen al-mansuris droidan

SemorCenili erTeuli razmebi da qveynis garedan Camoyvanili monebi.

2. xeobis anu vadis jari – Sedgeboda arabuli tomebisgan.

3. rifis anu sanapiro mujahidebi, romelTa meSveobiT ismailma gaaZeva

marokodan ucxoeli dampyroblebi [99,54; 119,215].

sulTan ismails jari gadanawilebuli yavda strategiul adgilebSi.

nawili akontrolebda ajanyebul raionebs, Sua atlass, nawili idga

mTavar damakavSirebel gzebze – Tazas derefnidan ujadSi, fesidan

TafilaleTSi da fesidan maraqeSSi, xolo danarCenebi adevnebdnen

Tvalyurs sanapiro zols. maT ar unda gamoparvodaT marokoSi

arasasurveli Zalebis gamoCena. jari pasuxismgebeli iyo mSvidobaze.

meomrebs eniSnebodaT xelfasi. TiToeul kasbaSi ojaxTan erTad

cxovrobda daaxloebiT 500-dan 1000-mde jariskaci. mulai ismailis jarSi

mcire raodenobiT Semavali gamuslimebuli qristianebi maxzanSi ver

ikavebdnen maRal Tanamdebobebs. maT zogjer ekisrebodaT religiuri

funqciebi [96,258; 104,214]. sulTnis brZanebiT, kasbebis gverdiT sagangebod

aSenda mogzaurTaTvis Ramis gasaTevi nagebobebi.

35

aRsaniSnavia, rom ismaili gansakuTrebiT ar uyvardaT fesis alimebs.

isini Tvlidnen, rom tirani sulTani zedmetad xarjavda fuls da

arakanonierad awesebda mZime gadasaxadebs. garda amisa, maT miaCndaT, rom

ismailis jars ar hqonda gadasaxadebis akrefisa da jihadis warmoebis

ufleba. mulai ismailis mmarTvelobis periodSi, agraruli gadasaxadis

mTavar formad iqca na ’iba (arabulad _ ,,Semcvleli‘‘, ,,cvlilebasTan

dakavSirebuli‘‘), romelsac ixdida yvela marokoeli. na ’iba miuTiTebs,

rom gadasaxadebi ganixileboda rogorc erTiani renta. mis SemoRebas

mTian raionebSi da upirveles yovlisa zaviebis marabutebis mxridan

mohyva mRelvarebebi. na ’iba ikrifeboda fuladi da naturis saxiT yovel

or an sam weliwadSi erTxel. xSirad gadasaxadebis amoReba sruldeboda

msxverpliT da amitom mosaxleoba mtrulad iyo ganwyobili Savi armiis

mimarT [32,224].

sulTan ismails abidebis gawvrTnasa da dafinansebaSi did daxmarebas

uwevda erT-erTi arabuli tomis Saixi, beqari. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT

ganmtkicda kavSiri mas Semdeg, rac 1678 wels mulai ismailma iqorwina

Saixis qaliSvilze, xenasaze. am qorwinebam daaregulira urTierToba

maxzansa da tomTa konfedereciebs Soris [76,43].

1700 wels, kidev ufro daiZaba urTierToba ismailsa da alimebs

Soris. sulTnis cnobilma meTaurma ‘abd al-xalikma mokla abidi.

alimebma igi Seifares da Txoves sulTans misi Sendoba. ismaili dapirda

maT, rom sicocxles SeunarCunebda mas, magram erTi wlis Semdeg ‘abd

al-xaliki mokluli ipoves. ar arsebobs raime damadasturebeli

dokumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom uSualod mulai ismailis brZanebiT mokles

meTauri ‘abd al-xaliki. savaraudoa, rom sulTanma Suri iZia da amiT

Riad daupirispirda alimebs [76,46; 1,16].

1708 wels, sulTanma ismailma fesis alimebs kategoriulad moTxova

Savi monebis anu abidebis aRiareba da maTi Cawera jarSi. ismailma

Tavidanve gaafrTxila alimebi, rom Tu ar daemorCilebodnen mis

brZanebas, sikvdiliT dasjida maT. erTaderTi, vinc gabeda mulai

ismailTan pirdapir dapirispireba, es iyo im dros cnobili swavluli

muhamad ‘abd as-salami. PerT-erTi versiis mixedviT, sulTanma CamoarTva

mas qoneba, daapatimra misi ojaxis wevrebi, muhamadi ki daaba fesis

36

bazarSi da aiZula mowyalebis Txovna. garkveuli periodis Semdeg,

ismailma gadaiyvana ‘abd as-salami meqnesis cnobil cixeSi. erTi wlis

mere, 1709 wels sulTanma Seindo urCi swavluli da gaaTavisufla

patimrobidan, ris Semdegac muhamadma Caricxa jarSi haraTinelebi1 Ada

gaagrZela moRvaweoba [76,47]. meore versiis Tanaxmad ki, ismailma

sikvdiliT dasaja ‘abd as-salami. man cixidan miswera ismails werili,

romelSiac werda: `me ver miviReb Tqvens winadadebas, radganac ver

davarRvev religiis kanonebs da mxolod alahs SeuZlia iyos msajuli‘‘.

ori dRis Semdeg muhamadi CamoaxrCes.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, alimebi monawileobdnen yvela

im ceremonialsa, Tu proceduraSi, romelic exeboda Zalauflebis

gadacemas. isini arkvevdnen taxtis pretendentis warmomavlobas, mis

pirad Tvisebebs da adgendnen Seesabameboda Tu ara, pretendenti

muslimuri samarTlis mier dadgenil kanonebs. swored alimebi axdendnen

sabolood samxedro da politikuri pirebis arCevis legitimacias, ris

Semdeg mmarTveli iTvleboda kanonierad arCeulad. alimebi aseve

adgendnen baÓ‘as anu erTgulebis ficis teqsts, romelic gamoxatavda

formalurad axlad arCeuli suverenis aRiarebas [145,79-83].

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, sulTnis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi memkvidre

xdeboda qveynis provinciebis nacvlebis, tomebis meTaurebis, qalaqebis

notableebis, jaris korpusebis xelmZRvanelebis, zaviebis marabutebis da

Sarifebis mxridan misi sulTnad cnobis Semdeg. adreul periodSi ki

sakmarisi iyo romelime Zlieri tomis mxardaWera da misgan momdinareoba.

XVII saukunidan moyolebuli, aucilebeli gaxda, rom marokos sulTani

yofiliyo mociqul muhamedis STamomavali, e.i. Sarifi [145,2].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, alimebi adgendnen baÓ‘as teqsts. agreTve mas

xels awerdnen saero pirebi da miemarTebodnen dedaqalaqSi, raTa

piradad daedoT fici suverenis erTgulebaze. alimebis oficialurad

aRiarebis gareSe taxtis pretendenti ver iqneboda legitimuri

1 haraTinelebi – uZvelesi feradkaniani (sxva monacemebiT Savkaniani) mosaxleoba, romelic cxovrobda marokos oazisebSi, berberebis mier saharis oazisebis dapyrobamde. isini monebisagan gansxvavebiT iyvnen Tavisufalni [57,18].

37

sulTani.1 amgvarad, ismailma jaris meSveobiT SeZlo amboxebuli

berberebis damorCileba, zeda atlasis berberuli tomebis garda,

maxzanis ganmtkiceba, qveyanaSi wesrigis damyareba, qurdobis aRkveTa,

gadasaxadebis amoReba, da evropelebis mier mitacebuli portebis

dabruneba [ix. aqve $2]. RamiT, nebismieri aRmsareblobis adamians, maT

Soris qals Tavisuflad SeeZlo marto gasuliyo gareT ise, rom aravin

hkiTxavda, Tu vin iyo da sad midioda.

$2. saRvTo omi evropelTa winaaRmdeg

XVI saukunidan moyolebuli marokos mTeli rigi portebi ucxoelebis

xelSi iyo. rodesac sulTanma ismailma daimorCila sxvadasxva

berberuli da arabuli tomi da gaaZliera jari, man wamoiwyo saRvTo

omi anu jihadi evropelTa winaaRmdeg [135,565].

1681 wels, mulai ismailma aiRo al-mahdia, igive al-ma‘mura, romelic

espanelebma daaarses 1614 wels mdinare sebus SesarTavTan. al-mahdiadan

gadioda gza saleze [40,273; 99,297; 71,182].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, tanJeri mziTvis saxiT gadaeca inglisis

mefes da igi britaneTis parlamentSi ganixileboda, rogorc

`fasdaudebeli almasi dedoflis diademaSi‘‘. portis kampanias saTaveSi

Caudga ismailis erT-erTi uZlieresi mxedarTmTavari, ali ibn ‘abd

al-lah ar-rifi. man alyaSi moaqcia tanJeri. portis aRebasTan

dakavSirebiT marokoeli da evropeli istorikosebi gvawvdian

gansxvavebul versiebs. evropeli istorikosebis nawili miiCnevs, rom imis

Semdeg, rac daangries simagreebi da koSkebi ingliselebma ubralod

datoves qalaqi, xolo marokoeli istorikosebi irwmunebian, rom

1 XVII-XIX da XX saukuneebSi, alimebis Tanxmoba aseve aucilebeli iyo nebismieri politikuri aqciis gasatareblad. dResdReobiTac muhamad VI-s ZalauflebaSi, iseve rogorc es iyo erTi saukunis win, gaerTianebulia ori ZiriTadi principi:1. mociqulis qarizma, 2. qveSevrdomebis mxridan formalurad misi Zalauflebis cnoba. mefe aris marokoeli xalxis saero da sulieri lideri. igi icavs islamis kanonebs da dRemde atarebs Sua saukuneebis droindel marTlmorwmuneTa meTauris – `amÒr al-mu’minÒnis‘‘ tituls. Tumca taxtis miRebis sakiTxebi zustad aris gansazRvruli konstituciiT da Zalauflebis gadacema xorcieldeba ufro metad saero da ara muslimuri kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze [145,3].

38

‘abd al-lah ar-rifis siZlieris da sisastikis gamo okupantebi

iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT porti. 1684 wels, eqvswliani alyis

Semdeg, ali ibn ‘abd al-lah ar-rifi Sevida tanJerSi da gasca brZaneba,

rac SeiZleba male aRedginaT alyis dros dangreuli galavani, meCeTebi,

koSkebi. mulai ismailma tanJerSi Caasaxla rifelebi [104,216; 1,17]. 1689

wels, ismailma espanelebs waarTva atlantis okeanis sanapiroze mdebare

porti laraSi (arabulad el-‘ara’iS), romelic 1610 wlidan espaneTis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. laraSisaTvis brZola gagrZelda sam-Tve

naxevari da mas saTaveSi edga ahmad b. hadu. muslimebma xelSi Caigdes

didi nadavli. laraSis dabrunebas poetebi leqsebs uZRvnidnen

[104,217;113,65].

1691 wels, erTwliani alyis Semdeg, ‘abd al-lah ar-rifim aiRo

atlantis okeanis porti asila, romelic aseve espanelebis xelSi iyo.

gadmocemis mixedviT, portis mosaxleobam da espanelebma gemebiT

gaqceviT uSveles Tavs, ris Semdegac sulTnis jarma daikava qalaqi.

espanelebisagan marokoelebs darCaT asi qvemexi [122,296; 81,223]. asilas

Semdeg ali ibn ‘abd al-lah ar-rifim ieriSi miitana seutaze, romlis

drosac gardaicvala. igi Secvala misma Svilma ahmadma. 25 aTasma

rifelma mebrZolma ver gaamarTla sulTan ismailis molodini.

espanelebs aseve darCaT xmelTaSua zRvaSi mdebare porti melila, ori

patara kunZuli – penon de-velesi da al-husemasi.

rac Seexeba portugalias, faqtobrivad 1515 wlidan mas xelT epyra

atlantis okeanis sanapiroze mdebare erT-erTi mniSvnelovani porti

el-jadida, igive mazagani,1 romelic daubruna qveyanas 1769 wels

sulTanma ibn ‘abd al-lahma [147,2; 110,51]. F

1 mazaganis saxeli momdinareobs berberuli tomis mazagavas saxelwodebidan, romelic cxovrobda portTan axlos.

39

Tavi IV

saqalaqo cxovreba da islamur-arabuli kultura marokoSi

rogorc aRiniSna, uZvelesi droidan maroko dasaxlebuli iyo

momTabare tomebiT – Tanamedrove berberebis winaprebiT. mogvianebiT,

berberul-arabuli kulturis Serwymis Sedegad Camoyalibda Taviseburi

islamur-arabuli kultura, rac upirveles yovlisa aisaxa qveynis

mosaxleobasa da saqalaqo cxovrebaSi. saukuneebis win daarsebuli

qalaqebi dRemde warmoadgenen mravali mecnieris Seswavlis sagans da

aTasobiT turists izidavs.

marokos qalaqebi iyofa sam kategoriad: 1. `beduia‘‘ – ZiriTadad

dasaxlebulia soflebidan Camosuli mosaxleobiT. mas miekuTvneba

garkveulwilad maraqeSi, ujda da sxva. 2. `maxzanis‘‘, igive `SarifTa‘‘

qalaqebi. am kategoriaSi Sedian fesi, maraqeSi, rabati da meqnesi.

3. `hadria‘‘ – moicavs im qalaqebs, sadac dRemde SenarCunebulia

muslimuri andalusiis kulturis elementebi. mis ricxvs miekuTvneba

rabati, sale. `hadriaSi‘‘ aseve gulisxmoben mdidari fenebiT dasaxlebul

qalaqebs [36,109].

nebismieri qalaqis daarsebisas, yuradReba eqceoda mis geografiul

adgilmdebareobas, klimats, sasmeli da sarwyavi wylebis arsebobas.

fesis dafuZnebis SemTxvevaSic, didi gavlena iqonia misma mdebareobam da

xelsayrelma bunebrivma pirobebma.

fesi (Zveli saxelwodeba `fezi‘‘, arabulad `fas‘‘ – weraqvi, Toxi)

mdebareobs atlasis mTebis CrdiloeT mTiswineTSi, mdinare sebus

SenakadTan. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 789 wels mas safuZveli Cauyara

hasanis SvilTaSvilma, idris ibn ‘abd al-lahma da Tavdapirvelad ewoda

ubralod qalaqi – `madÒna‘‘. Tumca, idris I sicocxlis bolomde

valilaSi cxovrobda, sadac gardaicvala 791 an 792 wels [40,54; 44,42;

41,277].

fesi swrafad ganviTarda, radganac mdebareobda saqaravno gzebis

gzajvaredinze da iTvleboda Sarifebis adgilsamyofelad. frangi

mecnieri e.f. gotie miuTiTebs fesTan axlo mdebare miwiszeda da

miwisqveSa wylebis siuxveze. ueWvelia, rom xelsayreli geografiuli

40

adgilmdebareobis garda, wylis arsebobamac ganapiroba aq qalaqis

aSeneba. garda amisa, fesis SemogarenSi didi raodenobiT moipoveba

Zvirfasi samSeneblo masalebi da bolos, igi mdebareobs yvelaze

xelsayrel adgilze, romelic akavSirebs Sua maRribs atlantis okeanis

dablobTan. swored aq gadis gza, mimavali CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken –

tanJeridan TafilaleTis oazisebamde [40,54; 82,4].

idrisianTa dinastiis fuZemdebelma daaarsa sxva qalaqebic: lukoxi

(safdadis xeoba), aklamisi, hajer an-nasri. igi daeufla Tamesnas (sales

raioni), Semdeg faazs (azrus raioni, ‘ain-liohi) da Tlemsens [32,90].

idris I mowamla xalifa harun ar-raSidis (786-809) emisarma. misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg, berberi aurebi Sarifis SvilSi, idris II-Si

xedavdnen RvTis madlis – `baraqas‘‘ matarebels da 11 wlis asakSi igi

oficialurad aRiares idris I-is memkvidred [31,18]. mas harun ar-raSidma

miuCina Tavisi xalxi. axalgazrda mbrZanebelze, aurebis garda gavlenas

axdendnen ifrikieli da andalusieli arabebi, romlebic gars exvivnen

mas valilaSi. gaurkveveli mizeziT idris II-m moakvlevina aurebis

beladi abu ishaki, ris Semdegac amira da misi qveSevrdomebi Tavs

mSvidad veRar grZnobdnen valilaSi. amitom mulai idrisma gaixsena

daumTavrebeli qalaqi fesi, romelic im dros warmoadgenda berberTa

dasaxlebas. legendis mixedviT, idris II-is vazirma, vadi fesTan

seirnobisas aRmoaCina mdinareebiT da wyaroebiT mdidari tyis zoli,

sadac karvebSi cxovrobdnen zenaTas tomebi. isini cnobili iyvnen `banu

xairis‘‘ saxeliT. vazirma uambo nanaxis Sesaxeb amiras. amis Semdeg idris

II-m zenaTasagan iyida miwebi 6 aTas dirhamad da daasaxla arabebi [115,54].

808 wels mulai idrisi Seudga fesis marjvena sanapiros gafarToebas.

vinaidan iq binadrobdnen mtacebeli cxovelebi, mas Semoartya galavani.

809 wlis dasawyisSi amiram wamoiwyo qalaqis Seneba mdinaris marcxena

sanapiroze. man am nawilsac Semoavlo galavani, aaSena patara sasaxle da

meCeTi. 809 wels fesi gamocxadda idrisianTa dinastiis dedaqalaqad.

fesis or nawils Soris yovelTvis arsebobda metoqeoba, rac xels

uSlida mis ganviTarebas [140,7686; 97,158-161].

818 wels, qalaqis Zvel nawils Tavi Seafara 8 aTasma espanelma

muslimma, romelnic gaaZeves kordovidan ajanyebis Semdeg. maTi

41

STamomavlebi dResac cxovroben fesis andalusiur kvartalSi. am

periodSi, qalaqSi saubrobdnen yvelaze sufTa, saliteraturo arabulze

mTel regionSi.

808-828 wlebSi, idris II-m saamiros SeuerTa tanJeri, seuta, Tlemseni.

misi vaJis al-munTasiris dros (828-836) idrisianTa saamiro daiSala

samTavroebad. gadmocemis mixedviT, Sarifis aTma vaJma (sxva monacemebiT

Svidma) berberi bebiis, kenzas rCeviT dainawiles mamis samflobeloebi.

savaraudoa, rom am dromde idrisianTa dinastiis saamiro ukve

warmaodgenda qalaq-saxelmwifoebis federacias da maTi Zalaufleba

ZiriTadad qalaqebze vrceldeboda [29,49].

idrisianTa mmarTvelobis dros, qalaqSi sagangebod aSenda

sastumroebi, aigo wisqvilebi, momravlda abanoebi.

arqeologebma fesSi aRmoaCines 12 samoneto kari, sadac iWreboda

dirhami, rac erTi mxriv adasturebs TiToeuli saamiros

damoukideblobas, meore mxriv ki, maT Soris mWidro ekonomikur

urTierTobebs. amasTanave, al-munTasiris droidan fesis mflobeli

inarCunebda imamis wodebas, ris gamoc sargeblobda gansakuTrebuli

pativiscemiT da gavleniT [40,41-43].

958–960 wlebSi, jauhar as-sikili (gard.992w.) SeiWra fesSi, ris

Semdegac kordovas mmarTvelma al-haqam II-m (961-976) alya Semoartya

idrisianTa citadels, hajer an-nasrs. espanelma omaianebma (756-976) tyved

aiyvanes ukanaskneli idrisianebi da gagzavnes isini kordovaSi. erT-erTi

maTgani gaiqca kairoSi, moipova fatimianTa (910-1171) mxardaWera, magram

isev tyved Cavarda da sikvdiliT dasajes [110,44; 109,87]. 980-1012 wlebSi

fesi isev kordoveli omaianebis mmarTvelobis qveS aRmoCnda.

1069 wels almoravidebis (arabulad ,,al-mura bitón‘‘) meTauri, iusuf

ibn TaSfini ( [1061-1106] erT-erTi versiiT TaSufini) Sevida fesSi. man

gaaerTiana qalaqi da igi aqcia al-murabitebis sayrdenad CrdiloeT

marokoSi. amasTanave, iusufi iTvleba fesis meore damaarseblad, man aago

aq nagebobani, daangria patara meCeTi da mis sanacvlod aaSena didi,

romlis asagebad miiwvia andalusieli mSeneblebi. al-murabitebis

mmarTvelobis periodSi (1056-1147), ZiriTadad dasrulda vadi fesSi

mimdinare samuSaoebi. qalaqi brwyinavda Tavisi sidiadiT [140,7687].

42

1145 wels almohavidebis (arabulad ,,al-muva hidón‘‘) meTauri, ‘abd

al-mu’mini (1130-1163) xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg Sevida fesSi. man aRadgina

alyis dros dangreuli kedlebi.

al-muvahidebis dros (1130-1269), fesSi aSenda biblioTekebi,

cixesimagreebi, meCeTebi, sasaxleebi da didebuli alayafis kari.

miuxedavad amisa, al-muvahidebis `damkvidreba‘‘ fesSi al-murabitebTan

SedarebiT iTvleba misi ganviTarebisaTvis Seferxebis periodad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros berberebi aiZulebdnen karaviinis mqadageblebs

berberul enaze qadagebas [108,77].

1200 wels fesis 785 meCeTSi aswavlidnen muslimur Teologias da

samarTals. mogvianebiT, roca misi dideba gascda marokos sazRvrebs, es

qalaqi gaxda saerTo islamuri mecnierebis centri, sadac swavlobdnen

aristoteles filosofias, maTematikas, medicinas [101,47].

1248 wels fesi daikaves marinianebma da am droidan moyolebuli igi

gaxda axali saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda

alJiri, Tunisi da tripolitania. marinianTa mmarTvelobis periodSi,

qalaqma miaRwia didebis zenits, Sendeboda axali medreseebi, sasaxleebi,

baRebi. fesma saxeli gaiTqva mSvidobismoyvareobiTa da SemwynareblobiT.

`maRribis meqa‘‘ gaxda qveynis ekonomikuri centric, sadac Tavs iyridnen

alJireli, andalusieli, sahareli da sxvadasxva qristianuli

saxelmwifos vaWrebi. qalaqidan gadioda faifuri, qsovilebi. droTa

ganmavlobaSi, fesis dideba TandaTanobiT gaqra da iq religiurma

fanatizmma daisadgura [55,47].

1472 wels, vatasiani muhamad aS-Saixi fesSi sulTnad gamoacxades.

mogvianebiT, ukanasknel vatasianebs Zala aRar SewevdaT winaaRmdegoba

gaewiaT Zlieri sa‘dis SarifebisTvis da erT-erTi vatasianis revanSis

aRebis mcdeloba sruli kraxiT dasrulda [60,114]. 1549 wels, sa‘debma

Sida ganxeTqilebis wyalobiT aiRes fesi, xolo 1554 wels feselebma

alJireli Turqebis daxmarebiT gaaZeves qalaqidan sa‘debi. amave wels,

Sarifebma daibrunes fesi da daamarcxes amboxebis meTauri abi hasuni.

igi gardaicvala qalaqis misadgomebTan brZolisas. sa‘debis

mmarTvelobis periodSi, marokos dedaqalaqi gaxda maraqeSi, Tumca

43

sa‘dis Sarifebi gansakuTrebiT dakavebuli iyvnen karaviinis meCeTisa da

universitetis gafarToebiT da galamazebiT [140,7691].

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, lev afrikelis1 cnobiT fesis mosaxleobis

ricxvma miaRwia 125 aTass.

1603 wlis 20 agvistos, fesSi gardaicvala sa‘debis cnobili sulTani

al-mansuri.

1659 wels mulai muhamadma fesi miwasTan gaaswora. 1666 wels qalaqi

daikava sulTanma ar-raSidma. man mdinare sebuze aRmarTa grandiozuli

oTxmaliani xidi, xeli Seuwyo qalaqis keTlmowyobas, wesrigSi moiyvana

sarwyavi arxebi, ganaviTara vaWroba, xelosnoba, daaarsa àS-Saratinis‘‘

madrese, aaSena kasba, romelic dResdReobiT cnobilia Serardas (1670)

saxeliT [126,513].

1674 wels, sulTanma ismailma aiRo fesi. marTalia, ismails

gansakuTrebiT ar uyvarda fesi da maraqeSi, magram alimebis mizidvis

mizniT, man aaSena medreseebi da saxlebi maTTvis, vinc igi sulTnad

aRiara. mulai ismailma kidev ufro moawesriga arxebi [60,3]. qveynis

mmarTvelma gadaitana dedaqalaqi maraqeSidan meqnesSi. sulTan ismailis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, fesi araerTxel gaxda amboxebebis centri.

safrangeTis proteqtoratis dros, igi iqca erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

brZolis kerad [43,23; 31,26].

fesSi erTi SexedviT araferi Secvlila, TiTqos yvelaferi iseTivea,

rogorc iyo saukuneebis win: saxlebi, meCeTebi, quCebi, religiuri

saZmoebi, xelovneba da pirvel rigSi xalxi. igi erTaderTi adgilia

msoflioSi, sadac ar aris manqanis sadgomebi (igulisxmeba `fÀs

1 al-hasan ibn muhamad al-vazan az-zaiTi al-fasÒ _ Tavis Tavs uwoda iuhana al-asad al-Rarnati. daibada 1492 wels grenadaSi (arabulad `Rarnata‘‘), romlis dacemis Semdeg misi ojaxi dasaxlda fesSi, ris gamoc SeiZina nisba _ àl-fa sÒ‘‘, man miiRo kargi ganaTleba. moRvaweobda banu vatasis da sa‘debis karze [45,445], aRwera qalaqi fesi. savaraudoa, rom 1515 wels gaemarTa wminda qalaqebis mosalocad. moiara ramdenime qveyana. samSobloSi mimavali Seipyres sicilielma mekobreebma da 1520 wels Caiyvanes neapolSi, SemdgomSi JirafTan erTad àCuqes‘‘ romis pap lui X-s (1513-1521), romlis saxelic daerqva. italiaSi lev afrikeli iZulebuli gaxda mieRo qristianoba. igi boloniaSi aswavlida arabuls. espanuris codnam ki xeli Seuwyo italiurisa da laTinuris swrafad dauflebaSi. 1524 wels, man boloniaSi erT-erT ebrael eqims Seudgina arabul-ebraul-laTinuri leqsikoni, romlis xelnaweri SenarCunda eskurialSi. 1526 wels, lev afrikelma daasrula naSromi àfrikis aRwera‘‘ [45,446], xolo 1527 wels Seadgina 30 cnobili arabi filosofosis da eqimis biografiebi, romelnic mogvianebiT gamoica. 1528 wels dabrunda afrikaSi da isev gaxda muslimi. dasaSvebia, rom lev afrikeli gardaicvala 1552 wels TunisSi [45,447].

44

al-balÒ‘‘). aq aris mulai idrisis zavia da wminda akldama, romelic 1100

weli xelSeuxebladaa SenarCunebuli [60,64]. igi aniWebs `baraqas‘‘ –

yovlismimtevebel locva-kurTxevas yvelas, vinc Camodis qalaqSi

aRmosavleTidan an dasavleTidan (yadiebi, beduinebi, saxelmwifo

moRvaweebi, swavlulebi, avadmyofebi...). es albaT erTaderTi adgilia

msoflioSi, sadac nebismier adamians – damnaSaves an mkvlels,

gakotrebul vaWars an moRalates, qurds an ficis gamtexs SeuZlia

hpovos TavSesafari mravali wliT da icxovros miRebuli mowyalebiT.

igi iqneba wminda da xelSeuxebeli, rogorc es adgili. meCeTis

SesasvlelTan Cerdeba mefis abidi, felahi, ucxoeli turisti.

safrangeTis proteqtoratis dros, frangi policieli da yoveli axali

rezidenti meCeTis kedlebTan tovebda oqros monetas. aseve, ucxoelebi

patisviscemis niSnad dResdReisobiTac wiraven fuls. calke aris

RaribTaTvis Sesawiri adgili. religiuri statusis mqone qalaqSi

akrZalulia sisxlis daRvra [60,65].

fesi, iseve rogorc marokos samefos sxva qalaqebi iyofa or nawilad:

Zveli fesi – `fÀs al-balÒ‘‘ da axali fesi – `fÀs al-jadÒd‘‘. medina

garSemortymulia XII da XIII saukuneebis droindeli `bab al-mahrukis‘‘,

`bab bu-jeludis‘‘ karibWeebiT (1911-12). kedlebis gareTaa 1582 wels

agebuli bastionebi. Zvel fesSi aris viwro quCebis labirinTebi,

andalusielebis da kairavanelebis kvartlebi, cixesimagreebi.

CrdiloeTiT mdebare ferdobebze aRmarTulia marinianTa droindeli

nekropoli (XIVs. nawili moicavs XII სaukunis nangrevebs) [126,513].

`fÀs al-balÒSi‘‘ mdebareobs islamur samyaroSi cnobili karaviinis

meCeTi da universiteti. gadmocemis mixedviT, igi daaarsa 858 an 859 wels

kairavaneli vaWris erT-erTma qaliSvilma, fatimam. XI saukunidan aSenda

16 minaSeni, TiToeulSi 21 TaRiTa da 270 svetiT [112,81]. karaviini

gafarTovda 956 da 1135 wlebSi. 1950 wels igi restavrirebul iqna.

meCeTis ezoebi damSvenebulia galereebiT, XVI-XVII saukuneebis

droindeli pavilionebiT, SadrevnebiT. dResdReisobiT, karaviini moicavs

meCeTs, universitets, akademias, biblioTekas (dafuZnda 1349 w.), saswavlo

centrs, sadac euflebian codnas maRribidan, egviptidan, libiis

udabnodan, Soreuli indoeTidan Camosuli studentebi [60,66;97,163-168].

45

Zveli qalaqidan dasavleTiT mdebareobs axali qalaqi, romelsac

safuZveli Cauyares marinianebma (1276). fesis ori nawili erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulia baRebiT. `fÀs al-jadÒdSi‘‘ mdebareobs `dar al-maxzanis‘‘

sasaxle (XIII saukunis dasasr., XVI-XVIII ss.), didi meCeTi (1276) Wreli

minareTiT, melahi. mravalma ebraelma oqromWedelma, Tu iuvelirma,

romlebic odesRac aq cxovrobdnen israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis (1948)

Semdeg datoves fesi. qalaqis axal nawilSi agreTve mdebareobs `al-

hamras‘‘ (1339) da ,,al-zharis‘‘ meCeTebi (1357). CrdiloeTiTaa Serardas

kasba. fesis mTavar meCeTSi qalebs ar uSveben [44,23].

qalaqis RirSesaniSnaobad aseve iTvleba ,,al-atarinis‘‘ (1323-25), ,,bu-

inanias‘‘ (1357) medreseebi da mokfias (XIXs) abano [126,513].

XIX saukunis dasasrulamde fesi erTaderTi adgili iyo, sadac

ikereboda saqveynod cnobili `fesa‘‘ (wakveTili konusiseburi formis

wiTeli feris qudi), romelsac xSirad Turqul warmomavlobas miaweren.

XX saukunis aTian wlebSi, samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT,

safrangeTis rezidentis liotes (igive liotie-[1911-25]) TaosnobiT daiwyo

Tanamedrove qalaqis Seneba, sadac ganlagebulia sazogadoebrivi da

administraciuli Senobebi. 1912 wels, rezidentma mRelvare fess

amjobina rabati, romelic dedaqalaqad aqcia.

qalaqgare zona moicavs vilebsa da baRebs. fesidan oTxi kilometris

daSorebiTY SemorCenilia amargus cixis nangrevebi (XI-XII ss.), mrgvali

koSki [128,751].

gazafxulobiT, fesSi ewyoba `sulTan tolbas‘‘ dResaswauli da

weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba islamuri konferencia. `sulTan tolbas‘‘

SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT istorikosTa Soris gansxvavebuli versiebi

arsebobs. nawili miiCnevs, rom igi ukavSirdeba ar-raSidis fesSi

Sesvlasa da mis qorwils, xolo istorikosebis meore nawili Tvlis,

rom dResaswauli dakavSirebulia sulTan ismailis saxelTan. zeimi

grZeldeba sami dRe. am dros, karaviinis universitetis studentebi

irCeven `sulTans‘‘ da mosaxleoba wiravs fuls. arCeuli sulTani erTi

saaTiT xvdeba monarqs, romelic Rebulobs mas, rogorc ,,Tanaswors‘‘.

dResaswaulis dReebSi, matulobs stumarTa da turistTa ricxvi, rasac

46

bunebrivia vaWrebi iyeneben TavianT sasargeblod. sami dRis manZilze

`sulTan tolbas‘‘ `emorCileba‘‘ yvela [94,146-147].

qalaqi fesi, qveynis CrdiloeTis dedaqalaqi, aris provinciis

administraciuli centri, xalxuri xelovnebis tradiciuli dargebis –

safeiqro saqmis, meTuneobis, saiuveliro, tyavis damuSavebis,

mexaliCeobis centri da saxelmwifos satransporto kvanZi [128,751]. man,

rogorc arabuli maRribis inteleqtualuri da religiuri cxovrebis

keram, dRemde SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba. misi daarseba es iyo axali

epoqis dasawyisi marokos istoriaSi. fesma warmatebiT gauwia

konkurencia sxva mniSvnelovan qalaqebs da religiur saswavleblebs

[124,10].

maraqeSi XI saukuneSi sanhajas tomis beladma, iahia b. ibrahimma

TanamoazreebSi islamis gavrcelebis mizniT, miiwvia cnobili marokoeli

Teologi ‘abd al-lah ibn iasini. vinaidan, mdinare nigerze sanhajelma

berberebma aRmarTes cixesimagre, arabulad `riba t‘‘ (gamagrebuli

adgili, monasteri), am saZmos wevrebs uwodeben murabitebs. 1042 wels, ibn

iasinma daiwyo islamis gavrceleba saharis berberebsa da takruris

zangebs Soris. 1055 wels murabitebma daikaves dRevandeli marokos da

alJiris didi nawili. mogvianebiT, 1062 wels maTma cnobilma sardalma,

iusuf ibn TaSfinma safuZveli Cauyara qalaq maraqeSs (arab. ,,marraquS‘‘,

daarsda 1071 wels), romlisganac momdinareobs qveynis Tanamedrove

saxelwodeba [56,167; 27,56; 44,40; 97,84-109;103,5].

maraqeSs uwodeben ,,wiTel qalaqs‘‘, radganac igi garSemortymulia

wiTeli kedlebiT. qalaqis saxelis zusti warmomavloba ucnobia.

istorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom is momdinareobs berberuli sityvidan,

romelic dakavSirebulia erT-erT bibliur personaJTan. nawili

varaudobs, rom masmudas dialeqtze `marraqa S‘‘ niSnavs mgzavris

gafrTxilebas – `ar Seyovnde‘‘ da miiCneven, rom is berberuli sityvaa da

niSnavs “mur”(n)“akush”-RvTis miwas. amasTanave, mecnierTa umravlesoba

qalaqis saxels ganmartavs, rogorc wiTels, morTuls[151,1].

udaoa, rom TaSfini moxibla momavali dedaqalaqis mSralma da

jansaRma klimatma. man gaSala selis karvebi, Semoartya banaks sartyeli

da aago kasba iaraRis Sesanaxad. ibn TaSfinma gaTxara Webi, romlebic

47

uerTdeboda erTmaneTs ketaras miwisqveSa milebis meSveobiT. mogvianebiT,

abu baqrma aago qvis sasaxle – `kasr al-hajar‘‘. 1132 wels (an 1130) ibn

TaSfinis memkvidrem, romelic mas SeeZina qristiani tyve qalisgan, ali b.

iusufma maraqeSs Semoavlo 15 kilometriani galavani. al-murabitebis

dros maraqeSSi fexi moikida andalusiurma kulturam. amiras karze

moRvaweobdnen cnobili RvTismetyvelebi: yadi aiadi, Sua saukuneebis

erT-erTi saukeTeso eqimi ibn zuhri, inJineri bin iuni, romelmac kidev

ufro daxvewa ketaras sairigacio sistema [87,12; 31,20; 23,142].

maraqeSi aSenda al-murabitebis mier espaneTSi dagrovili nadavlis

xarjze. igi iyo uzarmazari imperiis dedaqalaqi, romlis sazRvrebi

gaSlili iyo senegalidan kabiliamde da saragosidan santarenamde. 1147

wels maraqeSi daikava ‘abd al-mu’minma. Tavdapirvelad al-muvahidebma

maraqeSi faqtobrivad miwasTan gaaswores. nawilobriv gadarCa is ori

simagre, romelnic winamorbedebis dros icavda qalaqs rifisa da

masmudas tomebis Tavdasxmebisagan. maraqeSis axalma mmarTvelebma male

aRadgines dangreuli nagebobebi im andalusieli arqiteqtorebis

meSveobiT, romlebmac aages qalaqi. SenarCunda ibn TaSfinis saflavi da

cnobili agdalis baRebi. ali ibn iusufis didi meCeTisgan gadarCa

minbari. droTa ganmavlobaSi, al-muvahidebs Soris warmoqmnilma

ganxeTqilebam gamoiwvia espanel qristianTa Careva maRribis qveynebis

saSinao saqmeebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom RvTismSoblis taZris aSenebis

sanacvlod, kastiliis mefem fernando III-m, ‘abd al-mu’mins gaugzavna 12

aTasi mxedari. 1232 wels taZari daangries, magram maraqeSis saepiskoposo

arsebobda XIV saukunemde [87,14; 40,152].

`wiTeli qalaqis‘‘ keTilmowyobaze gansakuTrebiT zrunavda

al-muvahidebis erT-erTi saxelganTqmuli mmarTveli al-mansuri (1184-1199),

romlis karze cxovrobda da moRvaweobda saxelovani filosofosi da

mecnieri ibn ruSdi (1126-1198). al-mansurma citadelSi aago 11 an 12

sasaxle. man daaarsa madrasa, sadac muslimebi iRebdnen ganaTlebas

usasyidlod da weliwadSi erTxel Rebulobdnen saWiro tanisamoss.

medreseSi samxedro xelovnebis garda, aswavlidnen saxelmwifos marTvas.

vinc iricxeboda saxelmwifos marTvis dargze, mas evaleboda samarTlis

codna. aRniSnul profesias euflebodnen amiras an SeZlebuli fenis

48

Svilebi. al-mansurma, maraqeSSi aaSena didi saavadmyofo -

keTilmowyobili palatebiTa da lamazi baRebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom

maraqeSi cnobili iyo, rogorc homeopatiis centri [101,106].

al-mansuris droindeli meCeTebidan gadarCa cnobili 67-metriani

minareTi – `quTubia‘‘, romelic aigo (1199) `kasr al-hajaris‘‘ adgilze. mas

ase imitom ewoda, rom misgan daaxloebiT as metrSi iyideboda wignebi

(`quTub‘‘). ,,quTubias‘‘ Tavs amSvenebs oTxi mooqrovili spilenZis burTi

[121,871]. wyaroebis mixedviT, al-mansuris erT-erTma colma an gayida

qorwilSi miRebuli Zvirfasi samkaulebi da aRebuli TanxiT gaakeTebina

burTebi, an ubralod gadaadno Zvirfaseuloba. savaraudoa, rom amiT mas

undoda codvebis gamosyidva. saukuneebis manZilze, burTebis moWris

mizniT (egonaT oqrosi), mravalma yaCaRma Tu mmarTvelma moindoma maTi

Camoxsna, magram ucnauri movlenebis gamo xels iRebdnen am ganzraxvaze.

amboben, rom vinc es burTebi dakida, warmoTqva magiuri locva, raTa

zebunebriv Zalebs isini mudmivad daecvaT. astrologebis mtkicebiT,

burTebi inarCunebdnen wonasworobas planetebis zegavlenis wyalobiT

[4,79; 73,141; 87,1].

legendis mixedviT, 67-metriani quTubias adgilze Tavdapirvelad aigo

sxva meCeTi (1147). vinaidan kibla arasworad iyo mimarTuli meqisken, male

daangries, xolo ‘abd al-mu’minma misi mSenebeli sikvdiliT dasaja.

quTubia muslimur samyaroSi iTvleba samTagan (hasanis koSki rabatSi,

la-jiralda seviliaSi) erT-erT ulamazes nagebobad [148,2; 46,23]. 1269

wels, roca maraqeSi daikaves marinianebma, dedaqalaqma fesSi gadainacvla.

rogorc aRiniSna 1548 wels, sa‘debis Sarifebma daipyres maraqeSi, misi

mosazRvre teritoriiT. maT qalaqi kvlav aqcies dedaqalaqad. isini

gansakuTrebiT zrunavdnen mis galamazebaze. sa‘dma sulTanma muhamad al-

mahdim (1517-1557) maraqeSSi aaSena sasaxleebi da sxva nagebobani. man miiRo

`amÒr al-mu‘minÒnis‘‘ tituli, romelsac SemdgomSi atarebda marokos

yvela mmarTveli [23,187; 37,266]. aRsaniSnavia, rom maraqeSSi gavrcelebuli

iyo maliqituri mazhabi.1

1 maliqituri mazhabi – momdinareobs medineli maliq ibn anasidan (713-795). maliqitebi krZalavdnen yuranis da sunas axsna-ganmartebas. isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen fikhisa da misi ganStoebis furu‘s swavlas. maliqitebi maRribSi asrulebdnen yadiebis da imamebis funqcias, magram zogierTi maTgani dakavebuli iyo mSrali kazuistikiT [60,76-77].

49

1578-93 wlebSi sa‘debis saxelovanma sulTanma, al-mansurma aaSena `al-

badis‘‘ sasaxle – meCeTebiTa da sajiniboebiT. igi aigo espanur-

mavriTanul stilSi. samSeneblo masalad gamoyenebul iqna oniqsi, oqro,

italiuri marmarilo. sasaxles ekava 50 heqtari. mogvianebiT, sulTan

ismailis brZanebiT 1696 wels `al-badi‘‘ nangrevebad iqca, radganac

Sarifma igi meqnesis samSeneblo masalad gamoiyena. dResdReisobiT,

yovel wels sasaxlis nangrevebSi ewyoba marokouli folkloris

festivali [143,1]. al-mansuris mmarTvelobis periodSi, aSenda sa‘debis

Sarifebis akldama, romelic aseve warmoadgens muslimuri arqiteqturis

erT-erT Sedevrs. mulai ismailma ver gabeda misi xelyofa, Tumca dafara

al-mansuris meCeTis kedlebiT. 1917 wlamde aramuslimebs ekrZalebodaT

akldamaSi Sesvla. sa‘debis mavzoleumi Sedgeba sami darbazisgan. aq

ganisveneben sa‘debis 66 `meTauri‘‘, maTi memkvidreebi, uaxloesi naTesavebi

da dinastiis sxva asi warmomadgeneli [144,2].

1668 wels maraqeSi daikava sulTanma ar-raSidma. Sarifma

gansakuTrebiT izruna qalaqze, aago Senobebi, gaaSena baRi.

rogorc aRiniSna 1677 wels sulTanma ismailma ieriSiT aiRo `wiTeli

qalaqi‘‘ da mosaxleobis nawili sikvdiliT dasaja. ismailis

mmarTvelobis periodSi, maraqeSma dakarga dedaqalaqis statusi da igi

meqness dauTmo [39,261]. xangamoSvebiT, mulai ismailis memkvidreebis dros,

maraqeSi isev gaxda marokos dedaqalaqi. 1873 wels, iq sulTnad akurTxes

mulai hasan I.

1880 wlidan daiwyo `bahias‘‘ anu `lamazmanis sasaxlis‘‘ Seneba. igi

aago didma vazirma sidi musam erT-erTi meuRlis sapativsacemod (mas

hyavda sul 24 coli). mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdegac, vaziri

yidulobda mis garSemo mdebare miwebs. man ramdenjerme gadaakeTa

sasaxle. mTavar arqiteqtors, al-haj muhamad bin maki al-misufs Svidi

weli dasWirda sidi musas axirebebis Sesasruleblad. saboloo jamSi,

bahia gadaiqca labirinTad da acda dagegmil proeqts. gadmocemis

mixedviT, did vazirs ar mowonda maRali nagebobani da amitom, sasaxle

arc ise maRalia. igi upiratesobas aniWebda pirvel sarTuls. bahia

imdenad lamazi gamovida, rom man ajoba samefos yvela danarCen

sasaxles, rac bunebrivia ar moewona axalgazrda sulTans ‘abd

50

al-‘azizs. 1900 wels, rodesac gardaicvala sidi musa, sulTnis

brZanebiT bahia gaZarcves. 1912 wels ki safrangeTis rezidentma liotem,

amoirCia sasaxle rezidenciad. rezidenti ver itanda sicives, ris gamoc

man sasaxleSi gaakeTebina buxrebi, ramac daaziana misi kedlebi. droTa

ganmavlobaSi, bahia gadaiqca sastumrod. mas stumrobdnen gamoCenili

evropeli da amerikeli sazogado moRvaweebi, politikosebi. Tumca

Tanamedrove sastumroebma sasaxle daCrdiles. amJamad, iq mihyavT

turistebi [144,2; 153,1].

1912 wels maraqeSi daikaves saharis tomis hibas meamboxeebma. maT

gaanadgures frangebi. proteqtoratis dros, qalaqis politikuri da

ekonomikuri mniSvneloba daeca. mas marTavdnen safrangeTis mier

daniSnuli pirebi, risi ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli iyo haj tami. igi

istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc muhamad V-s taxtidan Camogdebis erT-erTi

mTavari iniciatori [15,129; 152,1].

garda amisa, atlasis mTebis gavliT maraqeSze mudmivad gadioda

saqaravno gza (saharidan da TimbuqTudan), datvirTuli oqroTi, monebiT,

mariliT. saqoneli SemdgomSi itvirTeboda atlantis okeanis portebSi

da gadioda evropaSi. ,,wiTel qalaqSi‘‘ kargad ganviTarebuli vaWroba

xels uwyobda mis keTildReobas.

maraqeSi, iseve rogorc marokos sxva qalaqebi iyofa or nawilad.

medinas centrSi mdebareobs cnobili `jÀmi‘ al-fanÀ’s“1 moedani. 1912

wlamde moednis kedlebze ekida sikvdilmisjilTa – mtrebis,

moRalateebis, meamboxeTa an damnaSaveTa Tavebi. Zvelad, mzis Casvlis

Semdeg karibWe iketeboda, vinc ver aswrebda qalaqSi Sesvlas da

cdilobda kedlebidan gadasvlas mtrad iTvleboda da axrCobdnen.

dResdReisobiT `jÀmi‘ al-fanÀ’‘‘ warmoadgens xalxis TavSeyris, bazrobis

da gasarTob adgils. medinaSi Tavmoyrilia meCeTebi, sasaxleebi, zaviebi.

aRsaniSnavia `quba al-baadinis‘‘ aguris eqvsTaRiani gumbaTovani

pavilioni (XI-XII ss.), ibn iusufis droindeli rva ezoiani medrese

(daarsda XIVs, rekonstrirebuli iqna 1565 an 1569 wels) yadi aiadis

meCeTi da universiteti, `dar si saidis‘‘ sasaxle – dRevandeli

1 jamÀ’a - arabulad saxalxo, religiuri Tavyriloba, moedani. al-fanÀ’ –sikvdilmisjilebi, isini, vinc CamoaxrCes, daxvrites, mohkveTes Tavi an xel-fexi.

51

xelovnebis muzeumi (XIXs), ,,Svidi wmindanis akldama‘‘, romlis istoria

dakavSirebulia sulTan ismailis mmarTvelobasTan da sufizmis did

gavlenasTan. Saix abu ali al-hasan al-iusim, mulai ismailis miTiTebiT,

safuZveli Cauyara es-suveiras msgavsad regregas - ,,wmindanebis

festivals‘‘ [116,164; 38,46; 151,1].

qalaqi maraqeSi ganTqmulia agdalis (XII s., 405 heqtari), menaras (XVII

s.) zeTisxilis da frangi mxatvaris Jak maJorelis (1886-1962) baRebiT,

finikis palmebis tyiT. gadmocemis mixedviT, maraqeSis erT-erTi

alyis dros dampyroblebs araferi hqondaT saWmeli finikis garda. maTi

wasvlis Semdeg qalaqis garSemo aRmocenda tye, rogorc jildo

alyaSemortymulTaTvis [146,1; 15,129].

tradiciisamebr, `wiTeli qalaqis‘‘ TiToeuli saxlis WiSkarze kidia

rgoli da TiTqmis yvela rgolze moxatulia mociqulis qaliSvilis,

fatimas xeli, romelic icavs ojaxs boroti Zalebisagan, qurdebisagan,

xanZrisagan, Tavdasxmebisagan da yovelive siborotisagan [60,30].

aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaqSi cxovroben iudevelebi. maTi nawili

dasaxlda maraqeSSi 70 wels romaelebis mier ierusalimis da solomonis

taZris dangrevis Semdeg. nawili damkvidrda aq espanel muslimebTan

erTad XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi.1

medinas samxreTiT ekvris kasba, xolo misgan dasavleTiT mdebareobs

Tanamedrove qalaqi - ,,geliz‘‘, romelic Sendeba 1913 wlidan. maraqeSidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 30 kilometrSi XII saukunis droindeli

`tasgimutas‘‘ cixis nangrevebia [15,129].

dResdReobiT, maraqeSs ganagebs `faSa‘‘ – raionis gubernatoris

moadgile. `wiTeli qalaqi‘‘ aris maraqeSis provinciis administraciuli

da samxreT marokos mTavari ekonomikuri centri. zeda atlasis da

saharis mkvidrebs aq CamoaqvT gasayidad matyli, tyavi. TviTon iZenen

1 maraqeSSi arian iseTi ebraelebic, romlebmac miiRes islami da iTvlebian

berberebad an arabebad [55,19]. maraqeSSi agreTve cxovroben evropelebi. umeteswilad

eseni arian vaWrebi da samuSaos maZieblebi. yovelwliurad, samyaros yvela kuTxidan

qalaqSi aTasobiT turisti Camodis. maraqeSis quCebi labirinTiviTaa da rogorc

saukuneebis win, aqaa iseTi quCebi, sadac muSaoben mWedlebi, meCuqurTmeebi. `wiTel

qalaqSi“ aris e.w. sukebis raioni sawyobebiT, maRaziebiT, savaWro duqnebiT, wvrili da

msxvili saxelosnoebiT, sadac SeiZleba yvelafris SeZena [60,20].

52

aucilebel nivTebs da evropul nawarms [130,871; 72,72]. 1985 wlidan

qalaqis Zveli nawili - ,,medina‘‘ Sesulia iuneskos msoflio

memkvidreobis Zeglebis siaSi.

rabati VII-X saukuneebSi, im regionebSi, sadac muslimebsa da

aramuslimebs Soris arsebobda samxedro-ideologiuri dapirispireba

gaCnda egreTwodebuli ribati. Tavdapirvelad igi warmoadgenda mxolod

cixesimagres da dasaxlebuli iyo sarwmunoebisaTvis mebrZoli

moxaliseebiT. `dar al-islamis‘‘ teritoriaze, xalifa omar I-is (634-644)

droidan moyolebuli, samxedro movaleobis Sesruleba saRvTo saqmed

iTvleboda da islamis gavrcelebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ribatis

mebrZolebi – al-murabitebi icavdnen puritanuli islamis mkacr wesebs,

xolo X-XI saukuneebidan rabati arabul maRribSi ubralo samxedro

simagre gaxda. mogvianebiT, al-muvahidebis mmarTvelobis periodSi

daarsda dRevandeli marokos samefos dedaqalaqi, arabulad `ar-ribat‘‘,

romelic asrulebda gamagrebuli simagris da portis rols [21,198;

139,5080; 56,208; 11,162;97,216-219].

1150 wels (sxva monacemebze dayrdnobiT 1138 w.), xalifa ‘abd

al-mu’minma atlantis okeanis sanapiroze, mdinare bu-regregis marcxena

napirze, frialo kldeze aRmarTa sabrZolo masalisaTvis gamagrebuli

simagre, romelsac uwoda gamarjvebis banaki anu `riba tu-l-faTh‘‘. amave

dros, gamarjvebis banaki warmoadgenda espaneTSi gadasasvlel umokles

gzas, saidanac xalifa awarmoebda samxedro operaciebs al-murabitebis

winaaRmdeg. man SeZlo samxreT marokos da espaneTis dapyroba. meomrebi

maragdebodnen wyaros, ‘ain-gabulas wyliT. `riba tu-l-faTh‘‘

garSemortymuli iyo galavniT da moicavda kvadratuli formis,

sworkuTxa koSks. galavnis nawili dRemde kargadaa SenarCunebuli.

banaki gadaWimuli iyo 450 heqtarze [8,101; 43,19; 75,1087].

aRsaniSnavia, rom rabat-sales xelsayrelma geografiulma

adgilmdebareobam, jer kidev arabebis damkvidrebamde miizida

finikielebi, karTagenelebi da romaelebi. aq gadioda romis imperiis

samflobeloebis mTavari sazRvari da qalaqi sale cnobili iyo Selas

saxeliT (sale, arabulad `sala‘‘, `sla ‘‘, espanurad `Sela‘‘ – niSnavs

ukvdavs).

53

X saukuneSi, mdinare bu-regregis orive napirze dasaxldnen berberebi.

sale swrafad ganviTarda: aSenda bazrebi, abanoebi, sastumroebi,

saxlebi, xidi da rac umniSvnelovanesia aigo wyalsatevi. rac Seexeba

rabats, aq berberebi movidnen marokos CrdiloeT da samxreT

raionebidan, Tumca isini saleSi ufro mravlad arian [144,1; 114,46].

gadmocemis mixedviT, xalifa al-mansurs, romelic flobda grenadas,

jaris dabanakebas urCevdnen gibraltaris srutis napirze, qalaq seutaSi,

magram man raionis mwiri niadagis gamo da mosaxleobis mxridan

ukmayofilebis Tavidan asacileblad, aaSena namdvili qalaqi `riba tu-l-

faThis‘‘ garSemo. garda amisa, imdroindeli dedaqalaqi Zalian Sors iyo

espaneTisgan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi al-mansuri daxmarebas ver

gauwevda jars. qalaqSi aigo medreseebi, sasaxleebi, duqnebi. miiwvies

xelosnebi, vaWrebi, swavlulebi. xalifas brZanebiT, rabatis mosaxleobas

daeniSna damatebiT gasamrjelo vaWrobidan miRebuli Semosavlebidan.

amitom, qalaqSi iwyes dasaxleba sxvadasxva socialuri fenis da

profesiis adamianebma, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas.

macxovreblebis nawili eweoda vaWrobas samefo karTan. rabati gaxda

afrikis kontinentze erT-erTi cnobili da mdidari qalaqi [4,117].

rabatis wyliT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, suverenma gaiyvana akveduki,

romelic amaragebda mas 12 milze mdebare wyaros wyliT. akveduki

iyofoda totebad, saidanac wyali miedineboda sacxovrebeli saxlebis,

medreseebis, taZrebis, sasaxleebis, abanoebis da Sadrevnebis

mimarTulebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom rabatSi mdinare uerTdeba okeanes da

adis 10 milze, amitom wyali WebSi mariliania [75,1087; 73,118].

al-mansuri cxovrobda rabatSi aprilis Tvidan maisamde. igi, iseve

rogorc al-muvahidebis sxva mmarTvelebi, agebda meCeTebsa da sasaxleebs.

1185-89 wlebSi, rabats samxreTiT da dasavleTiT Semoartyes didi

galavani, romelsac 5 kari daatanes. igi gadaWimuli iyo TiTqmis 6

kilometrze. yvelaze kargadaa Semonaxuli `bab ar-ruhis‘‘ (XII s) karibWe.

samxedro nagebobebis kompleqsi da mis SigniT aRmarTuli kasba udaia

icavda qalaqs okeanisa da mdinaris mxridan.

1197-98 wlebSi, xalifa al-mansurma espaneTSi gadasvlamde brZana imam

hasanis meCeTis ageba. man piradad SearCia adgili qalaqis yvelaze

54

miudgomel da amaRlebul adgilze. hasanis meCeTi unda yofiliyo

yvelaze didi islamur samyaroSi, magram xalifam ver moaswro misi

aSeneba. igi ocnebobda iseTi meCeTis agebaze, sadac mTlianad

ganTavsdeboda misi jari da SeZlebda minareTSi cxeniT Sesvlas. meCeTs

hqonda 16 kari, 3 Sida ezo da daaxloebiT 400 sveti. mas ekava 183x140

miwis farTobi. mogvianebiT, igi gaanadgura XVIII saukuneSi momxdarma

miwisZvram. hasanis meCeTidan SemorCa mxolod 260 sveti da vardisferi

qvis 44-metriani minareTi, romelic araa radioficirebuli da

warmoadgens al-muvahidebis arqiteqturis brwyinvale nimuSs [99,25; 36,26;

43,69; 59,63]. al-mansuris gardacvalebis Semdeg rabati imdenad dazianda,

rom misgan samwuxarod ar darCa meaTedi nawilic ki, dazianda akvedukic

[43,152; 158,2].

1248 wels rabati da sale daikaves marinianebma. qalaqis nawili

daeTmo baRebsa da venaxebs. dasaxlebul nawils moicavda mxolod 2 an 3

kvartali. qalaqs yovelTvis emuqreboda safrTxe portugalielebis

mxridan, radganac portugaliis monarqebi Tvlidnen, rom Tu

daeuflebodnen mas, advilad daimorCilebdnen fesis samefos. marinianTa

mmarTvelobis periodSi, qalaqi kvlav asrulebda gamagrebuli banakis

rols, sadac Tavs iyrida laSqari espaneTSi gadasasvlelad [31,22].

XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, salesa da rabatis Temi gaerTianda da iqca

jer espaneaTidan gamoZevebuli mavrebis1 TavSesafrad, Semdeg sales

mekobreTa kerad. andalusieli mavrebis STamomavlebi dResac cxovroben

medinaSi [132,870]. qalaq oranhosidan gamosulma espanelma muslimebma

Seqmnes im droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `mekobruli respublika‘‘, romlis

meTaurebi damoukideblad awarmoebdnen molaparakebebs ucxoeTis

qveynebTan. mekobreebi awiokebdnen evropis sanapiroebs kanaris

kunZulebidan islandiamde. andalusielma mavrebma rabats uwodes `sla

al-jadÒd‘‘. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, rabati evropaSi cnobili gaxda

1 mavri, iseve rogorc mavriTanuli, momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan `mavros~ (Savi). modis antikuri epoqidan, rodesac mavrebs uwodebdnen maRribis, mavriTaniis saxelmwifos ZirZvel berber mosaxleobas. VIII saukuneSi berber-arabebis pirineis naxevarkunZulze SeWris Semdeg, saxelwodeba `mavr~ gavrcelda CrdiloeT afrikidan mosul berberebsa da arabebze [30,137].

55

`axali sales‘‘ saxeliT da asrulebda mniSvnelovani kvanZis rols

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mosaxleobisaTvis.

XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, ‘alavitma sulTnebma rabatSi daasaxles

arabuli tomi udaia, romlis saxelsac atarebs ,,kasba udaia‘‘. amave

saukuneSi rabati kedliT gayves or nawilad, CrdiloeT nawils ewoda

medina.

1627 wlidan sales ,,mekobreTa respublika‘‘ (1667-mde) aerTianebda

rabats da espaneTis qalaqebis mixedviT, mas saTaveSi edga arCeviTi

sabWo. mekobreebi Seaviwrova sulTanma ismailma, romlis moxeleebi

kontrols uwevdnen maT saqmianobas da iRebdnen xazinis Semosavlis 2/3-s.

1641 wels marabutma al-‘a’iaSma gaavrcela Tavisi Zalaufleba meqnesze,

fessa da mekobreTa ,,rabat-sales respublikaze‘‘. mas kargi urTierToba

hqonda inglisTan da safrangeTTan [90,316]. XVII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ki,

saleSi kerZo pirebi daepatronen mekobreTa gemebs [30,224]. rogorc

aRiniSna, mogvianebiT mulai slimanma ludoviko XVIII-Tan erTad

gaanadgura maTi xomaldebi.1 mekobreebis samxedro Zlierebas gvaxsenebs

uzarmazari qongurebiani aguris kedeli da aqa-iq SemorCenili

bastionebi. garda amisa, dRevandel dedaqalaqSi cxovrobdnen evropeli

avanturistebi. zogierTi maTgani iRebda islams da samudamod rCeboda

maRribSi sacxovreblad [23,175].

1755 wels qalaqSi moxda miwisZvra. igi Sevida istoriaSi lisabonis

miwisZvris saxeliT, ris gamoc rabatma dakarga portis funqcia. Tu sami

saukunis win naosnoba SesaZlebeli iyo bu-regregis zemoT mdebare `bab

mrisis‘‘ karibWemde, dResdReobiT, es SeuZlebelia. igi, rogorc saporto

qalaqi daCrdiles atlantis okeanis sanapiroze mdebare portebma,

kenitram da kasablankam [77,72; 132,870].

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rabatsa da mis SemogarenSi ifeTqa Savi

Wiris epidemiam, ramac 60 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. rogorc

aRiniSna, marokoSi epidemiebs xSirad hqonda adgili.

1 1845 wlamde (sxva monacemebiT 1827 wlamde) evropis saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebi, TavianTi gemebis mekobreebisgan dacvis mizniT, uxdidnen marokos sulTnebs yovelwliurad did Tanxas.

56

1912 wels, safrangeTis rezidentma liotem gadaitana administraciuli

centri mRelvare fesidan rabatSi da daiwyo axali evropuli tipis

qalaqis Seneba, arqiteqtor a. prostas proeqtiT [125,300].

1930-50 wlebSi, rabati iyo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

erT-erTi mTavari centri. 1956 wlidan igi damoukidebeli samefos

dedaqalaqia. rabati qalaq salesTan erTad gamoyofilia rabat-sales

damoukidebel prefeqturad, romelsac marTavs gubernatori. medina kvlav

garSemortymulia sanapiroze mdebare nangrevebiT. igi Sedgeba kasbisgan

da melahisgan. aRsaniSnavia antikuri rabatis aTaswlovani nangrevebi –

`Sela‘‘, romelic XI saukunidan iqca muslimur akropolad, marinianTa

sasaflao, aseve marinianTa erT-erTi saxelovani sulTnis abu-l-hasanis,

igive ,,Savi sulTnis‘‘ (1331-1348) akldama, ori minareTi [159,2]... …………

qalaqis samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs hasanis meCeTi da vietnameli

arqiteqtoris van tuanis proeqtiT aSenebuli muhamad V-s mdidruli

mavzoleumi (1955-1961). medina gamoyofilia qalaqis axali nawilisagan

andalusielTa kedliT [16,89; 107,24; 35,44].

rabatSi mdebareobs arabul maRribSi cnobili muhamad V-s saxelobis

saxelmwifo universiteti da masTan arsebuli samecniero bazebi,

sxvadasxva saswavlo centri, biblioTekebi, muzeumebi, mecnierebaTa

akademia, arabuli qveynebis ligasTan arsebuli biuro, saxelmwifo

arqivi, kaTolikuri sakaTedro taZari, arqiepiskoposis rezidencia

[124,300].

meqnesi X saukuneSi mwiri adgilebidan gamosulma zenaTas erT-erTma

tomma daaarsa meqnesis dasaxleba1. savaraudoa, rom berberebi moixiblnen

jansaRi klimatiT, uxvi wylebiT da nayofieri miwebiT, sadac yvaoda

zeTisxili. am droidan moyolebuli, mas ewoda `miqna s‘‘, `miqna s az-

zaiTón‘‘ da warmoadgenda berberTa TavSeyris da bazrobis adgils [155,4].

al-murabitebis dros meqnesi iqca gamagrebul dasaxlebad, xolo al-

muvahidebma is gamoiyenes vaWrobisTvis.

1 zogierTi mkvlevari irwmuneba, rom adgilobrivma miqnasas tomma safuZveli Cauyara momaval dedaqalaqs.

57

meqnesi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda marinianTa mmarTvelobis periodSi.

1276 wels maT aages kasba. mogvianebiT, aSenda meCeTi, patara sastumroebi,

xidebi, gaiyvanes arxebi, dafuZnda zavia. XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi

daarsda `bu-inanias‘‘ mdidruli meCeTi. saukuneebis manZilze, meqnesi

rCeboda patara dasaxlebad. igi araerTxel gaxda sxvadasxva tomis

saTareSo obieqti. mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom aqedan miemarTeba gza

Sua atlasisaken [69,302].

1672 wels, rodesac marokos samefo taxtze avida mulai ismaili,

meqnesi iyo didi sofeli. ismailma is marokos dedaqalaqad gamoacxada

1673 wels. sulTans igi gansakuTrebiT uyvarda. garda amisa, igi ver

`rigdeboda‘‘ maraqeSisa da fesis mosaxleobasTan. rogorc Wkvianma

politikosma, ismailma Tavidanve gaTvala, rom momavali dedaqalaqidan

SeZlebda Sua atlasis berberebis gakontrolebas [69,303; 96,264].

mulai ismaili, mmarTvelobis pirvelive wlebSi Seudga axali

meqnesis Senebas. gadmocemis mixedviT, SemdgomSi man kontize

daqorwinebaze uaris miRebis Semdeg, gadawyvita versalis daCrdilva da

saerTod msoflios gancvifreba. evropiT dainteresebuli sulTani,

aiZulebda qristianebs TavianTi samSoblos Sesaxeb yvelafris

dawvrilebiT moyolas. igi yvelaze metad dainteresda Zlieri da

fufunebaSi mcxovrebi `mzis mefis‘‘ – ludoviko XIV-s cxovrebiTa da

versalis didebiT [31,194].

axali dedaqalaqis aSeneba dakavSirebuli iyo araadamianur

SromasTan. mxurvale mzis qveS igeboda `maRribis babiloni‘‘, romelsac

aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle ewireboda. legendis mixedviT, meqnesis

mSeneblobisas daiRupa 30 aTasi adamiani. qalaqs agebdnen qveSevrdomebi,

mSeneblebi, patimrebi, monebi, tyveebi, romelTa Soris iyo 2 aTasi

qristiani. droTa ganmavlobaSi, mSenebelTa ricxvi gaizarda 50-dan 60

aTasamde. sulTnis umniSvnelo axirebac ki, yvelasaTvis kanoni iyo.

ismaili ar Takilobda fizikur Sromas. periodulad, igi Cndeboda

weraqviT xelSi mimdinare samuSaoebze da cdilobda gacemuli

miTiTebebis gakontrolebas, amowmebda Sesrulebuli davalebebis

xarisxs da iTxovda angariSs samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT [155, 2; 58,40].

58

mSeneblebi dayofili iyvnen ramdenime jgufad: nawili Txrida ormag

Txrilebs, nawili angrevda Zvel Senobebs, zogierTi maTgani amzadebda

samSeneblo masalas – Tixas urevdnen qviSas da umatebdnen wyals.

masalebi gadaqondaT ficarnagebebiT, romlis drosac xSirad

iRupebodnen [110,668]. meqnesis Seneba iyo iZulebiTi da mZime procesi.

dedaqalaqisaken miemarTebodnen adamianebisa da cxovelebis

dausrulebeli qaravnebi. meqnesi izrdeboda, igi ancvifrebda yvelas

Tavisi giganturi zomebiTa da mSvenierebiT, Tumca male acda

dagegmarebas da dairRva sasurveli harmonia [110,669].

mulai ismailma, qalaqSi sagangebod aaSena cixe tyveebisaTvis da

damnaSaveebisaTvis. cixis 40 aTass kacze gaTvlili gegma, Seadgina

Tavisuflebis sanacvlod portugalielma tyvem karam, romlis saxelic

mas daerqva. usafrTxoebis mizniT, igi aSenda miwis qveS da gadaWimuli

iyo 7x7 kilometrze. amJamad, is miwisZvrebis gamo nawilobriv

dangreulia da misi kari Riaa damTvalierebelTaTvis. patimrebis

umravlesobas Seadgendnen mogzaurebi, mezRvaurebi, romlebic xelSi

uvardebodnen salesa da rabatis mekobreebs. cnobili frangi

aristokrati de mueti, romelic aTi weli cxovrobda tyveobaSi werda,

rom ismailis cixeSi qristianTa ricxvi aRwevda 25 aTass, xolo 30 aTasi

damnaSave gamwesebuli iyo sulTnis 12 aTasi cxenis mosavlelad. arabi

istorikosebi irwmunebian, rom qristianTa ricxvi aRwevda mxolod 500

kacs [146,2].

meqnesSi aSenda axali sacxovrebeli saxlebi, meCeTebi, aigo

wyalsatevi. sxva qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT qalaqgare zonaSi calke

gamoiyo ebraelTa ubani melahi. marinianTa kasbaSi ismailma aRmarTa

uzarmazari sasaxle `dÀr al-qabÒra‘‘ da Semoartya mas sami galavani,

gaaSena baRi, sadac datanebuli iyo mwvane feris moWiquli andalusiuri

keramika. garda amisa, man aaSena ramdenime sasaxle, Sadrevani. pirveli

adamiani, romelmac moinaxula sulTnis arqiteqturuli kompleqsi, iyo

ingliseli samxedro jon vindusi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

xelovnebaTmcodneebi mas Tvlian `xelovnebis simaxinjed‘‘, igi

aRfrTovanda mavriTanul-andalusiur stilSi agebuli nagebobebis

kompleqsiT. mulai ismailma calke gamoyo haremi, iaraRis sawyobebi,

59

anbari, kasbebi Savi armiisaTvis. sulTnis sasaxleebs amSvenebda oqro,

marmarilo da mozaika [156,2; 60,73].

ismaili sicocxlis bolomde ar wyvetda meqnesSi samuSaoebs. qalaqi

ZiriTadad igeboda tyveTa gamosasyidis xarjze. mdidrebi didi fulis

safasurad Tavs aRwevdnen tyveobas, xolo Raribebi sicocxlis bolomde

rCebodnen meqnesSi, Rebulobdnen islams da muSaobdnen mSeneblobaze.

didi bedniereba iyo, romelime elCi Tu gamoisyidida maT. imis garda,

rom sulTanma ismailma gamosasyidis male miRebis mizniT zustad cixis

Tavze moawyo elCebisaTvis misaRebi darbazi, mis gverdiT sagangebod

aaSenebina diplomatebis sacxovrebeli saxlebi, raTa maT yoveldRe

eyurebinaT TanamemamuleTa tanjvisTvis. man ramdenjerme elCebis

Tvalwin daxoca tyveebi. ismailis gardacvalebis Semdeg cixe

dacarielda, patimrebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs [73,126].

meqnesis mSeneblobis dros, aigo axali karibWeebic, romelTaganac

yvelaze cnobili da lamazia `bÀb al-mansŸr‘‘, romelic iTvleba erT-erT

ulamazes karibWed mTel marokoSi. igi aago gamuslimebulma qristianma

tyvem mansur lariSma. man jildos saxiT moipova Tavisufleba.

sabolood, misi ageba dasrulda 1732 wels, sulTan ‘abd al-lahis dros.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sulTanma ismailma 1696 wels daangria `al-

badis sasaxle‘‘, xolo misi marmarilo gamoiyena meqnesis mSeneblobaze.

ismails aseve miaweren volubilisis dangrevasa da gaZarcvas, rac

simarTles ar Seefereba [69,268].

sulTnis gardacvalebis Semdeg, meqnesi gadavida meore planze, Tumca

aRimarTa axali Senobebi. ismailis aTi sasaxlidan SemorCa `dar al-

qabira‘‘, sammagi cixis rgoli, kedlebi bastionebiT da medinas

monumentaluri karibWeebi – `bab al-barudin‘‘ (XVII s. dasasr.-XVIII s.

dasawy.), `bab al-ham‘‘ (XVII s. dasasr.) [125,634; 143,1]. SedarebiT kargad

SenarCunda kasba – meCeTis mwvane minareTiT (1203); samxece;

erTkilometriani miwisqveSa gvirabi; sawyobebis nangrevebi; `burj al-

mansuris‘‘ sawyobi; daumTavrebeli sajiniboebi; beReli; `dar jamais‘‘

sasaxle (XIX s.) – dRevandeli xalxuri xelovnebis muzeumi (1920

wlidan), sadac cxovrobda jamais cnobili ojaxi, romlis ori wevri

60

sulTan mulai al-hasanis dros (1873-1894) iyo ministri. 1912 wlidan 1920

wlamde sasaxleSi funqcionirebda hospitali.

Tanamedrove qalaqi Sendeba 1919 wlidan. safrangeTis proteqtoratis

dros, frangebma meqnesSi gaxsnes Stabebi. amavdroulad, evropelma

miwaTmflobelebma kidev ufro gazardes qalaqis garSemo gaSenebuli

citrusebi da venaxebi, romelnic damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg

gadavida saxelmwifos xelSi. mTavrobam venaxebi ijariT misca marokoel

memamuleebs [131,1023].

dResdReobiT, samxreT marokos dedaqalaqi warmoadgens qveynis

miwaTmoqmedebis da cnobili religiuri saZmos `aisavas‘‘ centrs. saZmos

wevrebi mimofantulni arian qveynis raionebSi da zogierT muslimur

saxelmwifoSi. rodesac mTavrdeba didi marxvis ramadanis Tve, aisavas

mimdevrebi miemarTebian maraqeSis quCebSi dafdafebis braxuniTa da

godebiT [131,1023, 60,74].

kasablanka (,,daru-l-baida’‘‘) porti atlantis okeanis sanapiroze,

dasavleT marokoSi, saxelmwifos mTavari ekonomikuri da satransporto-

mrewvelobis centri. ,,TeTri qalaqi‘‘ warmoadgens Tanamdrove marokos

samefos simbolos. VII-VIII saukuneebSi, mis adgilze arsebobda

berberebis dasaxleba anfa, romelic iyo berberuli saxelmwifos,

bergvatas dedaqalaqi.

Sua saukuneebSi, anfas mosaxleoba eweoda vaWrobas italiasTan,

portugaliasTan da espaneTTan. mogvianebiT dasaxldnen mekobreebi,

romlebic awiokebdnen evropis saxelmwifoebis gemebs. XV saukuneSi

mekobreoba imdenad ganviTrda, rom portugalia iZulebuli gaxda mieRo

gadamWreli zomebi. 1468 wels, portugaliis saxelmwifom gagzavna

sadamsjelo eqspedicia anfaSi, romelmac SturmiT aiRo da gadawva

qalaqi. ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciis miuxedavad, 1515 wels

ganaxlda mekobreTa Tavdasxmebi. amitom evropelebma xelmeored

gaanadgures igi. portis raionSi okupantebma daaarses kolonia, sadac

aages TavdacviTi simagreebi. vinaidan centrSi idga TeTri Senoba,

romelic iyo mogzaurTaTvis saorientacio wertili, espanelma vaWrebma

61

fortsa da qalaqs uwodes kaza blanka, anu ,,TeTri saxli‘‘ [160,1]. arabebi

ki SemoklebiT uwodeben mas ,,kasas‘‘ an ,,kazas‘‘.

1755 wels kasablanka mTlianad daangria cnobilma lisabonis

miwisZvram. mogvianebiT, sulTan muhamad ben ‘abd al-lahis zewolis

Sedegad portugaliam datova qalaqi kasablanka. aRniSnuli qalaqi

araerTxel gaxda ucxoeli dampyroblebis msxverpli. garda amisa, igi

aqtiurad CaerTo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis procesSi.

kasablankas istoriuli birTvia medinas cixis kedlebi, romelic

emijneba ports. Tanamedrove qalaqi aSenebulia naxevarkunZulze-samxreT-

aRmosavleT nawilSi. mravali kulturuli Zeglis miuxedavad, ,,TeTri

qalaqi‘‘ upirveles yovlisa cnobilia hasan II-s meCeTiT (1993), romelic

warmoadgens muslimuri arqiteqturis Sedevrs. igi yvelaze didia qaabas

Semdeg. hasan II-s meCeTi aago frangma arqiteqtorma miSel pinsom.

minareTis sigrZea 200 metri da amitom igi aris udidesi religiuri

nageboba. minareTi 30 metriT didia xeofsis piramidaze da 40-iT, wminda

petres taZarze. meCeTi SigniT erTdroulad itevs 200 aTass da 80 aTass

mlocvels ezoSi. misi mSenebloba dajda 800 milioni dolari. darbazSi

aRmarTulia 78 vardisferi granitis sveti. iataki mopirkeTebulia

oqrosferi marmariloTi da oniqsiT, xolo saxuravis centraluri

nawili aris moZravi [160,2].

amgvarad, marokos amJamindeli da yofili sataxto qalaqebi

dResdReobiTac asruleben mniSvnelovan rols qveynis ganviTarebasa da

cxovrebaSi. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen turistebisa da mecnierTa

interesis sagans. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom zemoT naxsenebi

qalaqebis gareSe naklebi iqneboda mis mimarT mkvlevarTa, Tu

mogzaurTa yuradReba. ,,maRribis meqis‘‘ wyalobiT mudmivad izrdeba

sazogadoebis interesi marokos samefosadmi. garda amisa, yofili

sataxto qalaqebi miCneulia im centrebad, sadac dRemde SenarCunebulia

arabul-berberuli kulturis tradiciebi.

62

Tavi V

maroko da evropis saxelmwifoebi filalis gamgeblobis periodSi

saukuneebis manZilze, maroko Tavisi xelsayreli geografiuli

adgilmdebareobis gamo yovelTvis izidavda ucxoelebs. XVI saukunis

miwurulsa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, ufro metad gaizarda mis mimarT

evropis saxelmwifoebis interesi.

sulTanma ar-raSidma, romelsac surda tanJeris dabruneba,

urTierToba daamyara safrangeTTan da Seecada mis gamoyenebas inglisis

winaaRmdeg. amave dros, frangma diplomatma freJusim scada ar-raSidis

saSualebiT am regionSi gavlenis gaZliereba, rac ver moaxerxa, vinaidan

igi amxiles jaSuSobaSi. Sarifi, rogorc maRribis portebis

baton-patroni, valdebuli iyo ebrZola ucxo Zalebis winaaRmdeg [40,269].

mogvianebiT, sulTan ismailis mmarTvelobis periodSi, `SarifTa

saxelmwifos‘‘ portebi gacxovelebuli vaWrobis centrebad iqcnen.

saqoneli gansakuTrebiT swrafad iyideboda salesa da TetuanSi, sadac

umeteswilad Tavs iyridnen frangebi. vaWroba gaCaRebuli iyo safiSi,

agadirsa da susSic.

TandaTanobiT, marokoSi fexi moikides ucxoelma vaWrebma. sanapiro

qalaqebma saxeli gaiTqves wiTeli tyavis warmoebiT, meqnesSi iyideboda

tyavi, xorbali, indigo, siraqlemas bumbulebi, spilenZi. inglisidan

marokoSi Sedioda singuri, Cai, cnobili inglisuri maudi, holandiidan

SehqondaT seli, rkinis mavTulebi, sarkeebi, yviTeli spilenZi, foladi,

naxevrad gamomwvari aguri, qsovilebi, romlebsac iyenebdnen CalmisTvis.

italiidan Sedioda Sabi, Tunis iaraRi, xolo marokodan evropis

qveynebSi gadioda abreSumi, bamba, saneleblebi, vercxliswyali, opiumi.

gemebi itvirTeboda kadisSi, saidanac miemarTebodnen sxvadasxva

mimarTulebiT [123,299-300].

1682 wels, sulTanma ismailma gagzavna elCebi inglissa da

safrangeTSi. inglisis samefo karze warsdga ibn hadu. sulTans surda

evropasTan megobruli urTierTobis damyareba da konsulebis daniSvna

63

evropis saxelmwifoebSi. elCis pirvel vizits safrangeTSi ar moutania

marokosaTvis raime mniSvnelovani sargebeli [96,272; 23,195].

aRsaniSnavia, rom ludoviko XIV-m gagzavna diplomatiuri misiiT

markiz de prei espaneTsa da marokoSi. markizi Tavdapirvelad gaemarTa

kadisSi da espanelebs moTxova 500 aTasi ekiu meqsikaSi safrangeTis

saqonlis mitacebis gamo. 1682 wels espaneTidan markizi Cavida marokoSi

– salesa da TetuanSi. mas undoda tyveebis gamosyidva da sales

mekobreebis mier safrangeTis kuTvnili gemis dabruneba. markiz de preis

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ramdenjerme mouwia marokoSi Casvla. 1685

wlis 8 seqtembridan 19 seqtembramde markizis eskadram ganaxorciela

sadazvervo reidi tanJeris wylebSi, magram frangi `diplomatis‘‘ vizitma

,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘ ver gamoiRo Sedegi [89,264-265].

1683 wels, ismailma gagzavna elCi al-haj muhamad Tamimi safrangeTis

mefis karze. Tamimi gansakuTrebiT moixibla versalis didebiT da

ludoviko XIV-s arakanonieri Svilis, axalgazrda qvrivis, kontis

auwereli silamaziT. rodesac igi dabrunda samSobloSi, man uambo

sulTans versalis da kontis Sesaxeb. sulTanma ismailma isev miavlina

elCi `mzis mefesTan‘‘, romelmac gadasca mas ismailis kontize

daqorwinebis survili. sapasuxod, safrangeTis mefem sulTans mosTxova

qristianobis miReba, Tumca arsebobs werilebi, romlebSic ismaili

TviTonve Txovs safrangeTisa da espaneTis monarqebs islamis miRebas, an

ukidures SemTxvevaSi protestantobaze gadasvlas. mulai ismails

gansakuTrebiT sZulda kaTolicizmi. kontize daqorwinebaze uaris

miRebis Semdeg, man gamoavlina saocari gamWriaxoba, daiviwya

Seuracxyofa da scada safrangeTis gamoyeneba qveynis interesebis

sasargeblod, rasac garkveuli Sedegebic mohyva [77,220; 120,158; 100,70].

1683 wlis 13 dekembers (sxva monacemebiT 1682w.), xeli moewera maroko -

safrangeTis savaWro SeTanxmebas, romlis safuZvelze, frangebs marokoSi

eZleodaT Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba. es warmateba kidev ufro

ganmtkicda 1687 wels dadebuli axali SeTanxmebiT, magram ludoviko

XIV-m masze xelmoweris Semdeg, ar miavlina elCi ismailTan, rac

niSnavda mis damcirebas [95,432; 122,301]. daZabuli viTarebis ganmuxtvis

mizniT, safrangeTis mefem daayena tyveTa gamosyidvis sakiTxi. vinaidan

64

safrangeTis flotis meniCbeebis did nawils Seadgendnen marokoelebi,

igi ar daTanxmda ismails marokoeli tyveebis gamosyidvaze. meniCbeebi

Semosili iyvnen uxeSi tilos sacvlebiT da Tavze exuraT CaCebi.

TiToeul maTgans pirSi edoT lanCebi, raTa aetanaT maTraxis dartyma.

gemze amboxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, meniCbeebi or-orad iyvnen

gadajaWvulni. ludoviko XIV-m aseve uari uTxra mulai ismailis elCs

maT monaxulebaze. arsebobs versia, rom ludovikom iyida muslimi

tyveebi maltidan, meniCbeTa raodenobis gasazrdelad [70,119].

1688 wels daido SeTanxmeba tyveTa gamosyidvisa da urTierTgacvlis

Sesaxeb, romelmac ver gamoiRo mniSvnelovani Sedegi. monarqebi xSirad

ver Tanxmdebodnen da bavSvebiviT eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs, Tumca

cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT kargi urTierTobebi. ludoviko XIV ismails

ugzavnida oqros saaTebs, iaraRebs. Tavis mxriv, mulai ismaili

asaCuqrebda mas lomebiT, vefxvebiT, siraqlemebiT, spilos ZvliT.

zemoT aRniSnuli SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze, safrangeTs mieca marokos

qalaqebSi konsulebis daniSvnis ufleba. frangi vaWrebi

Tavisufldebodnen ismailis mier dawesebuli gazrdili sabaJo

gadasaxadebisgan. aseve, SeTanxmebis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTs unda gaewia ismailisTvis samxedro daxmareba,

mulai ismaili ki valdebulebas iRebda safrangeTis saxelmwifos

flotis mekobreebisgan dacvaze. garda amisa, nebismieri piris

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu is oficialurad eweoda safrangeTTan

vaWrobas, misi qoneba gadadioda frangebis xelSi [100,70].

1704 wels ingliselebma daikaves gibraltari da amiT maT miecaT

marokos portebze Tavdasxmis saSualeba. inglisis mokavSire iyo

holandia. es ori qveyana cdilobda maroko – alJiris konfliqtis ufro

metad gamwvavebas, rac dasrulda maTi marcxiT.

1712 wels, xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg frangebma gamoisyides

oci tyve [100,72].

sulTan ismailis gardacvalebis Semdeg, anarqiis periodSic ar

Sewyvetila vaWroba evropis saxelmwifoebTan. ingliss surda TetuanSi

misi monopolizireba. igi holandiasTan erTad iyofda seliTa da maudiT

vaWrobas, saledan da safidan Taflis sanTlis, Txis tyavis da

65

agadiridan spilenZis eqsportirebas. ingliss marokodan gahqonda Sali.

am droisaTvis Zalian iklo safrangeTTan vaWrobam. marokosa da

safrangeTis samefos Soris daiZaba urTierToba mas Semdeg, rac

marokoSi dasaxldnen langedokeli (safrangeTi) protestanti

ltolvilebi. erT-erTi maTgani gaxda sales vali. 1710 wels safrangeTis

konsuli iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina sale. 1712 wels aseve datova

qveyana safrangeTis konsulma TetuanSi. momdevno 40 wlis manZilze

frangebs aRar yoliaT warmomadgeneli ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘, riTac

isargebla inglisma da daikava pirveli adgili marokos ekonomikaSi

[96,273; 123,302].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciamde

(1789-94) evropis saxelmwifoebis gemebi devnidnen muslimTa xomaldebs,

maT nebas ar aZlevdnen monawileoba mieRoT maRribis da axlo

aRmosavleTis xmelTaSuazRvispireTis vaWrobis ganaxlebasa da

saerTaSoriso procesebSi, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina marokos

ekonomikaze.

XVIII saukunis miwuruls, dasavleT evropis gavlenis zrdam gamoiwvia

qveynis ekonomikis dacema, suverenitetis Sesusteba. sulTani iyo marokos

didi feodali, flobda miwebis umetess nawils, rac oficialurad

iwodeboda `aradin al-maxzanad‘‘. miwis masivebis meore nawili ekuTvnoda

feodalebs da mulqis kategoriad iTvleboda. gavrcelebuli iyo Temuri

miwebi – `arS‘‘. nakveTebis mZime saijaro pirobiT gacema (unda

CaebarebinaT mosavlis 4/5-dan 7/8-mde) iwvevda felahebis ajanyebebs [49,5-6].

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, sidi muhamadis mmarTvelobis periodSi,

marokos portebSi gamoCndnen CrdiloeT evropeli vaWrebi. 1757 wels

sulTanma dado SeTanxmeba daniasTan, romlis safuZvelze mis

qveSevrdomebs miecaT safiSi vaWrobis ufleba. sanacvlod, dania iRebda

valdebulebas sulTnisTvis zarbaznebis miwodebaze. 1763 wels daido

savaWro SeTanxmeba SveciasTan. muhamad III aseve agrZelebda urTierTobas

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan. 1760 wels man dado savaWro

SeTanxmeba inglisTan, 1765 wels veneciasTan.

1765 wels, safrangeTis flotma dabomba laraSi da sale. 1766 wels

frangebma SeaRwies mekobreTa liukebSi, maTi xomaldebis gadawvis

66

mizniT, magram dabrunebisas ver gaiares `qvebis setyvisgan‘‘ Caxergili

gasasvleli. 230 adamiani, maTgan 30 frangi oficeri an daiRupa

Setakebisas, an tyved aiyvanes. marokoelebma SeZles samive Tavdasxmis

ukugdeba [101,224]. frangebma dabombes laraSi, magram sulTanma muhamed

III-m megobruli urTierToba SeinarCuna ludoviko XV-Tan da ludoviko

XVI-Tan. 1795 wels safrangeTma daniSna konsuli saleSi, ris Sedegad

sulTanma gamoisyida muslimi tyveebi [99,69; 1,77].

1769 wels muhamadma portugalielebs waarTva mazagani. 1773-74 wlebSi

man moawyo eqspediciebi seutasa da melilas dasabruneblad, Tumca ver

SeZlo portebis dabruneba da iZulebuli gaxda 1780 wels zavi daedo

espaneTTan [104,224].

sulTan sidi muhamad III-s Semdeg, mulai sulaimanis mmarTvelobis

periodSi, gansakuTrebiT daiZaba urTierTobebi evropis saxelmwifoebTan.

mulai sulaimanma ucxoelebis qveyanaSi SeRwevis gaZlierebis

asacileblad, aukrZala maT marokoSi cxovreba da SezRuda maTTan

kavSiri. konsulebs miecaT mxolod tanJerSi cxovrebis ufleba. aseTi

politika gagrZelda misi memkvidreebis periodSic, ris Semdegac XIX

saukunis bolos maroko faqtobrivad izolaciaSi aRmoCnda [104,227].

garda amisa, sulaimanma TiTqmis dakarga floti, vinaidan gemebi gaiyida

alJirsa da TunisSi. venisa da eqs-la-Sapelis kongresebze (1815/18)

evropis saxelmwifoebis liderebma undobloba gamoucxades sulTan

sulaimans, vinaidan evropa ganixilavda marokos, rogorc mekobrul

saxelmwifos. 1817 wels sulaimani iZulebuli gaxda ludoviko XVIII-sTan

erTad gaenadgurebina mekobreebi. amave wels, man gaca brZaneba xorblis

evropaSi eqsportirebaze. imperialisturi saxelmwifoebis gavlena

,,marokos sasulTnoze‘‘ dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda.

§1. rifis respublika da espaneTis eqspansia marokoSi

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, espaneTis samefo marokoSi flobda e.w.

prezidios (,,porti, simagre‘‘) seutasa da melilas, romlebic gadawyvita

67

gaexada sayrden bazebad momavali teritoriebis dasapyrobad. am

periodSi, espaneTi sustad iyo ganviTarebuli samrewvelo da samxedro

TvalsazrisiT. qveynis burJuazias surda gamoeyenebina inglis-

safrangeTis uTanxmoeba Tavisi miznis misaRwevad, xolo inglisi

cdilobda SeenarCunebina upiratesoba gibraltaris teritoriaze anu

CrdiloeT nawilSi da amiT mas erCivna exila gverdiT susti espaneTis

saxelmwifo.

1907 wlis 29 marts, alJiridan generali liote SeiWra ujdaSi, riTac

daiwyo marokos okupacia. ori dRis Semdeg ‘abd al-azizma gaugzavna

safrangeTis rezidents tanJerSi werili, romelSic gamoxatavda Tavis

gakvirvebas. vinaidan safrangeTma ujdis garda moaxdina Sauias, rabatis

da kasablankas okupacia (1907-08) espaneTmac moisurva rifSi

teritoriebis gafarToeba, magram waawyda did winaaRmdegobas [22,243].

aRsaniSnavia, rom al-xesirasis konferenciis Semdeg espaneTma miiRo

rifis raionSi maRaroebis damuSavebis da mSeneblobis ufleba. 1908 wels

man daiwyo maRaroebisa da meliladan 20 kilometrSi rkinigzis

mSenebloba. muSa-xels aZlevdnen adgilobrivi tomebis meTaurebi, ris

sanacvlodac iRebdnen jildos. rifelebi gamovidnen iZulebiTi

samuSaoebis winaaRmdeg, maT gaanadgures maRaros kompaniis qoneba da

gaaZeves sulTnis warmomadgeneli, ramac xeli Seuwyo espaneTs 1908-10

wlebSi ganexorcielebina samxedro eqspansia. dampyroblebi wvavdnen

soflebs, flotma orjer dabomba sanapiro dasaxlebebi. 1909 wlis 18

ivliss, espanelebi damarcxdnen. rifelebma moulodnelad ieriSi

miitanes general marinis banakze, mokles da daWres espaneli

jariskacebi da oficrebi, xolo 27 ivliss daamarcxes polkovnik pontos

razmi. espaneTi gauTaveblad agzavnida rifSi damatebiT razmebs,

romelTa ricxvma miaRwia 50 aTass. espanelebi bevrad kargad iyvnen

SeiaraRebulebi, magram isini sul marcxdebodnen [51,34].

1910 wlis 17 noembris safrangeT-espaneTis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze

droebiT espaneTis samefos xelSi gadavida rifis nawili. marokos

sulTans CamoerTva okupirebul teritoriaze meTaurebis daniSvnis

ufleba, melilaSi myofi espaneTis umaRlesi komisris nebarTvis gareSe.

68

xalxis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, espanelebis jarSi Sediodnen

adgilobrivi mkvidrebic. rifelebi iZulebuli iyvnen gadaexadaT didi

gadasaxadebi dampyrobelTa jaris Sesanaxad. amasTanave, maT daekisraT 65

wlis manZilze kontribucia - 4 milioni pesetis odenobiT. garda amisa,

rifelebis mier dasaxlebul raionebSi iSleboda sabaJo da policiuri

postebi, romlebsac akontrolebdnen uSualod okupantebi.

mogvianebiT, dasavleT nawilSi espaneTma daiwyo garbis dapyroba. 1911

wels, frangebma daikaves fesi, ris sapasuxodac espaneTma moisurva

laraSisa da el-ksar-el-qebiris xelSi Cagdeba, ramac gamoiwvia

safrangeTis ukmayofileba. mas am droisaTvis surda marokos teritoriis

mTlianad daufleba, misi CrdiloeTi nawilis CaTvliT [51,36]. 1911 wlis

zafxulSi espanelebma waiwies qveynis siRrmeSi seutadan Tetuanisken da

laraSidan jibalis tomebiT dasaxlebul raionSi, sadac waawydnen did

winaaRmdegobas jibalis erT-erTi gavleniani tomis, arusis mxridan.

maTi beladi ar-raisuni ki saTaveSi Caudga dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg

mimarTul kampanias. SemdgomSi ar-raisuni ZiriTdad dakavebuli iyo

xalxis gatacebiT da gamosasyidis miRebiT. 1912 wels okupantebi Sevidnen

TetuanSi [22,253].

safrangeTi moiTxovda espaneTis samefosagan marokos dasavleTidan

jarebis gayvanas. is Tanaxma iyo mxolod rifis okupaciaze, razedac

espaneTi pasuxobda, rom SeTanxmebis mixedviT mas ekuTvnoda dasavleTi

nawilic. konfliqti mogvarda 1912 wlis safrangeT-espaneTis

molaparakebiT, romlis mixedviT espaneTis samefos mflobelobaSi

gadadioda Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleT nawili, xolo sulTnis

warmomadgeneli - ,,xalifa‘‘ iniSneboda TetuanSi. evropelebma xelSi

Caigdes bunebrivi wiaRiseulic [51,38].

1913 wels, ar-raisunim gaanadgura garbSi espaneTis jarebi, ris

Semdegac generali alfani Secvala generalma marinma. axali meTauris

daniSvnam mainc ver moutana espaneTis samefos warmateba [66,211].

dampyroblebma Secvales brZolis taqtika da daiwyes tomebisa da

feodalebis mosyidva da gadabireba. 1914 wels, maT daikaves Taza,

miimxres rifis tomebis - itefisa da bukuias meTaurebi [24,383]. 1915 wels,

dades SeTanxmeba ar-raisunisTan da aRiares misi Zalaufleba jibalis

69

tomebze. amiT isini avaldebulebdnen gaewia daxmareba aramTiani

raionebis dapyrobaze da pirdebodnen, rom ar SeiWrebodnen mis

teritoriaze.

agresorebs surdaT gavleniani tomis, beni (saliteraturo forma –

banu) uriagilis (,,urÒa Ril‘‘) beladis, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis

gadabireba. beni uriagili iyo yvelaze didi rifis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi

da uZlieresi samxedro TavalsazrisiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ‘abd al-qerimma

iTamaSa uniSvnelovanesi roli 1907-08 wlebSi sulTan ‘abd al-azizis

winaaRmdeg mowyobil ajanyebaSi. 1907 wels, igi aseve daupirispirda

taxtis pretendents bu-hamaras. ‘abd al-hafizis mosvlis Semdeg ki

gadavida mis mxareze da miiRo rifis mmarTvelobis ufleba.

amavdroulad, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi agrZelebda brZolas bu-hamaras

winaaRmdeg. daikava misi rezidencia salvani da aiZula gaqceuliyo

mTaSi. espanelebs kargad esmodaT misi Zliereba da amitom ‘abd

al-qerimis vaJebi miiwvies TavisTan. misi ufrosi Svili, muhamad ibn

‘abd-al-qerimi daibada 1882 wels. man Seiswavla RvTismetyveleba

Tetuansa da fesSi. 1910 wels ixmes melilaSi, sadac muSaobda

adgilobriv skolaSi maswavleblad, Semdeg dainiSna mosamarTled da

male gaxda melilasa da misi Semogarenis ufrosi mosamarTle [51,40; 7,75;

33,575].

1915 wels, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi al-husemasSi Sexvda espanel

generals aizpurus, romelmac SesTavaza rifze espaneTis proteqtoratis

damyareba, razedac uari miiRo. amasTanve, is moRvaweobda

antiimperialistur gazeTSi da awarmoebda molaparakebas (1914) germaniis

agentTan, melilas mkvidrTan francisk fralTan, romelic pirdeboda

muhamads SeiarRebul daxmarebas frangebisa da espanelebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi. erTi wlis Semdeg muhamad ibn ‘abd al-qerimi daapatimres

melilaSi ori wliT. man ramdenjerme uSedegod scada cixidan gaparva.

Svilis daWeris Semdeg, ‘abd al-qerimma daikava neitraluri pozicia. igi

Tavazobda espaneTs ekonomikur da kulturul TanamSromlobas. 1916

wels, muhamadi cixidan gamouSves da daniSnes isev melilas olqis

mTavar mosamarTled. misi umcrosi Zma ki isic muhamadi (sxva monacemebiT

70

mahmadi), gagzavnes madridSi sainJinro skolaSi saswavleblad, sadac

miRebul iqna samefo karze [51,44].

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, espanelma kolonizatorebma

gadawyvites, rom dadga marokos Sida raionebis okupaciis dro. general

berengeris gegmis mixedviT, axal umaRles komisars jer unda daepyro

dasavleTi nawili, Semdeg SeenarCunebina mSvidoba rifelebTan da

gaelaSqra aRmosavleTze.

1919 wlis dasawyisSi, espaneli okupantebi SeiWrnen jibalis tomebis

teritoriaze, ramac gamoiwvia rifelebis aRSfoTeba. amasTanave, maT

daiwyes uergis xeobis okupacia. amave wels, espanelebsa da ‘abd al-qerim

al-xatabis Soris imdenad daiZaba urTierToba, rom man gamoiwvia

Svilebi meliladan da madrididan, Tumca ar gauwia SeiaraRebuli

winaaRmdegoba. 1919-20 wlebSi, igi aseve cdilobda neitralitetis

SenarCunebas [25,358; 47,28; 7,60; 42,355].

1920 wels espanelebi agrZelebden oms dasavleTSi da cdilobdnen

beni uriagilis tomis beladis Semorigebas. gaugzavnes mas werili,

romelSic Txovdnen espaneTSi Svilebis dabrunebas, razedac miiRes

pasuxi, rom isini dabrundebodnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu espaneTis samefo

realurad iTanamSromlebda masTan. amis Semdeg agresorma daiwyo

rifelebTan Riad konfliqtis provocireba.

1920 wlis Semodgomaze, espanelebma daikaves dasavleT nawilSi

SeSaueni (,,SiSva n‘‘) da ganaxorcieles rifis darbeva, romelic daabrales

‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis. amis sapasuxod, ‘abd al-qerimma mimarTa

weriliT generlebs aizpurus da berengers, romelSic moiTxovda

Cadenili borotmoqmedebis mizezis dasaxelebas da xazgasmiT aRniSnavda,

rom is inarCunebda neitralitets. espanelebma gamoiyenes es werili mis

winaaRmdeg da gaavrceles xmebi, rom ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi aRiarebda

danaSauls da mouwodebdnen xalxs misi damxobisaken. aRSfoTebulma

tomis meTaurma daifica, rom amis Semdeg is sisxlis ukanasknel

wveTamde ibrZolebda agresorTa winaaRmdeg, Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT

ar Cqarobda omis dawyebas.

1920 wlis bolos, ‘abd al-qerimma Tavi mouyara SeiaraRebul Zalebs

espaneTis portebTan axlos, TafersiTTan. aqedan gadioda rkinigzis gza

71

bu-farkufamde, romelic uerTdeboda azib el-midar-melilas xazs. am

strategiuli punqtebidan rifelebi emuqrebodnen espanelebis

sakomunikacio sistemebs. samxedro kampanias saTaveSi Caudga ‘abd

al-qerim al-xatabi, romlis Svilebi darCnen adjirSi (,,adjÒr‘‘) sxva

tomebis gadasabireblad. aucilebeli iyo arsebuli Sida tomobrivi

dapirispirebis mospoba da yvela tomis uklebliv gaerTianeba. jer

kidev ar iyo dawyebuli saomari moqmedebebi, rom ‘abd al-qerimi

moulodnelad gardaicvala. erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, igi mowamles

espanelebma. misi ufrosi vaJi, muhamadi saTaveSi Caudga espaneTis samefos

winaaRmdeg wamowyebul kampanias [64,150; 47,32].

1921 wels, daiwyo 24 aTasiani okupantTa msvleloba rifze. aqedan 4

aTass Seadgendnen mtris mxareze mebrZoli marokoelebi. saerTod

saokupacio jarebis ricxvi aRwevda 63 aTass. espanelebis mxridan

kampanias saTaveSi Caudga generali silvesteri. man 1921 wlis dasawyisSi

waiwia rifis SigniT da daikava calkeuli dasaxlebebi. TebervalSi

espanelebma yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe miaRwies sidi-driss,

mdinare al-qebiris SesarTavTan.

muhamad ‘abd al-qerimi Tvlida, rom am etapze mas ar gaaCnda Sesabamisi

Zalebi da mowinaaRmdeges Tavidanve ar gauwia winaaRmdegoba, ris gamoc

okupantebma daikaves rifis nawili. am dros, agresorebma gadawyvites win

waweva kelatesis koncxisaken, rigsis SesarTavSi. amiT maT undodaT

Temsamanis tomis gaZeveba. garda amisa, dampyroblebs gamiznuli hqondaT

sazRvao desantis meSveobiT al-husemasis dakaveba. ra Tqma unda, es gegma

mowonebul iqna monarqis, alfons XIII-is mier [51,48].

1921 wlis 1 ivniss, espanelebi damarcxdnen dar abarTan ricxobrivi

upiratesobis miuxedavad. marokoelebis didi nawili, romelic ibrZoda

mtris mxareze, miemxro rifelebs. am gamarjvebam ‘abd al-qerims Semata

axali meomrebi da saTave daudo rifis tomebis samxedro kavSiris

Seqmnas. okupantebi aseve damarcxdnen sidi-ibrahimTan [25,342; 7,105].

1921 wlis 18 ivliss, anvalTan ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim aseve ukuagdo

espanelebi da moulodnelad Seutia igeribenis posts. iqauri

marokoelebic SeuerTdnen Tanamemamuleebs. generalma silvesterma gaca

ukan daxevis brZaneba. rifelebma daikaves igeribeni da xelSi Caigdes

72

iaraRi. silvesterma revanSis aRebis mizniT, gadaisrola Zalebi

anvalTan, igeribenTan axlos. 6 dRiani brZolis Semdeg (21-26 ivlisi)

espanelebi xelmeored damarcxdnen. armia moicva panikam. isini garbodnen,

tovebdnen iaraRs, manqanebs da medikamentebs. generalma silvesterma Tavi

moikla. anvalis brZolis Semdeg rifelebma tyved aiyvanes 1265 meomari

[46,51; 22,260; 47,45; 161,24-25].

5-6 agvistos, amboxebulebma gaanadgures meliladan 50 kilometrSi

aruitTan mdgari general navaros jari da amiT miuaxlovdnen melilas.

vinaidan qalaqi melila XV saukunis bolodan formalurad Sedioda

espaneTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi, muhamad ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis

SeeSinda sxva saxelmwifoebis Carevis da amitom ar daikava igi. amiT man

dauSva udidesi Secdoma. anvalis brZolam gadaarCina jibalis tomebi.

espanelebma ukan daixies, generali berengeri gaiqca melilaSi.

agresorebis damarcxebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo is, rom jars ar

surda brZola espaneli finansistebis interesis gamo. amasTanve,

umaRlesi samxedro pirebi iniSnebodnen ara damsaxurebisamebr, aramed

proteqciiT. isini xSir SemTxvevaSi iyvnen aristokratiuli wridan da ar

hqondaT miRebuli samxedro ganaTleba, ZiriTadad undebodnen intrigebis

xlarTvas da spekulaciebs. garda amisa, armiaSi yvaoda korufcia da

amasTanave mis did nawils Seadgendnen ubralo glexebi [51,53].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom espaneTSi drodadro adgili qonda saxalxo

mRelvarebebs, romelnic mimarTuli iyo marokoSi omis winaaRmdeg. 1921

wlis seqtemberSi espaneTis saTaveSi mosulma mauris axalma mTavrobam

gagzavna ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘ damatebiT 4,5 aTasi jariskaci,

romelic aseve gaanadgures rifelebma.

‘abd al-qerims kargad esmoda, rom miRweuli gamarjvebebi ar iyo

saboloo da amitom mouwoda dasavleT rifis mosaxleobas gaerTianebisa

da brZolisaken. garda amisa, igi Seudga armiis gazrdasa da

reorganizacias.

1921 wlis seqtemberSi muhamad ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim miiwvia

kabirebi-tomTa warmomadgenlebi da mouwoda maT erTianobisaken da

agresorTa winaRmdeg brZolisaken. gadawyda nacionaluri mTavrobis

formireba. 19 seqtembers Sedga erovnuli kreba, romelzedac gamoacxades

73

rifis damoukidebloba, ‘abd al-qerimis meTaurobiT da mas mieniWa emiris

tituli. Seiqmna rifis tomebis gaerTianebuli respublika (,,al-jumhórÒa

al-iTiha dÒa likaba'il ar-rÒf‘‘). krebaze rifis dedaqalaqad gamocxadda

qalaqi adjiri, damtkicda respublikis droSa da miRebul iqna

konstitucia, romlis safuZvelze aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo

organo gaxda nacionaluri kreba. misi mdivani iyo rifis respublikis

prezidenti, muhamad ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi. mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi

Sevidnen Sinagan saqmeTa da samxedro ministrebi, romelTa movaleobas

asrulebda prezidenti. misi mrCeveli iTavsebda premier-ministris,

sagareo saqmeTa ministris, finansTa da vaWrobis ministrebis funqciebs

[162,1-2].

1921 wlis krebam aseve miiRo ,,nacionaluri fici‘‘:

1. marokoze dawesebuli proteqtoratis ar cnoba.

2. espanelebis evakuacia rifidan. espaneTs rCeboda mxolod

melila da seuta mimdebare SemogareniT.

3. rifis respublikis, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos

aRiareba.

4. respublikur-konstituciuri mTavrobis Seqmna.

5. bolo 12 wlis manZilze agresorTa mxridan miyenebuli zaralis

anazRaureba da tyveTa gamosyidva.

6. sxvadasxva saxelmwifosTan SeTanxmebebis da urTierTobebis

damyareba, yovelgvari privilegiebis gareSe [51,57; 22,257;161,25].

garda amisa, gamocxadebul iqna mosaxleobis sayovelTao mobilizacia.

dasavleTis fronti Caibara al-xatabis Zmam mahmadma, xolo aRmosavleTis

- TviT prezidentma. armias, ra Tqma unda, xelmZRvanelobda ‘abd al-

qerimi, romelic Sedgeboda regularuli jarebidan da iregularuli

tomTa laSqrebidan. regularuli jarebis ricxvi aRwevda 6-7 aTass.

maTgan Camoyalibda 60-70 aseuli, romlis saTaveSi idga aseulis meTauri

(,,ka ’id al-mi’a‘‘). es Cini Seesabameboda kapitans. aseuli iyofoda

qvedanayofebad - 50 da 25 jariskacad, romlebsac meTaurobdnen umcrosi

oficrebi. 400 erTeuli emorCileboda maioris Cinis oficers (,,tabur‘‘).

oficrebi iRebdnen mudmiv gasamrjelos: aseulebi - 25 duros TveSi,

maiorebi – 30 dan 45-mde duros, xolo jariskacebs yoveldRiurad

74

uxdidnen 2 espanur pesetas. maT aseve ufleba hqondaT mieyidaT

mTavrobisTvis omSi mopovebuli nadavli. 100 franguli tyvia Rirda

oTxi duro, espanuri ki erTi.

rifis armia gawvrTnili iyo espanur yaidaze da ZiriTadad

dakompleqtebuli iyo im marokoelebisagan, romlebic adre msaxurobdnen

frangebis da espanelebis rigebSi, agreTve Sediodnen mtris mxridan

gadasuli ucxoelebi. jariskacebi da oficrebi irCeodnen sxvadasxva

tomidan. regularuli nawilebi arasodes ar igzavnebodnen brZolis

velze sruli SemadgenlobiT. isini asrulebdnen mTeli armiis

mamoZravebeli birTvis rols. maTi oficrebi da jariskacebi valdebuli

iyvnen gaewvrTnaT tomTa laSqrebi da exelmZRvanelaT maTTvis frontis

xazze. amasTanave, maTgan ayalibebdnen saartilerio nawilebs. tomTa

laSqrebi Seadgendnen mTavar sabrZolo Zalas, romlebSic Sediodnen

mosaxleobis 16-dan 50 wlamde mamakacebi (sxva monacemebiT 19-dan 60

asakis). jaris ricxvi icvleboda omis msvlelobis mixedviT. prezidenti

saomrad agzavnida im tomebs, romelTa teritoriaze mimdinareibda

saomari moqmedebebi. isini icvlebodnen or-sam kviraSi erTxel da Tu

ufro didxans gagrZeldeboda Setakeba, maSin enacvlebodnen maT

mezobeli tomebi. didi nawili Seadgenda qveiT jars, xolo cxenosanTa

ricxvi aRwevda 2 aTass [51,63].

rifelebis simamace aRrTfovanebas iwvevda TviT mowinaaRmdegebSic.

isini kargad iyvnen gawvrTnili da gamoirCeodnen gansakuTrebuli

brZolis unariT. saaTSi fexiT gadiodnen 7 kolometrs, Tan yovelTvis

hqondaT wyali da kalaTa sakvebiT. armia maragdeboda brZolis velidan

mopovebuli iaraRiT da amavdroulad yidulobdnen mas iafad mtris

qalaqebSi, espaneli jariskacebidan. rifelebi sargeblobdnen xelis

yumbarebiT, romlebsac amzadebdnen rifeli ebraeli iuvelirebi da

mWedlebi mowinaaRmdegis aufeTqebeli bombebisagan. maTi xarisxi bevrad

jobda espanelebisas. rifis armiis susti wertili iyo aviacia da

samxedro hospitalebis ararseboba. isini amaod Seecadnen aviaciis

Seqmnas. garda amisa, anvalis brZolis dros mopovebuli medikamentebis

maragi droTa ganmavlobaSi amoiwura da rifelebma ver moaxerxes misi

Sevseba [51,67].

75

aRsaniSnavia, rom rifis raionebSi administaciuli erTeuli iyo ara

olqi, aramed tomi anu SenarCunebuli iyo saukunovani tradicia.

saxelmwifo iyofoda 18 tomad. tomis saTaveSi idga ka ’idi (,,ka 'id‘‘, mr.r.

,,kuva d‘‘, ka da-xelmZRvaneli, meTauri, beladi‘‘), xolo gvarisas Saixi.

isini asrulebdnen mosamarTlis, samxedro meTauris da gadasaxadebis

amkrefis funqciebs. amasTanave, TiToeuli tomis saTaveSi beladTan

erTad idga saTemo sabWo-jama‘a. ka ’idebi eqvemdebarebodnen Sinagan

saqmeTa saministros da tomTa specialur sabWos. tomebis meTaurebis

mier miRebuli ganaCeni, eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. rifis respublika

iyo tomTa kavSiri ,,samxedro demokratiis‘‘ Taviseburi formiT.

SemoRebul iqna ori gadasaxadi: 1. suladobrivi, romelsac ixdida

yvela, omis invalidebisa da upovrebis garda. 2. gadasaxadi saTemo

Semosavlebidan, romelic xmardeboda regularul armias. igi

ganisazRvreboda Semosavlis 5% odenobiT da mas ixdidnen fuladi an

naturaluri produqtis saxiT, rac dabali iyo sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT

[51,61].

1921 wlis oqtomberSi espanelebis 70 aTasianma jarma Seutia

rifelebs. saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobda melilasa da al-husemasis

raionSi. maTi mcdeloba gadasuliyvnen melilas mxridan uSedegod

dasrulda. 1922 wels espanelebma xelmeored Seuties. brZola gaimarTa

melila-sabTas xazze. Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi okupantebi damarcxdnen

da maT daixies qalaq melilasaken. espaneTis samefos samxedro kabineti

iZulebuli gaxda daeyenebina samxedro operaciebis Sewyvetis sakiTxi.

garda amisa, qveyanaSi izrdeboda xalxis ukmayofileba samxedro

operaciebis mimarT da amasTanave samefos xazina ewireboda marokos oms.

1922 wels mauris mTavroba Secvala gerias mTavrobam, romelmac

ganaaxla brZolebi da daawesa sastiki cenzura presaze, raTa

mosaxleobas ar gaego marokoSi mimdinare movlenebi. 1922-23 wlebSi,

espaneTma daibruna anvalis brZolamde ,,kuTvnili teritoriebi‘‘.

‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi cdilobda mSvidobis damyarebas da Seecada

moepovebina evropis saxelmwifoebisgan rifis respublikis aRiareba. mas

imedi hqonda, rom tanJeris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyenebda

inglisis, safrangeTis da espaneTis uTanxmoebas. es problema

76

gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa anvalis marcxis Semdeg. rodesac safrangeTma

dainaxa espaneTis sisuste gadawyvita mieTvisebina misi teritoria da

xelSi Caegdo tanJeric. safrangeTis mTavrobas miaCnda, rom espanelebs

Zala aRar SewevdaT gaekontrolebinaT da daemorCilebinaT maT

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi mosaxleoba, rac safrTxes uqmnida frangebis

usafrTxoebas.

1922 wels, liotem ganacxada, rom misi xelmZRvaneloba aRiarebda

erTian marokos sulTnis meTaurobiT, ramac gamoiwvia espaneTis

protesti. amis sapasuxod, espanur-afrikulma ligam gaaCaRa brZola

safrangeTis hegemoniis winaaRmdeg xmelTaSua zRvaSi da CrdiloeT

marokoSi, raSic aqtiurad CaerTo presa. inglisi daimuqra, rom tanJeris

saerTaSoriso statusis sakiTxis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, daayenebda

sakiTxs erTa ligaze. amasTanave, inglisis samefom gaaZliera floti

xmelTaSua zRvaSi, gazafxulze ki ganaxorciela ,,megobruli viziti‘‘

espaneTis portebSi.

amave wels, ‘abd al-qerimma gagzavna warmomadgenlebi fessa da

londonSi. mas imedi hqonda, rom gamoiyenebda evropis saxelwifoebs

Soris arsebul uTanxmoebas, rac uSedegod dasrulda. safrangeTma ‘abd

al-qerim al-xatabis rifis aRiarebis nacvlad SesTavaza savaWro

xelSekrulebis dadeba da gadaca nota, romlis mixedviT politikuri da

sasuliero Zalaufleba eniWeboda mxolod marokos sulTans, romelic

uflebamosili iyo gadaewyvita analogiuri sakiTxebi. aseve amaod

dasrulda londonis misiac ivlisSi. rifelebma moaxerxes mxolod

iaraRis movaWreebTan kavSiris damyareba. amave dros, ‘abd al-qerimma

gaugzavna werilebi safrangeTis, inglisis, aSS-s mTavrobebsa da romis

paps [51,72].

paralelurad, rifis respublikis prezidenti awarmoebda

molaparakebas espaneTis mTavrobis agentTan eCevarietTan, ramac aseve

ver gamoiRo Sedegi. espanelebi Tanaxmdebodnen rifis Sida

administraciis damoukideblobis aRiarebas, samefos proteqtoratis

SemadgenlobaSi [64,150].

im dros, roca rifis respublikis frontze sufevda simSvide

okupantebma gadawyvites jibalis tomebis ganadgureba, raTa xeli

77

SeeSalaT rifTan SeerTebaSi da xelSi CaegdoT dasavleTis mxridan

dapyrobis axali placdarmi. 1922 wels, espaneTis samefos 30 aTasiani

armia daiZra jibalis winaaRmdeg. maisis TveSi maT daikaves ar-raisunis

rezidencia, TazaruTis auli. ka ’idi gaiqca mTaSi. mopovebulma

warmatebam mainc ver gamoaswora arsebuli mdgomareoba [66,195].

am periodSi, espaneTSi daiwyo maRaroelTa gaficvebi. ivnisSi maT

SeuerTdnen metalurgebic, mogvianebiT mxari dauWires sxva profesiis

adamianebmac. finansTa ministrma ganacxada, rom qveyana veRar

uZlebdaOomis xarjebs. 15 ivliss gadaayenes generali berengeri, mis

nacvlad daniSnes burgeti da daiwyes molaparakeba moRalate

ar-raisunisTan. Tavdapirvelad molaparakebebi Sevida CixSi da espaneTma

isev ganaaxla mzadeba axali kampaniisaTvis [51,75; 22,278].

1922 wlis 12 agvistos, imis Semdeg, rac espanur gazeTSi ,,libertad‘‘

gamoqveynda ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis werili, romelSic is xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda, rom ar iyo espaneli xalxis winaaRmdegi da ibrZoda mxolod

kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, ufro metad gaizarda mTavrobis mimarT

xalxis ukmayofileba. situacia imdenad daiZaba, rom dekemberSi

sanCes-geras mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo. liberalurma

albas axalma mTavrobamac ganagrZo omi marokoSi. espanelebis jarma

miaRwia 140 aTass. saomari operaciebis paralelurad, dampyroblebi

awarmoebdnen molaparakebas jibalisa da gumaras tomebTan, ris

sapasuxod ‘abd al-qerimi cdilobda maT gadabirebas. espanelebi sul

marcxdebodnen.

1923 wels, rifis kidev erTi delegacia amaod Cavida parizSi. maT

moaxerxes mxolod iaraRis SeZena. amave wlis aprilSi ki frangebi

gadavidnen jer kidev daupyrobeli Tazas raionSi, xolo espanelebi

moemzadnen axali SetakebisaTvis da xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas

ar-raisunisTan. man ki gayida rifelebi didi fulis sanacvlod. is

daTanxmda ara marto daqvemdebareboda espanelebs, aramed sakuTar Tavze

aiRo espaneTis zonaSi wesrigis damyareba da dapirda agresorebs, rom

daexmareboda SeiaraRebuli ZalebiTac. am yvelafris miuxedavad, 1923

wlis maisSi ganxorcielebuli kampania warumatebeli aRmoCnda [47,67].

ivnisSi rifelebma gaanadgures okupantebi dasavleT marokoSi – ursa -

78

SeSauenis xazze. aseve daamarcxes mteri qalaq vagitSic. amis Semdeg

espanelebi Seecadnen rifelebTan ,,kompromisze wasvlas‘‘.

dapirispirebuli mxareebi ver rigdebodnen mTavar sakiTxze. espaneTi

cnobda rifs, rogorc avtonomiur olqs da ar aRiarebda mas rogorc

calkeul damoukidebel respublikas. dampyroblebi cdilobdnen

tomobrivi aristokratiisa da ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis mosyidvas.

pirdebodnen maT did Tanamdebobebs da materialur daxmarebas. amiT

isini imedovnebdnen rifelebis erTianobis gatexvas. espaneTis samefo

aZlevda maT mosafiqreblad 48 saaTs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqreboda

axali TavdasxmebiT. agvistos brZolaSi okupantebi isev damarcxdnen.

espaneTis jaris ganadgureba marokoSi faSisturi reJimis momxrem,

barselonelma generalma primo de riveram moindoma marokos saboloo

damorCileba. misi TaosnobiT daiwyo al-husemasis dabombva. ,,SarifTa

saxelmwifoSi‘‘ gaigzavna 6 kreiseri da 12 gamandgurebeli kateri.

amasTanave, koncentrireba moxda melilas frontze. amJamad samxedro

misiis Sesruleba daevala yofil samxedro ministrs aizpurus, romelic

dainiSna umaRless komisrad. faSisturi direqtoriac SezRuduli iyo

finansebSi. 1923 wlis Semodgomaze, primo de rivera iZulebuli gaxda

Semofargluliyo al-husemasis mxolod zRvidan dabombviT da gadaedo

saxmeleTo operacia gazafxulamde. 1923 wlis dekemberSi, espaneTis mefe

alfons XIII da primo de rivera Cavidnen romSi iaraRis SesaZenad.

vatikanSi yofnis dros, espaneTis monarqma aRniSna, rom igi yovelTvis

ibrZoda da ibrZolebda muslimTa winaaRmdeg. misi sityva gadaica

sajarod, ramac gamoiwvia xalxis aRSfoTeba. amave wels, espaneTis

samefos agenti Sexvda rifSi respublikis prezidents da gamoisyida

tyveebi 4 milion pesetad, xolo marokoeli patimrebi gaanTavisufles

espaneTis cixeebidan. 1923-24 wlebSi, zamTarSi wvimebis sezonis dros

droebiT Sewyda saomari moqmedebebi, rac gamoyenebul iqna axali

Zalebis mosakrebad. amasTanave, ‘abd al-qerimma kidev erTxel mimarTa

ingliss espaneTTan SuamdgomlobisaTvis [51,83; 22,261].

1924 wlis TebervalSi, melilas raionSi rifelebma daamarcxes

espanelebi, ris sapasuxodac malagaSi daiwyo jaris ajanyeba.

jariskacebs aRar surdaT marokoSi samxedro samsaxuris moxda da omSi

79

monawileoba. marokoelebma moipoves gamarjveba gazafxulisa da

zafxulis samxedro operaciebSic. espaneTis jari panikam moicva.

marokoSi Cavida Tavad primo de rivera. agvistoSi, TetuanTan

gamarjvebis Semdeg daiwyo rifelebis mxareze im tomebis gadasvlis

procesi, romlebic adre inarCunebdnen neitralur pozicias (mag: ,,banó

hasan‘‘). rifelebs aseve SeuerTdnen mtris mxareze mebrZoli

marokoelebic.

1 seqtembers, rifelebma alya Semoartyes Tetuanis dasavleTiT mdebare

espanelebis banaks da Caxerges gza Tetuansa da tanJers Soris. maT

daikaves mdinare laus xeobaSi gaSlili ramdenime saguSago da xelSi

Caigdes iaraRi. 4 seqtembers okupantebma daiwyes ukan daxeva. meore dRes,

primo de rivera isev Cavida marokoSi. agresorebs Zalian gauWirdaT

TavianTi garnizorebis gayvana. maT erT nawilSi gadaixades 150 aTasi

peseta [66,117].

10 seqtembers Sewyda sarkinigzo, satelefono da satelegramo kavSiri

seutasa da Tetuans Soris. brZola mimdinareobda Tetuanis kedlebTan.

espanelebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen marokos aRmosavleT da dasavleT

zonis tomebi. am gamarjvebebis Sedegad marokoelebma moipoves mtris

qveynidan gaZevebis Sansi. am dros, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim kvlav

wamoayena rifis respublikis aRiarebis sakiTxi da moiTxova espanelebis

jarebis gayvana okupirebuli teritoriebidan Tetuanis CaTvliT,

melilas, seutas, al-husemasis da veles-del-gameriras kunZulebis garda.

rifis prezidenti aseve iTxovda bolo 12 wlis manZilze miyenebuli

zaralis anazRaurebas da moRalate tomebis meTaurebis dasjas.

sapasuxod primo de riveram Sekriba rifis dasavleTSi 100 aTasi da

melilaSi 60 aTasi jariskaci. samxedro operacias saTaveSi Caudga

generali aizpuru, romelic damarcxda. de riveras brZanebiT, Tu vinme

uars ityoda omSi monawileobaze, mniSvneloba ar hqonda iqneboda

samoqalaqo, Tu samxedro piri, iqneboda dapatimrebuli. danaSaulis

damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdiliT daisjeboda. es gankarguleba

gamoica mas Semdeg, rac TetuanSi generalze ganxorcielda Tavdasxma.

Tavdamsxmeli adgilze daxvrites.

80

noembris Sua ricxvebisaTvis espanelebi sabolood gandevnes Sida

raionebidan. Tetuani da mdinare laus xeoba mTlianad gadavida

marokoelebis xelSi. 11 dekembers ukanasknelma espanelma datova

al-arbas saguSago. espaneTi flobda el-ksar-el-qebirs, laraSs,

arsilas, arsila-Tetuani-seutas xazs da melilas mosazRvre raions.

1924 wlis dekemberSi, gibraltaris sanapiroze ajanyda anjeras tomi.

ajanyebulebma daikaves tanJeridan aRmosavleTiT 20 kilometrSi mdebare

al-kasr as-sagiris punqti da ramdenime oficeri tyved aiyvanes.

ajanyebaSi monawileoba miiRes adgilobrivma muSebmac. mogvianebiT,

amboxebulebma daikaves am raionSi mdebare sxva postebic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi rifis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

Sediodnen gomaras da jibalis tomebi. rifelebma kvlav dauSves

Secdoma. maT ar ukuagdes kolonizatorebi zRvisken, romlebic

flobdnen mxolod patara placdarms.

1924 wels, ganaxlda molaparakebebi. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis

SeTavazes iaraRi da fuli, safrangeTis winaaRmdeg gamosvlis da

ramdenime punqtis sanacvlod (kelatesis koncxi, porto-nuevo...…).

molaparakebebi male Sewyda. yvelaferi es gamiznuli iyo dakarguli

teritoriebis dasabruneblad. garda amisa, mwifdeboda safrangeT-rifis

konfliqti da amitom espaneTs awyobda safrangeTis omSi CaTreva.

espaneTis samefos ar surda mSvidoba. bunebrivia, rom marokoelebis

brZola or frontze, daasustebda maT erTianobas da qveyanas [51,91].

rifis respublika aZlevda CrdiloeT afrikis saxelmwifoebs

magaliTs, rac bunebrivia aSinebda safrangeTs da amitom man ipova

mizezi axalgazrda respublikasTan sabrZolvelad.

81

$2. safrangeTis Careva konfliqtSi da misi Sedegebi

rifelebi ar gamodiodnen frangebis winaaRmdeg, magram maTma brZolam

gavlena iqonia safrangeTis zonis mosaxleobaze. I msoflio omis

dasrulebis dros, safrangeTis nawilSi daumorCilebeli rCeboda

qveynis mTiani da udabno adgilebi, maRali atlasis, anti-atlasis da

jabal-sagos raionebi, romlebsac frangebi uwodebdnen ,,laqebs‘‘. calke

gamoiyo Tadla da Taza, romlis tomebma daamyares urTierTSoris

kavSiri, airCies samxedro meTaurebi da daiwyes brZola

TavisuflebisaTvis.

1920 wels liotem SeimuSava gegma, romlis mixedviT 3 wlis manZilze

unda daepyroT da aeTvisebinaT zemoT aRniSnuli teritoriebi, ramac ver

gamoiRo Sedegi [162,65-66].

1923 wels, frangebma Seuties Tazas meqnesis da fesis mxridan. maT

ganicades didi zarali. mosaxleobis nawili gaixizna mTebSi. 1924 wels,

safrangeTma moaxdina konfliqtis provocireba mdinare uergis xeobis

gamo. es xeoba iyo sazRvari, radganac mdebareobda or zonas Soris

[46,95; 47,73]. amasTanave, ar arsebobda zusti ruka, romelzedac

datanebuli iqneboda mkafio sazRvari. garda amisa, uergis xeoba

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rifis olqTan, dasaxlebuli iyo monaTesave

tomebiT da rac mTavaria, rifi aqedan maragdeboda puriT. gazafxulze

liotem daiwyo uergis okupacia. ‘abd al-qerimi amaod cdilobda

mSvidobis damyarebas. frangma komisarma situaciis gasarkvevad gagzavna

adjirSi feseli vaWari sadik al-xamliSi. rifis respublikis

prezidentma ganacxada, rom am raionis mosaxleoba faqtobrivad

ekuTvnoda rifs da ixdida gadasaxadebs, Tumca mzad iyo ganexila

sazRvris sakiTxi. aprilis TveSi, okupantebma Sarif derkavias razmebis

meSveobiT ganaxorcieles Tavdasxma rifis mezobel, beni zarvalis

tomze. rifelebma ukan daixies. maT mxareze gadavida beni zarvalis

jaris didi nawili. 25 aprils, sadik al-xamliSi kvlav gagzavnes

adjirSi, romelmac gadasca ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis Setyobineba imis

Taobaze, rom safrangeTis administracia mzad iyo mieRo fesSi

respublikis warmomadgeneli.

82

9 maiss, ka'idi aluSi Cavida fesSi. mas Sexvda qalaqis dazvervis

ufrosi. ka 'idma ganacxada, rom ‘abd al-qerimi iTxovda sazRvris

gansazRvras, ris Semdegac gaiyvanda jars am raionidan. sapasuxod

frangebma ganacxades, rom maT ar WirdebodaT ama Tu im raionis

okupaciaze nebarTva da gadaces 1912 wlis konvecia, romelic adgenda

maT Soris sazRvars.

27 maiss, frangebma gadalaxes uergis xeoba da daikaves mimdebare

teritoria, ris sapasuxodac rifelebma Seuties bu-adls da sidi

muhamadis postebs. Tavdapirvelad maT ukan daixies da or dReSi isev

uSedegod Seuties. ivnis-agvistoSi aseve ar wydeboda Setakebebi.

seqtembris TveSi frangebma moaxdines uergis zeda welis okupacia da

daiwyes misi aTviseba. wvimebis sezonamde, fesidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

maT gaxsnes saguSagoebi [51,100].

ingliss aRelvebda Tavisi koloniebis sakiTxi da SiSobda, rom

rifelebis magaliTi gamoiwvevda axali mRelvarebebis talRas. amis gamo

ganacxada, rom ar iyo safrangeTis moqmedebebis winaaRmdegi, Tumca ar

Seegueboda qveynis ,,gadakeTebas‘‘.

safrangeTis agresiis dawyeba rifis respublikis winaaRmdeg

safrangeT-rifis omi faqtobrivad daiwyo maSin, rodesac safrangeTma

xelSi Caigdo uergi da amiT momaragebis gareSe datova rifelebi. garda

amisa, 1924-25 wlebSi frangebi emzadebodnen axali TavdasxmebisaTvis,

yidulobden sxadasxva tomis Saixebs da amaragebden maT iaraRiT.

rifelebic emzadebodnen agresorTa winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis. aSenebdnen

da agebdnen gzebs, xidebs, gayavdaT satelefono da satelegrafo xazebi,

eweodnen agitacias frangebis winaaRmdeg.

‘abd al-qerimi emzadebod saomrad, magram 1925 wlis zamTarSi ar

ganaxorciela msxvili samxedro operacia espaneTis frontze, riTac

isargebles okupantebma da daikaves axali teritoriebi. isini bombavdnen

soflebs, Tavs daesxnen anjeras toms, romelmac ukan daixia. aiRes

qalaqi al-kasr as-sagiri. am yvelaferma mainc ver Secvala espaneTis

zonaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.

83

1925 wlis 14 ianvars, mont-sagradoSi Sedga jibalis tomebisa da

rifelebis Sexvedra, romelzedac miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba 4 didi

razmis (,,xarka‘‘) Seqmnis Taobaze.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom ar-raisunis dakavebis Semdeg (1925 wlis 10

aprils igi Caiyvanes adjirSi) jibalis tomebi SeuerTdnen amboxebulebs.

tanJeridan melilamde teritoria ukve rifis respublikis xelSi iyo.

gazafxulze, safrangeTidan da alJiridan Camosuli axali sajariso

nawilebi ganlagdnen vazanSi. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi amaod cdilobda

mSvidobis damyarebas, rogorc safrangeTTan aseve espaneTTan.

rifelebis pirveli Tavdasxma. imis Semdeg rac ver moxerxda

konfliqtis mSvidobianad mogvareba, rifelebi gadavidnen Setevaze. 1928

wlis 12 aprils maT daikaves beni zarvalis teritoria. maTi umetesoba

didi sixaruliT SeuerTda rifelebs. winaaRmdegoba gawia mxolod

Sarifma derkaviam da misma garemocvam, romelnic mosyiduli hyavdaT

frangebs, Tumca beni mestaras tomis meomrebma aiZules isini daexiaT

frangebis saguSagomde. 23 aprils beni zarvalis mTeli teritoria

SeuerTda rifs, razedac safrangeTma ganacxada, rom beni zarvali

Sedioda mis zonaSi. sapasuxod ‘abd al-qerimma aRniSna, rom am tomma

bevrjer gagzavna warmomadgeneli rifSi imisaTvis, rom Sesuliyvnen mis

SemadgenlobaSi da mxolod konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Tavs

ikavebda mis Txovnaze [51,107;162,2]. beni zarvalis magaliTze, sxva

mezobelma tomebmac wamoiwyes ajanyeba da Tavdasxma mdinare uergis

xeobaSi mdebare frangebis saguSagoebze. okupantebma gadaisroles

damatebiTi Zalebi alJiridan da ganlagdnen dar-kaid-medbas, ‘ain-aiSas,

kalxaT as-slesis punqtebSi da daiwyes dasaxlebebisa da meCeTebis

gadawva. amiT agresorebma dauSves Secdoma, radgan is tomebi, romlebic

aqamde saerTod ar ereodnen konfliqtSi aRdgnen maT winaaRmdeg da

mxari dauWires ajanyebulebs. 25 aprils rifelebs miemxro slesis

nawili da sofel uled bu-sulTanis mosaxleoba. amboxebulebi

uaxlovdebodnen kifans.

safrangeTis didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, man ver moaxerxa espaneTis

samefos omSi CaTreva, vinaidan is faqtobrivad gakotrebuli iyo.

rifelebi ki agrZelebdnen Setevas ori mimarTulebiT (1925) - fesisa da

84

mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqtis, Tazisaken (aq gadioda fesi-alJiris

rkinigzis xazi). amasTanave, rifelebs exmarebodnen gezauas da sanhajas

tomebi. maT aiRes ramdenime saguSago da alya Semoartyes uergis xeobaSi

frangul postebs. agresorebma Seuties axali ZalebiT, ver miaRwies

gamarjvebas, Tumca moipoves garkveuli warmateba. 13 maiss, maT daikaves

bibani (bibani iyo fesisaken mimavali kari).

maisSi, frangebma ganaaxles brZola melilaSi, magram male ukan

daixies. am periodSi rifis prezidentma Camoayaliba axali razmebi

jibalis tomebidan. or frontze brZola amZimebda rifelebis

mdgomareobas, magram dampyroblebma mainc ver gatexes maTi mebrZoli

suli.

rifelebis meore Seteva. rogorc cnobilia, bibanis brZolis Semdeg

rifelebs SeuerTdnen jibalis, gumaras, branesis da geznaias tomebi.

maisis bolos maT Seuties Tazas, vazanis CrdiloeTiT ki SeiWrnen

safrangeTis zonaSi da kvlav alya Semoartyes mTis masivs bibans.

frangebma ganicades didi zarali. mosazRvre tomebma isev daiwyes

rifelebis mxareze gadasvla. Tavdapirvelad frangebi damarcxdnen.

mxolod xelmeored Setevisas maT moaxerxes nawili saguSagoebis

evakuacia.

31 maiss, rifelebi bibanis raionSi SeebrZolnen polkovnik ferals

[46,116]. amis paralelurad, maT ieriSi miitanes espaneTis ramdenime

punqtzec, Tumca mTeli Zalebi mimarTuli iyo frangebis winaaRmdeg. maT

mxareze ibrZodnen okupantebis yofili momxreebic.

1925 wlis 1 ivniss, imperialistebi Tavs daesxnen vazanis seqtors. 3

ivniss miaRwies bibanidan aRmosavleTiT, mdinare uergis samxreT napirs.

frangebs ar yofnidaT marokoSi brZolis gamocdileba. alJiridan

gadmosrolili jari ki ibrZoda yovelgvari enTuziazmis gareSe. garda

amisa, isini ar iyvnen SeCveuli marokos klimats da pirveli msoflio

omis dros SemuSavebuli sabrZolo taqtika ar iyo gaTvlili ,,SarifTa

saxelwifoze‘‘. mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda partizanuli omic [51,118].

rifelebi mudmivad Tavs esxmodnen mtris postebs. frangebi malavdnen

msxverplis zust ricxvs.

85

5 ivniss, rifelebis meore Setevam ufro daamZima dampyrobelTa

mdgomareoba. frangebi iTxovdnen damatebiT Zalebs. ajanyebulebma mTeli

ZaliT Seuties TaunaTis raions, saidanac SesaZlebeli iyo uergis

xeobis gakontroleba. frangebi bevrad kargad iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi,

magram ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi amboxebulebma daikaves TaunaTi da

calkeuli razmebi 20-30 kolometriT miuaxlovdnen fess. amasTanave,

rifelebma araerTxel waiwies Tazisaken da kvlav daemuqrnen vazans.

frangebma moaxdines vazanis mosaxleobis evakuacia da gagzavnes iq

damatebiTi Zalebi. marokoelebma aseve warmatebiT gailaSqres

dasavleTis frontze. 7 ivnisss, maT daikaves bibanis raionSi, mdinare

lukosis xeobaSi mdebare brikSis posti da waiwies win Tazisaken.

situaciis daZabvis gamo, marokoSi Cafrinda safrangeTis

premier-ministri penleve. igi Sexvda sulTans da generlebs. man

daajildova medlebiTa da sxvadasxva jildoTi jaris meTaurebi da

samxedro jvrebiT sami gamyidveli maRalCinosani. amiT igi cdilobda

mdgomareobis gamosworebas [51,120]. penlevem ganacxada, rom safrangeTs

darCenili hqonda mxolod madagaskaris sami batalioni da amitom veRar

gagzavnida damxmare Zalas. igi male dabrunda samSobloSi. rifelebma ki

daikaves, skeri-centralur frontze, aSkirani-bibanis raionSi, xolo

dasavleTSi ganlagdnen vazanis teritoriaze, aRmosavleTSi ki - TazaSi.

ajanyebulebma cota xniT SeaCeres samxedro operaciebi, raTa aRedginaT

Zalebi da miexedaT mosavlisaTvis. maT hqondaT xorcisa da puris mcire

maragi. 100 kologrami Wvavi iyideboda 130 pesetad, im dros roca 100

tyvia Rirda 10 peseta.

safrangeT-espaneTis konferencia (1925). samxedro warumateblobis gamo,

safrangeTma isev mimarTa espaneTs. 1925 wlis 25 maiss, frangebis

warmomadgeneli Sexvda primo de riveras. isini SeTanxmdnen erToblivi

konferenciis Catarebis Taobaze. maT aseve hqondaT inglisis daxmarebis

imedi.

safrangeTi iTxovda al-husemasis zRvis ubeSi 18 aTasiani espanelebis

desantis gadasxmas da Tvlida, rom rifis respublikis dedaqalaqis,

adjiris winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli erToblivi kampania Secvlida

mdgomareobas safrangeT-espaneTis frontze.

86

espaneTis samefo jer mzad ar iyo axali omisaTvis da Tavazobda

mxolod respublikis blokadas. garda amisa, igi ar Tanxmdeboda

sazRvrebis Secvlas. 1925 wlis 18 ivniss, espaneTis warmomadgeneli

eCevarieta Cavida ‘abd al-qerimTan da SesTavaza al-husemasSi portis

Seqmnis, meliladan rkinigzis mSeneblobis, rifis maRaroebis

eqspluataciis da tyveTa gamosyidvis sanacvlod, rifis avtonomiis

aRiareba. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim am yvelaferze uari ganacxada da

molaparakeba Sewyda.

paralelurad, 18 ivniss madridSi saidumlod gaixsna safrangeT-

espaneTis konferencia. dRis ganrigSi dadga Semdegi sakiTxebi:

1. iaraRiT vaWrobis kontrabandis mospoba.

2. ,,arasasurvel ucxoelebze‘‘ kontrolis daweseba. saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi maTi gaZeveba orive zonidan.

3. kordinirebuli samxedro moqmedebebi.

4. safrangeT-espaneTis zusti sazRvrebis dadgena [22,297].

agresorebi konferenciis pirvelsave dReebSi SeTanxmdnen marokos

sanapiros blokadaze. 22 ivniss, xeli moewera sazRvao SeTanxmebas or

qveyanas Soris TanamSromlobis Taobaze. saxelmwifoebi iRebdnen

valdebulebas rifis sanapiro zolis kontrolze, Tumca dadgenilebis

safuZvelze inarCunebdnen damoukideblad moqmedebis uflebas. aseve

espaneTs SeeZlo safrangeTis gakontroleba da piriqiT [51,126]. evropis

es ori saxelmwifo ver rigdeboda tanJeris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

amitom tanJeris sakiTxi konferenciidan moixsna.

11 ivliss xeli moewera SeTanxmebas safrangeT-espaneTis mier

sazRvrebis gakontrolebaze da iaraRiT vaWrobis Sewyvetaze. erTi

kviris Semdeg ki madridSi SemuSavebul iqna erToblivi winadadebebi

rifis respublikasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis safuZvelzec rifisa da

jibalis tomebs eZleodaT avtonomia da unda momxdariyo tyveTa gacvla.

garda amisa, unda Seqmniliyo policiuri Zalebi, romelTa ricxvi

ganisazRvreboda TandaTanobiT. tomebs eZleodaT Tavisufali vaWrobis

ufleba da ekrZalebodaT iaraRiT vaWroba. vinaidan es pirobebi

niSnavda isev kolonialuri reJimis SenarCunebas, safrangeTi da espaneTi

87

agrZelebda mzadebas axali samxedro moqmedebebisaTvis. 1925 wlis 25

ivliss konferencia daixura. miRebul iqna Semdegi SeTanxmebebi:

1. TanamSromloba samxedro sferoSi.

2. rifis respublikis mTliani blokada.

3. tanJeris neitralur zonad gamocxadeba.

4. ikrZaleboda kavSiri ajanyebul tomebTan, Tumca mxars uWerdnen

marokos kolonialur reJims.

5. TiToeul mxares SeeZlo Tavis zonaSi saxmeleTo, sahaero da

sazRvao operaciebis warmoeba.

rifelebis zafxulis samxedro kampania. rifelebma Zala moikribes da

ganaaxles brZola. am dros frangebma gaavrceles xmebi imis Taobaze,

TiTqos rifis prezidenti iyo germanelebis agenti, anu isini midiodnen

yvelaferze. aseve agresorebi avrcelebdnen xmebs, rom vinc midioda

alJirSi sezonur samuSaoze, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi svamda

sakoncetracio banakSi [51,130]. amiT frangebi cdilobdnen tomTa

gadabirebas da mosaxleobis daterorebas. garda amisa, isini acxadebdnen,

rom Tu vinme gamocxaddeboda maTTan miiRebda purs.

okupantebma rifis olqSi Segzavnes jaSuSebi, romlebic amavdroulad

awyobdnen teroristul aqtebs. amiT maT hqondaT sxvadasxva tomis

beladis, Sida SuRlis aRmocenebis da SimSilis imedi. sapasuxod, rifis

mTavrobam gamosca specialuri biuletenebi, romlebSic xazgasmuli iyo

frangebis mier gavrcelebuli sicrue da mouwodebdnen xalxs gonierebis

gamoCenisaken. aRniSnuli biuletenebi ikiTxeboda xalxmraval adgilebSi,

soflebsa da bazrebSi. paralelurad amisa, ‘abd al-qerimma daiwyo

safrangeTis zonaSi agitatorebis gagzavna, romlebic avrcelebdnen

xmebs rifelebis gamarjvebaze.

frangebis represiebis miuxedavad, sul ufro meti tomi gadadioda

rifelebis mxareze. mesgildas tomic miemxro TavisuflebisaTvis

mebrZol xalxs, xolo misi moRalate beladi CamoaxrCes.

ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim adjirSi miiwvia tomTa

samxedro sabWo, romelmac ganixila samomavlo gegmebi. ivnisis meore

naxevarSi rifelebma gaormagebuli ZalebiT ganaaxles brZola - Taza,

88

vazanis da fesis mimarTulebiT. frangebi moumzadebeli aRmoCndnen,

radganac maT ar egonaT, rom mters isev hqonda brZolis unari.

1925 wlis 21 ivniss, fesSi Cavida liote, ris Semdegac 25 ivniss

sulTanma gaavrcela marokos yvela meCeTSi werili, romelSic werda:

,,rifelebi iqcevian arasworad da aRviveben qveyanaSi anarqias.

mogiwodebT, ar daujeroT xmebs maTi gamarjvebebis Sesaxeb da yvelam

akeToT Tqveni saqme‘‘.

liotem sulTanTan erTad fesSi miiwvia adgilobrivi tomebi, vaWrebi

da aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic daarwmuna, rom rifelebi

iyvnen ubralod amboxebulebi, risTvisac aucileblad daisjebodnen.

frangebi mudmivad cdilobdnen msxvili feodalebis mimxrobas da

daumorCilebeli tomebis daSinebas.

ivnisis bolos ajanyebulebi gadavidnen frontis aRmosavleT nawilSi,

TafruTis raionSi-mdinare msunTan da daamyares kavSiri or

tomTan-tsulisTan da branesTan. maTi teritoriebi gadioda fesi-ujda

rkinigzis xazTan. am tomTa gadabirebam amboxebulebs saSualeba mica

miaxlovebuliyvnen Tazas. 27 ivniss maT Seuties frangebs bab-TazasTan.

okupantebma datoves bab-mizabi, sxva postebi ki mdebare tsulis da

branesis teritoriaze gadavida rifelebis xelSi da isini miuaxlovdnen

fesi-ujdas rkinigzis xazs.

frangebi sastikad uswordebodnen ubralo mosaxleobas. isini

bombavdnen maT da mosavals. ajanyebulebs ar gaaCndaT antisahaero

Tavdacvis sistema, magram okupantebi marcxdebodnen. rifelebma waiwies

mdinare lebenis da msunas raionSi. amiT maT alyaSi moaqcies Taza,

aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan. sapasuxod frangebma gadaisroles

mTeli Tavisi Zalebi aRniSnul teritoriebze [51,133].

am kritikul momentSi, damyproblebma kvlav gamoiyenes sulTnis

avtoriteti da msxvili feodalebi. maT surdaT SeenarCunebinT jer kidev

,,morCili tomebi‘‘. pirdebodnen maT didZal qonebas da ayalibebdnen

maTgan partizanul razmebs. axlad Camoyalibebuli razmebi

miemarTebodnen frangebis win da maT ukan miyvebodnen okupantebi. isini

warmoadgendnen erTgvar TavdacviT rgols da garda amisa, Tu vinme

Seecdeboda gaqcevas advilad iWerdnen. frangebma mainc ver miaRwies

89

gamarjvebas. 3 ivlisamde mudmivad grZeldeboda rifelebis Seteva. isini

gaWirvebiT inarCunebdnen msuns, kifans da‘ain-maatufs [162,3].

4 ivliss, rifelebis mxareze sabolood gadavidnen tsulisa da

branesis tomebi, rac amZimebda okupantTa mdgomareobas da safrTxis qveS

ayenebda TazaSi maT poziciebs. amboxebulebi ukan ixevdnen da sul ufro

uaxlovdebodnen Tazas. 5 ivliss maT moaxdines Tazas okupacia.

28 ivliss, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kontrolori gabrieli adjirTan

Sexvda ‘abd al-qerims, romelmac ganacxada, rom inglisi, aSS da italia

ar iqneboda rifis respublikis damoukideblobis winaaRmdegi im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu safrangeTi aRiarebda mis damoukideblobas. aseve man

aRniSna, rom araerTxel mimarTa safrangeTs sazRvris aRiarebasTan

dakavSirebiT, razedac miiRo uari da 1924 wels frangebma ganaxorcieles

samxedro operaciebi. frangebma kvlav uari ganacxades rifis aRiarebaze

da amitom ajanyebulebma gaagrZeles brZola.

situaciis ganmuxtvis mizniT, safrangeTis premier-ministrma penlevem

daniSna marokoSi mTavarsardlad pirveli msoflio omis dros

sisastikiT cnobili marSali peteni, romelic sargeblobda burJuaziul

wreebSi didi avtoritetiT. marSals mieca ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘

Tavisuflad moqmedebis ufleba.

17 ivliss, rifelebma gadaWres ‘ain-aiSa-fesis gza, rac iyo

ukanaskneli warmateba, vinaidan ivlisis bolos safrangeTis armia

iTvlida 150 aTass. meore dRes ‘abd al-qerimma miiwvia samxedro sabWo.

azri orad gaiyo. nawili iTxovda mSvidobis damyarebas, nawils surda

bolomde brZola. gadawyda omis gagrZeleba, Tumca 20 ivlisis Semdeg

Tavdasxmebi TandaTanobiT Sesustda. frangebis raodenobrivma da

teqnikurma upiratesobam SeuZlebeli gaxada mudmivi Setevebi. garda

amisa, maT bolomde ver moaxerxes uklebliv yvela tomis gaerTianeba da

gadabireba da rac mTavaria, safrangeT-espaneTi rogorc iqna SeTanxmdnen

erToblivi moqmedebebis Taobaze.

evropis am or saxelmwifos warudgines rifis respublikis samSvidobo

pirobebi, xolo ,,rifis komitetis‘‘ ingliselma mdivanma gordon kaningma

erT-erT frangul gazeTSi ,,kotiden‘‘ gamoaqveyna aRniSnuli pirobebi,

romelic moicavda Semdeg punqtebs:

90

1. unda aRiarebuli yofiliyo rifi, rogorc damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo da misi damoukideblobis garantad unda gamosuliyo

erTa liga. magaliTisTvis moyavdaT avRaneTi. rifis meTauri iRebda

emiris tituls.

2. marokos sulTani aRiarebuli iqneboda, rogorc sulieri lideri

da misi saxeli moxseniebuli iqneboda paraskevis xutbaSi.

3. samxreT sazRvari gavidoda mdinare uergis CrdiloeT napirze.

jibalis tomis teritoria mTlianad Sevidoda rifSi, laraSis,

arsilas da Tetuanis CaTvliT.

4. espaneTs rCeboda seuta da melila mimdebare teritoriebiT da

meliladan 15 kolometrSi mdebare rkinis maRaroebi - ,,ora‘‘. rifis

xelisufleba uflebas itovebda yoloda mudmivi armia, romlis

raodenoba dadgindeboda eqspertebis mier. Semcireba ki moxdeboda

etapobrivad jarSi gawvevisas.

rifelebi aseve moiTxovdnen safrangeTis zonaSi panislamisturi

propagandis Sewyvetas da nebismieri reparaciis gadaxdis Secvlas.

yovelive amis garda, maTTvis unda miecaT sesxi, raTa Tavidan

aecilebinaT ekonomikuri sirTuleebi. ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis,

espaneTs unda gaewia garkveuli SeRavaTebi, romlis sanacvlod espaneli

vaWrebi miiRebdnen privilegiebs laraSSi, Tetuansa da adjirSi.

amasTanave, safrangeTs da espaneTs, rogorc mTavar monawileebs unda

eTanamSromlaT SemdgomSi aSenebul fesi-tanJeri-melila-Tazas rkinigzis

marTvaSi. amavdroulad, ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi pirdeboda evropelebs

gamosasyidis gareSe tyveebis mesamedis dabrunebas da mouwodebda

agentebis gawvevisaken da blokadis moxsnisaken. ‘abd al-qerimi aseve

moiTxovda samedicino komisiebis Seyvanas da rifis rogorc mebrZoli

qveynis cnobas. bunebrivia safrangeTma uari ganacxada wamoyenebul

pirobebze da amiT dasrulda safrangeT-rifis omis pirveli etapi [51,139].

safrangeT-rifis omis II etapi/erToblivi agresia respublikis

winaaRmdeg. 1925 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi rifis samxedro mdgomareoba

sagrZnoblad gauaresda. frangebma ivlisis bolos miiRes iaraRi da

damatebiTi Zalebi. okupantebis mxareze ibrZodnen espanelebi, sulTnis

momxreebi, jarebi senegalidan da alJiridan. rifelebs Zala aRar

91

SewevdaT gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba. amas Tan erTvoda blokada. vazanis

raionSi maT ukan daixies. amis Semdeg, safrangeTis razmi polkovnik

freidebergis meTaurobiT da espanelTa razmi general rikelimes

meTaurobiT, gaerTiandnen mdinare lukosis xeobaSi.

aRmosavleTis frontze rifelebi agrZelebdnen partizanul oms,

rasac aRar hqonda organizebuli saxe. isini mudmivad utevdnen Tazas

raions. maT undodaT safrangeTis ,,kuTvnili‘‘ alJir-marokos

kavSirgabmulobis xazis mwyobridan gamoyvana da Sua atlasis tomebTan

gaerTianeba. rifelebis xelisSeSlis mizniT okupantebma gadawyvites

tsulis da branesis tomebis teritoriebis dakaveba, romlebic

ajanyebulebis xelSi iyo. 17 agvistos, frangebma dabombes tsuli, xolo

qveiTi jari daiyo sam nawilad. amboxebulebma ukan daiwies, Tumca maTi

jari ar iqna ganadgurebuli. meore dRes maT branesis tomTan erTad

Seuties safrangeTis marjvena kolonas ‘ain-mesefis, samxreT masivis

xazze. okupantebma ukan daixies. marokoelebma SeinarCunes

egreTwodebuli Sverili.

25 agvistos frangebma tankebiTa da cecxlsasroli iaraRiT ieriSi

miitanes branesis tomze. maT datoves ‘ain-mesefis raioni da mdinare

hadaris xeoba. branesis da tsulis nawili miemxro mters. am samxedro

operaciebis Sedegad frontis xazi gadavida CrdiloeTSi.

SeteviTi Tavdasxmebi, romlebic SeimuSava marSalma petenma iyofoda

sam etapad:

1. wvimebis sezonamde unda daepyroT strategiuli punqtebi da

espanelebTan erTad alya SemoertyaT rifis teritoriebisaTvis.

2. zamTarSi unda ganexorcielebinaT ,,politikuri qmedebebi‘‘ _

moesyidaT tomTa beladebi, gaeRvivebinaT Sida tomobrivi SuRli

da daeSalaT tomTa samxedro kavSiri.

3. gazafxulze unda dawyebuliyo samxedro operaciebi saboloo

dapyrobisaTvis.

respublikisaTvis am mZime dReebSi, ‘abd al-qerimma daxmarebisaTvis

mimarTa alJirisa da Tunisis mosaxleobas. man mouwoda maT frangebis

winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolisaken. is Tavazobda erTiani respublikis

Seqmnas, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidoda CrdiloeT afrikis yvela

92

qveyana, Tumca alJirsa da Tuniss ar SeeZloT SeiaraRebuli daxmarebis

gaweva.

‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi agrZelebda mobilizacias da cdilobda

mSvidobis damyarebas. 20 agvistos, man gagzavna werili safrangeTis

parlamentSi, romelSic xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom rifis respublikas

surda mSvidoba safrangeTTan da mxolod liotes politikam aiZula

wasuliyo mis winaaRmdeg.

am periodSi peteni da primo de rivera SeTanxmdnen erTobliv

samxedro moqmedebebze. espaneTis desanti unda gadamsxdariyo

al-husemasSi, romelsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gauwevdnen daxmarebas da

frangebi Seutevdnen fesis raions [51,145]. safrangeTis diviziebi

ganlagebuli iyo fessa da Tazas Soris. amasTanave, mobilizirebuli iyo

sulTnis mier Camoyalibebuli nawilebi. 1 seqtembrisTvis yvelaferi

mzad iyo. paralelurad, frangebma gagzavnes agentebi mosaxleobaSi,

romlebic eweodnen Cabarebis propagandas. garda amisa, maT moisyides

ramdenime tomi (mag: tsulis). sapasuxod ‘abd al-qerimi agzavnida

sadamsjelo samxedro razmebs, rasac safrangeTi pasuxobda maTi

TavdacviT.

rifelebis Seteva Tetuanze da espanelebis desantis gadasxma

al-husemasSi. safrangeT-espaneTis mzadebis paralelurad, rifis

prezidentmac daiwyo samxedro mzadeba. axlad mimxrobil tomebs man

gaugzavna agitatorebi. beni uriagilis meomrebi gaegzavna beni zarvalis

toms. amasTanave, Camoyalibda rifis pirveli cxenosani razmi, metlasis

da beni amretis tomebidan.

rifelebi aRvsili iyvnen enTuziazmiT. axalgazrdebi swavlobdnen

zarbaznidan srolas. iaraRs yidulobdnen espaneli jariskacebidan.

TiToeul toms daevala sami razmis gamoyofa, romlebsac Semdgom

Secvlidnen axlad gawvrTnili ,,meomrebi‘‘. Seiqmna egreTwodebuli

ganasakuTrebuli ,,dartymiTi razmebi‘‘. ganxorcielda ZalTa

gadajgufeba. rifis prezidentma piradad Caibara safrangeTis zonaSi

myofi jari. ajanyebulebma gadawyvites Tetuanze Tavdasxma, raTa xeli

SeeSalaT al-husemasSi desantis gadasxmisaTvis. espanelebi ki uSedegod

93

cdilobdnen jibalis tomebis beladebTan molaparakebas, am kampaniaSi

monawileobis miRebaze.

3 seqtembers daiwyo rifelebis Tetuanze Seteva. isini miuaxlovdnen

qalaqs da mizanSi amoiRes igi. am faqtma sagrZnoblad gazarda rifis

respublikis prestiJi espaneTis zonis tomTa Soris. sastiki brZolebis

miuxedavad, primo de rivera agrZelebda mzadebas al-husemasSi desantis

gadasxmaze. Tumca 3 seqtembers situacia imdenad daiZaba, rom primo de

rivera desantTan erTad dabrunda TetuanSi da man ukuagdo rifelebi.

ajanyebulebis Tavdasxmam gaarTula al-husemasSi desantis gadasxmis

sakiTxi.

seqtembris dasawyisSi espanelebi da frangebi ramdenime dRis manZilze

bombavdnen rifis sanapiro zols adjirTan axlos, sadac Tavdapirvelad

desantis gadasxmis mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda. rifelebma CaZires

erTi xomaldi da daWres espaneli kapitani, Tumca mtris jaris ZalTa

upiratesoba aSkara iyo. maTi ricxvi aWarbebda 15 aTass. isini

SeiaraRebuli iyvnen artileriiT, tankebiT da yavdaT asze meti gemi.

6 seqtembers, rifelebis motyuebis mizniT, espanelebma gadasxes mcire

desanti mdinare laus raionSi, 7 seqtembers ki general saros mTavarma

nawilebma iwyes gadasvla sebadilias ubeSi. rifis sanapiro isev

ibombeboda gemebidan. 8 seqtembers, ajanyebulebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen

daetovebinaT moro-nuevos mwvervali. mtris jari sul izrdeboda.

rifelebma 20 seqtembers moaxerxes desantis SeCereba, magram maT ver

SeZles maTi ukugdeba zRvaSi, vinaidan iZulebuli gaxdnen moegerebinaT

fesis raionSi frangebis Tavdasxma.

23 seqtembers, rifelebi SeebrZolnen espaneTis sadesanto Zalebs,

romlebmac daikaves malmusis masivi. ajanyebulebma moaxerxes

espanelebis cota xniT ukugdeba da daiwyes adjiris evakuacia, romelic

dasrulda 30 seqtembers. dedaqalaqSi Sesulma espanelebma, daniSnes

qalaqis mmarTvelad ‘abd al-qerimis biZaSvili, moRalate sulaiman

al-xatabi. fesis raionSi espaneT-safrangeTis erToblivi moqmedebebis

gamo rifelebma dakarges dedaqalaqi adjiri, Tumca agrZelebdnen

brZolas [51,146-47]. UL

94

frangebis svla fesisa da Tazas raionSi. ajanyebulebma moigeries

centaluri fronti, magram gaxdnen gaZlierebuli srolis msxverplni.

frangebis sami kolona miiwevda tankebiTa da artileriiT, bombavdnen

TviTmfrinavebidan. amitom rifelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT

TaunaTis, gafrutis, terualis fortebi da daexiaT mezraas mTis

masivisaken-bibansa da amjotTan. 15 seqtembers maT datoves mezraas masivi.

imave dRes daibomba bibani. 20 seqtembrisaTvis, centralur nawilSi

frontis xazi gadioda msunze, amjotze, aSkiranze, aunadze, mezraas

masivze, skerze da ‘ain-maatufze. rifelebma am periodSi daixies erTi

xaziT ukan. yvelafris miuxedavad, grZeldeboda calkeuli tomebis

ajanyeba. frangebma ver SeZles beni zarvalis tomis damorCileba.

20 seqtembers Tavdasxmebi Sewyda. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi Seecada

mSvidobis damyarebas, razedac primo de riveram ganacxada, rom mas

rogorc amboxebuls ar hqonda ufleba ewarmoebina molaparakebebi ama

Tu im saxelmwifosTan.

safrangeTis xelisuflebis rCeviT, marokos sulTanma mimarTa tomebs.

Tu romelime maTgani daatyvevebda ‘abd al-qerims, an mis Zmas miiRebda

naxevar milion franks. sayuradReboa, rom partizanuli brZolebi

aWianurebdnen frangebis gamarjvebas. amavdroulad, respublikis

prezidenti akontrolebda mtris TiToeul nabijs. TviTon safrangeTis

jaris SigniTac ar iyo organizebuloba da rwmena imisa, rasac

akeTebdnen. okupantebi gauTaveblad xarjavdnen fuls da agzavnidnen

axal Zalebs. maTi jaris ricxvma miaRwia 200 aTass.

30 seqtembers, frangebma general buaSis meTaurobiT Seuties Tazas

raions, sami dRis Semdeg ki espanelma cxenosnebma-siahas raions.

rifelebi ukan ixevdnen da okupantebis xelSi gadadioda teritoriebi

tomebiT, riTac kargavdnen mokavSireebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi tomebi TviTon

bardebodnen mters, Tumca zogjer zogierTi maTgani agrZelebda

partizanul oms [161,4-5]. saerTod ajanyebulebis mxareze iyvnen gezauas,

avlad kasimis, beni uriagilis, jaias, slesr mezrauas, meznatis, giuas,

beni masgildas, beni zarvalis, tsulis da branesis tomebi. maT

uRalates fiStalis, Seragas da haiainas tomebma.

95

safrangeT-espaneTis erToblivi moqmedebebis gamo, 10 oqtombers

rifelebma datoves nadoris mTis masivi da sidi bu-rekba. samxedro

operaciis dros, frangebi Tizi uzlis raionidan SeuerTdnen espaneTis

saxcenosno razms, romlebic moemarTebodnen siahidan. mtris warmateba,

mainc ver texda rifelebs.

1925 wlis zamTris kampania. oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi brZolebis

Sewyvetis miuxedavad rifelebi mainc agrZelebdnen partizanul oms. ar

gadioda dRe ise, rom ar moeklaT erTi frangi oficeri. isini mudmivad

azianebdnen mtris komunikaciebs. frangebma am dros gadaajgufes

sajariso nawilebi sam nawilad:

1. vazani tafranti, ‘ain-aiSa, dar-kaid-mizabi.

2. fesi, meqnesi.

3. Taza.

espanelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT adjiri, magram rifelebi

ar Sevidnen qalaqSi, vinaidan is mdebareobda xeobaSi da ganuwyvetliv

ibombeboda mtris mier. 4-5 noembramde icxrileboda Tetuani. tanJer-

Tetuanis gzaze ki ajanyebulebi azianebdnen kavSirgabmulobis xazs.

safrangeTsa da espaneTSi sul ufro iZabeboda mdgomareoba, radgan

xalxi gamodioda marokoSi omis winaaRmdeg.

1925 wlis zamTris mSvidobiani molaparakeba. ori saxelmwifos

gaerTianebuli Setevebis Semdeg ‘abd al-qerimma kidev erTxel cada

molaparakebis warmoeba. Suamavali, rogorc es iyo 1925 wlis ivlissa da

agvistoSi, iyo ,,rifis komitetis mdivani‘‘ londonSi, agenti kaningi.

oqtombris bolos is Cavida parizSi da araoficialurad Sexvda premier-

ministrs penleves da deputatebs-peres da malvis. maT gadaces kanings

1925 wlis ivlisis konferenciaze SemuSavebuli samSvidobo pirobebi da

ganumartes, rom avtonomia gulisxmobda sulTnis rogorc sulieri

lideris aRiarebas, Sida urTierTobebze uaris Tqmas da marokoSi

arsebuli sabaJo tarifebis miRebas.

13 noembers agenti Cavida marokoSi da Sexvda safrangeTis generalur

rezidents, stegus. misi TqmiT ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis oficialuri

werilis safuZvelze unda moeTxova safrangeT-espaneTis mSvidobis

pirobebi. amis Semdeg kaningi miiRo rifis respublikis prezidentma.

96

bunebrivia man wamoyenebul pirobebze uari ganacxada, xolo safrangeTis

axalma premier-ministrma brianma da primo de riveram SemdgomSi

saerTod uari Tqves kaningis miRebaze. maT SeTavazebuli avtonomiac ki

Zalian liberalurad moeCvenaT.

gazafxulis TavdasxmebisaTvis mzadeba. safrangeTma isev daiwyo

jaSuSebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyeneba, xolo oficrebi cdilobdnen

tomebis mosyidvas, Sida SuRlis gaRvivebas da sulTnis avtoritetis

gazrdas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi rifSi sufevda saSineli SimSili,

ramac gavlena iqonia Seqmnil viTarebaze. 12 aTasi ojaxi gadavida

frangebis mxareze. ‘abd al-qerimi cdilobda mdgomareobis gamosworebas

da sapasuxod amisa, isev agzavnida sadamsjelo razmebs.

zamTris periodSi samive mxare-safrangeTi, espaneTi da rifi

emzadeboda gazafxulisaTvis. amavdroulad, ar Sewyvetila

Tetuanis dacxrilva. okupantebma Seuties al-husemass. rifelebis Stabi

gaSlili iyo TargisTSi (,,Ta rjÒsT‘‘). maT yavdaT sul ramdenime eqimi,

rac amZimebda mdgomareobas. ajanyebulebi agebdnen gzebs, TavSesafrebs,

awesrigebdnen sakomunikacio sistemebs. isini mSeneblobaze iyenebdnen

tyveebs. TargisTi-baravesis gzis mSeneblobaze muSaobda 460 tyve [51,168].

1926 wlis martSi, espanelebma Seuties rifelebs Tetuanis raionSi.

raodenobrivi upiratesobis da Tanamedrove iaraRiT aRWurvis gamo

rifelebi damarcxdnen. mogvianebiT, maT isev gaanaxles sxva poziciidan

Tetuanis dacxrilva. amasTanave, mzaddeboda generaluri Seteva rifis

respublikaze.

konferencia ujdaSi. 1926 wlis TebervalSi, respublikis

xelmZRvanelobam kidev cada mSvidobis damyareba. meTaurma hadum isev

mimarTa taurirtSi samoqalaqo kontrolors, gabriels samSvidobo

pirobebis misaRebad. 24 marts, hadu meorejer Cavida taurirtSi.

frangebma drois mogebis mizniT daiwyes molaparakebebi. isini maisis

dasawyisSi emzadebodnen gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis. maT waradgines

Semdegi pirobebi:

1. rifelebi unda damorCilebuliyvnen marokos sulTans.

2. unda ganiaraRebuliyvnen.

3. daebrunebinaT tyveebi.

97

4. unda moecilebinaT prezidenti.

30 marts Sedga samSvidobo kreba penleves, brianis, petenis da stegus

monawileobiT. monawileebi Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom Tu rifi ar

miiRebda safrangeTis winadadebas, isini daiwyebdnen mis winaaRmdeg

fraTomasStabian, erTobliv samxedro operacias. SeTavazebul pirobebs

ra Tqma unda daeTanxma espaneTic. daigegma molaparakebebis gamarTva

qalaq ujdaSi.

16 aprils, rifis delegacia muhamad azrakanis da ahmad Sedis

SemadgenlobiT Cavidnen taurirtSi, sadac SeuerTdaT hadu. ori dRis

Semdeg, ujdidan dasavleTiT 130 kolometrSi mdebare bertos banakSi,

safrangeTis da espaneTis delegatebi Sexvdnen rifelebs. molaparakebis

msvleleobis dros, safrangeTis moTxovniT rifelebma Sewyvites

TavdacviTi samuSaoebi, Tumca frangebs ar ganuxorcielebiaT

analogiuri qmedeba. maT daikaves mdinare uergis marjvena sanapiros

raioni 30 aTasi ojaxiT, espanelebma ki gadasxes desanti al-husemasis

ubeSi [22,307].

konferenciaze espanelebma da frangebma moaxdines rifelebis

winadadebebis ignorireba, moTxoves maTTvis kertis maSinve Cabareba da

tyveTa gadacema. savaraudod, safrangeTma da espaneTma wamoayena es

moTxovnebi imisaTvis, rom Sewyvetiliyo molaparakeba da daebralebinaT

yvelaferi ajanyebulTaTvis. mTavrobis miTiTebiT, safrangeTis

delegaciam miiRo miTiTeba, rom SemdgomSi maincdamainc ar moeTxovaT

kertis okupacia da xazi gaesvaT tyveTa dabrunebaze.

20 aprils, rifelebma gamoaqveynes egreTwodebuli samSvidobo

Setyobineba. isini Tanaxma iyvnen sulTnis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze,

tomTa ganiaraRebaze da mSvidobis damyarebis Semdeg tyveTa dabrunebis

sakiTxis gadawyvetaze. am yvelaferma gamoiwvia gaurkvevloba. hadus

dabrunebis Semdeg Sedga morigi Sexvedra taurirtsa da ujdas Soris,

al-aiunSi. ajanyebulebi uars acxadebdnen kertis evakuaciaze, Tumca

SeTavazes mZimed daWrili tyveebis, qalebisa da bavSvebis gadacema.

konsultaciis mizniT droebiT Sewyda molaparakeba.

26 aprils, qalaq ujdaSi sam delegacias Soris oficialurad Sedga

pirveli plenaluri sxdoma. evropelebma wamoayenes Semdegi pirobebi:

98

1. tyveTa gacvla da wiTeli jvris dauyonebliv rifSi Sesvla.

2. espaneT-safrangeTis mier ramdenime strategiuli punqtis dakaveba

(mag: kerti).

3. tomTa ganiaraReba.

4. Sereuli policiis Seqmna.

frangi generlis simonis TqmiT, mxolod am pirobebis miRebis Semdeg

SesaZlebeli iqneboda politikuri sakiTxebis ganxilva.

safrangeTi ukve mzad iyo samxedro moqmedebebisaTvis da mas aRar

undoda drois dakargva. 27 aprils, evropis am orma saxelmwifom rifis

delegacias moTxova ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabis ara marto

xelisuflebidan CamoSoreba, aramed marokodan misi gaZeveba. okupantebis

gancxadebiT, konfliqtis mogvarebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadgeboda

rifis avtonomiis sakiTxi. maT gadaces rifis respublikis delegacias

nota. ajanyebulebma moaxdines misi Casworeba Semdegnairad:

1. rifelebi ver gaanTavisuflebdenen yvela tyves, Tumca

Tanxmdebodnen wiTeli jvris Seyvanaze.

2. aRiarebuli iqneboda marokos sulTnis sasuliero Zalaufleba.

3. rifis respublika ver dauSvebda sulTnis da misi

warmomadgenlebis Carevas respublikis Sida saqmeebSi.

4. ver miiRebda proteqtoratis xelmZRvanelobis mxridan nebismieri

saxis kontrols.

5. Tanxmdebodnen tomTa ganiaraRebaze safrangeTisa da espaneTis

kontrolis qveS, Tumca wesrigis dacvis mizniT mas unda yoloda

sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.

6. rifis respublika ar dauSvebda evropelebis jars Tavis

teritoriaze, Tundac mSvidobis damyarebis mizniT [51,175].

am kritikul periodSi, rifelebma moindomes sakonsultaciod

‘abd al-qerimTan Sexvedra, razedac dapirispirebulma mxarem ganacxada,

rom ar Secvlida pozicias. okupantebi 1 maisisTvis iTxovdnen Tundac

erTi moTxovnis Sesrulebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxveveSi imuqrebodnen

TavdasxmiT. garda amisa, 1 maiss rifelebs moTxoves 7 maisamde uklebliv

yvela frangi da espaneli tyvis gadacema. rifis delegacia isev

gaemgzavra Tavis meTaurTan Sesaxvedrad.

99

6 maiss, rifelebma oficialurad uari Tqves wamoyenebul moTxovnebze.

maT ganacxades, rom isini gacvlidnen 25 espanel da 25 frang tyves 50

rifelze. generalma simonma molaparakebebi CaSlilad gamoacxada. imave

dRes respublikis delegatebi gaemarTnen nemursSi, saidanac gemiT

dabrundnen rifSi. maT Tan axlda frangi eqimi mosne, romelsac miqonda

tyveebisaTvis saWiro medikamentebi da nivTebi. safrangeTis delegacia ki

dabrunda fessa da rabatSi.

ujdis konferencia iyo dadgmuli komedia, imisaTvis rom moexdinaT

TavianT qveynebSi sazogadoebriv azrze gavlena da rac mTavaria, moegoT

dro axali, gadamwyveti samxedro kampaniisaTvis.

$3. rifis respublikis kapitulacia

molaparakebebis Sewyvetis meore dResve safrangeTma daiwyo rifis

dabombva. 8 maisisaTvis saokupacio jarebi waiwien mdinare kertis

xeobaSi. petenis gegmvis mixedviT, isini unda gaerTianebuliyvnen kertis

raionSi da alyaSi moeqciaT rifelebi. amasTanave, maT surdaT ‘abd

al-qerim al-xatabis sayrdenis, beni uriagilis tomis, mTiani teriotriis

dapyroba, romelic mdebareobda adjiridan samxreTiT. eskadrilia

mudmivad bombavda rifelebis samxedro Stabs TargisTs.

8 maiss, espaneT-safrangeTis jari gaerTianda jibalis, tunzis

uReltexilze. maT daipyres kertis xeoba, grZeldeboda TargisTis

dabombva, daicxrila mdinare uergis raioni. 10 maisisTvis rifelebma

Seuties mniSvnelovan strategiul punqts, suk at-tleta al-asmefs,

romelic akavSirebda erTmaneTTan mokavSireebs. rifelebi iZulebuli

gaxdnen ukan daexiaT, Tumca didi iyo orive mxares msxverplTa ricxvi.

okupantebi agrZelebdnen TargisTze Setevas, xolo ajanyebulebi

cdilobdnen gadaetanaT mtris yuradReba sxva raionze. jibalis tomebi

Tavs esxmodnen Tetuanidan samxreTiT mdebare samxedro postebs, ris

gamoc msxverplis ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda.

100

20 maisisTvis, amboxebulebma dakarges yvela is simaRle, romelic gars

ertymoda mdinare gisis zemo wels. mis napirebze mdebareobda TargisTi.

evropelebma xelSi Caigdes im simagreebis pirveli xazic, rac icavda

TargisTs samxreTidan. maT daikaves qedis uReltexilic, romelic yofda

nikuris da gisis xeobebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom espaneT-safrangeTis fronti

sagrZnoblad Semcirda da amitom maT Zalebi gadaisroles dasavleTiT –

bukuias tomis teritoriaze. mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom okupantebs

SeeZloT gadaetanT mTeli SeiaraReba al-husemasis ubeSi, rac xels

Seuwyobda TargisTis raionSi iaraRisa da Zalebis gazrdas.

rifelebis mdgomareoba ukiduresad damZimda. 23 maiss, maT datoves

TargisTis da gisis xeoba. isini alyaSi aRmoCndnen da amitom daiwyes

Cabareba. am dros ‘abd al-qerimma sTxova safrangeTis generalur

rezidents stegus molaparakebebis ganaxleba da vinaidan man ver miiRo

pasuxi, gagzavna erT-erTi Sarifi polkovnik korapTan kapitulaciis

pirobebze SesaTanxmeblad. 25 maiss, polkovnikma SesTavaza ‘abd al-qerim

al-xatabis Cabareba yovelgvari pirobis gareSe da ,,mowyalebis‘‘ miReba

gamarjvebulisgan. ‘abd al-qerimTan Sarifs Tan gaayoles sami dazvervis

oficeri. 26 maisisTvis gaanTavisufles frangi tyveebi da gadaagzavnes

TargisTSi. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi am dros imyofeboda snadas

dasaxlebaSi, romelic dabombes.

rifis respublikis prezidenti mTeli dRe amaod eloda stegusgan

pasuxs. 27 maiss, ki frang oficerTan erTd gaemgzavra korapis StabSi,

romelsac unda gadaeca misTvis pasuxi. amao lodinis Semdeg rifis

prezidenti Cabarda. man ganacxada, rom es iyo wminda omi da misi da

rifelebis vali iyo brZolis bolomde miyvana. okupantebi ulocavdnen

erTmaneTs gamarjvebas [51,181].

rifelebi damarcxdnen, magram tomebis did nawils ar Seuwyvetia

brZola. espanelebi gaWirvebiT miiwevdnen win beni uriagilis tomis

teritoriaze, mdinare gisis raionSi, sadac 1 ivniss SeuerTdnen frangebs.

manamade ki 30 maiss, dasrulda beni zarvalis tomis okupacia.

gamarjvebuli mxareebi isev ver morigdnen sazRvrisa da tanJeris

Taobaze. diplomatiur omSi CaerTvnen inglisi, aSS da italia. maT ar

101

surdaT safrangeTis gaZliereba, amitom inglisma mxari dauWira

safrangeTTan SedarebiT sust espaneTs.

1926 wlis 14 ivniss, parizSi saidumlod Sedga safrangeT-espaneTis

konferencia, romelmac ganixila espaneTis zonidan amboxebulTa bedi,

maT Soris ‘abd al-qerimis, misi ojaxis da rac mTavaria, rifelebis da

jibalis teritoriebze MmSvidobis dasamyareblad garkveuli zomebis

miReba. konferenciaSi monawile mxareebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabi ojaxTan erTad gaigzavneboda

reiunionis kunZulze.

2. sazRvari or qveyanas Soris dadgindeboda adgilze 1912 wlis

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, specialuri Sereuli komisiis mier.

amasTanave, sazRvari ise unda gavlebuliyo, rom esa Tu is tomi

unda Sesuliyo mTlianad an safrangeTis, an espaneTis zonaSi.

3. ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi, orive mxares SeeZlo sxvis miwaze Tavisi

meamboxe tomis devna.

4. TiToeuli saxelmwifo axorcielebda kontrols sakuTar

sanapiroze.

5. frangebi iqamde darCebodnen rifSi, sanam maT ar Secvlidnen

espanelebi.

6. unda damyarebuliyo mudmivi da uwyveti kavSiri evropis am or

saxelmwifos Soris.

7. sastikad ikrZaleboda tomebisaTvis iaraRis miyidva.

8. mxareebs unda SeetyobinebinaT erTmaneTisaTvis sakuTar

regionebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom verc erTma mxarem ver miaRwia upiratesobas

tanJerTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, maT ver miiRes axali teritoriebi,

vinaidan arc erT qveyanas ar awyobda maTi gaZliereba. am yvelaferTan

dakavSirebiT ‘abd al-qerimma ganacxada, rom TviT safrangeTmac ki waago

es omi [161,1-2].

1925 wlis madridis konferenciis mere, 1926 wels espanelebis ricxvma

miaRwia 110 aTass, frangebisas 325 aTass. 1926 wlis 10 ivnisis safrangeT-

espaneTis SeTanxmebis Semdegac grZeldeboda tomTa gamosvlebi

agresorTa winaaRmdeg. ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi Tazas, Sua atlasis da

102

jibalis raionebi, isev daumorCilebeli rCeboda. TazaSi gamodiodnen

frangebis winaaRmdeg. aTdRiani brZolis Semdeg ki tomebi iZulebulebi

gaxdnen Cabarebuliyvnen.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom 1934 wlamde safrangeTis xelisuflebam ver

moaxerxa ,,SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘ mTlianad damorCileba. periodulad

aseve grZeldeboda jibalis tomebis Tavdasxmebi. rac Seexeba espaneTs,

man mxolod 1926 wlis agvistoSi SeZlo SeSauenis dapyroba [162,1].

1926 wlis 28 agvistos ‘abd al-qerim al-xatabim datova maroko,

ojaxTan, biZasTan da ZmasTan erTad (sul 23 kaci).

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rifelebis xuTwlian Tavganwirvas ar

yavda badali ucxoelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. espaneT-rifis omma

aCvena, rom faSistur espaneTs ar SeeZlo rifelebTan gaTanabreba. oTxi

wlis manZilze isini mudmivad marcxdebodnen. espaneTis samefo

,,ganadgurda‘‘ ara marto samxedro, aramed finansuri TvalsazrisiTac.

rifelebis warmatebam SeaSfoTa safrangeTis mTavroba, ramac gavlena

iqonia respublikis bedze. amitom man 1924 wlis gazafxulze moaxdina

safrangeT-rifis omis provocireba. pirvel etapze frangebma daixies ukan

da datoves 63 samxedro posti. imperialistebi aRWurvili iyvnen

Tanamedrove iaraRiT, magram rifelebis winaaRmdeg brZolam gamoavlina

rogorc espaneTis samefos, aseve safrangeTis Zalebis

araorganizirebuloba da arakompetenturoba.

imperialistebma moipoves gamarjveba mas Semdeg, rac gaaerTianes

Zalebi da dagegmes erToblivi svla. evropis es orive saxelmwifo

SeSfoTebuli iyo arabuli qveynebis solidarobiT da amitom isini

yvelanairad cdilobdnen ar gasuliyo informacia marokos sazRvrebs

gareT. rogorc aRiniSna okupantebma daaweses mkacri cenzura radiosa

da presaze. garda amisa, isini mimarTavdnen eTnikuri SuRlis gaRvivebis,

represiebisa da daSinebis politikas.

rifis respublikam gauZlo 300 aTass jariskacs, maSin rodesac maTi

ricxvi aRwevda 60-70 aTass da SeiaraRebuli iyvnen Zveli iaraRiT.

garda amisa, mdgomareoba Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac inglisma uari

ganacxada ajanyebulebze iaraRis miyidvaze da mxari dauWira safrangeTs.

amavdroulad, rifis SigniT mainc arsebobda Sida tomobrivi

103

dapirispireba da paralelurad did gavlenas axdenda maTi mosyidvis

xerxi, arsebuli SimSili da blokada.

104

Tavi VI

filalis saxelmwifos dacema da aRzeveba

§1. maroko mulai ismailis memkvidreebis dros

mulai ahmad az-zahabi (1727-1729). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mulai

ismailis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaZlierda abidebis gavlena. qveyanaSi

isev daiwyo anarqia, ra drosac maTi mxardaWera aucilebeli gaxda

taxtis yvela pretendentisaTvis. az-zahabim Zalauflebis mopovebis da

misi ganmtkicebisaTvis abidebs fuli gadauxada, ris Semdegac alyaSi

moaqcia fesi. qalaqis macxovreblebma mas moukles erT-erTi Zlieri

TanamebrZoli. mulai ahmadi bolomde ver moeswro gamarjvebas, radganac

avadmyofobisagan gardaicvala, xolo misma Zmam ‘abd al-maliqma daikava

sijilmasa da mulai idrisis zavia [96,282].

mulai ‘abd al-lahi. 1729-57 wlebSi ramdenjerme avida taxtze.

sulTani ‘abd al-lahi iyo Saix beqaris SviliSvili. 1729 wels, man fess

dauSina yumbarebi, ris Semdegac wyali Seuwyvita qalaqs. sulTanma aiRo

meqnesi, susi, Tadla, Sua atlasis berberebis daxmarebiT gaanadgura 10

aTasi ,,Savi meomari‘‘, riTac Suri iZia Zmis, ‘abd al-maliqis

mkvlelobisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac ‘abd al-lahs daupirispirdnen abidebi,

man Tavi Seafara biZebs ued nunSi [96,283]. 1735 wels marokos sulTani

gaxda TafalaleTidan gamosuli ali al-‘aareji, romelic erT

weliwadSi daamxes. 1736 wels ramdenime TviT mulai ‘abd al-lahi isev

gaxda sulTani. 1736-38 wlebSi marokos taxti ekava mulai muhamad b.

arbiias, xolo 1738-40 wlebSi mulai al-musTadis. 1740-45 wlebSi mulai

‘abd al-lahma mesamejer Caibara mmarTveloba. 1745 wels marokos samefo

taxtze avida mulai zin al-‘abidini, romelic maleve gadaayenes [96,287].

1745-57 wlebSi marokos kvlav ganagebda mulai ‘abd al-lahi, Tumca

am periodSi mas ecilebodnen ZalauflebaSi taxtis sxva pretendentebi.

30-wlianma areulobam gamoiwvia sxvadasxva tomis gaZliereba.

mxolod, ismailis SviliSvilma sidi muhamad ibn ‘abd al-lahma SeZlo

religiur centrebsa da maxzans Soris urTierTobis daregulireba.

zogierTma sufiurma ordenma ki ganicada Seviwroveba dasavleT alJiris

105

mxridan. amasTanave, muhamad III da misi memkvidreebi gamovidnen

saxelmwifos centralizaciis winaaRmdeg. samxedro organizmis mTavar

elementad isev giSis tomebi gaxdnen. isini Tan axldnen sulTans da mis

kars laSqrobebsa da naxevrad damoukidebel olqebSi gadasaxadebis

akrefisas [40,273; 24,508].

XVIII saukuneSi maxzanma dakarga realuri Zalaufleba. mas

eqvemdebareboda baris mosaxleoba, xolo tomebi aRiarebdnen mxolod

sulTnis sasuliero Zalauflebas.

sidi muhamad III-s mmarTveloba. rodesac mulai muhamadma Caibara

mmarTveloba, igi Seudga maraqeSis ganaxlebas, magram ar dacalda erT-

erTi arabuli tomis amboxis gamo. man Tavi Seafara safis. mulai ahmadma,

romelic iyo sidi muhamadis Zma da rabatis gamgebeli, gaaTavisufla

maraqeSi ajanyebulebisagan. safiSi myofma muhamadma ,,gamoacariela‘‘

iqauroba da miimxro arabuli tomebi ‘abda, ahmari, rehamna, ris Semdegac

Sevida maraqeSSi. sulTan muhamad III-m aRadgina `wiTel qalaqSi‘‘

dangreuli nagebobani da aago axali Senobebi. ‘abdas, ahmaris, rehamnas da

havzis tomebis daxmarebiT daimorCila ajanyebulebi susSi, SauiaSi. man

mSvidoba daamyara qveynis samxreT nawilSi, Seaviwrova zaviebi. am

periodSi garTulda viTareba marokos CrdiloeTSi. vinaidan berberebi

Zarcvavdnen meqness da mis Semogarens, abidebi cud mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCndnen. sulTanma xazinis Sevsebis mizniT, bazrebze da zogierT

saqonelze calke daawesa gadasaxadebi. 1751 wels pirad kontrolze

aiyvana atlantis okeanis sanapiro portebis, agadiris (arabulad

,,aqa dÒr‘‘, ,,aRa dÒr‘‘) da safis bazrebi, brZola gamoucxada kontrabandas

da mogvianebiT moWra axali fuli [104,220].

mulai muhamadma gardaqmna jari, romlis nawili ganaTavsa sanapiro

zolSi, SemorCenili 15 aTasi abidi gadaajgufa da aRWurva axali

iaraRiT. igi kargad epyroboda meomrebs, maT sam TveSi erTxel uxdida

xelfass da xSirad asaCuqrebda. amasTanave, havzis tomisagan Camoayaliba

korpusi da daakisra gadasaxadebis amoReba. mulai muhamadi arabuli

tomebis garda, daeyrdno ramdenime berberul toms. abidebis ajanyebis

CasaxSobad, 1755 wels qveynis saTaveSi mosvlamde, man gamoiyena ‘aiT

idraseni da geruani. garda amisa, saRvTo omis warmoebisas daeyrdno

106

arabul toms ahsens. muhamadi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

yovelTvis iTvaliswinebda gamWriaxi vaziris abu ‘abd al-lah muhamad

al-‘arab kadusis azrs.

sulTani muhamadi dainteresda Zlieri flotis SeqmniT da

gemTmSeneblobis ganviTarebiT. vaWrebs sagangebod daavala gemebis saSeni

masalis Semotana, aago 60 xomaldi. osmaleTis sulTanma, romelTanac

mas kargi urTierToba hqonda, gaugzavna bagirebi, ialqnebi, Ruzebi,

saartilerio iaraRi da 30 gemTmSenebeli. muhamadi aseve megobrobda

maRribis gamgeblebTan [149,1; 150,1].

1764-65 wlebSi, man atlantis sanapiroze daaarsa porti mogadori –

arabulad ,,as-savÒra‘‘ (simagre), romlis asaSeneblad miiwvia frangi da

ingliseli arqiteqtorebi. aRniSnuli porti gankuTvnili iyo

evropelebis Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis da ukavSirdeboda transsaharis –

oqros, spilos Zvlis da Savi monebiT vaWrobas. es-suveiras Semogareni

cnobili iyo fasdaudebeli Savi SaqriT, romelic icvleboda italiur

kararis marmariloze 1x1-ze [154,3; 71,82; 137,9492].

muhamadma rabatSi, saleSi, laraSsa da anfaSi aago uzarmazari

bastionebi. gamoacocxla rabati, kasablanka, izruna feszec. maraqeSi

isev aqcia dedaqalaqad. laraSSi gaxsna asanTis warmoebis qarxana.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sidi muhamadis mmarTvelobis xanaSi arabul

maRribSi gamoCndnen amerikelebi. maroko asrulebda Suamavlis rols

amerikas, alJirsa da Tuniss Soris. 1786 wels jorj vaSingtonma

gaugzavna sulTan muhamads werili, romelSic Txovda amerikis

xomaldebis xmelTaSua zRvaSi mekobreebis Tavdasxmisagan dacvas.

Tunisis da alJiris mmarTvelebma amerikelebs xomaldebis

xelSeuxeblobis sanacvlod moTxoves yovelwliuri didi gadasaxadi.

sulTnis didi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, mxareebi ver SeTanxmdnen.

yovelive amis garda, muhamad III iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac cno

SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. 1789 wels,

jorj vaSingtonma kongresisa da Tavisi saxeliT muhamads gaugzavna

werili, romelSic madlobas uxdida mas daxmarebis survilisaTvis.

mogvianebiT, 1860 wels amerikam gaxsna pirveli sakonsulo tanJerSi

[100,74].

107

sulTan muhamad III-s gamgeblobis periodSi, gafarTovda urTierTobebi

axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, imata piligrimebis ricxvma hijazSi. erT-

erTi hajis dros sulTanma gaugzavna Zvirfasi saCuqrebi hijazis

Sarifebs. amasTanave, man iqorwina meqis Sarifis, sururis qaliSvilze.

muhamadi garkveul interess iCenda vahabitebis1 ideologiisadmi [96,224].

sidi muhamad ibn ‘abd al-lahi iyo morwmune da Zalian ganaTlebuli

pirovneba. man gansakuTrebiT kargad icoda islamamdeli – jahiliis

droindeli poezia. igi bevrs kiTxulobda, iZenda wignebs meCeTebisaTvis,

zrunavda mecnierebaze. yovel paraskev dRes, locvis Semdeg xvdeboda

alimebs, esaubreboda maT problemebze, exmareboda materialurad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xutbaSi muhamad III-s Semdeg moixseniebdnen osmaleTis

sulTans mustafa III-s da mis Zmas [104,225].

1790 wels sulTani muhamad III gardaicvala da marokos taxti daikava

misma Svilma iazidma, romelic mas ramdenjerme ganudga. miuxedavad

imisa, rom muhamad III-s dros qveyanaSi gaZlierda evropis saxelmwifoebis

SeRweva, istorikosebi mas dadebiTad afaseben da miiCneven mSenebel

mmarTvelad [96,300].

iazidis ajanyebebi (1769-1784). gadmocemis mixedviT, sulTan muhamad

III-s gansakuTrebiT uyvarda iazidi. igi mas zedmetad anebivrebda,

araferze eubneboda uars. vinaidan, `windaxeduli‘‘ taxtis memkvidre iyo

kargi mxedari da meomari, muhamad III-m mas Caabara artileria da

sajariso erTeulebi. 1768 an 1769 wels muhamadma daniSna iazidi maxzanis,

berberuli tomis geruas meTaurad. man saxeli gaiTqva SorfasTan kargi

urTierTobiT, saRvTo omSi monawileobis miRebiT da qristianebis mimarT

zizRiT, riTac cdilobda berberebis gulis mogebas. erT-erTi

1 vahabizmi (arabulad `al-vaha bÒa‘‘) – religiur-politikuri mimdinareoba sunitur islamSi, romelic warmoiqmna arabeTis naxevarkunZulze XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi, hanbalituri mazhabidan, muhamad ‘abd al-vahabis (1703/4-87) moZRvrebis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli moZRvreba moiTxovda adreuli islamisaken dabrunebas, erTRmerTianobis (arabulad `TavhÒd‘‘) principebis dacvas, uaris Tqmas yovelgvar siaxleebze (arabulad `bid‘a‘‘), wmindanebisa da wminda adgilebis Tayvaniscemaze, gmobda fufunebas da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda jihads, rogorc urwmunoebTan, ise im muslimebTan, romlebic ganudgnen adreuli islamis principebs. vahabizmi gamocxadda saudis arabeTis ideologiad. igi gavrcelda indoeTSi, indoneziaSi, aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT afrikaSi [17,60].

108

berberuli tomis, ‘aiT umalus daxmarebiT man Tavi gamoacxada sulTnad.

muhamadma gaafrTxila Svili, rom SeCerebuliyo. iazidma Tavi Seafara

‘aiT ishakis zavias, ris Semdegac damkvidrda maraqeSSi, sidi ben abesis

zaviaSi. sulTanma muhamadma apatia amboxeba urC Zes da gagzavna igi `fes

al-jadidSi‘‘, sadac Caeba ZmaTaSoris brZolaSi. ramdenime Zma Seewira

iazidTan dapirispirebas, ris Semdegac man Tavi Seafara mulai idrisis

zavias. sulTanma mas meorejer Seundo, magram meamboxe memkvidrem mokla

ori Zma da ocdaaTi msaxuri [96,301].

1775 wels sulTanma muhamadma brZana maraqeSSi mcxovrebi abidebis

aTasi ojaxis tanJerSi gadasaxleba. Savi monebi aujanydnen sulTans,

romelmac maT dasasjelad gagzavna iazidi. man isev uRalata mamas,

gadauxada abidebs fuli da aiZula isini, rom eRiarebinaT igi marokos

mmarTvelad. tomebis udaias, geruanis da idrasenis erTgulebis

wyalobiT, muhamad III-m SeinarCuna Zalaufleba. iazidma isev gaqceviT

uSvela Tavs. sulTanma muhamad III-m Svils mesamejerac Seundo Ralati,

magram mis mimarT ndoba dakarga da gzidan Camoicila.

1784 wels sulTanma gadawyvita TafilaleTSi eqspediciis mowyoba. igi

SiSobda, rom mulai iazidi mas xels SeuSlida da amitom gagzavna igi

sapiligrimod.

mulai iazidis piligrimoba (1784-1790). 1784 wels iazidi qaravanTan

erTad Cavida Tunissa da tripolSi. vinaidan, marokos am qalaqebTan

damyarebuli hqonda megobruli urTierToba, misma mmarTvelebma igi

kargad miiRes. istorikosebis nawili irwmuneba, rom iazidma daxoca

qalaqebis mmarTvelebi da mokveTili Tavebi gaugzavna mamas tripolidan

marokoSi. 1799 wels mulai iazidi dabrunda samSobloSi. muhamadma is

saswrafod isev gagzavna wminda qalaqebSi. hijazisaken mimaval gzaze, man

gaigo, rom mamamisis elCs mihqonda Zvirfasi ZRveni meqasa da medinaSi.

iazidma gadawyvita qaravnis gaZarcva. igi Seyovnda kairoSi. rodesac

sulTanma Seityo Svilis boroti ganzraxva, Secvala diplomatis

marSuti. igi gaamgzavra alJiridan zRviT konstantinopolSi, sadac

SeuerTda Turq da siriel piligrimebs. elCma iazidis hijazSi Casvlamde

109

dauriga saCuqrebi meqis, hijazis da iemenis Sarifebs. ganrisxebulma

mulai iazidma, xelSi Caigdo is oqros skivrebi, romlebic unda

CamoerigebinaT ukana gzaze sirias, eraysa da egvipteSi. iazidma

kategoriulad uaryo qurdoba [96,304]. urCi taxtis memkvidre amaod

cdilobda marokoSi dabrunebas. Tavdapirvelad igi Tavis

TanamoazreebTan erTad Cavida kairoSi, Semdeg gadavida tripolitaniasa

da alJirSi. 1788 wels sulTanma muhamad III-m mas isev gaugzavna fuli,

raTa moeloca wminda qalaqebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iazids kargi

urTierToba hqonda evropel konsulebTan, isini masSi xedavdnen marokos

momaval mmarTvels. iazidi Tavisi avadmyofuri bunebidan gamomdinare

ver isvenebda, man miaRwia `SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘ sazRvrebs, Tumca ver

gabeda samSobloSi dabruneba da gadavida TunisSi. sabolood, mulai

iazidi SeuerTda libiaSi, arabeTidan momaval TafilaleTel hajiebs.

igi pirispir Sexvda oazisis mmarTvels, romelic misi dauZinebeli mteri

iyo. vinaidan, mas kargad esmoda, rom TafilaleTis raionSi ver

moawyobda amboxebas, araferi moimoqmeda oazisis mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg.

igi gaemarTa codvebis mosananieblad ‘abd as-salamis zaviaSi, sadac

yofnis dros ramdenime TveSi sulTani muhamadi gardaicvala [96,305].

iazidis ,,mefoba‘‘ (1790-1792). 1790 wels mulai iazids miemxro mTis da

Tetuanis mosaxleoba, mas mxari dauWires qristianebmac. igi Sevida

maraqeSSi da miwasTan gaaswora melahi, ris Semdegac masTan Cavidnen

delegaciebi tanJeridan, laraSidan, asiladan, tanJerSi ki miiRo

feselebi. TiToeuli qalaqis warmomadgenelma mas miarTva ZRveni.

laraSSi yofnisas iazidi Sexvda mamis garemocvas. amis Semdeg, mulai

idris zerhunma dra‘Si da mulai slimanma TafilaleTSi mas aRuTqves

erTguleba. mulai iazidi damkvidrda meqnesSi. mas erTguleba

gamoucxades garbis tomebmac. mulai iazidis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, banu

udaia isev dafuZnda `fes al-jadidSi‘‘, xolo abidebi daasaxles

tanJerSi [96,306].

1790 wels espaneTis mefem miuloca mulai iazids qveynis saTaveSi

mosvla, magram mas maleve gaufuWda masTan urTierToba mogadorsa da

110

laraSSi espaneTis konsulebis da tanJerSi ori beris dakavebis gamo. igi

daeyrdno sazRvao da saxmeleTo jaris nawilebs da daepatrona mTel

marokos. mulai iazidma alyaSi moaqcia seuta, magram iZulebuli gaxda

ukan daexia. alyis moxsnis sanacvlod, espanelebma daubrunes mas

warTmeuli marokoeli mekobreebis ori gemi. iazids uRalates rehamnas,

havzis, ‘abdas tomebma. maT erTguleba gamoucxades mis Zmas, hiSams

maraqeSSi. Zalauflebis gamo, Zmebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. hiSam b.

muhamadi damarcxda. sulTanma daxoca maraqeSis mosaxleobis nawili,

nawils ki Tvalebi daTxara. iazidi imsxverpla tyviam. gardacvalebamde

sulTans agreTve daupirispirda Zma, ‘abd ar-rahmani. man arabuli tomebis

dukalas da ‘abdas meSveobiT SeZlo misi damorCileba, moawyo ajanyeba

susSi, aiRo TafilaleTi. sulTani iazidis gardacvalebis Semdeg qveyana

cecxlis alSi iyo gaxveuli, daiZaba urTierToba espaneTTan, mwifdeboda

konfliqtebi sxva qveynebTan [96,306].

sulTani sulaimanis mmarTveloba (1793-1822). iazidis Semdeg sulTani

gaxda misi Zma sulaimani, igive slimani, romelic gansakuTrebiT xels

uwyobda mecnierebis ganviTarebas. misi mmarTvelobis xanaSi, marokos

mosaxleobis umetesoba dainteresda mecnierebiT. sulTanma 1792-96

wlebSi gzidan Camoicila taxtis sxva pretendentebi, daamyara simSvide

qveyanaSi, gaaiafa produqtebi da dawia gadasaxadebi. igi kmayofildeboda

portebidan Semosuli SemosavlebiTa da tomebidan miRebuli gamosaRebiT.

mulai sulaimani iyo RvTismoSiSi adamiani, gamoirCeoda religiuri

SemwynareblobiT. man ramdenime qalaqSi aago axali nagebobani, kargi

urTierToba hqonda Tunisisa da alJiris begebTan. Sarifma ukuagdo

ujdaSi Sesuli Turqebi (hijriT 1211 w.). rodesac Tlemsenis mosaxleobam

mas erTguleba gamoucxada, ar gamoiyena es momenti, raTa SemoeerTebina

aRniSnuli regioni. Tlemsenis mosaxleobis mxridan, Sarifis

Zalauflebis aRiarebas mohyva Turqebis mier misi aoxreba. sulaimanma

daxmareba gauwia maT da SimSilobis Tavidan asacileblad mowyalebiT

aavso isini (hijriT 1220 w.) [101,170; 96,307].

sulTanma gaavrcela Tavisi Zalaufleba provinciebze. 1802 wels, man

amoiRo gadasaxadebi dra‘adan, 1803 wels rifidan, 1804 wels Tazadan da

111

ujdidan. 1807 wels sulaimani Sevida figigSi, guraraSi da TuaTSi. 1810

wels akrifa gadasaxadebi Tadladan da xelmeored, 1812 wels rifidan.

1815 wels sulTanma daimorCila Tamesna da havzi [1,18].

tomTa damorCileba. 1801 wels sulTanma sulaimanma warmatebiT

gailaSqra ‘aiT umalus winaaRmdeg, xolo 1804 wels man gamarjveba

moipova ‘aiT idrasenze, romelic Tavs esxmoda zeda muluiaSi

TafilaleTSi mimaval qaravnebs. mulai sulaimanma daicva ‘aiT idrasenis

tomi, vinaidan Tvlida mas maxzanisaTvis ufro misaRebad [1,19]. amave

wels, Sua atlasis berberuli tomebi abu baqr amhauSis meTaurobiT

daupirispirdnen sulTans da idrasenis toms. 1811-12 wlebSi sulaimanis

jari damarcxda da mimoifanta sefrusa da azruSi. berberebma

isargebles amiT, Tavs daesxnen fesisa da meqnesis mosaxleobas,

awiokebdnen da Zarcvavdnen maT. vinaidan, Tavad berberebs Soris

warmoiqmna ganxeTqileba, maT ver gamoiyenes warmateba da Ziri ver

gamouTxares sulTnis xelisuflebas [96,310].

1816 wels warmatebiT dasrulda samxedro eqspediciebi oazisebSi.

sulTanma daamarcxa ‘aiT ‘ata, romelmac sagroSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.

mogvianebiT, 1818 wels sulaimanma Sekriba jari TadlaSi berberebis

winaaRmdeg gasalaSqrad, romlebmac SeaRwies sulTnis banakSi da

gaZarcves. abidebma Rirseuli winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies. sulaimani

gadaarCina masTan erTad karavSi myofma berberma, romelmac igi gaapara.

sulTanma, berberebis ganadgurebis mizniT, isini saCuqrebiT Seityua da

daapatimra 700 berberi notabli. sulaimans agreTve problemas uqmnida

meamboxe abu beqr amhauSi, romelic aqezebda mTis mosaxleobas mis

winaaRmdeg [63,24-32;104,228].

1819 wels fesis mosaxleoba aujanyda sulTan sulaimans. man

daxmarebisTvis mimarTa berberebs da Seutia qalaqs, aiRo igi da

gaZarcvul saxlebSi Caasaxla berberebi. fesidan igi Cavida rabatSi da

daapatimra samxreTis tomebis mRelvarebebis meTauri. rabatidan gaemarTa

maraqeSSi, ixmo meqnesidan abidebi, romlebic ar daemorCilnen mas.

amasTanave, mas aujanydnen banu udaia da garbis tomebi. udaiam ki

gaZarcva fesis orive nawili. sasowarkveTili qalaqis mosaxleoba

112

dairazma sakuTari saxlebis dasacavad. sulaimani verafers gaxda.

berberebi arwmunebdnen mas, rom daetovebina taxti, romlebTanac

SeTanxmebiT sulTani gaxda brahim b. iazidi, magram maleve gardaicvala

da Secvala Zmam mulai saidma. orive Zma dakavebuli iyo CrdiloeT

marokos ZarcviT. mulai sulaimanma isev moindoma Zalauflebis xelSi

aReba. man mokla saidi, Seecada mdgomareobis gamosworebas da fesisa da

Tetuanis dakavebas. am dros qveynis samxreT nawilis tomebs saTaveSi

Caudga misi ZmisSvili ‘abd ar-rahmani, romelic qalaq fesSi sulTnad

gamoacxades. havzSi ajanyda arabuli tomi, maT Suri iZies sulaimanis

mier maTi zaviis gaZarcvisaTvis. sulTani damarcxda da dabrunda

maraqeSSi. garda amisa, mulai sulaimanma ver SeZlo zeda da Sua

atlasis, agreTve saharis qedis mosaxleobis damorCileba [99,69].

aRsaniSnavia, rom sulTani sulaimanis gamgeblobis bolo aTi wlis

manZilze, marokos zogierTi raioni, romelic berberebis xelSi iyo

saerTod mowyda maxzans. meamboxe berberebma gadaWres sakomunikacio

xazebi da Zarcvavdnen ara marto qalaqis mosaxleobas, aramed Tavs

esxmodnen piligrimebsac [99,70].

1822 wels, sulTanma sulaimanma sikvdilamde ramdenime dRiT adre

taxtis memkvidred daasaxela mulai ‘abd ar-rahmani, romelic Seecada

mdgomareobis gamosworebas. man Seqmna finansuri sistema da cdilobda

vahabizmis damkvidrebas. qveyanaSi TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebdnen

imperialisturi Zalebi. filalis dinastia `suls Rafavda‘‘.

§2. evropuli saxelmwifoebis gavlenis gazrda, damoukideblobis

dakargva da aRdgena

1830 wels safrangeTis mier mezobeli alJiris dapyrobam marokozec

moaxdina gavlena. evropis am saxelmwifom moindoma Tavisi koloniebis

`damrgvaleba‘‘. sulTanma ‘abd ar-rahmanma (1822-1859) daxmareba gauwia

muslimTa amboxebis meTaurs ‘abd al-kadirs (1832-1842), ris sapasuxod

frangebi SeiWrnen marokoSi. brZola gaimarTa vadi islTan. sulTnis

113

jari damarcxda [102,81; 98,11]. mxolod inglisis Carevis ,,wyalobiT‘‘,

qveyanam droebiT SeinarCuna damoukidebloba. am movlenebamde ki, 1829

wels avstriam gaanadgura marokos floti. frangebma dabombes tanJeri

da mogadori. 1844 wlis 10 seqtembers, ‘abd ar-rahmani iZulebuli gaxda

xeli moewera konvenciisTvis, romlis mixedviTac valdebulebas iRebda,

rom aRar daexmareboda ‘abd al-kadirs. aRsaniSnavia, rom maroko Sedioda

im qveynebis siaSi, romelTac yvelaze bolos daemuqraT kolonizaciis

safrTxe.

1845 wels sabolood dadginda alJir-marokos sazRvari. 1851 wels

frangebma dabombes sale, 1859 wels gagzavnes samxedro eqspedicia banu

sanusis winaaRmdeg. amave wels, espaneTma omi gamoucxada marokos da 1860

wels espanelebi SeiWrnen TetuanSi.

sulTan muhamad IV-s (1859-1873) daekisra kontribucia 100 milioni

piastris odenobiT. garda amisa, seuta sabolood Sevida espaneTis

samefos SemadgenlobaSi da maroko iZulebiT Tmobda sidi-ifns.

amavdroulad, inglisma sabaJoebis Semosavlebis miRebis garantiis

pirobiT, aiZula espaneTi uari eTqva Tetuanze [47,7]. inglisi, rogorc

gibraltaris srutis da simagris mflobeli akvirdeboda am raionSi sxva

saxelmwifoebis moqmedebas da yvelanairad cdilobda maTi qmedebis

daregulirebas. 1856 wels maroko iZulebuli gaxda gza gaexsna inglisis

kapitalisTvis, mogvianebiT (1859-60) evropis sxva saxelmwifoebisa da

amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis [119,55].

1856 wlis inglisTan, espaneTTan, belgiasTan, niderlandebTan,

portugaliasTan, safrangeTTan da evropis sxva saxelmwifoebTan

dadebuli SeTanxmebebi, faqtobrivad sulTans ar aZlevdnen ucxouri

qveynebis gavlenis SezRudvis saSualebas marokos ekonomikur da

politikur cxovrebaSi. qveyanaSi TandaTanobiT gaizarda evropeli

mosaxleobis ricxvi, xolo sulTani Hhasan I ibrZoda ucxo Zalebisa da

saSinao problemebis dasaZlevad. mas surda administraciuli da

ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba, Seudga jaris modernizirebas.

hasan I-is Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, 1880 wlis madridis konferenciam

kidev ufro daasusta qveyana [86,95]. aRniSnuli konferencia Sedga

espaneTis samefos iniciativiT, romelsac awuxebda safrangeTis

114

pretenzia maRribis regionis am nawilze. espaneTs mxars uWerdnen

inglisi da germania, safrangeTma droebiT ukan daixia. madridis

konvenciis Tanaxmad, romelsac xeli moawera 11 saxelmwifom (1881 wels

mas SeuerTda ruseTi) ucxoelebs mieniWaT marokoSi kerZo sakuTrebis

SeZenis ufleba da maT samsaxurSi myofi qveSevrdomebis (maT Soris

marokoelebis) mfarveloba, romlebic sargeblobdnen privilegiebiT. ase

rom, madridis konvenciam gza gauxsna ucxoelebis agenturis gazrdasa da

gaZlierebas. ra Tqma unda, sulTan hasans ar surda yofiliyo

damokidebuli romelime qveyanaze. man miiwvia instruqtorebi sxvadasxva

saxelmwifodan, Seudga kasablankaSi portis rekonstruqcias, iaraRis

qarxnis Senebas da daiwyo axalgazrdebis sazRvargareT saswavleblad

gagzavna [99,96].

1881-82 wlebSi, safrangeTis jarebma daikaves marokos kuTvnili

oazisebi. am periodSi, saqonlis brunva xorcieldeboda portebis

meSveobiT. vaWrobaSi mTeli ZaliT Caeba evropa. afrikis Zveli savaWro

kavSirebi TandaTan qreboda. marokos rva portSi Tavmoyrili iyo

ucxouri saxelmwifoebis gemebi.

XIX saukunis miwuruls, germaniam daiwyo marokoSi aqtiuri politikis

gatareba. 1886 wels, kasablankaSi `gultopis‘‘ gemiT Cavida germaniis

delegacia, romelsac ekisreboda marokoel vaWrebTan kavSirebis

damyareba da qveynis bazris kargad Seswavla [50,189].

1887 wels, inglisma da italiam xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas marokoSi

safrangeTis moqmedebis Taobaze. martSi gaformda analogiuri

SeTanxmeba espaneTTanac [51,20].

1891 wels, germaniam gaaforma savaWro SeTanxmeba marokosTan da

daawesa pirdapiri sazRvao kavSiri. amave wlidan espaneTma wamoiwyo omi

rifis tomebTan. 1898 wlis 25 Tebervls, tanJerSi dainiSna mefis ruseTis

rezidenti. XIX saukunis bolos, qveynis ekonomikaSi pirveli adgili

daikava inglisma, meore safrangeTma, mesame espaneTma da meoTxe germaniam.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XIX saukuneSi marokoSi evropis

saxelmwifoebis SeRweva gaZlierda, magram maTi interesi gansakuTrebiT

gamoikveTa XIX saukunis bolos, rodesac evropis burJuazia aRivso

`kolonialuri cieb-cxelebiT‘‘. ,,SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘ sulTnebi

115

iZulebuli iyvnen ewarmoebinaT brZola erTdroulad or frontze –

dasavleTis eqspansiisa da berberTa amboxebebis winaaRmdeg.

rusi eqspertebis azriT, Tu inglisi Seecdeboda marokoSi myarad

damkvidrebas, maSin sabolood SeZlebda xmelTaSua zRvis Sesasvlelebis

dauflebas da amiT gaxdeboda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mflobeli [50,189].

rac Seexeba safrangeTs, igi sargeblobda ekonomikuri upiratesobiT da

cdilobda qristianobis gavrcelebas, Tumca marokoelebi icavdnen

sakuTar religias [22,23]. marokos Zala ar Seswevda Tavs dasxmoda an

damuqreboda romelime saxelmwifos, mas ar SeeZlo ubralo dartymis

ukugdebac.

imperialistebi sulTans uflebas ar aZlevdnen daewesebina sabaJo

gadasaxadebi da mieRo Semosavali. suvereni veRar akontrolebda

vaWrobas. man dakarga kontroli qveynis sazRvrebis dacvaze da

ucxoelebis statusis gansazRvraze. kolonizatorebma daacarieles

xazina da aiZules qveynis mmarTveli aenazRaurebina maTi xarjebi. garda

amisa, misgan moiTxovdnen qveSevrdomTa valebis gastumrebas [22,23].

XX saukunis dasawyisSi mosaxleobis umetesoba 6-7 milioni dakavebuli

iyo mesaqonleobiTa da miwaTmoqmedebiT. 10-12% cxovrobda qalaqSi.

miwebis didi nawili ekuTvnida sulTans da mis xelisuflebas (,,ara din

al-maxzan‘‘). am miwis nakveTebs amuSavebdnen glexebi, momTabare da

naxevrad momTabare tomebi, romlebic sargeblobdnen saZovrebiT da

ixdidnen rentas. xSirad am miwebs aZlevdnen giSis tomebs. isini jarSi

samsaxuris sanacvlod ar ixdidnen gadasaxads da krefdnen na ’ibas [51,13].

qveynis samxreT raionis miwebi gadavida msxvili feodalebis xelSi,

romelTa daqvemdebarebaSi Sediodnen calkeuli tomebi da soflebis

Temebi. felahebi uxdidnen maT naturaluri formiT mosavlis 4-dan 8

meaTemde. amasTanave, miwebis didi nawili ekuTvnoda meCeTebs da

saqvelmoqmedo daewebulebebs (,,ara din al-habus‘‘, ,,habasa‘‘ - uanderZa,

misca), romlebic Seeesabameba vakfebs (sxva islamur saxelwifoSi). mas

ganagebdnen umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi, romlebic aseve iRebdnen

Semosavals glexebis mosavlidan. yovelive amis garda, ra Tqma unda

arsebobda mulqis kategoriis miwebi.

116

aRsaniSnavia, rom marokos mTian, udabno da oazisebis nawilSi jer

kidev arsebobda Temuri wyobileba. SeiaraRebul tomebsa da miwaTmoqmed

TemebSi SenarCunebuli iyo patriarqaluri wyoba da miwebi ekuTvnoda

tomebis da Temebis kategorias (,,aradin al-jama‘a‘‘) [51,14]. es tomebi ar

uxdidnen gadasaxads maxzans, Tumca aRiarebdnen sulTnis sasuliero

Zalauflebas. maT SigniT mimdinareobda fenebad daSlis procesi da

arsebobda qonebrivi uTanasworoba. al-jama‘as sabWoebs ganagebdnen

mdidrebi da maT xelSi iyo duarebi (,,dóar‘‘-dasaxleba). Zalaufleba

calkeul tomebsa da gvarebze gadadioda memkvidreobiT mxolod

warCinebul pirebze. zogjer tomTa meTaurebi itacebdnen saTemo miwebs

da eqspluatacias uwevdnen Tanametomelebs da axdevinebdnen gadasaxads.

xandaxan ki maT uwevdaT safasuris gadaxda zogierTi muslimuri

ordenebisaTvis. amavdroulad, beladebi mezobeli mkvidri tomebis, sxva

tomebis Tavdasxmisagan Tavdacvis mizniT iRebdnen maTgan gadasaxads -

,,xuva‘‘ (,,saZmo‘‘, am SemTxvevaSi xarki). meTaurebi TavianTi politikuri da

ekonomikuri poziciebis gasamyareblad iyenebdnen arsebul patriarqalur

tradiciebs.

sayuradReboa, rom qveynis aramTian regionebSi, dampyroblebi xSirad

eyrdnobodnen msxvil feodalebs. amasTanave, xSir SemTxvevaSi feodalTa

Cagvrisgan daRlili xalxi ar iyo mzad maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

gansxvavebuli situacia iyo mTian regionebSi [51,16].

1900 wels, safrangeTsa da italias Soris romSi daido SeTanxmeba

(ratificirebul iqna 1902 w.), romlis Tanaxmad safrangeTi pirdeboda

italias tripolis vilaieTs (igi ekuTvnoda osmaleTs) da kirenaikas.

sanacvlod, italiam ganacxada, rom ar iyo frangebis marokoSi Sesvlis

winaaRmdegi.

1901-02 wlebSi, sulTanma ‘abd al-‘azizma (1895-1908) iZulebiT dado

SeTanxmeba safrangeTTan, ramac mas misca marokoSi jaris Seyvanis

saSualeba. reformebis gegmam, gadasaxadebTan, jarisa da policiis

modernizirebasTan, ministrTa kabinetis SeqmnasTan da samSeneblo

samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT ganicada marcxi. amasTanave, izrdeboda

evropis saxelmwifoebis, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTis kabaluri sesxebi

(1902,1903, 1910 ww.).

117

1902 wlis 20 aprilis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, safrangeTma jarebisa da

policiis SeyvaniT SeZlo Seeqmna Tavisi samxedro da sabaJo punqtebi.

evropis es saxelmwifo iRebda sakuTar Tavze damnaSaveTa dapatimrebisa

da gasamarTlebis uflebas. frangebma ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘ Seiyvanes

sasazRvro komisrebi, romelTa xelSi gadavida qveynis sazRvrispira

raionebis kontroli. amasTanave, maT marokos teritoriaze Caayenes jari

general liotes meTaurobiT da miuerTes alJirs kolon-beSari

(amJamindeli qalaqi beSari). imperialisturi brZolis, msoflios

gadanawilebis periodSi, ra Tqma unda safrangeTi iolad ver daipyrobda

qveyanas. aucilebeli gaxda mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebis Tanxmoba da

Sesaferisi politikis gatareba. amitom igi Seudga saidumlo

molaparakebebis warmoebas evropis saxelmwifoebTan, romlebsac

pirdeboda marokoSi Tavisuflad moqmedebis sanacvlod sxvadasxva saxis

kompensacias [53,255].

1903 wels, mRelvarebam moicva qveynis Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleT

nawili. amboxebuli regionebidan ar Sedioda xazinaSi Tanxebi, ris

gamoc ‘abd al azizma aiRo axali sesxi, rasac miyavda qveyana

daRupvisaken.Aam periodSi marokos sulTans CamoerTva xazinis

gakontrolebis ufleba, rac saSualebas ar aZlevda daemorCilebina

zogierTi daumorCilebeli tomi.Mmdgomareoba gamwvavda dasavleT

saharaSic. safrangeTma gagzavna sadazvervo jgufebi adrarSi, tagantsa

da tijikdaSi, rasac mohyva iqauri tomTa dajgufeba. maT

daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes sulTans da gaerTiandnen TindufaSi (‘ain-

semarasTan axlos) mcxovrebi marabuteli Saixis, ma’ al-‘aininis (sxva

monacemebiT ma’ al-‘aineini) garSemo. Saixma gamoucxada wminda omi

dampyroblebs.Mman asketizmisa da sibrZnis wyalobiT maleve moipova

xalxis ndoba. mogvianebiT, 1906 wels igi Cavida fesSi, sadac qveynis

mmarTveli da mosaxleoba daxvda zarzeimiT. sulTanma ma’ al-‘ainins

misca fuli da iaraRi, risi meSveobiTac man gadaaqcia ‘ain-semara

simagred. mdgomareobis gasamuxtad ‘abd al-azizi isev Seecada

reformebis gatarebas, rasac kvlav mohyva mosaxleobis ukmayofileba.

magaliTisaTvis 1906 wels, maxzanis valma miaRwia 206 milion franks

[39,5].

118

1904 wels, safrangeTma espaneTTan dado saidumlo konvencia gavlenis

gayofaze ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘, romlis safuZvelzec espaneTs

eZleoda marokos CrdiloeTi nawili-xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zoli da

samxreTis zoli - santa kruz de mar pekiueni. rac Seexeba espaneTs, igi

aZlevda safrangeTs yvela sferoSi Tavisuflad moqmedebis garantias.

yovelivem aman gamoiwvia germaniis xelisuflebis gaRizianeba, ris

sapasuxodac maniesmanis jgufis bankebma atlassa da havzSi sawarmoebis

sanaclod sulTans misces krediti. garda amisa, germanelebma

kasablankaSi gaxsnes warmomadgenloba [39,6]. arsebuli mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare, safrangeTi Seecada reformebis gatarebas, rasac mohyva

germaniis protesti. Ggermaniis elCi Cavida fesSi, xolo vilhem II ewvia

tanJers.Ddadga pirveli krizisi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom germanias surda inglis-safrangeTis kavSiris

gawyveta da safrangeTis Tavis mxareze gadabireba. igi ar Tanxmdeboda

aranair kompensacias. amavdroulad, londonSi gaformda inglis-

safrangeTis SeTanxmeba, ramac safuZveli Cauyara antantas da es ori

qveyana axdenda `urTierTcodvebis mitevebas‘‘. safrangeTi `cvlida‘‘

egviptes marokoze, inglisi – marokos egvipteze. orive saxelmwifo

iRebda erTmaneTisgan Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualebas.

1904 wlis safrangeT-inglisis da espaneTis molaparakebis safuZvelze,

CrdiloeT marokos nawili eqceoda espaneTis gavlenis zonaSi, tanJeri

gadadioda saerTaSoriso kontrolis qveS. amasTanave, inglisi moiTxovda

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis srul demilitarizacias, xolo safrangeTi

valdebulebas iRebda, rom aRniSnul teritoriaze aRar aRmarTavda

simagres [48,258].

1905 wlis 1 seqtembers, aseve saidumlo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze,

samxedro policia seutasa da melilaSi gadadioda espaneli oficrebis

xelSi, romlebic iRebdnen iaraRis kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolis

uflebas. garda amisa, espanelebs frangebTan erTad eZleodaT tanJeris

policiis marTvis saSualeba. amavdroulad, isini monawileobas iRebdnen

sabaJos, rkinigzis, saxelmwifo bankis da savaWro-samrewvelo kompaniebis

marTvaSi. mogvianebiT ki espaneTs SeeZlo pirdapir Careuliyo marokos

saqmeebSi [52,33].

119

inglisis STagonebiT,Aam periodSi sulTanma ‘abd al-azizma daiwyo

sazRvao flotisa da sagadasaxado sistemis reformireba. man miiwvia

germaneli oficrebi, Tumca finansuri siZneleebis gamo, iZulebuli

gaxda gaeyida SeZenili oTxi gemi. suverens aseve ar gamouvida axali

sagadasaxado sistemis gatareba evropelebsa da im marokoelebze,

romlebic imyofebodnen ucxoelebis mfarvelobis qveS [39,6].

marokos 1905, 1909 da 1911 wlebis krizisebma gaarTula saerTaSoriso

mdgomareoba. imperialistebis mier qveynis dakabalebas xeli Seuwyo 1906

wlis al-xesirasis konferenciam (daiwyo 15 ianvars da dasrulda 7

aprils), ramac daaregulira 1905 wlis safrangeT-germaniis konfliqti.

konferencia gaimarTa germaniis moTxovniT. igi imedovnebda, rom 1880

wlis konvenciaze dayrdnobiT da sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT

aiZulebda safrangeTs uari eTqva marokoze proteqtoratis damyarebaze.

germaniis mizani iyo qveyanaSi SesaRwevad niadagis momzadeba.

konferenciaSi monawileoba miiRo 13 saxelmwifom (germania, safrangeTi,

inglisi, avstria-ungreTi, ruseTi, italia, espaneTi, belgia,

niderlandebi, portugalia, Svecia, agreTve amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

da TviT maroko). safrangeTs mxari dauWires inglisma da espaneTma,

italia cota xniT ganze gadga. ufro patara saxelmwifoebi miemxrnen

ingliss. aSS asrulebda Suamavlis rols, magram ufro ixreboda

inglisis interesebisken da drodadro axdenda zewolas germaniaze

[22,241; 34,56]. evropis am saxelmwifos uRalata ruseTma, radganac mas

revoluciis CasaxSobad da sxva RonisZiebebis gasatareblad sWirdeboda

fuli da elodeboda daxmarebas safrangeTisa da inglisisgan. germaniis

pozicias uerTdeboda mxolod avstria-ungreTi. amitom, germania

daTanxmda safrangeTis yvela moTxovnas _ portebSi adgilobrivi

policiis Cayenebaze, frangi da espaneli oficrebis meTaurobiT, xolo

general-inspeqtori aucileblad unda yofiliyo Sveicarieli.

al-xesirasis konferenciam gadawyvita sxva sakiTxebic. igi dasrulda

germaniis diplomatiis marcxiT. man ver SeZlo inglis-safrangeTis

kavSiris Sesusteba da safrangeTis xarjze poziciebis gamyareba [34,58].

1906 wels, al-xesirasis konferenciaze miRebuli SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze gaixsna marokos saxelmwifo banki, romlis kontrols

120

axorcielebda safrangeTi, espaneTi, inglisi da Ggermania. Kkonferenciam

gaauqma monebiT vaWroba da moaxdina samonadireo iaraRis biznesis

legalizireba. amasTanave, masSi monawile mxareebma daafiqsires marokos

da misi mmarTvelis damoukidebloba. garda amisa, safrangeTs da espaneTs

saSualeba eZleodaT SeeqmnaT axali policia, sagadasaxado sistema da

ganexorcielebinaT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis muSaobis organizireba.

rac mTavaria, evropis es ori saxelmwifo iRebda gadasaxadebis amoRebis

uflebas [39,7]. amave wels, maxzanma moaxdina al-xesirasis konferenciaze

miRebuli SeTanxmebebis ratificireba, im imediT rom miaRwevda

SemdgomSi zogierTi punqtis anulirebas, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis

gaRizianeba. Mmaxzanis imedebi amao aRmoCnda.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, imperialistebis qmedebebi iwvevda sapasuxo

agresias. 1907 wels, maraqeSSi Cxubis dros mosaxleobam Caqola frangi

eqimi moSani, ris sapasuxodac safrangeTma daiwyo qveynis samxreT

raionebidan marokos dapyroba. mogvianebiT rogorc aRiniSna, 1907-08

wlebSi safrangeTis jarebma moaxdines ramdenime qalaqis okupacia, rasac

bunebrivia mosaxleobis ukmayofileba mohyva. kasablankaSi dampyroblebma

rkinigzis xazTan ayares muslimTa sasaflao, ramac gamoiwvia xalxis

aRSfoTeba, mokles 9 muSa.A

safrangeTis xelisuflebam moSanis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT

wauyena marokos sulTans Semdegi moTxovnebi:

1. maraqeSis gubernatoris dapatimreba.

2. safrangeTis konsuls unda Caetarebina gamoZieba aRniSnul

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

3. unda dasjiliyvnen damnaSaveebi (zogierTi monacemiT sul cota 60

adamiani).

4. sulTani valdebuli xdeboda gadaexada jarima.

5. al-xesirasis konferenciaze miRebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze unda

daCqarebuliyo policiis reorganizaciis procesi.

6. sasazRvro policiasTan dakavSirebiT 1901-02 wlebis SeTanxmebebis

Sesruleba.

7. vinaidan mavriTaniaSi myofi mulai idrisi mxars uWerda adrarSi

ajanyebul tomebs, sulTans igi mkacrad unda daesaja.

121

8. ma al-ai-ninis iaraRiT momaragebis Sewyveta.

9. sxvadasxva pretenziis dakmayofileba [22,242].

rodesac ‘abd al-azizs jer kidev ar hqonda miRebuli gadawyvetileba,

swored am dros liote SeiWra ujdaSi. igi daTanxmda maraqeSis

gubernatoris Secvlas da gamoZiebis Catarebas. sulTanma aseve

ganacxada, rom etapobrivad ganixilavda sxva pretenziebsac. ramdenime

dRis Semdeg, 8 aprils suverenma gaakeTa gancxadeba jarimis gadaxdis

Taobaze da moiTxova safrangeTis jaris qalaq ujdidan gayvana [22,243].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom qalaqi kasablanka am periodSi warmoadgenda

Salisa da xorblis vaWrobis centrs, sadac es produqtebi iyideboda

bevrad iafad, vidre evropaSi, Tumca frangebma kasablankaSi

Sesasvlelad moimizezes axali samoqalaqo policiis Seqmna da iq

mimdinare rkinigzis mSenebloba, rac iwvevda qalaqelebis ukmayofilebas.

frangebma Tavdapirvelad dabombes qalaqi da mxolod amis Semdeg

espanelebTan erTad Sevidnen ,,TeTr qalaqSi‘‘ [38,8]. safrangeTma

kasablankis datovebis sanacvlod mosTxova sulTans kompensacia 100

milioni frankis odenobiT, ris gamoc igi iZulebuli gaxda aeRo sesxi

marokos saxelmwifo bankidan. amasTanave, gasastumrebeli iyo moxeleebis

xelfasebic. garda amisa, igi gegmavda reformebis gatarebas. qveynis

mmarTvelma garantad Cado sabaJo Semosavlebis wili, sigaretiT

vaWrobis monopolia da maxzanis kuTvnili saporto miwebis didi

nawili.

amasTanave, 1908 wels, frangebma daipyres beni snasenis tomis

teritoriebi. Semosavlebi Sedioda opiumidan, Tambaqodan, zaqaTidan da

samoqalaqo gadasaxadebidan. valebis gastumrebis mizniT, sulTani

iZulebuli gaxda daewesebina axali gadasaxadebi, rac bunebrivia Zabavda

situacias.

amave wels, mimdinareobda Sauiasa da centraluri platos mcxovrebTa

ajanyeba [39,8]. sulTans daupirispirda sahareli ma’ al-‘ainini, Tumca

frangebma igi daamarcxes. 1910 wels igi gadavida TizimSi, sadac male

gardaicvala.Mmarabutelis brZola gaagrZela misma Svilma[60,133].

qveyanaSi imdenad daiZaba mdgomareoba, rom sulTnis ufrosma Zmam ‘abd

al-hafizma gadawyvita Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. igi iyo maraqeSis da

122

samxreT marokos generaluri gubernatori. ‘abd al-hafizs sZulda Tavisi

naxevarZma da Tvlida, rom man miiRo taxti mxolod Cerqezi dedis

gavleniT. rac Seexeba ‘abd al-hafizs, dedis xaziT is momdinareobda

arabuli Sauias tomidan [22,242-243]. man maraqeSSi miiwvia alimebi, sxva

sasuliero pirebi da ka’idebi. ‘abd al-hafizma daarwmuna miwveulebi

imaSi, rom vinaidan misma Zmam dado ucxoelebTan sxvadasxava saxis

SeTanxmeba, iyo qveynisa da eris moRalate. amis safuZvelze alimebma

gamosces faTva:

,,qveSevrdomebi emorCilebian sulTans, Tu is icavs wminda kanons da

sakuTari xalxisa da qveynis interesebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SariaTis

mixedviT SesaZlebelia suverenis Camogdeba. rac Seexeba sulTan ‘abd al-

azizs da mis vazirebs, maT ar daicves saxelmwifos da naciis interesebi,

riTac uRalates islams‘‘.

1907 wlis 16 agvistos, ,,wiTel qalaqSi‘‘ alimebis nawilma ‘abd

al-hafizi sulTnad akurTxa. sapasuxod, ‘abd al-azizma fesSi miiwvia

sxva alimebi, romlebsac moTxova pasuxi. fesSi Sekrebilebma gamosces

Semdegi faTva:

,,SariaTis kanonebis safuZvelze e.w. sulTani ‘abd al-hafizi iTvleba

uzurpatorad da igi unda iqnes damxobili‘‘. orive faTva gavrcelda

mTel qveyanaSi [22,245].

22 seqtembers ‘abd al-azizi Cavida rabatSi da Seudga Tavisi

momxreebis mobilizacias. sapasuxod, misma Zmam gagzavna Tavisi

Tanamoazreebi meqnesSi, romlebmac moaxdines qalaqis okupacia. meqnesis

mosaxleobis didi nawili miemxro ‘abd al-hafizs. aseve mas mxari

dauWires feselebma.

1908 wlis ianvars, ramdenime alimi da ka ’idi Seikribnen mulai idrisSi

da SeTanxmdnen, rom paraskevis xutba waikiTxeboda sulTan ‘abd

al-hafizis saxelze. garda amisa, maT gaugzavnes ‘abd al-azizs faTva,

romlis safuZvelze is aRiarebuli iyo ukanono sulTnad, vinaidan

marokos didi nawili ucxoelebis xelSi iyo, Sekrebilebma wauyenes ‘abd

al-azizs Semdegi moTxovnebi:

1. saxelmwifo bankis gauqmeba.

2. frangebis mier okupirebuli qalaqebis dabruneba.

123

3. ,,kapitulaciis reJimis‘‘ gauqmeba.

4. al-xesirasis paqtis anulireba.

5. safrangeTsa da marokos Soris sazRvris sakiTxis Rirseulad

mogvareba.

6 ivniss, ‘abd al-hafizi Cavida fesSi, romlis mosaxleoba sixaruliT

daxvda mas. ivlisSi, fesis mxardaWeris Semdeg ‘abd al-azizma SeiaraRa 5

aTasi jariskaci da gadawyvita maraqeSze galaSqreba. 19 agvistos, man

miaRwia sidi-rajals (maraqeSidan 50 kilometrSi). RamiT ,,hafizitebi‘‘

Tavs daesxnen mZinare jariskacebs. nawili daxoces, nawilma ki gaqceviT

uSvela Tavs. amis Semdeg ‘abd al-‘azizma Tavi Seafara kasablankas.

amieridan marokos ,,sruluflebiani‘‘ sulTani gaxda ‘abd al-hafizi

[22,247]. axlad aRiarebul sulTans mxari dauWira germaniam. igi Tvlida,

rom ‘abd al-hafizi gulwrfelad mouwodebda ers frangebis winaaRmdeg

brZolisken. rac Seexeba safrangeTs, man mosTxova sulTans:

1. al-xesirasis SeTanxmebebis ganxorcieleba.

2. evropis saxelmwifoebTan dadebuli yvela xelSekrulebis

Sesruleba, maT Soris finansurisac.

3. kasablankis okupaciis dros gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba.

4. qalaq kasablankis movlenebisas dazaralebuli pirebisaTvis

kompensaciis gacema.

sulTanma ‘abd al-hafizma miiRo yvela piroba, ris sapasuxodac

frangebma moiTxoves parizSi marokos delegaciis gagzavna, romelic

zustad Seiswavlida ,,TeTri qalaqis‘‘ samxedro operaciis dros gaweul

xarjebs. sulTani daeTanxma amasac. axalma mmarTvelma ver gaamarTla

marokoeli xalxis molodini. 1909 wlis ianvarSi, man daamtkica kabaluri

SeTanxmebebi imperialistur saxelmwifoebTan. ‘abd al-hafizma ucxoelebs

gadasca sabaJoebis yvela Semosavali. frangebma gaaZlieres represiebi

marokoelebis mimarT [48,5]. man imedgacruebuli datova mTeli qveyana,

pirvel rigSi ki fesis mosaxleoba. xalxi gamovida ‘abd al-hafizis

winaaRmdeg, beni muteiris tomis meTaurobiT. 8 ianvars man sxva tomebTan

erTad daiwyo ajanyeba. isini gaemarTnen dedaqalaqisaken. sulTnis jari

sastik brZolaSi damarcxda. amis Semdeg ajanyebulebma moaxdines fesis

blokireba. amboxebam moicva meqnesic, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga ‘abd al-

124

hafizis da ‘abd al-azizis Zma zeini. man ganacxada, rom am situaciaSi

mxolod mas SeeZlo qveynis marTva da misi krizisidan gamoyvana. ‘abd

al-hafizma ki Sekriba darCenili jari, romelsac aseve warumateblad

saTaveSi Caudgnen frangebi [22,248]. amboxebulebma am dros daazianes

fessa da tanJers Soris arsebuli sakomunikacio sistemebi. maT

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CaerTo frangi mTavarsardali muanie. man gagzavna

(1911) fesisaken frangebis oTxi sajariso nawili. marokoelTa calkeuli

warmatebisa da Tavganwiruli brZolis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove iaraRis

upiratesobam gadawona yvelaferi. isini damarcxdnen. 26 maiss, muaniem

daikava fesi. amboxebulma tomebma daiwies samxreTisaken da daiwyes

mzadeba axali etapisaTvis. sapasuxod, sulTanma gamoxata Tavisi

madliereba frangebis mimarT da Txova maT meqnesze galaSqrebac. ivnisis

bolos mTavarsardalma muaniem aseve sisastikiT CaaxSo meqnesis ajanyeba,

romlis sanacvlod mosTxova ‘abd al-hafizs safrangeTis sasargeblod

ramdenime sakiTxis gadawyveta (marokos sesxis, tanJeris portis...).

sulTani usrulebda okupantebs yvelafers [22,250].

safrangeTis moqmedebis gamo, daiZaba urTierTobebi germaniasTan.

amitom safrangeTis mTavrobam dado ekonomikuri kondoniumi, ris

safuZvelzec iRebda valdebulebas, rom ar SeuSlida evropis am

saxelmwifos savaWro-ekonomikur moRvaweobas ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘.

1909 wels frangebma mas Semdeg, rac daikaves meqnesi da fesi,

gamoacxades ujda-taurirtis rkinigzis mSenebloba da safrangeTis

jaris nawilma datova kasablanka [39,5].

amave wels, espaneTis samefom daiwyo rifis olqis okupacia da

rkinigzis mSenebloba, romelsac unda SeerTebina beni bu ifrus

maRaroebi melilasTan. amis gamo, rifis tomebi Tavs daesxnen

mSeneblobas da mokles oTxi muSa. general marinis meTaurobiT

dampyroblebma wamoiwyes brZola rifelebis winaaRmdeg da daipyres

gurugus mTiani masivi. espaneTis mefem gamosca mTeli rigi brZanebebi,

romelic exeboda rkinigzis mSeneblobas melilasa da zeluans, seutasa

da Tetuans Soris da am raionSi arsebul qvanaxSiris maRaroebs [37,10].

1910 wels, espaneTis mefe Cavida melilasa da jafaris kunZulebze da

xeli moewera analogiur SeTanxmebas. espanelebi gadiodnen rifidan da

125

el-hoseimidan instruqtorebis datovebisa da kompensaciis, 65 milioni

pesetis miRebis sanacvlod. amavdroulad, safrangeTis jarebma daikaves

aRmosavleT marokos da qveynis atlantis sanapiros mniSvnelovani

nawili.

TebervalSi safrangeTis konsulma gadasca sulTan ‘abd al-hafizs

Setyobineba, romlis mixedviT 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas unda

daemtkicebina parizSi miRebuli SeTanxmeba, romelic iTvaliswinebda

frangebis sajariso nawilebis gasvlis sanacvlod maTi instruqtorebis

saqmianobas marokoSi.Yyovelive es niSnavda frangebis darCenas.

amasTanave, safrangeTis samxedro misiis xelmZRvanels fesSi unda mieRo

sulTnis armiis umaRlesi instruqtoris tituli da qveyana unda

daetovebinaT Turq instruqtorebs. garda amisa, safrangeTi moiTxovda

axali yadiebis daniSvnas tanJerSi myof misiasTan SeTanxmebiT, yadiebisa

da faSebisagan frangebisaTvis nebismieri daxmarebis gawevas.

al-xesirasis konferenciaze miRweuli molaparakebis safuZvelze,

safrangeTma aseve aiZula sulTani sabolood mieca ucxoelebisaTvis

uZravi qonebis SeZenis ufleba [39,10].

mogvianebiT, 1911 wels rharbSi ukve Camqrali amboxis CaxSobis mizeziT

espanelebi gadasxdnen laraSSi da daiwyes mzadeba momavali

eqspansiisaTvis. maT male daikaves el-ksar-el-qebiric da 1912 wels

arsila. Pportis dampyrobma silvesterma gasca brZaneba, rom adgilobriv

tomebs gadasaxadebi gadaexadaT ara maxzanisaTvis, aramed misTvis. 22

maiss ki espaneTis jarebma daikaves rigi dasaxlebuli punqtebi seuta-

Tetuanis gaswvriv. espanelebma ganacxades, rom datovebdnen okupirebul

qalaqebs, mas Semdeg, rac frangebi gavidodnen fesidan [39,11; 22,259].

krizisi damTavrda 1911 wels, rodesac agadirSi Sevida germaniis gemi

`pantera‘‘. misi gamoCena safrangeTisTvis sruli moulodneloba iyo. am

provokacias SeiZleboda mohyoloda msoflio konfliqti, magram

germaniam ukan daixia. SesaZloa, igi am droisTvis ar iyo mzad

seriozuli nabijis gadasadgmelad. amis Semdeg, daiwyo safrangeT–

germaniis molaparakebebi, rac dasrulda 1911 wlis 4 noembers da

sabolood dagvirgvinda safrangeTis gamarjvebiT germaniaze.

safrangeTma dauTmo germanias kongo da misca Semdegi 30 wlis manZilze

126

marokos vaWrobaSi monawileobis garantia, ris sanacvlod mogvianebiT am

saxelmwifom aRiara safrangeTis proteqtorati ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoze‘‘

[43,6; 31,573; 39,1].

1912 wlis 30 marts, sulTanma ‘abd al-hafizma fesSi xeli moawera

dadgenilebas qveyanaze proteqtoratis damyarebis Sesaxeb. 1912 wlis 27

noembris safrangeT-espaneTis molaparakebis safuZvelze, marokos

teritoriis CrdiloeTis da ukiduresi samxreTis nawilebi espaneTis

xelSi gadavida. safrangeTs ergo qveynis teritoriis daaxloebiT 80% da

misi mosaxleobis 90%. tanJeri gamoiyo saerTaSoriso zonad – inglisis

kontrolis qveS. `SarifTa saxelmwifo‘‘ daeca [20,10; 64,126].

safrangeTis teritoriaze Zalaufleba gadaeca general-rezident

liotes. swored misTvis unda SeeTanxmebina suverens Tavisi qmedebebi.

ministrTa sabWos mdivani iyo didi vaziri, romelic amavdroulad

asrulebda Sinagan saqmeTa ministris funqciasac. rezidenti iTavsebda

sagareo saqmeTa ministris postsac, xelmZRvanelobda armias,

akompleqtebda administraciul aparats, atarebda reformebs da

sanqcionerebas ukeTebda sulTnis direqtivebsa da brZanebebs. kanonebi

(dialeqturi forma ,,dahÒr‘‘) Sedioda ZalaSi generaluri rezidentis

mier misi gacnobisa da gamocemis mere. garkveul adgilebs marTavdnen e.w.

samoqalaqo Semowmebelni, romlebic sargeblobdnen SeuzRudavi

uflebebiT. faSebi da yadiebi iniSnebodnen mxolod general-rezidentis

gankargulebiT, qveynis mmarTvelTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. rac Seexeba

tanJers mas ,,ganagebda‘‘ sulTnis warmomadgeneli _ mandubi

(gubernatori), romelic ar flobda aranair Zalauflebas [20,13].

liotem qveyana gayo 5 samxedro zonad da moiTxova batalionebis 40-

mde gazrda. samxreT nawilSi, sadac SenarCunebul iqna feodaluri

urTierToba da Zalaufleba epyraT msxvil feodalebs, isini

daemorCilnen dampyroblebs da SeinarCunes arsebuli wyobileba. tomTa

beladebi e.w. ka ’idebi gaxdnen frangebis vasalebi, xolo CrdiloeT da

centralur raionebSi, sadac jer kidev SemorCenili iyo patriarqalur-

feodaluri urTierTobebi, mosaxleoba uwevda winaaRmdegobas. am

regionebSi frangebi agzavnidnen sadamsjelo razmebs. isini

127

mierekebodnen saqonels, aiZulebdnen gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, iaraRis

Cabarebas, agebdnen saguSagoebs [51,24].

F okupaciis pirvelsave dReebidan daiwyo ajanyeba okupantTa winaaRmdeg,

romelic male moedo mTel qveyanas. 1912 wels fesSi moxda saxalxo

ajanyeba, ramac moicva marokos centraluri da dasavleTi raionebi

[42,11]. mas saTaveSi Caudga yofili yadi banu snasenis tomidan, haj ‘abd

al-kadiri. marokos sulTani am dros imyofeboda fesSi 500 frangi

jariskacis garemocvaSi da ar SeeZlo arafris gakeTeba. espanelebi ki

miiwevdnen win. maT moaxdines CrdiloeTis nawilis, strategiuli

obieqtebis okupireba. mdgomareoba imdenad daiZaba, rom xalxi gamovida

erTdroulad ucxoelTa da sulTnis winaaRmdeg. isini brals sdebdnen

mas samSoblos RalatSi. molaparakebebis Sedegad sulTanma ‘abd al-

hafizma uari Tqva taxtze, Tavisi Zmis ‘abd al-‘azizis sasargeblod.

frangebma igi gagzavnes marselSi [39,11].

proteqtoratis reJimma gansazRvra tanJeris statusi, magram is

mudmivad warmoadgenda saxelmwifoTa davis sagans. 1921 wlisTvis,

franguli kompaniebi tanJerSi flobdnen uZravi qonebis 80%-s da maT

xelSi iyo portis saqonlis brunvis 50%, maSin roca inglisi flobda

19%-s, xolo espaneTi 16%-s. 1922 wels, safrangeTma miiRo marokos

sulTnisagan koncesia – tanJerSi savaWro portisMmSeneblobaze, rac

Sefasda inglisis da espaneTis mimarT upativcemulobad.

tanJerTan dakavSirebiT, espaneTis da safrangeTis didma Zalisxmevam

ver gamoiRo bolomde sasurveli Sedegi. gamarjveba moipova inglisma.

espaneTisaTvis tanJers hqonda ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan is

mdebareobda masTan SedarebiT axlos da aqedan advilad SeZlebda sxva

CrdiloeT afrikis saxelmwifoebTan kavSirebis damyarebas. 1923 wlis

konferenciaze miRebuli SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze, ports mieniWa

sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli avtonomia, romelsac axorcielebda

safrangeTis rezidenti. Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo kreba, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi Sevida 17 evropeli daniSvniTi konsuli, aSS-s erTi da

sulTnis 9 warmomadgeneli - mandubis meTaurobiT, romlis uflebebi

Zalian SezRuduli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTTan SedarebiT

aRniSnul krebaze, sxva qveynebs hqondaT naklebi privilegiebi [39,13].

128

garda amisa, daiwyo evropelTa Casaxlebis procesi. mag: 1921 wlisTvis

safrangeTis zonaSi cxovrobda 162 aTasi ucxoeli, maTgan 128 aTasi

frangi. ucxoelebi iTvisebdnen miwebs. maT ekuTvnodaT miwebis 20,6% anu

TviToeul pirze modioda 273 heqtari. axali kanonebis safuZvelze,

aramarokoelebis xelSi gadadioda qveynis tyeebi da wiaRiseuli [51,27].

frangebma damatebiT SemoiRes soflis meurneobis gadasaxadi ,,tertib‘‘,

romelsac iRebdnen mosavlidan, saqonlidan da xeebidan. gadasaxadi

dgindeboda yovelwliurad mosavlis mixedviT. Saixebi da tomTa

beladebi iRebdnen Semosavlebis 4-6%-s da TviTonve gansazRvravdnen

gadasaxadis Tanxas, riTac Seqmnes qveynis SigniT socialuri sayrdeni.

rac Seexeba felahebs, bazarSi TavianTi produqtis gayidvis sanacvlod

ixdidnen sabazro gadasaxads. amasTanave, frangebis mier dawesda iribi

gadasaxadic anu aqcizi Saqarze, spirtze da sxvadasxva produqtze.

saTemo miwebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, dampyroblebi xels uwyobdnen mis

gayofa-danawilebas da aniaraRebdnen Temebs. maT mxareze gadasulebs ki

,,mfarvelobdnen‘‘ da amuSavebdnen safrangeTis dazvervaSi [51,31].

1930-ian wlebSi marokoSi daiwyo antikolonialuri moZraobis axali

talRa. ZirZveli mosaxleobis gamosvlebi ufro metad iRebda masiur,

organizirebul xasiaTs. 1930 wels, brZola mimdinareobda ‘aiT-iakubis

teritoriaze, maRali atlasis aRmosavleT da centralur raionSi,

antiatlasSi, TafilaleTsa da dr‘aSi. kolonizatorTa winaaRmdeg ar

wydeboda gamosvlebi. brZolis mTavar kerebad iqcnen marokos qalaqebi.

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis saTaveSi Cadgnen axalgazrda patriotebi

- al-haj abd as-salam benuna, aliad al-fasi, muhamad hasan vazani, ahmad

belafreji.

kolonizatorebi rogorc yovelTvis cdilobdnen nacionaluri SuRlis

gaRvivebas, amitom 1930 wlis 16 maiss, ben iusufma xeli moawera

egreTwodebul ,,berberul dahirs‘‘, romlis mixedviT berberebi

faqtobrivad gamodiodnen misi iurisdiqciidan da gemTSenebloba,

romelic iyo sulTnis meTaurebis xelSi, amieridan gadadioda

bereberuli tomebis, beladebis kontrolze. tomTa meTaurebi eqceodnen

safrangeTis samxedro sadazvervo biuros gavlenis qveS. garda amisa,

safrangeTs Seqonda axali kanoni, romelic ,,icavda‘‘ berberebis

129

uflebebs da maT enas. frangebi, berberebis mimxrobis mizniT, Seecadnen

maTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, ramac gamoiwvia, rogorc berberebis,

aseve arabebis aRSfoTeba [64,195].

1933 wels ki rabatis arabul nawilSi ifeTqa mRelvarebam. am periodSi

qveyanaSi gaCnda politikuri partiebi. 1934 wels, safrangeTis zonaSi

Seiqmna ,,marokos nacionaluri moqmedebis bloki‘‘, romelSic

gaerTiandnen burJuaziisaa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. maT

SeimuSaves reformebi, romelic iTvaliswinebda sulTnis xelisuflebis

gazrdas proteqtoratis farglebSi. amasTanave, isini iTxovdnen marokos

administraciul da iurisdiqciul gaerTianebas da xalxis monawileobas

qveynis marTvaSi. maTi moTxovnebi amao aRmoCnda.

1936 wels, Catarda ,,maRribis blokis‘‘ partiis pirveli erovnuli

kongresi, romelmac wamoayena politikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxi,

progresuli kanonebis miReba da ganaTlebis ganviTareba. bunebrivia,

safrangeTis mTavrobam uaryo yvela moTxovna, ramac gamoiwvia fesSi,

salesa da kasablankaSi mRelvarebebis axali talRa [49,8].

1937 wels safrangeTma akrZala ,,maRribis bloki‘‘, ris sapasuxodac

erovnuli burJuaziis liderebma Camoayalibes ori politikuri partia:

,,nacionaluri moZraobis partia‘‘, muhamad vazanis xelmZRvanelobiT,

,,nacionaluri partia‘‘, al-fasis da muhamad liazidis meTaurobiT. es

partiebi ZiriTdad dakompleqtebuli iyo qalaqelebisagan da

moTxovnebic daaxloebiT erTTnairi hqondaT. gansxvaveba iyo imaSi, rom

al-fasis garSemo ufro metad Semoikribnen islamuri, xolo al-vazanis

irgvliv, evropuli ganaTlebis pirebi. orive partia flobda beWdviT

organoebs - arabul da frangul enebze, rac axdenda mosaxleobaze

garkveul gavlenas. amave wels, qveyana isev moicva antiimperialisturma

gamosvlebma, romlebSic monawileobdnen, rogorc soflebis, aseve

qalaqebis mosaxleoba. ori wlis Semdeg ki frangebis batonobis

winaaRmdeg gamovida erovnuli reformebis partia-‘abd al-xalik toresis

meTaurobiT.

rac Seexeba espaneTis zonaSi arsebul nacionalur moZraobas, mis

saTaveSi idga nacionaluri inteligencia tradiciuli islamuri

ganaTlebiT da mas xelmZRvanelobda iusticiis yofili ministri, ‘abd as-

130

salam benuna. 1931 wels, benunas TaosnobiT madridSi espanelebs

gadaecaT moTxovnebis werili, romelSic iTxovdnen cotaoden

Tavisuflebas da qveynis administraciul da politikur cxovrebaSi

monawileobis miRebas. espaneTma Tanxmoba ganacxada mxolod politikuri,

patara broSurebis, adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gamocemaze

(,,as-salam‘‘, ,,maRrib al-jamid‘‘,…,,ar-rÒf‘‘) [39,15].

1930-iani wlebidan espaneTis mTavrobis politika mimarTuli iyo

dekretebis gamocemisaken. Tavis droze ki generalma frankom, romelic

dainiSna espaneTis zonis komisrad (1936) ganacxada, rom is iyo ,,islamis

mfarveli‘‘. meore msoflio omis dros, espaneTs kidev ufro gaufuWda

avtoriteti faSistur germaniasTan TanmaSromlobis gamo. am dros, oTxma

partiam ,,isTiklalma‘‘, ,,damoukideblobis demokratiulma partiam‘‘,

,,nacionaluri reformebis‘‘ da ,,marokos erTianobis‘‘ (espaneTis zonidan)

partiam Seqmnes damoukideblobis brZolis nacionaluri fronti, romlis

meSveobiTac gaeros sam sesiaze gatanil iqna marokos sakiTxi. 1937 wlis

13 oqtombers xeli moewera frontis egreTwodebuli paqts, romelic

gadaeca ben iusufs. igi Sedgeboda 8 punqtisagan [47,132; A22,314]:

statia I. yvela is partia, romlebmac xeli moaweres paqts,

valdebulebas iRebda ebrZola bolomde marokos saboloo

damoukideblobamde. arc erTi partia ar Tanxmdeboda safrangeTTan

kavSirze. unda dawyebuliyo molaparakeba, romelic gansazRvravda maT

Soris urTierTobas.

statia II. erTaderTi da mTavari mizani iyo damoukideblobis mopoveba.

statia III. damoukideblobis miRebamde ar SeiZleboda molaparakebebis

dawyeba.

statia IV. umniSvnelo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTac dauSvebeli iyo

molaparakebebis dawyeba.

statia V. yvela is moqmedeba, romelic zians miayenebda ben iusufs,

unda ganxiluliyo rogorc paqtis sawinaaRmdego.

statia VI. aqtiuri TanamSromloba marokosa da arabuli qveynebs

Soris unda gagrZelebuliyo damoukideblobis miRebis Semdgomac.

statia VII. paqtze xelmomweri partiebi valdebuli iyvnen ar

daTanxmebodnen komunistur partias erTiani frontis Seqmnaze.

131

statia VIII. im partiebma, romlebmac xeli moaweres tanJeris paqts,

unda SeeqmnaT komiteti Semdgomi konsultaciebisTvis, Tumca

valdebulebis CarCos farglebSi inarCunebdnen Tavisuflad moqmedebis

uflebas [47,132].

1940 wlis ivnisSi, safrangeTis kapitulaciis Semdeg maroko ,,gadavida‘‘

faSisturi germaniis xelSi. am periodSi germaniis samxedro gemebi Tavs

afarebdnen marokos teritorialur wylebs, xolo aerodromebi

warmoadgendnen germanelebis sahaero bazebs. maT marokodan gaqondaT

sursaTi da nedleuli. espaneTma, romelmac isargebla safrangeTis

,,dasustebiT‘‘ da Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, miiTvisa tanJeri da SeuerTa

igi Tavis zonas [49,8].

meore msoflio msoflio omis dros gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. Tavdapirvelad sulTani ben iusufi ar

midioda aSS-sTan molaparakebaze, radganac upiratesobas aniWebda

maroko-safrangeTis urTierTobebs. SeerTebulma Statebma SeinarCuna

alJirSi, marokosa da viSis mTavrobis qveS myof saxelmwifoebSi Tavisi

sakonsuloebi, riTac uzrunvelyo kontaqtebi.

1940 wels, aSS-m maRribSi sakonsuloebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis da

mdgomareobis gasarkvevad CrdiloeT afrikaSi gagzavna saxelmwifo

departamentis TanamSromeli. 1941 wels, xeli moewera veigan-merfis

SeTanxmebas, romliTac Statebma uzrunvelyo CrdiloeT afrikaSi Tavisi

sasursaTo da samrewvelo produqciis, maT Soris sawvavis Setanac. aSS-s

undoda inglisis gzidan CamoSoreba da SemdgomSi uari ganacxada Sarl

de golis meTaurobiT safrangeTis nacionaluri komitetis aRiarebaze.

1942 wlis 3 ivliss, inglisma cno safrangeTis nacionaluri komiteti.

prezidentma ruzveltma winaaRmdegoba gauwia agreTve safrangeTis

jarebis gadasxmas maRribis qveynebSi da cdilobda xeli SeeSala de

golis kontaqtebisaTvis. amave wlis noemberSi, inglis-amerikis

gaerTianebuli Zalebi gadasxdnen CrdiloeT afrikaSi, maT Soris

kasablankaSic da gawmindes maroko Ggermania-italiis armiisagan [39,16].

1943 wels, kasablankaSi gaimarTa cnobili ,,kasablankis konferencia‘‘,

romelzedac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma ruzveltma,

inglisis premier-ministrma vinston CerCilma da alJirSi safrangeTis

132

ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis xelmZRvanelma Sarl de golma ganixiles

mokavSireebis samxedro gegma. gadawyda mokavSireTa jarebis gadasxma

siciliaze. aseve, konferenciaze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba

safrangeTis CrdiloeTSi meore frontis argaxsnis Taobaze [22,316].

amave wlis 22 ianvars, sulTani ben iusufi kasablankasTan axlos

anfaSi Sexvda ruzvelts, rac iyo 1912 wlis fesis SeTanxmebis darRveva.

am ori qveynis meTauris Sexvedram marokoelebs gauCinaT imedi imisa, rom

meore msoflio omis Semdeg daibrunebdnen nanatr damoukideblobas

[35,16]. prezidentma teqnikuri kadrebis ararsebobis gamo, SeTavaza ben

iusufs marokoelebis SeerTebuli Statebis universitetebSi gagzavna.

amasTanave, ruzveltma aRniSna, rom marokos resursebis aTvisebis mizniT

SesaZlebeli iqneboda Statebis saTanado firmebTan molaparakeba.

yvelaferma aman safuZveli daudo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

SeRwevas ,,SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘.

1943 wels, poziciebis gasamyareblad, Sarl de golma ganacxada, rom

safrangeTi mzad iyo gaekeTebina bevri ram im qveynisaTvis, romelic mas

dauWerda mxars. 1944 wlis 3 ivniss ki, Seiqmna safrangeTis nacionalur-

ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti. sulTan ben iusufs surda gamoeyenebina

amerika-safrangeTis metoqeoba qveynis interesebisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom meore msoflio omma daarRvia marokos

metropoliasTan kavSirebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo adgilobrivi nawarmis

gazrdas da axali samrewvelo dargebis Seqmnas. amasTanave, SedarebiT

gaumjobesda qalaqebis mosaxleobis mdgomareoba, Tumca ar Seicvala

araferi raionebsa da soflebSi. garda amisa, 1941-43 wlebSi marokoSi

mZinvarebda gvalva.

meore msoflio omis dros, safrangeTis marcxma Searyia misi

avtoriteti, riTac isargebla amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma. man

gaimyara Tavisi ekonomikuri kavSirebi marokoSi da daiwyo gamosvla

antikolonialuri reJimis winaaRmdeg. ruzveltma CerCilTan erTad xeli

moawera atlantikur qartias, romelSic xazgasmiT ewera, rom nebismier

qveyanas TviTon unda ganesazRvra Tavisi bedi [39,16].

,,erovnuli partia‘‘ moTxovnebis gansaxorcieleblad gaerTianda

partia ,,isTiklalTan‘‘, ahmad balafrejis meTaurobiT, romelic iqca

133

qveynis umsxviles partiad. 1944 wlis 11 ianvars, maT marokos sulTans,

safrangeTis administracias da mokavSireebs (inglisi, aSS...) gadaces

damoukideblobis manifesti, romelic eyrdnoboda atlantikur qartias.

avtorebi, damoukideblobis garda, iTxovdnen reformebis gatarebasac. am

yvelafers mohyva represiebi. sulTans mudmivad ugzavnidnen

damoukideblobis mxardamWer peticiebs. ben iusufma miiwvia ministrebi

manifestis ganxilvisTvis. Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac daevala

,,isTiklalTan‘‘ molaparakebebis warmoeba. safrangeTis xelisufleba ki

imdenad aRSfoTda, rom generalurma rezidentma erik iabonma ganacxada,

rom sityva damoukidebloba unda yofiliyo amogdebuli gulidan da

amoRebuli leqsikonidan. garda amisa, frangebma daapatimres manifestis

avtorebi. aman ufro metad gaamZafra mosaxleobis protesti [39,17; 111,90].

amave wels, maraqeSSi Sedga CerCilis, amerikis elCis parizSi da

vensan Juenis Sexvedra, romelzedac SemuSavebul iqna marokoSi

amerikelebis bazebis gamyarebis da sulTnis winaaRmdeg civi omis

gatarebis gegma.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg safrangeTma gaaZliera terori.

imperialistebi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gauswordnen fesisa da

rabatis mosaxleobas. viSis xelisufleba cdilobda gaevrcelebina

antiebrauli kanonebi, romlebsac ben iusufma xeli ar moawera. man

ganacxada, rom marokoSi cxovrobda msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi

ebraelTa diaspora da mxolod rezidentis survilis gamo isini ar

datovebdnen qveyanas.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaze, didi gavlena moaxdina 1945

wlis 22 marts, arabuli qveynebis ligis Seqmnamac. amave wlis ivnisis Sua

ricxvebSi sulTani ben iusufi Cavida parizSi droebiT mTavrobasTan

mosalaparakeblad, romelic fesis 1912 wlis SeTanxmebis sanacvlod

dapirda axali SeTanxmebis dadebas.

mogvianebiT, 1947-48 wlebSi, kairoSi Seiqmna CrdiloeT afrikis

ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti, romelmac axali sicocxlე Semata marokos

partiebs. am komitetSi Sevidnen alJirisa da Tunisis politikuri

partiebic [52,128].

134

1947 wels, generalur rezidentTan SeTanxmebiT marokos sulTani

Cavida tanJerSi, sadac 9 aprils sityviT gamosvlisas aRniSna Tavisi

xalxis Tavisuflebis ufleba da gaugzavna safrangeTis prezidents ori

memorandumi, romelSic moiTxovda ,,SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘ suverenitetis

aRiarebas, razedac safrangeTma uari ganacxada. sulTanma 12 aprils

pres-konferenciaze gamoxata piradi simpaTia arabuli qveynebis ligis

mimarT da ganacxada, rom marokoeli xalxi moipovebda Tavis uflebebs,

rac gaxda axali masobrivi gamosvlebis dawyebis erTgvari signali.

1947 wels, ganviTarebuli movlenebis da loialobis gamo, safrangeTma

Secvala Tavisi generaluri rezidenti erik iaboni, sastiki alfons

JueniT. igi iyo alJirSi mcxovrebi frangi Jandarmis Svili. Jueni de

golTan erTad swavlobda sen-sirkis samxedro saswavlebelSi, Tumca

kolonialur politikasTan dakavSirebiT maT hqondaT gansxvavebuli

Sexedulebebi. marokos rezidenti Tvlida, rom islamur saxelmwifoebSi

warmateba miiRweoda mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT da mtkice xeliT.

1947 wlis ivnisSi, frangebma miiRes axali kanoni, romlis safuZvelze

reorganizebul iqna sulTnis xelisufleba. maxzanis Zalaufleba

ifargleboda mxolod sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi marokoelebze

dakvirvebiT, romlebic emorCilebodnen safrangeTis rezidents [39,17].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom proteqtoratis damyarebis Semdeg marokos

sulTanma SeinarCuna vetos dadebis ufleba, rac iyo udidesi

prerogativa. nebismieri reforma Sedioda ZalaSi, mas Semdeg rac

,,dahiris‘‘ saxiT mas suvereni moawerda xels.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, safrangeTis axalma rezidentma ieriSi miitana

marokos sulTanze. vinaidan maraqeSeli faSa al-glavi (al-glaui) iyo

karg urTierTobebSi proteqtoratis xelmZRvanelobasTan, man gamoiyena

igi sulTnis winaaRmdeg. amasTanave, al-glavi iyo msxvili feodali da

mas eqvemdebareboda aTasobiT berberi. alfons YJuenma, iseve rogorc

misma winamorbedebma, scada eTnikuri SuRlis gaRviveba. igi estumra

maraqeSel faSas da gamoaqveyna manifesti, romelSiac ben iusufs

acxadebda ,,arakanonierad‘‘ da ,,religiis mtrad‘‘. al-glavim mouwoda

berberuli tomebis beladebs sulTnis sisxlis aRebisaken. amis garda,

axalma rezidentma daiwyo ,,wesrigis damyareba‘‘ administraciul

135

aparatSi. man scada adgilobrivi arCeviTi ansableebis Camoyalibeba da

municipalitetebis reformireba, rac saSualebas micemda marokoSi

mcxovreb 300 aTass frangs monawileoba mieRo adgilobriv arCevnebSi.

1947 wlis 20 ivniss ben iusufma kategoriuli uari ganacxada

SeTavazebuli reformebis xelis moweraze da sakanonmdeblo

Zalauflebis didi vazirisaTvis gadacemaze.

1947 wels, sulTanma weriliT mimarTa prezident vensan oriols,

romelSic Txovda safrangeT-marokos urTierTobebis gadaxedvas, xolo

erTi wlis Semdeg ben iusufma ganacxada, rom dadga marokos

damoukideblobis dro, rasac mohyva masobrivi gaficvebi da represiebi

[39,19].

1948 wels, ,,partia isTiklalma‘‘ gamarjveba moipova sakonsultacio

palataSi. ori wlis Semdeg ki Catarda erToblivi samTavrოbo sxdoma,

romlidanac Juenma gaaZeva nacionaluri partiis erT-erTi lideri, ahamad

liazidi. mas miyvnen partiis sxva wevrebic. 1950 wels, samTavrobo sabWos

sxdomaze uaryves frangebis mier wardgenili biujetis proeqti, ramac

gamoiwvia ara marto safrangeTis administraciis, aramed natos

SeSfoTebac. Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansi marokoSi flobda sazRvao da

sahaero bazebs.

1950 wels, sulTanma ben iusufma gaugzavna memorandumi safrangeTis

mTavrobas. daZabuli mdgomareobis ganmuxtvis mizniT, safrangeTis

xelisuflebam gadawyvita marokos sulTnis safrangeTSi mipatiJeba da

sazeimod daxvedra. gadawyda, rom ben iusufi darCeboda qveyanaSi sami

kviriT da pirveli dReebi iqneboda oficialuri. mas gamouyves

apartamentebi eliseis sasaxleSi. Tavdapirvelad, 9 oqtombers marokos

sulTani Cavida bordoSi, Tavis garemocvasTan da vaJTan hasan II-Tan

erTad. evropaSi vizitis dros, imyofeboda maraqeSis faSac al-glavi.

bordoSi maRribeli studentebi Sexvdnen sulTans antikolonialuri

lozungebiT. 11 oqtombers ben iusufi ewvia parizs, sadac sadgurze

daxvda mas prezidenti mTeli mTavrobis SemadgenlobiT. stumris

sapativcemulod gaisroles 101 zalpi. frangebma marokos sulTans

mouwyes arnaxuli daxvedra da miRebebi, Tumca ver moxerxda mTavar

sakiTxze SeTanxmeba. 31 oqtombers iusufma eliseis sasaxleSi miiRo

136

memorandumze pasuxi, romelic gulisxmobda mxolod calkeuli

reformebis gatarebas, cenzuris Sesustebas presaze da naklebad Carevas

faSebisa da yadiebis daniSvnisas. frangebi aseve aRiarebdnen marokoSi

damyarebul sastik mmarTvelobas da Tavazobdnen sulTans rig

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT erToblivi komisiis Seqmnas. rac mTavaria

safrangeTi ar miiCnevda, rom damdgari iyo is dro, rodesac ,,SarifTa

saxelmwifo‘‘ unda gamxdariyo damoukidebeli [39,19].

1951 wlis 5 ianvars, frangma rezidentma mosTxova ben iusufs

yovelgvari kavSiris gawyveta ,,partia isTiklalTan‘‘ da erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mxardaWeris Sewyveta. ganrisxebulma

sulTanma ,,moxsna‘‘ rezidenti dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan da aukrZala

mas sasaxleSi gamoCena. sapasuxod man 9 ianvars rabatSi gamoiyvana

tankebi da moსTxova qveynis mmarTvels ,,isTiklalis‘‘ sajarod dagmoba.

vaSingtonidan dabrunebulma Juenma, prezident trumenTan Sexvedris

Semdeg ormagi ZaliT ganaaxla brZola ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

winaaRmdeg. safrangeTsa da marokoSi mobilizebul iqna radio, presa,

kino, romlebic mudmivad akritikebdnen ben iusufs. imperialistebis

mTavari amocana iyo daerwmunebinaT marokoeli xalxi imaSi, rom

sulTani iyo reformebisa da progresis winaaRmdegi. am viTarebaSi

saomrad mzad iyo policia da jari [52,129]. isini akontrolebdnen

suverenis sasaxles da im raionebs, sadac cxovrobdnen marokoelebi. maT

aekrZalaT qveynis datoveba. am dros, al-glavim daadanaSaula

,,isTiklali‘‘ komunistur partiasTan TanamSromlobaSi, romelic

uaryofda islams da marokoul tradiciebs. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

gamovida islamis damcvelis rolSi.

12 Tebervals, safrangeTis rezidenti Sexvda marokos sulTans da man

kvlav wauyena Tavisi moTxovnebi. meore dRes Juenma gaugzavna suverens

imperialisturi deklaraciis gegma, romelic gmobda ,,partia

isTiklals‘‘. ben iusufis mier miwveulma vazirebisa da alimebis sabWom

erTxmad uaryo aRniSnuli gegma, rac Seatyobines generalur rezidents.

daSinebis mizniT, safrangeTis rezidenti imuqreboda berberebis

mxridan moqalaqeebis ZarcviTa da daxocviT. ra Tqma unda mas hqonda

frangebis im nawilebis imedi, romlebic ganlagebuli iyvnen did

137

qalaqebSi. safrangeTis administraciam moaxdina berberebis Sekreba.

maTma umetesobam arc ki icoda risTvis miiyvanes. tankebma alya

Semoartyes ben iusufis sasaxles da wauyenes mas ultimatumi - igi an

unda gadamdgariyo, an damorCilebuliyo rezidents.

1951 wlis 24 Tebervals, marokos sulTanma daSala kabineti, gaaZeva

ramdenime umaRlesi moxele, gadaayena karaviinis universitetis reqtori

da Tanxmoba ganacxada saministroebis reorganizaciaze. safrangeTis

xelisufleba amiT ver dakmayofilda da daJinebiT moiTxova dekretze

xelis mowera, romelic gmobda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas.

25 Tebervals, sulTani iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo daTmobaze da amitom

xeli moawera dekrets. mxolod amis Semdeg berberebi daabrunes

saxlebSi [52,130].

frangebi ver kmayofildebodnen miRweuli gamarjvebiT. maT calkeul

raionebSi daniSnes axali yadiebi (tilivini, al-ksibi...), rasac mohyva

demonstraciebi maTi moxsnis moTxovniT. Juenma daiwyo represiebis

gatareba partiebis winaaRmdeg. Tebervlis bolosa da martis dasawyisSi

Setakebebi policiasa da mosaxleobas Soris gadaizarda sisxlisRvraSi.

yoveldRiurad iWerdnen aTasobiT adamians, aikrZala yovelgvari krebis

Catareba, faqtobrivad Sewyda gazeTebis gamoSveba. rabati mTlianad iqna

okupirebuli, fessa da meqnesSi ki gamocxadda saomari mdgomareoba.

generalurma rezidentma Camoayaliba axali kabineti, riTac gazarda

Tavisi uflebamosileba. man waarTva marokos sulTans beWedi, gamoca

ramdenime ,,dahiri‘‘ da dasaxa axali mTavrobis gegma. ben iusufma uari

Tqva kvlav daniSnuli ministrebis miRebaze da ganacxada, rom 27

Tebervals gamocemuli dekreti iyo yalbi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi qveyanaSi imata felahebis gamosvlebmac.

maTi Caqrobis mizniT proteqtoratis xelmZRvanelobam xuTi frangis

mkvlelis povnis sababiT, gadaaqcies xenifras da Tadlas Soris mdebare

raioni samxedro zonad. iq gaigzavna 10 aTasi jariskaci da sapolicio

razmebi. isini Cxrekdnen saxlebs, spobdnen dasaxlebebs, mosavals,

mindvrebs, aupatiurebdnen qalebs, Zarcvavdnen da apatimrebdnen

mosaxleobas. ivnisis TveSi analogiuri sapolicio operaciebi gatarda

Sua atlasSic.

138

situaciis gasamuxtad, 1951 wels gamocxadda sasoflo-sameurneo

TviTmmarTvelobis arCeviTi organoebis Seqmna (jama ‘a). jama ‘a marTvda

koleqtiur miwebs da adgenda olqis biujets.

1951 wlis 28 agvistos, generali Jueni daniSnes safrangeTis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavar inspeqtorad da igi Secvala generalma

giiom, romelic aseve warmatebiT agrZelebda Tavisi winamorbedis kurss.

1952 wels aikrZala ,,partia isTiklali‘‘. safrangeTi TandaTanobiT

aqcevda qveyanas samxedro banakad, xalxi ki agrZelebda

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikelebi cdilobdnen gamoeyenebinaT marokoSi

Seqmnili viTreba TavianT sasargeblod. 1952 wlis zafxulisaTvis

qveyanaSi iyo 300 aTasze meti amerikeli samoqalaqo da samxedro piri.

isini aerodromebis asaSeneblad iTvisebdnen felahebis miwebs. magaliTad

erT-erTi bazis asaSeneblad maT gamoasaxles 6 aTasi arabi. garda amisa,

amerikelebi yidulobdnen frangebisgan aqciebs, asaRebdnen TavianT

Cawolil saqonels. amerikelebsa da frangebs Soris maleve daiZaba

urTierToba. orive saxelmwifos surda marokos bazris xelSi mTlianad

Cagdeba. marokoeli xalxi imdenad daiRala kolonizatorebis fofiniT,

rom xeli mokides iaraRs. isini Tavs esxmodnen amerikelebsa da

frangebs, maT sawyobebs da matareblebs [39,12].

1952 wlis 11 ianvars, marokos saxelmwifos erovnulma frontma

gaugzavna sulTans werili, romelSic Txovdnen proteqtoratis

gauqmebas. severens ar SeeZlo arafris gakeTeba. amave TveSi, sami

rabateli imimi daajarimes 1000 frankiT, vinaidan isini mexuTe locvaSi

axsenebdnen ,,axali libiis dabadebas‘‘ da SeTxovdnen alahs am

qveynisaTvis mowyalebis da daxmarebis gawevas. es yvelaferi mowmobda

imaze, rom safrangeTis administracias ,,samRvdeloebaSi‘‘ Segzavnili

hyavda jaSuSebi da sasuliero pirebi mxars uWerdnen

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis ideebs. paralelurad amisa, isev

mimdinareobda masobrivi dapatimrebebi.

14 marts, ben iusufma kvlav mimarTa safrangeTs molaparakebebis

Catarebis, marokos damoukideblobis da profkavSirebis Taobaze [47,136].

suverenma pasuxi miiRo mxolod naxevari wlis Semdeg, 17 seqtembers.

139

werilSi araferi ewera molaparakebebis dawyebaze, SeTavazebuli iyo

mxolod umniSvnelo reformebi:

1. yvela sofelSi arCevnebis safuZvelze jama'as dafuZneba.

2. qalaqebSi naxevrad Sereuli municipaluri komisiebis Seqmna da

raionul centrebSi ori qveynis komisiis Camoyalibeba (es

yvelaferi ki marokoSi mcxovreb frangebs saSualebas micemda

arCeuliyvnen aRniSnul komisiebSi da marokoelebis msgavsad

hqonodaT saTaTbiro xma).

3. iusticiis organoebis reorganizacia, rac arafris momcemi iyo da

aZlierebda mxolod safrangeTis kontrols maxzanze.

30 marts marokos sxadasxva qalaqSi, maT Soris kasablankaSi, safiSi,

mrirtSi da tanJerSi moewyo demonstraciebi. tanJeris mosaxleobam

gagzavna peticia mandubis saxelze, romelSic gamoxatavdnen protests

adgilobrivi policiis mier mowyobil represiebsa da sisxlisRvraze

[47,137]. xalxis Seupovari brZolis wyalobiT, seqtembris dasawyisSi

gaanTavisufles patriotebis didi nawili, rac iyo pirveli gamarjveba

proteqtoratis xelmZRvanelobaze. frangebma isev cades espanelebis

revanSisaTvis gamoyeneba. Tumca, es ar Sedioda maT interesSi da

safrangeTi verafers gaxda.

1952 wlis 18 noembers, marokos taxtis dResaswaulze ben iusufma

gamoacxada, rom male dadgeboda is dRec, rodesac qveyana

ganTavisufldeboda agresorebisagan [47,139].

dekembris TveSi, politikuri departamentis xelmZRvanelma

kasablankaSi frangul gazeTs Seugdo bombi, rasac mohyva represiebis

axali talRa. xalxi kvlav gamovida frangebis winaaRmdeg.

kolonizatorebma daxoces 2 aTasi marokoeli. es iyo yvelaze didi

xocva-Jletva rifis ajanyebis Semdeg [47,140]. ajanyebebi moxda rabatSi,

ujdaSi da sxva did qalaqebSic. is gavrcelda espaneTis zonazec da

tanJerSic. amis sapasuxod daapatimres 43 aTasi patrioti.

antiimperialisturma gamosvlebma gamoxmaureba hpova soflebSic [47,142].

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom marokos sulTnis, ben iusufis

daumorCilebloba urTulebda saqmes kolonialur mTavrobas. sulTani

140

xdeboda saSiSi figura da amitom generalurma rezidentma gadawyvita

misi mokvla.

1953 wlis 4 aprils, fesSi Catarda ,,maRribis muslimTa yriloba‘‘,

general laparis mfarvelobiT. karaviinis universitetis erT-erTma

profesorma, al-kitanma, romelic iyo sulTnis mowinaaRmdege brali

dasdo mas ,,islamis principebis‘‘ RalatSi. proteqtoratis

administraciam yrilobaze miiwvia 1300 muslimi-marokodan, alJiridan,

Tunisidan, libiidan da mavriTaniidan, romlebic warmoadgendnen 2000

zavias. yriloba gagrZelda sami dRe, romelzedac miiRes antimarokouli

rezolucia.

mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda SeTqmuleba sulTnis

winaaRmdeg, romelSic CaerTo Juenic. 1953 wlis 21 maiss, gamovida

faSebisa da yadiebis peticia, romelic religiuri poziciebidan

gamomdinare iTxovda suverenis gadayenebas [47,143]. safrangeTis

administraciam gagzavna peticia parizSi da aRniSna, rom igi gamoxatavda

mTeli marokoeli xalxis azrs. amis sapasuxod, 31 maiss, nacionaluri

partiebis meTaurebma mimarTes arabuli saxelmwifoebis ligis samdivnos

politikuri komitetis mowvevis TxovniT, romelic ganixilavda Seqmnil

viTarebas. yvelaferma aman kidev ufro daZaba mdgomareoba. kasablankaSi

gamocxadda sayovelTao gaficva. daiwyo represiebis axali talRa.

10 agvistos, qalaq mulai-idrisSi ben iusufis mowinaaRmdegem

al-glavim da misma Tanamoazreebma dades fici, rom bolos mouRebdnen

mis mmarTvelobas. marTlac mzaddeboda gadatrialeba, romlis centri

iyo maraqeSi. ,,wiTel qalaqSi‘‘ idgnen SeiaraRebuli bebrberebi. 12

agvistos, ben iusufma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa safrangeTis prezidents,

vensan oriols. ra Tqma unda, man daxmareba ver miiRo.

13 agvistos, generalma giiom rabatSi alya Semoartya sulTnis

sasaxles. generalma mosTxova ben iusufs, rom xeli moewera ,,reformebis

proeqtze‘‘, uari eTqva Tavis sakanonmdeblo uflebebze da ganecxadebina

gaeros arakompetenturoba marokos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. sulTnis

saboloo gatexisaTvis giiom gadaWra sasaxlis satelefono kavSiri,

riTac gadaaqcia igi tyved. garda amisa, safrangeTma gazarda kontroli

didi vaziris sabWoze. sulTani ben iusufi iZulebuli gaxda

141

daTanxmeboda wamoyenebul yvela moTxovnas. paralelurad, maraqeSSi

miwveul iqna sulTnis sabWo, xolo 14 agvistos rabatSi Seikribnen

mowinaaRmdege faSebi da yadiebi. maT gadawyvites iusufis damxoba [47,146].

19 agvistos rabatSi SeiWrnen SeiaraRebuli berberebi, meore dRes ki

kvlav alya Semoartyes ben iusufis sasaxles da ojaxTan erTad

gadaasaxles madagaskarze. sulTnad gamoacxades misive naTesavi `qveynis

moRalate‘‘, `marioneti‘‘ - ben ‘arafa, romelmac daikava taxti. am

yvelaferma gamoiwvia gaficvebis, demonstraciebis da dapatimrebebis

axali talRa. magaliTad ujdaSi daapatimres 4 aTasze meti

demonstranti [47,147; 22,318].

safrangeTis moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg aRdga mTeli qveyana. yofili

sulTani ben iusufi gaxda damoukideblobis simbolo da iqca

nacionalur gmirad. aRsaniSnavia, rom frangebma akrZales locvaSi ben

iusufis xseneba, ris gamoc morwmuneebi aRar dadiodnen meCeTebSi,

radgan ,,wabilwuli‘‘ iqna frangebis mier. isini mas uwodebdnen ara

,,baiTu-l-alahs‘‘, aramed ,,baiTu-l-munafikins'' [118,90]. is muslimebi ki,

romlebic aqamde pasiurobdnen daiwyes aqtiuri brZola. gogonebma dades

fici, rom ben iusufis dabrunebamde ar daojaxdebodnen, qalebi ar

aanTebdnen sinaTles, mamakacebi ar mowevdnen. rac mTavaria, marokoelebma

gamoucxades protesti yvelanair frangul nawarms, ramac safrangeTis

saxelmwifos firmebs moutana didi zarali da Tu adre ,,partia

isTiklalis‘‘ ufro zomieri frTa acxdebda, rom yurani iyo yovelgvari

Zaladobis da Zalis winaaRmdegi, am periodSi mouwodebda yvelas

SeiaraRebuli brZolisaken [47,149].

ben ‘arafas orjer Tavs daesxnen. amis sapasuxod, 1953 wlis 26

dekembers gamoica dekreti, romlis safuZvelze vinc dadanaSaulebuli

iqneboda sulTanze TavdasxmaSi daisjeboda sikvdiliT [44,79]. qalaqebis

quCebi savse iyo SeiaraRebuli policielebiT, cixeebi ki ise gadaivso,

rom patimrebis nawili gadaiyvanes simagreebSi da sastikad awamebdnen.

dilaobiT maTi gvamebi gahqondaT quCebSi. im raionebSi, sadac cxovrobda

ZirZveli mosaxleoba, iniSneboda ,,wesrigisaTvis pasuxismgebeli piri“,

romelic iTvleboda tyved. raionebSi policiis nebarTvis gareSe

akrZaluli iyo stumrebis miReba da qorwilebis gamarTva. xalxs ZaliT

142

mierekebodnen meCeTebSi. yvelafris miuxedavad, safrangeTi Tavs marokoSi

aramyarad grZnobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom espaneTma uari ganacxada axali

sulTnis cnobaze.

1954 wlis 21 marts, safrangeTis generalur rezidentad dainiSna

diplomati lakorti [49,80]. rezidentis gamocvlam TiTqmis araferi

Secvala. marokoelebs dapirdnen farTo politikuri reformebis

gatarebas, rac saboolod unda damTavrebuliyo TviTmmarTvelobiT.

qveyanaSi grZeldeboda frangebis SeRweva da isev mZvinvarebda

policiuri terori. mosaxleoba ar wyvetda brZolas da mudmivad

iTxovda ben iusufis dabrunebas da damoukideblobis aRiarebas.

marokoelebis Tavdadebam piks miaRwia 1954 wlis agvistoSi. miuxedavad

imisa, rom safrangeTma dainaxa, rom maTi mizani uryevi iyo,

kolonialuri reJimi mainc agrZelebda Zveli meTodebiT brZolas da

sistematurad cvlida rezidentebs. agvistoSi demonstraciebi

mimdinareobda fesSi, kasablankasa da ptiJanSi, ramac imsxverpla

aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle [49,81]. fesSi policiam da jarma xelSi

aiRo arabuli kvartlebis yvela gasavlel-gamosasvleli, ptiJanSi

kenitridan da sidi-slimanidan gaigzavna policia, kenitraSi policias

exmareboda jari. mokluli iqna 11 da daiWra 30 adamiani.

20 agvistos, gadatrialebis wlisTavze daiwyo saerTo gaficva [48,82].

amave dRes, ,,damoukideblobis partiis“ meTaurebi balafreji da

al-fasi gamovidnen sityviT Jenevasa da madridSi. maT xazi gausves, rom

marokoSi mSvidobis damyarebis mTavari piroba iyo muhamad ben iusufis

dabruneba.

am periodSi imperialistebma nacionaluri SuRlis gaRvivebis da

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis dasustebis mizniT daiwyes ebraelebis

darbeva. frangebma gaWirvebiT moaxerxes gaficvebis CaxSoba. agvistos

TveSi daapatimres 30 aTasze meti adamiani.

antiimperialisturma gamosvlebma kvlav ifeTqa taxtis dRis

dResaswaulze, 18 noembers. sami dRe gagrZelda sayovelTao gaficva

[49,83].

1955 wels, profkavSirebis saerTaSoriso konfederaciam venaSi miiRo

rezolucia marokoSi arsebuli kolonialuri reJimis gauqmebaze,

143

profkavSiris da mSromelebis uflebis gazrdaze da maTi meTaurebis

cixidan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze.

garda amisa, marokos sakiTxi Setanil iqna gaeros meaTe sesiaze, magram

gadaido taxtze kanonieri sulTnis dabrunebamde, vinaidan es niSnavda

safrangeTis mxridan poziciebis daTmobas [49,78].

1955 wlis zafxulSi antiimperialistebs Soris Camovarda uTanxmoeba.

Sua atlasis berberuli tomebis oTxma beladma uari ganacxada

al-glavis berberebis umaRles meTaurad aRiarebaze. 11 agvistos maT

gaugzavnes depeSa safrangeTis premier-ministrs, romelsac Txovdnen ben

iusufis dabrunebas. rifis da Sua atlasis berberuli tomebi gadavidnen

damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolebis mxareze da aqtiurad CaerTnen

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi [49,85].

14 agvistos, generaluri rezidentis granvalis iniciativiT, ben ‘arafas

gadaeca ministrTa sabWos werili, romelic Tavazobda axali mTavrobis

Seqmnas, Tumca misi politikiT ukmayofilo pirebma rezidenti aiZules

gadamdgariyo. 31 agvistos, marokoSi safrangeTis axal rezidentad

dainiSna buaie de laturi. igi marokomde iyo Tunisis rezidenti. am

dros frangebma gadawyvites molaparakebebis dawyeba, magram politikur

partiebs eWvi eparebodaT axali dapirebebis realobaSi,

,,damoukideblobis partiam‘‘ ki ukanonod cno axali sulTnis mier

gamocemuli kanonebi.

mTeli agvisto ar wydeboda demonstraciebi, romlebSic monawileoba

miiRes xenifrasa da vadi zemis berberulma tomebmac. ajanyebulTa

CaxSobaSi monawileobda 7 aTasze meti jariskaci, tankebiTa da aviaciiT

[49,86].

safrangeTis delegacias saTaveSi edga fori, marokosi-vaziri

al-glavi. molaparakebaSi CarTuli iyvnen ,,damoukideblobis

demokratiuli partiis‘‘ warmomadgenlebic. 23 agvistos dawyebuli

molaparakeba dasrulda 25 agvistos ben ‘arafas damxobis, ben iusufis

dabrunebis gadawyvetilebiTa da samkaciani taxtis sabWos miRebis

SeTanxmebiT [49,87]. ultrakolonizatorebi ki bolomde cdilobdnen, rom

muhamad ben iusufs sabolood uari eTqva taxtze. 26 agvistos, eks-le-

benSi (safrangeTi) gaimarTa molaparakeba safrangeTsa da marokos Soris.

144

27 agvistos, miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, rac iTvaliswinebda taxtis sabWos

Seqmnas da muhamad V-s samSobloSi dabrunebas.

1955 wlis seqtemberSi, ,,marokos damoukideblobis‘‘ da

,,damoukideblobis demokratiuli partiis‘‘ warmomadgenlebi safrangeTis

oficialur pirebTan erTad Cavidnen madagaskarSi, ben iusufTan

mosalaparakeblad. yofili sulTani daTanxmda mTavrobisa da taxtis

sabWos Seqmnaze da aiRo valdebuleba, rom ar Caereoda politikur

mRelvarebaSi [48,87]. 20 seqtembers, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba ben

‘arafas gadayenebaze. mas 10 dRe dasWirda imisaTvis, rom daetovebina

rabati. Semdeg ben ‘arafa gadavida TunisSi. Tumca, frangebi ar

Cqarobdnen taxtis memkvidreobis sabWos Seqmnas. 1 oqtombers

ganxorcielda rifisa da atlasis tomebis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla.

erTiani xelmZRvaneloba koordinacias uwevda marokosa da alJirSi

jarebis moqmedebas. 3 oqtombers mimdinareobda SeiaraRebuli brZola

Sua atlassa da rifSi. Sua atlasis garda, seriozuli Setakebebi moxda

qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da ujdis raionSi. amave Tves, marokos

sakiTxi ganixiles safrangeTis nacionalur krebaze. 15 oqtombers

sabolood gadawyda taxtis sabWos Seqmna [49,88].

5 noembers, safrangeTis mTavroba wavida kidev erT daTmobaze. man

oficialurad aRiara muhamad ben iusufi sruluflebian sulTnad. meore

dRes gamoqveynda safrangeT-marokos erToblivi deklaracia, romelSic

ewera, rom ben iusufi apirebda mTavrobis Seqmnas. amis Semdeg sulTans

unda daewyo molaparakeba safrangeTTan, marokosaTvis damoukideblobis

statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb [49,90].

ben iusufi Tavdapirvelad Cavida parizSi. patiebis misaRebad masTan

mivida moRalate vaziri al-glavi. muhamad ben iusufma gamarTa

konsultaciebi sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebTan da

politikosebTan.

9 noembers generalur rezidentad dainiSna parizis policiis prefeqti,

andre dibua, romelsac daevala safrangeT-marokos, 6 noembris

deklaraciis gatareba.

1955 wlis 14 noembers, ben iusufi radioTi miesalma marokoel xalxs,

xolo 16 noembers Cavida rabatSi. misi dabruneba iyo saxalxo zeimi. mas

145

100 aTasze meti adamiani daxvda dedaqalaqis SesasvlelTan.

tradiciisamebr, Sarifs miarTves rZe da finiki. sadResaswaulod

morTul quCebSi gamokidebuli iyo marokos saxelmwifo droSebi.

amave dRes Seiwyales 1713 patimari. gamarjvebis miuxedavad, Zalaufleba

mainc frangebis xelSi iyo. 19 noembers kasablankaSi ajanydnen

politpatimrebi. isini iTxovdnen Tavisuflebas. frangebma mokles 3

politpatimari. sapasuxod, 22 noembers kasablankis mosaxleobam

gamoacxada sayovelTao gaficva. demonstraciebi mimdinareobda sxva

qalaqebSic, rifSi, Sua atlsSi, zeda atlasSi grZeldeboda ajanyebebi.

1955 wlis 7 dekembers, formirebul iqna axali mTavroba. 1956 wlis 29

oqtombers fedalaSi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze xeli moewera

deklaracias-tanJerSi saerTaSoriso reJimis gauqmebaze [49,96].

1956 wlis 15 noembers daiwyo safrangeT-marokos molaparakebis axali

raundi qveynis damoukideblobis Taobaze, rac dasrulda 2 marts.

safrangeTma cno marokos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba [81,476]. amave

wlis 7 aprils espaneTmac aRiara misi damoukidebloba. 12 noembers ki

maroko gaxda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri.

1957 wels, ben iusuf muhamad V-m miiRo mefis tituli1 da Seudga

qveynis erovnuli aRorZinebis kurss – ,,filalis dinastia aRdga‘‘. 44-

wliani Seupovari brZolis Sedegad, `SarifTa saxelmwifom‘‘ daibruna

damoukidebloba [121,19; 43,12; 91,31].

kolonizaciam Tavisi daRi daasva marokos, magram droTa

ganmavlobaSi, qveyanam TandaTanobiT SeZlo Zalebis mokreba da

Rirseuli adgilis damkvidreba ara marto arabul samyaroSi, aramed

mTel saerTaSoriso sarbielze. kolonialuri reJimis miuxedavad, man

mainc SinarCuna Tavisi istoriuli da kulturuli tradiciebi. igi im

arabuli saxelmwifoTagania, romelic warmatebiT viTardeba da

warmoadgens maRribis demokratiis, ekonomikisa da kulturis centrs.

marokos samefos kulturuli Zeglebis didi nawili ki Setanilia

iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi.

1 maroko konstituciuri monarqiaa. moqmedebs 1972 wlis konstitucia, 1996 wlis 13 seqtembers Setanili cvlilebebiT. 2011 wlis 1 ivliss Catarda referendumi axali konstituciis miRebis Sesaxeb. qveynis devizia: `alahi, samSoblo, mefe‘‘.

146

`SarifTa saxelmwifos‘‘ prestiJi ufro metad gaizarda 1999 wlidan,

rac reformatorad wodebuli mefis muhamad VI-s1 udavo damsaxurebaa.

monarqis marTvis stili dasavleTSi did mowonebas imsaxurebs. igi

gansakuTrebiT didi siyvaruliT sargeblobs axalgazrdebSi da maRali

fenis sazogadoebaSi. mis mier gatarebuli mravali reformis Sedegad

qveyanaSi iklo umuSevrobam, SemuSavebul iqna ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

programebi, imedi miecaT gaWirvebul, socialurad daucvel adamianebs,

cixeebidan gamovida aTasobiT politpatimari. umaRless postebze daiwyo

qalebis daniSvna da gaizarda maTi uflebebi. muhamad VI-s iniciativiT

masmedia nawilobriv gadavida kerZo pirebis xelSi da SesaZlebeli gaxda

adre akrZaluli informaciis gamoqveyneba. maroko arabul qveynebs

Soris warmoadgens im iSviaT gamonakliss, sadac xalxs Tavisuflad

SeuZlia Tavisi poziciis Tamamad gamoxatva.

1994 wlidan ,,SarifTa saxelmwifo‘‘ evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevria,

magram swored mefe muhamad VI-s Zalisxmevis Sedegad gafarTovda

urTierTobebi marokosa da evrokavSirs Soris. amasTanave, qveynis mTavari

partniorebi safrangeTi da aSS, seriozulad ganixilaven dasavleT

saharaSi ara referendumis, aramed sadao teritoriisTvis

TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis sakiTxs, marokos SemadgenlobaSi. afrikisa

da aziis aTamde saxelmwifom ukan waiRo dasavleT saharis

saxelmwifoebriobis cnobis moTxovna.

garda amisa, marokos samefo, iseve rogorc msoflios sxva qveynebi,

aqtiurad CaerTo terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis mier wamowyebul terorizmis winaaRmdeg kampaniaSi

TanamSromlobisaTvis mas mieniWa nato-s mokavSiris statusi [157,3-4].

1 1999 wlis 30 ivliss, marokos samefo taxtze avida filalis dinastiis gvirgvinosani, muhamad VI. igi daibada 1963 wels. 1981 wels daamTavra sasaxlesTan arsebuli saSualo saswavlebeli. umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRo rabatis muhamad V-s saxelobis universitetSi, iurispudenciis ganxriT. 1999 wels daamTavra sorbonis universiteti da iqve daicva disertacia evropisa da maRribis qveynebis TanamSromlobis sakiTxebze. is pirveli arabi monarqia, romlis titulaturaSi iurispudenciis doqtoris evropul universitetSi miRebuli diplomi Sedis. igi brwyinvaled flobs frangul, espanur da inglisur enebs. man staJireba gaiara evrokavSirisa da gaeros saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. gamefebamde iyo marokos genStabis biuros koordinatori. 1994 wels mieniWa diviziis generlis wodeba [157,3; 158,2].

147

daskvna

amrigad, naSromSi `Sarifebi da filalis dinastia marokoSi‘‘,

Seswavlilia SarifTa gamoCena da damkvidreba `SarifTa saxelmwifoSi‘‘,

filalis dinastiis istoria. TemaSi mimoxilulia is socialur-

ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli procesebi, romelTac adgili

qondaT XVII-XX saukuneebis marokos cxovrebaSi.

naSromSi yuradReba fokusirdeba politikur da istoriul

movlenebze. aseve mimoxilulia berberebis istoria, gadmocemulia maTi

roli qveynis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. berberebis adaT-Cveulebani dResac

gansxvavdeba arabebisagan, magram maT kargad SeiTvises arabuli ena da

kultura.

Sarifebs mouxdaT mZime brZolis gadatana arabul-berberul tomebTan,

qveyanaSi stabilurobis dasamkvidreblad da Zalauflebis

gansamtkiceblad. filalim, SeiZleba iTqvas, maroko gadaarCina daRupvas.

‘alavitma sulTnebma qveyana gamoiyvanes mZime mdgomareobidan. XVII-XVIII

saukuneebSi maT araerTxel daamarcxes da ukuagdes ajanyebuli tomebi

da ucxo Zalebi. aRniSnuli periodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos marokos

aRorZinebis xanad. ‘alavitebma garkveulwilad daZlies feodaluri

CamorCeniloba.

mulai ismailis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, mosaxleoba wina periodTan

SedarebiT gamovida mZime mdgomareobidan da rac umniSvnelovanesia,

sulTan ismailis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, Seiqmna namdvili jari, romlis

meSveobiTac qveyanaSi damyarda simSvide da wesrigi. aRdga agreTve

teritoriuli mTlianoba, amoRebul iqna gadasaxadebi. ismaili istoriaSi

Sevida, rogorc amaRorZinebeli sulTani. amave dros, igi cnobili iyo,

rogorc despoti mmarTveli. mis mier gatarebuli politikis gareSe

`SarifTa saxelmwifo‘‘ aRar iarsebebda. sulTanma ismailma aaRorZina

vaWroba, kari gauxsna ucxoel vaWrebs, ramac iqonia marokos ekonomikaze

rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi gavlena. ismailma datova `axali

meqnesi‘‘ da ukvdavi saxeli. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, marokos siZliere

TandaTanobiT Seirya.

148

xelsayreli adgilmdebareobis da kargi bunebrivi pirobebis gamo,

qveyana yovelTvis izidavda ucxoel dampyroblebs. am yvelaferma

Seasrula, rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi roli. miuxedavad imisa,

rom kolonizaciam marokoSi Seitana ,,civilizacia‘‘, man mainc daRi

daasva mas.

XIX saukunidan marokoze gaZlierda evropis saxelmwifoebis zewola,

rac sabolood, kolonialuri `cieb-cxelebis‘‘ periodSi dasrulda misi

damoukideblobis dakargviT.

qveynisaTvis brZolam gansakuTrebul piks miaRwia XX saukunis

dasawyisSi. vinaidan am periodisaTvis dRevandeli marokos samefo iyo

susti politikuri, samxedro da finansuri TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda

msoflio gadanawilebis brZolaSi igi ver acda kolonizatorTa

agresias.

mravali winaaRmdegobebisa da siZneleebis miuxedavad, filalis

dinastiam dRemde SeinarCuna taxti. monarqis keTilSobiluri

warmomavloba dResac iwvevs muslimTa pativiscemas da aRfrTovanebas.

dResdReobiT, marokos samefo aris maRribis erT-erT mTavari

politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri da kulturis centri. maroko,

CrdiloeT afrikaSi im qveyanaTagania, sadac arabul-berberulma da

andalusiurma kulturam miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals.

islamis damkvidrebis Semdeg da filalis gamgeblobis periodSi,

arabuli maRribis religiur, politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

umniSvnelovaness rols asrulebdnen qalaqebi, romlebic

gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobdnen islamur samyaroSi.

qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare qalaqi fesi - `maRribis meqa‘‘

ramdenjerme iyo marokos dedaqalaqi. man gauZlo mraval qartexils.

saukuneebis win daarsebuli qalaqi, dResac islamuri kulturis

mkvlevarTa interess imsaxurebs.

mecnierTa kvlevis sagans warmoadgenen agreTve qalaqebi - maraqeSi,

rabati da meqnesi. `wiTelma qalaqma‘‘, romelmac qveyanas misca

Tanamedrove saxelwodeba, dRemde SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba. rogorc

aRiniSna, drogamoSvebiT igi iyo saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi, sadac

149

moRvaweobdnen udidesi arabi da andalusieli mecnierebi,

RvTismetyvelebi, kanonmdeblebi.

rac Seexeba rabats, is iyo al-muvahidebis dedaqalaqi, aseve

saukuneebis manZilze asrulebda portis rols da warmoadgenda

mekobreTa keras. rabati Tavisi saintereso istoriiTa da mdidari

arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT, dResac ipyrobs mkvlevarTa, Tu mogzaurTa

yuradRebas. marokos rigiT me-4 sataxto qalaqi meqnesi, amJamad qveynis

samxreT regionis ekonomikuri centria. odesRac saxelganTqmuli

dedaqalaqi, dRes ,,CrdilSia‘‘ moqceuli.

kasablanka yovelTvis asrulebda umniSvnelovanes rols qveynis

ganviTarebaSi da hasan II-is meCeTi warmoadgens muslimur samyaroSi

unikalur nagebobas, ris gamoc saWirod miviCnieT Zalian mokled misi

istoriis gadmocema. ,,TeTri qalaqi‘‘ yovelTvis aqtiurad iyo CarTuli

qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebSi.

arabul-berberulma tomebma Seasrules gadamwyveti roli marokos

istoriaSi. daumorCilebeli tomebi xSirad uqmnidnen problemebs

sulTnebs, amavdroulad isini drodadro exmarebodnen mmarTvelebs

Zalauflebis mopovebasa da wesrigis damyarebaSi.

amasTanave, proteqtoratis dros frangebma bevrjer cades berberul-

arabuli tomebis dapirispireba. amiT isini cdilobdnen eTnikuri SuRlis

aRmocenebas da mis gaRvivebas. xalxis erTmaneTs Soris gadakidebiT

imedovnebdnen, rom advilad daimorCilebdnen marokos mosaxleobas, rac

ar gamouvidaT.

kolonizatorebs seriozul problemebs uqmnida rifis respublika.

rifelebis Tavganwirulma brZolam sagrZnoblad Searyia espaneT-

safrangeTis kolonialuri reJimi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT araerTxel

cades rifis berberuli tomebis mosyidva da arabebTan dapirispireba,

ver miaRwies sawadels. evropelebis agresiam kidev ufro daaaxlova

berber-arabebi. maTi Tavdadeba gaxda Tavisuflebis brZolis magaliTi

sxva kolonialuri reJimebis qveS myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis.

amavdroulad, Tavisuflebis survilma ufro metad SeakavSira xalxi,

romelTa wyalobiT `SarifTa saxelmwifom‘‘, 44-wliani Tavganwiruli

150

brZolis Sedegad aRidgina nanatri saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da

daikava Rirseuli adgili saerTaSoriso arenaze.

151

muhamadi

ali

iunusi

‘abd ar-rahmani rahmanianebis Sorfa

al_hasani

al_hasani

‘abd al-lah al-qamili

idris I

idris II da’udi omari al-kasimi ‘isa ‘abd al-lahi iahia muhamadi

iahia katanianebis

Sorfa

maSiSi

‘abd al-lahi

raisunianebis

Sorfa

‘abd as-salami

iamlahi lihiani-anebis Sorfa

vazanielebis Sorfa

musa SafSavianebis Sorfa

iahia

muhamadi

iahia

ibrahimi

iahia

iahia

hamudi

ali

muhamadi

hamidianebis Sorfa

‘abd al-vahidi ‘abd al-lahi

‘abd ar-rahmani tahirianebis Sorfa

ali Sahibianebis Sorfa

‘imranianebis Sorfa talibianebis da Ralibianebis Sorfa

juTianebi

idrisianTa Sorfa

152

‘abd al-lah al-qamilis Sto

‘abd al-lah qamili muhamad an-nafs az-zaqiia

al-kasimi

ismaili

muhamadi

kasimi

al-hasan ad-daxili

ahmadi

zaidani

makhuli muhamadi

al-hasani

ali aS-Sarifi

‘alavitebis, igive

filalebis Sorfa

ali

‘abd ar-rahmani

muhamad al-kaim bi-amr ‘ilahi

sa‘debis Sorfa

153

filalis (‘alavitebis) dinastiis sulTnebi

muhamad ali aS-Sarifi (TafilaleTSi) 1631 – 1635/36

muhamad II ibn muhamadi 1635/6 – 1664

ar-raSidi 1664 – 1672

ismaili 1672 – 1727

ahmad az-zahabi 1727-1729

‘abd al-lahi 1729-1736

‘abd al-lahi 1736-1757 (mas ecilebodnen Zalauflebas uzurpatorebi da taxtis sxva pretendentebi. am periodSi man samjer daikava taxti.)

muhamad III ibn ‘abd al-lahi 1757 - 1790

iazidi 1790-1792

hiSami 1792-1793

sulaimani, igive slimani 1793-1822

‘abd ar-rahmani 1822-1859

muhamad IV ibn ‘abd ar-rahmani 1859-1873

al–hasan ibn muhamadi 1873-1895

‘abd al-‘azizi 1895-1908

‘abd al-hafizi 1908-1912

iusufi 1912-1927

muhamad V ben iusufi 1927-1953

muhamad ben ‘arafa 1953-1955

muhamad V 1955-1962 (meorejer, 1957 wels man miiRo mefis tituli.)

mefe hasan II 1962-1999

mefe muhamad VI 1999-dan

154

marokos samefos politikuri ruka

155

marokos saxelmwifo droSa da gerbi

rifis respublikis droSa da gerbi

156

http://ostranah.ru/morocco/flag.php

http://ostranah.ru/morocco/emblem.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Imperial_Star_x75.gif

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi

1. az-zaia ni ahmad, al-xabar ‘an aval davla min duval al-aSraf ‘alavÒÒn

min avaldina aS-SarÒf ‘ali. ba ris, 1886.

2. ibn xaldón, Ta’rÒxu-l-‘alamÒa. qiTabu-l-‘ibr va divanu-l-mubTada’ va

al-xabar fi aiami-l-‘arab va al-‘ajm va al-barbar min ‘asarihim zavi

as-sultan al-aqbar. al-mujalid as-sadis, bairóT, 1967.

3. ‘Абд ар-Рахман ибн ‘Абд ал-Хакам, Завоевание Египта, аль-Магриба и аль-

Андалуса. Перевод с арабского, М., 1985.

4. Лев Африканский, Африка – третья часть света. Перевод с итальянского,

Л.,1983.

5. Histoire des Berberes et des dynasties musulmans de l’Afrique septentionale par

Ibn Khaldoun. Traduite de l’Arabe par M.L. Baron de Slane, tome dèuxieme,

Paris, 1852.

6. Houdas V. Octave, Le Maroc de 1631 ά 1812. Exstrait de l‘ouvrage intitule,

Amsterdam, 1969.

7. Mèmoires d’Abd el-Krim, recueillis par Roger-Mathieu, Paris, 1927.

literatura

8. zardalaSvili gr., afrikis qveynebi. geografiuli da polit-

-ekonomiuri cnobari, Tb., 1981. E

9. menTeSaSvili z., berberebi da antikuri civilizacia maRribSi. –

- orientalisturi Ziebani, krebuli 3-4, Tb., 1995, gv. 224-241.

10. maWaraSvili q., marokos politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

Taviseburebani 1907-2000 wlebSi. istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili sad. naSromi, Tb., 2006.

11. sanikiZe g., ribati. – islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999,

gv. 162-163.

12. sanikiZe g., sufritebi. – islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999,

gv. 178-179.

13. qarcivaZe T., sulTan ismailis saSinao da sagareo politika da

157

,,Savi monebis armia‘‘ (1672-1727). –Jurn. aRmosavleTi, #3, Tb., 2002, gv.16.

14. qarcivaZe T., Sarifebis moZraoba da qalaq fesis daarseba marokoSi.

– Jurn. Pperspeqtiva-XXI, IV, Tb., 2002, gv. 136-137.

15. qarcivaZe T., qalaqi maraqeSi (arabuli maRribis istoriidan). –

Jurn. aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, #2, Tb., 2004, gv. 127-130.

16. qarcivaZe T., rabati - arabuli maRribis centri. –Jurn. aRmosavleTi

da kavkasia, #1, Tb., 2003, gv. 88-91.

17. jafariZe g., vahabizmi. – islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999,

gv. 60.

18. jafariZe g., Sarifi. – islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999,

gv. 210.

19. xideSeli lamzira, berberuli elementis roli maRribis qveynebis

politikur asparezze X-XIII saukuneebSi. sakandidato disertacia,

Tb., 1993.

20. Аваков Р.А., Марокко, М., 1957.

21. Акимушкин О.Ф., Рибат. – Ислам - Энциклопедический словарь, М., 1991,

gv.198.

22. Амин Саид, Восстания арабов в XX веке. Перевод с арабского, М.,1964.

23. Аргентов В.А., Старина и новь Магриба, М., 1985.

24. Аяш А., Марокко. Итог одной колонизации. Перевод с французского, М., 1958.

25. Аяш Ж., Очерки марокканской историй. Перевод с французского, М., 1987.

26. Баратов Г.Е., Марокко, Л., 1926.

27. Бернар О., Северная и Западная Африка. Перевод с французского, М., 1949.

28. Биро П.Д. и Дреш Ж., Средиземноморье, том 1. Перевод с французского,

М.,1960.

29. Босворт К.Э., Мусульманские династии. Справочник по хронологии.

Перевод с английского, М., 1971.

30. Веймарн Б., Каптерева Т., Подольский А., Искусство арабских народов,

М.,1960.

31. Верин В.П., На марокканской земле, М., 1972.

32. Видясова М.Ф., Социальные структуры доколониального Магриба, М., 1987.

33. Вобликов Д.Б., Новейшая история арабских стран, М., 1968.

158

34. Вышинский А.Я., Лозовский С.А., Альхесирасская конференция. –

Дипломатический словарь, том 1, М., 1948, gv. 56-58.

35. Гаврилов Н.И., Марокко, М.,1958.

36. География Марокко/ Ф. Жоли, А. Ляш, Л. Сюэш/, М., 1951.

37. Головин Ю.М., Марокко, М., 1964.

38. Горнунг М.Б., Уткин Г.Н., Марокко, М., 1966.

39. Гранова М.Ю., Эволюция монархии в Марокко, ХХ век. Магистерская

диссертация, М., 2002.

40. Жюльен Ш.А., История Северной Африки. Тунис. Алжир. Марокко.Том 2. Перевод с

французского, М.,1961.

41. Иванов Н.А., Фес. – Африка - Энциклопедический справочник, том 2, ред.

Потехин И.Н., М., 1963, gv. 277.

42. Новейшая история арабских стран Африки (1917-1987), М.,1990.

43. Катин В.К., Марокко, М., 1963.

44. Королевство Марокко, М., 1991.

45. Крачковский И.Ю., Избранные соченения. Том IV, Москва - Ленинград,1957.

46. Ланда Р.Г., Страны Магриба: Общество и традиции, М., 1988.

47. Лебедев Д., Республика Риф, М-Л., 1931.

48. Луцкая Н.С., Марокко, М., 1958.

49. Луцкая Н.С., Марокко вновь обретает независимость, М., 1958.

50. Луцкая Н.С., Позиция России по марокканскому вопросу в конце XIX в.

Арабские страны. История и современность, М., 1981. gv. 187-193.

51. Луцкая Н.С., Республика Риф, М.,1959.

52. Луцкая Н.С., Переворот в Марокко в 1953 году. – Арабские страны. История.

Экономика, М.,1970.

53. Луцкий В.Б., Новая история арабских стран, М.,1966.

54. Лэн – пуль Стэнли., Мусульманские династии. Перевод с французского,

С.Петербург, 1892.

55. Мартынов Сергей, Столица ремесл. Вокруг света, № 9, М.,1990, dasawy.

gv.47, dasasr. Ggv.79.

56. Массэ А., Ислам – Очерки истории. Перевод с французского, М.,1961.

57. Ментешашвили З.А., Берберы в общественно – политической жизни Марокко

(50 – 70 -е годы XX в.), М., 1985.

159

58. Ментешашвили З.А., Социальное развитие независимого Марокко, М., 1988.

59. Мeншинг Хорст., Между Рифом и Дра. Путешествие по Марокко. Перевод

с немецкого, М.,1957.

60. Мусульманский Магриб. Шерифы, тарикаты, марабуты в истории Северной Африки.

Н.Н. Дьяков, Санкт-Петербург,2008.

61. Прозоров С.М., Ал-Хасан. – Ислам - Энциклопедический словарь, М., 1991,

gv. 276.

62. Орлов В. В. Традиционная социальная организация алауитского Марокко (середина

XVIII – начало XIX века). Концепции – структуры – взаимосвязи. М., 1998.

63. Орлов В. В., Крах ваххабитской модели в Магрибе: реформы марокканского

султана Мулай Слимана (1792–1822 гг.). – Вестник Московского университета.

Сер. 13. Востоковедение, 4, 1993, gv. 24-32.

64. Тума Э., Национально-освободительное движение и проблема арабского

единства, Перевод с арабского, М.,1977.

65. Фитуни Л.Л., Марокко, М., 1985.

66. Фрунзе М. В., Европейские цивилизаторы и Марокко (Избранные сочинения)

М., 1940.

67. Хазанов А.М., Португальские конкистадоры в Марокко (XV–XVI вв.). – Вопросы

истории, № 1, М., 1976, gv. 115-127.

68. Arendonk Van G., Sharif. – Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.VII, Leiden.

New York. koln, 1993, gv.324-329.

69. Barbour Nevill, Morocco, London, 1965.

70. Fage J.O., A history of Africa, London and New York, 1995.

71. Iliffe John., The history of a continent, Cambridge, 1995.

72. Jarret H. R., Africa, London, 1962.

73. Journal Geo, Maroc, #12, Paris,1992.

74. Levi-Provancal E., Morocco. – Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.VI, Leiden-

New York-Köln, 1993, gv. 579-606.

75. Levi-Provancal E., Rabat. – Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.VI, Leiden-

New York- Köln, 1993, gv. 1087-1088.

76. Meyers Allen R., Slave Soliders and State Politics in Early ‘Alawi Morocco,

1668-1728. – The International Journal of African historical Studies, vol.16 (1),

1983, gv. 39-48.

160

77. Editor Ogot B.A., General History of Africa, V, Unesco-Heinemann- California,

1992.

78. Shillington Kevin, History of Africa, London, 1995.

79. Spencer Wiliam, Historical Dictionary of Morocco, London, 1980.

80. The Cambridge History of Africa, volume 4, Cambridge University Press, 1993.

81. The Middle East and North Africa, London, 1971.

82. Allouche L.S., Un plan des canalisations des Fès au temps de Mawlay Isma‘il

d’après un texte inédit, avec une étude succincte sur la corporation des “kwadisiya”. –

Archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines. Hèsperis,

tome XVII, 1934, gv. 4-63. 83. Bellaire Michaux, Le Chérif Moulay Ahmed ben Mohammed ben Abdallah er Risouni el

Younesi el Alami el Idrisi el Hasani. – Revue du Monde Musulman. Publieè par la mission

scientifique du Maroc, tome cinquième, Paris, 1908. gv. 503-511.

84. Berque Jacques, Ulémas, Fondateurs insurgés du Maghreb XVIIè siècle, Paris,

1981.

85. Berque Jacques, Al-Yousî, problèmes de la culture marocaine au XVIIe siècle,

Paris,1958.

86. Berque Jacques, L'intérieur du Maghreb (XVe-XIXe siècles), Paris, 1961.

87. Bienvenue à Marrakech, Paris, 1994.

88. Deverdun Gaston, Marrakech des origines ά 1912, Rabat, 1959.

89. Lagarde Lucie, Un matelot de Louis XIV sur les côtes du Maroc. – Hèsperis,

tome XLII, 1955, gv. 263-266.

90. Larbi Mezzine, Le Tafilalt. Contribution ά l'Histoire du Maroc aux XVIIe et XVIIIe

siècles, Rabat, 1987. 91. Laurent Michel, Le Maroc de l’espoir, Paris-Rabat, 1996.

92. Levi-Provancal E., Shorfa. – Encyclopédie de l'Islam, tome III, Paris, 1936,

gv.401-403.

93. Pianel Georges, Les préliminaires de la conquête du Soudan par Maulay Ahmad Al-

Mansur. – Hèsperis, tome XL, 1953, gv. 185-197. 94. Pierre de Genival, La légende du juif Ibn Mech'al et la fête du sultan des Tolba à Fès. –

Hèsperis, tome V, 1925, gv. 137-218.

161

95. Prelin Victor Edmond, Le XVII° siecle: monarchies centralisées (1610-1715),

Paris, 1949.

96. Terrasse Henri, Histoire du Maroc, Paris,1950.

97. Rogerson B., Marrakesh, Fez and Rabat. Cadogan Guides (USA), 2010.

98. Zambaour E., Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam, Hanovre, 1927.

99. ‘abd as-salam muhammad b. mahmód, Ta’rÒxu-l-maRrib. al-juz’ as-sani,

Titva n, 1957.

100. ‘akad salah, al-maRribu-l-‘arabi. al-ka hira, 1993.

101. ‘akad salah, al-maRribu-l-‘arabi 2. al-kahira, 1966.

102. ‘aravi ‘abd al-lah, Ta’rÒxu-l-maRrib. Mmuha vila fi aT-TarqÒb, bairuT,

lubna n, 1961.

103. ‘a sifa fi maraqa S av axta’as-siasÒa al-barbarÒa. al-kahira, 1350 (h).

104. ‘atalah al-jamal, al-maRribu-l-‘arabi al-qabÒr. al-kahÒra, 1997.

105. bróqilman qarl, Ta’rÒx aS-Su‘ób al-islamÒa. bairuT, 1998.

106. duqTór daif, Ta’rÒxu-l-’adab al-‘arabÒa. ‘asr ad-duval

al-ima raT. al-ka hira, 1995.

107. darÒh muhamad al-xamis. ad-daru-l-baida ’, 1986.

108. zÒada nikóla, ifrikÒa. lundun, 1995.

109. zaRlól al-hamÒd, al-fatimÒóna va banó zaÒri as-sanhajÒóna ila

kia m al-mura bitÒna. al-juz’ as-salis, al-isqandarÒa, 1979.

110. aT-Ta‘rÒf bi-l-maRrib. al-kahira, 1961.

111. Ta’rÒxu-l-hada rT al-maRribÒa. ad-daru-l-baida’, 1962.

112. iahia sus sulaiman, jami‘a al-karviÒn. mulTaka mada ris al-‘ima ra

bi-l-maRrib al-islami. majala qulÒa al-asaria al-ka hira. ‘adad

as-samin, al-ka hira, 1997.

113. iahia jalal, al-maRribu-l-qabÒr 3. al-ka hira, 1981.

114. laifi brófansal, nuxab Ta’rÒxÒa jami‘a li-’axba r al-maRribu-

-l-aksa. baris, 1948.

115. lu tórnu róji, fas kabla al-hima Ya. Tarjama ila-l-‘arabÒa,

al-juz’ al-aval. lubna n-bairóT, 1986.

162

116. al-maRrib fi bida Óa al-‘usór al-hadÒs. al-kahira, 1961-62.

117. mu’iS husaÒn, Ta’rÒxu-l-maRrib va hadraTuhu 2. al-ka hira, 1992.

118. munÒr ‘abd al-‘azÒz, aS-Surafa’ ar-rakbÒa bi-as-sahra’ al-maRribÒa

munzu ‘ahd ad-davla al-marÒnÒa ila ad-davla al-‘alavÒa aS-SarÒfÒa.

ad-daru-l-baida’, 1992.

119. ar-rÒhani amÒn, al-maRribu-l-aksa. rihla fi mintaka al-himaÒa

al-isbanÒa. al-ka hira, 1961.

120. ar-rihla al-maRribu-l-aksa va nur al-andalus. lubna n-

-bairuT, 1997.

121. al-fan fi ad-diblóma sÒa al-maRribÒa. isdara T viza raTu-l-

xarijÒa al-maRribia. ar-ribat, 2002.

122. Rura iba ‘abd al-qarÒm mahmód, Ta’rÒxu-l-‘arabi al-hadÒs. bairóT, 1984.

123. jólÒa n Sa rl andre, Ta’rÒx ifrÒkÒa aS-Sima lÒa. al-juz’as-sa ni,

aT-Tarjama ila-l-‘arabÒa. Tónis, 1978.

124. hasan ahmad mahmód, al-islam va as-sakafa al-‘arabÒa fi ifrikÒa.

al-kahira, 1986.

enciklopediebi

125. Африка – Энциклопедический справочник, том 1, ред. Громыко Ан. Н.,

М., 1986.

126. Африка – Энциклопедический справочник, том 2, ред. Громыко Ан. Н.,

М.,1987.

127. Ислам. Краткий справочник, М., 1983.

128. Fes – New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.III, Chicago, 1990, gv.751.

129. Ismail – New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.VI, Chicago, 1990, gv. 414.

130. Marrakech – New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.VII, Chicago, 1990, gv.870-871.

131. Meknes – New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.VII, Chicago,1990, gv.1023.

132. Rabat – New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.VII, Chicago, 1990, gv.870.

133. Sharif – Gibb H.A.R and Kramer J.H., Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam,

London, 1961, gv. 529-532.

134. al-‘alavÒa, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘a rif al-islamÒa. al-juz’ ar-rabi‘

va al-‘iSróna. al-kahira, 1998, gv. 7406-7414.

163

135. mavsó‘a Ta’rÒxu-l-maRrib al-‘arabi. mujalid 3, al-kahira,1994.

136. mavsu‘a Ta’rÒx Su‘ób al-isla mia 4. bairóT, 1999.

137. al-maRrib, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘a rif al-islamÒa. al-juz’ as-salasóna.

al-kahira, 1998, gv. 9486-9520.

138. móla i isma ‘Òl, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘a rif al-islamÒa. al-juz’ al-hadi

va as-salasóna. al-kahira, 1998, gv. 9801-9803.

139. ar-riba t, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘a rif al-islamÒa. al-juz’ as-sadis va

‘aSara. al-kahira, 1998, gv. 5079-5088.

140. fa s, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘arif al-isla mÒa. al-juz’ al-xamis va al-

‘iSrÒna. al-kahira, 1998, gv. 7684-7705.

141. aS-SarÒf, mójaz da’ira al-ma‘a rif al-islamÒa. al-juz’ al-‘iSróna.

al-kahira, 1998, gv. 6230-6252.

142. Filaliler – Ana Britannica Genel Kültür Ansiklopedisi, Cilt8, Istanbul, 1986-1992,

gv. 569.

internetis masala

143. http://maghreb.ru/morocco/publications/islam.

144. http://morocco.com/history of Morocco.

145. istina.msu.ru/publications/article/615883/ Орлов В.В., Ислам и легитимизация

шерифской власти в Марокко (xviii–xx вв.). - Ломоносовские чтения. Апрель 2004 г.

Востоковедение. Тезисы докладов. Кн. 2. Гуманитарий Москва, 2004.

146. http://Morocco– all.com/history.

147. http://looklex.com/morocco/index.htm.

148. http://morocco.meagits.ru.

149. http://mincom.gov.ma/french/histoire/morocco.

150. http:encycl.yandex.ru/Марокко.

151. http://www.worlds.ru/africa/morocco/history26.shtml.

152. http://mayakiinfo.ru/ Марракеш.

153. http://worlds.ru/africa/morocco/history/Вокруг света. Дворец Бахия.

154. http://krugosvet.ru/Марокко.

155. http://worlds.ru/africa/morocco/history/Жемчужина Магриба-Мекнес.

164

156. http://maghreb.ru/morocco/info/meknes/Достопримечательности Мекнеса.

157. http://allabout.ru/Мухаммед VI История, биография.

158. http:///news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/Марокко–Король Мохаммед VI.

159. http://worlds.ru/africa/morocco/history/Вокруг света/Рабат.

160. http://worlds.ru/africa/morocco/history/Вокруг света/Касабланка.

161.book.iimes.su/wp-content/uploads/2003/r2003afr_p.pdf./Сергеев М.С., Берберы Северной

Африки: Прошлое и Настоящее.М.,2003.

162. https://books.google.ge/books? /Howe M., Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other

Challenges,Oxford,2005.

.

165

https://books.google.ge/books?%20/Howe

d i s e r t a c i apress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/disertaciebi/tamar_qarcivadze.pdf ·...

Documents