Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior due to an interaction with the environment. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning pairing naturally occurring stimulus and response chain with different stimulus in order to produce response which is not naturally occurring. NS Neutral Stimulus UCS Unconditioned Stimulus UCR Unconditioned Response CS Conditioned Stimulus CR Conditioned Response causes an when paired with an becomes a UCS which causes a UCR + Classical Conditioning: An Example Loud noise (UCS)Startle (UCR) White Rat (NS)Loud noise (UCS) White Rat (CS)Startle/Fear (CR) causes a when paired with a becomes awhich causes a Startle (UCR) + Anything white & fuzzy Operant Conditioning aka: Instrumental conditioning Use of Pleasant and Unpleasant Consequences to Control Behavior Reinforcing Consequences Increase Likelihood Behavior Will Be Repeated Punishing Consequences Decrease Likelihood Behavior Will Be Repeated ConsequencesResponse Learning by Consequences Role of Consequences: Reinforcement Primary Reinforcement Water,Sleep,Warmth,Food Secondary Reinforcement Candy,$$$,Car,TV Role of Consequences: Reinforcement Premack Principle If you clean up your room before your cousins arrive, well go to the movies when they get here. Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Rewards Negative Reinforcement Withdrawal of Punishments Punishment Undesirable consequences Reinforcement Examples Positive Reinforcement A Gold Star for an Assignment Well Completed Encouragement for Effort Negative Reinforcement Not Having to Re-Write a Well-Written Paper Recess Starting on Time Once All Students are Seated Quietly Reinforcement Examples Intrinsic Reinforcers Playing the Violin for Its Own Sake Reading a Good Book for Pleasure Extrinsic Reinforcers Doing Algebra Homework to Avoid Bad Grade Receiving Praise for Writing Strong Essay Punishment imposing something unpleasant or aversive on person or animal in response to unwanted, disobedient or morally wrong behavior. Shaping Reinforcing Successive Approximations of a Desired Outcome Extinction Weakening and Eventual Elimination of Learned Behavior with Removal of Reinforcement. Humans develop not only actions and behaviors, but also self concepts. Charles Horton Cooleys Looking Glass Self: We see ourselves as we think other people see us. Thus, others perceptions of us can become a self-fulfilling prophecy or Pygmalion Effect. Pygmalion (mythology)Pygmalion (mythology), name of sculptor who created ivory statue, Galatea, and fell in love with it. Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory Modeling Observational Learning 1. Attentional Phase 2.Retention Phase 3. Reproduction Phase 4. Motivational Phase Developmental theory arguing that personality is learned through interactions with environment We model after others. Cognitive Theory of Learning Rat maze experiments led to theory of latent learning which describes learning that occurs in absence of an obvious reward. Cognitive Map by Edward Tolman General Assumptions of Cognitive Theories Some learning processes may be unique to human beings. Cognitive processes are the focus of study. Objective, systematic observations of people's behavior should be focus of scientific inquiry, however, inferences about unobservable mental processes can often be drawn from such behavior. Individuals are actively involved in the learning process. Learning involves formation of mental associations that are not necessarily reflected in overt behavior changes. Knowledge is organized. Learning is a process of relating new information to previously learned information. Jean Piaget 4 Levels of Cognitive Development Edward Tolman Cognitive Map Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Cognitive Learning Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Wolfgang Kohler Insight Learning LEARNING Insight Learning Wolfgang Kohler Insight learning is type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-a- sudden through understanding relationships to various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error. The Law of Effect Trial & Error Learning Actions that are followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated than actions followed by unfavorable consequences. Edward Thorndike Psychoanalytic TheoryS. Freud Basic human drive is sexual and destructive Purpose of socialization is to divert dangerous impulses into socially acceptable forms Proper negotiation of stages of development is critical in first 6 years Psychodynamic Theory Development theory Children and adults go through universal developmental processes; 8 Stages! Human nature neither inherently good nor bad, but unfolding through contact with social environment PsychoSocial Theory Erik Erikson