Unit IIICognitive Domain

Learning, Memory, Consciousness, Intelligence

Classical ConditioningPart I

Classic

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior

Classical Conditioning occurs when a stimulus gains the power to cause a response Like in the Shower

Ivan Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

Acronyms

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR)- Triggers a Response auto

Unconditioned Response (UCR)- the auto response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- Previously neutral stimulus; learned; gains power

Conditioned Response (CR)- NEW response due to CS

Sequence of Classical Conditioning

1) Acquisition Neutral stimulus paired with UCR;

develops new CR

2) Extinction Learned response diminishes

3) Spontaneous Recovery After rest period; extinguished CR returns

Classical Conditioning

Affect on Stimuli

The same response produced to two similar stimuli is GENERALIZATION Like a similar sound or noise can

produce the same results

Different responses is DISCRIMINATION If you can tell the difference, it won’t

produce a response

Dr. John Watson

Behaviorist who says psychology should only study observable behaviors Not just mental ones

Extended study of CC to emotions Associating emotions to particular

stimuli▪ Little Albert Experiment

Challenges to Behaviorism

Behaviorists focus on stimuli & responses but cognition & biology must be considered with CC Predictability causes issues Taste Aversion is biological

Paragraph

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Operant ConditioningPart I

The Basics

Frequency of behavior depends on consequences Parents & Punishment

Thorndike’s Law of Effect Reinforced behaviors more likely to

reoccur than punished behaviors▪ BF Skinner’s Box

Reinforcement

Positive vs. Negative Money for Grades vs. Drugs for Release

Immediate reinforcement is most effective

Primary is naturally rewarding; Secondary is learned rewarding Secondary is like saying “good boy” to a

dog while petting

Punishment

You can cause it or take something away Hand on a Stove vs Time Out

Effective if used immediately & occasionally; ineffective b/c it doesn’t stop desire for bad behavior & leads to anxiety

Molding Behavior

Behaviors can be shaped by reinforcing behaviors similar to desirable acts Learning to ride a bike

Behaving differently toward similar stimuli is discrimination Fire Alarms vs Class Bells

Extinction occurs when a learned behavior is lost b/c consequence is gone Flirting unsuccessfully

Reinforcement Schedules

Continuous vs. Partial Gift everytime you go on a date vs.

every once in a while for something special

Partial can reward behaviors after a period of time has passed or after a particular number of response Also partial is harder to extinguish

Effects of Cognition/Biology

Latent learning; mental representations; & over-justification affect Operant Conditioning Latent is learning that isn’t apparent

until an incentive Overjustification is a reward for what we

like to do

Biology also causes some species to learn behaviors more easily or more difficultly

Operant Conditioning

Identify 2 behaviors you want to change about yourself or someone close to you

Identify the steps of the behavior you are shaping.

Identify 2-3 rewards and punishments that could be used (reasonably) Identify whether they are positive reinforcements, negative

reinforcements, positive punishments, or negative punishments

Identify one issue in application

Apply and discuss one of thing that makes it more complex/complicated

Observational Behavior

Learning By Observing Others (Albert Bandura) Also Biological, Mirror Neurons

Can lead children to imitate antisocial & positive prosocial behaviors

Violence in media IS correlated with aggressive behaviors and attitudes

Chunking

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Part IIIMemory

Encoding Information

Encoding is moving info into memory system

It can be processed automatically (unconscious) or with effort (conscious) Automatically: Where your classroom Effort: What You Studied Yesterday

Serial Position Tend to remember FIRST & LAST ▪ Study the MIDDLE more than the first and last

How We Encode

Rehearsal Distributed BETTER than Mass▪ Studying over time vs cramming

Semantics & Mnemonics Semantics makes meaningful; Mnemonic memory

tricks to remember▪ Like finding rhymes OR acronyms

Chunking

Visuals (auto)

Memory Stages

Sensory memory= BRIEF Memory in the moment

Short-term is consciously aware of before it’s stored or forgotten Working memory

Long-term is relatively permanent energy

Storing Memory

Stress hormones trigger physical reactions

Explicit memories recall facts through hippocampus; Implicit recalls skills through cerebellum Explicit: what you ate last night? What is

freezing? Implicit: Button a Shirt? Tie Your Shoe?

Total Recall

Recall is searching for stored memories & recognition is identifying them

When you retrieve info more effectively in similar environments that is called context State-Dependent= Emotional memory

Apples to Apples & Psychology

As We Play The Game Consider:

What can you tell about a person from the choices they make?

Who seems competitive? Who seems indifferent? What could that tell us about who they are?

Is anyone willing to break the rules to win? Are you? Why, in a game with low stakes?

What kind of psychological study could this be?

Part IVForgetting

Encoding Failure

We Forget b/c we don’t encode info

Info is Not Retrieved When It Was Considered Unimportant

Memory Decay

Forgetting decays immediately after initial learning, then levels off By Herman Ebbinghaus

Permastore memories are long-term & mostly resistant to decay

Failure to Retrieve

Interference of info learned in the past with recent info recall or vice versa

Sometimes we subconsciously motivate ourselves to forget anxious/distressing info Sigmund Frued & Therapy Sessions

Misinformation

We incorporate misleading info into our memories (we construct memories) As in finding something that belongs just b/c it

belongs Or Because we WANT it to be right

Children are MOST likely to construct memories & add misinformation

Recovered memories of trauma are controversial Why would they be?

Are You Sleep Deprived?

1. I need an alarm clock to wake at an appropriate time

2. It’s a struggle to get out the bed in the morning

3.Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times

4. I feel tired, irritable & stressed out during the week

5. I have trouble concentrating & remembering 6. I feel slow when critical thinking, problem

solving, & being creative 7. I often fall asleep watching TV

8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or warm rooms

9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner 11. I often fall asleep within 5 min of getting

into bed 12. I often feel drowsy while driving 13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend

mornings 14. I often need a nap to get through the day 15. I have dark circles around my eyes

Recommendations

Bed 15 minutes earlier than usual

Add 15 more minutes

Do Not Consume Caffeine after 3pm; avoid soda with meals

Wake the same time every morning. Naps and Sleeping late this weekend hurts

Avoid “exciting” night time activities. Video Games, arguments, even excersise

Jabricca is the best

Don’t stress over not getting sleep

Part VConsciousness & Dreaming

Consciousness

Awareness of our environment & ourselves

BODY RYTHEM affects our consciousness Circadian, Ultradian, Infradian

Why We Sleep

Restores body physically

Lack of sleep affects our mood, performance, and health

Brainwaves During Sleep

Stages of Sleep

Circadian Cycle; 4 stages of non-REM sleep REM = Rapid Eye Movement

REM shows brain ways at HIGH levels but body is calm during this stage (DREAM) Alternate Btwn Stage 2/REM Last 4 hours

of sleep

Freud & Dreams

Believed dreams helped to interpret inner conflicts & express wish fulfillment For Freud that goes back to sex of

course

Why We Dream Theories

Info Processing Uses daily experiences to tie up loose ends

Physiological Helps important hormone development

Activation-Synthesis Mind tries making sense of random events

Cognitive Help mental growth through processing

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia is the inability to sleep while Apena prevents you from a restful sleep

Narcolepsy cause you to fall asleep a random times

Sleepwalking & Night Terrors Physical problems like Teeth Grinding,

Bed Wetting etc

Part VIChanging the Brain

Hypnosis

Requires a calm, rhythmic, focused tone Helps Suggest Perception

Can be a treatment to treat medical problems

Drugs & Alcohol

Dependence is psychological AND physiological; Tolerance builds & more is desired Why is withdrawl so bad?

Alcohol is the number 1 depressant & 2nd most psychoactive drug

Stimulants

Excite Neural Activity & Speed Up

Caffeine & Nicotine are most commonly used & are addictive

Cocaine is a heck of a drug; dependency occurs INSTANTLY

Hallucinogens

Distort Perception & evokes sensory images when there is none

LSD can be pleasant or violently harmful& Ecstasy is pleasurable but can destroy the brain

Marijuana

Lowers inhibitions & produces feelings of relaxation/mild euphoria Hard to classify with other psychoactive

THC heightens basic senses and can eventually reverse tolerance. Abuse can impair memory, lungs, and immunity

Subliminal Messages

I will give you 2 min to figure out what the subliminal messages

FedEx

VAIO

Baskin Robbins

Tour De France

Toblerone

Jack In The Box

Milwauke Brewers

Amazon

Tostitos

Eighty 20

NBC

Sun Microsystems

LG

Coca Cola (DenMark)

Part VIIIntelligence

Concepts & Problem-Solving

Concepts are how we keep things organized

Problem solving is divided into algorithms & heuristics Algorithms guarantee solutions;

heuristics just makes a solution more likely

Theories on Language

Language is spoken/written/gestures & grammar are rules that govern language

Chomsky believes our brain is wired to process w/o effort but Skinner through association/imitation/rewards

Also Stages of Language: babbling, one-word, two-word

Multiple Intelligences

Intelligence is learning from experience and using that to solve problems & adapt

Gardner argues for 8 different types of intelligence Very Popular Theory; How does this impact

education?

Others look at academic vs emotional & a general intelligence

Purpose & Evaluation of Tests

Achievement tests measure what’s accomplished vs aptitude which judge future performance

Reliability determines consistency of tests while validity determines if a test measures/predicts what its supposed to

Intelligence Tests

IQ tests have a base of 100; Above 100 implies advanced intelligence, below can imply mental issues

Modern tests categorize by age groups, verbal/nonverbal abilities, etc SAT, ACT, GRE, NCFE, EOC, $

Test lack validity due to BIAS Race, Socioeconomic, Culture

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Multiple Intelligences Attempt 1. BEFORE the QUIZ: Rank Each 8 in order of which

you think BEST represents you For Your Number 1 & Number 8; write 2-3 sentences each of

how it best represent you & how it represents you the least

2. AFTER the Quiz: What did you find to be your results? Do you agree or disagree? Why

3. Does this test accurately represent your “Intelligence”? How is it flawed?

4. How should schools use results like these to improve how we try to educate students?