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Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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Page 1: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Learning

Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Page 2: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Association

We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that

occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years

ago Associative Learning

learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences

Page 3: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Association

Learning to associate two events

Event 1 Event 2

Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock

Seal learns to expect a snack for its tricks

Page 4: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

We learn to associate two stimuli

Page 5: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

We learn to associate a response and its consequence

Page 6: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian

physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions

Page 7: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Page 8: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

US (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

US (foodin mouth)

UR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Page 9: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two

stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an

unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Page 10: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) stimulus that unconditionally--

automatically and naturally--triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UR) unlearned, naturally occurring response

to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth

Page 11: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after

association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral

conditioned stimulus

Page 12: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Acquisition the initial stage in classical conditioning

the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

Page 13: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Extinction diminishing of a CR

in classical conditioning, when a US does not follow a CS

Page 14: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Strengthof CR

Pause

Acquisition(CS+US)

Extinction(CS alone)

Extinction(CS alone)

Spontaneousrecovery ofCR

Page 15: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest

period, of an extinguished CR

Generalization tendency for stimuli similar

to CS to elicit similar responses

Page 16: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Generalization

Drops of salivain 30 seconds

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Hindpaw

Pelvis Shoulder Frontpaw

Thigh Trunk Foreleg

Part of body stimulated

Page 17: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

Discrimination in classical conditioning, the

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US

Page 18: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Higher-Order Conditioning

Situation in which the CS becomes an US Also known as second-order

conditioning Generally weaker association Extinguishes more rapidly

Page 19: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

Cognitive Processes Affect Classical Conditioning Example: Spiking alcoholic drinks with a drug that

causes nausea

Biological Predispositions Affect Classical Conditioning An animal’s capacity to for conditioning is

constrained by its biology. Each species most easily learns associations that

enhance its survival. Example: Work of John Garcia

Page 20: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

In the real world, the CS has a natural association with the US that it predicts.

Learning enables animals to adapt to their environments

Page 21: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

US(drug)

UR(nausea)

CS(waiting room)

CS(waitingroom) CR

(nausea)

US(drug)

UR(nausea)

Page 22: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Do You Remember….?

Page 23: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Behaviorism

John B. Watson

viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon

consensus today recommended study of

behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted

by all schools of thought today

Page 24: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors

followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Page 25: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

Up until now…Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic

response to stimulus behavior learned through

classical conditioning Operant Behavior

operates (acts) on environment produces consequences

Page 26: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

Page 27: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Chamber

Skinner Box chamber with a

bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

Interview with Skinner

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
Page 28: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcer any event that strengthens the

behavior it follows Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Page 29: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant Conditioning

Page 30: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Principles of Reinforcement

Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need

Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing

power through its association with primary reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

Page 31: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each

time it occurs Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

Page 32: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards

you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

Page 33: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because

of unpredictability

Page 34: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Page 35: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz

Page 36: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval

Number of responses

1000

750

500

250

010 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (minutes)

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Steady responding

Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement

80

Page 37: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Punishment

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Page 38: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Punishment

Page 39: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Become a Consultant for the Big Bang Theory

Sheldon Shaping Penny

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoNYvOf90
Page 40: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Extending Skinner’s Understanding

Interview with Skinner

Biological Predisposition and Operant Conditioning We have learned that biological

constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

Phenomenon of “instinctive drift”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
Page 41: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of

one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats

act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not

apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Page 42: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Latent Learning

Page 43: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward

for doing what one already likes to do

the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

Page 44: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for

its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation

Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Page 45: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Operant vs Classical Conditioning

Page 46: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Observational Learning

Observational Learning learning by observing others

Modeling process of observing and imitating a

specific behavior Prosocial Behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

Page 47: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Observational Learning

Page 48: Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Observational Learning

Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire

when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

Experiencing Pain Empathy

http://ebooks.bfwpub.com/myers9e/sections/figure

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