learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience helps us …
TRANSCRIPT
Learning relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due to experience
Helps us …
Association
We learn by association
Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/
neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive
secretions
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus
Then the conditioning is applied:
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical Conditioning
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Unconditioned Responewill
elicit a
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
Unconditioned Responsewillelicit a
CONDITIONED STIMULUSCONDITIONED STIMULUSwill
elicit aCONDITIONED
RESPONSE
NEUTRAL STIMULUSwill
elicit NO REACTION
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Classical Conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Classical Conditioning
Strengthof CR
Pause
Acquisition(CS+UCS)
Extinction(CS alone)
Extinction(CS alone)
Spontaneousrecovery ofCR
Classical Conditioning
Generalization tendency for stimuli similar to CS to
elicit similar responses Can be adatptive
Ex.
Ex.
Classical Conditioning
Discrimination
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptiveHelps organism prepare for good and bad eventsHelps an animal survive and reproduce
Why is Pavlov’s work important?1.
2.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
• In drug treatment =
• Systematic Desensitization =
• Aversion Treatment =
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning
Operant Behavior
Respondent Behavior
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology
Operant Chamber
Skinner Box chamber with a bar
or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record response rates
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer
Shaping
Successive Approximation
Ways to increase behavior.
• Positive reinforcement Strengthens a response by presenting...
•Negative reinforcement Strengthens a response…
Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
Punishment
Punishment aversive event that decreases the
behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted
behavior ( ) Administering a ______________
consequence or withdrawing a __________________ one.
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map
Latent Learning
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Observational Learning
Modeling
Observational Learning
Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when
performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
May…
Observational Learning
Alfred Bandura Pioneering researcher in
observational learning we look and we learn Thinking is affected by
observations and direct consequences are not necessary
Observational Learning
This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV
Knowledge of the mere possibility of reinforcement or punishment may be enough to promote or suppress behavior.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
CLASSICAL• Stimulus precedes the
response and elicits it• Elicited responses• Learning as a result of
association• Pavlov
OPERANT• Stimulus follows the
response and strengthens it
• Emitted responses• Learning as a result of
consequences• Skinner