indonesia water supply and sanitation magazine. 'percik' vol 7 december 2004

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure

Board of Head:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning AgencyRepublic of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Ministry of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,

Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,

Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono,Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accom-panied by identity.

Cover by Rudi Kosasih

From Editor 1Your Voice 2Main Report

Muddle within Bantar Gebang TPA Unearthed 3Flood Swept Across Indonesia 4Questioning Government's Responsibility 5The community is in short of clean water 6Looking for Alternative Water Source 7Refillable Bottled Water under Spotlight 8Even Ditch and Wallowing Pond Are Sources for Consumption Water 9Flares at TSPT Bojong 10An Egg About To Hatch 112004, the Year of Implementation of National Policy for the Developmentof Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation 13Glimpses of WASPOLA Activities 2004 15Water and Sanitation Program (ProAir)for Rural Population of Nusa Tenggara Timur 17WSLIC Phase 2 18CWSH 18

About WASPOLAThe Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development in November 2004 19Consigment of Formulation of National Policy for WSS Development 21Workshop on the study of the Dissemination Implementationof National Policy for WSS Development 21

Workshop for Small Scale Water Provider 21About WSS

Workshop of Community Water Supply and Health (CWSH) Project 22Formulation of Draft of Government Regulation on Drinking WaterSupply and Sanitation Development 22 Dissemination of the National Policy for the Development ofCommunity Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation 23Pesentation of Winner Candidates for Scientific Article Writing Competition 23Consolidation Workshop WSLIC-2 Project Management Report 24Official Dedication of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Lumajang 24

ReportageWhen Dolbun is Embarrased 25

InterviewInfrastructure as Nation's Unifier 29

ArticleHuman Quality and Sanitation Infrastructure Development in Indonesia 31RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Community Based Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation Management 34Strategy for Community Awareness Improvement 38Once Again About Privatization 42

DataBasic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002 47

Book Info 49Website Info 50WSS Bibliography 51Agenda 52

Time has flown without we beingaware of. Now we have come tothe very end of 2004. Not a beau-

tiful present is what we get this end ofyear. A superlative degree of disaster,instead. More than a hundred thousandof our brothers and sisters in Aceh andNorth Sumatra were victims of nature'smighty force, earthquakes and the fol-lowing tidal waves. Is that God's dis-pleasure or His demonstration? Only Godknows best. What is certain is, this disas-ter should make us aware about the reali-ty of life is that as Servant of God we shallnever walk imperiously arrogant, dobehave humbly into God's mercy, instead.Besides, this disaster should move us tolend our hand, help our mireable bro-thers and sisters. And let us pray thatsuch a disaster will never come again.Amien. Acehnese Misery, Our Misery.

Dear Reader. As usual, many who usethe end of Gregorian calendar year as amilestone where annual report and at thesame time evaluation of the progressmade within the year, is summarized intorecord. Was it a success, a half success, ora failure.

Percik of this edition comes in aslightly different format. We want toinvite the readers to look back into vari-ous events that happened in this year inrelation to water supply and environmen-tal sanitation in general, and the WSSworking group activity, in particular. Wehope some changes would happen in thenext year. Of course a change towardsimprovement. Prevent it, anything thathappened last year is repeated this year.If things like this happen then we belongto the disgraced.

Dear readers, the portrait of events ofthe year are specially presented in themain feature. The title is WSS Kalei-doscope 2004. Beside that we want topresent to you how far has the NationalPolicy for Community Based WSSDevelopment been moving and what isthe progress in Institutionally Based

Development Policy. These two policiesare vital for WSS development becausesince the birth of this nation we havenever had a national policy for this sector.We also want to see the glimpses of WSSprojects such as ProAir, WSLIC-2, andCWSH have been doing.

Not to be forgotten, Percik made aninterview with Suyono Dikun, Deputy forInfrastructure, Bappenas on Infrastruc-ture of Indonesia. As we know, WSSdevelopment has some linkage with theexisting infrastructure condition. Morethan that, in January 2005 we are goingto organize an event called InfrastructureSummit. Of course we want to know what

Indonesia expects from organizing suchan event.

What is different from the usual is thereportase. In the present edition thecolumn is filled with report from fieldvisit to Bangladesh and India. The la-nguage style is different from the usual,including its length. We hope that byreading the reportase the readers wouldgo together and feel the heartbeat of thejourney.

We also present to you the result ofthe acticle writing competition. Besidethe winner, other articles worthy of pre-sentation and useful for the readers willalso be presented in the next editions.

R O M E D I T O RF

Merry Christmas 2004and

Happy New Year 2005

SOURCE:FANY WEDAHUDITAMA

1PercikDecember 2004

WSS working group

Percik Must Continue

We fully agree and support the contents

of Percik magazine, especially as they relate

to the knowledge and various technologies

and policies in water supply and enviro-

mental sanitation sector. Percik is a useful

reference for procurement, development,

and management of WSS facility and infra-

structure of Kab. Malang that always

demands our serious attention.

The most important issues that demand

serious attention in Kab. Malang include

equitable water supply service between

towns and villages (many villages with

inherent water problem), technological as

well as managerial aspects in waste materi-

al handling, domestic wastewater treat-

ment, and urban drainage canal, especially

with regard the responsibility in safeguard-

ing the "national assets" such as Sutami and

Selorejo dams from solid and domestic

wastewater from polluting the raw water

reservoirs.

Basically the Dinas Permukiman and

Pertamanan of Kabupaten Malang is look-

ing forward to more information from

Percik. Next time we will try to send you our

article about WSS condition and manage-

ment here in Kab. Malang.

Ir. Didik Budi Hartono, MT.Chief, Dinas Perumahan,

Kebersihan and PertamananKabupaten Malang

More Informationabout CLTS

After reading Percik of October edi-

tion on page 40 on the concept Commu-

nity Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) we have

a feeling that it has something valuable

and useful for Sub-dinas Community

Health of the Dinas Kesehatan City of

Palembang in its effort to support

Indonesia Sehat 2010. We would appre-

ciate it if you could advise us where we

could obtain more information about the

concept and the complete address of Mr.

Kamal Kar.Dr. Hj. Gema Asiani, M.Kes

Kasubdin Penyehatan Lingkungan Kota Palembang

CLTS concept has been applied in se-

veral countries including Bangladesh

and India. We have copies of a book that

explains the concept in detail. We will

send you a copy of the book as soon as we

can. As for Dr. Kamal Krishna Kar can

be reached through the following e-mail

addresses: [email protected], kamal-

[email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Service Coverage ofPDAM Palopo

We would congratulate for the publi-

cation of Percik Magazine as a means for

interaction and information networks

among water supply and environmental

sanitation activists.

As an input we would add to your

information that as of 31 December the

total active home connections of PDAM

Palopo is 11.773 with an average size of

family is 6 persons, the total population

with access to the service is 70.638.

Services other than home connections

include 13 MCK, 13 public hydrants, 7

public taps, and 5 water terminals each

provide service to 50 persons on average.

From simple calculation the total home

connection and non home connection

service covers 72.588 persons.

The total population of Palopo is

106.813, the PDAM Palopo service cove-

rage as of 31 December 2004 is 67,96 per-

cent or rounded up to 68 percent.

We would like to inform you further

that pursuant to Law No 11/2002 on the

formation of Kabupaten Mamasa and

Kota Palopo, PDAM Kabupaten Luwu

which is located within Kota Palopo has

been transfered to PDAM Kota Palopo.

Drs. H. Andi Nurlan Basalan, MMCEO of PDAM Kota Palopo

O U R V O I C EY

2 PercikDecember 2004

Percik Editor wishes to thank those

who have sent a letter to us. Among

others: Bappeda Kabupaten Ba-

tanghari, Planology Division Univ.

Trisakti, Mayor of Metro, Regional and

City Planning Division Fac. of Technics

UNDIP, DPRD Nusa Tenggara Timur,

Information and Public Service Centre,

Dept. Fishery and Maritime Resources

Development, Planology Division Univ.

Tarumanegara, Environmental Techno-

logy Division ITS, Regional Secretary,

Kab. Aceh Barat, DPRD Kab. Pasaman

Barat, DPRD Prov. Sumatra Selatan,

and DPRD Kab. Aceh Utara

In Percik of June 2004 edition,there was written "Sanitation is mo-re importance than independence"should read "Sanitation is moreimportant than independence".

In Percik of October 2004 edi-tion, it was written "National Se-minar for Socialization of Law No.8/2004" should read "NationalSeminar for Socialization of LawNo. 7/2004".

In Percik of October 2004 edi-tion, it was written "At this time theformulation of the National Policyfor Institutionally Based DrinkingWater Service Development whichserves as an umbrella policy forPDAM management is in its finalstage and is one part of the initial100 day program of the IndonesiaBersatu Cabinet" should only read"At this time the formulation of theNational Policy for InstitutionallyBased Drinking Water ServiceDevelopment which serves as anumbrella policy for PDAM manage-ment is in its final stage". Omit "andis one part of the initial 100 day pro-gram of the Indonesia BersatuCabinet".

E R R ATA

Early 2004 it was the beginning ofthe problems connected to TPA(Tempat Pembuangan Akhir,

terminal disposal site) of Bantar Gebangcame to light. The city government ofJakarta that has been managing the 100ha disposal site since 1999, now has torelinquish the facility back to the city go-vernment of Bekasi. This is because thedeputy mayor of Bekasi, upon completionof the contract at the end of December2003, unilaterally asked the city of Ja-karta pay a fee of Rp 85.000 per ton ofsolid waste material dumped into the site.This is unacceptable to Jakarta because inprevious memorandum between the twogovernments states the fee is only Rp50.000 per ton.

In addition, the inhabitants of threevillages, i.e. Sumur Batu, Cikiwul andCiketing demand a compensation for theunpleasantness caused by a disposal sitein their neighbourhood. This demand isof course causing a headache to the go-vernment of Bekasi and to Jakarta at thesame time. The population blocked theroad leading to the site. Consequently nogarbage truck dares to go near the site.The people will reopen the road only ifthey are paid the compensation. There isno way for Bekasi city government but toagree. The city government promised acompensation of Rp 50.000 per month toeach of the 12.000 families living in theneighbourhood. It was proven right. But,unfortunately, it was only once. And, theblocking resumed and demanded thatpayment be made as promised.

The crisis obviously causes difficultyto city government of Jakarta. While TPABantar Gebang is closed, Jakarta does nothave yet any replacement. It is not sur-prising, as the TPA is closed for a singleday, mountains of waste material are seeneverywhere. The scavengers in the TPAwere complaining about their livelihood.Some of them moved to another ground

such as Cilincing. As for the citizens ofBekasi, they want to see the "war" bet-ween both governments end peacefullyand they demand the problem of polluti-on be solved in the best possible manner.

Peace did come. The mayor of Bekasiwelcomes City government of Jakartaresume operation in Bantar Gebang. Themayor's policy is in contradiction withthat of his deputy. And the mayor's inten-tion will not proceed smoothly, either.Because now comes DPRD's turn to speakup. They said that the policy of the citygovernment of Bekasi has been deviatingafter the termination of contract betweenBekasi and Jakarta. Finally, months havepassed and this TPA's problem does notsee any way out.

Beside waste material problem, Ja-karta population is surprised with theincrease of water supply tariff by 30%effective from 1 January 2004. Theincrease is intended to cover the Rp 900billion defisit of PAM Jaya partner andPAM Jaya's obligation to pay back the Rp1,7 trillion loan to the central govern-ment.

The increase poses heavy burden tomost PAM customers. They see that theservice up to now is short of their expec-tation. Such as, smelly water, very smallflow, irregular service. Some considerthis calculation is not transparent, illogi-cal since it is intended to cover financialloss. But, once again, no one can everstop an increase…. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM

Muddle within Bantar Gebang TPA Unearthed

January

SOURCE: MERCYCORPS.OR.ID

Ka le idoscope


WSS News Index

Cisadane river is polluted, PDAMTangerang may cease to operate(16/1)Jakarta inhabitants want morewater hydrants (27/1)BPPT and Pusri will develop awaste material processor in Jakarta(13/1)Tangerang is considering an elec-tric generator from waste material(24/1)Jakarta is in first degree alert (6/1)Minister of Public Works: JakartaShould Develop an Early FloodWarning System (2/1)A Reservoir in Gadog is to preventagainst flood for Jakarta (3/1)Ciliwung overflows, Jakarta isflooded (20/1).

In February 2004, the Agency forMeteorology and Geophysics (AMG)reminded the Indonesia community

about the forthcoming of tropical stormlevel III which was developing over thesea south of Java. The storm would causeheavy widespread downpour all over thecountry. At that time AMG estimatedthat February would be the peak rainfall.

It was a good estimation. Flood sweptalmost all regions in Indonesia beginningfrom February and went on throughMarch. Flash flood hit Java. More thanjust infrastructure damages, flood in EastJava took the lives of 3 people and ano-ther one missing. This flood hit sevenregions of East Java. Muddy water ranacross the southern part of KabupatenMojokerto. Up to 1-1,5 m deep. This mudflood is the first in 100 years. The totalloss for East Java is estimated at Rp 300billion.

In Central Java flood cut transportconnection between Semarang andPurwodadi of Kabupaten Grobogan.Hundreds of houses in Kabupaten Gro-bogan were under water causing a waveof refugees.

In the northern coast West Java, floodhas cut the main transport link of theisland. The flood span between Pa-manukan (Subang) on the western end toKrangkeng (Indramayu) in the east. InIndramayu the total loss is estimated atRp.1,7 billion because 10.665 ha of ricefield may have to be replanted.

As usual, Jakarta is experiencing si-milar fate. Hundreds from several loca-tions had to look for temporary shelter.Traffic jams in 29 points. Tangerang andBekasi were not too far different. Thecondition of these areas was almost iden-tical with the prevalence of dengue fever.

In Kabupaten Banjar, South Kali-mantan, thousands of people had to takerefugee because most of the area is under

water. In Kabupaten Manggarai (NTT),death toll consisted of 3 and six otherswere lost. Flood also occurred at Dong-gala, Central Sulawesi, causing two per-sons lost their lives. Sumatra and Sula-wesi did not miss the flood.

The government is considered tooweak in dealing with flood. This is evi-denced from flood keeps coming everyyear. Preventive measures were almostunheard of, and post flood operationseems quite slow. Whereas, many havesupplied input and suggestion about thegovernment should do in dealing withflood.

In the midst of overflowing floodwater, the city governments of Batu andMalang are in shortage of clean water.Both city governments have to hire scoresof water trucks in order to overcomewater crisis, because their distributionare badly affected by the flood. In Batu,4.200 PAM customers have to buy waterin jerry cans while in Malang 7.000 arewithout water supply.

In the meantime, effective from thismonth PDAM Tasikmalaya is increasingits tariff by 50%. The increase does notonly relate to basic tariff but also tariffclassification to household that haschanged function. The reason for in-crease, operational cost and the prices ofequipment and materials for PDAMoperation have increased. Instantly theincrease causes strong reaction from thelegislative. They have objection with theincrease, because in reality PDAM is stillmaking profit, though small.

In Ungaran, the local PDAM can nolonger bear the burdens of operationalcosts and loan repayment. The companyis in arrears amounting to Rp 33,8 billion.To overcome this PDAM Ungaran invitesthe cooperation of PT Sara Tirta Ungaran(STU) to manage the water source at

Ngembar, Kecamatan Jambu. The for-mat of the cooperation is STU developand take over PDAM asset for the periodof 27 years. Upon completion all the assetgoes back to PDAM Ungaran. The newinvestment amounts to Rp 29,244 billionconsisting of Rp 23,4 billion for deve-loping a drinking water installation andthe rest to construct instalation at thewater source.

A I N R E P O R TM


Flood Swept Across IndonesiaFebruary-March-April

WSS News Index

Scavengers' Smile at TPA BantarGebang (2/2)TPA Cipayung becomes a pilot TPAfor Jabotabek area (3/2)TPA causes pollution to fish pond(9/2)Transfer Station at Cilincing is pro-ven to cause environmental pollu-tion (10/2)BPPT Offers 5 Aspects for SolidWaste Handling (16/2)Up to Rp 5 million Fine for Lit-tering (26/2)Banjir Kanal Barat optimalizationprojet is completed in April (18/2)North coast road at Situbondo iscovered with mud and rock (16/2)31 kelurahan (villages) of Yogya-karta are sensitive to flood andlandslide (5/2)Raw Water Supply Drops by 62%(5/4)Polluted by Fuel Refilling Station,One Has Been Buying MineralWater for 5 Years (13/4)West Java Government Hand OverWater Supply Management andAsset to PDAM (11/4)Proposed Tegal PDAM tarifincrease almost 100% (27/4)PAM water of West Bangka haslong been polluted (27/4)Hundreds of Bojong populationheld demo to Police HQ (9/3).

Ka le idoscope

Following floods that sweptmany parts of Indonesia, thecommunity begins questioning

the government's performance indealing with this disaster. Generallythe people consider that the govern-ment is incapable of anticipating theoccurrence of flood and the conse-quences it leaves behind. As a result,human lives and property always fallvictim, and the amount is never small.

The regional government of Jakar-ta, for example, is unable to cope withthis problem, and has asked the cen-tral government to share the burden.This is because flood is not the pro-blem of a single province but it entan-gles across administrative borders.

The bupati of Kabupaten Indramayu,Irianto Syafiudin, requests the provincialgovernment's help to solve river siltationproblem in his region. Siltation rate inKab. Indramayu is the highest in WestJava because this region is the down-stream area of rivers carrying mud fromTasikmalaya, Garut, Sumedang, Subang,Majalengka and Kuningan areas.

In Bekasi, the population of Babelanrequests the government to as soon aspossible normalize Kali Balisasak. Theriver has undergone advanced siltationand aquatic vegetation cover and as suchit cannot function as normal waterwayduring peak flow.

In the city of Bogor, many roads turnbad easily because of poor drainage sys-tem.

Therefore, several parties suggest thatthe roads of the city should not be pavedwith asphalt, but with concrete blocinstead. Additionally, the community re-quests that the drainage is re-arrangedproperly considering Bogor is a rainy city.Further the community requests re-arrangement of waste material and streetvendor management. The population ex-pects that this tourist destination city

may become a clean and hygienic city.In Padang, the citizens regret the

environmental destruction that has takenplace in the region. In areas where floodwas historically unknown, now are begin-ning to experience the disaster. The citi-zens consider the city government lacksof care and interest to subject related toflood and environmental conservation aswell as spatial planning.

The Minster of Environment, NabielMakarim, stated that there are nine out of198 lakes (natural and man-made) in thearea of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerangand Bekasi have been converted to otherfunction and must be reverted to theirprevious condition. According to him, re-version of the lakes in this region is aneffort to control flood especially in theresorption and water pocket areas. Inaddition, he feels a deep apprehensionwith the damages made to 134 lakes(68%). Only 42 (20%) of the lakes areconsiderd accepteble and 2 lakes havetotally disappeared.

What was stated by Nabiel is right.The function of Rawa Badung reservoir inJatinegara, East Jakarta is to hold water,but at the same time it is also a garbageholder. Floating on surface is waste

material consisting of plastic,empty bottles, cans, and so on.This condition causes a lot of nui-sance to the neigbourhood. Theyexpect the city government wouldbuild a fence around the reservoir.

In the meantime, Bogor citi-zens are surprised with the in-crease of PDAM Tirta Pakuan's150% tariff increase. The increaseis based on the increases of elec-tricity at 60%, fuel at 50% andbasic regional salary. The increasewhich is effective since June hasinvited objection from the con-sumers. They consider the in-

crease is too high and incomparable withthe quality of PDAM service.

But, hush…. people's voice is almostalways unheard. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM

WSS News Index

Questioning Government's ResponsibilityMay

Bekasi City government breaks promi-se, Bantar Gebang population closesTPA (6/5)Waste Material of TPA Leuwigajah forelectricity (8/5)Container in place of informal transferstation (10/5)Because of Waste material teachersthreaten to strike from teaching (31/5)Many have to drink water not worthyfor consumption (14/5)PDAM Bogor raises tariff up to 150%(21/5)Big annual decrease is dicharge rate inNTB (26/5)Seminar of "Water Culture" (19/5)And water pipe is hung on the tree(13/5)Need a regulation on relocation ofwater use (14/5)Central Government is asked to helpovercoming flood problem (8/5)Water discharge of Citanduy riverdrops drastically (8/5)The rivers of Jakarta serve as thelongest toilet in the world (5/5).

SOURCE: DEPT. OF HEALTH


Ka le idoscope

After flood swept a number ofregions, Indonesia is now facinganother "law of nature" as a con-

sequence of environmental degradation:drought. This condition does not onlyaffect the people as individuals but alsothe clean water provider, PDAM. The re-gional public utility company is com-plaining about the difficulty in gettingraw water.

The rivers of West Kalimantan drasti-cally drop their water level. Water depththat was normally 3 metres now sinks toonly one meter. In many parts of therivers the people can freely wade acrossthe banks. It is obvious that such a con-dition is detrimental to raw water supplyfor several PDAMs such as the ones inSanggau, Landak and Pontianak. The lo-cal population has to buy drinking waterat Rp 70.000 per tank containing 4.000litres. Other people have to pay retailprice at Rp 1.000 per gallon (4 litres).Worst of all, the poor who cannot affordto buy water, have to go to the river totake water, let it settle overnight and useit the next morning. Some even have touse it directly.

In Banjarmasin, the local PDAM alsoexperience a supply shortage. One of its500 l/sec capacity raw water intakes can-not be used any more. Beside droughtproblem, salt water intrusion has reachedabove tolerance level. Water scarcitybrings detrimental effects to the popula-tion. Diarrhea diseases are beginning toattack the people living near the river,especially the poor who are living inthickly populated quarters.

In Serang, approximately 10.000PDAM customers are unable to enjoyclean water service. The director of localPDAM says that the main conveyancepipe in Tamansari, Baros is closed downby the local population because of a nag-ging problem of land compensation.

In Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, the

regional government distributes cleanwater to the population with the prioritygiven to the poor. Because of prolongeddry season eleven kecamatan of thiskabupaten are suffering from waterscarcity. In Kulonprogo, 8 from 12 keca-matan are in shortage of water. Even infour of them they have no clean water atall for almost two months.

Sutrisno, head of Pemali Jatrun wa-tershed management, in Central Java,said that approximately 430.000 ha of fo-rest lands in 16 kabupatens are in criticalcondition and must be seriously takencare of otherwise they may cause disas-ters to the surrounding areas. Of the to-tal, 238.000 ha are located outside of theforest areas.

In NTT, the local government has todiscontinue water supply to the barracksof ex Timor Timur refugees. The reasonis because the local government is inshort of fund to support the operation.The ex refugees respond sharply. Theysay the government has treated theminhumanly because they have no moredrinking water in their camp.

Beside in the regions, water crisis alsothreatens Jakarta. And this is an inter-mittent annual disaster agenda for Ja-karta. The heavy rainfall cannot findenough entry to underground aquifer

because of the minimum water resorptionareas. And ground water condition of theremaining areas is very poor. An obser-vation made to water taken from the wellsof the community of 5 districts of Jakartaindicates that 90% of the samples havebeen contaminated with coli bacteriafrom human waste. If this condition pre-vails, according to Japan IndonesiaCooperation Agency (JICA) in 2010Jakarta will face a serious water short-age.

A I N R E P O R TM


WSS News Index

The community is in short of clean waterJune-July

PDAM Indramayu increases tariff by66% (30/1)Waste materials heavily pollutes Siakriver, PDAM is suggested not to con-tinue processing raw water (3/7)The population of 16 villages in Demakis in short of clean water (8/7)Regarded as legally defective, 16 NGOsfile suit against Law on Water Resour-ces to Constitution Court (14/7)Salt water intrusion has reached mid-town area (20/7)Blue Oasis City is built on a water re-sorption area (28/7)Judicial Review of Law on Water Reso-urces is submitted to ConstitutionCourt (29/7)Proportional Water Sharing to preventAbsolute Water Spring (22/7)Extension of TPA Bantar Gebangapproved (10/6)Local population maintains rejectionagainst disposal site for Jakarta garba-ge (23/7)Integrated Waste Disposal at Bojong isguaranteed environmentally safe(29/7)Number of Lakes in Bekasi decreasescontinuously (8/6)Rp. 100 billion for BKT land procure-ment (24/6)Mookervaart river, your story today(28/7).

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

Ka le idoscope

DROUGHT

Prolonged drought thatspread across vast areasof Indonesia has com-

pelled the government to look foralternative water sources or wayshow to maintain the existingreserves. The government, thro-ugh the Minister of Research andTechnology, Hatta Rajasa, is de-termined to look for alternativewater sources for fulfilling cleanwater requirement. One exam-ple is construction of undergo-und reservoir at Goa Bribin,Gunung Kidul. Pumping up wa-ter from Goa Bribin can satisfy the needfor 175 thousand of Gunung Kidul popu-lation.

Exploitation underground water isalso done in Duwet hamlet of Suci village,some 40 km south of Wonogiri, CentralJava. A deep well pump was sunk 160 mbelow ground and water is pumped up tosatisfy water requirement of 500 familiesin the village. With the well operating thevillagers do not have to walk 7 km to keca-matan capital to buy water, or to wait forwater tank on the main road which is 1km from the village.

The effort to look for new watersource is also done through competition.Arie Herlambang, a researcher from theAgency for Technological Study andApplication, won Innovative Technologycompetition 2004. He was named thebest out of seven finalists with an innova-tion called "Technical Application for theTreatment of Brackish Water of Peat Soilsinto Drinking Water." The inovation isnot just theoretical, it has been success-fully applied in a transmigration area ofCentral Kalimantan which is always inshortage of clean water. Basically thisequipment consists of a series of filtrationprocess much longer than the one used inwater supply provider in the cities, and iscombined with desalination unit. The

equipment which costs Rp 350 million iscapable of producing 170 gallons of drink-able water for every 8 hours of operation.Water is sold at Rp 3.000 - 5.000 per gal-lon.

In the meantime, to prevent river se-dimentation, the Governor of Jakarta,pleads that the inhabitants of Jakarta notto throw any waste into the 13 rivers ofthe city. Besides, the city government willmove all the settlement houses built onthe riverbanks. The governor promisesthe legal city inhabitant with Jakartaidentication a low priced living quarter ina flat. One of the rivers that showsimprovement is kali Angke, but a homework still remains undone, i.e. changingthe water colour from black into clear.

While for flood protection, the go-vernment is determined to finalise con-struction the Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT)drainage system by 2007. A budget ofalmost Rp 2 trillion is allocated for theconstruction. The most difficult processis land procurement because it involvesrelatively large pieces of land, about 263ha in total, all belonging to the communi-ty. With the functioning of BKT, it isexpected Jakarta will be more manage-able and reducing inundation of 13 locali-ties.

In Sumedang, the government will

review the design of Jatigede leveeand dam construction. Department ofRegional Infrastructure and Setlle-ment Systems (Public Works) is goingto bring head of water level lower sothat the area of inundation will bereduced. This change means the vol-ume of the dam will be less and theservice area will also be smaller.

The seed of community threats toclose down the Integrated WaterTreatment facility is growing. Thepopulation from 6 villages ofKecamatan Kelapanunggal asks the

DPRD Bogor to cancel the Bupati Bogorletter of decision that grants permit forthe construction of the facility. PT. WiraGuna Sejahtera, the company to operatethe facility keeps convincing the peoplethat the solid waste treatment facility isenvironmentally safe. (MJ)

WSS News Index

A I N R E P O R T

Looking for Alternative Water Source

MAugust

Looking for Water Sources isContinuing (3/8)Unable to Solve Consumers' com-plain, Palyja may face sanction(3/8)Deep well overcomes scarcity ofclean water (5/8)Drought in 4 kabupaten ofBanyumas (10/8)Water Treatment of Peaty SoilsWon Innovation Competition(20/8)Freedom Yes Freedom, ButWater Scarcity is Water Scarcity(23/8)Water Level in 3 lakes is receding,Cirebon population is threatenedwith dryness (24/8)Three Primary Schools Which ArePolluted With Garbage have Notbeen Moved (2/8)Govt. of Jakarta will proceed withBojong garbage treatment facility(10/8)Self Reliant Garbage Treatment,Not Impossible (31/8).



Ka le idoscope

NeedINUL’s help?

Calm down.....we will provideArtesian well

PDAM's short of capacity to pro-vide service has encouraged thegrowth of refillable bottled water

business. The household scale business isavailable in almost every street corner.They sell drinking water at a relativelycheap price, Rp 2.500 per 4 gallon con-tainer. This price is much lower than thatof the branded bottled water, which maybe twice as much. The growth of refillablewater depot causes deep concerns to thebranded water companies. Besides, thereare many who question about hygieniclevel of this refillable water.

In mass media articles were writtenabout the facts that some of the waterdepots contain e-coli bacteria and maycause kidney disorder if consumed for along duration. This of course makes thedepot owners feel unhappy. Throughtheir business association (APDAMIN-DO, association of drinking water suppli-er and distribution business), they denythe statement and consider it too tenden-tious and contains some sort of slander.They demand that the statements be cla-rified otherwise the refillable businessmay suffer defamation.

The small scale water businessmenadmit that they should be developedgiven the necessary education about theimportance of hygiene. Therefore, theymust be developed and assisted, ratherthan being killed instead through herdingof community opinion to a negativeeffect.

The government of DKI Jakartaissued a Governor's Letter of Decision No13 /2004 on the requirement of healthcertificate for a drinking water depot.The certificate describes the procedure ofissuance, recommendation for permit,and supervision of refillable water busi-ness. The certificate is the preconditionfor obtaining operational permit fromDeperindag (Dept. of Industry and

Trade). The Letter of Decision posessanction to businessman who violates theregulation, beginning from written noticeup to revocation of the operational per-mit. Apdamindo hailed happily the Letterof Decision. The say with the Letter ofDecision there is a guarantee for the busi-ness as well as for the community.

PDAM Tirta Kerta Raharja of Tange-rang promises clean water supply forcommunities with water shortage. Itmade ready 6 water trucks each with5.000 l capacity. Based on the existingdata, there were 25 villages that were inshortage of clean water. But not a singleRT/RW requested for any help.

The same step was taken by PDAMIndramayu. To overcome water shortage,with 8 trucks in operation, PDAM distrib-uted clean water free to villages uponrequest from the respective village head-man. What the villages need is to preparea water reservoir. Each village was sup-plied with 4 trucks of water each with4.000 l capacity.

Drought still continues in some otherareas. The communities are still in shortof clean water. This is in Kalimantan,some parts of Jawa, and Nusa Tenggara.

In the meantime, Medan and its sur-rounding are under big flood. Rain con-tinued falling for several days. Hundredsof homes are under water. This big floodis a combination of the heavy rainfall andoverflowing from other regions.

Bantar Gebang case flips open again,after the common agreement between thegovernments of DKI Jakarta and Bekasiwas signed last July. The reason is, theTPA (final disposal ground) is neglected.The leachate from the mountain ofgarbage overflows the ditches into thecommunity settlement. The companyappointed to manage it seems not readyto do its job. The government of Bekasidemands that DKI Jakarta take care ofthe problem. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


Refillable Bottled Water under Spotlight

September

WSS News Index

Investment of PDAM Partner isLimited.(1/9)PAM Jaya Tariff will automaticlyincrease every 6 months.(1/9)Bandung Basin in Water CrisisDue to Changes in Land Use,(3/9)PAM Banjarmasin Relies on Ta-buk.(21/9)Clean Water Costs Rp 2.000 perjerry can.(24/9)Inhabitants of Mahakam Ri-verbanks are in shortage of cleanwater.(30/9)Bulak Sindon water Source MayBe Exploited for Business.(30/9)DKI Jakarta has not sumbmittedTPA Management system.(7/9)2005, TPA Cikundul CeasesFunctioning.(14/9)·Flood Swept North Sumatra,Hundreds of homes underwater.(21/9)


Ka le idoscope

permit

NAUGHT=

CLOSED DOWN

REFILL

The long dry season that swept vastareas of Indonesia has left miseryto many people. Critical water

shortage in many areas. The communityof Wanareja, Garut, has no choice but touse ditch water for consumption. Later itwas found that the water contains a highnumber of bacteria. It is not worthy fordrinking even after boiling. It might betolerable for handwashing purpose.

The local agency for health hasreminded the people. But what couldthey do, clean water supply never comesby. The only way is to recommend thepeople to treat the water with clorinebefore consumption. The regional go-vernment of Garut helps them with awater filtration device made by ITB. TheRp 40 million device is hired for twomonths. Actually, Cigaruhguy water so-urce is located in the same area, but basedon local adat law the source can only beused by two hamlets. The other ninehamlets can only bite their fingers.

In Martapura, South Kalimantan,the community of Kecamatan Gambutwho live along handils (manmadedrainage dithches specific of SouthKalimantan) have for 4 months made usewater from wallowing ponds for theirdaily consumption. The 2 meter deepponds were dug near the handil. Eachpond may produce several pails of yellow-ish and turbid water. Some of the pondsare located close to a toilet with its nause-ating odour. The yellowish water is let tosettle and filtered before use.

In Serang, Banten, scores of Suka-wana and Trondol villages are conta-minated with diarrhoeal disease. Theyare sick because they consumed waterfrom Bedeng river which is used asMCK (bath, wash and defecate) and foranimal washing.

Water shortage is also experience inKupang, the capital city of NTT. As manyas 550 people have no access to cleanwater. Dug wells are drying. The Oepurawater source, the biggest waste sourcefor the city where PDAM also takes itwater, is also drying up. Long queues areseen everywhere for 5 litres of water. Thiscondition is made worse because of da-mage in PDAM distribution pipes.

Similar fate is also experienced by thecitizens of Cirebon. It is slightly better,though. At least the citizens still have thebenefit of water flow, though they have totake turn. This is the step PDAM takes sothat no citizen is left out.

Service rotation is also done in Su-medang, West Java. Water source inCipanteneun Cimalaka where PDAM getsits raw water, is going down. The diffe-rence from Cirebon is that not all of cus-tomers can get a service. Some homeconnections get no water except thesound of air flow as you turn the tap open.This condition made it necessary forPDAM to operate water tanks.

In Cimahi, the community of Cibeberof Kecamatan Cimahi Selatan demandsthat the Cimahi city government put anend to water exploitation of LakeCiseupan; it is sold to industrial compa-nies. This complaint is caused from thefact that the Ciseupan area is drying up.Water table in wells drops by 2-3 metres.

No far from that the community ofBraga, city of Bandung file a protestagainst the construction of Braga CityWalk (BCW). The community considersthe project disturbs the environment.They are complaining about the decreasein groundwater table. The company thatbuilds the project once promised to com-pensate the communitty with a watersupply network for them. But the promi-

se remains a promise, and reality is some-thing different.

In Jakarta, PT. Palyja the water sup-ply management, complains about deficitin raw water supply. The normal supplyshould stand at 6,2 m3/sec is now downto only 5,2 m3/sec. Whereas the averagerequirement is 5,4 m3/sec. Beside theinsufficient amount, the PAM Jaya part-ner company also complains about waterquality. It is always turbid. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


Even Ditch and Wallowing Pond AreSources for Consumption Water

October

WSS News Index

Water Crisis in Kupang stillunsolved. (4/10)To irrigate agricultutral land,Kuningan farmers brokePDAM distribution pipe.(7/10)For 4 months thousands ofpeak area community dependon wallowing pond for water.(9/10)According to Sucofindo, Su-rabaya water is good fordrinking. (11/10)Integrated Tourism ProjectThreatens Water Conser-vation. (13/10)PDAM Raw Water SupplyDrops By 200 l/sec. (25/10)Population of South Su-kabumi Is Crying for Water.(25/10)Population of North BekasiRequests Subsidy for DugWells. (27/10)Population of Wanaraja StillDepends on Drainage Water.(27/10)Polluted, Water from Musiriver is not worthy for drink-ing. (29/10)

Ka le idoscope

End of November 2004 was theculmination of cases with TPST(Integrated Garbage Disposal

Site) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kelapanung-gal, Kabupaten Bogor. The local peopleheld demonstration which ended up withclashes with police force from BogorResort Police. Five demonstrators wereshot and others were fleeing (hiding).

The actions were already done severaltimes. There were even rumours that acertain party is behind them. But what isobvious from field observation, the localinhabitants question about the negativeimpact the TSPT will produce to the envi-ronment and the placement of the TSPSTis against the spatial planning in whichthe area is alloted for housing and settle-ment. Each time there is a trial the inha-bitants would come and place barricadesto prevent garbage carrying trucks to en-ter. Once, the people even drove out thepolice chief who tried to make a speech.They cut trees and place logs and otherheavy materials on the road leading to thesite. It all culminated on 22 Novembershortly before noon. The mass attackedTPST Bojong and inflicted damages andput fire on some of the asset belonging toPT, Wira Guna Sejahtera, the managingcompany.

The Minister of Environment, RachmatWitoelar, could understand the fear theinhabitants have. But what he regreted wasthe community action that caused damagesto the asset while the opportunity for nego-tiation might still be sought for. Accordingto him, socialization activity must beundertaken more extensively.

As a result of what has happened ma-ny parties suggest that TPST Bojong betemporarily closed. Jakarta’s governoremphasized that TPST Bojong will opera-te, but it has to wait till the conditon isconducive.

The Environmental Research Centreof the Institute for Research and Commu-

nity Empowerment IPB sees the Bojongcase as an iceberg of garbage handlingproblem in Indonesia. The problem boilsdown to the fact that garbage handling ofJakarta and other cities of Indonesia isnailed firmly on the old paradigm. Thenew paradigm in waste material handlingstarts with the of development of policyand practices that reflect communitybased waste material handling throughactive involvement of the whole commu-nity, private sector and the scavengers.

The Bojong case seems to tell all thestakeholders related to waste materialhandling to voice out their ideas. Some ofthem suggest that the 6 thousand tonnesof daily Jakarta waste production beprocessed into compost. Some even sug-gest that an incinerator is built in eachdivisional region in order to minimize theburden of TPST. Others strongly defendusing sophisticated technology on groundthat availability of land area is quite li-mited. Which one is the best? Each hasits argumentation. What is certain is thatfor Indonesia, the ideas have never beentested as 100% suitable. Therefore, itshould at this point we think seriously tofind the best solution. To prevent theBojong case re-occur and more victimsfalling down.

In the meantime, Tangerang govern-ment frankly refuses any Jakarta plan todump their waste material into its place.As we know, Jakarta has no more land todispose of its waste material. This casemakes us realize that waste material han-dling requires inter-regional coordinationbased on a thorough consideration andthe principle of mutual benefit, includingbenefit to the neighbouring community.And what is more important, at no timeenvironmental impact analysis may beneglected. Otherwise, the local popula-tion will be victimized.

The end of 2004 is coloured withheavy rains falling all over the country.

Poor drainage has resulted in flooding ofmany areas. Jakarta has prepared itselfto face it, including preventing of diar-rhoeal disease which comes together withrainy season. But because of poor qualityin drainage construction, many roads areturning bad due to erosion.

A I N R E P O R TM


Flares at TSPT BojongNovember-December

WSS News Index

Distamben (Agency of Mining

and Energy) West Java Built

an Artesian Well at Leulosa

(1/11).

Raw Water for Drinking Must

Not Be Taken From Polluted

River. (5/11)·

Water Crisis is Threatening

Jakarta. (22/11)

PDAM Must Pay Compen-

sation for Days without Ser-

vice. (23/11)

Automatic Water Tariff will be

reviewed. (29/11)

Local Population Supports

TPST Bojong. (1/11)

Garbage for Compost. (4/11).

Investor is Eyeing Surabaya

Solid waste handling. (9/11)·

Mountains of Garbage in the

streets of Jakarta and Tange-

rang. (18/11)·

Riot in TPST Bojong, 5

demonstrators were shot.

(23/11)·

Canals are still being used as

garbage dump. (21/11)·

East Jakarta government fears

BKT land procurement be

taken over. (10/11)·

Be careful with diseases dur-

ing the rainy season. (12/11)

Ka le idoscope

The National Policy for theDevelopment of Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation is

using two approaches, community basedand institutionally based. The communi-ty based has reached the stage of fieldimplementation in 2004. Its sister, theinstitutionally based is in the stage ofdeliberation. Early 2005 the sister policyis scheduled to be finalised and is readyfor dissemination.

Looking into their formulation, theinstitutionally based in faster than thecommunity based. The workshop on thedraft of theis policy was conducted inSeptember and the process up to final for-mulation in December 2004. The com-pletion process is considered an impor-tant momentum, because it will reflectconsistence and decisive character of theoverall WSS development policy frame-work. To this end, 4 teams were formed,each is given a responsibility to deal withone sub-sector:

Drinking Water TeamWastewater TeamSolid Waste TeamDrainage Team

And there are also sub-teams dealingwith environmental, financial, institu-tional, and social aspects. All these workteams make up the core work team for theinstitutionally based policy formulation,which is responsible not only for revisingthe existing draft but also to enrich it withenvironmental sanitation component inorder to have a balanced treatmentamong the sub-sectors.

Since the September workshop inBogor, the Working Group has been con-ducting a series of meetings for the com-pletion of the Institutional Policy draft.Discussion took place in either sectorteam or in plenum.

At the same time there happens syn-chronization of policies produced byother planning agencies such PublicWorks and the Ministry of Environment(KLH). Public Works has producedNational Action Plan for drinking water,waste water and solid waste. While KLHhas produced a national polcy for solidwaste management.

Workshops I and II were conductedin seriatim involving all the related sec-

tors. The draft is always updated by theconsultant under the supervision ofWASPOLA Secretariat and direction ofthe Working Group until the completionof draft #3 which is expected to be the

A I N R E P O R T

National Policy for the Development of Institutionally Based WaterSupply And Environmental Sanitation,

An Egg About To Hatch

M

Expansion of service coverage withpriority given to poor families (propoor)Maintain balance between the demandfor WSS development and the environ-mental carrying capacity (eco-link)Impove involvement of all stakehol-ders in WSS development (all out)Optimizing the principle of propermanagement with cost recovery (goodcorporate governance)Enforce law effectively (law enforce-ment)Develop inter-regional and inter-agency coordination in WSS develop-ment (regionalization)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

National Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development

Increase service coverage and qualitylevel gradually from clean water todrinking waterImprove access to drinking water faci-lity with priority given to the poor fa-milies and low access areasCommunity empowerment in takingbenefit from drinking water, in a rea-sonable mannerControl to drinking water consumptionthrough tariff and regulation instru-mentIncrease the role of government, com-munity, and private sector in raw watermanagementApplication of the principle of entre-preneurship and cost recovery in themanagement of drinking water in gua-ranteeing the basic human needIncrease investment opportunity forthe provision of drinking water service

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Drinking Water Sector Policy

FOTO:OSWAR MUNGKASA


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final draft. This draft will be submitted toCentral Project Committee (CPC) meetingfor approval.

Though it has come to draft #3, it doesnot mean that the activities related to thepolicy formulation have come to an end.There are several support activities thathave not taken place, they are:

Study on laws and regulations relatedto water supply and environmentalsanitation, such Law on Water Reso-urces, Government Regulation onDrinking Water, Law on Decentra-lization, Law of Public Company, etc.Enrichment of insight on the subjectof public policy.The above activities could not take

place due to the hectic schedule of the

Working Group. These support activitiesare actually independent activities for thepurpose of providing input and referencefor the working teams, therefore the acti-vities are still relevant while theInstitutional Policy formulation is still on-going. It is almost certain that the eggcalled National Policy for the De-velopment of Institutionally Based Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation isgoing to hatch. However, revision andimprovement can be neglected. We'llwait. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


Reducing the amount of waste asmuch as possible beginning from itssourceEncourage the role and active partici-pation of the community as partner inwaste material managementStrengthening the capacity of solidwaste management institutionDevelop partnership with private sec-tor in solid waste managementImprove level of service to graduallyachieve the national targetApplication, step by step, the principleof cost recoveryEffective law enforcement

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Policy Related to Solid Waste

Encourage integration drinking water sector with wastewater sector

Wastewater management is conducted in consideration of environmental conservation

The community must have access to an acceptable drainage facility and infrastructure

Priority in placed on provision of access to poor community

Wastewater management is undertaken by an institution specially assigned to do this

service

Increase the role of government, private sector and community in wastewater mana-

gement

Application, step by step, the principle of cost recovery in wastewater management

Effective law enforcement in order to prevent pollution of water source

Policy Related to Wastewater

Management of drainage system is un-

dertaken by the government, private

sector, and community based on the

hierarchy of the drainage system

Drainage system is developed to sup-

port balance in water system

Drainage management is based on the

priority of population density and

poverty

1.

2.

3.

Policy Related to Drainage Sector

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

Ka le idoscope

June 2003. The National Policy forthe Development of CommunityBased Water Supply and Environ-

metal Sanitation (WSS) was born. Thepolicy was approved by 6 echelon I offi-cials of 5 government departments. Tho-se who signed the document were Ir. Su-yono Dikun, PhD, (Deputy Minister forInfrastructure and Facility Development,Bappenas), Prof. Dr. Umar Fahmi Ach-madi, MPH, PhD (Director General forContagious Diseases and EnvironmentalSanitation, Dept. of Health), Ir. BudimanArief, (Director General for Urban Plan-ning and Rural Planning, Dept of PublicWorks), Drs. Seman Widjojo, Msi.(Director General for Regional Develop-ment, Dept. of Home Affairs), Dr. ArdiPartadinata, Msi (Director General forVillage and Community Empowerment,Dept. of Home Affairs ), and Dr. MachfudSiddik, MSc. (Director General for Ba-lance in Central and Regional Finacing,Dept. of Finance).

Before the signing, the policy whichwas formulated by Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation (WSS) Wor-king Group has undergone several fieldtrials. The regions selected for the trialwere Kabupaten Solok (West Sumatera),Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin (SouthSumatera), Kabupaten Subang (WestJava), and Kabupaten East Sumba(Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT). These tri-als gave a clear indication that the regionsare willing and capable of adopting thepolicy.

And it was timely in 2004 for puttingthe policy into real operation. Consi-dering the limitation in the part of thecentral government, however, the policycannot be implemented all at oncethroughout the country. There needs tohave a stepwise process. Then in January2004 a workshop was organized to deve-lop a strategy for the implementation of

national policy for the community basedWSS development. This workshop pro-duced criteria for site selection and therelated instruments needed. Besides, theparticipants also agreed to develop a de-tail implementation plan for 2004. Theagreed activities were directed towardsmarketing/promotion, advocacy, facilita-tion, consultation, and implementation.

In early 2004 the WSS WorkingGroup sent offering letter to provincialand kabupaten/kota governments. Therewere 14 kabupaten and 13 provincesexpressed their interest. The WorkingGroup then made selection based on theletter of interest and regional commit-ment. Approval was given to seven pro-vinces, namely West Sumatera, BangkaBelitung, Banten, Central Java, South Su-lawesi, Gorontalo, Nusa Tenggara Barat(NTB), and seven kabupaten: Sijunjung,South Bangka, Lebak, Kebumen, Pang-kajene, Gorontalo, and West Lombok.

Before the policy was brought to thefield for a real application, several pre-paratory activities were made. One ofthem was conducting a worskhop at theend of May on the understanding of thenational policy and the process of imple-mentation facilitation at the regionallevel. This workshop was aimed to shed alight on the regional facilitator candidateswhat the policy is all about and at thesame time also developing a detailedwork plan for the regional level imple-mentation facilitation activity. Beforethis the facilitator candidates have alsoattended an orientation course onMethodology for Participatory Assess-ments (MPA), a methodology for commu-nity approach based on the principle ofdemand responsiveness. This is the me-thodology to be adopted in the nationalpolicy for the community based WSSdevelopment.

In mid June 2004, the implementati-

on facilitation of national policy for thecommunity based WSS developmentbegan rolling in the participating regions.One by one of the facilitators were mobi-lized to their respected home bases. Onefacilitator was placed in each province tocover the job in the provice and therespected kabupaten. There were sevenof them in all. They were supported andwere under the coordination of WASPO-LA secretariat and the WSS WorkingGroup.

Up to July 2004 the activities in theregions consisted of: coordination in thepreparatory activity towards the policyimplementation, and public presentationof the program in each province andkabupaten. The activities were conductedby each of the regional government andwere facilitated by the respective facili-tators.

The preparatory activity was precededwith inter-agency coordination consistingof Bappeda, Agency for Health, Kimpras-

A I N R E P O R T

2004, the Year of Implementation of NationalPolicy for the Development of Community Based

Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

M

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE DEVELOPMENTOF COMMUNITY BASED WATER SUPPLY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

Water is a social good and an eco-

nomic good

Informed choice as basis for demand

responsive approach

Environmentally sensitive develop-

ment

Hygiene behaviour education

Pro poor development

Role of women in decision making

Accountability in development

process

Government role as facilitator

Active community participation

Optimum service and right target

Application of cost recovery princi-

ple

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.


Ka le idoscope

wil/Public Works, Community Empower-ment Agency, for the purpose of intro-ducing and further clarification of theprogram planning. In general all the re-gions were supporting eagerly and each ofthem prepared their own facilitators andthe necessary support equipment. All ex-cept in one Kabupaten of the facilitatrorsare housed in the office of Bappeda. Thelatter was placed in the office of PublicWorks.

Beside the abovementioned support,the regional government also allocatedfund for the policy implementation.However, in the majority of the regionsthe fund was not yet made available, the-refore it had to be found from the annualbudget. The regions that had allocatedsome fund from the very beginning werekabupatens Sijunjung, Gorontalo, BangkaSelatan and West Lombok.

Meanwhile, the facilitator identified theagencies and NGOs related to WSS develop-ment. The identification produced a list ofnames for participation in Orientation TOTon MPA and Policy Implementationorganinized by WSS Working Group atCisarua, Bogor, on 13-16 July 2004.

The regional facilitators and stake-holders also collected data on water sup-ply and environmental sanitation. Thesedata were used for discussion material inthe regional workshop for the formulationof WSS development plan. All the regionscame to realize about the problem of datainsufficiency. That is why, data prepara-tion should be given a sufficient timeframe.

Program presentationThe presentation agenda consisted of:

(i) general picture of policy formulationprogram; (ii) the basic principles underly-ing the national policy for communitybased WSS development; (iii) policyimplementation facilitation process at theregional level; (iv) discussion and clarifi-cation; and (v) common agreement for ashort term work plan. In general all the

participating regions gave a positiveresponse to the work plan and began tounderstand that sustainable WSS deve-lopment is an important issue and deser-ves serious attention. The short termagenda consisted of among others esta-blishment of a working team, selection ofparticipants for Orientation TOT in MPAand Policy Implementation.

Other matters that called for clarifica-tion from the facilitors were:

There was some sort of misunderstan-ding that this program would be fol-lowed with a physical project. Thisunderstanding was based on the tra-dition that each program was alwaysidentical with physical project.The absence of DPRD (legislative) repre-sentatives. Whereas this office plays anutmost important role in supporting andfollowing up the WSS activities.Uncertainty in fund allocation in seve-ral regions such as Central Java, WestSumatera, NTB, Gorontalo and SouthSulawesi.

MPA Orientation TOT and PolicyImplementation

All participating regions sent partici-pants, Banten even sent one and Goron-talo two additional participants than they

were initially told to do. Two participantsfrom Bangka Belitung failed to show upfor transport reason.

In general, the participants were en-thusiastic in following the training. Theyalso prepared their own planning for thepolicy implementation for further discus-sion with their own superiors.

Regional level workshopsWorkshop after workshop took place

in the seven provinces and seven kabu-patens. The purpose was to help theregions to work out a regional policyfamework and action plan for WSS sectordevelopment. This activity included:

Review of the national policy for commu-nity based WSS development by the re-gionsIdentification of issues and problemsrelated to said development Study on the factors rensponsible for suc-cess and failure of WSS development ineach regionPolicy dialogues for the purpose of buil-ding interest and care within the variousparties for the effort in overcoming theissues and poblems related to WSS deve-lopmentPreparation regional level action planDisemination of the policy to all kabu-patens conducted by the province.Up to this point all the participating

provinces and kabupatens have conduct-ed the review of the policy principlesinvolving a wide range of stakeholders,through regional workshops, and weresummarized into a common perception,challenges and efforts to be undertaken.

Visits were also made to projects whichare considerd successful as also to thosewhich met with a failure in order to find outwhat are the factors behind each of them andto learn a lesson from them for a sustainabledevelopment in the future. What is moreimportant is several regions have started toponder on WSS program for 2005. Will thepolicy be really put to practice? We'll waittill next year. (MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Policy Formulation

and Action Planning (WASPOLA)Project was implemented under theleadership of the Indonesian govern-ment through an inter-departmental

(Bappenas, Dept. Home Affairs,Dept. Settlemnet and Regional

Infrastructures, Dept. Health, andDept. Finance) working group

chaired by Bappenas, with a majori-ty grant fund provided by the Aus-tralian government through AusAID

and a direct support from Water andSanitation Program for East Asia andthe Pacific (WSP-EAP) on behalf of

AusAID and the World Bank

Ka le idoscope

In 2004 WASPOLA conducted anumber of activities deductedfrom the tripartite: Indonesiangovernment, AusAID and WSP-

Worldbank workplan 2004. The activi-ties were grouped into 4 categories: poli-cy implementation, policy reform, know-ledge management and project manage-ment. The following the the summary ofWASPOLA activities during 2004:

JANUARYWorkshop on development of region-

al level implementation strategy. Con-ducted on the 14th day of the month atMariot Hotel, Jakarta. 27 participantsconsisted of representatives fromWASPOLA Working Group, WSP-EAPand AusAID. The workshop concludedan agreement about implementationstrategy and action plan, which provideda role to the province to facilitate thekabupaten.

FEBRUARYTraining of trainers for workshop on

achieving Millenium Development Goals.Held on the 10th-11th day at HotelSheraton Bandara, Jakarta. Attended by22 participants consisting of WASPOLAWorking Group, WSP-EAP and WASPO-LA secretariate representatives. Thisworkshop provides training to facilitatorcandidates for MDGs workshop imple-mentation. This event was facilitated bymembers of the Working Group andWSP-EAP who have attended similartraining in Laos.

National workshop on achievingMDGs through drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation action plan.Conducted at Hotel Sheraton bandara on17th-19th. Attended by 62 participantsfrom the central government, regionalgovernments, professional associations,universities, NGOs, donor agencies, andmass media. This workshop produced asharing of viewpoints among the stake-holders about the importance of improve-

ment of knowledge about MDGs targets,and a sinergy among the stakeholders inachieving MDGs.

MARCHNational workshop on National Policy

for Community Based Developmentimplementation (Selection of participa-ting regions). Held at the Hyatt HotelYogyakarta on 10-12 March 2004.Attended by 55 regional participantscoming from 14 kabupaten and 13provinces, 15 participants from the cen-tral level, 8 regional facilitator candi-dates, and WASPOLA secretariat andWSP-EAP. It was agreed in the workshopthe selection criteria for participatingregions, and the requirements that mustbe met by the participating regions.

APRILConfirmation of regions that were

interested in joining the policy imple-mentation. It was done through tele-phone calls and regional visits.

MAYOrientation seminar of Methodology

for Participatory Assessments (MPA) fordrinking water and environmental sani-tation development. Held in Hotel Lido,Sukabumi on 10th-13th of May. Attendedby 32 participants consisting of WASPO-LA Working Group, government of Kab.Sukabumi, regional facilitators, andWSP-EAP. This event is an annual rou-tine with the purpose to provide anunderstanding about MPA methodologyto new members of WASPOLA, and arefresher for the old ones. Besides, it alsoserves as provision for the regional facili-tators who will soon assume their jobabout the participatory methodology asthe tool for policy facilitation.

Workshop for the development ofwork plan in policy facilitation imple-mentation of the National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development atthe regional level. Conducted at the Hotel

Plaza Purwakarta on 24-27 May. At-tended by 25 participants consisting ofregional facilitators, WASPOLA secretari-at and Working Group. This workshopproduced a detailed work plan for the re-gional level policy implementation, in-cluding facilitator performance indicator.

JUNEMobilization of regional facilitators.

The process went gradually in accordancewith the preparedness of the respectiveregion. Seven facilitators, each one forKabupatens Sawahlunto Sijunjung (WestSumatera), South Bangka (Bangka Beli-tung), Lebak (Banten), Kebumen (CentralJava), Pangkep (South Sulawesi), andGorontalo (Gorontalo). Within thismonth some of regions were alreadybeginning to conduct workshop/meetingwith the respective stakeholders toinform and discuss about the dissemina-tion activity, each one of them wasattended by WASPOLA representative.

JULYWorkshop for review of WASPOLA

acitivies. Held at Hotel Novus Puncakon 6-8 July. There were 25 participantsattending the workshop consisting ofWASPOLA Working Group and Secre-tariat. This workshop identified thepriority, and those activities that waitor even cancelled alltogether, and pos-sible insertion of new activities. Thepriority included completion of theNational Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development, while thosethat could wait were case studies andfield trials.

Workshop for socialization of Natio-nal Policy for Community Based WSSDevelopment at the provincial and kabu-paten levels. Conducted in all participa-ting regions.

AUGUSTParticipation in Nusantara Water Ex-

po which was conducted at Jakarta Hilton

A I N R E P O R T

Glimpses of WASPOLA Activities 2004

M


Ka le idoscope

Convention Centre on 19-20 August. Inthis event WASPOLA Working Groupsupported by the secretariate organized adisplay of all the products, printed andelectronic, that it has accomplished.Appoximately 200 visitors made a visit toWASPOLA stand.

Information workshop seminar forintroducing National Policy for Com-munity Based WSS Development at theProvincial and Kabupaten Levels. Thisserved as a means to build an interest andcare among the regional level stakehol-ders about the issues and problems thatwill be faced in WSS development.

SEPTEMBERWorkshop for the development of

draft #2 of National Policy for Insti-tutionally Based WSS Development. Heldat Hotel Salak Bogor on 1-2 September. Itwas attended by 65 participants repre-senting the Working Group, regionalgovernments, service providers (PDAM,PDAL, PD/Dinas Kebersihan), privatesector, NGO, universities, and donoragencies. The meeting agreed on severalconcensus in restructuring of the existingdraft. In addition, it was also identifiedthe general and sub-sector policies, andindicative strategies.

Indepth studies about regional WSSdevelopment through a series of casestudies, best practices discussion, anddialogues. These activities were orga-nized by the respective regional WSSworking teams, the provincial as well askabupaten levels.

OCTOBERPreparation of WASPOLA Workplan

2005. Conducted at Hotel Mariot Jakartaon 20-21 October and attended by 25 mem-bers of WASPOLA Working Group. Themeeting produced a draft of WASPOLAactivities for 2005. Basically, workplan2005 is a continuation from what has beenstarted in 2004, the focus will be the imple-mentation of the National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development and

the regional level, dissemination and com-pletion of National Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development.

Coordination of WSS developmentactivities in Indonesia. Conducted atHotel Borobudur on 21 October, con-cluded with fast breaking event. Attendedby 62 participants coming fromBappenas, Dept. of Public Works/Kim-praswil, Dept. of Health, InternationalNGOs, regional government association,Perpamsi, DPRD association, related pro-jects, mass media, and WSP-EAP. In theevent the WASPOLA Working Group pre-sented the National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development, and pleadedthat the event be continued in order tostrengthen coordination to eventuallyreach the highest efficiency in WSS facili-ty development in Indonesia.

Indepth studies about regional WSSdevelopment through a series of case stu-dies, best practices discussion, and dia-logues. These activities were organized bythe respective regional WSS working teams,the provincial as well as kabupaten levels.

NOVEMBERPolicy dissemination implementation

study. For the details please see AboutWASPOLA.

Dissemination of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development bythe Province. The province of South Su-lawesi conducted dissemination in threekabupaten, while the provinces WestSumatera, Bangka Belitung and NTB didit for the whole province at once.

DECEMBERWorkshop for development of draft

#3 of National Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development, held at HotelSheraton Bandara on 1-3 December. Thisevent was attended by 35 participantsconsisting of representatives from region-al government, service provider (PDAM,PDAL, PD/Dinas Kebersihan), privatesector, NGO, WSP-EAP. In this workshopthe participants were given a betterunderstanding about the purpose of thepolicy, and several important terminolo-gies and enrichment of each sub-sectorpolicy.

Final kabupaten and provincial work-shop in the implementation of nationalpolicy for community based WSS deve-lopment. The purpose of this workshopwas to review the implementation duringthe period of facilitation activity byWASPOLA Secretariat, and the post faci-litation action plan.

A I N R E P O R TM


Postponed Activities 2004Considering the hectic schedule

there are several activities that had to beput aside, they were:

Trial with KfW/GTZ project. Thisactivity was postponed indefinitely.Trial with UNICEF-West Java wascancelled because there was nomore applicable project for theactivity. Trial with WSLIC-2 projectwas postponed to 2005 and isrevised into sanitation fundingstudy.Data verification and managementstudy is postponed to 2005.Central Project Committee meetingscheduled for December 2004 ispostponed to early 2005.

Planned Activities for 2005WASPOLA acticities of 2005 are fo-

cused on dissemination of national policyfor community and institutionally basedWSS development. The dissemination ofthe policy will follow the existing pattern,i.e. placing province as the facilitator forkabupaten implementation.

WASPOLA has developed a communi-cation strategy that serves a umbrella forall communication activity in the context ofWSS especially national policy for WSSdevelopment. To accelerate policy adop-tion, trial activities involving the relevantparties will be organized. Studies will alsobe conducted in order to gain a lesson andinput for improvement of WSS develop-ment in Indonesia.

Ka le idoscope

1.

2.

3.

The purpose of this program is toenable the community to operateand maintain their own water

supply system. ProAir -a collaborativeeffort between the German and In-donesian government- appliesdemand responsive approach:community groups may request forsupport from the program to over-come their problems related towater supply. The task of the com-munity together with ProAir teamis to develop a suitable manage-ment structure, and to guarantee asustainable management of thewater supply system they havebeen dreaming of. After conduc-ting analysis about the communitycondition from the technical (watersopurce, coverage area, etc.) as wellas socio-economic aspects, thenthe community is facilitated withplanning and developing an appro-priate water supply system.

The community is given infor-mation about the choices of watersupply service (such as publicwater taps, home connection) andthe consequences of each of theirchoice, especially in connectionwith requirement and operationalcost related to the different cho-ices. This project involves the largecommunity from the very initialpreparation, something quite fore-ign to them. It is not surprising that thecommunity is unprepared and the imple-mentation schedule for 2004 was de-layed.

The strategy applied by ProAir:1. Determining Service Coverage Zones

and ManagementAllthough the size of participating

community is relatively small (500 to1.000 people), this number is still to large-in the context of mutual confidence

among them- because in some cases thecommunity is highly segmentized. The-refore, ProAir introduces zoning in watersupply system pre-design. These smaller

areas are generally made up of one or twoadjoining RTs. Usually each zone has itsown leading figure who has maintained achannel for communication and access tothe members of the community.

2. Establishment of Mother GroupsAfter the community has made a

request to ProAir, it has been consideredas a stakeholder. Unfortunately, thisgroup does not have a definite organiza-tional structure and membership keeps

on changing that poses a difficulty for theprogram management.

3. Democracy and TransparencyIn the establishment of mother

groups, ProAir introduces the prin-ciple of democracy and transparen-cy. The representatives of themother group, including those ofthe zones, were elected democrati-cally. During the course of theelection, the participation level isalways high (usually more than75% of the total population). At thepresent time, the mother groupshave started formulating status,internal regulation, and otherrules, in order that eventually theybecome a legal water users' associ-ation and gain ownership of andresponsibilty upon their water sup-ply system network.

One of the most difficult chal-lenges faced by ProAir lies withaccumulation of cash for up frontcommunity contribution for theirown operational and maintenancecost. It must be stated, additional-ly, that ProAir has prepared atransparent record and documen-tation system for the fund collec-tion, and has provided training tobookkeepers.

Challenges in the Future At the end of 2004, several vil-

lages have clearly completed the above-mentioned phases of community partici-pation and in a short while will come todevelopment/construction phase. Detai-led engineering design has been preparedand, now in some of the early villagescontractors are submitting tender forconstruction.

Joerg Lieberei, Advisor ProAirGTZ/AHT for Community

Empowerment Component

A I N R E P O R T

Water and Sanitation Program (ProAir) forRural Population of East Nusa Tenggara

M

SOURCE:DOK.PROAIR


Ka le idoscope

This project is implemented in 7provinces, namely East Java,NTB, West Sumatera, South

Sumatera, Bangka Belitung, West Java,and South Sulawesi. These provinceswere selected based on a set criteriaconsisting of level of diarrhoeal preva-lence, of poverty, and of WSS servicecoverage. WSLIC-2 project is made upof four (4) main components: strength-ening the capacity of community insti-tution; improvement of status of healthand sanitation through health serviceand hygiene behaviour education; pro-vision of water supply and sanitationfacility; and project management. Thisproject applies demand responsiveapproach.

Up to the end of 2004 there are 489villages (21% of target) have completedconstruction (functioning WSS facilitiesthat have been transferred to the respec-tive community), and the total polulationreceiving the service 1.132.089 persons(28,3%)

In 2005 there will be 369 villages tocomplete construction, which means anaddition of 185.000 people will haveaccess to service.

WSLIC-2 activities consist of, amongothers:

Accumulation of cash contributionfrom the community (4% of construc-tion cost)The amount to be collected is Rp 8million on average. It takes approxi-mately 10 moths to have the amountcollected. Sometimes even up to morethan 2 years. This is because the com-munity has a difficulty in understan-ding the obligation to contribute,what they know in the past was thatall the government projects were forfree, the community feel that they aretoo poor to contribute in cash, and aconception that water is a social andpublic good so that it is the govern-ment who must fulfill the need of thepoor.Construction of household toiletthrough a revolving fund arrange-mentThe activity which is undertakenthrough an arisan like model mostlycomes to a bad debt (there are onlyviable 3-5 rounds out of 10-15).Among the reasons are, they do notneed a toilet to defecate, and the tech-

nology option offered to the commu-nity is limited to swan neck toilet andseptic tank which is relatively tooexpensive for the poor community.Preparation of information aboutchoice of technology for water supplysystem and household toilet for thecommunity facilitatorsHygiene behaviour education to thecommunity and primary schoolsThis activity has been on-going butneeds improvement. This is becausethe behaviour education is notfocused to the one that is easily prac-tised yet bears a strong impact to pre-vention of water borne diseases, and italso lacks proper attention to school-children as a potential agent of changewithin the family.Improvement of guideline/manualfor project implementationThere are too many guidelines that maylead the field implementation into con-fusion and devoid of flexibility. The-refore it is recommended that the cen-tral government guidelines cover onlythe main points and let the field levelmanual be developed by the kabupatenconsultant or community facilitator.

This project is intended to improvequality of life and health status oflow income population of the ru-

ral and the communities living in thefringes of urban areas, through improve-ment of water related hygiene and beha-vioural change supported with improve-ment in access to water supply and sani-tation.

On 15 December there has been anegotiation between the Government ofIndonesia and ADB. At the same time animplementation schedule for 2005 has al-

so been prepared, including a commit-ment agreement for the provision ofcounterpart budget as well as the obliga-tion of the central, provincial and regio-nal governments in relation to the fundmanagement.

At the end of this year CWSH isorganizing a workshop. The purpose is tobuild a common perception among thevarious involved parties in formulatingproject proposal, formulation of activitiesrelated to project implementation, and togather inputs and suggestions for im-

provement of CWSH project implementa-tion. This workshop involves the regions(province: Bappeda, Dinkes; kabupaten:Bupati, DPRD, Dinkes and Bappeda).

CWSH has conducted a meeting for theformulation of project implementation plan2005. This meeting is arranged to informthe CWSH project implementationapproach including management system,fund flow procedure and organization, pro-curement and reporting as well as agree-ment on source of fund for use in suppor-ting implementation 2005. (MJ)

Community Water Services and Health Project (CWSH)is Entering Preparatory Phase for Implementation

A I N R E P O R T

Water and Sanitation for Low IncomeCommunities Project (WSLIC) Phase 2

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ka le idoscope

The facilitation of the National Policyfor the Development of CommunityBased Water Supply and Envi-

ronmental Sanitation (hereinforth called thePOLICY) implementation at the regionallevel is generally intended to assist theregions to develop their respective regionalpolicy and action plan for water supply andenvironmental sanitation (WSS) sectordevelopment. Its implementation duringthe month of November 2004 was influ-enced by the tight schedule in the regions forthe preparation of development activities for2005 and time adjustments due to theRamadhan fasting month.

The provincial and regional level activi-ties that could take place include:

Workshop II in Kabupaten SawaluntoSijunjung, Gorontalo and West Lom-bok.POLICY dialogues with key stakeholdersand the general community. These acti-vities were implemented in the pro-vinces of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB),Bangka Belitung and Central Java, aswell as Kabupaten West Lombok. Theactivity may come as: regional WSSWorking Team coordination meeting forthe preparation of workplan 2005, andregional development action plan.POLICY dissemination to the kabupatenlevel, conducted by the provinces ofSouth Sulawesi and West Sumatera. Facilitation for regional WSS workingteam coordination meeting in theprovinces and kabupaten.Study about factors related to sustain-able WSS development in KabupatenSawalunto Sijunjung. Preparation of best practice in WSSdevelopment implementation in theregions.

Policy DialoguePolicy dialogue is intended to develop

the perspective and increase the regionalstakeholders' attention to the issues relatedto WSS development and its follow-up acti-

vities. These dialogues have been conductedin the Kabupatens of West Lombok and Ke-bumen and the provinces of Central Javaand Bangka Belitung. These activities wereattended by the regional stakeholders, com-munity leaders, other interested parties. Insuch a dialogue the activists of WSS relateddevelopment projects are invited to sharetheir experience, followed by discussion ofissues as well as key factors to success; theresult is summarized into a recommenda-tion and agreement for follow-up actions.

The result of policy dialogue in theprovinces of NTB and kabupaten WestLombok concluded that such a dialogue willbe scheduled periodically with involvementof many more stakeholders. Besides, WSSrelated issue will be brought to a largerforum and will be facilitated by Forum NTBin cooperation with the office of the provin-cial government secretariat. The implemen-tation of policy dialogue is illustrated inTable 1 below.

Policy Dissemination by the Province POLICY dissemination was conducted in

the provinces of South Sulawesi on 23rd-25 th

November and West Sumatera 27th No-vember. The purpose was to introduce thePOLICY to all kabupaten and to explore theprovincial level WSS related developmentissues from the kabupaten perspectives. Thisinput will be added to the provincial levelissues that so far have been identified in theprovincial level workshop.

Dissemination in South Sulawesi wasattended by participants from 28 kabupatenwhich was conducted in 3 different zones.Zone 1 was held in kabupaten Bulukumba,Zone 2 in kabupaten Bone and Zone 3 inMakassar city. While in the province WestSumatera it was held in Padang, and wasattended by representatives from each kabu-paten. In the provincial dissemination it wasalso presented the progress of kabupatenlevel POLICY facilitation implementation,Pangkep and Solok, for South Sulawesi andWest Sumatera respectively.

Several important notes taken fromprovincial dissemination activities are as thefollowing:South Sulawesi:

The participants dicussed and came tounderstand that the failure in infrastruc-

B O U T W A S P O L A

The Implementation of National Policy forWSS Development in November 2004

A

LOCATION

Central Java province

Kab. West Lombok

West Nusa Tenggara

province

Bangka Belitung

province

PARTICIPANT

50 persons

40 persons

30 persons

32 persons

SOURCE

Health District Agency

Community Development

District Agency

Settlement District Agency

DPMU WSLIC2

PPMU WSLIC-2

PSPSDM

YSLPP

Public Work District Agency

Local Development

Planning Agency

AGENDA

WSS coverage service

realization

Community empowerment

WSLIC experience

Water source conservation

WSLIC experience

NGO’s community based

WSS development

experience

WSS socialization

Project coordination

WSS development

Table 1. Policy Dialogue Implementation in the Regional


DATE

4 Nov

5 Nov

6 Nov

6 Nov

ture development in the past was becauseof the non comprehensive approach, onewhich emphasizes only in physicalaspect.In general the participants were madeaware and said that development mustbe oriented more to the outcome (im-pact) of the activities within a given time.The application of community participa-tion approach is a demand of the present.The growth of a strong interest in theregions for POLICY implementation ineach of the regions. In this discussionKabupaten Wajo (South Sulawesi) indi-cated that the region will write a letter ofinterest in spite of the knowledge that thekabupaten will not be selected, they arewilling to be trained and later manage thedevelopment on their own.

West Sumatera:The experience and follow-up informa-tion gained from WSS development poli-cy facilitation in kabupaten Solok will beupdated on yearly basis. For this purposeit is expected to have a capacity buildingassistance from WASPOLA.The province will allocate fund -thoughstill in a limited amount- for humanresources development of the provincialand kabupaten level facilitators.The province will conduct POLICY facili-tation in 2 kabupaten/kota in 2005. Forthis purpose, it is expected the provincecould be involved in site selection espe-cially in relation to province of WestSumatera.

Regional WSS Working GroupCoordination Meeting

All the regions (province as wellkabupaten) have conducted a coordina-tion meeting especially to discuss actionplan for 2005 and participation in thetraining for the preparation of regionalWSS development program.

An important note from the meeting isthat in the provincial level coordinationmeeting, it was made obvious that there isa definite willingness to follow-up the

POLICY implementation program in2005, while in the kabupatens there is aneed for more decisiveness and stimulusto take action in accordance with the planthat has been made, both in facilitation aswell as in physical development activities,while keeping mind the POLICY princi-ples.

The meeting the province Gorontalo,on 24 November 2004, produced the fol-lowing conclusion:

It is important to strengthen thecapacity of the provincial team toenable to conduct facilitation to thekabupaten.Close cooperation between provincialWorking Group (Pokja) with CAREInternasional in the implementationof WSS development, and at the sametime the implementation of thePOLICY.In reality the Pokja team for CAREassisted project is identical with thepresent WSS Pokja. The coordination meeting of kabupa-

ten Gorontalo held at Limboto 24November 2004, the following pointswere the conclusion:

WSS baseline data management mustbe emphasized and more intensified,each stakeholder must fill in theincomplete data. Follow-up the result of facilitation intoaction plan as a reference for all thegovernment agencies in WSS develop-ment. Till the end of the facilitation itis expected that a draft of five yearWSS strategic development plan iscompleted.

Achievement during the month ofNovember 2004

From the summary of activities duringthe month of November 2004, there havebeen several progress made at the kabupa-ten and provincial levels as the following:

POLICY dissemination by the pro-vince to the kabupaten was conductedby provinces of South Sulawesi and

West Sumatera.Growing interest among the stake-holders in policy dialogue regardingWSS development in the regions, andexpress a strong hope this kind of dia-logue be planned as a regular and con-tinuing schedule. The willingness of several regions toparticipate in a training for the formu-lation of WSS development strategy.For this purpose the participants fromthe regions are willing to pay for theirround trip travel cost.Workshop II in several kabupatencould not proceed according to sche-dule because the regional workinggroup members have many things intheir agenda especially with regardtheir respective sector/agency work-plan preparation.

Several Important IssuesThe POLICY implementation at the

regions for 2004 is scheduled to be termi-nated on 20 December 2004. Severalimportant matters that call for follow-upare:

Consolidating the results of imple-mentation at kabupaten and provin-cial levels into action plans. WASPO-LA secretariat has prepared directivefor the formulation by joining togetherthe result of field activities through atraining for formulation of regionallevel WSS related strategic plan sche-duled for implementation on 30th Nov.through 3 December 2004 in Jakarta.Preparation of report for the facilita-tion provision to the regional facilita-tors illustrating the entire process, theresult, lessons learned, and recom-mendation for follow-up. WASPOLAsecretariat has prepared a directivehow the report should be prepared bythe facilitator.Meeting an agreement about POLICYimplementation strategi for 2005 inclu-ding the aspects of location, target to beachieved, and selection criteria.

B O U T W A S P O L AA


W ASPOLA Secretariat in cooperati-on with the regional governments

where the community based WSS policyare being brought into actual implemen-tation organized a workshop for the for-mulation of strategic plan for WSS deve-lopment, held in Jakarta on 30 November- 3 December 2004. The purpose of the

workshop was to help the regional wor-king teams to improve their capacity informulating WSS sector developmentstrategic plan. Through this workshop itis hoped the participants will get a betterunderstanding about one of the concreteforms of final completion of policy opera-tionalization was a strategic plan.

Besides, the participants are expected tobetter understand the importance of asustainable WSS development.

In this workshop the participantsexpressed their commitment to finalisethe draft of the WSS sector strategic planin their respective region's final work-shop. (FW)

B O U T W A S P O L AAImprovement of Regional WSS Working Teams' Capacity and

Workshop for Formulation of Sectoral Strategic Plan

T hrough a series of workshopsand meetings for the formulation

of national policy for the institution-ally based WSS development within aperiod of about 2 years, at last theconsignment for finalising the docu-ment was done in Jakarta on 21-22

December. This activity representthe final discussion of the draftbefore it is submitted to echelon Iofficials of the government. It isexpected that final approval to thepolicy is given before the year isover. (OM)

Consignment of Formulation of National Policyfor WSS Development

I n order to have a better idea aboutSmall Scale Water Provider and to

absorb various ideas and concepts from allthose who are involved and interested inWSS related issues, WASPOLA secretariatconducted a workshop in Jakarta on 7December 2004. The workshop wasattended by 15 participants from WSSWorking Group, PDAM, and NGOs. Theofficial opening was made by NugrohoUtomo of Bappenas. He said that the pre-sent status of WSS service coverage leavesmuch to be desired. The existing institu-tions are not capable to satisfy the commu-nity demand and requirement. Therefore,he said further, small scale water provideris considered as an alternative because ofits big potential and profitability. Theunderstanding about this becomes veryimportant.

This workshop was filled with a pres-entation about small scale water providerby Bernard from Hydrocounseil, a con-sultant selected for the formulation of thestudy. He explained the scope of the studyand the experience in several countriespertaining of small scale water provision.According to him, each country has its spe-cial charactristics, including Indonesia. Itis hoped that this study could reveal sam-ple knowledge about small scale waterprovider in Indonesia and its prospect forthe future. Several comments and inputswere given by the participants. (FW)

Workshop for SmallScale Water Provider

I n order to understand what hasbeen done with and to prepare a

communication strategy for the future,WASPOLA secretariat conducted aStudy on the Dissemination Imple-mentation of National Policy for WSSDevelopment in Jakarta on 30 No-vember 2004. This workshop wasattended by 30 participants and offi-cially opened by Oswar Mungkasa ofBappenas. He stated his concerns forthe possibility that the national policyfor WSS development will remainmerely as a document. This policy,according to him, must be made widelyknown and applicable by all regionalgovernments. He further explainedthat up to the present the WASPOLAand Working activity is focused on poli-cy formulation process. Therefore, it isnecessary to have a communicationstrategy to support the policy imple-

mentation at the regional level. Thiscommunication strategy, he said fur-ther, will help the existing workinggroups to determine the target/objec-tive of the policy, and then deliver themessage clearly.

In the workshop it was revealedthat some of the acivities of 2004 werenot satisfactorily accomplished. Lackof focused communication strategy isblamed as one of the reasons why thesocialization activiy of the nationalpolicy for community based WSS deve-lopment did not come up to the expect-ed result. That is why the formulationof communication strategy must be do-ne carefully, taking into considerationthe existing work capacity.

The result of this workshop will befollowed-up with a workshop on Com-munication Strategy Developmentscheduled for January 2005. (FW)

Workshop on the Study of the DisseminationImplementation of National Policy

for WSS Development


In the second week of De-cember 2004 CWSH Pro-ject has completed the

negotiation between Indone-sian government and AsianDevelopment Bank. As a fol-low-up an arrangement wasmade for a meeting for buildinga better understanding aboutNational Policy for CommuityBased Water Supply and En-vironmental Sanitation Deve-lopment, and background aswell as loan/grant fund admi-nistration mechanism.

This activity was organizedby the Directorate General forRegional Development, Dept.Home Affairs in Bekasi, WestJava. The resource persons forthis event came from Direc-torate of Human Settlement

and Housing, Bappenas, Di-

rectorat of Health and Nutri-

tion, Bappenas, Directorate of

Foreign Fund, Ministry of Fi-

nance, and Directorat of Water

Supply and Sanitation, Ministry

of Health. The participants

came from 20 kabupaten of the

provinces of Jambi, Bengkulu,

Central Kalimantan, and West

Kalimantan.

Concurrently, the WSS

Working Group announced the

winners of article writing com-

petition on water supply and

environmental sanitation deve-

lopment and presentation of

prizes and certificate of appreci-

ation to the first, second, third

and honorary winners. (OM)

B O U T W S S

Workshop ofCommunity WaterSupply and Health

(CWSH) Project

A


WINNER FIRST PLACEEddy Suntjahjo

"RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Communitybased Water Supply and Environmental

Sanitation Management"

WINNER SECOND PLACEHariman

"Community Empowerment Model in WaterSupply and Environmental SanitationManagement of a Settlement Area"

WINNER THIRD PLACEErick Armundito

"Community Participation in Support of WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation

Project of Settlement Area"

HONORARY WINNERI Gede Arya Sunantara

"Water, between the Sustainability Principle andthe Community Demand and the Demand forWelfare in the Middle of Scarcity and Need,between Monopoly of the Present generation

and Inheritance for the Next Generation"

The result of Scientific ArticleCompetition on Community BasedWater Supply and Environmental

Sanitation Development

ANNOUNCEMENT

The CommitteeScientific Article Writing Competitionon Community Based Water Supply

and Environmental SanitationDevelopment

A s a follow-up to thestipulation ofRepublic Law No.

7/2004 on WaterResources Management itis mandated to develop agovernment regulation onthe Promotion of DrinkingWater Supply System.The draft was formulatedby the Dept. PublicWorks. The next stepwould be inter-depart-mental review and public

consultation, so that thelatest on 15 January thedraft could be submittedto the Secretariat of Sta-te. The first inter-depart-mental meeting has beenheld on 21 December2004. Present in the mee-ting were several agenciesinvolved such as Bappenas,Ministry of Home Affairs,Ministry of Environment,Ministry of Health, Ministryof Finance. (OM)

Formulation of Draft of GovernmentRegulation on Drinking Water Supply

and Sanitation Development

In the framework of dissemination ofthe natonal policy for the develop-ment of community based water sup-

ply and environmental sanitation (WSS)The Direcorate General for Bangda (Re-gional Development) of the Dept. HomeAffairs conducted a dissemination semi-nar in Jakarta on 25-26 November 2004.

This event was attended by represen-tatives from provincial and kabu-paten/kota Bappedas, and DPRD. Inaddition to introducing the policy to theregional decision makers, this workshopseminar was also intended to obtain inputfrom the regions for improvement of thePOLICY.

On the first day, dissemination wasfocused for the western region (Sumatraand Jakarta). Fourty participants atten-ded from 268 invited. On the second day,for central region (Java, Kalimantan andNusa Tenggara) there were 117 attendingout of 374 invitees.

The formal opening was made bySeman Widjojo, the Director General forRegional Development. In his speech heemphasized the importance of sustain-ability aspect for WSS facility develop-ment. He places a strong hope that theregional governments realize this.

The disseminaton was filled with

presentation the WSS development policyand MDGs by Basah Hernowo, theDirector of Human Settlement andHousing. According to him, and based onBPS data more than 100 millionIndonesian are without acceptable watersupply and environmental sanitationservice, mostly are the poor. The numbertends to increase year after year.

This condition, he added further,encourages the government to take allpossible steps towards improvement.One of then is policy formulation througha project called Water Supply and PolicyFormulation and Action Planning(WASPOLA). Three components makeup the project, namely learning process,policy formulation, and planning forimplementation.

Up to the present the government hasmanaged to develop a national policy forWSS development which serves as guid-ance for community based and institu-tionally based WSS management. Thecommunity based development policyemphasizes the active participation of thecommunity in the development andimplementation of water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation serrvice, from plan-ning, implementation, management andO&M. The government shall act as facili-

tator. As for the national policy for insti-tutionally based development it is cur-rently in the formulation process and isexpected to be completed by the end of2004.

With regard to MDGs, Basah said,that the national WSS development poli-cy is very much in line with the goals andtargets stated in MDGs. He stated furtherthat the MDGs momentum may serve asthe beginning for the rearrangement ofand putting water supply and environ-mental sanitation sector to a new order.

The dissemination was also filled with anagenda on national action plan (NAP) pre-sented by a team from Dept. Public Works.

MakassarSimilar dissemination was also con-

ducted in the capital city of SulawesiSelatan, Makassar. This event was atten-ded by 60 representatives of the govern-ments and DPRDs from the easternregion (Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, NTB andPapua). The agenda consisted of descrip-tion about the national policy for WSSdevelopment and MDGs by the Directorof Water Resouces and Applied Tech-nology, Dept. Home Affairs

(MJ/FW/OM)

The selected participants of drinkingwater and environmental sanitation

article writing competition, Friday, 10th

December were invited to Jakarta to makepresentation of their articles. They are the5 best among 28 participants of the articlewriting competition conduted by the WSSWorking Group.They are Hariman with hisarticle entitled "Community EmpowermentModel in Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Management of a SettlementArea"; I Gede Arya Sunantara who wrote anarticle "Water, between the SustainabilityPrinciple and the Community Demand andthe Demand for Welfare in the Middle of

Scarcity and Need, between Monopoly of thePresent Generation and Inheritance for theNext Generation"; Erick Armundito, his arti-cle entitled "Community Participation in Su-pport of Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Project of Settlement Area";Eddy Soentjahjo with his paper entitled"RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Com-munity Based Water Supply and Environmen-tal Sanitation Management." One partici-pant from Purwokerto, Central Java did notshow up.The presentation was made beforethe jury and WSS Working Group chaired byProf. Tjahya Supriatna, Chairman of Boardof Jury and Ir. Handi Legowo, MS, Chairman

of the competition committee. Tjahya saidthe intention of the presentation was to seethe originality of the article. That's why itwas not only questions and answers, but alsocomments and criticism. Each participantwas allowed 15 minutes to deliver his arti-cle. After the presentation the jury will dis-cuss who would take honour being the win-ner of the competition. The jury would alsodecide what to to with the participant whofail to attend this occasion, whether to bedisqualified or not. The decision of the jurywill be announced on 20th December at HotelHorison, Bekasi. (MJ)

B O U T W S S

Dissemination of the National Policy for the Development ofCommunity Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

A

Presentation of Winner Candidates for Scientific Article Writing Competition


Aworkshop for consolida-tion of WSLIC-2 ProjectManagement Reports

was held in Surabaya on 27-30December 2004. The workshopwas attended by 100 participantsfrom 7 provinces and 34 kabupa-ten consisting of Project Ma-nagement Units (PMU), provin-cial level WSLIC-2 project secre-tariat, provincial and kabupatenlevel consultants.

The purpose of this activitywas to consolidate the achieve-ment data of WSLIC-2 project as of De-cember 2004. Besides, this workshop isalso intended to improve the partici-pants's capactity in identifying problems

and report writing. One of the importantoutcomes of the workshop was an agree-ment to a follow-up action for project per-formance improvement. The workshop

was then continued with dicussion ofJuklak (Implementation Guidance)and Juknis (Technical Guidance) ofWSLIC-2 Project.

The workshop was opened by Headof Dinas Kesehatan, Province of EastJava on hehalf of Director General forContagious Disease and EnvironmentalSanitation, Ministry of Health. In thisevent the Director of Community He-alth and Nutrition, Arum Kartawinata,discussed Medium Term HealthDevelopment Plan with the partici-pants, while Oswar Mungkasa (Staff,

Directorate of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas) took the opportunity toexplain the concept of Alternative Financingin Sanitation Development. (OM)

The official dedication of WSLIC-2project in kabupaten Lumajangwas held on 27th December. The

event took place at Desa Pakel, ke-camatan Guci Alit. The dedication wasmade by Umar Fahmi, Director Generalfor Contagious Disease and Environ-mental Sanitation on behalf of the Minis-ter of Health.

WSLIC-2 project in Kab.Lumajang started in 2001 and asof the end of 2004 it has reached24 villages. In most of the villagesthe service coverage has reached100 percent of the population.The prevalence of diarrhoeal andskin diseases has dropped signifi-cantly. But household toiletownership has not made anymeaningful increase, except inseveral villages like Pakel, Ker-tosari, and Pagowan. However,number of schools that apply UKS(school health unit) programincreased sharply.

Other prominent impact of WSLIC-2project is community willingness to buildpublic facility on its own sources. Forexample, Purworejo village built 32 pu-blic hydrants at a total cost of Rp 32 milli-on, and Kertosari village were capable ofdeveloping two water supply systems.

The awareness of the regional govern-

ment to undertake promotional activitiesthrough mass media should be highlycommended. Among others through thepublication of regular bulletin calledWarta Proyek (Project News) WSLIC-2and leaflet called INFO WSLIC 2. Bothare published by the Dinas Kesehatan(Agency for Health) kabupaten Lu-

majang. Other regions, oreven the central governmentshould consider to take les-sons from kabupaten Lu-majang.

Through various effortsand hard work exerted bythe government and com-munity of kabupaten Lu-majang and resulted in suchan excellent performance, itis not surprising that theKabupaten is being conside-red as one of the few whichare successful in carryingout WSLIC-2 project mis-sion. (OM)

B O U T W S S

Consolidation WorkshopWSLIC-2 Project Management Report

A


Official Dedication of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Lumajang



The first question that came tomind at receiving informationabout an opportunity to visit sani-

tation in Bangladesh and India was "whatis going on with sanitation over there?"and the question kept on whining in myears until the SQ436 flight landedsmoothly in Dhaka, the capital city ofBangladesh, in the evening of 29December 2004.

The 19 people group consis-ting of representatives from Bap-penas, Dept. of Home Affairs,Dept. of Health, District Govern-ments of Lamongan, Bogor, WestLombok, Muaraenim, Dept. ofPublic Works, and the WorldBank. Dizzily the group stood inline before the immigration co-unter for administrative details.Outside, Fayez Khan of WSPBangladesh made himself readyto guide the group. As it is in anyforeign country, each of the groupchanged his dollars in Taka(Bangladesh currency, official ra-te 59,51 Taka to a dollar). Someof the group members were smil-ing looking at the worn and rum-pled Taka bills, some even weretorn at the edges. But the officerin the counter guaranteed that themoney is good and acceptable.

The trip to White Pearl LtdHotel at Plot 15, Road 42, Gul-shan 2, Dhaka 1212 went smooth-ly. Some of us were billeted to AmazonLily Hotel across the street from WhitePearl.

In the morning after American orContinental breakfast, at about 8 o'clockthe group was divided into two, one toBajitpur, Khisoreganj District and theother to Khansama, Dinajpur District.The author went with the second. As thebus entered the main road from the hotel

there began all the chatting about whatwas seen outside. There is trishaw thatlooks like a bicycle but with a compart-ment at the back for man and luggage.This kind of trishaw can be used fortransport of schoolchildren, up to 10 chil-dren may be transported. To protect thatnumber children iron bars are affixed at

the sides of the trishaw. Upon seeing thisone of our group instantly said."I'll tellmy kids how they in Bangladesh make itwith their school transport, so that theywon't spoil themselves." Santra (hereHyundai Picanto) taxis were maneuve-ring their way among pedestrians whomove in every direction. What makes itfrightening is the fact that police andarmy men are every where carrying long

barreled gun with them.The scenery along the road between

Dhaka-Rangpur is quite interesting.From far away the group noticed hun-dreds of thousand followers of a particu-lar religious sect from all over the worldwere gathering outside the city of Dhaka.It is said this ritual is only second biggest

to hajj pilgrimage in Mekkah. Thebus moved swiftly with horn blo-wing loudly untul we reach JamunaBridge (a pride of Benghali people).Every vehicle passing the bridgehas to pay 1.000 Taka (approx. Rp150.000) toll. The bridge is used byboth railroad and car transports.Around midday we arrived at FoodVillage at Bogra. This town is wellknown for its yogurt which is soldin small earthen flask. We had ourlunch here. The menu consisted ofrice, bread with curries (chicken,beef) fried salmon, dal (kind ofmung bean porridge with spice),and salad (sliced cucumber, onion,bawang bombay, green chili pep-per, and a slice of lime fruit). Afterwe were satisfied, the jouney wascontinued.

Along the road we saw a lot ofponds for washing, bathing and cat-tle drinking purposes. Every nowand then we saw women cast bric-quet made from cattle dung. Afterdrying, it is used as fuel for cooking.Late afternoon we arrived at Rang-

pur and were billeted at Rangpur Par-jatan Motel, R.K.Road, Rangpur. Roomrate 1.000 Taka/night. Since it was stilldaylight we had time to take a look aboutthe town. A friend from WSP Bangladeshlooked for an internet, some tried to finda telephone booth and a pair of sandals.The author tried to find a simple camera,the digital camera at hand did not workbecause it was too hot. In the evening we

E P O R T A G E

From Bangladesh to India

When Dolbun is Embarrased

R

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO


had a briefing by Dishari (DecentralizedTotal Sanitation Project) Team Bangla-desh. They explained about "dishari" pro-gram that has been on-going for 3 years.

After breakfast the next morning thegroup accompanied by Umme Farwadaisy (Dishari Project Manager), SwarnaKazi (Programme Assistant WB Bang-ladesh) and Shafiul Azzam Ahmed (PlanBangladesh) with a bus set off to visit Su-barnakholi and Khmarpara villages inKhansama, Dinajpur District. Before lea-ving there was a short meeting at PlanBangladesh office.

Dolbun Patrol at Subarnakholiand Khamarpara villages,

Bangladesh

Behavioural change

As we got off the bus the villagers ofSubarnakholi, men, women, old andyoung, came to greet us. Each was eagerto show us his toilet. Do not fancy it likethe toilet you have at home, here what youcall a toilet is only a simple pit well. Someare made of zinc plate. It does not costmore than 15 Taka (Rp 2.250). The onemade of plastic is 75 Taka (Rp 11.250) andof concrete 500 Taka (Rp 75.000). Youcan imagine now how cheap and simple itis. The walls are mostly made from wovenrice stalks. The most important lessonlearned here is how the behaviouralchange takes place, from previously defe-cating in any open place, garden, openfield, rice farm or elsewhere to regularlydefecating in one's own toilet.

Cultivating the ashame cultureFor Subarnakholi and Khamarpara

villagers defecating in the open alias "dol-bun" (Sundanese acronym meaning defe-cating in the garden) has been the habitfor generations. It is not surprising thereis a saying "if you walk and somewhereyou begin to smell the stench of humanwaste that means you had come to thevicinity of a village" and the smell can

spread to as far as 300 metres. With thisbackground, the community of the twovillages have to start a new chapter todelete altogether the dolbun habit.

It took 6 months to mobilize a facilita-tor. The man is Azizul Islam. From thebeginning he vigourously conductedextension activities, mobilization of thepopulation, preparing social map contain-

ing information on houses with toilet andthose that have none. From the result ofsubsequent community discussions it wasagreed that each household will build itsown WC in accordance with the capacityof the respective family. That is why someof the toilets are very simple made of azinc plate given a suitable form, of plasticmaterial, and of a mixture of sand andcement. The physical construction tookapproximately one month. Those whostill defecate in the open will be madeembarrased by others especially by thechildren. A community dolbun patrol sys-tem is established. They will blow a whis-tle if some is found defecating in the open.

Sanitation songOne of the efforts of the two villages to

discourage the community from defeca-ting in the open is through composing asanitation song, dance, and drama. Oneof the children sanitation song if freelytranslated would read: Do not defecatecarelessly in the open, if do defecate in theopen we will not play with you, No onewill go with you, If you do not stop defe-cating in the open you will be embarrased,And finally your shalat will not be perfect-ly done. At the end of the visit the group

E P O R T A G ER



For Subarnakholi andKhamarpara villagers defe-

cating in the open alias"dolbun" (Sundanese

acronym meaning defe-cating in the garden) has

been the habit for genera-tions. It is not surprisingthere is a saying "if you

walk and somewhere youbegin to smell the stench

of human waste thatmeans you had come tothe vicinity of a village"and the smell can spreadto as far as 300 metres.”

was offered with sanitation dance per-formance by the children. Simple asthey may seem and clad in their casualwearing with music from kitchen uten-sils, the dance seemed so sacred, espe-cially it was performed by children ofthe minority but they are loved by allthe villagers and it seems they share agood life together.

Ideal villageDuring a get together with the vil-

lagers consisting of schoolchildren,men, women, village headman, facilita-tor, community leaders, voluntaires, wewere given explanation how they start-ed with the anti dolbun movement. Itbegan with the community discussedall the issues that have been on-goingwith the village. After a screeningprocess, there were 4 main problems,namely sanitation, early marriage, girleducation, and clean water. Lookingfurther into the fact that most villagerssaw that sanitation was their utmostimportant problem, naturally then thetoilet building process was started invol-ving all segments of the community,women, children, men all was under thedorection of the facilitator. The final sum-mary, they fancied their "ideal village",and when we look at it, it is indeed verysimple, it reads (1) every household musthave a toilet, and (2) every girl must havethe opportunity for school education.Once again, do not fancy schoolchildrenof our villages wearing uniform withshoes on, carrying a bag containing tex-books and exercise books. In these vil-lages we still can see barefooted school-children, simple clothing, carrying oldand shabby looking books with them.

From the field we returned directly toPlan Headquarters followed with latelunch. In the evaluation of the visit, weexpressed our observation. Other questi-ons that were still hanging were respond-ed openly by Md. Liquat Ali cs. The ses-sion was closed at tea and fruit were

served. Then we drove back to Rangpurto retire.

Early in the morning, around 6.00 AMthe group must have been on the wayagain. No breakfast. Luckily the authorhad a chance to brew a cup of coffee and abite of instant noodle brought from home.The departure time was as early as possi-ble hoping to reach Dhaka still daylight sothat there is time for shopping. It wasright, the group arrived at Dhaka anddirectly we had "brunch", or breakfastcombined with lunch at Food Village inBogra. After checking in at the hotel, thebus brought us for shopping at RifleSquare (a shopping centre in the army vil-lage). The shopping process began…..

In the evening we were invited to din-ner at the Heritage Bangla Fusion Cuisineon Road 109, House 10, Guishan, Dhaka1212 while making formal discussion à ladiplomats. From there we returned to thehotel. Some of the group members weretidying up their clothing and all the iems

from the shopping. The next morningwe were scheduled to leave Dhaka forMumbay via Calcutta.

In the morning the group wereready for the flight. But aeroplane -from Bangladesh Airline- did not arriveon time. Finally the flight was changedto Air India. We landed at Mumbaymidnight and were directly brought toTaj Landsent Hotel with a bus. Hereeverything seems better off than inDhaka. In the morning after all con-cerning the luggage has been settled,the group has to fly to Pune because C.Ajith Singh from WSP India has beenwaiting to accompany us to Ahmed-nagar District.

From Pune, the travel was conti-nued in a bus without air conditioning.Imagine. With driving style likeYogya's "slow as long as it is done" thegroup arrived at the first village(Borban) around mid afternoon. Thevisit proceeded till after dusk. Thenthe group continued to Ahmednagar

checked in at Yash Palace Hotel. Here wecould find more tasty food and the nightwe could sleep soundly

The next morning we visited the se-cond village, and returned to Mumbay inthe afternoon. Because the trip to Tajmahal could not take place, we insteadwere brought to see the artificial tajMahal in Aurungabdad. At 20.00 sharpwe boarded Jet Air and landed atMumbay at 23.00. The group spent thenight in Taj Mahal Hotel on Apollo Bun-der Mumbay 400 001.

On the following day, as usual, therewas a formal meeting with our friends inIndia. They presented their activities.And Mr. Basah Hernowo (Director ofHuman Settlement and Housing,Bappenas), presented "SANIMAS'. Thenagain the group went out shopping atMumbay before boarded aeroplaneback home via Singapore.

E P O R T A G ER



Dolbun Free VillageCompetition in India

Borban village in Ahmednagar dis-trict, India, the first village we visited hasa park which keeps a special remembe-rance to the local population. Before itwas turned into a park, it was communaldefecating site for the villagers especiallyearly in the morning and in the eveningbefore it gets too dark. Now the village isentirely free from dolbun. The parksmells perfume. A commemoration bo-ard stands there telling everyone that thevillage is free from dolbun and all house-holds have a toilet. In a get together withthe villagers, each of us was given a rosebloom as memento, and in response wesang "Cucakrowo" song that made themeeting livelier.

Know your own villageOn entering Wadgaon village we were

a bit amazed. The road is nicely paved. Itis said that the road was built from 80%government fund and the rest was com-munity contribution. The environment isclean. Houses (189 in total) are nicely inorder and mostly are concrete building.There is a community hall, kindergartenwith 40 pupils, and primary school 67pupils. Total population 1.199 (665 maleand 544 female). There are 550 cattlesand 250 goats in the village.

Previously the condition of this vil-lage was no better off than the Benghalivillages. Its inhabitants were used todefecate anywhere in the open. Butnow it his become an old history. Tostart intoducing the right manner indefecating, the villagers were asked togo around the village together with thefacilitator. It turned out that the vil-lagers were closing their noses of theunplesant smell. That is the entrypoint for the facilitator in introducingthe concept of hygienic life. A preciouslesson fro them to know their own vil-

lage and let them feel and value how"odorous" is their village as a result ofdefecating anywhere in the open.

Involvement of schoolchildrenCommunal toilet development starts

from school through common activity. Thechildren and their parents carry bricks,sand and hoeing the lot together. Theschool toilet is built. Then hygiene beha-viour education takes place. Soap and wa-ter tap are made available near the toilet.Before that the teachers used to complainand had to close their noses while teachingbecause of the stench from human waste.After the construction of toilets and thebehavioural change takes place they beginto acknowledge the benefit of environmen-tal sanitation. And the pupils who have notoilet in their homes are beginning to asktheir parents to build one. The parents arebeing influenced by their children to jointhose who already have a toilet.

Sanitation competitionThere are two sanitation programs in

India especially in the state of Maha-rashtra, namey the Total Sanitation Cam-

paign and the Sant Gadge Baba CleanVillage Sanitation (SGBCVS). SGBCVS isa campaign to educate and motivate vil-lagers. All villages have equal opportuni-ty to follow the program through conduct-ing specific activities that make the villageclean. The participating villages are eva-luated by an independent team based onspecific criteria such as condition of cleanwater supply, number of toilets, innova-tion, ownership, etc. Three best viillageswill be named as winners and are entitledfor a prize. But prize is not the primaryintention, it is reputation and pride. Theywill be given an honourable reward andthe reward is revoked once the fail tomaintain their status.

Self reliant spiritIndia sets a mission that by 2007 all

districts (equvalent to kabupaten) are freefrom the practice of defecating in theopen. This they do through "HagandariMukt Gaon" (free from open defecatingvillage) consisting of total sanitationextension, establishment of sustainabilitybased community organization, maximi-zing the role of all stakeholders includingthe press, who would be encouraged to goaround to villages writing articles aboutsanitation.

In India they also have similar experi-ence to ours with regard sanitation facili-ty and infrastructures provided for by thegovernment are not functioning, so thatthey have to change their approachthrough the involvement of all interestedparties. The result is more promising.The try to encourage the community tothink that the cost of a sanitation facilityis much cheaper than the cost for medi-cines and treatment because of poor sani-tation, a lesson for building the spirit ofcommunity level self reliance. This is alsoreflected from the price of petrol is 30Rupees (Rp 6.000) per litre and the com-munity does not complain.

(Bambang Purwanto,

Staff, DG Kotdes, Dept. Public Works)

E P O R T A G ER

28 PercikDesember 2004

India sets a missionthat by 2007 all districts

(equvalent to kabupaten) arefree from the practice of defe-cating in the open. This theydo through "Hagandari Mukt

Gaon" (free from open defeca-ting village) consisting of totalsanitation extension, establish-

ment of sustainability basedcommunity organization, maxi-

mizing the role of all stake-holders including the press,who would be encouraged togo around to villages writing

articles about sanitation.

Rose Garden

W hat is the condition of In-donesian infrastructure to-

day?No good. This is because of the pro-

longed crisis that has been on-going for6 six years. Railroad is going downdeeper. Many roads are in poor condi-tion. Electricity is heading for a crisis.The existing reserve is being used up.Housing is in deficit, not enough.PDAM are poor. The loans have cometo a total of Rp 5,2 trillion. And manyothers. Even in terms of policy and re-gulation we have many things to reme-dy. For instance, national monopoly isno more applicable. But to enter a totalliberalization is also out of question.

May we should try a semi liberalisticsystem. But, whether it is the best for-mat, we don't know yet.

Whether the poor infrastructurecondition is solely because of thecrisis or some other factor?

The crisis makes the condition worse.Before the crisis we were lucky with the 7percent economic growth. At this time weshould have many new policies to formu-late, such as law on transport. It has beenproven that government monopoly can-not provide satisfactory service to thecommunity. It is natural that, there havebeen efforts to find some forms of libera-lization to improve the service.

From all of the infrastructureswe have, which one is the worst?

Railway. We are deeply concernedabout the condition of this companybecause nothing significant has ever beendone. Many railway tracks are in badcondition. The management is poor. Thenext thing is road. Many roads are in badconditions. We can see this along thenorth coast of Java and east coat ofSumatera. Then follows electricity. In2007 it is estimated that some improve-ment will take place. Outside Java is nowin power shortage. It is natural that thereis a power rotation in many places. Evenin Kalimantan we heard that high tensionpoles were cut down and stolen by ras-cals.

Is it true that we have no money,at least to repair the bad ones?

As a result of the crisis fund availabi-lity is at a minimum level. Worse thanthat is the absence of new investment,especially foreign investment. And besi-des, there is the problem of inferior qua-lity of infrastructures built in the past.Many of them were built improperly thatthey could not last according to the initialdesign.

How far does the conditionaffect economic growth?

Obviously it is an impediment. Howcan our economy grow if infrastructure isin poor condition. If we want our econo-my grow we must build new infrastruc-tures and repair the broken ones. Ourneed will be growing because of our po-pulation is growing and new investmentsare coming in.

The ideal Indonesian infrastruc-ture, what does it look like?

Indonesia is such a big country. The

N T E R V I E W

Deputy for Infrastructure, Bappenas, Suyono Dikun:

Infrastructureas Nation's Unifier

I

As compared to other nations in SE.Asia the condition of infrastructure inIndonesia is lagging very far behind. A sur-vey conducted by The World EconomicForum in 1996 revealed that the qualityand service coverage of Indonesian infra-structure is low. Ninety million people livewithout electricity, only 14 percent of thepopulation is connected to water supplyservice, a mere 1,3 percent has an accessto sewerage system. Only 4 percent of thepopulation has a telephone connection,and that is only for the urban community.While 50 percent of road network is in poorcondition. The existing infrastructure con-dition is unable to support the urbaniza-tion to major cities in Indonesia; whereasurban areas are the major contributors toeconomic machines, i.e. 70 percent outsideoil. Poor drainage condition and impropergarbage handling cause pollution to soiland water and inflict damages to ecosys-tem. Therefore, like or dislike, for the

sake of the whole population, Indonesiamust redevelop its infrastructure. As forthe status of Indonesian infrastructure atpresent, the following is an interview withDeputy for Infrastructure, Bappenas:Suyono Dikun:

FOTO:MUJIYANTO


infrastructure is the unifier. That is whyroad network must be in an excellent con-dition. Railroad must work well. Elec-tricity is in sufficient quantity. Good te-lecommunication system that can reachthe remote and underdeveloped areas.Sea transport for eastern part of the coun-try must be prioritized because the areasare inter-connected by sea transport.Homes for the poor must be built.Basically all the demands of the popula-tion must be fulfilled, using a minimumstandard though.

Then which one is the priorityfor development or repair?

The most crucial are road and electri-ty, drinking water and sanitation.

How much, in terms of money, isneeded to build all those?

Between 80-100 billion dollars for thenext five years. This is to support 6,6%economic growth the government hascommitted to.

Where do you think the moneycould come from?

The government can get 30-40 percentfrom the APBN (national budget). It maycome from internal sources or foreign loans.The rest is from public sector or domesticcapital market including domestic invest-ment. A study is currently being done tofind out if domestic capital market mecha-nism could be used to finance infrastrucutredevelopment in Indonesia.

What can we offer to make theinvestors willing to put their moneyin infrastructure?

There are many things the investors canbenefit from. In transport, a wide opportu-nity is open. They can build toll roads, investin railway system and many others.

At present, what makes themreluctant to invest their capital?

They are reluctant if the Laws are still

the old ones. Such as the requirement forforeign investor to work in cooperation witha public company. There must be a policy,institutional, tariff reform, application ofbest practice and legal assurance.

If everything remains as it is canIndonesia reach the ideal condi-tion?

Difficult. If the new government stillwalks slowly as it does now, and no radicalchanges take place, it'd be difficult. Theremust be significant changes, in order to jackup the economy. I'd hope they can, anywaythis is only 50 days from the initiation.

In relation to InfrastructureSummit to be held in Jakarta next

January, in what way can Indonesiabenefit from the event?

We want to show the internationalcommunity, donor, private sector,about the government's intention torebuild the infrastructures in thefuture. We hope there will be positiveresponse from them so that there willbe a positive impact on Indonesia. Thegovernment will announce some sort ofpolicy reform, in pricing, investment,and so on. We are designing all thosepresently. This will become a forum forMedium Term Development Plan fromthe angle of national development. Thegovernment will produce a strong signalto the investors to do business inIndonesia. (OM)

N T E R V I E WI


FOTO:DOK.ADB

An abandoned publik toilet( Built not meet public needs)

Human Development Index(HDI) is translated into Indone-sian language as Indeks Pem-

bangunan Manusia IPM) is becoming aworldwide issue and is used globally as anindicator to determine the developmentoutcome and welfare achievement of anation. HDI was published by UNDP bycomparing development achievement of177 nations of the world. In 2004 Indo-nesia is placed 111 just above Vietnam andis the lowest among its neighbouringcountries such as Singapore, Malaysia,Philippines, and Thailand. The table be-low illustrates HDI rating of severalASEAN nations between 2000-2004. Itis painful indeed, but that is the fact wehave to accept. Being a nation rich in na-tural potentials and a wide variety of cul-tural inheritance does not guarantee wel-fare and prosperity to its people.

The following article attemps todescribe the shift in development para-digm that has been going until HDI ischosen as a more satisfactory develop-ment indicator, and the lessons learnedfrom the low rating the nation presentlyis as it relates to the effort to encouragebasic infrastructure development, espe-cially sanitation, in Indonesia.

Shift in Development ParadigmThe development during the last four

decades indicates that there is a shift indevelopment paradigm in the world. Inthe decade of 1960s, development wasmore production oriented (productioncentered development), the value ofdevelopment is measured in physicalprogress. In 1970s the emphasis was mo-re towards the result of development (dis-tribution growth development) usingmacro economic indicator, GNP/GDP,and followed by another paradigm whichis oriented to fulfillment of basic need (ba-sic need development) in the 1980s. Thisparadigm measures development withquality of life index (physical quality of

life index) which refers to 3 main para-meters, i.e. infant mortality rate, LifeExpectancy, and Literacy Level.

In 1990s development could not bemeasured solely from the aspects of phy-sical, production and distribution as wellas basic need of the community, but itmust be complemented with and measu-red from human development angle. Theterm human development was popula-rized by UNDP since 1990, and is defined

as a process of enlarging people's choices.In this case, the community is the onedetermining the priority in accordancewith its need and determine the indicatorof achievement.

In the context of human development,economic growth is necessary because itis the background of human develop-ment. However, empirical observationindicates that economic growth does notautomatically improve human develop-ment, therefore an intervention is neces-sary to also consider social sector, parti-cularly in relation to welfare improve-ment, such as education, improvementon health infrastructure, and other publicservices. This becomes important espe-cially to avoid imbalances and social gapsas a result of a policy that is too heavilyoriented to economic growth. Once wewere successful in developing the econo-my, at an annual growth rate of 7 percent,but it produced valueless human beings,egoistic, and those who consider physicalwealth is everything in life. As a result thenation becomes a greedy nation. The tric-kle down effect, which considers that wel-

R T I C L EA

By: Dwityo A. Soeranto *)

Human Quality and SanitationInfrastructure Development in Indonesia


NATION

Philippines

Singapore

Malaysia

Indonesia

Vietnam

Cambodia

Thailand

Myanmar

2000

77

24

61

109

108

136

76

125

2001

85

28

58

102

101

121

66

118

2002

83

25

59

110

112

130

70

127

2003

85

28

58

112

109

130

74

131

2004

83

25

59

111

112

130

76

132

HDI Rat ing

Source: HDI UNDP, 2004

UNDP Report on HDI Ranking in some ASEAN countries

fare will fall as droplets from the upper tothe lower level, never takes place. As a re-sult the rich becomes richer, while thepoor becomes poorer. The disparitybetween rich-poor is what is happening.

IPM and its IndicatorAlthough covering a large area, hu-

man development is considered as basicand strategic because it applies an indica-tor that reflects the following aspects: a)Long and healthy life expectancy; b)Sufficient knowledge and skill; c)Acceptable life condition and easy accessto economic activity.

IPM is a derivative index which isadopted from HDI composite index con-sisting of variables that are very essentialfor human development, namely a) LifeExpetancy at Age; b) Adult Literacy Rateand Mean Years of Schooling, which indi-cate education level or academic capacityand skill, c) Purchasing Power Parity,which indicates level of income which isadjusted to pruchasing power parity. Wehave to realize, however, that IPM ismerely an auxilliary device, and there isno standard measurement that can deter-mine the welfare level of a nation or com-munity.

Human development issue tends togrow into a need that must be anticipatedin line with growth of political awarenessand open communication in the era ofglobalization. In relation to sanitationdevelopment in Indonesia, since the be-ginning of Water and Sanitation Decadeof the 1980s, we are always constrainedwith the low community income, with aconsequence of low awareness to sanita-tion, because the priority is placed moreto the other basic needs. Sanitation is notone of of the pressing needs.

Up to now sanitation development isalways refered to solid waste materials,wastewater and drainage. The develop-ment of the three aspects cannot be sepa-rated from an effort of improve communi-ty and environmental health, which is

measured through application of indicesconsisting of Life Expectancy Rate,Infant Mortality and Prevalence of WaterBorne Diseases such as dengue fever,cholera, thyphoid, diarrhoea.

From the IPM data from year to yearwe may draw a conclusion that, in termsof community and environmental healthwe did make any significant growth,whereas humand development is closelylinked to health condition, beside ofcource with accesses in life. Even Pre-sident SBY and VP Jusuf Kalla in their vi-sion, mission presentation and IndonesiaDevelopment Program 2004-2009 haveset one of several economic and welfaredevelopment goals, is to improve the IPMposition from 111th place to 91th or betterin 2009.

Therefore, one of the efforts toimprove the IPM position in the eyes ofthe world, is through reduction of infant

mortality rate, and minimizing the preva-lence of water borne diseases, whichfinally increases life expectancy of age.Avoid the case when dengue fever, cho-leric disease spread all over the place, allof us behave like "beard caught with fire",every one runs around making a lot ofnoise.

Political Issue and Commitment toSanitation development

At this point in time about 100 millionof our population is without access toacceptable sanitation service, and accord-ing to ADB, Indonesia has the worst sani-tation service in Asia. Each household inIndonesia has to spend approx.USD12,00 per month as economic com-pensation due to poor sanitation condi-tion. Poor sanitation condition has beenthe main constraint in improving com-munity and environmental health. Up to

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Source: World Bank

Human development issue tends to grow intoa need that must be anticipated in linewith growth of political awareness and

open communication in the era of globalization.

Basic Sanitation in Southeast Asia (2000)

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Vietnam

Indonesia

Southeast Asia

Myanmar

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

Singapore

now only 63% of the population (77% ofthe urban and 52% of the rural) haveaccess to basic sanitation. But the num-ber must now be scrutinized consideringthe existence of facilities that do not meetor are below the required technical stan-dard.

In relation to solid waste manage-ment, only 41% of the population hasaccess to its service, while 51% of theurban areas are under the influence ofintermittent flooding, rain, river or seawater, bringing with it poor communityand environmental health consequences,because the overflowing rainwater some-how contains a mixture of human waste.Under this condition, it is timely for us toput sanitation as environmental infra-structure, at par with clean water, whichis the basic need for human life.Sanitation management shall have to betreated in integrity with clean water sup-ply.

To do that, we have to do three things,i.e. first, involvement of the community inorder to encourage that sanitation is abasic need for life and to make sanitationas a political issue, and make it as a ge-neral commitment for all of those respon-sible for health sector development plan-ning; second, in relation to IPM, thisimplies that the government must spendmore money for provision of public ser-vice in sanitation sector; third fund allo-cation for human development, under theprinciple of transparent budget manage-ment.

In the context of development plan-ning, it is obviously if IPM issue is onlysummarized in a political statement, butit must be elaborated into real workableprograms, such as being linked to MDGsfor 2015. The question is, whether it ispossible given the present governmentfinancial condition, that Indonesia wouldbe capable of allocating more money forpublic service (security, food, health, edu-cation) to reach the level of 6% fromGross Domestic Income.

UNDP reported that since the begin-ning of 1990 till 2003, the proportion ofbudget for health sector does neverchange, it stays at 0,6% from GrossDomestic Income. In the forthcomingBudget 2005, the allocation for loanrepayment (domestic as well as overseas)plus interest amounts to Rp 141 trillion ofa total budget of Rp 378 trillion. Ad-ditional budget and putting more invest-ment programs would not mean verymuch unless it is followed with invest-ment for human development. Humanresources with capability, freedom andaccess to social, economic and politicalrights are the ones who are capable ofassessing political reform and policyoptions. This sort of human quality iswhat we are interested in.

Although IPM is not a perfect indica-

tor for the measurement of human deve-lopment quality, but at least it would pro-vide a clear signal that we are still fightingto improve ourselves in many ways.Improvement in human quality is closelyrelated to access to human basic needsuch as food, employment, health andeducation. We have a big job to push our-selves to improve our IPM rating in orderto make ourselves a better human race,not only through provision of more deve-lopment fund, but also, especially withregard sanitation to change the habit andculture to using sanitation facility in theright manner. With a better individualquality this nation can progress andbecome strong.

*)Staff, Directorate of Urban and

Rural Development, Middle Regions,

Dept. Public Works

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UNDP reported that since the beginningof 1990 till 2003, the proportion of budget for

health sector does never change, it stays at0,6% from Gross Domestic Income.


Proportion of Households with Accessto Basic Sanitation Facility

Source: BPS

Year

Introduction

It is quite interesting to note theJakarta Governor's observation thatin spite of nine years implementing

clean river program, yet water quality ofrivers in Jakarta does not improve but onthe contrary it tends to become worse.Based on a research conducted byUniversity of Indonesia, the main reasonfor the inferior quality of rivers inJakarta, Ciliwung for instance, is causedby accumulation of domestic waste mate-rials (wastewater and throw away fromdaily household activity). The regionalgovernment, through Dinas Kebesihanand Wastewater Management Company(PAL), has taken several measures forovercoming and anticipating variousproblems related to services in the field,but various constraints and hindranceshave kept only a small portion of theinhabitants are served properly.

In the meantime, with regard drin-king water, several mass media made itpublic attention that after such a longtime being an independent nation, we(especially through the service of PDAM)can only fill the need of 30 - 45% of thecommunity (especially of the cities), andinequitable level of service, qualitativelyas well as quantitatively.

Realizing its limitation, though in aformat unsuitable for its time, the go-vernment in the past had had tried toencourage community participation.Therefore, community involvement inmatters concerning water supply andenvironmental sanitation management isnot a new thing at all. However, rethin-king with a different format and a betterapproach, through a continuing effort toalways dig up, evaluate and develop, insuch a way as to create a alternative andcreative solution, must be honoured andhighly valued. If we only depend on the

conventional development model, itwould be difficult for the government tocatch up the delay in water supply and/orsanitation service, be it in the relativelycentralized urban area, the more so in thescattered urban population. The birth ofnew ideas about the importance of com-munity based drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation management con-forms with the real fact and is reasonable.The community is capable of doing both.

FactsBasically, the community is willing to

pay for the water supply and environmen-tal sanitation they receive, provided thequality is acceptable. Even, in certaincases (such as clean water of the cities)when the distribution networks were in

poor condition the low income communi-ties had to pay more than the rich andmiddle classes. To sum up, as long as thequality is acceptable and the price reason-able the community is willing to pay,because drinking water is just like com-modity number zero when compared tonine basic commodities for human life.

Meanwhile, the demand for basic sa-nitation (i.e. household toilet), septictank for black water, grey water treat-ment facility and garbage handling isvariative. It is said, the variation iscaused by many factors, such as socio-cultural, education, economic status,poor institutional (government, commu-nity or private) capacity, and so on.

Is that true? To answer that we needto take a look and ponder the followingfacts:1. Historical Evidence

Traditionally, the history of commu-nity participation in Indonesia in the fieldof water resources management (espe-cially for irrigation) and environment (ingeneral), has filled a long list. In the past,the traditional community of the island ofLombok for instance, has had a systemand institutions for irrigation water andland use management, such as sedahan,pembekel, pekasih, and klian subak.With this system and institutions, it hasbeen proven that the community is ableto collect internal funding which is usedfor irrigation maintenance, so that waterdistribution and land preparation can bedone optimally.

Another most famous example iswater use management organization inBali, which is called Subak is estimated tohave been there since 9th century AD asis written in Raja Purana inscription in992 Çaka or 1072 AD. For Balinese com-munity, environmental conservation andmaintaining harmonious relationship

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RT/RW Institution As CoordinatorIn Community Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Management

Winner First Place Scientific Article WritingCompetition on Community Based Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation

By: Eddy Soentjahjo *)

To sum up,as long as the quality

is acceptable and theprice reasonable the

community iswilling to pay,

because drinking wateris just like commodity

number zero whencompared to nine basic

commodities forhuman life.

with nature is no burden, it is a swadhar-ma, professional obligation, which is sum-marized in tri hita karama philosophy oflife.

In the meantime, the community ofKimaam, the inhabitants of marshy areasof South Kimaam South island, Maluku,has developed a unique farming system togrow sweet potatoes, their staple food.Sweet potato planting must be donethrough adjustment of the mashy lowlandor a garden which is inundated duringhigh tide.

The community of Haruku village onthe island of Haruku, Central Maluku,observes a traditional law called sasi,which can be translated as prohibition topick certain natural product, as a meansfor conservation of quality and populationof certain biological resources. In a moregeneral context, sasi becomes a regulatorymediator between human being andnature, such as sea sasi, river sasi, landsasi, forest sasi, as well as relationshipamong human beings within a sasi area.

In Baliem valey, Jayawijaya mountainrange of Irian Jaya, the Dani tribe till theirland with a simple stick to grow sweetpotato. Consciously or not the design ofsuch a simple equipment is the best solu-tion to conservation of their garden soilswhich are located on the steep slopes andtherefore quite susceptible to erosion andlanslides.

Formerly, when the areas of GunungKidul were so dry and barren, the peoplewe ashamed to identify themselves as ori-gin from the area, but now, throughimproved regreening system and provi-sion of drinking water supply, the com-munity self respect is gradually buildingup.

In traditional folk theatres of EastJava (Kentrung and Ludruk) of the past,area name or domicile was frequently in-separable from some noted figure. So,when mentioning his name, there is some-thing remiss if not followed with the name ofvillage/hamlet where the figure origi-

nally came from, for example SaripTambak Oso (meaning: Sarip fromTambak Oso). The fact indicates that inthe intercourse of Javanese community,the role of a beautiful and respectableplace of origin is so important, as a com-mon pride and individual identity at thesame time

2. Condition and role of the presentinstitution in relation to environ-mental managementa) Data from newspaper clippings

Complain from Rantaubais commu-nity on environmental pollutionsupposed to be caused by CaltexPasifik Indonesia (PT. CPI)Arson case to a poultry farm, be-cause of complaints on environmen-tal pollution were not responded byboth PT. Wira Lucky Sakti (PT.WLS) and Muspika Karangploso.Pollution case of River Ciujung, theregional government of kabupatenSerang places itself against its owncommunity.A case on dismissal of a RT Chair-man by the mayor, because the for-mer submitted a report againstnegative impact of a garbage trans-

fer station.Pollution in Pekeyon was endedbecause of protest from RW 07 com-munity

Data from the Ministry of Environ-ment (KLH)Some time ago (from 1993 till

1999/2000) in KLH/Bapedal there was aunit called Unit Kasus Jaganusa whichwas projected to take immediate action inresponding any complain from the com-munity, disseminate information andpublishing bulletin. This unit was putdirectly under Deputy II Bapedal, and wasbacked up by all directorates under thedeputy. The tasks of the unit were amongothers: field inspection, and assist thetechnical agencies in tackling problemsrelated to water, air and soil.

The following are the cases that werecompiled by Unit Kasus Jaganusa,Bapedal, based on community reportabout the occurence pollution, damage,and violation to environment in theregions, during the span of time between1996 till 1999:

The decreasing number of pollutioncases reports as presented above, may notreflect the actual environmental pollu-tion/damage/violation was decreasing.Political confusion, apprehensive socialand economic condition since 1997through early 1999 probably were the rea-sons why the community was reluctant toreport. This kind of reluctance was alsocontaminating the Kasus Jaganusa Unitpersonnel in making data entry.

R T I C L EA

FY

1996 - 19971997 - 19981998 - 1999(interim)

Via Letter

123548

Printed and

Electtronic

Media

159

141

-

Direct

6

2

2

For Balinese commu-nity, environmental

conservation andmaintaining harmo-nious relationshipwith nature is no

burden, it is a swad-harma, professionalobligation, which issummarized in tri

hita karamaphilosophy of life.


1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

b)

But, if newspaper clippings and theUnit Kasus Jaganusa were traced down tothe role of the institution and then theywere plotted into a flow chart, the result-ing information will be very, very interest-ing and valuable: (see chart below)

It can be seen that our community (oftoday) is more self reliant to assembletogether to exert a common effort for sol-ving issues related to environmental pol-lution/degradation. In several cases, theassemblage looks quite similar to or evenreally consists of community members ofa certain RT-RW institution.

DiscussionDesigning an ideal water supply and

environmental sanitation managementinstitution, one has to look into the longhistory of participatory activity of In-donesian community and the reality inthe wider scope of environmental mana-gement of the present. Several examplesabout pollution cases presented above, donot necessarily reflect the entire conditionof institutional performance (govern-ment, private and community) inIndonesia, even in case number 5 weindeed can hope that a good inter-agencycoordination (community, RT-RW, regio-nal government and private sector) willprovide a solution to the pollution prob-lem. Whereas, the location of the factory(in Kab. Bogor) and the population suffer-ing from the pollutant are in a differentadministrative boundary, and that doesnot pose any problem

Several examples of participatory his-tory indicate that from the cultural pers-pectives the Indonesian community doeshighly care to environmental conserva-tion, including drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation management. Thecare is even obvious in simple communi-ties of the hinterland and the coastlinewhere economic, education and access toinformation is extremely low. Therefore,the questions as posed earlier, about therelationship between level of education

and status of economy of the communitywho cares to the environment is herewithanswered.

Then, what kind of institution is to beused? Looking at the tendency the com-munity will feel at ease if the memberscould gather together among themselves

(a matter of representation and trust), theexisting organization such as RT-RW inthe urban areas (also hamlet, banjar,nagari, kelompok suku, farmers'-, fisher-mens'-, craftsmens'- group, etc.) can beentrusted as manager or at least manage-ment coordinator. As a coordinator! Yes,

R T I C L EA


Legend:Bold whole line represents the shortest

reporting line, from the community (individually orseverally) to KLH/Bappedal. Currently Bappedalhas been abolished, Bappedalda has changedinto BPLHD and several others with differentnames. Thin whole line indicates that thereport/information comes from the rear division orsoriginating from the division itself. Broken lineindicates the report/information comes from massmedia (not directly from the community). Blockbroken line at Bapedalwil means that the institu-tion is to help the job of central level Bapedal inthe region.

KOMNAS HAM = national committee forhuman rights

TROMOL POS = post bagPEMDA DATI I = regional govt level I, provinceKECAMATAN/KELURAHAN = regional govt level IIMEDIA MASSA = mass mediaBAPEDALWIL = regional BapedalBPLHD I/BAPEDALDA = regional bureu for envimental

impact controlLSM/PSLU = non government organizationHIMPUNAN MASYARAKAT = community assocoation/

organizationDEPARTEMEN TERKAIT = involved departmentKARYAWAN = employeeASOSIASI = associationSWASTA/BUMN = private/public company

because eventually the technical, manage-rial skill and particularly availability oftime must be seriously considered, sotherefore the management will have to beentrusted to an outsider.

The success of community-based and-funded entity management depends at agreater extent on the capability to collectand allocate fund directly from and or tothe community. An institution such asRT-RW has had a long experience andbooked a big number of flying hoursabout things like that (such as collectinggarbage collection and security fee, zakat,social trust fund, etc.). Of course, theinstitution may not be as simple and sin-gle as usual, under a cer-tain condition (forinstance, to achieve aneconomic scale of aclean/drinking watertreatment plant, or loca-tion in the neighbour-hood) it may have to orpreferably it should beextended to includeother institutions, go-vernment or otherwise.The new institution, inour opinion, does notneed to be an entirelynew body, we can justuse or strengthen theexisting ones. From thenational point of viewour ecomanagement sys-tem has been working

pretty well, but it may take some time foradjustments and introduction of newideas and breakthrough.

ConclusionCommunity water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation service manage-ment is quite likely applicable underurban as well as rural environment.The management institution mustcomprise the association and or repre-sentation of community (somethinglike the present RT-RW), with a flexi-ble character and complies with theneed of the local community.One standard example is as follows:

Professional manager, can be hiredfrom within the community (example:karang taruna youth group), or fromoutside the community.As far as beneficial, it is also possiblethat this institution invite the cooerationof the government and/or private sector.

Recommendation Anything in connection to choice oftechnology, investment cost, price ofend product, authority in management,must be decided in a meeting betweenthe community internally and the go-vernment and/or private sector.With the possibility of differences inpurchasing power among communitymembers, a cross subsidy like conceptcould be applied.Also through an institution, it doesnot deny a possibility that the commu-nity could obtain fund from the profitof another community activity (suchas clean/drinking water supply) tofinance (at least to subsidize) waste-water management and environmen-tal sanitation activity.

R T I C L EA

The success of community-based and---- funded entitymanagement depends at a greater extent on the capabilityto collect and allocate fund directly from and or to thecommunity. An institution such as RT-RW has had a long

experience and booked a big number of flying hours aboutthings like that (such as collecting garbage collection

and security fee, zakat, social trust fund, etc.)


Pemerintah dan/atau Swasta = Government and/or private sectorProfesional Pengelola Air Minum & penyehatan Lingkungan = Drinking Water & Env. Sanitation Management professionalKetua = chairmanSekretaris = SecretaryBendahara = TreasurerSie Lingkungan atau Kebersihan = Environmental or Cleanliness SectionSie Keamanan & Sie lainnya = Security & Other SectionMasyarakat = Community

Government Agency and Com-munity LeaderThe job in WCC development will be

made much easier if it is done as a com-mon effort by government agency andcommunity organization. The regionalgovernment and community leaders, ifgiven sufficient information and are suffi-ciently motivated, can play an importantrole in delivering WCC message to thelocal community. As an example we takeThailand, when during the dry season of1998 the Provincial Waterworks Autho-rity have launched a campaign to improvecommunity awareness in water conserva-tion through connecting clean watershortage with tree felling and industrialpollution. Technical units were visitingwater supply service areas all over thecountry to repair any damage in distribu-tion pipes, water taps, and water meters,all free of charge.

Non Government Organization(NGO)NGO is generally a non profit organi-

zation with a high rate of voluntary parti-cipation; provides an important contribu-tion in water resources development inthe Asia - Pacific region and their partici-pation is noted in socializing WCC pro-gram. In reality, many NGOs are involvedin small scale village level water supplyprojects and their key to success lies intheir capacity to motivate the local com-munity participation in their program.NGOs participation tends to increase aspartners in the implementation of natio-nal as well as regional water supply deve-lopment projects.

Teacher and EducatorTo generate community awareness of

water conservation issues is a longprocess. This process must start fromchildren, soon after they enter their class-rooms the problems related to water must

be included in primary school education,junior and senior high schools. For thatpurpose the teachers and educatorsbecome an important partner in thedelivery of WCC strategy. The educatorsare requested to include water relatedtopic in the national as well as regionalcurricullum. The teaching materials forteachers should emphasize the impor-tance of water in every aspect of life, inscience, literature, arts and theatre. Aninteresting and informative subject onWCC for teachers and pupils mustbecome the priority in WCC develop-ment strategy.

ParamedicThe daily activities of doctors-para-

medics, nurses and other paramedics arerelated to every segments of the commu-nity. Their vast knowledge and experi-ence about socialization of health relatedmessages, particularly hygiene, sanitationand the danger of using contaminatedwater makes them very valuable partnersin the delivery of WCC messages.

Mass MediaTelevision, radio, newspaper, maga-

zine, billboard, and for certain segment ofthe community also website, are potentialmeans for information dissemination andprovision of education material. Afterconsidering the local community access toany of these media, the WCC developmentstrategy is formulated taking the best be-nefit from the mass media in order to beable to reach the water users' communitywith conservation contained messages. Aplan should be developed to build a closecooperation between water resourcesdevelopment experts with mass media,including a training program in massmedia for the experts and in water relateddevelopment for the mass media people.

Artist and artificerIn principle, media communication is

a one-way flow of information, but asexperience indicates the community atti-tude will change more readily through atwo-way communication. For a smallgroup, a discussion and feedback can besimulated through a role play or dramadepicting the actual local situationthrough the involvement of artists, folk-lore, puppet show, storytelling, andmusic. These methods are quite effectivefor younger generation and can serve aseducational movement in support ofdevelopment. The target group consistsof the exhibition, competition, drama andart festival organizers from within thelocal community who should be educatedin water related issues and stimulated inorder to be more creative in the delivery ofWCC message.

Religious LeaderIn religious teaching water is clearly

stated as an important part of life, or forpersonal cleansing and as symbolic clea-ner from evil deed. The religious leadersare made as target group for two reasons.

R T I C L EA


Strategy for Community Awareness Improvement(With special reference to: "Community Care Campaign for Water Conservation in Asia

Pacific Region" - Under the coordination of UN-ESCAP)

By: A. Hafied A. Gany, PhD *)

Part I I of Two Artic les

5.

4.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

i.e. WCC related messages can be insertedin their teaching material, and motivatetheir followers to participate in waterrelated campaign.

Reaching the Water UsersIf the above target groups have under-

stood and are beginning to put the WCCmessages into practice, they are nowpartners in the dissemination of wateruse conservation message. A differenttechnique will be used for introducingwater resources conservation conceptand conservation message disseminationbetween village and urban communities.

The experience of the target groupswill help the Implementation Commis-sion in determining the method and for-mat of WCC development activities.

Sixth StepIdentification of Partner and Spon-sor1. Strategic Partnership

Partnership that is important forintroducing WCC strategy includes: thedifferent levels of the government; amongdifferent government departments res-ponsible for various aspects such as waterresources management, community he-

alth, agriculture and irrigation, environ-ment, as well as urban and rural plan-ning.

Outside the government, strategicpartnership may include NGOs, privatewater supply and electric companies,woman and other community organiza-tions, business firms, and mass media.As an example, the partnership and asso-ciated groups for facilitating nationalwater conservation campaign in theRepublic of Korea.

2. Potential partner and sponsorThe dissemination to the community

will be more effective if the Implemen-tation Commission selects a responsiblepartner and sponsor to help in accom-plishing the WCC development tasks.There are nine potential partners andsome of them are already named as targetgroups in WCC message disseminationprogram:

(a) National Government. Theministries and agencies that may serve aspartners are those that are responsible forany one like water resources planning,development and management, provisionof village and city water supply and sani-tation service, community health, agricul-

ture and irrigation, environment, social-economic development and planning,housing and settlement systems, andeducation.

(b) Provincial and Regional Go-vernments. If the responsibility forwater supply service, community health,environment and education are relin-quished to the kabupaten and kecamatanlevels, while the subsequent laws and re-gulations are produced by the centralgovernment, then the provincial and kotainstitutions must also be considered aspartners.

(c) Water supply and sanitation service provider.

(d) Multilateral agency. Thereare about twenty agencies of the UnitedNations that are responsible for irrigationsector, similarly is with the AsianDevelopment Bank. The multilateralagencies may provide support to thenational water conservation awarenessdevelopment strategy, such as for (i)Funding assistance to WCC, or water sup-ply and sanitation projects; (ii) Provisionof training and development assistance;and (iii) Establishment of research centreand information network.

(e) Major water user. Major wa-ter users such as agriculture, industrialplants, and commercial establishmentsmay be taken as potential partners espe-cially at the regional/local level.

(f) Professional association. Se-veral professional associations have star-ted introducing water conservation totheir members. This kind of associationsmay serve as a pool of information andknowledge for improving communityawareness in a wide range of expertiseand may be taken as partners for theexperts.

(g) Community health extension worker

(h) Environmental extensionworker. An environmental extensionworker emphasizing a single topic, suchas river pollution or the impact from con-

R T I C L EA

SOURCE: WCA-ESCAP

11.


struction of new dam willeventually realize that heneeds a wider scope ofknowledge, such as wateruse and water conservation.

Seventh StepAgreement to Main Ob-jective and Message

In this stage the Imple-mentation Commission hasidentified the stakeholders,the policy related issues, theinitial target groups, and thepotential partners and spon-sors. The next step is to pre-pare the campaign anddecide on the main objectiveand message to convey whilekeeping in mind the policyissues and the interest of thestakeholders and partners.In this case, the job of theImplementation Commisionis to prepare the conceptcontaining the objective andmessage for all the parties involved tostudy and discuss.

Using an approach commonly used incommercial marketing practice, the objec-tive and message in WCC developmentprocess can be divided into two phases.Phase 1, water users will begin to realizeabout low cost water supply service, theimpact of uncontrolled water taking to theenvironment and the relation between effi-cient water use with sanitation and health.Phase 1 can be a long process and may takeseveral years to last and the benefit not easyto measure. This phase can build a commonawareness and interest to the real problembeing faced, and it serves as the backgroundfor the next phase.

Phase 2 is usually shorter (1-2 years),where a campaign to encourage an actionfor change in behaviour and attitudetakes place. This campaign for changingbehaviour and attitude can be more effec-tive if there is a clear external reason forthe community to respond, such as a pro-

longed water scarcity.

Eighth Step:Identification of Activities Relatedto WCC Development

Identification of activitiesSometimes an initiative to do some-

thing in favour of water conservation bydoing something simple and non costlysuch as printing and distributing leafletsabout thrifty water use arises from theincreasing pressure to water source. But,if this activity is no part of a well plannedstrategy this will not be effective and amere waste of time and money.Introduction of WCC development pro-gram to the community involves six (6)important elements:

Government - the top executive, poli-cy makers, and legislature.Socialization - publication and aware-ness campaign.Mass media - TV, radio, newspaper,magazine and internet.

Education - in school, university, andreligious gathering.Community meeting - meeting, con-ference, exhibition, festival, artsshow.Information dissemination - via boo-klet, leaflet, poster.A planning framework is necessary to

work out a strategy that builds the six ele-ments into a structure consisting of: (i)issue; (ii) participants; (iii) partner; (iv)objective and message; and (v) activity.The overall activity will have to be distri-buted into implementation by the differ-ent levels of the government, namely cen-tral, provincial and kabupaten/kota.

Ninth Step:Preparation of Schedule and Com-munication Target

The Purpose of Strategy andTactical TargetDuring the strategic planning phase

such as reducing the level of ignorance,creating the awareness and stimulating acuriosity for solution, it is difficult tomeasure the success of WCC communica-tion activity. That is why, it is necessaryto design a monitoring for the implemen-tation of a strategy objective and tacticaltarget.

Program and Campaign: Longand Short TermsThe overall WCC strategy implemen-

tation must be planned for a five yearperiod. This span of time is consideredlong enough to create a change in aware-ness to water conservation, beside a cove-rage of several short term campaignactivities.

Some water conservation programsmay change according to the conditionand may continuously happening duringthe implementation period, for instancethe development of teaching materials inschools and development of program forreducing wastes. The general WCC pro-grams by the municipal government mayinclude short term thrifty water use con-

R T I C L EA


(1)

(2)

(3)

1.

SOURCE: WCA-ESCAP

1.

2.

(4)

(5)

(6)

ducted incessantly during dry season.

Tenth Step:Budgeting and Finding FundSources1. Budget calculation

The Implementation Commissionmust make calculation the amount offund, personnel and material/equipmentneeded for running the WCC programbased on the proposed activities. Thenthey have to prepare a clear summary ofactivities for use in requesting for fund-ing, prepare a program implementationstrategy, potential benefit, budget planciting clearly where the fund is to comefrom.

Considerations must be taken to theforms of financing from the stakeholdersand partners, in kind or in cash, includingcommercial sponsors and NGOs. Then,the Implementation Commission mustdefend their proposal and budget plan-ning in discussion with governmentministry or agency as the initial step inrequesting for funding.

2. Source of fundThe fund for WCC program imple-

mentation may come from a single or se-veral sources as the following: (i) centralgovernment allocation or sub allocationfrom department or ministry and agency;(ii) genuine regional budget or as a sub-sidy from the central government; (iii)fund from water supply provider; (iv)commercial sponsor; (v) NGO; (vi) multi-lateral donor agency, and (vii) bilateralagency.

If the government seeks financialassistance from an external party, such aspartnership with commercial sponsor andNGO, it is necessary to maintain trans-parency and accountability.

Eleventh Step:Formation of Implementation Team

As soon the budget is settled, theImplementation Commission work on the

formation of project implementationteam. The team leader must be selectedbased on his capacity to manage a cam-paign team beside his full knowledgeabout the techniques of water conserva-tion. The team should comprise expertsin the fields of water supply service, envi-ronmental management, education, mar-keting and human relation.

The experts can be recruited fromvarious institutions as well as externalconsulting firms as necessary. Supportpersonnel for each field must be providedfor to take care of logistical and generalaffairs where special expertise is notrequired. The optimum number of teammembers is between 4-8 persons.

At central level: (1) develop regulationabout national pipe and other standardsrelated to household connection and fix-tures; (2) formulation of national law onwater conservation; (3) introducing thetradition of Water Conservation Day; (4)preparation of curriculum on water forchildren education; (5) preparation oftextbook on water for children education;

(6) maintaining a close relationship withmass media, conduct press conferenceand press release; (7) maintain a waterconservation website.

At provincial level: (1) maintain aninter-agency relationship to enable anintroduction of the regional aspect of acampaign; (2) provide assistance in thepreparation of additional rule and regula-tion; (3) prepare and organize competi-tion for the best water conservation man-agement and practice; and (4) facilitatethe program information through region-al media and advertisement.

At kabupaten/city level: (1) Form ateam for school visits; (2) as visiting edu-cator in schools, universities; (3) organizepublic meetings and discussions; (4) con-duct short term water conservation cam-paigns; and (5) organize cultural andexhibition events.

ConclusionIn general, the success an awareness

development strategy application andimplementation depends on the "PoliticalCommitment of the Government" whichis subsequently implemented in synergyby all the involved parties through the roleof three main actors, who are especiallyresponsible for taking the initiatives andactions to improve the communityawareness to water conservation, name-ly (1) Government, at the central, pro-vincial and regional levels; (2) Waterresources and clean water service relat-ed organizations; (3) Local community,facilitated by NGOs. Meanwhile, the ex-ternal groups, namely the multilateralagencies are needed in providing assis-tance and support that may come in theforms of communication, technical as-sistance, and the like considering theimportance of WCC is demand of all, lo-cally, nationally as well as international-ly without exception. Water Conserva-tion Care for all).

*) Principal Trainer, Ministry of

Public Work District Agency

R T I C L EA

Some water conserva-tion programs may

change according to thecondition and may con-

tinuously happeningduring the implementa-

tion period, forinstance the develop-

ment of teaching mate-rials in schools and

development of pro-gram for reducing

wastes.


Uniqueness of drinking water andsanitation sector privatization

In comparison to other sectors suchas electricity and telecommunication,there are less in number of successful pri-vate investments in the field of drinkingwater and sanitation (Haarmeyer, 1998).This is probably because of the unique-ness of drinking water and sanitation sec-tor characteristics in terms of (i) it is mar-ked with a high rate of natural monopoly.Although it is possible to apply competi-tion but it is quite limited in activitiessuch as capacity increase and provision ofplumbing service, but it is difficult toapply it for distribution which is the mainbusiness of drinking water and sanita-tion; (ii) water is a basic need for humanlife and access to water must be providedto all; (iii) drinking water and sanitationservice is more appropriate for manage-ment by regional government. Conse-quently, inter-regional issue(s) must besettled before any investor is to come in;(iv) the majority of asset lies undergro-und making it too costly to assess and itmeans additional preparatory expendi-ture for the private company's participa-tion; (v) insufficient provision may causeproblems to health and environment,therefore the government is stronglydriven to improve access without costrecovery calculation; (vi) obvious riskfrom difference in exchange rates becausethe consumers pay in local currency whilethe loan is made in foreign exchange(Penelope, 1997).

Impact of privatizationIn general, according to Andic (1990),

in addition to the change in the companyperformance itself, there are other priva-tization impacts that are known as macroeconomic impacts, namely (a) privatiza-tion effect to direct as well as indirectaggregate added value; (b) direct effect toemployment i.e. additional/reduction ofmanpower of the company or indirect

effect, i.e. additional/reduction of man-power in other sectors; (c) direct effect toincome of the public company employeesor indirectly to employees of other publiccompanies; effects to social surplusessuch as dividends, retained profit, socialcontribution; (e) effect to governmentbudget as additional/reduction of sub-sidy, loan, and tax; and (f) effect to savingand consumption.

In addition, there are various otherbenefits of privatization, they are (i) pri-vate sector culture is gaining influence sothat efficiency is expected to increase.The profit is increasing so that share va-lue also increases (if the government isstill holding a part of the shares, it willenjoy the profit from the value increase);

(ii) trading of shares in stock exchangecauses the application of stock exchangeregulation especially as it relates to com-pany transparency; (iii) further involve-ment of employees in company manage-ment may be made possible through

share ownership by the employees(Gayle, 1990); (iv) Shirley and Neils(1992) emphasize more active marketcontrol mechanism, and less politicalpressure and intervention (Siahaan,2000); (v) keeping back the growth ofgovernment expenditure; (vi) promotingindividual initiative for starting a busi-ness; (vii) expansion the communityownership and participation in thenational economy (Todaro, 1989).

Barriers to privatizationBerg (1987) suggested that the main

issue for developing nations are (i) themain aim of privatization in the develo-ping nations is different from that of theindustrialized countries, i.e. to reduce thenumber of losing public companies. Thiscondition makes it difficult to sell it to theprivate sector; (ii) there is no privatenational company with a sufficient capitalto buy a public company, while a foreigncompany with sufficient capital is facedwith difficulty in buying a public compa-ny; (iii) lack of favourable regulation,such as industrial protection, access tocredit; (iv) parliament does not supportbecause it is considered as sales ofnational asset. Including an oppositionfrom the military due to their strongalliance with public companies.

Whereas in Indonesia, several factorsare known as barriers to privatizationprogram, such as (i) ideological, whichstates that privatization is against thespirit of Constitution 1945, especially Art.37(2); (ii) political, in relation to signifi-cant reduction of government role innational economy; (iii) internal resis-tance, especially from the managementand employees with the possibility ofchanges in management and layoffs afterthe privatization; (iv) financial, in rela-tion to loss of government revenue in thefuture; (v) regional autonomy, it ends upin opposition by the regional governmentin privatization of a public company ope-

Once Again About PrivatizationPart I I of Two Artic les

By: Oswar Mungkasa*)


R T I C L EA

In achieving the objec-tives the government

must decide on an opti-mum privatization

option through a seriesof analysis, they are (i)company condition; (ii)the current regulatory

framework; (iii) supportfrom the stakeholders;

(iv) workability offinancing.

rating in its region; (vi) the general com-munity perception is privatization is con-sidered as selling an asset to cover go-vernment budget deficit; (vii) lack oftransparency and socialization related toa privatization plan; (viii) lack of evidencethat privatization is beneficial to the com-munity; (ix) lack of legal basis which is atleast equivalent to law of the republic forpublic company privatization.

Prawiro (1989) suggested that a moreclosely related issue about public compa-ny performance and ideology are (i)underrated public company performancewill cause a low sales price; (ii) underrat-ed performance makes it difficult to enterthe capital market; (iii) one of the dutiesof public companies is to educate Indo-nesian businessmen, and with privatiza-tion this duty is unaccomplished; (iv)public companies are given monopolyrights because of their social responsibili-ty they have to carry, and with the priva-tization the responsibility is lost andtherefore the monopoly must be erased.But it is the monopoly what the buyer isinterested in.

Critics on privatizationEspecially in the developing nations,

Shirley and Neils (1992) indicated severalweaknesses of privatization, they are (i)inability of the government to make pri-vatization transparent; (ii) transferof monopoly to those who have nointerest to community welfare(Siahaan, 2000). While Kagami(1999) suggested the weaknessesof privatization are (i) increasedunemployment and reducing therole of trade union; (ii) dominanceof foreign capital (also called"Wimbledon effect"); (iii) strongcompetition, "survival of thefittest" makes big companies moredominant and leads to oligopoly.

Key factor in choosingThe government maintains

several objectives in involving the privatesector, namely (i) introducing new tech-nologies and managerial expertise; (ii)improved efficiency; (iii) development oflarge scale projects; (iv) minimize theamount of subsidy; (v) prevent a shortterm political intervention; (vi) makingthe company more responsive to con-sumers' need. Besides, the governmentalso considers the consequence to theemployees, control of strategic sector,increase in tariff, and the impact to poorcommunity.

In achieving the objectives the govern-ment must decide on an optimum privatiza-tion option through a series of analysis, theyare (i) company condition; (ii) the currentregulatory framework; (iii) support from the

stakeholders; (iv) workability of financing.Through a simple method (Table 2) the

result of the analysis can guide the govern-ment to the optimum choice. For instance,if the regulatory capacity is weak and politi-cal commitment is low, then the concessionis difficult to implement.

Key to privatization successThe stipulation of Law on Privatization

is important to guarantee that privatizationleads in the right path. The existence of thelaw may at least provide three preconditionsfor a successful privatization program.First, is credibility and accountability pre-condition. If this is not present, the privati-zation will only mean a transfer of ineffi-ciency from public to private sector. Themarket structure will not change so there isno improvement in competition climate.Second, speed precondition. A lengthy pro-cess will invite free riders and loan sharks.Third, organizational precondition. The es-tablishment of a commission preceding theprivatization process, takes the strategicdecisions such as the minimum price ofshare if Initial Public Offering (IFO) step isto be applied (Basri, 2002).

While Sumarlin (1996) emphasized theprinciple of equality, transparency andobjectiveness which is summarized into 4basic principles underlying the successfulprivatization, namely (i) the private compa-

ny that buys the public companyshares is given no monopoly rightsnor any other special privilege such asprotection, low interest loan. It istreated equally as any other privatecompany; (ii) privatization does notmean undermining the interest of thecommunity at large; (iii) equal oppor-tunity for the community to partici-pate; (iv) the price is set at the mostprofitable level taking into considera-tion the market price and is done intransparent manner.

Veljanovsky (1990) emphasizedvarious requirements as precondi-tions for a successful privatization

R T I C L EA

ANALYSISCondition of Company

Regulatory Framework

Stakeholders' Support

Workability of Financing

KEY QUESTIONSStandard of serviceCondition of assetHuman resourcesFinancial performanceAvailable legal supportPossibility for regulatory changesRegulatory weaknessIdentification stakeholders' interestMinimizing political riskIs the tariff reasonable?Improving efficiency without increasing tariffWhether the consumers would agree to tariff increaseIs there any opportunity for a subsidy?

Table 1 : Series of Analysis


The stipulation of Lawon Privatization

is important to guaranteethat privatization leads

in the right path.The existence of the law

may at least provide threepreconditions for

a successful privatizationprogram.

policy, some of them are (i) the governmentmust have a strong commitment; (ii) priva-tization must be made as a non-politicalissue with emphasis on efficiency andindependency aspect. This means privatiza-tion process must be depoliticized; (iii) thereis a need for a support from influ-ential/interest group; (iv) there must be astrong commitment to implement the regu-

lation to guarantee that the third party hasan equal access; (v) the price must reflectthat the cost and the service are not cross-subsidized; (vi) the arrangement must beeffective and minimized and must be regu-larly reviewed; (vii) special attention mustbe paid to regulation, and guarantee thatintervention is done only in relation to anti-competition practices; (viii) share owner-

ship limitation should be avoided.Sutoyo (1995) concluded that there

are five (5) determining factors, namely(i) strong and sound national economy;(ii) reliable private sector; (iii) appro-priate privatization method; (iv) sup-portive law and regulation and institu-tionalization aspects; (v) efficient capi-tal and stock market.

R T I C L E


A

PROFIT

OPPORTUNITY

FROM CHOICE

LOW

HIGH

Table 2: Precondition for a Successful Privatization Choice

CHOICE

Servicecontract

Managementcontract

Lease

Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT)

Concession

Divestiture

STAKEHOLDERS'

SUPPORT AND

POLITICAL

COMMITMENT

Notimportant

Low-Moderate

Moderate-High

Moderate-High

High

High

TARIFF BASED

ON COST

RECOVERY

Not necessary inthe short run

Preferable,but notnecessaryin the shortrun

Necessary

Preferable

Necessary

Necessary

AVAILABILITY OF

INFORMATION

Applicable witha limitedinformation

Sufficientinformationis necessary

Sufficientinformationis necessary

Sufficientinformation isnecessary



AVAILABILITY

OF REGULATORY

FRAMEWORK

Lowmonitoringcapacity

Moderatemonitoringcapacity

High capacity forregulation andcoordination

High capacity forregulation andcoordination

Highregulationcapacity

Highregulationcapacity

FAVOURABLE

CREDIT

RATING

No need

No need

No need

High ratein cosreduction

High ratein costreduction

High rate incostreduction

Note: color gradation shows level of importanceNo significant Low/moderate High

Source: Penelope, 1997.

What about drinking water and sani-tation sector?

Based on experience summarized fromten (10) case studies in the developing as

well industrialized nations (Kitano, 2000),there are several influential factors govern-ing the success of privatization, they are: (i)development of legal basis and other forms

of government support; (ii) realistic imple-mentation plan; (iii) clear objectives; (iv)long term partnership between operatorand the regional government.

The abovementioned factors are nota full guarantee for a successful privati-zation. But as the factors are not fulfilledthe opportunity for problems is foresee-able.

The details about the factors are pre-sented in Table 3.

Concluding remarksFrom privatization experience drawn

from several countries a number ofimportant facts are brought to our atten-tion: First, privatization process willwork more smoothly if the governmentleaders are committed to economicreform; Second, privatization is not aneasy thing to do. The challenge frommany sides with "vested interest", publiccompany that is worth selling, fear thatforeign investor will interfere withnational security are among the barriersto privatization; Third, there are morethan one privatization models, withequal chance for success and for failure.Although there is no specific model thatis valid for all situations, but one can saythat the best privatization prospect iswhere the country has a financial mecha-nism that support privatization. Fourth,even in the developed nations they arestill experimenting on privatization. Asan example, England that has made pri-vatization of 40% of its public compa-nies, in spite a strong debate about pri-vatization is still on-going; Fifth, privati-zation is not solely selling asset to pri-vate sector. But it also means increasingmarket freedom, and reducing govern-ment regulation, as well as other macropolicies.

*) Staff, Directorate of

Human Settlement & Housing,

Bappenas and Member, WSS

Working Group

R T I C L EA

SUCCESS FACTOR

(1) Governmentsupport

(2) Politicalstability

(3) Professional advice well transferred

(4) Realisticimplementationplan

(5) Clear objectives

(6) Reliableoffer

(7) Long termpartnership

(8) Risk sharing

KEY

Support is expected to become(i) legal basis for private sectorinvolvement regulation; (ii) commit-ment to private sector independen-cy from government intervention;(iii) sufficient regulation;(iv) realistic tariff to guaranteeprofitable income

Necessary to attract long termprivate sector investment

In preparatory and implementationprocesses the government, the com-munity and the private sector eachhas an equal access to information

Important to guarantee that the im-plementation process could be com-pleted within a realistic time frame,an a full government commitment

It is prerequisite for public sectorperformance assessment by a regu-latory body, and performanceachievement by the operator

Service can be accomplishedwithin the price offered.Avoid too low an offer withthe consequence the service isbelow expectation

The whole process must be sodesigned to serve as basis for a longterm partnership between operatorand the regional government

The key strategy is that from thevery beginning the risk is fully iden-tified, and is distributed betweenthe parties of the contract

EXAMPLE

In Chile, the regulation isapplied in determiningtariff levelIn Buenos Aires, under a strongcentral leadership, privatizationcommittee involves various partiesEngland has an independent regula-tory bodyIn East Jakarta, contractcalls for tariff review in order toguarantee profit forthe private company

In Jakarta, after the transfer fromthe government, both concessionswere annulled

World Bank assistance for projectsin Buenos Aires, Manila

In France the local governmentmay choose type of contract, andvarious other choices

Clear objectives inall case studies

In East Manila, there wassome worrybecause of the low offer

In France, the government and theprivate sector have development com-mon trust through common agreementIn Poland, in the beginning the con-tract was too complicated and drewupon misunderstanding. The contractwas then revised and the relation wasrecovered

In Turkey, the risk is distributedto each party of the contract

Table 3: The Key Factors to Successful Privatization of Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector

Source: Kitano, 2000


Sustainable development and pu-blic service related to drinkingwater and environmental sanita-

tion sector is a common issue in the effortto improve community welfare in Indo-nesia, and Kabupaten West Lombok(NTB) is no exception.

One of the national strategies that hasbeen done is the formulation of theNational Policy for Community BasedWSS Development which in this year hasbeen tried into real operation in theProvince of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB),and Kabupaten West Lombok.

In an effort to put the National Policyfor Community Based WSS Developmentinto field operation in 2005 and so forththe regional government of NTB provinceand kabupaten West Lombok organized aregional WSS Working Team consistingof representives from Bappeda,BPM/BPMD, Public Works/Kimpraswil-Cipta Karya, Bapedalda/Environment,Agency for Health, and other relatedagencies.

The regional WSS Working Team hasconducted a series of coordination meet-ings to build a common understandingabout the policy implementation and toformulate the implementation steps forthe policy operation. One of the results ofthe meeting was a note about the prob-lems and issues related to WSS develop-ment as the following:

Environmental AspectOne important reason for the degra-

dation of forest resources due to illegalforest felling is because of the exclusion ofthe adat (traditional) institution fromenvironmental conservation program.

Illegal logging will eventually causedecrease in rainfall and soil water holdingcapacity. A prolonged condition will re-duce water discharge from water sourceand many of the sources will dry.

Besides, the job of a conservationist isnot properly appreciated, very limitedavailability of land for Water MaterialDisposal Site, and weak law enforcementin relation to environmental violation.

Social AspectCommunity participation is weak.

This results in lack of communal activity(gotong royong), difficulty in changingthe habit of defecation in the open, whilethe existing household toilet is not used.On the other hand, there is a deficiency inthe material and conceptual aspect ofextension activity, and also communitypoverty level

Institutional AspectThe role of government as facilitator

does not work effectively. This is becauseof weakness in inter-agency coordination,overlapping program and neither takes itas a priority, lack of overall and integra-ted planning, WSS baseline data lackaccuracy because of discrepancy betweenone agency from the others, lack of regio-nal government regulation for strengthe-ning the WSS institutional capacity,inconsistent law and regulation enforce-ment, and lack of capacity in the part offield team members.

The implication is, community partic-ipation, especially the women in plan-

ning, implementation and supervision ofthe program is weak, the ManagementTeam and water Users' Group are in weakposition, and water supply by the villageadministration is no priority.

Technology AspectThe WSS facility has been built in

deviation from the design and bill ofquantity, and besides, the considerationon the principle of cost recovery is aliena-ted from the decision making. As a result,the WSS service is inefficient as it is inef-fective.

Financial AspectInvestment in WSS sector is low. The

amount of fund set aside in the regionalgovernment budget for WSS developmentis equally low, in addition to difficulty ingenerating contribution from the usercommunity, which leads to low coverageof rural WSS facility. On the other hand,the community awareness to sustain theWSS facility is also low, much less costrecovery plan.

ConclusionThe above mentioned problems and

issues, when way out and solution issought by the stakeholders and other par-ties that care, it unlikely that the 2015 tar-get will be achieved.

In the next series of coordinationmeetings the WSS Working Team ofKabupaten Lombok in collaboration withWSS Working Team of Province NTB willtry to offer several other alternatives forhandling the problems. The alternativeswill summarized in a WSS developmentpolicy framework of Kabupaten WestLombok, 2005-2015.

1) Staff, Regional Planning and Develop-

ment Agency, Kabupaten West Lombok2) WASPOLA Consultant.

Ir. H. Dahrun, MM. 1) dan Purnomo 2)

R T I C L EA


Issues Related to Drinking Water andEnvironmental Sanitation Development

in Kabupaten West Lombok

One of the resultsof the meeting was a noteabout the problems and

issues related to WSSdevelopment.

Basic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002

No.

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960

KABUPATEN / KOTA

East JakartaKota BatamKota Pekan BaruRokan HilirKota KupangSouth JakartaCentral JakartaKota MetroSiakWest JakartaKota Banjar BaruKota SurakartaSouth Timor TengahKota Pematang SiantarKota ManadoKota Bukit TinggiKota KediriKota YogyakartaKota DenpasarKota PontianakKota MedanTulang BawangKota CirebonKota JambiBengkalisKota DepokKota BandungKota BengkuluEast LampungKota SemarangKota Ujung PandangKota SurabayaKota BalikpapanGunung KidulKota PalembangCentral LampungKota DumaiKota SukabumiKota BinjaiKota Tebing TinggiKota TangerangKota SalatigaKota SamarindaKota JayapuraKota Padang PanjangKota MadiunJakarta UtaraKota PalangkarayaBadungPacitanKota MagelangKota BontangGresikTana TorajaKota MalangKota BekasiKota PayakumbuhKota TarakanKulon ProgoAsahan

Condition ( % )

99.999.899.899.899.799.699.599.499.399.299.199.098.998.898.798.798.498.498.398.298.298.198.098.098.097.997.997.897.797.697.497.497.397.397.397.297.196.996.696.696.496.496.296.096.095.695.695.595.595.495.495.395.394.894.594.494.494.093.793.5

A T AD

No.

616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120

KABUPATEN / KOTA

West Tanjung JabungKota Tanjung BalaiKota PangkalpinangDeli SerdangKota Bandar LampungWest KotawaringinKota BitungKota SibolgaKota TegalMinahasaPelalawanNorth Timor TengahKutaiBandungNorth LampungKota KendariKota BanjarmasinTanah LautEast Tanjung JabungKota PadangTasikmalayaLabuhan BatuWonogiriMalangNatunaCentral AcehSoppengBekasiGianyarKota BlitarLangkatKota MojokertoWay KananMuaro JambiBatanghariKarimunKota SolokLima Puluh KotaKota BogorPurwakartaKota CilegonIndragiri HilirMusi BanyuasinCianjurTulungagungAceh TimurSlemanBangkalanKota SorongKota Pare-PareKota Banda AcehGarutPatiAgamKota AmbonBogorKepulauan RiauMajalengkaBantulSumedang

Condition ( % )

93.493.493.293.293.193.092.892.892.692.592.392.191.991.991.691.391.391.391.391.090.289.889.789.689.589.188.888.888.688.588.288.087.987.887.587.387.387.287.187.187.087.086.886.286.085.885.685.485.385.185.184.984.884.584.484.284.184.083.983.9

No.

121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180

KABUPATEN / KOTA

TapinKota PekalonganKota TernateBerauNgadaSukoharjoJeparaBloraKota BaruTangerangKamparWonosoboKota PaluTabananKediriKota Sawah LuntoBanjarKuninganBireuenPontianakCiamisPasirKota MataramKota GorontaloBlitarTemanggungSemarangGowaMeranginKendariBulunganNorth AcehKaroBiak NumforSidoarjoSragenEast KutaiMandailing NatalSindenreng RappangCilacapNganjukPurworejoSukabumiMagetanGroboganBoyolaliOgan Komering HilirKota BulelengLamonganNorth Hulu SungaiPonorogoOgan Komering UluMadiunJayapuraBanjarnegaraTeboAlorTabalongMagelangPinrang

Condition ( % )

83.483.383.283.083.082.982.682.582.481.881.881.681.281.281.181.080.880.880.880.780.580.380.280.179.279.078.778.678.578.077.977.777.477.077.076.976.876.776.676.376.176.175.875.775.675.675.575.175.074.574.274.273.873.773.773.773.673.573.372.7


A T AD


Basic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002

No.

181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240

KABUPATEN / KOTA

Central Hulu SungaiNorth LuwuKota PasuruanSouth LampungTenggamusTrenggalekKuantan SengingiLembataWest KutaiAceh SingkilCentral HalmaheraWajoSubangKupangKaranganyarSouth TapanuliTanah DatarMuara Enim (Liot)Sanghite TalaudSouth East AcehIndragiri HuluEast KotawaringinKudusManggaraiNgawiKlungkungWest LampungKota ProbolinggoNorth BengkuluNunukanEndeSoralangunKapuasSinjaiKebumenMusi RawasJombangRokan HuluIndramayuSimalungunJembranaPamekasanCirebonMalinauBungoKolakaPosoSambasKerinciKlatenKota SabangEast FloresBeluKetapangMojokertoRejang LebongKarawangMorowaliPadang PariamanSouth Barito

Condition ( % )

72.672.472.472.372.172.071.971.871.771.271.171.171.171.071.070.870.670.570.470.370.270.169.769.469.269.168.868.668.668.567.567.567.166.566.366.365.465.365.265.164.964.864.664.364.163.863.263.062.962.862.862.762.462.362.262.261.761.661.160.9

No.

241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300

Condition ( % )

60.960.760.460.460.159.759.759.458.858.858.658.357.957.757.657.557.355.955.955.755.555.455.355.155.154.554.554.454.253.853.653.453.253.052.852.752.652.251.951.851.251.151.150.950.450.350.350.350.249.949.949.149.048.948.848.548.147.847.347.0

No.

301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341

KABUPATEN / KOTA

North BaritoBanyuwangiBantaengWest SumbaPangkajene KepulauanBanggai KepulauanDompuPurbalinggaSampangMeraukePandeglangRembangMimikaManokwariTubanLebakPemalangDonggalaPekalonganBrebesSouth PesisirKarangasemLandakNiasWest LombokMamujuEast LombokProbolinggoCentral LombokBoalemoJenepontoPolewali MamasaMajeneYapen MaropenBuruSitubondoBondowosoJayawijayaSelayarKepulauan MentawaiSimeuleu

Condition ( % )

47.046.946.746.546.446.346.246.145.645.045.044.944.544.244.143.843.642.542.541.841.841.440.840.838.736.836.835.835.435.134.933.433.132.631.830.829.828.225.623.519.0

INDONESIA 75.0

Source:Human Development ReportBappenas-BPS-UNDP

KABUPATEN / KOTA

Aceh BesarWest Maluku TenggaraBanggaiSouth Hulu SungaiKapuas HuluPasamanDairiDemakEast SumbaBanyumasSikkaBarito KualaBengkayangBangliBarruEnrekangBangkaSumbawaLumajangLuwuSawah Lunto / SijunjungTakalarPasuruanSintangSouth BengkuluSorongSerangBolaang MongondowNorth MalukuPaniaiToli-ToliTegalSumenepBelitungNorth TapanuliLahatCentral MalukuJemberSanggauSouth East MalukuKendalButonBojonegoroCentral TapanuliPidieFak FakPuncak JayaBatangMunaToba SamosirSouth AcehSolokBoneWest AcehBulukumbaBuoiBimaNabireGorontaloMaros

Water, human being, and vegeta-tion is a unity, each develops aninter-relationship with the

other in hydrology system. Human activi-ty in clearing forest, cutting shade trees,instigate deterioration to lake, riverbank,sea coast and littering wherever they gohave caused reduction to land carrying-and water holding capacities.

Indonesia owes her huge waterpotential from the geographical posi-tion. The hydrologic cycle producesdiversity in annual precipitation ratefrom over 4.000 mm in the westernregion to less than 800 mm in the east-ern part of the country. If this potentialgoes in the normal natural cycle, with-out any disturbance and disruption, thetotal rainfall potential in Indonesia canproduce 3.085 billion cu. m of waterannually. Of this amount, the island ofJava recieves 195 billion cu. m of 6,3%of the total.

But this potential may cause a seri-ous threat to human life if water hol-ding capacity of its soils is quite li-

mited. And that is what is happeningnow. Rainfall has caused widespreadflooding. Our level of awareness of thefunction of vegetative cover, river,reservoir, lake is so low. Forest ex-ploitation for timber continues unhin-dered.

Vast areas of conservation reserves

are damaged and plundered. It is butnatural that flood is threatening almostall over Indonesia.

One of the chapters of this bookinvites the readers to contemplate overthis condition. Do we treat nature inthe right manner? This is indeed a seri-ous comtemplation because it involvesthe life of many. And the key, whetheryou want to or not, is urban spatialplanning must be re-evaluated in orderto include consideration of resorptionareas and flood parameters. Urban ma-nagement must also take into conside-ration watershed as a unit.

This book provides many interest-ing things on the subject of flood con-trol. But flood is only a minor portion.The majority deals with forest and nat-ural conservation.

Not less interesting is, in severalchapters it brings to light the relation-ship of forest degradation with theinfluence of foreign agencies in a capi-talistic era as it is now. That is why thisbook is worth reading. (MJ)

Development projects of the pre-sent compel it as requirementa complete evaluation of the

benefit/cost ratio. The overall evalua-tion cannot be done simply on environ-mental impact, but must also includeother aspects such as poverty, housing,gender, government and other issues.The traditional projects used to neglectthe issues, including environmentalimplications.

More recent projects offer morechance for improvement of environ-mental quality and social condition ofthe villages and towns in the deve-loping nations.

This book complements what havebeen discussed in the workbook by try-ing to reveal the issues related to envi-

ronmental economic analysis. This book also includes discussions

about the rationale in the application ofenvironmental economic analysis,alternative methods for environmentaleconomic analysis in the framework ofeconomic evaluation of the environ-mental impact.

This book discusses ten cases whereenvironmental economics is used toevaluate development projects. The tencases provide an understanding aboutpractical approaches where informa-tion and time for evaluation is limitedand costly.

This book represents a helpful bibli-ographical source in developing envi-ronmental improvement in develop-ment projects taking into considerationthe constraints in time, budget and ex-pertise. (FW)

O O K I N F O

Earth’s Warming Up, Flood’s Spreading Out

Environmental and Economics in Project Preparation

B

Title

Bumi MakinPanas,BanjirMakin Luas.MenyibakTragedi

KehancuranHutan

AuthorsProf. Dr. Hadi S. Ali Kodra dan

Drs. Syaukani HR, MMPublisher

Penerbit NuansaPages244 pp

Title

Environmentand

Economicsin Project

Preparation

AuthorsP.Abeygunawardena, Bindu N.Lohani,

Daniel W.Bromley,Ricardo Carlos V.Barba

PublisherAsian Development Bank

Pagesxiv + 394 pp


World WaterConferences

http://www.conferencealerts.com/water/htm

This website contains agenda ofworld conferences on water in2005. Some of 2006 agenda is

also included. The implementation de-tails are relatively complete, from date,title, and place of conference. For moredetails about the content of each ttitle justclick the respective agenda.

European Water andWastewater Conference

http://wwe05.events.pennets.com

W ater and Wastewater (WWE/2005)conference will be held in Milan,

Italy on 28-30 June 2005. It is expectedthat this conference and exhibition will bethe meeting arena for industrialists andexperts from all over the world.

The topics discussed in the conferencewill consist of among others, manage-ment of asset, water resources manage-ment, water production and its quality,desalination, water reclamation, opera-tion and implementation, privatization,system rehabilitation, wastewater treat-ment and management. There areapproximately 45 papers ready for pres-entation in the conference.

As for the exhibition a number of bigcompanies around the world will take

part in it. It will display piping industry,drinking water, drainage, filtration,wastewater treatment, destination, reso-urces management, software, UV ray, andothers.

Pan-African Waterhttp://www.terrapinn.com/2005/waterza/

T he 8th Pan-African Water conferencewill be held in South Africa on 15-18

November 2005. The conference will befocused on water resources of Africa forthe purpose of economic development ofthe region.

Up to now, more than 300 million ofthe total of 700 million population of theblack continent is devoid of access todrinking water service. Water scarcityhas a direct impact on increased povertyrate and growth of conflicts. For that rea-son, the experts say that Africa needs anassistance to increase investment toimprove its water system and minimizingwater crisis. The conference is intendedto provide information and strategy forwater provision improvement in Africa.

Asian Water ProductionManagement

http://www.iqpc.com/iowarobot/document.html?topic=229&event=63&document=49671

T he conference on water productionwill be held in Kuala Lumpur on 17-

18 May 2005. The conference will discussa number of topics including holisticwater management development forimprovement of economic benefit, howand where chemical solution can beapplied successfully, how to improvecommunity care to the environment,effective water treatment control to mini-mize leakage, and quality improvementand treatment to water.

Drinking Water andSanitation Conference

via Internethttp://www.irc.nl/page/15140

T his conference is slightly differentfrom usual where water and sanita-

tion experts and practitioners meet in adefinite location. This conference whichwill be organized by Water EngineeringDevelopment Centre (WEDC) will takeplace through internet, or e-conference.The agenda will take place from 24November through 17 December 2005.The intention is for sharing of experienceamonth the practitioners, policy makersand other related parties in water provi-sion and sanitation service of urbanareas.

There are four (4) topics to be dis-cussed, namely management (22-26November), design and financing (29November - 6 December), support andprofessional contacts (6-10 December),business planning (13-17 December).Participant registration through e-mail.

E B S I T E I N F OW


S S B I B L I O G R A P H YW

REGULATION

Government of IndonesiaRegulation No. 82/2001on the Management andControl of Water QualitySecretariat of Water ResourcesCoordination Team,Directorate of Water and Irrigation,Bappenas

M A G A Z I N E

HABITAT DEBATE.September 2004 Vol.10. No.3.

PROYEK WSLIC IIThird Edition2004.

B O O K

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTGOALS FOR HEALTH: A REVIEW OFTHE INDICATORS.World Health Organization, Indonesia

PDAM BANGKRUT? AWAS PERANGAIR.Gede H. Cahyana. Sahara GoldenPress.

POVERTY AND WATER SECURITY. UNDERSTANDING HOWWATER AFFECTS THE POOR. John Soussan and WaouterLinckaen Arriens.Asian Development Bank (ADB).

WATER AND POVERTY:THE REALITIES.EXPERIENCES FROM THE FIELD.Asian Development Bank (ADB).

WATER AND POVERTYIN THE 3RD WORLDWATER FORUM.John Soussan.Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB).

P R O S I D I N GP R O S I D I N G

REGULATORY SYSTEMS ANDNETWORKING.Water Utilities andRegulatory Bodies.Asian Development Bank(ADB).

H A N D B O O KH A N D B O O K

HANDBOOK FOR INTEGRATING RISK ANALYSISIN THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT.

Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB).

HANDBOOK FORHANDBOOK FORINTEGRAINTEGRATING POVERTING POVERTYTYIMPIMPACTACT ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT ININTHE ECONOMICTHE ECONOMICANALANALYSIS OF PROJECTYSIS OF PROJECT..Asian Development Bank(ADB).


Date Month Activity1-3 December Workshop for the Formulation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

Workshop for the Formulation of WSS Development Strategic Plan

7 December Workshop for the Revision of Small Scale International Provider (SSIP) Project Proposal

8 December WSS Working Meeting

10 December Presentation of Scientific Article Writing Competition

13 December Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development for all Sulawesi,

Maluku, NTB, Bali and Papua in Makassar

14-17 December Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in

Kab. Kebumen

15 December CWSH Project Negotiation

WS on Regulatory Reform and Potential Private Investment in Infrastructure Industry, in

Bappenas


Kab. Sijunjung, Kab. Lebak, and Kab. Gorontalo.

16 December Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in

Kab. South Bangka

17 December Presentation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development to Echelon II

Officials


Prov. West Sumatera and Prov. Bangka Belitung

20 December Workshop CWSH-ADB, Central level


Prov. Gorontalo

21-22 December Consignment of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

22 December Workshop on Scaling Up Infrastructure Private Investment by a Better Framework Risk

management and Prudent Financing, in Bappenas

23 December Review of WASPOLA Workplan 2005


Kab. Pangkep

24 December Review Draft Government Regulation on Drinking Water


Kab. West Lombok

27-30 December WSLIC-2 Project Workshop and Preparation of Project Management Report

Consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project 2004


Prov.Banten


Prov. NTB

Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kab. Lumajang


Kab. West Lombok and Prov. Central Java

Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kab. Jember


Prov. Sulawesi Selatan

17-18 January Infrastructure Seminar: 'Solution to Infrastructure Development in Indonesia: Regulatory

Reform & Investment Opportunities'.

G E N D AA


indonesia water supply and sanitation magazine. 'percik' vol 7 december 2004

Health & Medicine