Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure

Director of Human Settlement and Housing,National Development Planning Agency

Republic of IndonesiaDirector of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,

Ministry of Settlement and RegionalInfrastructure

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Ministry of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,

Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono,Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone: (021) 31904113e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com

redaksi@ampl.or.idoswar@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.Please send to our address or e-mail.

Don't forget to be brief and accompaniedby identity.

From Editor 1Your Voice 2Main Report

Sanitation Underestimated 3Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH Campaign) 9Observing MDGs Sanitation 10

InterviewIr. Susmono“Sanitation Is More Important Than Electricity” 12

ArticleEcological Sanitation 15Lessons Learned From Sanitation Development 16Drinking Water Service:Sustainability and Its Effect Upon CommunityWell-Being 18Community Empowerment and Development System 20Making Environmental Institutions MoreInfluential, An Idea 21

ReportageA piece of story from Ciliwung river bankNever Drink River Water 22

MannerPhytoremediation An Effort to Process Wastewaterwith Plant Media 24“Agus Gunarto” Household WastewaterTreatment System 26

TelescopeKabupaten Subang: Pioneer in Formulation ofDrinking Water and Environmental Sanitation Policy 27H.M. Machri S., Chairman of Bappeda, Kabupaten Subang“This is the Community’s Demand” 28

Book Info 29CD Info 30Website Info 31Field Visit 32Waspola 34AMPL 38Library 42Glossary 43Agenda 44

Dear readers, As time flows we were not aware that

this is the moment for us to meet eachother again. In the meantime we havedone our best to make changes in order tomake Percik more enjoyable to read,attractive and it serves as an accurate re-ference for one observing, studying, ma-naging water supply and environmentalsanitation service in Indonesia.

We try our best that each edition con-tains inter-related topics. In the last edi-tion, Percik brought you Millennium De-velopment Goals, in the present it is car-rying issues related to sanitation. This to-pic is important because it represents oneof the targets in MDGs that must beachieved in 2015. Moreover, sanitation isone of the nagging problems in Indo-nesia.

In the decade of 1980s there was theWater and Sanitation Decade. But theoutcome is below expectation. Variousconstraints were cropping up. From thecommunity side, awareness and know-ledge is wanting. Let alone low income asanother major stumbling block. It is ag-gravated with the outbreak of economiccrisis of 1997. Based on monitoring, a na-tion with a GNP of less than USD 1.000must have a poor sanitation condition.To this community priorities are manythings other than sanitation. From thegovernment side, central as well as re-gional, budget allocation for sanitation issmall. Sanitation is no priority. Whereasto improve awareness level of the com-munity an integrated movement is need-ed. This is just about the basic sanitation,let alone the environmental sanitationwhich is way beyond expectation.Therefore, sanitation is not an indepen-dent issue and need an involvement of allthe stakeholders.

It is interesting to learn form ecologi-cal sanitation which has been practised inEast Asia for hundreds of years. Ecologi-cal sanitation is a cycle, or a close loopsystem which processes human waste as a

resource. Human excrement is proces-sed in situ until it is free from pathogenicorganisms and then recycled into farmingactivity. Large scale application of thistechnology can free soil, river, lake andsea from contamination from humanwaste.

As an interesting solution to basicsanitation question, we are offering youAgus Gunarto's success in developing a

domestic waste processing system. Thesystem has been internationally acknow-ledged for its "sophistication" and in2001 won World Technology Award inEngland. Besides, in a larger scale, it isalso advisable to look into waste watermanagement by phytoremediation me-thod, using plants as media for neutrali-zing heavy metal and radioactive contam-inated water. This technology is also re-commendable to remedy solid waste dis-posal site.Dear Readers,

Compared from the earlier editionsthe present Percik is already comple-mented with an ISSN. Its contents aremore varied. There are new columns:Teropong (telescope), Info CD, and LightNews. Glossary re-emerges. Wawasan(insight) brings with it more than 2 arti-cles. This is intended to present you withmore information. Photographic and car-toon illustrations are inserted in severalarticles. We hope this serves for your sa-tisfaction. Best regards.

R O M E D I T O RF

1PercikJune 2004

In the decade of 1980sthere was the Water and

Sanitation Decade. But the outcome is belowexpectation. Various con-straints were cropping up.From the community side,

awareness andknowledge is wanting.

Bravo Percik

Inter-agency integration is a prerequi-site. This is reflected in Percik. Withoutintegrity it is impossible to have Percikappear before us. Percik which specifical-ly discusses water supply and environ-mental sanitation issues from top to bot-tom has been read by all from the highofficials to the common people.

If I may suggest, aside from thenational policy, it might be plausible ifPercik also publish WSS related commu-nity initiative from various locations thatmight inspire those who work in the samefield.

agusto71@yahoo.comNGO activist

Thank you for your suggestion. As anew media, Percik will always be open toany input and suggestion. Up to this timewe have been trying our best to have theWSS related stories from all over thecountry, the success and the failure. Yetthere is limit to what we get. We will con-tinue to try so that Percik can be betterand satisfy your expectation. (Ed.)

Additional Article

To begin with, I would like to congra-tulate for the issuance of Percik bulletin. Ihave read Percik from 1st through 3rd edi-tions. This bulletin contains a lot of use-ful information for those who work withinthe realm of water supply and environ-mental sanitation. And this can generateinterest from those who are not yet inte-rested to water supply and environmentalsanitation issues.

I would like to suggest the readerswould consider adding into it a more aca-demic treatise as a balance to the issuesrelated to water supply and sanitation. Inaddition, since this bulletin is one of theactivities of the WSS Working Group, itmight be recommendable to also insert itsagenda of activities so that the readerswould be aware of how far the Group hastried to respond to the problems related towater supply and environmental sanita-tion.

Fany WedaA Percik reader

Jakarta

You've made a good suggestion. Wewill try it in the forthcoming editions asPercik's distribution coverage becomeslarger. Up to now the coverage area isstill limited so that many of the expertsmay not be aware of Percik's existence.As for the WSS Working Group agendawe have included it in each editionthough not in a complete form. We willtry to present the agenda in a better for-mat in the future. (Ed.)

Lack of Expert's Opinion

Reading Percik, I am interested inCermin (mirror) of Edition II/Oct. 2003and Reportase (Edition III/Febr. 2004)columns. The columns illustrate Indone-sian community struggle with the "ro-mantics" of the world of WSS. From CakSolekhan of Kureksari, Sidoarjo who like"an owl dreaming for a moon" is yearningfor a water supply access from the localPDAM network till Ms. Yani of Jakartawho has no objection to pay Rp2.000 each

time she uses a public toilet.I would suggest to include the expert's

opinion in several relevant subject mat-ters, through an interview, for instance,attached to the respective article. Theauthor's opinion should not be too domi-nant in a reportase writing. And lastly, Iam convinced that all Percik Editorialstaff would be respectful to a presidentand vice president candidate who care forWSS issues in Indonesia. Regards.

RomliA Percik reader

Jakarta

In reportase writing we deliberatelymake it as a light feature story thus inclu-sion of personal opinion is likely to hap-pen. Your suggestion for inserting anexpert's opinion is worth consideration.We all hope that the president and vicepresident candidates care for water sup-ply and environmental sanitation issues.(Ed.)

O U R V O I C EY

2 PercikJune 2004

PHOTO’S GALLERY

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

The awareness of the importanceof sanitation to the modern soci-ety began with a sanitation revo-

lution in the 19th century in London, in1832 to be exact, when MetropolitanWater Act made it a requirement thatdrinking water supply must be providedthrough a filtering process. Soon after-wards, John Snow proved it that aftertermination of river Thames pumping atBroad Street the prevalence of choleraepidemic in London in 1855 was sub-siding.

The prevalence of cholera epidemic ofHamburg in 1892 explicitly indicates thecorrelation between contaminated waterwith disease. While a routine bacterialexamination in water supply service wasintroduced in London since 1885, and theuse of chlorine in processing drinkingwater was since started, which perhapsrepresents the most efficient technologyat that time.

It could be summarized that theawareness of the importance of sanitationstarted only in the middle of 19th century.However, the awareness was not directlyfollowed with a real action. As an illustra-tion, even in the United States the federalgovernment allocated a subsidy budgetfor sanitation purposes only as late as1950s. Sanitation development became areality only after the establishment of aninstitution called Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) and the launching ofWater Pollution Act in early 1970s.

At the global level, only in 1980s theUnited Nations proclaimed 1981-1990 asWater Decade which indicates that drink-ing water and sanitation is acknowledgedas an important matter which concernsthe nations of the whole world. Sincethen, drinking water and sanitation is nomore the concern of only a few nations.

A I N R E P O R T

SANITATIONUNDERESTIMATED

M

3PercikJune 2004

Sanitation does not seem an alien word to us. However,there are perhaps only very few of us who realize howimportant sanitation is to our life. The importance of

sanitation may be appropriately represented by a state-ment made by Mahatma Gandhi: "Sanitation is more

important than independence".

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

From the proclamation of the WaterDecade up to now, the time lapsed hasbeen long enough. But a question re-mains in our mind why up to now sanita-tion has not been our interest or priorityin our daily life in Indonesia. Unlikedrinking water which relatively hasgained a measurable attention, sanitationhere in this country, still remains a sub-ject not worth any consideration.

Although Water Decade has long gonebehind us, yet sanitation has not receivedas much attention as drinking has had isalso evidenced from the world level policymakers. In the MDGs initial targets set-ting, sanitation was not placed as an expli-cit target but rather as a corollary conse-quence to the management of slum areas.Through an intensive campaign by sever-al water and sanitation activities includ-ing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene(WASH) it was only in the SustainableDevelopment Meeting in Johannesburg in2002 that sanitation became one of themain targets together with drinkingwater.

The Importance of sanitationThe role of sanitation in relation to

community health has been generallyunderstood. To a greater extent infantmortality rate is caused by a poor waterand sanitation condition. The same issaid about the prevalence of diarrhoealcase for a specific location. At a globallevel, WHO estimates that 1,8 millionannual death tolls are caused by diarrhea.While approximately 5.500 children diedaily from contaminated water and food.The rate of infant mortality in slum areasreaches 121 for every 1.000 child births in2001.

It is estimated that the direct and indi-rect economic cost from poor sanitationin Indonesia is estimated at 2,4 percent ofGross Domestic Product in 2001 (approx.Rp65 trillion) or Rp180.000 per capitaper annum. This amount is consideredtoo high especially when compared withe.g. educational budget which is onlyRp15,34 trillion per annum.

A study on the impact of sanitation tothe economy in the cities of Yogyakartaand Medan in 2000 indicates relativelylow figures: Rp100.000 and Rp90.000per capita per annum in Yogyakarta andMedan, respectively.

If poor sanitation charges additional

costs to the economy, this of course willadversely influence economic growth.This is empirically proven from severalstudies which conclude that good sanita-tion condition is one of the prerequisitesfor economic growth.

What is less understood is perhaps theeffect of water supply and sanitation todirect income improvement through lessexpenditure for water and sanitation pur-poses.

An acceptable water and sanitationcondition also decreases expenditure forhealth care and treatment of water andsanitation related diseases.

Besides, productivity increases be-cause there are less inactive days due tosickness.

To state it simply, an improved watersupply and sanitation service will reducepoverty, improve health status, productiv-ity, competitiveness, and eventually theeconomic growth.

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4 PercikJune 2004

In 1980 the UN declared Interna-tional Water and Sanitation Decadefor the purpose of improving theuniversal access to water and sa-nitation in the developing nations.Access is determined by each indi-vidual nation, but in general it isagreed that each person needs 20litres of water every day and istaken from a source not more than1,6 km from where he livesThe achievement of Water Decadeis determined by an increase ofservice at an average of 10 percentwith the majority takes place in therural areasWater Decade is considered a fai-lure despite of success in incre-asing the service but the populationgrowth is bigger in excess of 20 -30 percent.

Year 2000: 2,4 billion of world population lack access to improved sanitation, and81 percent of them are in the rural areas. Besides, 1,1 billion lack access todrinking water facility, 86 percent of them are rural populationMore than 2,2 million people of the developing nations, most of them children,die every year from the diseases related to lack of water supply, poor sanitationand poor hygiene conditionApproximately there are 6.000 children die from poor sanitation every day. Thisfigure is equal to the casualties of 20 Boeing aircraft accidents every dayAn acceptable water supply and sanitation service reduces the prevalence ofcholera by 26 percentPoor sanitation reduces attendance of girl students at schools National economic condition is aggravated with the need to allocate additionalfund for health care and medication, and the loss of productive hours caused bypoor water supply and sanitation.

FACTS ABOUT WATER AND SANITATION

Water Decade:1981-1990

Facts and Global ChallengeIn September 2000, The UN General

Assembly proclaimed the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs) which con-sists of targets set by global communitiesto reduce poverty and improve health andwelfare of the whole nation. In Septem-ber 2002, in the World Summit on Sus-tainable Development in Johannesburgthe UN reaffirmed the MDGs and put anadditional targets specifically pertainingto hygiene and sanitation. This repre-sents the global community resolutenessabout the importance of sanitation.

It is estimated that by 2015 the worldpopulation will reach 7 billion and themajority of the growth takes place in thedeveloping nations. The growth willincrease the number of population with-out access to acceptable sanitation to 3,4billion by that year. To fulfill the MDGstarget WHO estimates that an additional150 million population have to haveaccess to sanitation each year. Looking atour present capacity the MDGs target canonly be reached in 2025. The govern-ment and donor institutions and coun-tries must work hard. Why not involvethe community to share this heavy bur-den?

The inclusion of sanitation in theMDGs represents a giant step but at the

same time poses a big challenge for thegovernment and the international institu-tions to reach the target. It is even under-stood as the most ambitious of all MDGstargets. Presently only 16 percent of thedeveloping nations (cf. 37 percent fordrinking water) are considered capable ofachieving the targets. With the presentlevel of investment, in Africa the MDGstargets can only be achieved by 2050,Asia 2025, and Latin America by 2040.Without a political will and a real com-mitment, the targets cannot be realized.

Our challenge in Indonesia is how toreplicate the international promotionalsuccesses to Indonesian stakeholders.

Currently 80 percent of world popula-tion (1,9 billion) are without access tosanitation and mostly are the rural popu-lation. It is acknowledged that most ofthe population growth takes place espe-cially in the urban slums, therefore theattention to urban slums is of the samerate as that of the villages.

Other matter that must be taken intoconsideration is that access to sanitationis different among different nations as itis among regions within a nation. Thiscondition makes it necessary for the plan-ners to make implementation prioritiesso that an investment can be made so asto reach an optimum result.

The sustainability of a sanitation pro-gram becomes a crucial factor when theavailability of drinking water is a con-straint. The population growth makes therequirement for drinking water risessharply, and it is estimated that by 202535 percent of the world population willlive in the urban areas with drinkingwater problem. The present sanitationsystem needs 50-100 litres of water toflush 1-1,5 litres of human waste everyday. This system causes a small amount

A I N R E P O R TM

5PercikJune 2004

The provision of an acceptable sanitation facility is necessary to protect thehealth condition of human being and the environment. For this purpose, we

agree to reduce by half, in year 2015, the proportion of population who are with-out access to basic sanitation, that will cover the following activities at all levelsto:i develop and implement an efficient household sanitationii improvement of sanitation in public institution particularly schooliii promote a safe hygienic practiceiv promote education to children as agent of changev promote an acceptable and affordable technology and practice in con-

formance with the local socio-cultural conditionvi develop a partnership mechanism and innovative payment systemvii integrate sanitation into water resources development strategy

Agreement on Sanitation fromJohannesburg Summit 2002

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

of human waste contaminates a largeamount of water. The need for an alter-native sanitation which requires lesswater becomes the present day challenge.Finding a sustainable and environmen-tally friendly method in achieving MDGstargets is one of the global challenges.

The other challenge is to translate theterm sanitation into a commonly andwidely understood by all. Take as anexample, in Germany there is no suchterm comparable to sanitation, so that theGerman use abwasser which means wastewater. As a result, there are many whotranslate the MDGs basic sanitation tar-get as waste water treatment. In Asia andAfrica the translation of basic sanitationhas nothing to do with sewerage drain.

Sanitation is like a double edgedsword. It is part of solution but at thesame time also as a part of a problem.The use of a large amount of water toflush human excrement contributes towater scarcity problem, while waste-water is one of the causes of water con-

tamination.Developing nations are faced

with several problems in the appli-cation of flush toilet. Beside waterinsufficiency, the availability ofwastewater treatment system isalso problematic. As a conse-quence, wastewater from a septictank is disposed of into animproper place. If there werewastewater treatment facility, mo-re often than not it is not function-ing properly.

Water scarcity becomes a moreprominent problem of the world.It cannot be solved only throughconservation but must also be sup-ported with reduction in wateruse. Sanitation is obviously one ofthe causes since the present envi-ronmental sanitation systemneeds at least 10 litres of water for oneflushing, while for daily eating and drink-ing one person needs only 5 litres at themost. While the more water used for san-itation the bigger the investment is need-ed to process the waste water.

The investment requirement cannotbe fulfilled from the local resources,therefore government assistance or sub-sidy must be provided for. As for theurban areas, the majority of users are therich, thus most of the assistance or sub-sidy goes to the well-to-do families. Thecost incurred for wastewater treatment is5-6 times higher than that for drinkingwater.

Difficulty in financing threat has beenlingering around sanitation developmentin the world. Currently the expenditurefor wastewater treatment amounts toUSD14 million a year while an additionalof USD56 million is awaiting if the MDGstargets are to be achieved. Quite a signi-ficant additional investment. The targetinvestment could actually be reduced if aless costly appropriate technology be-comes an alternative. In addition, ano-ther alternative such as ecological sanita-tion should also be considered.

Capital intensive sanitation systemsuch as the ones being developed present-ly is more appropriate for the developedworld but not for the developing nations.It has come the time to review the systemso far being developed. The basic ques-tion is how appropriate is the sanitationand wastewater treatment system devel-opment so far being implemented?Whether it is not recommendable to finda water thrifty alternative and apply therecycling principle? The alternativeshould not be limited for the poor fami-lies but must also be applicable to thehomes of the well-to-do who in reality arethe major users of the present sanitationsystem.

It is recognized that sanitation has notreceived the proper attention from thewhole community therefore it needs amore comprehensive public campaign.The latest anthropological studies indi-cate that embarrassment becomes themost prominent aspect that motivatesbehavioural change. Health and hygienelogic has had less influence in compari-son to social logic such as reputation ormoral logic such as embarrassment inattracting the community's attention to

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6 PercikJune 2004

Improve the local and national ca-pacity in the management of waterresources development, sanitationand drinking water supply includingthe civil society, private and publicsectors.Support the community/householdthrough provision of grant to im-prove water supply and sanitation -with specific emphasis on ecologi-cal sanitation.Support ecosystem based solutionto human waste treatment in theframework prevention of diseasesand protection of the environment.Support and strengthen the partici-pation of women in sanitation, drin-king water and water source mana-gement.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENTPROGRAM (UNDP) PRIORITY

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

the importance of sanitation. This isprobably the reason why the presentsanitation motto reads sanitation isdignity. This condition may radicallychange the present conventionalcampaign format.

Indonesian conditionUp until year 2002 the proportion

of Indonesian population who haveaccess to an acceptable basic sanita-tion, consisting of drop pit latrine orseptic tank, was 63,5 percent. In vil-lages the proportion is relativelylower, only 52,5 percent, while in theurban 77,5 percent. Although thetotal number of households withaccess is seemingly high, we have tolook more closely into the figure.There is an indication that the actualnumber might be lower. The numbertells us the available facilities withoutsaying anything about quality. It isestimated that at this time many ofthe basic sanitation facilities shouldnot be used anymore because they donot meet hygiene and environmentalrequirement. As an illustration, inrural areas the septic tank is locatedless than 10 m from a water source.

In comparison to other S.E Asiancountries such as Singapore,Thailand, Philippines the condition inIndonesia is falling behind. Our sani-tation condition here equals with thatof Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos,which were just been out from war.

Looking extensively at the condi-tion in each province, one will find inmany areas a sanitation conditionone will be apprehensive about, suchas a proportion of households with-out access to sanitation above 50 per-cent level. The majority of the areasare in East Indonesia such as NTB,Gorontalo, Maluku, Papua, C. Su-lawesi, C. Kalimantan, S. Kalimantan,W. Kalimantan. Some areas in WestIndonesia, such as West Sumatra andWest Java also have their sanitation

below the national average.Indonesia is one of S.E Asian

countries with the lowest seweragesystem coverage. The investment le-vel of investment in sanitation is rel-atively the lowest in Asia. Only a fewbig cities such as Jakarta, Medan,Solo, Yogyakarta, Cirebon, Banjar-masin, Balikpapan, Tangerang arewith a centralized sewerage system,yet with a limited coverage. In totalthis covers not more than 2,16 per-cent of Indonesian population.

The absence of formal networkand infrastructure has made house-holds and small scale serviceproviders provide the majority ofservices, including installation anddraining off services. It is estimated73 percent of urban households haveon-site sanitation, mostly withunderrated septic tank construction.While on the other hand, wastewaterdisposal system is insufficientincluding lack of wastewater treat-ment installation. This condition re-presents one of the main causes forenvironmental pollution, both gro-und as well as surface water which isthe primary source for PDAM water.

Sanitation is not a priority for thecentral as well regional governments.Investment for sanitation by centralgovernment either through APBN orfrom loan has not made any mean-ingful improvement. A loan fundedproject such as Water Supply andSanitation for Low IncomeCommunities (WSSLIC)-1 and -2,including a project currently underpreparation Community WaterSupply and Health (CWSH), thoughclearly indicates sanitation in theproject title, yet in reality sanitationis playing a relatively small portion.Especially after the regional autono-my, with authority now in the handsof the regions, sanitation tends to beunderestimated. However, an effortsuch as Sanitasi oleh Masyarakat

A I N R E P O R TM

7PercikJune 2004

SANITATION CONDITION OF RURAL IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

CambodiaLaos

VietnamIndonesia

South East AsiaMyanmarPhilipineThailandMalaysia

CambodiaLaos

IndonesiaSouth East Asia

VietnamMyanmarPhilipineThailandMalaysia

Singapore

CambodiaLaos

VietnamIndonesia

AsiaMyanmarMalaysiaPhilipineThailand

Singapore

Rural Urban Total

PROPORTION

SANITATION CONDITION OF URBAN IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

SANITATION CONDITION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WITHIMPROVED SANITATION IN INDONESIA

(SANIMAS, Sanitation by theCommunity) Project as well other com-munity based sanitation activities, haveat least indicated a promising indicationof government and community attentionto sanitation.

Important Issue and Plan forthe Future

Although at the national level theaccess to basic sanitation is relativelyhigh, there is an indication that the datado not represent the actual situation. Thecoverage data do not mention anythingabout the quality of the available basicsanitation. The high rate of ground waterpollution is hypothetically caused by thelow quality basic sanitation facility. It isdeemed necessary to develop a moredetailed data base to indicate the qualityof the available facility.

Unlike drinking water, sanitation isnot yet an issue. This relates to inequityin demand for sanitation. The communi-ty does not consider sanitation as animportant demand. When the communi-ty does not put sanitation as a demandthen the politicians would just neglect it.At the most, though they began to realizeit but because of budget limitation theyjust opt in favour of activities that havebeen acknowledged as a communitydemand.

The important message is, sanitationmust reach the hands of decision makers.In normative term sanitation is impor-tant but without any demand pressurefrom the community sanitation can neverbe a political issue. Sanitation must beraised to a political issue.

Conducting advocacy in order tomake the community understand theimportance of sanitation can be consid-ered as the initial step. Advocacy can bemade in many ways. It is needed toimprove the decision making quality andcommunity participation in its process.An effective advocacy does not only comein the form of a promotion on the impor-tance of drinking water supply and sani-tation but also include other dimensionssuch as policy, civil society, democracy,and individual interests.

It has been acknowledged that sanita-tion does not only relate to technologicaland environmental aspects but equallyimportant is its relation to changes inbehaviour and cultural habit of the com-munity. To change people's behaviourand cultural habit is done through educa-tion. Therefore schoolchildren becomethe most appropriate medium for intro-duction of the changes. Sanitation shouldbe included within educational curricu-lum.

WASPOLA project has produced aNational Policy for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation development,though it is still necessary to undertake amore profound study on the sanitationaspect of policy. Some of the importantissues that we need to develop deeper

include the strategy in linking household,community, and city wide sanitation sys-tems; coordination among institutions atthe central, regional and other stakehold-ers; decentralization in sanitation man-agement; rural vs. urban sanitation.

The investment budget currentlyavailable is considered insufficient tocover the whole demand. The investmentdoes not only cover the costs for new con-struction but also for operation andmaintenance purposes. Besides, addi-tional fund is also needed for handlingenvironmental pollution caused by faultyurban sanitation system. Lack of incen-tive for the local government is one of thereasons. There are a number of questionssuggested, among others, (i) how tomobilize fund for city scale sanitation sys-tem; (ii) what is the government pre-paredness for an alternative financingformat; (iii) how could the communityparticipation for sanitation system provi-sion be strengthened.

Sanitation has an impact to variousaspects of human life, including poverty,health, cleanliness, pride, even economicgrowth, such as mentioned in manyreports and studies. Unfortunately, sani-tation has not received a proper attentionit deserves. It seems there is still a lot tobe done before sanitation could win anattention from the government, the pri-vate sector and the community. Are wegoing to remain an idle spectator and donothing? Everything will depend on all ofus. OM

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AN IMPORTANT aspect in an ad-vocacy is the participation of the commu-nity and advocacy does not only coverchanges on program and policy (policydimension), but also (i) capacity buil-ding, organizational skill and empower-ment of civil society and its involvementin decision making (civil society dimen-sion), (ii) improve the legitimate civilsociety and improve the accountability ofpublic institutions (democracy dimen-sion); (iii) improve the poor community'sawareness of its right and obligation(individual interests dimension).

IN ONE of the reports publishedby United Nations EnvironmentalProgram (UNEP) there is a specificmention about several importantissues as the main requirements for asuccessful community level waste-water treatment system, namely (i)political commitment and domesticfinancing sources; (ii) water supplyand sanitation development manage-ment is not limited to provision of faci-lity but to also include hygiene beha-viour; (iii) environmental aspect repre-

sents an integral part of urban watersupply and sanitation management;(iv) setting of definite time frame andclear indicator; (v) appropriate choiceof technology in order to get an effec-tive and efficient water use throughconsidering environmentally friendlytechnology alternative; (vi) applicationof demand responsive approach; (vii)participation of all stakeholders, andapplication of the principle of trans-parency in management and decisionmaking.

Requirement for a successful wastewater treatment

What is WASH Campaign?WASH campaign represents an effort

based on the initiative of several organi-zations and individuals to make drinkingwater supply, sanitation, and hygiene as apart of common awareness. WASHCampaign was launched at an interna-tional conference 'Freshwater' in Decem-ber 2001 by Water Supply and Colla-borative Council (WSSCC). The mainpurpose is to improve awareness of theimportance of sanitation, drinking water,and hygiene, and obtain a political andsocial commitment from world leaders.

Why campaign is so important?There have been a number of mea-

sures taken such as the declaration ofWater Decade but the number of popula-tion who are without access to drinkingwater supply and sanitation remains inthe staggering height. There are current-ly 1,1 billion people who are withoutaccess to water and 2,4 billion are withoutaccess to improved sanitation. These fig-ures will keep growing in line with worldpopulation growth.

Many decision makers do not realizethat sanitation is not a dirty job. They donot realize that provision of access to arelatively cheap sanitation facility canreduce half of the number of death tollscaused by water and sanitation relateddiseases. Even that drinking water, sani-tation and hygiene is an entrance thatleads to poverty reduction measures hasnot been a part of knowledge of the deci-sion makers. One of the reasons is thatthose who are in demand are the oneswith the weakest political status so thatthe leaders could not gain any incentivefrom handling their problem.

This condition makes several interest-ed parties realize that water supply andsanitation development is not simply aphysical construction work. A lot of otheractivities need be done all of which areaimed at an effort to improvement ofknowledge and awareness of the impor-tance of sanitation. One of the activitiesis a structured and sustainable campaignaimed at all stakeholders both at decisionmaker and community levels.

What is the main theme of thecampaign?

There are four main themes to go withthe campaign:

Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hy-giene can save human life. Millions of people die each year fromdirty environment, and contaminatedwater and food. Improved sanitationand hygiene condition can save manylives and reduce the prevalence of dis-eases.Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygi-ene for the Community: Priority is gi-ven to Women and Children.Women and children are more suscep-tible to the effect of water scarcity, lackof sanitation and poor hygiene condi-tion.Policy reform is important for theimprovement of water supply and sani-tation service for the poor community.The government, private sector andinternational institutions must give pri-ority and their resources for institu-tional reform in order to make the prin-ciple of good governance a reality. Drinking Water Supply, Sanitation andHygiene represent the entrance topoverty reduction.

The main attention in the provision ofbasic services must be made as the mainagenda which is known as poverty reduc-tion and sustainable development pro-gram.

What can we do?Some of the steps we could take are:

Establishment of inter-sector and in-ter-agency partnershipWe realize that drinking water supplyand sanitation management must beundertaken through inter-sector ar-rangement therefore the involvementof all stakeholders from the govern-ment, private sector, university, NGO,and professional association becomes aprerequisite.Promotion of institutional reformIn this case reform is understood as ameans to improve public accountabili-ty, improve regulation, establishmentof effective monitoring effort in orderto arrive at a quality service.Sharing of information and experienceEstablishment of network for sharingof information and experience amongstakeholders will improve the quality ofwater supply and sanitation develop-ment implementation.Community mobilization and applica-tion of community based approachUsing community group network anddirect involvement of the community inthe campaign process will help inbehavioural change process and impro-vement of the community awarenessCollaboration with mass mediaMass media plays a significant role in in-fluencing public opinion, and makes atopic frequently presented to eventuallybecome a public agenda. Regular connec-tion with mass media, press conference,dissemination of information, public serv-ice advertisement, training for reporters inwater supply and sanitation will becomean effective means.

(Summarized from WASH Campaign)

A I N R E P O R T

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All(WASH Campaign)

M

9PercikJune 2004

When all components within a community are still at a low level ofawareness on matters related to sanitation, it is necessary to

develop a strategic, effective and easily understood enlightenmentmeasure. One of the global campaign format and worth consi-

dering for replication is the WASH Campaign

Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs) have beenagreed by world leadersfor the purpose of futuredevelopment (for details

please refer to Percik ed. 3). From 8goals, 18 targets and more than 40 indica-tors, drinking water and sanitation isdirectly related to Goal 7 sustainableenvironmental management and Target10 reduction by half in 2015 the propor-tion of people without sustainable accessto safe drinking water and basic sanitati-on service.

Although MDGs represent an agree-ment approved by 189 countries of theworld, and its approval is indicated byplacement of signatures directly by 147heads of state/government, but the goalachieving is not merely the responsibilityof the central government but also toinclude local governments, legislativebodies, civil society, mass media, and allother stakeholders.

The goals of MDGs are inter-related.As an illustration, goal 1 eradicateextreme poverty and hunger is closelyrelated to improvement in water safedrinking and basic sanitation . Achieve-

ment of water supply and sanitation tar-get will greatly influence well-being of thepopulation.

Sanitation Target SettingThe proclamation of MDGs was made

in 2000, but one should recall that thecalculation to arrive at the target setting

took 1990 as the base year. Besides,MGDs target for sanitation is stated interms of proportion and is not directlyreferred to in an absolute number of peo-ple.

Using the above assumption, the pro-portion of Indonesian population whohad had access to basic sanitation in 1990was 30 percent. This means that in 199070 percent of the population are withoutsanitation, therefore we come the figure35 percents which represents the propor-tion of population who must have serviceby 2015. This further means that in 2015the proportion of population who wouldhave improved sanitation service is 65percent. This target is presented in 'Indo-nesia Progress Report on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals' which was publishedin February 2004 and represents the offi-cial document from the Indonesian go-vernment.

In the meantime the National ActionPlan (NAP) on Wastewater Developmentpublished in 2003 by Ministry of Settle-ment and Regional Infrastructure Deve-lopment, there are 2 scenarios. Scenario1 uses the proportion of world populationwho are without access to service in year

A I N R E P O R T

Observing MDGs SanitationM

10 PercikJune 2004

INDONESIAN TARGET OF SANITATION IN MDGs

year

Indonesian version NAP version MDGs version

SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

2000 as the base for calculation whicharrives at a figure 85,75 percent of popu-lation to have access by 2015. Scenario 2uses the proportion of population withaccess to service in 2000 and the projec-tion of Indonesian population in 2015.This arrives at a figure 70,71 percent ofIndonesians who must have access to theservice in 2015.

The basic difference from the two cal-culations lies in (i) the difference in baseyear, NAP uses 2000 as base, (ii) NAPbases its calculation on the proportion ofpopulation who must have access usingpopulation projection in 2015.

Target setting is crucial for MDGsachievement. It is up to the stakeholdersto agree on this discrepancy because itwill affect the strategy and MDGs achieve-ment planning.

If we look back to the 1990s when theaccess to basic sanitation was only at 30percent, and compare it with the condi-tion in 2000 in which the figure has risento 63,5 percent, we could be optimisticthat the MDGs sanitation target can bereached. However, the target achieve-ment might be meaningless when we tryto delve deeper into the facts behind thefigures.

As an illustration, one of the result ofsurvey on shallow wells in Jakarta it wasfound out that 84 percent of the watersamples are contaminated with humanwaste as indicated from the presence offaecal coliform bacteria. This fact con-firms the suspicion the basic sanitationfacilities especially those in the urban donot function properly. The figure 63,5percent only indicates the available facili-ty, but the quality aspect has been over-looked. As a result, the contaminationaspect is also overlooked. Thus when wethink we have reached the MDGs sanita-tion target the contamination might likelybe a bigger problem. The contaminationissue must be dealt with properly if theMDGs sanitation target achievement is tobe meaningful.

Diversity of condition in IndonesiaWhen setting the MDGs target above,

we were speaking at the national levelwhich represents the average regionalcondition of Indonesia. Each region hasits own specific condition, sometimes wi-dely different from the others. For exam-ple, NTB reached 41,2 percent when Ja-karta was at 93,2 percent.

It is interesting to note how we willreach the national target. Are we going tofocus on the national target without look-ing into the targets of each of the individ-ual regions? Or, each region is givenopportunity to set her own target basedon the regional capacity with respect tothe national target. There are other choic-es to ponder with regard the targetachievement.

In connection to MDGs target, itshould also be borne in mind the Law22/1999 on Regional Government hasclearly stipulated the relinquishment ofsanitation service management to therespective regions, therefore the targetachievement will obviously depend onregional preparedness. Up to this timethe echo on MDGs is still confined within

the realm of the central government. It istherefore necessary to immediately takeproper action for socialization in theregions, of course after the central go-vernment has made itself ready with adefinite socialization strategy.

The role of WSS Working GroupIt should be realized that MDGs

Indonesia document which was publishedrecently must be supplemented withMDGs special document on drinkingwater and sanitation which will serve as aguideline for the stakeholders in MDGsdrinking water and sanitation target forIndonesia.

The Water Supply and Sanitation(WSS) Working Group is expected to playan active role in facilitating for the publi-cation of such a document, which doesnot only contain MDGs target setting, butalso the overall action plan and strategyfor achieving the target including moni-toring and reporting aspects. A close coo-peration with MDGs Indonesia WorkingGroup is unavoidable.

(OM from various sources)

A I N R E P O R T M

11PercikJune 2004

PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WITH REASONABLE SANITATIONACCESS BY PROVINSI (2002)

West Nusa TenggaraGorontalo

MalukuW. Sumatera

PapuaC. SulawesiKalimantan

W. JavaW. KalimantanS. Kalimantan

Bangka BelitungS.E. Sulawesi

JambiBantenC. Java

S. SulawesiS. Sumatera

IndonesiaBengkulu

E. JavaEast Nusa Tenggara

N. MalukuN. Sumatera

E. KalimantanBali

N. SulawesiRiau

LampungYogyakarta

Jakarta

Pro

vinsi

PROPORTION

C ould you highlight the sanita-tion condition in Indonesia?

We will look back to the colonial time.The Dutch government had given atten-tion to sanitation. Whatever the systemwas, centralized or localized. We can seethe inheritance in big towns. We can findsewerage system in Jakarta, Yogyakarta,Bandung. But this was developed duringthe colonial time. Naturally, there was adiscrimination. In the Dutch quartersthis was carefully maintained and pro-tected while in that of the local communi-ty this was not so. After independence,apparently this has missed the attention.We did more on road building, drinkingwater supply, and so on. During the Wa-ter Decade in 1981-90 we were startled,awakened, so that within the time lapseand 5 years after there was a significantsanitation development in line with theincrease in GNP. When the economic cri-sis knocked us over we seemingly fellasleep again and concentrate ourselveswith the economic, political and socialcrisis, although some sanitation develop-ment works were still continuing such asDenpasar sewerage, Surakarta sewerage.But this is not a priority. When MDGs

were proclaimed we were shocked again.But the condition was not as favourableas it was during the decades 1970 - 80s.During that time the economy was in anexcellent condition. There was a lot ofmoney.

Presently we are speaking a lot aboutcommunity based sanitation system. Andwith this spirit we will re-develop envi-ronmental sanitation in Indonesia whichhas been lagging far behind our neigh-bouring countries such as Malaysia whichstarted much later than we, in 1980s.Environmental issues are becoming moreand more complex which makes it moredifficult to deal with. I think we have toexert more effort than we did in the1980s. But the present situation doesn'twarrant for it.

What is the main constraint?From my own experience and from

observing statistical figures the indicatorsfor community health include infant mor-tality rate, life expectancy, water bornediseases and their prevention are impro-

N T E R V I E W

Ir. Susmono"Sanitation Is More

Important Than Electricity"

I

12 PercikJune 2004

The mesh entangling sanitation development in Indonesia is way from loosening.

Various efforts have been taken by the government to deal with this problem, but the

result has not been what is expected. As time proceeds and population increase new

constraints continue to crop up one after the other. This can only be solved if all the

stakeholders including the community work hand in hand to find the best solution

because sanitation is not an issue that stands by itself. This sector must be regarded

as government priority since the success in handling sanitation can guarantee the

health of the community. Ir. Susmono is one of those who have a keen interest and

care in dealing with this sector. He happens to be an official of the Ministry of

Settlement and Regional Infrastructures and a member of WSS Working Group.

In order to shed a light on the sanitation condition in Indonesia and all its details

Percik interviewed him some time ago. Here are the highlights:

CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

ving although we do not handle sanitationin a proper manner. This means that eachindividual is handling these in his ownway. I feel, as once I used to work togeth-er with the program at village level to edu-cate women on various aspect of familywelfare (PKK), the role of housewives isquite significant in improving the figures.Why? Because, their knowledge is steadi-ly improving. Many printed materials ca-me to their hands and they read them. Itis this knowledge that indirectly helpsthem to have a toilet built. It is not thenational movement that motivates them.This means that if it is complementedwith the national movement which we ha-ve started in 1990s, the result probablywill be better. Otherwise it will be de-creasing or at the most it will remain as itis today.

To boost the development whatconstraint is to be faced?

Improvement of income. It is quiteobvious that people with very low incomethey do nt care about sanitation. As theirincome improves and they become betterknowledgeable and start thinking, but inthe beginning it is self protection. What isimportant one's own good, home andimmediate surrounding. Outside that it isnone of his business.

While those who live from hand tomouth, their whole effort is to find food.For that purpose road and market are pri-orities. Drinking water to follow next. Asfor defecating, it can be done anywhere.

From the data I come up with, a na-tion with a good sanitation after it reach-es USD2.000 GNP. Below USD1.000 sa-nitation is not a subject to be discussed, itis considered as something not worthtalking about and in the government it isgiven a very low budget allocation. So ifyou want to deal with sanitation, first dosomething about income and education.In addition we need health service, suchas local government clinic (puskesmas).In short, speaking of sanitation there are4 influencing factors to take into consid-

eration: environment, heath infrastruc-ture, individual genetic characteristic,and cultural habit.

What steps does Ministry ofSettlement & Regional Infrastruc-ture take to improve sanitation con-dition in Indonesia?

We are preparing National ActionPlan, though it has discussed only twiceand this year it is undergoing revision.However, we have been collecting data orconsolidating during 1990 up to 2000.The National Action Plan has completedup to final draft. This year it will be bro-ught to discussion with colleagues at theregions, Bappenas, and others in order toreach an agreement from all by the end ofthe year. If we could arrive at an agree-ment and together with the Law on WaterResources and Government Regulationon Drinking Water and Sanitation whichis said are to be combined, all of it willbecome a national priority and eachprovince will prepare its local regulationbased on the central guideline. We arecurrently waiting for Government Regu-lation which is now in process. In themeantime, we are also conducting social-ization of National Action Plan on waste-

water management to the provinces

What is the linkage between Na-tional Action Plan with MDGs?

As benchmark we refer to MDGs. We tryto translate the MDGs target into our goal.

Is MDGs sanitation target realistic?In the document there is a mention of

adequate sanitation. This term can be bro-ught up or down. But in Surabaya Mrs. ErnaWitoelar herself said something else. Shechanged it into basic sanitation. With basicsanitation, we think we can do it. But withadequate sanitation, it will be difficult.

What is the difference?Basic sanitation intends to protect hu-

man being, while in adequate sanitationthere is additionally environmental factorto be considered. Speaking of environ-ment implies a high budget requirement.The net calculation is the adequate. Whatresult we get by the end of the year, wedon't know yet. As for basic sanitation wecan go with large scale promotion and wecould expect 80 percent of urban popula-tion will have access to toilet of somekind. But don't ask what will happen tothe rivers.

N T E R V I E W I

13PercikJune 2004

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

What do you think about NGOfacilitated community based sanita-tion management?

I have done it 20 years ago during theWater and Sanitation Decade. But mytarget groups then were the "arisan" gro-up, dasawisma. They were doing quitewell, but later there was a reorganizationand shifting of responsibility, I have noinformation what has happened withthem. What is called now NGO is actual-ly not a new thing to us. What the NGOsare doing are actually the same old thing.What I noticed in the field are fresh wrap-pings of an old thing. It is apparent thatwhen the community is better enlight-ened they are willing to share and theycare. Once again, the emphasis is on en-lightenment. Therefore I am quite plea-sed to see that they clad it in a new wrap-ping.

What other approaches are the-re beside community based mana-gement?

If we are speaking of sanitation, thiscan be divided into two categories. Onebelongs to community's responsibilityand the other that of the government. Wecannot rely entirely on the community.That is where the institutionally basedcomes in.

Whether both ofthem are containedin the NationalAction Plan?

Both of them are.But what is presentlybeing handled is thecommunity based. Andmotivating the commu-nity will need morethan just dissemina-tion, socialization,advocacy, and so on,but also to include leg-islation. This will bededuced from law onnatural resources and

environment. As we all know there arepeople who are capable, but not willing.

Which one has a higher priority,the community based or the institu-tionally based?

Must be developed in a symbioticrelationship, they are not just movingside by side. Otherwise, they won't do.The government cannot walk alone. Bothmust be interconnected into one system.How to sew it, we will see later. InNational Action Plan we haven't come tosuch a detail. It is different from solidwastes where we have completed to thedetails. With wastewater we are in shortof data, therefore we have to use assump-tion and it is time consuming. That iswhy we have done only up to the mainpoints. Hopefully by the end of the yearwe can finish with the details.

The management of communitybased sanitation developmentseems partial. How can we make itmore holistic?

Admittedly not yet. Take for instance,there is a pilot project in a certain town.But after the project is over, both thecommunity and the local governmentremain silent. This of course needs apush to make them expand it. If theydon't move, well, perhaps there is a need

for a legislation. It happens quite often.

What is the influencing factor?Because sanitation is not a priority.

Therefore it has never been considered ashaving any significance. If somethingnew happened such as an outbreak ofmuntaber (diarrhoea and vomiting) wewill then remember something. Butafterwards it is forgotten again. It hap-pens time and again. Perhaps other sec-tors are more important. For me, sanita-tion is more important than electricity.In a town number one is road, numbertwo water supply, third sanitation, thencome the others, electricity, telephone.On the contrary, now there are those whohave a hand phone but having no toilet.

How can the knowledge of thecommunity be improved?

We will start with inserting it intoschool curriculum, then into the printedmaterials for women to read. We do pro-motion activity, campaigning. But do wehave someone who is capable and willingto motivate a campaign movement? Ifnot, it will be difficult because it is fromthere that we expect a behavioural changeto take place.

Which target community shouldbe prioritized, urban or rural?

I think it does not makeany difference. Recordedaccess to sanitation in thetowns is approximately 89percent. But the number ofpopulation who has an accept-able disposal facility is onlyabout 70 percent. In the vil-lages the recorded number ofaccess is 63 percent. Here thecoverage of disposal facility issomething around 35 percent.Villagers prefer to defecate inrivers, gardens or fields be-cause they have enough space.For townspeople this is notpossible. (MJ)

N T E R V I E W I

14 PercikJune 2004

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

The conventional sanitation tech-nology is based on the flow fromflush toilet, drainage conveyance,

treatment installation, and disposal. Tosome environmentalists this technologytends to cause environmental pollution.There is an indication that the availablesystem (flush toilet and wastewater treat-ment) is not a solution but rather it is apart of the environmental problem.

In conventional approach sanitationmeans adding nutriments into the envi-ronment and disrupting the nutrimentcycle. The basic concept which says thathuman excrement is a non useful waste ismisleading. Such an approach has causeda new pollution problem. In nature noth-ing is called waste, each product of life isused as raw material for the others.Recycling of human excrement and urinethrough sanitation process and return itto the soil to recover the natural cycle ofmaterials is disrupted by the existing san-itation practice.

Starting from this concept, it isdeemed necessary to find an alternativesolution that takes into consideration theecological aspect. One of the alternativesis called ecological sanitation, abbreviat-ed ECOSAN. This terminology means aneconomically and ecologically sustainablesanitation system.

ECOSAN does not refer to any specif-ic technology but rather it refers to alltechnologies and international regula-tions in dealing with water scarcity andsanitation issues in a better way. ECO-SAN includes a closed loop wastewater

treatment system directed towards reuseof water and nutriment and reduction ofclean water consumption.

The environmental sanitation pre-sently being practiced is actually based onthe concept of keeping the environmentclean, safe and free from contamination.This includes wastewater treatment andprevention of disease. In reality, howev-er, it turns out to cause environmentalpollution. ECOSAN, on the other hand, isbased on the recycling principle. Thismeans maintaining the ecological cycle ina closed sanitation loop. Besides it savesenergy consumption through the applica-tion of natural processes.

Ecological sanitation is a cycle, or aclosed loop system that processes humanexcrement as a resource. In this systemhuman excrement is processed in situuntil it is free from pathogenic organisms.Then the sanitized waste is recycled byapplying for agricultural purposes. Themain features of ecological sanitation are(i) prevention and pollution and preva-lence of diseases caused by contamina-tion from human waste; (ii) processing ofhuman waste as a resource rather than asuseless waste; (iii) recovery and recyclingof nutriments.

ECOSAN is based on traditional sci-ence in the form recycling and compost-ing of waste materials, but it is combinedwith modern science and the use of flushtoilet.

The principle of ECOSAN is not new,it has been practiced in East Asia for hun-dreds of years even in China it has been

practiced since thousands of years ago. Itis important to note that this system isnot meant as a simple alternative just forthe sake of the poor. ECOSAN principleis applicable in a wide variety of socialeconomic conditions and in every nation.

In many countries the application offarm manure from human excrement is arare practice. The more human excre-ment disposed of into rivers the more isthe degree of environmental pollution. Itis therefore recommendable to using theclosed loop system in order to preventbacterial or virus contamination and pro-duction of farm manure.

If ECOSAN could be adopted in a largescale, soil water, rivers, lakes, and seas areprotected from human waste contamina-tion. Less water is used. The farmers useless inorganic fertilizers. Prolonged use ofinorganic fertilizers has been the contributorof environmental degradation.

ECOSAN concept is supporting theMDGs target achievement. The applica-tion of ECOSAN can significantly reducewater consumption so that more couldhave access to water. However, we mustrealize that many challenges are awaitingbefore ECOSAN could be brought into themainstream of sanitation management,among others (i) rejection to new ideabecause one is used to an old practice; (ii)ECOSAN is a decentralized system so thatthe cost is borne by the user; as an exam-ple, the user must set aside some time tohandle his own waste; (iii) financially theapplication of ECOSAN is a burden espe-cially in locations where a conventionalsystem has been used because one has toconsider the amount investment that hasbeen put into the existing system.

The application of ecological sanitationconcept in Indonesia is not impossible.But, of course, we need a thorough studybefore we could determine the advantagesderived from its application. This is a mat-ter of choice. Whether this system couldbecome one of the choices in our communi-ty? This is indeed a tickling question.

(OM from various sources)

R T I C L E

Ecological SanitationA

15PercikJune 2004

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONVENTIONAL SANITATION SYSTEMUncontrolled disposal of more than 90 percent of world wastewater·A large amount of clean water is needed to flush off the waste·Needs a large amount of investment, O&M costs, and energy

THE ADVANTAGES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATIONQuality improvement of community health through minimizing the mixing ofhuman excrement with water·Natural resources conservation through less water consumption, minimizingwater pollution·Maintain soil fertility and increase agricultural productivity·Wastewater is not disposed of but rather it is reused

Unlike in Indonesia, where sanita-tion development is not properlydocumented, in other countries

the document pertaining to sanitation iswell kept so that we could pick some les-sons out of it.

Lessons from foreign countries can,for example be obtained from various so-urces among others Learning WhatWorks for Sanitation. Revisiting Sanita-tion Successes in Cambodia, WSP-EAP,2002; Sanitation and Hygiene Promotionin Lao PDR, WSP-EAP, 2000. However,documents about experience in Indonesiacan also be found in Myth vs. Reality inSanitation and Hygiene Promotion, WSP-EAP, 2000 and Achieving SustainedSanitation for the Poor, WSP-EAP, 2001.

The following are several facts andlessons learned from Indonesia as wellCambodia and Laos as summarized fromthe above documents:

Stimulating FactorsFrom the experience in Cambodia,

Vietnam and Indonesia, there are severalfactors known as stimulating the demandfor toilet, namely (i) an experience in see-ing and using a toilet in some other place,such as in town or at a neighbour's; (ii)availability of and ease in obtaining con-struction materials, availability of experi-enced construction workers; (iii) decreas-ing of woodlands, gardens, rice fields

areas as a traditional place for defecating;(iv) a better knowledge in hygienic life;(v) social status; (vi) improvement in wel-fare.

Any of the above factors is not work-ing alone but they tend to work togetherin stimulating the demand for a toilet.Identifying all the factors is one of thekeys to motivating the community inusing toilet.

Unlike stimulating factor, the inhibi-ting factors of Cambodia, Vietnam andIndonesia indicate a national variation.In the three nations the dominant inhibit-ing factor is low financial capacity of thecommunity. The poor tend to choose topay in kind (labour or material). Otherinhibiting factors are, (i) lack of, even ittends to be predetermined, informed

choice. The facilities offered to the com-munity are produced in far away placesusing a material that is difficult to find atthe locality. In Indonesia and in Vietnamthe design and technology that are con-trary to the local practice add to theinhibiting list. The community useshuman waste to feed animal and fish-pond, thus a design which makes extrac-tion of excrement difficult will certainlybe rejected; (ii) lack of communicationwith the community about the advan-tages and disadvantages of having a toi-let; (iii) water scarcity or water source istoo far away from the toilet; (iv) previousnegative experience in relation to a toilet.As an example, dirty water flaring outfrom a toilet. Lack of technical assistancebeing one of the reasons;

Change in behaviourFrom a population survey in Cam-

bodia, it was revealed that although mostof the people own a toilet but this doesnot necessarily change their behaviour.This is indicated from the fact that thecommunity is still defecating anywhere

R T I C L EA

16 PercikJune 2004

A SURVEY to households in the vil-lages of the Philippines reveals themain reasons why a toilet is neces-sary. In order of importance they areas the following: (i) reducing theswarming of flies; (ii) cleaner envi-ronment; (iii) privacy; (iv) preventembarrassment when there is aguest; (v) reducing prevalence of di-sease. The list indicates thathygiene reasons are less importantthan considerations for pride, com-fort, and social status. (WHO)

Why does the communityneed a toilet?

Lessons Learned FromSanitation Development

Construction of a toiletdoes not necessarily

change hygiene behaviour.Some practical

considerations are stillshedding a dominant hue

into the daily habit . Though toilet is

already there.

STIMULATING FACTORS CAMBODIA VIETNAM INDONESIAIncreased awarenessAvailability of material & skilled workerSocial statusLessening in open space areasWelfare statusGovernment promotionAvailability of land spaceAvailability of technology choicesAvailability of micro credit

they feel comfortable. When in the ricefield they defecate among the paddy, inspite of each of them has built a toilet athome. When comes the season when wa-ter is difficult to get they go to defecatenear the water source. Practicality is mo-re dominant than community health rela-ted consideration.

Acceleration in behavioural changedepends on (i) availability in choice of de-sign and the appropriate cost in accordan-ce with life style, capacity of the commu-nity, and availability of water; (ii) avail-ability of materials and skilled workers.

AdvantagesFrom the result of surveys it was con-

cluded that the communities in the threecountries gain advantages from the avail-ability of toilet in several different ways.The most important being cleanlinessaround their homes and freedom fromstench odours. Then follows comfort,such as saving time, easy access. Next co-me safety, prevention of disease andhygiene behaviour, privacy and pride,economic gain (compost, cost saving) andothers.

Lessons learnedBased on the above facts some impli-

cations can be suggested as the following:Demand will increase if the communi-

ty has for itself seen and experienced theadvantages. A negative experience willgrossly reduce the demand. Provision of asuitable information and intensive sociali-zation will stimulate the growth of interestin the community. Direct personal ap-proach can be very effective, so that em-ployment of local native as motivator orfacilitator should be recommended.

The construction of a toilet does notnecessarily change hygiene behaviour.Practicality is more dominant in influen-cing their daily habit. In spite a toilet isready for use at home they still go any-where they feel comfortable to defecate(such as in the rice field when they hap-

pen to be there). The communities consider that the

advantages gained from having a toilet ismore from the aspects of environmentalcleanliness, safety and comfort. The as-pects of prevention of disease, reducingflies and hygiene are less important. Asanitation promotion strategy must bebased on introducing the community withthe advantages gained from having a toi-let. It is recommendable to avoid usingtailor made promotion format, but rathermake adjustments in accordance with thelocal condition.

The community should be offered withas many choices as possible, design, costand payment system. This will help togenerate more interests especially fromthe poor class. A specific strategy must beapplied to attract the poor such asthrough a non costly design, payment ininstallments over an extended period,common use of a toilet, or a micro creditscheme for toilet construction.

The demand for a toilet is highly influ-enced by the community habit. Changinghabit takes a long period of time. Sani-tation program implementation should beset for a longer period of time than thatfor other programs. (OM)

R T I C L EA

17PercikJune 2004

SANITATION PRACTICEIN AFRICA

Toilet is built outside the house, so atnight one would defecate in a barrel tobe emptied the next morning·Another way is by "flying toilet". Thefaeces is put into a plastic bag and thendump it somewhere (garbage bin, river,garden).

A Environmental cleanlinessB ComfortC Prevention of diseaseD Economic Gain

E SafetyF PrivacyG Others

THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A TOILETBASEDON THE PERCEPTION OF THE COMMUNITIES OF CAMBODIA,

VIETNAM AND INDONESIA

INHIBITING FACTORS CAMBODIA VIETNAM INDONESIACapacity of the communityChoice of design and technologyNegative experienceScarcity of waterLack of socializationLack of land space

It is noticeable that sustainabilityand effective use of a water supplyfacility has won a major attention

from the promoting institutions for thewater supply development for the poor,especially those in the villages. In severalactivities, WSP-EAP (an institution underthe World Bank which handles water andsanitation) frequently emphasizes theimportance of sustainability and effectiveuse of a water supply system.

A conceptual scheme on sustainablewater supply was later becoming very po-pular and frequently brought forward to atraining and a workshop. The scheme isvisualized as a water supply sustainabilitypentagon. There are five variables, eachone of them is systemically inter-relatedwith the others; those are institutional,financial, environmental, technologicaland socio-cultural aspects.

Even with a simple general reasoningthe sustainability conceptual scheme withits five variables is easily understood andaccepted. However, will the conceptualscheme be applicable to the actual condi-tion of community in which the watersupply service is to be developed? Inother words, whether the five variables doindeed determine the sustainability of awater supply service facility universally,regardless of time and place, or will it beapplicable only at a certain condition? Isthere any study to test the sophisticationof this model?

Sustainability Variables of WaterSupply Facility

There is a considerable number ofstudies have been done on water supply.One of them is Flores Revisited: Assess-ment of Selected Site in Flores, on the ini-tiative of WASPOLA and conducted bythe Pradipta Paramitha Foundation. Themain information produced consists of

sustainable water supply service, positiveand negative aspects influencing watersupply service, effective use of water sup-ply service, community participationlevel, policy support, technology appro-priateness, and others.

Regarding sustainability of waterservice, the determining variables, accor-ding to the findings of this study, are ingeneral institutional and financial. Allwater supply services which are function-ing well are located in a community whocares to maintain the facility throughestablishment of a management teamresponsible for managing the operationand maintenance of the facility, includingcollection of monthly contribution. Interms of statistical measurement, thestrength of relation between institutionalactivity and willingness to contribute re-gularly with sustainability-measured withspearman rho correlation-are 0,752 and0,514 respectively. There is also a strongtie between management institution withmonthly contribution. The spearman rhocorrelation coefficient between both vari-ables is 0.63.

Fund availability is prerequisite forsustainability of the facility, especially forthe procurement of supplies for mainte-nance and repairs, and for system expan-sion including home connection. In Flo-res Timur, the capacity of users formonthly contribution is quite limited. InRawabeling village, for instance, they canonly pay Rp200 per capita per month.This means a family of seven will only payRp1.400 per month. Because of such asmall contribution, there is only very li-mited capacity for expansion and impro-ving level of service. They will not be

able, even for a small repair they do nothave enough fund.

In a study conducted in 50 villages, itwas also revealed that sustainability iscorrelated with socio-cultural variable,but this is only true as it relates to thepoor class of the community. As the stu-dy finds out, for the poor the higher thelevel of water sufficiency the higher is thesustainability of the service. This indica-tes that the poor play a significant role inthe maintenance of the facility. This isquite logic, because it is the poor who willsuffer most when there is a water short-age, they won't be able to individually ful-fill their own need.

Effect upon community well-being In general, the villages with a facility

used to be a place where water is alwaysin short quantity, and water taking fordaily consumption is a laborious jobwhich consumes a lot of time and ener-gy.

From this study in Flores it wasrevealed that 202 user groups from 52sample communities feel strongly thebenefit of a water supply facility. Of allthe benefits the most frequently men-tioned is "nearer to take water from."Since the distance is shorter, there isconsequently a change in their waterrelated daily habit and a development ofderivative benefits, directly as well asindirectly, which was unimaginablebefore.

The benefits may be felt both by therich as well as the poor, men or women.Consistently women-rich and poor-feel amore benefit than do their men (rich andpoor). This is probably because womenhave more direct concern in the fulfill-ment of the need of their families forwater. For a clearer picture please see thefollowing table:

R T I C L E

Drinking Water Service:

Sustainability and Its EffectUpon Community Well-Being

A

18 PercikJune 2004

ByAlma Arief 1)

and Hery Widjanarko 2)

The above table indicates only thebenefit of water supply, felt by all commu-nity groups in study sites. The casuisticfield findings are not included here, suchas for instance a certain location the bene-fit includes drinking water for cattle, mop-ping tile floor, brick baking, cement mi-xing for concrete house, watering veg-etable garden, can build and flush toilet,increase family income, eradication of di-arrhoea, and so on.

Beside a positive benefit there are alsonegative impacts from the availability ofwater. This was unthinkable before, whe-reas the impact may sometimes becomevery serious. The negative impact inclu-des e.g. the spread of malaria (which wasnever been there before) from the deve-lopment of ponds of stagnant water. The-re is additionally conflict with neighbour-ing village, or other user group whosewater tap does not work, and so on.

In spite of the weakness, in general thecommunities feel that the positive benefitoutweighs the negative impact. There-fore, all feel that water supply service ben-efits the improvement of their well-being.

ConclusionBeside the wealth of information and be-

nefit of research from the academic aspect aswell from practical purposes, Flores Revi-sited: Assessment of Selected Site in Flores,has not completely explained the factorsinfluencing the sustainability of water supplyservice. This is because the methodology de-sign-applying participatory assessmentmethods (Methodology for ParticipatoryAssessment)-does not put the conceptualscheme of water supply sustainability intooperational within the research tool.

This Flores study does not reveal the ef-fect of environment and technology choice onthe sustainability of the facility. Besides, the

socio-cultural aspect only brings with it onesub-variable into the study, i.e. sufficiency ofwater for the poor group in its relation withsustainability (actually there is also genderequity with sustainability, but the correlationis unclear). In Flores Timur, in many locati-ons the obstacle to sustainability are the envi-ronmental condition, social-culture, andtechnology, but the nature is case by case.The same situation is with Kab. Sumba Ti-mur (in another study case) where environ-mental, technology choice and socio-culturalvariables represent the main obstacles to sus-tainability, in addition to the above men-tioned variables (institutional and financial).

In Flores Timur, for village Lewolaga forexample, environmental aspect is the deter-mining factor to sustainability. One the servi-ce had to stop operation for a considerablylong time because the conveyance pipe whichgoes through a woodland was severely dama-ged by a fallen tree, and in another case the un-suspended pipe was cut off and washed downin a flash flood. In the village of Wonda, Kab.Ende, one the pipe was crushed in a landslide.

In Kab. Sumba Timur, the technologychoice must be made in such a way so toenable to serve scattered user settlements(to the extents of kilometers apart). Besi-des, grazing animals (cattle, buffalo, horse)might trample and break a pipeline, the-refore the pipe must be properly buried.

An overly sophisticated technology whichis introduced in Sumba Timur is now brokenwithout chance for repair. There are 10windmills (to take water, electric generator,and ice making), and over 15 solar panels togenerate electricity for water pumping allwere broken not long after they were runningfor the first time; all was caused by incapablehuman resource.

Socio-cultural issues in Flores as it isin Sumba Timur are so complex and thiscannot be monitored by simply using

MPA in a rigid manner without any in-depth interview. In Lewolaga, in order tohave an access to a water source it must bepreceded with a traditional marriage bet-ween the community governing a watersource with the community who wishes toaccess its service. There is also a possibil-ity a conflict between the community inwhose land the pipeline will pass and thecommunity using the service. Frequentlythe pipeline was cut off on purpose.

Also in the village of Balaweling II, 5 vil-lages which use water supply service have topay in cash an amount of Rp1.250.000 peryear to the community governing the source.Tension would readily arise with watersource owner will cut the pipeline as a threatif the payment is not made on time.

While in Sumba Timur, all the systemsdesigned to sustain could be in vain becausesocio-culturally the community still observescaste distinction and is strictly closed. Therewill be no sustainable water supply servicefor the poor without honouring the localsocio-cultural system. All the authority con-cerning the poor, especially the group calledAta (body as well as soul are in service to theUmbu) rests solely with the masters, andmust go through the masters. There is nosuch thing as gender sensitive equity, there isno voice for the poor. Beside, the poor willnever be able to pay, because practically theyhave nothing. All what is in one's handbelongs to his masters.

The MPA methodology is indeed capa-ble of providing a big amount of informa-tion, but there are aspects in which it indi-cates a weakness. It seems that it needsan improvement, if one intends to have anin-depth study result.

1) Researcher at the Science and TechnologyResearch Centre, Directorate of Research andPublic Service, University of Indonesia, and a

WASPOLA Consultant2) Activist for the Pradipta Paramitha Foundation

R T I C L EA

19PercikJune 2004

Community Group Nearer Cooking Save Cleaner Save Bath Can Build TotalDrinking Energy Time More Often Toilet Community

Rich Man 23 26 21 21 26 26 35 49Poor Man 27 28 26 28 29 31 20 52Rich Woman 31 20 21 31 25 23 25 49Poor Woman 35 22 22 32 23 29 34 52Total 116 96 90 112 103 109 114 202

Empowerment now is becomingone of the most popular termswhen one speaks of development

and community interaction. Almost alldevelopment activity inserts or even ma-kes empowerment as a compulsory word.This is to indicate that the activity theword implies concurs with the presentdevelopment philosophy and objectivei.e. involvement of the community begin-ning from planning, implementation andsustainability of service. The role of thegovernment or the development agencyhas changed from executor to facilitatorin exploring and stimulating communityparticipation. Today a user community isthe owner and at the same time also theexecutor of a development activity.

Theoretically in general a develop-ment activity will be successful if it is sup-ported with extensive community partici-pation. A community with capability canbe illustrated as one with sufficient know-ledge on what is needed and what actionmust be taken in order to fulfill the de-mand in a sustainable manner.

The emergence of empowerment is-sue is influenced by several factors.Firstly, many people considered commu-nity as a "static" institution which pas-sively receives anything given by thedevelopment implementer. As a result,what was given did not always conform tothe demand and capacity. The popularterm for this kind of development is "sup-ply driven." The development plannerand implementer supply the communitywith a development activity according totheir own criteria and standard, withstandard implementation procedure foreach location all over the country. Whe-reas the condition varies extensively fromone site to another and consequently the

demand and its implementation might beentirely different. Some activities mightprove excellent in one area but a failure inanother. That is why, it is necessary tolook for a different approach, one that ismore oriented to the demand of the usercommunity, and is known as demandresponsive approach.

Secondly, the choice on what to beginwith, is identical with the question whatcomes first, egg or chicken. In a conditi-on where community well-being and ca-pacity are limited and the facility is insuf-ficient, to begin community empower-ment is the best choice. The multipliereffect of an enlightened and strengthenedcommunity far exceeds the effects pro-duced by initiating other sectors.

Third, there are many activities whichare not progressing nor they are sustain-able, because of the limited capacity ofthe community, knowledge, economicstatus, etc. As a result, the beneficiarycommunity is always dependent on sub-sidy. If the subsidy is taken away, thecommunity will be declining.

Beside the three issues above, there isanother major factor influencing commu-nity development. It includes a numberof components like the community itself,community institution, government insti-tution, market institution, etc. Each com-ponent must play a proportional part sothat the overall development processworks properly. From experience it isobvious that the components of the com-munity are not placed in the right posi-tion so that their involvement in thewhole system does not indicate a goodperformance. Meanwhile, in certain con-dition some component may be toostrong so as too dominating. Consequen-tly, many development undertakings donot produce the result as expectedbecause the component of the whole sys-tem, namely the community, is not up towhat it should be.

In this condition, learning processbecomes an important issue within thecommunity and deserves a serious atten-tion from all concerned. Many activitiescan start from community empowermentand when the community has been suffi-ciently strengthened it will be able to joinin determining the type and format ofdevelopment activities that should takeplace in the region. A properly placedcommunity participation as a systemcomponent will guarantee a developmentprocess to work properly. That is why allthe components must be identified andeach of the position in the process is wellunderstood.

A well functioning component of thecommunity may change the role and pro-portion of other components so that a de-velopment system could function in a ba-lanced and proportional manner. Con-sequently, we have to start to pay a seri-ous attention to position of a componentof a proportional development system, inorder to prevent any component laggingbehind, one in competition with another,or even being weakened. In formation ofa service management team, for instance,this new institution should not competewith the existing formal or informal insti-tution. Therefore, we are already in theright track when we decided to applycommunity empowerment as an ap-proach in our development system. Thisapproach is excellent.

Nearly all development stakeholdershave realized this issue. But in practicethe role and position of each of the com-ponents does not show proportionally.However, a priority for community empo-werment may become an excellent startfor an overall improvement of develop-ment in the communities.

Staff of the Directorate of HumanSettlement and Housing, Bappenas and

Member of WSS Working Group

R T I C L E

Community Empowerment andDevelopment System

A

20 PercikJune 2004

BySalusra Widya

Environmental condition in Indo-nesia is worsening from time totime. Excessive natural resources

exploitation without comparable mana-gement effort has caused a regular disas-ter as well as unexpected natural calami-ty. Forest fires in Kalimantan and Suma-tra, heavy metal poisoning in Central Ka-limantan, drought in Cilacap, and landsli-des in many parts of the country could becited as the most recent actual examples.This condition is complicated with we tryto link it with high population growth,which means an increasing social eco-nomic burden.

Environmental sustainability is thre-atened if the population growth is notcounter-balanced with the correct measu-res towards improvement of communitywell being. Needless to say that it is dee-med necessary to call those responsiblefor environmental protection and the re-lated stakeholders to establish a regularcommunication, coordination and mutu-al confidence regarding environmentalmanagement, the more so in a situationwhere the enforcement of environmentallaw is still quite weak.

Regional Autonomy and NationalTarget

The implementation of regional auto-nomy which is now entering the fourthyear does not go beyond the realm ofpolitical aspect. The economic aspect islagging far behind. The regional commu-nity well being hasn't made any improve-ment. Whereas the United Nations com-pels its member nations to achieve thefollowing goals in 2015:

Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerAchieve universal primary educationPromote gender equality and empowerwomenReduce child mortalityImprove maternal healthCombat HIV/Aids, malaria and otherdiseases

Ensure environmental sustainabilityDevelop a global partnership for deve-lopment

Such a difficult task and it is not easyto achieve the above goals. The role of thecommunity and the regional government,especially kabupaten/kota is extremelyimportant. This is where the regional go-vernment sensitiveness in identifying theissues and together with the communityand other stakeholders find the solution.

Unfortunately, the status of regionallevel institutions is not uniform. In somesectors, such as health for instance, near-ly all of the regions have this organized asa line agency, at a dinas level; but thisdoes not happen with environment.Some use the Bapedalda nomenclature,other use Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, andBagian Lingkungan Hidup. Based on theData from Directorate of Environmentand Spatial Planning, Directorate forRegional Development in 2001, from 19provinces and 119 kabupatens/ kota thereare environmental institutions which aremanned by a staff level, under theDevelopment Bureau or Economic Bu-

reau. With this condition it is of coursedifficult for the regions to undertake andsufficiently play the role as environmen-tal guardian and protector to eventuallyanswer the challenge posed in the MDGs.

Based on the theory of organization, asubordinate staff is doing his job to assista superior. Because his function is simplyassistant to a superior then the environ-mental institution is not more than a se-condary objective and the staff has a li-mited authority and deficient of opportu-nity to take a quick decision.

Similarly, a chief of Environmental

Bureau or Head of EnvironmentalDivision cannot make any immediatedecision should there were any breach inregulation or technical deviation withoutprevious consent from his superior.Therefore, the environmental institutionshould be made a line organization suchas dinas, badan or any similar terminolo-gy. With such a format it is expected theperformance will improve in handlingregional environmental issues to eventu-ally produce an excellent implicationtowards the achievement of MDGs.

A staff of the Directorate of RegionalDevelopment; member of WSS

Working Group

R T I C L E

Making environmental institutionsmore influential, An Idea

A

21PercikJune 2004

S. Budi Susilo

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

The time showed 2.30 PM.Bonah was just finished with her

dish washing when Percik came tovisit her "home" under a concrete

bridge somewhere in CentralJakarta. "Sorry sir, it's sort

of messy around here,"she said smiling.

Her son who is now at second gra-de of primary school was sleep-ing at a sort of cradle made of

cloth tied to a loft. The youngest daugh-ter about 3 years old was plying alone.Her husband Aceng who spent a goodpart of the morning "scooping" plasticbottle and mineral water containers fromthe Ciliwung, was now sleeping soundly.

The "house" was filled with all sort ofused materials. The floor is made in threestages. The lowest touches the water witha hole in the middle for defecating. Thesecond stage is for washing and relaxing.The uppermost is the bedroom and forkeeping their clothing and other be-longings. All is made from wooden wastematerials. The bridge serves as the roof.There are no walls, and anyone enteringthe house must bow his head.

Almost all day long, Bonah who ad-mits as a Betawi origin depends her lifeon the Ciliwung. How indeed, most of herincome comes from collecting waste ma-terials in the river. "During flood seasonlike this we can collect around Rp150.000a week," says the woman who says thatshe was born in 1951. Otherwise, whenwater is low our income drops to Rp70 -90.000 a week. To support their lives,the children would go out begging foralms at a street corner by a traffic lightnot far away.

Although they live under the bridgethey never drink water from the river."Loathsome", she says. As a substituteBonah buys water from a water seller atRp1.000 per container. Two containers a

day. "This water is for drinking and cook-ing" says Bonah who admits that she liveunder a bridge since childhood.

Water requirement for bathing andwashing is taken directly from the river.But they let the water to settle in a pailand use it after it becomes clearer. "Let itsleep overnight," that is how she puts it.Up to this time Bonah says that her fami-ly is quite healthy. Even she says thatbathing in the river is more comfortablethan with well or PAM water. "River wa-ter is more refreshing, this water is fromthe mountain, isn't it?" she adds later.

That is Bonah and her family's daily

routine when Ciliwung is in a normal con-dition. But during high water Bonah doesnot touch the Ciliwung. Her home isflooded. Bonah has to use a public MCKa few meters away from the bridge. Thisis where she and her family take a bath,wash and defecate. For this purpose shehas to spend Rp500 per head, a relativelybig spending because there are 8 mem-bers in the family. Additionally she has tobuy boiled water for drinking because shehas no place to cook by herself.

About 5 km from where Bonah lives,Mbah (literally grandma) Kasiyem is sit-ting alone, musing. The elderly singlewoman is taking a rest after scooping inthe Ciliwung. "Leave me alone and do meno harm, yes" says Mbah Yem, that's howher friend use to call her, in front of her1,5 m by 1,5 m hut. The hut is made ofused plastic sheet. Inside there is a makedo bed for sleeping. In front of the hut isa pile of used plastic mineral water con-tainers swarmed with green flies. "Yes,this is how I lead my daily life", mbahYem starts telling her life story. For theelderly woman who admits that was fromSolo, Central Java, living in a riverbank is

E P O R T A G E

A piece of story from Ciliwung river bankNever Drink River Water

R

22 PercikJune 2004

Although they liveunder the bridge

they never drink water fromthe river. As a substitute

Bonah buys waterfrom a water seller

at Rp1.000 percontainer

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

a choice. "I have children and grandchil-dren at home, but I cannot stand livingwith them. It is better down here," saysshe.

Just like Bonah, mbah Yem also neverdrinks water from the Ciliwung. Why?"Hiii…" that was her expression whileshrugging her shoulders. For her waterrequirement is obtained from someonewho lives not far from the riverbank."That's him who owns the restaurant,"while pointing her finger to a foreign foodrestaurant across the street. For bathingand washing mbah Yem depends herselfon a water spout. It is said that the spoutcomes from a leaked PAM pipe passingthrough the area. The water looks clearand clean. Below the spout there is asmall enclosure for defecating.

This is all confirmed by Jaja Miharjaone of the dominant figures living in theriverbank. However, the water from thespout is not too clean because it is alreadymixed with water from the drain."Sometimes there is a worm in it," he tellsus further. But when compared with riverwater, this spout is much better.

Although using a relatively inferiorwater quality, Jaja says that it is very sel-dom for some 20 families living in thislocation suffer from itch or other skin dis-ease. There has never been any massivediarrhoeal disease. "If anyone gets sick hewill be taken to the nearby puskesmas,"says the man who came from Haurgeulis,Indramayu.

Before there was the spout, accordingto him further, the inhabitants of the plas-tic huts were bathing in the Ciliwung."Well, we just submit to God's will. Butthanks to Him we are always in healthycondition," he tells us then saying that hehas been living in this area for almost 20years now. Not all of the inhabitants, Jajacontinues, rely their lives on livelihoodfrom the Ciliwung. Some are working aslabourers somewhere. "I am also emplo-yed as a helper in an office," says the fa-ther of four children. As a side job, the ri-verbank inhabitants, who are mostly

migrants are planting bananas, or raisechicken.

Unlike Bonah's family the children ofthis area are not required to do alms beg-ging. The children live normally as anyother children though their living stan-dard is different. "My children even be-long to the highest rank at school," saysJaja proudly.

What happens with Bonah, MbakYem, Jaja and their families does notentirely reflect the condition of all of thepopulation inhabiting the banks of theCiliwung that splits the city of Jakartabeginning from Depok. This fact indi-cates that not all the time the riverbankinhabitants are in contact with riverwater. They have some knowledge aboutwater good for drinking purpose.Although economically in a very limitedcondition they try to look for drinkingwater. Even if they have to spend money.

From hygiene point of view, their life

is below any normal standard. Theyadmit this. But they argue that this istheir fate. "Of course we want a betterlife. Even I wish to build a more perma-nent cottage here. But if it is eventually tobe pulled down, then what is the use? saysJaja.

Being in shortage does not make themsurrender. A gleam of hope is still shiningin their eyes. Men of the edges are notnecessarily be pushed around. The menshould endeavour to gain attention fromthe government, especially in relation totheir daily need.

It would be recommendable to take alook at what Peter Gleick says in aUNESCO conference in 1998 entitledWater: the Looming Crisis. He defineswater requirement for human being as"access to drinking water and water forsanitation needs". At that time Petersonalso recommends UNESCO to take 50l/day of water as the basic human needsconsisting of drinking 5 l, sanitation 20 l,bathing 15 l, and food preparation 10 l.

If that is the basic measurement, howfar is these riverbank inhabitants from thestandard. Then whose responsibility isthe provision of access to drinking waterand sanitation. Of course, to all of us.

(mujianto)

E P O R T A G ER

23PercikJune 2004

They havesome knowledge about

water goodfor drinking purpose.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Wastewater treatmentusing plant media whichis known as phytoreme-diation has long knownin human history, and is

even used to treat toxic and radioactivematerial. Phyto is derived from Greekphyton meaning plant. Remediation co-mes from Latin remediare (to remedy) toheal/recover or clean something. Thusphytoremediation is a system where aplant together with microorganism with-in a media (soil, corral, and water) areused to transform a contaminant (pollu-tant) into a less poisonous and even aneconomically useful material.

The transform takes place in a naturalprocess in six stages:1. Phytoaccumulation or phytoextrac-tion, in which the plant attracts the con-taminating substance from the media tobe accumulated in the root zone area.This process is also called hyperaccumu-lation.2. Rhizofiltration (rhizo = root), adoptionor deposition of the contaminating sub-stance to the root. This process has beentried with sunflower plant at Chernobyl,Ukraina.3. Phytostabiliation, sticking of somecontaminant onto the root if the root isunable to absorb it. The materials sticksfirmly on the root and cannot be washedby a running water. 4. Rhizodegradation which is also calledenhanced rhizosphere biodegradation orplant- assisted bioremediation degrada-tion, a decomposition process of contam-inant by microorganism such as yeast,fungi and bacteria.5. Phytodegradation (Phytotransforma-tion), a process within a plant tissue tobreakdown the complex chain of conta-minant molecules into non dangeroussubstance with a simpler molecular com-

position that may be useful to the plantitself. This process may take place withinthe leaf, stem and root, or outside theplant around the root with the help of anenzyme produced by the plant itself.Some plant may produce an enzyme to

speed up the degradation process.6. Phytovolatization, a process consis-ting of pulling and transpiring of contam-inant substance by a plant, break it downinto non dangerous substance and finallyrelease it together with water vapour into

A N N E R

PhytoremediationAn effort to process wastewater

with plant media

M

24 PercikJune 2004

Remediation comes from Latin remediare (to remedy)to heal/recover or clean something.

Thus phytoremediation is a system where a planttogether with microorganism within a media

(soil, corral, and water) are used to transforma contaminant (pollutant) into a less poisonous and

even an economically useful material.

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

the atmosphere. Some plant species arecapable of releasing from 200 up to 1.000litres of water vapour per individual plantper day.

Plant species used for phytoreme-diation

The species that are frequently usedfor phytoremediation technique areamong others: Red/yellow Anthurium,yellow/violet Allamanda, fragrant grass,water bamboo, red/yellow/white Canna,Dahlia sp., red/green Dracenia, yel-low/red Heleconia, dotted/black Caladi-um, red/white Kenyeri, yellow/red lotus,red onje, red/white pacing, grass plants,papyrus, banana plant, ponaderia,red/white sempol, spider lily.

Field applicationThe technique has met with sufficient

successes in field application, such as:1. Eradication of heavy metal from soiland ground water in Opotiki, Bay ofPlenty, New Zealand. Cleaning soil fromcadmium (Cd) contamination as a sideeffect of prolonged use of pesticide. 2. Cleaning soil and groundwater from theeffect of explosives (TNT, RDX and mili-tary ammunition) in Tennesse, USA usingwetland method, consisting of a pond cor-ral as media for aquatic plants to grow.Contaminated water is them let to flowinto the pond. The plant species consistof sagopond (Potomegeton pectinatus),water stargas (Hetrathera), elodea(Elodea Canadensis).

Domestic wastewaster treatmentusing phytoremediation technique isapplied in a number of locations in Baliand is called wastewater garden (WWG)or better known as Taman Bali (Bali Park)and can be found at the Kuta KecamatanOffice, Sunrice School, and Governor'sOffice.

Wetland Planning ConceptSome of the rules to be borne in mind

are as the following:1. Wetland Unit must be preceded

with a settling pond in order to avoid clog-ging of big particles in the corral media.

2. The pond is made of waterproofconcrete walls one metre deep.

3. An inlet and an outlet pipes.4. The pond is filled with corral media

(pebbles or gravels) with diam. 8-10 mmto a depth of 80 cm (from the bottom).

5. It is then planted with a mixture ofaquatic and other plants at a sufficientlydense spacing. The plants are kept in placeby digging the media up to 40 cm deep.

6. Wastewater is let to flow into the pondand is kept at 70 cm deep (from the bottom)by adjusting the outlet. This makes water le-vel stay at 10 cm below the top of the corral.

7. The pond is designed in accordancewith the BOD of the daily inflow dividedby the general loading rate. For NorthAmerica = 32,10 kg BOD/ha/day. In thetropical climate it is approximately 90 kgBOD/ha/day.

Summary and Recommendation1. Phytoremediation is a considerably

effective and efficient means for handlingheavy metal and poisonous substance pol-lution so that it could be used to reclaim awaste disposal area by growing plants ontop layer of the disposal area or applyingwetland method for a leachate pond.

2. The wetland method is recom-mendable for a settlement area with max.2.000 population and office or schoolbuilding because the method needs a rel-atively big area, i.e. 1,25-2,5 m2 per capi-ta compared to optional pond which onlyneeds 0,2-0,5 m2 per capita, or one fifthof the wetland requirement.

3. The amount of investment variesrelative to availability of land, in a smallscale the method is quite economical aslong as land is available.

4. The O&M cost is very low, what itneeds is only leaf pruning and cleaning.

5. At a domestic scale this can be builtin lieu of a resorption pit.

Bambang Purwanto

D. G. TPTP, Ministry of Settlement and

Regional Infrastructure

A N N E RM

25PercikJune 2004

Domestic wastewastertreatment using phytore-

mediation technique isapplied in a number oflocations in Bali and is

called wastewater garden(WWG) or better known asTaman Bali (Bali Park) and

can be found at the KutaKecamatan Office, Sunrice

School, and Governor'sOffice.

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

In early 1980s the village of Tlogo Masin Malang, East Java, was very clum-sy without anything attractive at all.

At that time none of its households have atoilet. The population defecated directly inthe Brantas or wrap it in a plastic bag andthrew it into the river; sometimes the"package" got stuck in a bamboo grove andsending a stench odour into the sur-roundings. Most of its population (70 per-cent) were employed as construction rockbreakers or other informal sector.

The situation engulfing the 70 house-holds inhabiting the village moved AgusGunarto (AG) to find a way out. An ideacame out starting from improvement ofhousehold wastewater disposal by way ofcommon activity. In the midst of nega-tive whispers AG continued to make hisdream to make a community householdwastewater disposal system a reality.Finally the dream comes true.

The success has turned the face of the vil-lage cleaner and finer. Each household hasbuilt a bathroom and toilet. None of the po-pulation is now labouring in collecting rocks.Life is becoming better off. Boarding housebecomes a new business opportunity. Visi-tors are continuously coming from foreigncountries such as S. Africa, England, Japan,United States, Canada, China, Austria,Australia, Brazil, S. Korea, Belgium, Nether-lands, India, Finland, Spain, Kenya, Sweden,and Russia.

AG's ingenuity for 10 years has madehim selected as National Pioneer Youth in1996. The following year he received Kalpa-taru Award for Environmental Service. Healso received Asian Innovation Award(1998) and was named Heroes of Today by amagazine published in Hongkong.

In 1999 Agus Gunarto was invited by theWorld Bank to visit Washington DC to sharehis success story with representatives frommany countries. In the same year he visitedthe Netherlands and Switzerland. In 2001he excelled 200 participants from all overthe world and received World Technology

Award in England. Unfortunately he hasn'tyet received the prize money amounting toUSD50.000.

The purposeThe construction of household waste-

water disposal system is intended to:Improve the community's care aboutenvironmental conservation and con-trol against pollution generated fromimproper household wastewater dis-posalHelp in changing community habit totreat wastewater in a proper mannerImprove local economic capacityMake the community used to a clean,beautiful, hygienic and comfortable en-vironment (environmentally oriented)Help in decreasing the pollution rate ofthe Brantas river through disposal ofonly a completed treated wastewater.

Technical ConstructionThe construction of AG Household

Wastewater Treatment tank can beexplained as follows:

The AG household wastewater treat-ment system is made up of the followingconstruction: 4 in. PVC central con-veyance pipe as feeder into the AGTreatment Tank, 3 in. PVC connectinghome to the central conveyance, 2 in. PVCpipe from bath room, toilet and kitcheninto home connector. A 1,2 m diam. septic

tank and 2 m height, pond 1 as initial settling(optional), ponds 2,3,4 as advanced settling,ponds 5,6 as maturation ponds, from wherethe water is disposed of into the Brantas.The whole process uses gravitational flow.

All the waste materials produced in ahousehold, from the kitchen, bathroom, andtoilet are made to flow gravitationally intoone AT Treatment Tank to decompose natu-rally. The construction materials are easy toobtain, at a relatively cheap price and the con-struction is done by the community itself. AGTreatment tank does not require a largespace. What is most important is that thecommunity is involved beginning from plan-ning, construction work, and O&M activity.

In terms of finance, the investment is ge-nuinely funded by the community ofRT03/RW07 Tlogo Mas Malang where eachfamily contributes Rp 150.000 payable in ins-tallments for 2 years (about Rp6.500/fami-ly/month). O&M contribution amounts toRp750 per month to be used for: 60% for ope-rator's salary, 30% for O7M managementcontingency fund, 10% salary for collector.

Challenge, Opportunity and ThreatThe challenge being faced today is the

increasing demand for an independent,non costly and relatively simple technolo-gy community level wastewater treatmentinstallation. The barrier for such an ins-tallation lies with the difficulty in mobi-lizing community fund and with the topo-graphical condition where gravitationalflow does not allow such a construction.However, this facility has a big opportu-nity for application because it is relativelynon costly, applying simple technology,using easily obtainable materials and theimplementation can be done throughcommunal activity. Its O&M manage-ment is relatively simple and does nottake a lot of money. Additionally, it canimprove income of the community.

Bambang Purwanto

Directorate General for TPTP, Ministry of

Settlement & Regional Infrastructure

A N N E R

"Agus Gunarto" HouseholdWastewater Treatment System

M

26 PercikJune 2004

Ventilation

Closetof tank

Wall oftank

Pipe to reservoir

Found partitionto destruction

Pipe fromhousehold

Filter ofwaste

Perhaps Kabupaten Subang is cur-rently the only regional govern-ment with a water and environ-

mental sanitation policy in Indonesia. Itstitle is "Regional Policy for CommunityBased Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Development." This policywas born from the collaboration of anumber of kabupaten level agencies andoffices comprising: Badan PengawasanLingkungan Hidup (BLH, EnvironmentalControl Body), Badan PembedayaanMasyarakat (Bapemdes, Community Em-powerment Body) Local GovernmentWater Company (PDAM), Local Govern-ment Development Planning Agency(Bappeda), Public Works, Health Agency.

According to Mr. H.M Machri S, theChairman of Kabupaten Bappeda, theformulation of the policy was based ondemand for improvement of communitywell being through provision of access toan acceptable WSS facility in anequitable, and sustainable mannerand in support the "Healthy Subang2008" program. "This policy is oneof the regional government effortsfor stimulating and developing vari-ous sectors into an optimumgrowth", he says.

Based on this policy, the role ofthe government is more as a facilita-tor and motivator. The community,including the private sector is becomingmore significant. Through this pattern itis hoped that most of the difficulties suchas insufficient government fund can besolved.

FlashbackBefore 1998 WSS development was

very much dependent upon the govern-ment. The community played only a neg-ligible part. Many of the central govern-ment and donor funded projects wereimplemented in a top down approachwithout sufficient inter-agency coordina-tion. Community empowerment, socio-

cultural and gender sensitiveness in pro-gram planning were almost entirely alien-ated. As a result, many of the pro-grams/activities such as public toilet(MCK), pipe conveyance system, house-hold toilet were left unattended.

During the period 1998-2002 therewas no significant changes, though sub-sidy to regional government was conside-rably reduced. If any, it was only as astimulus. This condition was able tostimulate the community to become moreactive and self reliant in WSS develop-ment. The demand for drinking watersupply keeps growing especially in thenorthern plain and coastal areas whereground water is distasteful due to saltwater intrusion.

Drinking water supply is provided forthrough health sector projects in theforms of pit well, shallow well pumpingsystem, deep well pumping system, arte-

sian well, reservoir, and piped water.Wells are also excavated by the communi-ty members from their own sources.Some of them are managed by the BadanPengelolaan Air Bersih Perdesaan(BPABP, Village Water Supply Manage-ment Body).

The condition of water supply de-velopment at the end of 2003 can be illus-trated as the following:

The remaining 25,67 percent or375.000 people were without accessbecause of one or several of the followingreasons: abundance of surface water

available, lack of awareness, no openspace, lack of fund, technical difficultybecause of marshy condition.

Specifically with environmental sani-tation, the progress is far from pleasing.The total population with a householdtoilet was still 41,56 percent and thosewho have a drainage was only 37,09 per-cent. The inhibiting factors are similarwith water supply, beside a traditionalhabit of the population to defecate in theriver, garden, rice field, etc.

In general, the inhibiting factors towater supply and sanitation developmentconsist of human, economical, and natu-ral aspects. The key factor is of coursehuman being. Therefore, a change muststart from man and his family. In thiscase the role of women becomes veryimportant.

Vision and missionThe vision of the policy is

"Establishment of HealthySubang 2008 trough the provi-sion of access to an acceptableWSS facility in an equitable, andsustainable manner". Its mis-sion is to improve the access towater by the poor families,improve community awarenessto hygiene behaviour, to urgecommunity self reliance, con-

servation of water source areas and pro-tect them against pollution, develop alter-native funding sources, improve manage-rial skill of the management team, go-vernment employees, and WSS relatedfacilitators.

Strategy and ImplementationTo achieve the vision and mission a

general and specific strategies are formu-lated. The strategies are summarized into36 priority programs. For evaluationpurpose, there are also macro indicatorsrelated to water supply and environmen-tal sanitation development. (mj)

E L E S C O P E

Kabupaten Subang:Pioneer in Formulation of Drinking Water and

Environmental Sanitation Policy

T

27PercikJune 2004

No. Drinking Water Provider Coverage Remarks

Self Reliant/Household

PDAM

BPABP

T o t a l

1.

2.

3.

58.90%

12.24%

4%

74.33%

including urban areas

including urban areas

10 villages

represents 953.750 persons

Water Supply Coverage Basedon Service Provider

C ould you elaborate the back-ground of the policy?

We, the regional government togetherwith the involved agencies saw it that in theprevious years the coverage of drinkingwater service Kab. Subang has been notmore than 12,24 percent, covering only themajor towns. The self reliant service is big-ger, i.e. 58,9 percent. If the government hasto serve the whole population, just likePDAM is doing, it would take a long time.Besides, we have the potential for the com-munity to manage. That is how we put up avision and mission for a community baseddrinking water and sanitation developmentbefore we venture into a larger program.

When was the formulationstarted?

We started it in 2002. But this consistsof several activities which were conductedsimultaneously. Actually, long before thatwe have done something. The communityhas made some activities in water supplyand sanitation management. Only after-wards, realizing that what is being done is ademand of the community at large, we haveto wrap up what has been happening in thecommunity into a policy which will thenbecome the umbrella to similar activities at alarger scope.

The formulation process, whatdoes it look like?

First we were exploring the communi-ty. We, the involved agencies and thecommunity were discussing on the expe-rience in water supply and environmentalsanitation management. The ideas weresummarized into the formula. It can beseen from there the policy is actually notfrom us. All is extracted from the com-munity. To arrange it into a policy wasalso done through seminars and work-shops which were attended by represen-tatives from the central and provinciallevel governments. Our job was puttingthe ideas together into one formula.

How will the implementation bedone?

First of all the budget, we have it pre-pared. The second is the selection of priori-ty villages where the policy will be applied,and at the same time as pilot villages.Gradually from these priority villages wemove into the surrounding neighbours. Wewill select based on the level of willingness ofthe population to work communally. Thehigher the level the more the program isregarded as a demand. If there were a vil-lage though with potential but remains silentwe will keep the implementation until later.If we put too much pressure, then it willbecome a government project. Once therewere some movement, then we will renderour help.

Has the policy been field tested?Naturally. We have done it in several vil-

lages in a number of kecamatans. The resultis sufficiently pleasing. That is why this com-munity based approach is being widely used;and the government is in short of fund. Theadvantage is, the community does not relyon the government for its maintenance. Thecommunity is capable of doing it on its own.The people's motto is 'we are progressing notbecause of we have been assisted, but wehave been assisted because we are progress-ing'. That is where the previous communityparticipation was based.

This means that the communitybased management has been existingin Kab. Subang?

There are many. Especially in the south-

ern part, they are quite obvious up there.That is why in our policy we divide the regioninto zones: north, south and the plains. Eachwith its own characteristic and consequentlythe respective policy is also different. In thenorthern part, for instance, our interventionis bigger than in the others. The south canalmost go on its own because the naturalpotential is also supporting.

What does the linkage betweenthis regional policy and the nationalwater supply and sanitation develop-ment policy?

What comes from the central govern-ment is top down, while our policy here isindeed what comes from the grass root.What we are doing is just providing stimulusto what should be done by the community.In terms of physical development both arethe same especially when synergy in fieldimplementation has been developing.

Is this policy final or is it still openfor improvement?

This is just conceptual. We will put it in-to practice and in the field there will be someadjustment with the national level policy.

What is your prediction regardingimplementation in the field?

I am quite confident and optimisticthat this will be implemented effectivelyin the field because this is what the com-munity really needs. I believe the resultwill be great.

Based on the existing condition,whether the 2008 target could beachieved?

We can hope this will be achieved.Through the Kabupaten level inter-agencycoordination, common understandingamong stakeholders at the kecamatan andvillage levels for the improvement of com-munity well being, I think this will work outfine. Even this concept is applicable forother program/policy. (MJ)

E L E S C O P E

H.M. Machri S., Chairman of Bappeda, Kabupaten Subang"This is the Community's Demand"

T

28 PercikJune 2004

This book contains MDGs imple-mentation progress in Indonesiasince the signing of the Millen-

nium Declaration in September 2000.This initial report discusses the conditionin Indonesia during the period of 1990 till2003, and a prediction up to 2015.

This book is very useful for policymakers, government institutions, mem-bers of parliament, NGOs, communityorganizations, the community, and inter-national organizations. The informationcontained can be used in accordance withthe demand and goals of various stake-holders at the respective levels. The con-tents of the report indicate the nationalgoals and targets that have been achievedand not the planning framework as itrelates to national targets.

The report to UN is based on data pro-duced from a social economic survey (Su-senas) conducted by the Biro PusatStatistik (BPS, Central Bureau of Sta-tistic). However, for several indicators,there are only institutional data available.It is not surprising these data are notcomplete, especially after the regional

autonomy. Besides, many of the datareflect the general condition at theprovincial level. It would be more mean-ingful if the records are made at the kabu-paten/kota level.

With regard Target 10, i.e. reductionto half, in 2015, the proportion of popula-tion without access to drinking water sup-

ply and basic sanitation facility, this bookonly discusses in two sections, water andsanitation. Indonesia is still facing aproblem with the low coverage of pipedwater supply system, without saying any-thing about water quality of PDAM water.The quality of water supply does not meetthe standard set by the Ministry ofHealth. It is also sad to say that the go-vernment has not made water as a priori-ty policy in spite the world sustainabledevelopment conference it is mentionedthat water is a right for all human being.

Regarding sanitation, the data indi-cate that community access to basic sani-tation facility is around 64 percent (78percent in towns and 52 percent in vil-lages), but this does not reflect ownershipby the community. Similarly to water, thecentral government, the local govern-ment, including the legislative do not payany attention to this sector. This is evi-denced from the low budget allocation.This condition is aggravated with lack ofcommunity awareness, especially intowns, about the importance of sanitationis to our health. (mj)

This book intends to provide anexplanation about household andcommunal wastewater drainage.

According to the author, this subject isinteresting to discuss because it representsthe most important of the wastewaterdrainage network and the easiest to makeimprovement. Besides it is the most partthat draws user's interest. What makes thisbook different is that the discussion ondomestic wastewater is not separated fromthat of a communal system.

The author divides the book into 8chapters, namely (i) why wastewaterdrainage is worthy of consideration by thecommunity and the constraints; (ii) metho-

dology in selecting a community that needs

a wastewater drainage; (iii) conventional

design of wastewater drainage system; (iv)

new method for minimizing the costs for

wastewater drainage construction; (v)

problems in conventional wastewater

drainage and their solution; (vi) O&M issue

and to overcome it; (vii) setting of optimum

tariff; and (viii) combining financial, O&M

and lack of community interest through a

real example.

This book becomes more interesting

because it is easy to understand and provi-

des a way out to the difficulty in sanitation

being faced by the community. (OM)

O O K I N F OB

29PercikJune 2004

Indonesia, Progress Reporton the MillenniumDevelopment Goals

Publisher: Government of IndonesiaPublished: February 2004

Pages : 155 pages

Sustainable Sewerage,Guidelines for Community

SchemesAuthor: R. A. Reed

Publisher: Intermediate TechnologyPublications, in association with the Water,Engineering and Development Centre, 1995

Pages: xiv + 97 pages

Progress Report on the MDGs

Integration of Household andCommunal Wastewater

This CD-ROM discusses the benefitof energy monitoring and targetsetting (M&T) in preventing leak-

age and cost for water supply in the urbantowns of the developing nations. TheWorld Bank produced CD-ROM discuss-es a study conducted by two partner insti-tutions in two provinces in Brazil for re-ducing electric power consumption.

The two partners enjoy an impressivesuccess. One of them was able to save 50percent of the cost and put it up forinvestment in the following 3-4 years.

It also explains several importantnotes about reduction of energy con-sumption in urban areas, including theapplication of M&T plan, and a list of lowcost or no cost actions to save energy.

The need for saving energy is basedon the considerations that water use isdependent on the capacity of the commu-

nity to cover the operational costs andovercome incidental loss; participationof the private sector which might benecessary to expand the water supplyservice network; the steps to improvethe service efficiency especially in thelight of improvement of the access ofthe poor to water supplies; experienceindicates how to improve the effective-ness of low cost information technologyto reducing energy consumption forwater supply service.

Rationally, water use considers ener-gy consumption as an overhead of watertreatment and pumping operation. Thecost for electricity usually varies between10-30 percent of the operational cost,most of which goes to treatment process.While energy lost in the treatmentprocess is around 30-50 percent. Butmany would include electricity as a vari-

able cost rather than fixed cost. Anyway, the content of this CD-ROM

is very important for stakeholders relatedto drinking water treatment. It is obtain-able at the WSS Working Group Se-cretariat and the supply is limited.

S mall Towns are important for policymakers, water and sanitation experts

for two reasons: 1) they can calculate thegrowth of population without access towater and basic sanitation; 2) we know alittle about how to determine water sup-ply and sanitation demand.

In reality, most of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals in relation to watersupply and sanitation are applicable insmall towns. The experts and nationalpolicy makers would need a substantialamount of field information about man-agement pattern and other effective sup-port and a better knowledge about as keyto successful water supply and sanitationservice.

A good knowledge about small townsmust be explored from various experi-ence and field activities. For this reason

the conference of Addis Ababa, Ethiopiain 11-15 June, 2002 which was attendedby more than 200 practitioners and dis-cussed 30 cases, becomes a place of in-vention for this purpose.

The CD contains the proceedings of

the conference and is divided into 3 sec-tions: 1) Summary of the Conference; 2)Presentation; 3) Posters. The Summaryis presented in two languages, Englishand French. In it contains the recom-mendation of the conference and thereports of the working groups, reviewfrom the participants, and the relatednetworks. In the Presentation we can seewhat the speakers brought forward bothat the conference and during the workinggroup. The Presentation can also be ac-cessed through organizer's website. In itwe can find posters from Indonesia aboutcommunity based sanitation, the experi-ence from Aquanet/Mitra Tirta Program.This CD is collection of the WSS WorkingGroup Secretariat. Any one interestedplease contact the Editor. (MJ)

D I N F O

Reducing Energy Cost in MunicipalWater Supply Operations

Water Supply and Sanitation for Small Towns and Multi-villageSchemes, Proceedings of International Conference

C

30 PercikJune 2004

E B S I T E I N F OW

31PercikJune 2004

Sanitation Connectionwww.sanicon.net

S anitation connection is a websitebased network related to environ-

mental sanitation. From technological,institutional as well as financial aspectsthis website can be regarded as the mostcomplete source of information in theworld. The information available is sup-ported with various international institu-tions in managing and providing the suit-able data for a specific need.

Some of the important subjects thatare available include cost and cost recove-ry, sanitation promotion, sanitation inschool, waste material management, lowcost wastewater management and draina-ge.

It is interesting to note that this web-site also provides a complete data andinformation requirement from Help Deskas well as Online Databases facilities. Inonline databases there are Inter WATERwhich provides list of organizations deal-ing with drinking water and sanitation inthe developing nations; IRCDOC provi-des bibliography database on drinkingwater and sanitation in the developingnations; maestro II provides informationabout environmentally friendly tech-nology.

This website was launched in Novem-ber 2000 and represents an easilyaccessible gate way. This website is main-tained by World Health Organization(WHO) in collaboration with United Na-tions Environmental Program (UNEP),the Water and Sanitation Program(WSP), the Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Council (WSCC) and theInternational Water Association (IWA).

WHO Publications on Sanitationand Health

www.who.int/pub/en

W HO is a trustworthy source for sa-nitation and health related infor-

mation. For more than 54 years it hasbeen producing bibliographical publica-tions. Some of the bibliographical publi-cations are (i) human waste disposal drytoilet and water carried method; (ii)reprocessing method and disposal ofwaste materials (domestic and commer-cial); (iii) 'do-it-yourself' guidelines onhow to design, construct, rehabilitate,and maintain a drainage system within a

low income sector of an urban area; (iv)financial arrangement in the manage-ment improvement of drinking water andsanitation service, large or small scale,urban as well as rural; (v) successfulapproach for involvement of the commu-nity in promoting hygiene behaviour; (vi)training manual for performanceimprovement in drinking water and sani-tation project through a better O&Mmanagement system; (vii) articles andcases studies on sanitation.

WASH Campaignhttp://www.wsscc.org/

W ater, Sanitation and Hygiene forAll (WASH) Campaign was intro-

duced by Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Council (WSSCC) in Inter-national Conference in Bonn, Germany in2001. WASH intends to improve thecommitment of the politicians and com-

munity leaders in making water, sanita-tion, and hygiene in a common attention;influence behavioural change throughvarious information and communicationchannels, hygiene promotion in schools,training and improvement of communi-cation capacity and network improve-ment, and research activities.

List of Related Websites

WaterAidhttp://www.wateraid.org.uk/

WaterAid is a non government orga-nization specially operating in drinkingwater supply, sanitation and hygiene edu-cation to poor communities of the world.

The Freshwater Action Networkhttp://www.freshwateraction.net/

The Freshwater Action Network is aglobal network of non government institu-tions specializing in environment and devel-opment as well as community based organi-zations working together to strengthen theparticipation of civilian community in for-mulating international scale water policy.

NETWAS. Network for Water andSanitationhttp://www.netwasgroup.com/

NETWAS is an information and humanresources development network operating inAfrica especially in drinking water, sanita-tion and environment. Its scope of activitiesincludes training, research, information net-work, advocacy, consultant service.

Ecological Sanitationhttp://www.ecosan.org/

One of the websites specializing inecological sanitation. This website ismaintained by International WaterAssociation.

It was unimaginable before that thecommunity of Kedungbanjar, Kec.Sugio, Kab. Lamongan, East Java

would ever had access to a water supplyservice. None of its community is left out.Life has changed remarkably.

Before that, the village with 2.064population (503 households) consistingof 4 hamlets, Kedungbanjar (150 house-holds), Kedungpari (78 households),Mloso (93 households) andRambit (170 households) was in apoor condition both in terms ofwater supply and environmentalsanitation. As is evident from thetable water supply facility barelysufficient, even worse during thedry season. Consequently therewas only few who have built hou-sehold toilet.

This condition is made evenworse with the absence of waste-water disposal system. Nearly allof the houses do not have anydrainage canal. Garbage bins are

unknown and waste materialsare thrown anywhere. It isunsurprising that during 2002there were 18 cases of diarhoeawith infants, 84 cases above theage of five and 4 cases of lep-rosy.

This fact has made Kedung-banjar village qualified for anassistance from WSLIC-2 pro-gram. Especially with theexisting potentials, i.e. availa-bility of watersource, willing-ness to partici-pate and provi-sion of contribu-tion both in cashand in kind, avail-ability of electrici-ty, relatively goodaccess road, avai-lability of skillworker, and relatively high

spirit in community work (gotong ro-yong).

Accompanied by Community Facili-tator Team (CFT) the community workedout a community plan with a budgetamounting at Rp20o million (approxi-mately). This amount comes from Rp144million represents village grant fund,regional government of Lamongan Rp16million, the community Rp8 million (in

cash) and Rp32 million in kind. From thebudget Rp144 million is allocated for thedevelopment of piped water supply sys-tem to cover 100% of the village popula-tion, Rp35 million for environmental sa-nitation system development, and Rp16,5million is set aside for hygiene behavioureducation in the community and inschools. As operational budget of theCommunity Working Team an amount ofRp5 million is provided for.

Up to this time several constructions

are already in place, one (i) unit of pumphouse, one (1) water tower, one (1) deepwell, 3.377 km of piping network, one (1)production unit, and fourteen (14) publictaps. The piping network is to provideservice to all of the population. TheWSLIC-2 project has been officially hand-ed over to the community. Other sideeffect of the activity is skill improvementin financial management, know how intechnical operation and maintenance,

and the technical aspect inhealth related extension activity.

A health related programconsisting of water sampling andexamination, soil sampling andexamination, fecal examinationof primary schoolchildren,worm treatment for primaryschoolchildren, renovation of 3bathrooms and toilet and con-struction of 6 washbasins atschool, and health extensionactivity to the community. As fortoilet revolving constructionactivity is just beginning. (MJ)

I E L D V I S I TF

32 PercikJune 2004

WATER SUPPLY CONDITION

Hamlet

Kedungbanjar

Kedungpari

Mloso

Rambit

T o t a l

150

74

87

153

464

20

14

42

81

157

V

V

V

V

(13.3%)

(18.9%)

(48.2%)

(52.9%)

(33.8%)

Number ofhouseholds

Water SourcePit well Reservoir

Remarks

On dryseasonall of

well aredry

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITION

Hamlet

Kedungbanjar

Kedungpari

Mloso

Rambit

T o t a l

Remarks

The otherpeople

mired on the

garden

WSLIC-2 Changes the Life ofKedungbanjar Community

Number of household’s WCA b s o l u t

82

25

25

38

170

54.7

33.8

28.7

52.9

36.6

P e r c e n t

This fact has made Kedungbanjarvillage qualified for an assistance

from WSLIC-2 program

SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

Sangkatani village, Kab. Singkawang, West Kalimantan isone of the villages selected for assistance from the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) through the Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) project from 1996 - 2000. Thevillage chose a technology base on gravitational flow for theirwater supply system.

The facility is presently not functioning well. Water tank isnot being used because the users are tapping the main conve-yance and connect it to their homes. The taps are not closed af-ter use so that a lot of water is wasted. The pressure drop causedby this action prevent water from flowing farther, thereforemany of the tail end users have to use water pump to get water.

The irony is, this village is the site of a bottled water industrywhich takes water from the same spring. Some sort of conflictmay likely arise in the future knowing that water discharge isfalling during dry season and the number of population is grow-ing steadily. Additionally, the kabupaten has a bright marketprospect for bottled water.

In Sebawi, still in Singkawang, the choice of filtering techno-logy with sand media is also a failure. Filtering river water takesa long process, the amount is enough only for 5 households. Onthe other hand the cost for electricity to run the pump is consi-derably high. This technology is not feasible for application in alow income community. The community cannot operate it any-

more, now that the village level management team is dormant.Beside water supply, the area needs an environmental sanitation

system through the construction of MCK, household and public to-ilets. The facilities are not functioning because of water scarcity.

The lessons learned from this experience are among others adiscrepancy between technology choice and the community pro-posal and capability leads to failure, there is a need for a formal reg-ulation that regulates division of water in order to prevent conflict,there is a need for a professional village level management team,and sanitation development must consider water availability as adetermining factor. (Rheidda Pramuddhy)

The people of North Aikmel,Kec. Aikmel, Lombok Timur,NTB can now sleep peaceful-

ly. They do not have to wake up at3 in the morning to take water froma source 2 km from the village. TheWSLIC-2 project has changed theroutine. The village headman ex-pressed his thankfulness for select-ing the village as a project site. On12 July last, the Bupati of LombokTimur, handed over the projectassets to the local community thatwas represented by the communityfacilitator team. The Bupati hopes thecommunity would understand what thedirect transfer means and later manageand maintain the facility properly. Herespects highly the communityapproach applied by the project andpromises to replicate it into projects inother areas. The handing over of theWSLIC-2 project assets is done on thesites which has established its manage-

ment team, the facility is completelybuilt, and willingness of the communityto pay contribution. In the village eachfamily is required to pay Rp1.000 amonth. The total amount collected isRp300.000 a month from 300 familiesof the village. Not all of villages inAikmel has this project because theproject is restricted with Rp200 millionbudget ceiling. Commenting on the

condition, Sucipto of WSLIC-2,indicates that budget ceiling can bemade flexible if there is a commu-nication with the central govern-ment. While the Chairman ofBappeda promises to provide afinancial assistance, but only at alimited amount. In the meantimehanding over was also made inBatu village, Kec. Lumbung,Lombok Barat on 13 July. This wasdone by the Deputy of BupatiLombok Barat. In his speech heasks the community to maintains

the assets and prevent the failure suchas the CARE project which fails to sus-tain.During 2003 , there were 30 vil-lages in Lombok Barat completed phy-sical construction consisting of 49 grav-itational flow piping system, 720 pitwells, and revolving fund sanitationdevelopment system. In 2004 eight vil-lages are still in the developmentprocess.

I E L D V I S I T

Failure Due to Wrong Technology Choice

The people of Aikmel No Need To Wake Up At Night Any More

F

33PercikJune 2004

(Archianti Musama)

SOURCE: RHEIDDA PRAMUDHY

CARTOON BY RUDIKOSASIH

Sanitation development in Indone-sia, especially the community se-werage system has not reached

most of the urban poor. This has beenbrought to the attention of the govern-ment so that beginning from the decadeof 1980s the kampung improvement pro-gram (KIP) includes decentralized sanita-tion system as one of its components.However, the top down approach appliedin KIP has neglected the element of com-munity participation the program doesnot perform satisfactorily especially interms of sustainability.

For the purpose of improvement ofdecentralized sanitation system develop-ment, the Australian government throughAusAID in collaboration with WSP-EAPof the World Bank and Indonesia govern-ment launched SANIMAS project. Thisproject is a part of the activities con-ducted under the Water Supply andSanitation Policy Formulation and ActionPlanning Project (WASPOLA) project.

What is SANIMAS?SANIMAS is abbreviation of SANI-

TASI MASYARAKAT (Community Sani-tation), an initiative designed to promotea community based sanitation system asan alternative for the poor communitiesof the urban

Basic ConceptSANIMAS is designed to strengthen

the poor community of the urban in orderto enable them select their own sanitationsystem, formulating a set of action plans,organize a group, and manage the physi-cal construction, including its O&M activ-ity. In SANIMAS sanitation is focusedonly to human waste.

The strategy of SANIMAS includesdetermining, planning, constructing, ma-intaining and managing a system bythemselves, with facilitation and assis-tance from non government organization.The regional government is involved in

facilitating the community initiative, butnot in management of the system.

This program is designed as a demandresponsive and the communities qualifiedfor participation will compete for a pro-gram support through evidence of itscommitment and preparedness in run-ning in accordance with their own choice.The decision making lies entirely with thewhole community. The role of SANIMAS,NGO and the government is only as afacilitator.

SANIMAS support consists of:Recommendation in terms of technical,institutional, financial, social and envi-ronmental from a set of choices, inaccordance with the need of the inter-ested stakeholder and the choice of thecommunity.Suggestion in relation to the most suit-able process in selecting the best sys-tem that would gain the communitysupportPackages of information, education andcommunicationLimited financial support for procure-ment of materialsTraining.

Institutional AspectAt the community level there are two

(2) SANIMAS related institutions, De-velopment Committee and ManagementTeam. The Development Committee isresponsible for activities from prepara-tion till completion of construction. TheManagement Team is responsible for postconstruction O&M and maintenance ofwastewater treatment installation

Community Action PlansCommunity Action Plans are made up

from Construction Plan, CommunityContribution Plan, and O&M Plan. Theformulation of Community Action Plansis assisted by a SANIMAS consultant andis conducted with the application ofCommunity Participatory Approach(CPA). Training is provided for in 3 for-mats (1) technical training for skilledworkers, construction hands and opera-tors; (ii) management training for com-munity self reliant group; and (iii) com-munity health related training. The topicof each individual training is designedbased the need of the respective commu-nity.

O&M plan includes contribution

A S P O L A

Lessons Learned from SANIMAS(Sanitation by the Community)

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34 PercikJune 2004

SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

arrangement, operator, and maintenanceschedule.

Contribution MechanismDevelopment budget comes from the

contribution of the community, the re-gional government, and the SANIMAS.Community contribution was collecteddirectly by a Development Committee anddeposited to a bank account of the Deve-lopment Committee. The contributionfrom the regional government and theSANIMAS were transferred directly toSANIMAS Development Committee. Dis-bursement is made based on the SANIM-AS Construction Plan as proposed by theSANIMAS Development Committee.

Implementation Process and PostConstruction Plan

In the beginning the SANIMAS con-cept was offered to some thickly popula-ted urban regions of East Java and Bali.The response was there were 8 regionsindicated interest in the project. Later,one of them withdrew because of disap-proval from the legislative body. The re-maining seven consists of the towns of Ke-diri, Pasuruan, Blitar, Mojokerto, Pa-mekasan, Denpasar and Kabupaten Si-doarjo. Later SANIMAS failed to conti-nue implementation in Pamekasan be-cause the community members could notreach an agreement among themselves.

Some kampungs with a population of50 -100 were selected by the local govern-ment and after an internal selectionprocess, i.e. decision of the kampung/vil-lage which was taken through an agree-ment among the population, and when itis done the kampung is definitely selectedas a participant.

Then socialization process followed,and finally with the assistance from afacilitator the community made discus-sions to formulate Community ActionPlans.

Financing AspectThe funding sources for SANIMAS

come from the regional government, thecommunity (in-kind), and grant fromAusAID and BORDA. The total fund isRp1,548 billion comprises regional go-vernment contribution Rp986 million(63,6 percent), SANIMAS Rp398 million(25,7 percent), the community Rp84 mil-lion (5,5 percent) and BORDA Rp80 mil-lion (5,2 percent). In-kind (material andlabour) contribution from the communityrepresents 2-3 percent of the total cost.

Comparing the amount of costs andthe total coverage on the average the costper household comes to approximatelyRp2 million.

System and Service CoverageThe system selected by the communi-

ties is either a public MCK or a communalsystem. An MCK consists of toilets, a wa-

shing floor and a wastewater treatmentinstallation. A communal system consistsof a pipe connecting a household toilet toa wastewater treatment installation.

The total population covered in SANI-MAS project is 2.564 of which 914 areserved with MCK and 1.650 with commu-nal system

Construction and Operational Costand Contribution

The total budget allocation amounts toRp1,272 billion. The construction cost ofa communal system is relatively higherthan that of an MCK, but its operationalcost is lower. Each community decides itsown level of contribution, for an MCK sys-tem it ranges between Rp200 - 300 permonth, while for a communal systembetween Rp2.200 - 3.100 per month per

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35PercikJune 2004

Short Descr ipt ion of SANIMASSITE SYSTEM COSTRUCTION COVERAGE OPERATIONAL CONTRIBUTION

RW II, Kel. Sukorejo,Kec. Sukorejo, Kota Blitar Komunal Rp. 236 million 85 KK/750 person Rp. 186.000/month Rp. 2.200/KK/monthRT 2, RW I, Kel. Balongsari, Bathroom and WC Rp. 200/usedKec. Magersari, Kota Mojokerto MCK Rp. 151 million 50 KK/250 person Rp. 785.000/month Washing Rp. 300/usedRT 4-5, RW 2, Kel. Bakalan,Kec. Bugul, Kota Pasuruan Komunal Rp. 238 million 83 KK/400 person Rp. 186.000/month Rp. 2.200/KK/monthRT 8-9-10-11, RW V, Kel. Balowerti,Kec. Kota, Kota Kediri MCK Rp. 209 million 450 person Rp. 765.000/month Rp. 5.000/KK/month ;Rp 200/usedRT 21, RW V, Kel. Sidokare,Kec. Sidoarjo, Kab. Sidoarjo MCK Rp. 169 million 214 person Rp. 785.000/month Rp. 200/usedPucuk Sari Selatan Banjar Batur,Kec. Denpasar Barat,Kota Denpasar Komunal Rp. 269 million 100 KK/500 person Rp. 302.000/month Rp. 3.100/KK/month

TOTAL 3 MCK3 Komunal Rp. 1,272 billion 2.564 person

COST COST

KK = household

SOURCE: SANIMAS DOCUMENTATION

household. But in the town of Kedirifor an MCK the contribution is deter-mined at Rp5.000 per household.

ManagementA communal system and a system

which is managed by a team selectedby the community. The contributionis used as salary for the communalsystem operator (pipe inspection,cleaning of control boxes, and main-tenance) or the operator of an MVKfacility (O&M of MCK and waste-water treatment installation), andemptying the installation once in twoyears. Effluent test is made one in 6months.

In communal system, the toilet, thepipe connecting the toilet to the main con-veyance and the control box is the user'sresponsibility.

Lessons LearnedThe main issue that crops up during

the SANIMAS project implementation isthe availability of land for the construc-tion. This issue is brought forward inrelation to the willingness of anyone tovolunteer to be in immediate neighbourwith the sanitation facility. In many casesthe NIMBY ('not in my back yard') atti-tude is prevailing. This attitude is quiteobvious in the town of Pamekasan. Thefamilies in immediate neighbour to theMCK or processing facility express theirobjection to the project because they feelworried about the adverse effect from theplacement of the facility near their homes.

In connection with land availabilitythere is still a question about the status ofthe land. It is recommendable that priorto conducting Rapid Participatory Ap-praisals (RPAs) the status of the landmust be made known and confirmed.

In the case of Pamekasan, it becomesinteresting to note that because of onefamily has objection, the whole participa-tory decision making process was an-nulled and the project could not proceed.

The said family previously expressedagreement but later withdrew it. Theissue was then expanded to become deci-sion making process. It would be worth-while to consider whether a decision is atotal pronouncement in acclamation or itis just be based on the majority of votes. Itshould also be advisable to consider acompensation for the ones having objec-tion for the reason of inconvenience(unpleasant smell, wastewater).

As a consequence to the disagreementthe SANIMAS implementation in Pame-kasan is discontinued. While in the townsof Kediri and Pasuruan there were alsosome objections but the project managedto find alternative locations. In the townof Mojokerto and Kab. Sidoarjo thoughthere was no dislocation but the projectmanaged to make design revision becausethe initial design could not be applied inthe available land space. The communitybased sanitation approach represents anew method especially for the communityitself. The information transmissiontends to be confusing because of the ter-minologies which are foreign to them.There is a need for a simple and easy tounderstand transmission system andemployment of a more suitable facilitator.A better and more effective informationtransmission strategy needs be designed.

Repellence and skeptical attitude by

the community during the earlystages of SANIMAS was because ofthe unfavourable experience withsimilar activities in the past.

It has been a general notion incommunities that sanitation isalways identical with somethingdirty and smells bad.

The communities have an im-pression that SANIMAS implemen-tation is time consuming. This per-haps is because of the heavyinvolvement of the community inthe entire process, climatic factorthat caused some constructiondelays, and the complicacy in gov-

ernment disbursement procedure.The fund that comes from various

sources such as grant from donor coun-tries, the local government, and NGOshave made it important to determine thestatus the facility, to whom it belongs.The mechanism related to transfer ofasset and community representation inthe transfer process has not been suffi-ciently dealt with.

Although SANIMAS is considered suc-cessful, but for a replication in other loca-tions special attention must be paid withregard the flexibility in project implemen-tation. As an illustration, the implement-ing agency may be different in a differentlocation, in some it may be Public Works,in others Environmental Agency, andBappeko.

Future AgendaThe on-going activities till the end of

2003 are carried over to 2004 for comple-tion, the central government continuescollaboration with BORDA for the imple-mentation. In 2004 some improvementwill be made based on the lessons learnedduring the previous year implementation.It is hoped that the two consecutive yearSANIMAS implementation will provide ameaningful input for the sanitation deve-lopment in Indonesia. (OM)

A S P O L AW

36 PercikJune 2004

SOURCE: SANIMAS DOCUMENTATION

The National Policy for CommunityBased Water Supply and En-vironmental Sanitation

Development has been success-fully formulated. According theplanning, the policy will be putinto implementation beginningfrom 2004 through a series offacilitation process in selectedregions, namely Kab. Sawah-lunto Sijunjung (W. Sumatra),Kab. Bangka Selatan (Bangka Be-litung), Kab. Lebak (Banten), Kab.Kebumen (C. Java), Kab. LombokBarat (NTB), Kab. PangkajeneKepulauan (S. Sulawesi), and Kab.Gorontalo (Gorontalo).

For this purpose WASPOLA orga-nized a workshop entitled Workshop on

Understanding the National Policy andIts Implementation Facilitation Process

in the Regions. The purposeof the workshop is to providea better understanding tofacilitators about the policyand prepare a detailed workplan for the implementationfacilitation process in theregions.

The workshop was held inPurwakarta on 24-27 May2004 and attended by 20 par-ticipants consisting of facilita-tors, WSS Working Group,WASPOLA, and WSP-EAP ofthe World Bank. (OM)

For three days, 12-14 May 2004, 32participants from Bappenas, Mi-nistry of Health (Depkes), Minis-

try of Home Affairs (Depdagri), RegionalGovernment of Sukabumi, WASPOLAand WSP-EAP World Bank consultantsassisted by 4 facilitators, attended an ori-entation workshop about Methodology ofParticipatory Assessments (MPA) at Lido,Sukabumi.

The opening and short descriptionabout the workshop was given By Mr.Basah Hernowo, Director of HumanSettlement and Housing, Bappenas. Thetopics discussed in the workshop consist-ed of Gender Equity, Sustainability, De-mand Responsive Approach, MPA Fra-mework and concluded with introductionto MPA tools. A field visit was made toKutajaya village, Kec. Cicurug. The resultof the visit was presented as a material fordiscussion.

During the orientation process theparticipants and the community areplaced in an equal position, together in

discussing the problems of the village.Direct communication with the commu-nity has inspired the participants aboutthe fulfillment of community demand.Understanding about the tradition, ter-minology used, and local characteristicsbecomes a key into understanding thedemand of the community.

Until 2002 Kutajaya village received aDepkes facilitated project and the facilityconstructed is now stillfunctioning and used by thecommunity. According tothe community, the involve-ment of all components ofthe community, rich, poor,men and women; provisionof responsibility to makedecision, construction offacility in accordance withthe demand and seriousfacilitation from the project,has stimulated the growth ofcommunity commitment inmanagement.

In this occasion, MPA orientationwas focused on the tools for project eval-uation purpose. There are other toolsnamely for planning and supervision.However, this orientation has given theparticipants a new perspective to listenand apply demand responsive ap-proaches and seriousness in conductingMPA processes and community involve-ment. (dorman)

A S P O L A

Workshop on Understanding the National Policy and ItsImplementation Facilitation Process in the Regions

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37PercikJune 2004

MPA Orientation Workshop

SOURCE: WASPOLA DOCUMENTATION

SOURCE: WASPOLA DOCUMENTATION

Dr. Suyono Dikun, the Deputy forInfrastructures Development ofBappenas reminds all the stake-

holders to pay attention to sustain thequality of water supply and sanitationservice, through the solution to microcos-mic or macrocosmic problems. This sta-tement was delivered in a Seminar onWater Supply and Sanitation ServiceUnder a Recurring Drought Condition atthe J.W. Marriot Hotel, Surabaya, 6-7May 2004.

According to him, microcosmic andmacrocosmic disasters are equally da-ngerous to humanity. He cited the stud-ies conducted by Hans G. Peterson fromthe Safe Drinking Water Foundation whoconcluded that there are at least 26 di-seases caused by pathogenic bacteria, 22caused by fecal viral pathogens, notincluding those caused by protozoa and

algae/cyanobacteria because of poorwater quality or insufficient quantity.

Microcosmic damages will lead tomacrocosmic disasters. This can be seenfrom the declining environmental condi-tion in countries that have problems withhuman resources, like Indonesia. Un-fulfilled microcosmic demand will causemen to disrupt upon nature, directly or

indirectly, to fulfill their need. Based onthe existing data during the last 10 yearsthe amount of forest areas in Indonesia isdecreasing by 1,6-2,4 million hectareseach year. The impact is missing aqui-fers, decreasing water table, changes toclimatic condition, increasing of droughtareas, increasing of flood areas, increas-ing the occurrence and areas of land-slides, and so on.

"All stakeholders, whether they wantor not, prepared or unprepared, mustagree that nature as water holder forhuman need which is now in a poor con-dition must be repaired as an effort tosustain human culture," says him.

This seminar is divided into 2 ses-sions. In session I, Mr. Arum Atmawikar-ta, the Director of Health and CommunityNutrition, Bappenas delivered his paperentitled 'The impact of drought uponhealth and human resources' and Mrs.Erna Witoelar, the UN Special Am-bassador for MDGs in Asia and the Pa-cific, her paper entitled 'The impact ofdisasters to the achievement of MDGs.'

In session II, Mr. Rahmat Karnadi,Director of Central Region Urban andRural Development, Depkimpraswil pre-sented his paper entitled 'Overcoming theCommunity of the Drought SensitiveAreas in Getting Water'; and Mr. HeningDarpito, Director of Hygiene Water andSanitation presented his 'Anticipation ofthe Impact of Drought from Healthaspect'.

On the day before the opening theparticipants made a visit to the site of acommunity managed WSS facility at thevillage of Kedungbanjar, Kec. Sugio,Kabupaten Lamongan, E. Java. This vil-lage received project assistance from theWSLIC-2. (MJ)

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Seminar on Water Supply and SanitationService under a Recurring Drought Condition

"Water Supply and SanitationService Must Be Improved"

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38 PercikJune 2004

"All stakeholders, whetherthey want or not, prepared orunprepared, must agree that

nature as water holder forhuman need which is now in

a poor condition must berepaired as an effort to

sustain human culture."

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

In the third week of February 2004, themembers of WSS Working Group wereinvited to attend Water Week, repre-

senting an annual agenda of the WorldBank. This year's specific topic was Divinginto Implementation. The Indonesian dele-gates consist of Mr. Basah Hernowo(Director of Human Settlement & Housing,Bappenas), Mr. Oswar Mungkasa(Bappenas), Sucipto (Ministry of Health),Djoko Wartono (Ministry of Health), andZainal Nampira (Ministry of Health). Someof the valuable results are presented in thearticles below.

The topic Diving into Implementation isintended to provide a better insight to (i)more than just a promise but a direct action;(ii) more than just strengthening institutionof capital investment but venture on a learn-ing by doing; (iii) instead of a mere rethorictry to give a pragmatic answer; and (iv)instead of fragmentation try to cooperate.

The topic is divided into three sub-top-ics, namely (i) funding and cost recovery; (ii)the role of public and private sectors; and(iii) the big challenge to hygiene and sanita-tion. All of which are divided into 29 paral-lel sessions.

The Indonesian delegates in sessionInstitutional Change: Scaling up DrinkingWater Services: The cases of India,

Indonesia, China, and South Africa have hada chance to present their paper on thenational policy formulation for communitybased WSS development in its relation withregional autonomy/decentralization inIndonesia (for further reference please visitwww.worldbank.org/waterweek orwww.ampl.or.id).

Jamal Saghir (Director of Energy andWater of the World Bank) in his openingspeech made some interesting remarks, (i)the debates on whether the water supply andsanitation is privately or publicly managed isactually insignificant. What is most impor-tant to note is who is capable of providing asustainable, and non-costly especially to thepoor, water supply and sanitation serviceregardless of private or public entity; (ii) theprocessing of drinking water and sanitationtreatment cost a lot of money. Questionsnow arise as to what is meant by cost recov-ery which relates only to explicit costs cover-ing investment, and management and main-tenance costs, while the implicit costs forwater provision, interest and other costs arenot accommodated; (iii) the change in para-digm from supply driven into demand driv-en up to its implementation will take a longperiod of time and highest level of patience;(iv) the discussion about international differ-ences in indicators is necessary but what is

more important is an agreement to the min-imum indicators which serve as benchmarkfor water supply and sanitation manage-ment.

There was also some mention about theWorld Bank business strategy which relatesto water supply and sanitation namelyincreasing the coverage for the poor commu-nity, improvement of services performance,improvement of access to rural drinkingwater supply and sanitation, and effectivewater resources management. It is realizedthat drinking water and sanitation sector isimportant especially as it relates to the glob-al agreement of MDGs which are focused onpoverty reduction. Drinking water supplyand sanitation development will directlyinfluence the economy, improvement in he-alth, environmental sustainability, bettereducation, all of which will converge toreduction in number of poor population.

In drinking water supply and sanitationservices, the responsibility for policy formu-lation and stipulation of regulation isimposed on the public sector. The role ofprivate sector is as proprietor of asset, super-vision, and provision of service. In the latestthree functions the government can alwaysplay a certain role, or even establishment ofa public private partnership (PPP). (OM)

In relation to WSS development theUgandan government has been suc-cessful in formulating several poli-

cies and legal frameworks, such as (i)Uganda Water Action Plan (1995);National Water Policy (1999); WaterStatute (1995); and their supporting re-gulations Water Resource Regulation(1999) and Sewerage Regulation (1999).Othe related regulations are amongothers The Environmental ManagementStatute (1995), National Health Policyand Health Sector Strategic Plan (1999)and the National Gender Policy (1997).As compared to Indonesia, Uganda seemsmore advanced in gender regulation.

The institutions related to WSS mana-gement are, (i) Ministry of Water, Lands,and Environment (MWLE) responsiblefor policy formulation, determining stan-dards and priorities in water resourcesmanagement; (ii) Directorate of Water

Development (DWD) which representsthe main institution and responsible bodyfor water resources management, coordi-nation and control sector activities andfacilitation to local government and othersupport services; (iii) National Water andSewerage Corporation (NWSC), repre-sents an independent institution respon-sible for provision of drinking water sup-ply and sanitation service to 15 big cities;(iv) the regional governments and thecommunities are responsible in theimplementation, management and main-tenance of their respective facilities(except thos managed by NWSC).

ConstraintsA few constraints face up by Uganda,

obviously quite similar with Indonesia,which are (i) lack of fund; (ii) unsufficienthuman resources capacity in both localand central level; (iii) poor attentiveness

for maintaining the system.

WSES Development FrameworkThe WSES development frameworks

was develoved based on (i) PovertyEradication Action Plan (PEAP). Threemain components which related withWSES sector were economic growth,incremental of poor family income,improvement of poor people quality oflife; (ii) water sector reform, which wasbegun in 1997.

The rural WSES strategies, whichbasically are not quite different with ourstrategy, are (i) demand driven approach;(ii) integrated approach, meaning that alldevelopment processes starting fromplanning until maintaining integrated inone package; (iii) integrated manage-ment; (iv) community based manage-ment system (CBMS). OM

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Water Week: Diving Into Implementation

WSS Development Experience from Uganda

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39PercikJune 2004

On 17 June last, National Work-shop on Domestic WastewaterManagement was held at Ancol

Jakarta. One of the working papers wasone presented by Tan Sri Dato Ahmad binJohan from Malaysia entitled 'Mana-gement of Domestic Waste Water, Ma-laysian Experience'.

He revealed that communal septictank was introduced in Malaysia duringthe decades 1970-80s after individualseptic tanks could not hold any more. Atthe same time the related master planand policies were developed. One of thepolicies is prohibition to dispose of blackwater (from toilet) and grey water (fromkitchen) into a drainage before it is tre-ated accordingly. Early 1990s was thebeginning of regional treatment facilitydevelopment and provision of a biggerrole to the private sector.

The critical condition during the late1990s has urged the application of acheaper technology and a more practicalconcept in domestic wastewater treat-ment facilities. The result is that 80 per-

cent of Malaysian population since 2000has enjoyed domestic wastewater treat-ment services through a variety of tech-

nologies such as presented in the table.It seems that individual septic tank

(IST) is the most favoured by theMalaysian community (28,11%) and thisreflect a similar picture to a study con-ducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers inUS in 2000 which reveals that 25% of theAmerican communities prefer IST ratherthan CST or other types, so it predictedthat the use of IST is increasing and moredominant especially in the less denselypopulated areas. In Malaysia the use ofcommunal septic tank (CST) as a decen-tralized treatment system is more recom-mendable than a centralized treatmentsystem.

The workshop finally recommendsthat in the context of domestic waste-water technology, the most potential forapplication in Jakarta and in Indonesiagenerally is the decentralized concept andthe technology to be applied is IndividualOn-Site Treatment (IST) and Commu-nal/Decentralized Treatment System.

(Agus Suswanto)

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Individual On-Site TreatmentIs Suitable for Jakarta

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40 PercikJune 2004

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS USED IN MALAYSIA

NO. TYPE OF FACILITY CODE NO. OF FACILITIES NO. OF USERS TOTAL COVERAGE

1. Individual Septic Tank IST 822.639 5 4.133.1902. Communal Septic Tank CST 3.862 132 509.7843. Imhoff Tank IT 928 759 704.3524. Oxidation Pond OP 648 4.282 2.774.7365. Aerated Lagoon AL 75 20.490 1.536.7506. Extended Aeration EA 581 2.204 1.280.5247. Hi-Kleen HK 2081 750 1.560.7508. Sewage Aeration System SATS 4480 80 358.4009. Oxidation Ditch OD 102 4.848 494.49610. Activated Sludge AS 151 2.685 405.43511. Bio Filter BF 100 3.347 334.70012. Bio Soil BS 65 3.568 231.92013. Trickling Filter TF 40 2.372 94.88014. Active Bio AB 43 564 24.25215. Rotating Biological Contractor RBC 32 3.224 103.16816. Sequencing Bath Reactor SBR 15 3.055 45.82517. Loyal Extended Aeration/Other LEA 95 1.110 105.450

SOURCE: SPECIAL

On the commemoration of WorldEnvironment day, 5 July 2004the government bestowed

Piagam Adipura upon 10 kabupatens.This occasion is a part of Bangun PrajaProgram which is designed to help theregional governments (Kabupaten/Kota)to improve their respective environmenttowards Good Environmental Gover-nance. The Bangun Praja Program waslaunched on the same commemorationday of 2002 in Denpasar, Bali. The tencities are City of East Jakarta, City ofSemarang, and City of West Jakarta, eachas metropolitan city category. While forbig city category the plaque was bes-towed upon Denpasar City. For mediumcity the plague went to Pare-Pare andBinjai. For small towns the plaque wentto Kabupaten Bangli, Sabang town,

Sibolga, and Kabupaten Muara Enim.President Megawati kindly bestowed theplaques at the State Palace on 7 July.

In the meantime, in connection withthe commemoration the NGO activistsunder the coordination of WALHI/FoE-Indonesia urge the government and theprivate sector to return and recover thelife supporting resources that have beenindiscreetly seized from the people.These activists also demand the govern-ment to acknowledge natural resourcesmanagement by the community, and to assoon as possible find solution to naturalresources conflicts.

The government is urged to as soon aspossible ratify the International Con-vention on Civil and Political Rights,International Convention on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, and ILO

Convention No. 169 year 1989 onIndigenous and Traditional Communitiesin Independent Nation.

In addition, the activists also demandthat forceful action by state apparatusand criminal act against civilian be put toan end. In this connection, the activistsdemand that the involvement of and thebusiness entity of Indonesian armedforces and the state police related toexploitation of natural resources be ter-minated and resolved.

Specifically with the president andvice president candidates the activistsdemand that they declare their initial 100day plan in environmental recoveryaction plan and other major programsrelated to sustainable and equitable envi-ronmental management. (MJ)

O n 27-29 April 2004 a seminar relat-ed to the implementation of SANI-

MAS was held in Bali. The topic of theseminar is: "Mainstreaming the commu-nity based Sanitation Approach: Lessonsfrom SANIMAS Experience".

The seminar took place at the SanurParadise Plaza Hotels & Suites and wasopened by Putu Cahyata, Chairman ofDevelopment Planning of Bali Province.After the opening a press conference washeld by Richard Pollard (WSP-EAPRegional Director), Zabeta Moutafis(First Secretary Australian Embassy),and Basah Hernowo (Director of HumanSettlement & Housing, Bappenas).

The seminar was filled with presenta-

tion and discussions as well as field visit.At the end of the seminar, the participantswere divided into several groups to discusssanitation strategic plan within the issues:(i) the applicable potentials in the imple-mentation of community based sanitationfor a city sanitation planning; (ii) theknowledge that builds barriers to main-streaming community based sanitation.

The presentation of the field experi-ence was conducted by BORDA, a nongovernment organization that joined inhandling the SANIMAS implementationand the representatives from the cities ofDenpasar, Kediri, Mojokerto, and Blitar,the sites of SANIMAS project implemen-tation. (MJ)

I N O R N E W S

World Environment DayM

41PercikJune 2004

AMPL websitewill change face

Shortly, the Air Minum dan PenyehatanLingkungan (water supply and sanita-

tion, WSS) website www.ampl.or.id willappear in a different face. The wholedesign structure will be changed. Thecontents will remain the same but with asimpler grouping system. While in amajor reshaping, the website is not dis-appearing. Visitors can always visit itand explore the data contained thereinthrough the old appearance. It is esti-mated this improvement can be com-pleted by end of July 2004 and relaun-ching will take place early August.

The new WSS website developmentis based on the parameter used in theevaluation of government website, i.e.speed, homepage, contents, context,usability, readability, data mobility,accuracy, public service, hits, platformused.

SANIMAS SeminarBali, 27-29 April 2004

PROCEEDINGProceeding of World Water Day

National Seminar 2004. Water andDisasters. World Water Day NationalCommittee, 2004

Monitoring and Evaluating RuralWater Supply and Sanitation Projects.Proceeding of the Monitoring and

Evaluation Workshop, Jinja, Uganda. WSP-ESA, 1997.

Ecosan - closing the loop.Proceeding of the 2nd InternationalSymposium on Ecological Sanitation,Germany, 7-11 April 2003. InternationalWater Association (IWA) and Gesell-schaft fuer Technische Zusam-menarbeit (GTZ).

GUIDELINESNational Action Plan - Water SupplyMinistry of Settlement and Regional Infra-structures Development, Directorate Gene-ral for City Planning and Rural Planning,2003.

National Action Plan - Waste WaterMinistry of Settlement and Regional Infra-structures Development, Directorate Gene-ral for City Planning and Rural Planning,2003.

National Action Plan - Solid WastesMinistry of Settlement and Regional Infra-structures Development, Directorate Ge-neral for City Planning and Rural Planning,2003.

Methodology for Participatory Assessments(MPA).

Private Infrastructure for Poor People. AWorking Resource Guide. The World Bankand Public Private Infrastructure AdvisoryFacility (PPIAF).

PROCEEDINGSANIMAS National Seminar.Mainstreaming Community BasedSanitation Approaches. Lessons Learnedfrom the SANIMAS Experience. Bali 27-29April 2004. Government of Indonesia,AusAID, WSP-EAP, BORDA.

ACTIVITYMCK Plus. Community Based SanitationProgram. Bina Ekonomi Sosial Terpadu(BEST).

DATAInventory and Evaluation of the Imple-mentation of Basic Infrastructures andFacility Development in Urban Settlements,1992-2002.Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infra-structures Development, Directorate Gene-ral for City Planning and Rural Planning,2003.

LEAFLETUrban Water Supply and Sanitation: ACommunity-Based Approach in Ethiopia.Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF), 2002.

Identifying Demand Drivers for SanitationTechnologies. The Case of Ecosan in Africa.Water and Sanitation Program-AfricaRegion (WSP-AF), 2001.

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42 PercikJune 2004

STUDYWater Supply and Sanitation in Poverty Reduction

Strategy Papers (PRSP) Initiatives. A Desk Review ofEmerging Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa SSA) WSP-EA, 2002.

V C DV C D

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHYManagement of City Waste MaterialsGuidelines for ImplementersMinistry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development,Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003

Management of City Waste MaterialsGuidelines for Regional Government Executive or Legislative Officials Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development,Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003

Basic Concept in the Formulation of Standard for Water Supply ServiceMinistry of Settlement System and Regional Infrastructures Development,Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2004

Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Management in a DenselyPopulated Settlement Area.Ministry of Environment, 2003.

AdvocacyOriginally it means speaking on behalf of another. But presently the meaning has shifted into a process in managing information and strate-gic knowledge to change and/or influence a policy and implementation that influences the life of the community (especially the disadvantagedgroup). The change can take place in the form of: (i) attitude and political will; (ii) policy and decision making; (iii) monitoring and policyimplementation; (iv) community awareness of a policy and its implementation; (v) sensitivity and participation of civil society.

Drinking waterProcessed or unprocessed water that meets health standard and may directly be taken for drinking (Ministry of Health Decision No 907/ 2002).

Clean waterWater that may be used for daily activity that meets health standard and after boiling may be taken for drinking.

Environmental sanitationAn effort to prevent the prevalence and contamination of disease through provision of basic sanitation (toilet), domestic wastewatertreatment (including wastewater piping network, drainage canal, and solid wastes.

Community based drinking water supply and environmental sanitationIt is a management that places the community as the decision maker and the responsible party, the management is the community ofan institution selected by the community, that does not need a formal legalization, the beneficiary are mainly the local community, andthe investment may come from any source (group, community, government, private sector, or donor).

TYPES OF SANITATION SERVICE

ToiletA construction built to contain human waste in order to prevent direct contact with human being, animal, and insect.

On-site systemIs a wastewater processing facility constructed within house compound consisting of a pit, septic tank and a small scale processing package.

Pit or open pitIt is a facility to process human waste and urine into compost. A pit uses only a small quantity of water, simple technology, and a cheapinvestment. One of the weaknesses is it requires a certain level of soil percolation rate and depth of water table. Also it cannot includewastewater from the washing, bathroom and kitchen.

Septic tankSeptic tank is a structure to contain wastewater and excrement where anaerobic decomposition process is to take place. Septic tank canalso hold wastewater from the washing, bathroom and kitchen.

Black Water Processing Facility (Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja)It is a facility to process black water coming from individual septic tanks which are periodically emptied. This processing is intended tokill bacteria, virus and worm eggs originating from the septic tanks.

Off-site systemIt consists of conventional sewerage supplemented with black water processing facility, shallow sewer and small bore sewer to drainwastewater within a limited capacity and specified service area.

Conventional sewerageA waster processing system consisting of home connection, a network of collector pipes, conveyance pipe, pump station, and a process-ing installation which is concentrated in an within one or several locations of a city. This system applies self cleansing method so thatthe drainage must be inclined to a certain necessary gradient.

Shallow sewerIt represents a wastewater processing facility built with a low investment and covering a limited service area. This system is not sup-plemented with a manhole but a control box instead. It needs the participation of the community to regularly cleanse the drain by flushwater, because the small pipe gradient does not permit self cleansing.

Small-bore sewerA wastewater processing that permits only effluent to flow from the septic tank, and collects into as centralized wastewater installation.The black water within the septic tank must be emptied off and transported by a truck.

(Types of sanitation service is summarized from National Action Plan, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, 2003)

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43PercikJune 2004

G E N D A

Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Agenda

A

44 PercikJune 2004

Date Month Activity

1 June Review of CWSH basic concept2 June Review Meeting re: WASPOLA Work Plan 20044 June Review Work Plan re: Basic Sanitation Stimulant Assistance for Kab. Subang7 June Review Meeting: Sanitation Development Implementation in SANIMAS Pilot Project9-10 June National Workshop: National Policy for Flood Mitigation10 June Meeting: CWSH Project Design

Meeting: Preparation for WASPOLA Activity 200411 June Review TOR for Water Resources Conservation Seminar 15 June Meeting: Preparatory for TOT for Policy Implementation15-17 June Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Kebumen

Workshop on Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of Jambi16 June Review of Proposal for WASPOLA 2 Grant Amendment16-18 June Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of Bengkulu23-25 June Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of W. Kalimantan23 June Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Pangkajene Kepulauan24-25 June Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Banten and Kab. Lebak

Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Babel and Kab. Bangka Selatan28&30 June Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Sumbar and Kab. Sijunjung28-29 June Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of C. Kalimantan 30 June Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Central Java1 July Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Kebumen

Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. NTBPresentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Gorontalo

3 July Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Lombok Barat6-8 July Workshop WASPOLA Work Plan 20047 July Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Gorontalo8 July Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. S. Sulawesi9 July Meeting re CWSH Project Preparation12 July Presentation and Review of Pedum Proair Concept

Review of WSS Database Trial and Public Campaign13-16 July TOT MPA/PHAST Facilitator for National Policy Implementation16 July WSLIC-2 Technical Team Meeting20 July Preparation for WASPOLA Board of Directors Meeting21-24 July Finalising SPAR CWSH Project26 July National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Working Team Meeting

Meeting re Preparation of Exhibition10 August WASPOLA Board of Directors Meeting

Nusantara Water 2004

O n 19-20 August 2004 Perpamsi, an association of Indonesian drink-ing water producing companies, will organize Nusantara Water

2004 conference and exhibition at the Assembly Hall, JakartaConvention Centre. This activity is intended to show the public what,within 59 years, the drinking water companies have produced; to invitethe interest of foreign investors; and to serve as an opportunity forexperts within this subject to meet each other and share information.

Water for Life Decade (2005-2015)

The UNO has declared 2005-2015 as Water for Life Decade and hasmade several agendas focused to water related issues.

World Water Week,Stockholm 16-20 August 2004

T he 14th World Water Week is scheduled to be held in Stockholm on

16-20 August 2004. The activity will be filled with a series of sym-

posia and seminars attended by experts from all over the world. The

topic is "Drainage Basin security-Regional Approaches for Food and

Urban Security". There are 6 seminars in the schedule. Those interested

to please contact the committee secretariat at the Stockholm

International Water Institute, Hanwerkargataan 5, SE-112 Stockholm,

Sweden Telephoe: +46 (0) 8 522 139 74 Fax: +46 (0) 8 522 139 61

Email: sympos@siwi.org or visit www.siwi.org. (MJ)