indonesia water supply and sanitation magazine. 'percik' vol 3 february 2004

Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlementand Regional Infrastructure

Board of Head:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning AgencyRepublic of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Ministry of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,

Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,

Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda

Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone: (021) 31904113e-mail: [email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.Please send to our address or e-mail.

Don't forget to be brief and accompaniedby identity.

[email protected]@bappenas.go.id

From Editor 1Your Voice 2Main Feature

Water Supply and Sanitation Achievement in the Millennium Development Goals: New Target Classical Issue 3Important Questions in Relation to MillenniumDevelopment Goals 8Erna Witoelar: No Excuse 2015 11

InterviewDr. R. Hening Darpito: Water has an initiating power 12Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA: Empowerment is the key 13DR. Agus Prabowo: Insufficient Socialization 15

ArticleBantar Gebang: Potrait of a poor solid wastemanagement in Jakarta 17Children Manifesto 19

FeatureWhen public toilet is desire 20

ReportageThe Community of Kureksari, Sidoarjois waiting for water supply 22

Field VisitFund request procedure is not yet simplified 23Technology choice cannot be made uniform 24Counterpart fund is a problem 24

WASPOLAWorkshop for development of national policy forcommunity based water supply and environmentalsanitation implementation strategy 25Water supply and sanitation facility ownershipwithin the community 26Workshop for vision formulation for water supplyand environmental sanitation sector developmentin Indonesia 28Water supply and sanitation policy formulation andaction planning (WASPOLA) phase 2 29Workshop on achievement of MillenniumDevelopment Goals 32

Book Info 33Website Info 35Agenda 36

Content

Unconsciously, time goes byand it is now that we visit youagain. The present edition

comes to you late. Many things havebeen taken as the cause, among othersthe hectic schedule at the beginning ofthe year. But in the future we will trythe best we can to have Percik comeregularly. The present edition bringsto you the theme of MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs). This op-tion is in response to the strong wish-es from the WSES Working Group todisseminate MDGs to all WSES stake-holders.

In the main feature, the discussionis focused on the MDGs related as-pects especially target 10 water supplyand sanitation. In relation to this, wealso present to you the summary of apaper presented by Ms. Erna Witoelar(UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in

Asia and the Pacific) in a MDGsWorkshop conducted by WASPOLA incollaboration with WSES WorkingGroup. Other matters such as MDGstargets, linkage between WSES andother MDGs targets are also includedin order to broaden our vision. It isour hope that Percik might become ameans for MDGs socialization.

In this edition we also include arti-cles related to environmental sanitati-on, such as the widely-discussed Ban-tar Gebang. In special report we arepresenting you public toilets in big ci-ties, and the experience of YayasanSEHAT in assisting the community tosolve drinking water and sanitationproblem.

Beginning from this edition wewill regularly present the activities do-ne by WSES Working Group andWASPOLA. The WASPOLA and

WSES Working Group Work Plan for2004 and several activities during2003 and beginning of 2004 are alsoin the focus. We plan to present theactivities made by projects such asWSLIC-2, ProAir, CWSH in each edi-tion.

To make it easier for the reader,the entire Percik edition can be acces-sed from WSES Working Group web-site (www.ampl.or.id) and we can alsosend electronic file to your address.Article, comments and suggestion canalso be sent through the above ad-dress. The variety of articles contain-ed in Percik is also because of the va-riety of contribution of articles we re-ceive. For all of those we wish tothank all of you. We are still waitingfor more articles, comments and sug-gestion from you.

R O M T H E E D I T O RF

1 PercikVol. 3 /February 2004

100 hosePeople in the village of Garut distric sharewater from reservoir directly with hose to thehouse.From technical side this kind is wrong but peo-ple choose it.

Source: WASPOLA

Reference MaterialFirstly we wish to congratulate you

for the publication of WSES related in-formation media. The information con-tained in Percik is very valuable as refe-rence material to Mitra Samya.

Mitra Samya has received August2003 edition. We are waiting for thefollowing editions because Mitra Samyais quite concerned about issues relatedto WSES development, especially thoseimplemented in MPA/PHAST appro-ach.

Mitra samya has a lot of experiencein conducting participatory studiessince WSLIC-1, WSLIC-2 and presentlywe are supporting ProAir in the applica-tion of MPA/PHAST Methodology. Astime goes by, we are preparing articlefor your publication. Thank you.

I Nyoman OkaDirector, Mitra Samya

Lembaga Studi Partisipasi

dan DemokrasiJl. Sultan Salahuddin No. 17

Mataram, Lombok Telp./Fax: 0370-624232Email: mitra@mataram.

wasantara.net.id

Thank you for the enthusiastic res-ponse from our partners in the regions,especially Mitra Samya. We hopePercik can always be used as a refer-ence material and at the same timealso as means to sharing informationamong various WSES related stake-holders We are very pleased if ourpartners and friends could share theinformation contained in this media.We are waiting your article. (Editor)

As Input to PANWe would acknowledge receipt of

your letter No. 5956/Dt.6.3/12/2003attached to a copy of Percik. The mana-

gerial board of Partai Amanat Nasionalherewith expresses its appreciation andthankfulness for your kind attention.We hope that Percik could be valuableand serve as an input to PAN in the ful-fillment of reform mandate.

Machnun HuseinExecutive Secretary

Partai Amanat NasionalDPP Secretariate

We are quite thankful if Percik co-uld serve as a reference material forevery component of the community, es-pecially the political party. In this waywe could expect the WSES programwill get a bigger public attention bothby the decision makers and the com-munity. The participation of politicalparties will enhance the acceleration ofMDGs targets achievement. (Editor)

O U R V O I C EY


Photos Gal lery

Source: Ministry of Health

A glimpse of Millennium Deve-lopment Goals (MDGs)

MDGs represent an agreement of de-velopment goals summarized from vari-ous world level conferences and meetingsduring the decade of 1990, all of whichconverge into the resolution of Millen-nium Declaration in September 2000.

Taking the declaration as point of de-parture the UNDP (United Nations Deve-lopment Programme) in collaborationwith other UN departments, the WorldBank, IMF (International MonetaryFund), and OECD (Organization for Eco-nomic Cooperation and Development)took the initiative in developing the goals,targets and measurable indicators to me-asure the progress. All of which is laterknown as Millennium Development Go-als consisting of 8 goals, 18 targets, andover 40 indicators. Then in Johannes-burg Summit in 2002 the world leadersexpressed their agreement to the goalsand main targets of MDGs. The goals tobe achieved within the 1990-2015 timespan are:

Why MDGs are Important?It is understood that many of the

problems faced by the world developingnations are still geared in the area of basichuman needs. For an example, poverty,illiteracy, lack of education, gender

inequity, infant mortality rate, healthcare for mother and child, environmentaldegradation. The abovementioned pro-blems cannot be solved alone by the deve-loping nations which most of their re-venues are spent for loan repayment. It isnecessary to build some kind of mutuallybeneficial cooperation between develo-ping and developed nations. This un-derstanding that forms the base underly-ing MDGs declaration, and it is expectedto become a tool for the unification ofworld nations in fighting the basic pro-blems of humanity. Human problems ofthe world must be solved together with-out discrimination between developingand developed nations. This is the basicidea.

Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Related Targets andGoals

From 8 goals and 18 targets WSES isdirectly related to Goal 7 Ensure Environ-mental Sustainability and Target 10 halveby 2015 the proportion of people withoutsustainable access to safe drinking waterand basic sanitation. The achievement ofdrinking water and sanitation target isgrossly influential to welfare improve-ment of world population. This is eviden-ced from the fact that there are currently1,1 billion or 1/6 of total world populationare without access to drinking water sys-tem and 2,4 billion or 2/5 of total worldpopulation without access to acceptablesanitation system.

Reduction half of these figures will, ofcourse, increase health condition, pro-ductivity, poverty level, and eventuallyeven world economic growth. It is clearlyseen that the role of water and sanitationis significantly influential to the achieve-ment of other targets.

A I N F E A T U R E

Water Supply and Sanitation Achievementin the Millennium Development Goals:

New TargetClassical Issue

M


Millennium

Development Goals

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme povertyand hunger

Target 1: Reduction by half, between1990-2015, the proportion of populationwith an income less than $1 per day.

Target 2: Reduction by half, between1990-2015, the proportion of populationsuffering from hunger.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primaryeducation

Target 3: Assurance that by 2015 allmale and female children can finish pri-mary education.

Goal 3: Promote gender equity andempower women

Target 4: Elimination of gender inequityat primary and middle education levelsby 2005 and at all levels of education by2015.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Target 5: Reduction by two thirds,between 1990-2015, mortality rate ofchildren below the age of 5.

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 6: Reduction by three fourths,between 1990-2015, mortality rate ofmothers at delivery.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malariaand other diseases

Target 7: Reduce growth rate by 2015,and begin reducing the spread ofHIV/AIDS.

Target 8: Reduce growth rate by 2015,and begin reducing the spread of malariaand other diseases.

Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerAchieve universal primary educationPromote gender equity and empowerwomenReduce child mortality Improve maternal healthCombat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and otherdiseasesEnsure environment sustainability Develop a global partnership for deve-lopment.

The Preparedness of Other Coun-tries

As time goes by, it is understood thatnot every nation will be able to achievethe target as set forth without any strate-gic step being prepared. It is estimatedthat approximately half of the nationswill not be able achieve the target by2015. Based on the currently foreseeabletrend there will be only 20% are certainto achieve. Global achievement may hap-pen only because the developed nationsare included in the calculation.

Based on a rough estimate, if the tar-get for drinking water is to be achievedthere must be an additional access to atleast 250 thousand people per day fromnow on through year 2015. The achieve-ment of basic sanitation is even more dif-ficult considering the increasing urbani-zation rate, which means there will be anincreased land scarcity in towns andcities. It is estimated that additional ac-cess to sanitation must reach at least 300thousand people per day.

Up to now (2003) there are 29 nati-ons recorded to have produced MDGscountry report. South East Asia is repre-sented by Cambodia, Vietnam, and thePhilippines. Indonesia is still preparingthe report.

Based on the official report and re-sults of monitoring, the UN SecretaryGeneral prepares his annual report. In2003 annual report there are severalimportant findings, (i) attention to achie-vement of MDGs has made a meaningfulprogress, both politically and financially,(ii) several trends indicate that severalparts of the world will have difficulty inachieving the MDGs, (iii) it is necessaryto renew commitment from the world le-aders to provide opportunity for an in-creased assistance and abolition of fore-ign loans in order to give more opportu-nity for the developing nations to reducepoverty.

How About Indonesia?Although not as poor as it is in some

African countries the status of WSEScondition in Indonesia cannot be classi-fied as satisfactory. Based on the avail-able data (see table) that show a widevariation both in terms of structure anddefinition, the status of WSES in Indone-sia varies widely.

As an illustration, if we are using the

data from National Action Plan forDrinking Water sector published byMinistry of Settlement and Regional In-frastructure drinking water service cove-rage in year 2000 can be categorized as(i) piped system, in urban areas 39% andin the rural areas only 8%; (ii) protectednon piped system, in urban areas 51%and in rural areas 57%. Total coverage ofpiped system for urban and rural 20% inpiped system, and 53% in protected nonpiped system.

Based on the calculation from theabove action plan, in year 2015 thecoverage target of piped urban drinkingwater service is 70%, while protected nonpiped system is 25%. The coverage forrural areas is 54% in piped system andthat for protected non piped system 29%.

Based on National Action Plan for Sa-nitation the condition in Indonesia in2000 can be classified as the following:

a. Access of population to wastewatertreatment system is approximately50,35%, consisting of: (i) access to treat-ment system for wastewater originatingfrom toilet (pit latrine, pit type with sep-tic tank and infiltration, communal was-tewater installation and small bored se-wer) is estimated at 30,67%, (ii) access towastewater treatment using server, nightsoil processing, oxydation pond. is esti-mated at 2,21%, (iii) access to treatmentof waste water originating from non toiletfacility is estimated at 17,47%.

b. Access to wastewater recycling sys-tem such as biogas, irrigation system,water culture, manure is not known forcertain but it is estimated that theamount is small.

c. Considering the availability of pub-lic toilets, the access of population to ba-sic sanitation system is estimated at74,03%.

Following the calculation made in theaction plan the target in year 2015 for sa-nitation will reach 75% of the total popu-lation covering 80% of the urban and70% of the rural. It should be noted, ho-wever, that the figures presented hereincannot be considered as official becausethere are still a number of disagreementsconcerning the baseline data being used,including using year 2000 instead of1990.

According to a study made byUNSFIR (2003) Indonesia can only re-ach the target of reduction half of the po-

A I N F E A T U R EM


Goal 7: Ensure environmental sus-tainability

Target 9: Integrate the principle of sus-tainable development into country policiesand programs and reverse the losses ofenvironmental resources.

Target 10: Halve by 2015 the proportion ofpeople without sustainable access to safedrinking water and basic sanitation.

Target 11: Have achieved by 2020 a signi-ficant improvement in the lives of at least100 million slum dwellers.

Goal 8: Develop a global partnershipfor development

Target 12: Establishment of open financialand trade system, based on regulation andnon-discriminative.

Target 13: Priority attention be given tothe need of developing nations.

Target 14: Priority attention be given tonations without sea and small islandnations.

Target 15: Comprehensive efforts for sol-ving the loans of developing nationsthrough national and international discus-sions towards provision of sustainable longterm loan program.

Target 16: Cooperation with developingnations to develop a strategy to create anappropriate and productive employmentopportunity for child laborer.

Target 17: Cooperation with pharmaceuti-cal industries to provide access to accept-able basic medicines for the developingnations.

Target 18: Cooperation with private sectorin creating new and effective technologiesespecially in information and communica-tion

pulation withoutaccess to watersupply in year2040. Whereas itis estimated thatin 2015 there are24 provinces willfail to reach theirtargets.

I m p o r t a n tissues

Water supplyand sanitationcondition in Indo-nesia has not beenproperly recordedyet. There are anumber of reasonsunderlying it, among others (i) no agree-ment in data structure, definition of ope-rational, and detailed components of da-ta. As an illustration, there is a variationin what service coverage means, thus therelated data also vary widely (see table),

(ii) water supply and sanitation develop-ment is undertaken by several instituti-ons, therefore the data produced are notwell coordinated; (iii) no effort has beenmade to regularly update the data, by therespective institutions. To improve the

condition, this year theWSES Working Groupwill organize a work-shop seminar to for-mulate WSES datastructure for use by thestakeholders. Then incooperation with WAS-POLA the WorkingGroup will try to fol-low-up the result of theseminar.

In relation to theavailability of data asmentioned above, it isnecessary to first agreeon what is meant by

drinking water and basic sanitation asmentioned in the MDGs. Based on agree-ment with MDGs Working Group, drink-ing water is (i) water that can readily beconsumed; and (ii) water that is takenfrom a protected source.

Besides, the weakness of the availabledata lies with the disregard of the qualityof the facility, therefore the data basicallydo not reflect the service coverage. Espe-cially the consideration of sustainabilityof facility in Indonesia, particularly inconnection with sanitation in rural areas,the validity of service coverage becomesquestionable.

Along with regional autonomy, theresponsibility for water supply and sani-tation development is relinquished to theregional government. A study conductedby JICA reveals that fund allocated forhuman settlement and housing sector isonly 3-5% of the whole budget. Whereaswater supply and sanitation is only onecomponent of the sector. From the amo-unt of budget one could assume that thereis a lack of attention from the regional go-vernment. PDAM as a potential instituti-on for provision of drinking water supplyis now being interlaced with problems in-cluding repayment of loans. From a totalof 293 PDAMs, 201 are indebted to loansat a total of USD 300 millions. This bur-den represents a hindrance to improve-ment including extension of service cove-rage.

Involvement of public sector in watersupply development has not shown agood prospect both in terms of number ofinterested private company as well as theperformance of the company itself. Takeas an example, the performance of aprivate company in Jakarta is below theexpectation of the majority of the com-munity.

Degradation of environmental condi-tion affects the water source. The availa-bility of raw water in Java is nearing acritical condition. The availability of rawwater source poses difficulty to regionswithout such a source.

Whereas river as the potential sourceindicates a pollution rate almost reachingthe upper limit of tolerance. Consequen-tly, management cost is considerably in-creased.



G l o b a l F a c t sThere are 1,2 billion people with a capital income less than $1 per day, and 153 millionundernourished children. Even in the Sub Saharan Africa half of the population are living in poor condition.There are 114 million children are without schooling, this means 1 out of 5 children doesnot go to school.Nearly 11 million children below the age of 5 die each year.There are 500 thousand mothers die at childbirth each year. HIV/AIDS is the first cause of death toll in Sub Saharan Africa.Approximately 2,4 billion population are without access to basic sanitation and around1,2 billion are without access to drinking water system.Developing nations do not have sufficient access to market and information as well astechnology while their loan repayment burden consumes most of their revenue.

Total Populat ion Without Accessto World Dr inking Water Year 2000

Arabian Countries

Latin America

South Asia

Sub Saharan Africa

Pasific & East Asia

South Asia 21%

number (millions)

Arabian Countries 3%

Sub Saharan Africa26%

Latin America 7%

Pacific &East Asia43%

Proportion of Population Without Accessto World Drinking WaterYear 2000



The better quality of human

resource

The better education

Reduce poverty

Daughter must continue the study to higher school

Children have time for school

Economizing of healthy cost

Access to water supply

Reduce load of women

Free from diarrhea and water diseases

Reduce of children mortality

Access to sanitation based

The better environment

More prosperous

nation

Economizing of nation budget

Deceive the women

Reduce birth of baby under normally weight

Care of baby, the better nutrition

T a r g e t Number of Provincesthat will fail to reach MDGs target

Reduction half ofpoverty rate

All children finishelementary school

Free from illiteracy

Reduction 2/3 of childrenmortality rate

Reduction ¾ of mortality rate ofmothers at childbirth

Reduction half of the proportion ofpopulation without access to safe

drinking water supply

Abolition of gender inequity in primaryand secondary schools

Year when Indonesia will reachMDGs target

Achievement Effectof Water Supply and

Sanitation to theother Target

Source: UNSFIR

Source: MDG’s Achievement workshopJakarta, February, 17, 2004

The girl

The betternutrition

Pessimistic or Optimistic?To answer the above question one

should first look back to the statementmade by Erna Witoelar during the MDGsWorkshop in Jakarta on 17 February2004 with her motto saying "No Excuse2015" all the targets must be reached. Er-na added that we do not have to worry be-cause the targets initially came from us.This is also reflected in the MDGs Indo-nesia Country Report which is being pre-pared by the MDGs Working Groupwhich states that drinking water does notonly include water that is readily drink-able but also water that is taken from aprotected source. If we see it from this

criteria then our status is not that bad.Similarly with basic sanitation, if what wemean is a simple latrine and not a mo-dern wastewater disposal system, thenagain we do not have to worry too much.

Of course MDGs target can only beachieved through hard work and straigh-tening up problems intertwining watersupply and environmental sanitation sec-tor. Several preliminary steps must be ta-ken such as the ones brought forward byAgus Prabowo (Chairman of MDGsWorking Group V) that socializationactivity has not been fully undertaken tomake all the stakeholders sufficiently in-formed. Besides, we haven't fully explo-red the potentials within the community.It is the duty of the government to provi-de facilitation in order to have the po-tentials exploited effectively and efficien-tly, says Basah Hernowo, Director of Hu-man Settlement and Housing, Bappenas.

We should be able to take the benefitof MDGs momentum as a starting pointto iron out problems in water supply andenvironmental sanitation sector. MDGsis actually the commitment of industriali-zed nations to help the developing coun-tries solve the basic human needs. Weshould have captured the momentum. Ifwe only treat MDGs as a routine, MDGswill only become a means to decide a newtarget without any instigation. If so, thenMDGs is just like a new target in a clas-sical issue.



Oceania

South EastAsia

East Asia

Latin America

Sub SaharanAfrica

North Africa

Proportion with acces to water supply

RE

GI

ON

S

Urban 1990

Rural 1990

Urban 2000

Rural 2000

ACCES TO WATER SUPPLYIN SOUTH-EAST ASIA (1990, 2000, 2015)

Singapore

Philippine

CO

UN

TR

Y

Proportion with acces to water supply

ACCES TO WATER SUPPLY IN THE WORLD

Access to Water Supply In Indonesia (%) Urban Rural Total Source

1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 UNICEF and WHO 90 91 60 65 69 76 SUSENAS (2002) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 89 PERPAMSI (2001) N/A 39 N/A N/A N/A N/A National Action Plan, Water Supply Sector KIMPRASWIL (2003)

N/A 90 N/A 65 N/A 71

WASPOLA N/A 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Access to Basic Sanitation Service (%) Urban Rural Total Source 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000

UNICEF and WHO (2000) 76 67 44 52 54 66 SUSENAS (2002) and Prosperity Statistic (2003) N/A 88,5 N/A 64,1 N/A 68 National Action Plan, Waste Sector, KIMPRASWIL (2003)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 50

Thailand

Vietnam

Indonesia

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Lack of access to drinking water, sanitation and improper hygiene condition have causedthe death of 3 million children of developing nations.200 million of world population is suffering from schistosomiasis. Scientific studies sug-gest that reduction of rate of incidence by 77% can be reached through improvement inquality of and access to water supply and sanitationDuring the last 10 years diarrhea disease killed more children than the total death toll ofWorld War IIIn China, India and Indonesia the number of people die from diarrhea is double that fromHIV/AIDSIn 1998 there were 308 thousand people died as war victims in Africa, but more than 2million died from diarrhea diseaseA study in Karachi indicates that population living in an area without sufficient sanitationand they lack the knowledge in hygienic life has to spend 6 times more money for medicarethan those living in areas with sufficient sanitation facilityWomen of Africa and Asia walk 6 km to take water from a source. They carry 20 kg ofwater on their headsPer liter water tariff charged to population living in slum area of Kibeira, Kenya is 5 timeshigher than an average American citizen has to pay

INTERESTING FACTS RELATED TO WSES

National Social Economy SurveyUNICEF and WHO

WASPOLA

Association of Indonesia Drinking Water CompaniesNational Action Plan, Water Supply SectorMinistry of Settlement and Regional Infrastucture

in

Urban Rural Total

National Social Economy Survey (2002) and Prosperity Statistic (2003)

N/A = not available

National Action Plan, Waste Sector,Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure (2003)

UNICEF and WHO (2000)

1. What is Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs)?

MDGs represent an agreement ofdevelopment goals summarized fromvarious world level conferences andmeetings during the decade of 1990, all ofwhich converge into the resolution ofMillennium Declaration in September2000.

Taking the declaration as point of de-parture the UNDP (United Nations De-velopment Programme) in collaborationwith other UN departments, the WorldBank, IMF, and OECD (Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Develop-ment) took an initiative to develope goals,targets and measurable indicators tomeasure the progress. All of which is la-ter known as Millennium DevelopmentGoals consisting of 8 goals, 18 targets,and over 40 indicators. Then in Johan-nesburg Summit in 2002 the world lead-ers expressed their agreement to the goalsand main targets of MDGs. The goals tobe achieved within the 1990-2015 timespan are:

Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerAchieve universal primary educationPromote gender equity and empower womenReduce child mortality Improve maternal healthCombat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseasesEnsure environmentsustainability Develop a global partnership for development.

2. What is our (world) status interms of the condition for achievingMDGs in 2015?

In general the target can only beachieved through serious commitmentand hard work. Simple calculation based

on poverty trend during the decade 1990indicates that we would be able to reducepoverty rate by 2015 in compliance withthe target. But in reality in each indivi-dual nation, many are still in the stage ofincreasing poverty rate. The total poorpopulation in Sub Sahara, South Asia andLatin America has increased by 10 millionsince 1990. Many countries experience atwofold decrease in community welfareduring the last two decades.

There are currently 1,2 billion peoplelive with less than $1 income per day. Nomeaningful improvement from the lastdecade. The progress in other targetsvaries widely. In 1990, a target in educa-tion for all was set forth to be reached by2000. Favorable result is obtained fromreduction by half gender inequity in edu-cation, but unfortunately the overall tar-get achievement is merely one tenth. As aconsequence, the target is moved back to2015. Although some progress may be

achieved yet there is a likeliness the targetwill not be reached, except when there isa fourfold acceleration.

In 1990 the progress in reducing therate of infant mortality, mothers' death atchildbirth, malnutrition, and access towater supply and sanitation is relativelylower than it was in the earlier decade.The emergence of epidemic AIDS, mala-ria and failure of government to providethe necessary health services have beenattributable to the unfavorable conditionin the decade 1990.

3. Whether the goals in MDGs canbe achieved?

Yes, in terms of financial as well astechnical. However, some nations mayneed assistance in technical, policyadjustment, and institutional empower-ment. It is a miracle if a poor nation canachieve the targets without internationalassistance.

4. Are the goals of MDGs based oneconomic consideration?

The rate of return of human resourcesinvestment in the developing nations isvery high. Many of the nations are en-tangled in poverty mesh because of poorhealth condition, insufficient nutrition,low education, limited access to watersupply and sanitation, and even high po-pulation growth. In addition, geogra-phical condition also influences poverty,such as remoteness of region, changes inclimatic condition, environmental degra-dation, tropical diseases. This conditionrepresent the logical explanation forbeing less favorable to investment.

Human resources investment canspeed up MDGs achievement and alsoimprove economic growth, creation ofemployment opportunity, improved pro-ductivity, and increased revenue thateventually lead to macro economic sta-bility.

A I N F E A T U R E

Important Questions inRelation to Millennium

Development Goals

M


Human resourcesinvestment can speedup MDGs achievementand also improve eco-nomic growth, creation

of employmentopportunity, improved

productivity, andincreased revenue that

eventually lead tomacro economic

stability.

5. Can the financing gap be over-come?

Based on estimate made by UNICEF,World Bank and WHO to achieve theMDGs targets it will need a budget ofapproximately $50 billion a year. This re-presents additional fund on top of thecurrently being set aside. This means do-uble the present requirement.

Though in terms of amount this looksbig but only represent one fifth per cent ofthe income of the developing nations.

6. What is meant by MDGs report?UNDP is supporting the preparation

of progress report in MDGs achievementof each country. The assumption is thateach country report will help in speedingup target achievement, as well as dissemi-nation of MDGs from international tonational level.

The purpose of MDGs report is to helpincrease public attention, stimulate dis-cussion related to challenges in develop-ment, renewal of political commitment,and help the developing nations anddonor countries create a detailed and bet-ter budget framework based on the prin-ciple of mutual confidence.

The report is targeted to mass mediaand the general public. MDGs reportshould be concise, easily understandableso that the message could easily beabsorbed. It should follow the format of

the existing reports such as CommonCountry Assessments, Poverty ReductionStrategy Papers, or National HumanDevelopment Reports, in order to mini-mize burden to each of the nations.

Up to now (2003) there are 29 coun-ties already completed MDGs report.Fiveothers, including Indonesia are stillpreparing it. It was planned that in 2004all countries have completed each of theirreports

7. Why a global campaign is need-ed?

Global campaign is needed to bridgeup the targets to be achieved with thecomplication of problems at the realworld level. The campaign is expected toimprove and then maintain world atten-tion and action focused to MDGs targets.

For developed nations, the campaignis focused on assistance and reduction ofloan repayment based on the actual reve-nue, assurance that assistance is allocatedto respective sector in MDGs, and cre-ation of market for the products fromdeveloping nations, especially the poorcountries.

For developing countries, the cam-paign is focused on domestic resourcesmobilization, strengthening humanrights, democracy and good governancein accordance with the MillenniumDeclaration. Each of these objectives areadjusted with objective condition in eachnation and target group. The format ofcampaign is also adjusted with the localcondition.

A sustained campaign program canhelp to make MDGs as a priority, and cre-ation of a realistic planning. A campaignthat involves political debate, public poli-cy debate, academic debate, using factsand detailed figures about MDGs willspeed up attention toward MDGs.



Participants of Workshop on MDG Achievement through Action Plans for WSES sector in Jakarta 17-19 February 2004.

For developingcountries, the

campaign is focused ondomestic resources

mobilization, streng-thening human rights,democracy and goodgovernance in accor-

dance with theMillennium

Declaration.



Result of Studies and Empirical Observations related to MDGs targets for WSES development

Research initiated by the World Bank in 43 countries reveals that (i) access to piped water supply service is main key to the reduction infant mortality rate. This explains why there is approximately 25% infant mortality, and 37% children mortality rate difference between the rich and the poor nations; (ii) lack of acceptable sanitation system and improper pit well condition: contribute 10% and 20% difference in malnutrition between the rich and the poor nations

Goal 1 → Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Infrastructure and housing influence poverty through (i) economic growth; (ii) reduce weakness due to health condition; (iii) increase family income

Goal 2 → Guarantee education for all Water and sanitation influence school attendance and mark in examination

Lack of water reduces attendance to class by 2-17% in Africa Improvement in ownership of pit wells and public taps increase number of schoolchildren

by 20% in rural areas of India Water and sanitation increases attendance by 15% in Bangladesh Better water supply and sanitation is related to reduction in rate of absence in Tanzania

and Nigeria. Indonesia represents a country in SE Asia with the lowest number of children enrolled to school (UNESCO Education Statistics, 2003)

Goal 3 Promote gender equity Infrastructure like water supply, sanitation, housing, electricity based on MDGs strategy represents one of three intervention tools in improving gender equity and empowerment of women Access to water supply and basic sanitation will strengthen the role of women through a better control on their own life (time and energy, privacy and pride, employment opportunity) Access to water supply system and environmental sanitation in schools improves girl attendance during puberty → reduces gender inequity in secondary schools

Access to water supply and basic sanitation will strengthen the role of women through a bettercontrol on their own life (time and energy, privacy and pride, employment opportunity)Access to water supply system and environmental sanitation in schools improves girl attendanceduring puberty reduces gender inequity in secondary schools

Goals 4 and 5 → Improve maternal and children health Water and sanitation reduces infant and children mortality rate Access to clean water reduces children mortality rate by 55% (42 studies) Women in the rural Africa and Asia walk 6 km a day carrying 20 kg of water on their heads. Pregnant women doing this may give birth to baby with less than normal weight, and risk complication during delivery

school children

A I N F E A T U R E

E r n a W i t o e l a r(UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in Asia and the Pacific)

M


In the opening of MDGs achieve-ment workshop on throughWSES Action Plans in Indonesiaheld on 17 February 2004 ErnaWitoelar takes the opportunity to

explain about Millennium DevelopmentGoals focusing on Drinking Water andSanitation in Indonesia.

Economic crisis in Indonesia hascaused a slowdown in the achievement ofcommunity access to water supply andsanitation service. However, it is esti-mated that Indonesia will achieve most ofthe MDGs in year 2015, though povertyenclosures will still be found in someprovinces. Quoting the data fromSusenas (National census) 2002, thehouseholds with acceptable water supplysystem with an access level reaching 80%are only in Jakarta, Bali, Yogyakarta, EastJava, Banten, North Sulawesi, CentralJava, West Java. Other regions likeCentral Kalimantan, North Maluku andPapua are standing below 50%. Access tosanitation indicates an even worse situa-tion. Only Jakarta, Yogyakarta andLampung reach 80% access.

Water supply and sanitation is closelylinked to other MDGs goals, namelypoverty (goal 1), education (goal 2), gen-der (goal 3) children mortality (goal 4),mothers mortality (goal 5) and eradica-tion of diseases. The following facts maysuffice to explain the linkage. Sufficientwater may become one way in povertyreduction, through reducing the timeneeded to take water, and reducing fami-ly expenditure for buying water. Waterinsufficiency and lack of sanitation ser-vice discourage qualified teachers towork in villages. A long queue mostly ofwomen and children to get water dismissthe opportunity for girls to attend theirclass. More than 3 million mostly infantand children below the age of 5 die eachyear because of water borne disease likediarrhea.

Water and sanitation become the ini-tial point to gain acceleration for achiev-ing the other MDGs goals. Global part-nership may enhance this achievementprocess through the principle of goodgovernance in water and sanitation sys-tem development. Erna Witoelar ex-pressed a number of policy implications

in achieving MDGs targets. First, itmight be necessary to link water andsanitation target with other issues of theMillennium Declaration, e.g. humanrights, good governance, and peace andsecurity. Second, National policy andregulatory framework for an integratedwater resources management is deemedrequired in order to enhance drinkingwater service mechanism through parti-cipatory approaches in all phases of thedevelopment, enhance the level of ser-vice, and focuses be placed on the com-munity based facility. Third, attentionshould be focused at improvement of

access to benefit. Drinking water is theright for everyone, it is not a commodityfor trading. Fourth, it is necessary toincrease funding for water supply andsanitation system from various sources.Fifth, women are highly affected withwater insufficiency. Therefore, theyshould be the ones to play the leadingrole. Sixth, sustainable water and sanita-tion for urban poor should be integratedwith improvement program for cityslums, including guarantee for ownershipto slum inhabitants. The local govern-ment should wage a war to "local mafia."Seventh, implementation of water supplyand sanitation project is conducted at thekabupaten/kota level, while the monitor-ing and technical assistance by theprovincial level government.

Erna Witoelar wrapped up her pres-entation by saying that we must achievethe MDGs goals. We have no excuse. Weproposed the targets ourselves after con-sidering to what we have in hands. Ournation has the resources, technology, andknowledge that are needed to providewater supply and sanitation service foreveryone. The problems lies with howwater can be used wisely, improve watersupply and sanitation service and in-volvement of the stakeholders.

Source: Presentation made by ErnaWitoelar in the Opening Ceremony of

Workshop on Millennium Development GoalsAchievement Through Action Plans forDrinking Water and Sanitation Sector

Jakarta February 17, 2004Table: BPS 2002.Percentage (%)

Percentage (%)

MalukuCentral SulawesiWest Kalimantan

South-East SulawesiCentral JavaINDONESIA

East Nusa TenggaraEast Kalimantan

RiauJakarta

Papua (2001)West Kalimantan

JambiGorontalo

East KalimantanSouth-east Sulawesi

INDONESIACentral Java

East JavaJakarta

Proportion of Households having access to Water SupplyService, per province, 2002

Proportion of Households having access to Basic Sanitation,per province, 2002

N o E x c u s e 2 0 1 5

W hat is health sector doing to sup-port achievement of target 10?

It seems that MDGs have beenabsorbed by Indonesian government.Now are being translated into actionplans. In water supply and sanitationsector we actually have started it in 1980-90 in response to the water and sanita-tion decade. At that time the governmentprepared an extensive plan throughInpres Samijaga (drinking water andhousehold toilet). During the 10-year pe-riod the facilities constructed are stan-dardized. But because community invol-vement was quite minimum the facilitiesare not maintained. After 1997, the targetchanged. After 2000 as a consequence todecentralization the leading role is givento the regional governments. But the le-vel of interest vary from region to region.Some are highly interested while othersare almost entirely ignorant. After thesigning of MDGs, particularly for drink-ing water and sanitation, we rely more toBappenas to coordinate the planningaspect.

What action plans are proposed?This is how it looks. Water and sani-

tation is not solely a health related issue.It is very difficult to work out an indepen-dent action plan because this is the res-ponsibility of the government as a whole.All the related agencies must sit togetherand prepare the plan. What is most im-portant is executive and legislative com-mitment. If there is a political will fromthe executive from the central to theregional level, and the legislative from thecentral to the regional level, the privatesector and the community can be per-suaded to move. Political will cannot beupheld by one agency alone but as a com-bined action by all sectors. The most im-portant is that the action plan mustbelong to and respected by everyone. Thenext would be, how the action plan could bedisseminated to the regions and then to theprivate sector in order to create a favor-able atmosphere for investment.

What is the linkage between MDGsprogram with the existing projects?

We have been appointed as the exe-cuting agency for community-based pro-jects. We implement the projects in col-laboration with the regional govern-ments. This represents the application ofthe policy formulated by WASPOLA(Water Supply & Sanitation Policy For-mulation & Action Planning). It seemsthat the policy is in agreement with thetargets contained in MDGs.

How would the lack of communityinterest be dealt with?

Awareness is not an indepen-dent factor by itself. It is inhe-rent within program implemen-tation. That is why we have tostart with the reasons behind it.

How can water supply andsanitation projects be madeas the spearhead in achiev-ing MDGs?

Water has a initiating powerso that other problems can also besolved. Toilet, for instance. If wateris available and one will begin tothink of having a toilet. I thinkwhat is contained in MDGs arein line with the target of ourIndonesia Healthy Program in2010.

What would be done to make MDGstargets achieved?

The most important is establishmentof good governance. Government, pri-vate sector, community must work to-gether toward that direction. For thispurpose it is necessary to organize largescale public campaign. The key is in twofactors, professionalism and transparen-cy.

N T E R V I E W

Dr. R. Hening DarpitoDirector of Hygienic Water and Sanitation, Department of Health

“Water has an initiating power”

I


W hat is the linkage betweenMDGs with the national policy

for water supply and environmen-tal sanitation?

MDGs consist of many targets, drink-ing water and sanitation being one ofthem. The community based develop-ment policy represents our effort to over-come the low government budget. It isvery difficult if we were to rely only ongovernment budget. If in 2015 the popu-lation reach 240 million level, there willbe at least 48 million households eachrequires $40-60 for drinking water only,the amount of budget is 40 times 48 mil-lion in US dollars. Considering govern-ment and legislative attention in watersupply and sanitation sector is very lowwe have no choice but communityempowerment. We provide them withstimulant. Provide facilitation to thehuman resources. Thus MDGs are close-ly related to the National Policy forCommunity-Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Development

Whether the MDGs momentumgive tints to the formulation ofnational policy for institutionallybased WSES development?

More than just that. This is related tothe service provided for by a kabupatenand kota level corporate body (PDAM).Considering the inefficient service we willmake the PDAM improve its efficiency,then we stimulate them to serve the con-sumers. If a PDAM serve less than10.000 homes why not dissolve it andturn it into a local government service sothat it can be subsidized by the go-vernment. It would be bet-ter than an expensiveinvestment in a poorrepayment rate.But if a plant hasa promising po-tential we willhelp it to grow.At this momentmost of big

PDAMs with big coverage are heavilyindebted. This is a case that happens nowand might happen again in the future.We have made a rule to prevent PDAMindebted again. Then we improve themanagement performance and finallyintroduction of new technology in watersupply and sanitation system. Such assolid waste, if we maintain sanitary land-fill technology which need hundredshectares of land, how can this idea bemaintained in a big city like Jakarta?Therefore we have to look to a more envi-ronmentally friendly technology.

Could you elaborate on the termi-nology drinking water and sanita-

tion in MDGs?MDGs do not include solid waste.

Environmental sanitation shouldalso cover the problems of liquidwaste, solid waste and drainage.MDGs is focused at wastewater.

I think all those are closely related.

N T E R V I E W

Ir. Basah Hernowo, MADirector of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency

I


“Empowerment is the key”

It is impossible for us to deal only withwastewater while the garbage anddrainage are left unattended. I think withregard MDGs we should not set our atten-tion to terminology per se but rather wealso pay attention to other problemsrelated to it. It might happen that onetown is free from wastewater problem butits garbage disposal system is a mess.This becomes a challenge, whether wewill deal with wastewater only or toinclude also its related components.

How was target 10 determined andwhat year is taken as the baseline?

Actually we used baseline data of1990. But the question is, whether theassets of 14 years ago are still in record?It is difficult to find it. The global datamay be OK, but what about the details.Data inaccuracy may lead to inefficientservice. If we used 1990 data the levelmay be lower. What we could do was tomake our calculation based on the exist-ing data. If population in 2003 is 210million and the service coverage of pipedsystem is 39-40%, this means that thetarget for 2015 which half of the present-ly without access is approximately 30%.Therefore the total service coverage inthat year is 70%. For sanitation, in 2003the figure reads 8%. Those withoutaccess are 92%. In 2015 the total house-holds who have access to sanitation sys-tem is 8% plus 46% equals 54%.

Does it mean there must be a strate-gic step to achieve the target?

We have to strengthen the communi-ty. Without strengthening (empower-ment) it will be difficult to reach the tar-gets because government budget is verylow. An annual budget of Rp1,2 trillionfor human settlement and housing sectoris far from sufficient because we actuallyneed three to four times that amount.Such an amount of money, where can weget it from? It is here that communityempowerment is inevitable.

The phases for achieving the target,have they been developed?

Not yet. It should be ideal if the avail-able fund were sufficient.

Is there possibility for a foreign

loan?There is always possibility. The ques-

tion is, whether we are ready? The do-nors are always ready because they willmake benefit if we borrow. We are tryingto create a condition where foreign loan isnot the main source of financing. I thinkour community is capable if we canmobilize it.

Is there problem in inter-sectorcoordination?

Up to this time inter-sector coordina-tion has made some improvement. It isimpossible to being a single sector andachieve its own goals. All sectors mustwork in synergy with others in order to beefficient. We have to realize that we are

only a public servant, not a bureaucratnor an authority.

What is your opinion regardingpessimistic attitude in achievingMDGs targets?

It is quite natural. They are pes-simistic because they know the budgetallocation for water supply and sanitationis extremely low. Less than one per centof gross domestic revenue. The point isnow how to motivate those who are pes-simistic to learn that the community hasan unexploited potential. It is our jobnow to unearth the potential. The duty ofthe government is to facilitate it. That iswhy, do not be pessimistic now. Let us betogether to work things out.

N T E R V I E WI


It is impossible to being a single sector

and achieve its own goals.

All sectors must work in synergy with others

in order to be efficient.

Could you elaborate how PokjaMDGs Working Group was initiallyorganized?

This began when Mr. Syahrial Luthan,Director of Multilateral Foreign Finan-cing, National Development PlanningAgency attended the MDGs meeting. Hewas given a mandate to organize a pokja(kelompok kerja, working group). Ameeting in Bappenas was held in 2003 toform the pokja. Later there are 5 workinggroups organized, though without a for-mal Letter of decision. This is based onpartnership, not top down relationship.The members represent the need of eachpokja.

Why is it that MDGs echo isnot as loud as it is withother programs?

I guess you're right.MDGs aren't well

known yet. Because not much has beendone for its socialization yet. The know-ledge is still limited within the circle ofthose directly involved. The others arealien to it.

No campaign being conducted yet?Not yet. But at national level we have

an ambassador, Ibu Erna Witoelar. Ithink it is the job of Ibu Erna to organizethe campaign.

How is Indonesia's preparedness forachieving targets by 2015?

I can explain this through my ownworking group in dealing with target 9.There are three components, first is inte-gration of sustainable development prin-ciples into the national policy, andreplenishment of the missing environ-mental resources. I am optimistic thistarget can be reached. As this is a sus-tainable development, everything hasbeen included in the Propenas (NationalDevelopment Program). Second, halve

by 2015 the proportion of people with-out access to safe drinking water and

basic sanitation. I have some doubtin this. This is drinking water,

whereas what we have inIndonesia right now is only

clean water. Is it possi-ble that by 2015 we

can make itinto half?

N T E R V I E W

DR. AGUS PRABOWODirector of Natural Resources and Environment Control,

National Development Planning Agency

Insufficient Socialization

I


The third, to arrive at a meaningfulimprovement to welfare condition of 100million population in 2020. The possibi-lity is fifty-fifty.

It seems difficult to reach it. Thenwhy are those being decided as indi-cators?

This is an international level commonagreement which is not based on scienti-fic calculation, or analysis of facts. This isbased merely on common determination.

As we see it, this program is acooperation of the rich and thepoor nations. How does it look likein reality?

It is a long story. MDGs represent aglobal agreement which started since1978 in Commission on EnvironmentDevelopment in Stockholm. In that timethere arose a common awareness bet-ween the developed and the developingnations. The common awareness rolls oninto a meeting in Rio in 1992. Then inJohannesburg in 2002. This all comesfrom common awareness. The developednations admit they have done degrada-tion to environment. On the other sidethe south nations are poor but they havenatural resources reserve. The commonawareness is one alone cannot be richwhile others around him are still poor.The following idea is that each developednation set aside 0,1% of their grossnational income to help the developingcountries. But the developed nations willnot help just for the sake of helping. Theywant to know the targets to be achieved.One way of doing this is through compila-tion into the MDGs. In other words,MDGs is an agreement among the poornations.

What are the formats of the assis-tance?

Assistance can come in various diffe-rent forms. The assistance is called ODA(Official Development Assistance), someare loan funded, others in grant fund. Forenvironment it is specially grant fund. Ifit is a loan the interest rate is very low.The essence is the developed nationshelping the developing countries. The to-tal amount of fund is 0,1% of grossincomes of those countries. But the fact issmaller than that. The rich nations are

usually flatterers. The more so is Ame-rica, the most flattering nation of all.

Does the program pose any a newburden to Indonesian government?

No. With or without MDGs Indonesiamust do as what is contained in MDGs.Thus MDGs is a reminder that we arebeing monitored by international com-munity.

This means, before there wereMDGs targets we already have stepstoward this direction?

Yes, of course. The Repelita (AnnualPlan) documents contain just those.

The targets are internationallyagreed. How if there were a drasticchange in a specific country?

This is a very good question? If therewere a drastic change the result will beinfluenced. Take for instance, poverty.In 1997 our poverty figure is 11%. Butshortly after monetary crisis it rose to22%. After 5 years we start to recover,now it is 18%. This means we suffer fromsetback. The goals in MDGs are set forthbased on normal condition.

What is the recent status of reportpreparation?

All working groups have completed.Draft has been translated into English.Indonesian version is already in final .

What does the report contain?All targets.

Of all the targets what percentage iswithin the optimistic rate?

It is difficult to estimate.

In water supply and sanitation, forexample?

With drinking water it is more difficult,but with sanitation relatively easier. Forexample, per capita emission. The Americansare 200 times higher than we Indonesians.

What consequence will a poorcountry suffer if she fails to reachthe target?

The consequence is the ODA

What are the barriers in achievingthe MDGs targets?

I think it is the mental attitude, socialand collective responsibility.

N T E R V I E WI


Apublic facility is one that isneeded by all and used by all.But sometimes its existencecauses a feeling of repugnance

because it disturbs esthetical taste, and isdetrimental to health and environment.A solid waste disposal area located atBantar Gebang is one example. This arti-cle tries to provide the readers with a pic-ture how poorly a public facility, especial-ly waste material disposal, is managed inJakarta and how complicated is the tech-nical approach in waste materialhandling that the city government shouldbe responsible of. Waste material mana-gement must, indeed, be seen from va-rious aspects, among others, institutio-nal, financial, legal, and involvement andeducation for the local community as wellas the private sector. This article will,however, be dealing with the aspect ofhandling technology, beginning from thesource point where waste material is pro-duced down to the final disposal area.

The importance of a master planPopulation growth in Jakarta is fol-

lowed with an increasing amount of solidwaste. The growth rate of waste produc-tion is estimated at 4% annually with amore complex composition. On theother hand there is a demand for a bet-ter service. The city government isdemanded to improve performanceout of the existing resources. Thatis why, without a systematicplanning, development, andevaluation Jakarta will not beable to reach its environmentaldevelopment objectives.

In 1987 Jakarta has had amaster plan and feasibilitystudy for solid waste manage-ment system which was prepa-red by the central governmentand Japanese Government (thro-ugh JICA). The Master Plan conta-ins the existing condition, problemidentification, alternatives of processingtechnology, as well as a selection of suit-able and appropriate (technological,

social and economical) methods for itsdisposal. It is but natural, that the mostimportant thing to do following the com-pletion of the master plan is to purchase aland area where all the facility will be con-structed, be it a transfer station, final dis-posal ground, compost processing plant,or other processing forms as recommend-ed. This is exactly what the city govern-ment of Jakarta fails to undertake. At lastthe city government falls into mountingdifficulty because price of land keeps onincreasing. The city of Surabaya, for ins-tance, directly purchased a piece of landfor final disposal at Benowo, when themaster plan was completed in 1992, sothat when Keputih disposal area was introuble much the same with BantarGebang was in 2000, and their incinera-tor did not work properly, the govern-ment of Surabaya city has had a substi-tute solid waste dumping ground.

Handling solid waste at itssource

An expert in solid waste managementsays "Mixed waste is waste, but separatedwaste is resources." That is why, minimi-zing the amount of waste, separationthrough 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle)approach must start from the source po-int and settlement area. In several kelura-han of Jakarta some NGO has startedtoward this direction. This effort couldreduce transportation cost and prolongthe effective age of a final disposal area.

Organic wastes are separated frominorganic material. Organic waste can beused to produce compost in a small-scaleplant, inorganic material can be sold toused material collector. On the other sidethe effort must be supported with a feecollection based on the amount of wastefrom each source, and a progressive tariffsystem if the waste exceeds the pre-scribed average amount.

Collection and transportation ofsolid waste

The efficiency of individual as well ascommunal solid waste material collectionusing wheeled cart can be improvedthrough provision of transfer depot mo-del which was introduced by Department

of civil work years ago in KelurahanKayumanis, Central Jakarta. This

model can reduce the time fortransferring from cart into truck sothat the number of truck routesfor transport to transfer stationcould be increased. With atransfer depot solid waste mate-rial from a cart can be directlyloaded into truck without un-loading it first to the floor. Besi-des, the container combined

with arm roller truck can makeoperation faster, as long as the

community put their waste into thecontainer, not littering all over the

place.

Solid Waste processingSince Bantar Gebang is located far

R T I C L E

A portrait of a poor solid wastemanagement in Jakarta

Bantar Gebang:A


By: Dwityo A. Soeranto

from the city proper, it has been recom-mended to take benefit from a transferstation where the solid waste are com-pacted to allow more garbage transportedin one haul. In Bantar Gebang this sys-tem has been operated by a private com-pany, PT. Wira Gulfindo Sarana, and inSunter by the Jakarta city government.With this transfer station waste materialsfrom several trucks each containing 4-8m3 are compacted to a 40 m3 bulk so thatthe transport is more convenient andmore efficient. Because the 100 ha siteplanned in Tangerang has not been mate-rialized the corresponding transfer sta-tion in Srengseng which is intended toprocess waste from West and SouthJakarta has not been constructed either.

On the other hand, the Jakarta citygovernment is planning to operate anintegrated solid waste processing plant atJonggol, Kab. Bogor. If the economic andenvironmental feasibility studies aremade correctly and the implementation isdone strictly following the standard ope-ration and procedure (SOP) as recom-mended, this effort is worthy of supportas an alternative to a garbage handling inJakarta. Especially because there are pri-vate companies interested in this busi-ness. Through compaction less land areais needed to hold the waste materials.However, a sufficient area is needed beca-use the leachate from its compactionmust be previously treated before send-ing it to the nearest drainage system. Forthe sake of efficiency, an integrated wastematerials processing plant which is loca-ted far away from the cleaning servicearea can make use the existing transferstation.

Besides, currently an effort is on-going to process organic solid waste intocompost so reduce the release of approxi-mately 12 million m3 of methane and car-bon dioxide to the atmosphere. ThisWorld Bank funded project is implemen-ted by Western Java EnvironmentalManagement Project (WJEMP) coveringthe areas of West Java, Jakarta andBanten and is capable of producing 6.000tons compost annually. This of coursewill considerably reduce the amount oflitters and will contribute to minimizinggreenhouse effect. It should be remin-ded, however, the management must

obtain some sort of assurance for a mar-ket outlet for the compost produced.Small scale compost production has beenstarted since 1990 through Recycling andCompost Production Project in more than10 kelurahan in Jakarta but several of theplants have cease production because ofmarketing difficulty. However, this kindof effort must somehow be continued.

The proposal raised by several mem-bers of DPRD Jakarta to install incinera-tor at each kelurahan needs be recon-sidered. Based on the master plan andreport of a feasibility study Jakarta, wastematerials are not suitable for incinerationbecause of high moisture content, incine-ration becomes incomplete therefore theoperational costs is high. Besides, thecosts for operating incinerators is muchhigher than sanitary landfill, especiallyinvestment for air pollution prevention.In an incinerator this equipment takesthe major portion of the investment cost.Without this equipment we are just mo-ving the problem from land to air,because gases like NOx, SOx, HCl, COand dioxine generated from the burningmaterials will certainly pollute the atmos-phere of Jakarta. The failure of the 200tons capacity per day incinerator inSurabaya which was bought for Rp30 bil-lion 10 years ago should be taken intomind, since after 1999 the plant ceaseoperation.

The production of methane gas as

fuel, as Agency for Assesment and Appli-cation Technology (BPPT) study in Cakungabattoir is also worthy of consideration andsupport as a community level plant, thoughin practice it might difficult because itdepends on the number of animals slaugh-tered in an abattoir. However, this is a real-ly good effort to reduce the amount of littersand how to make benefit of it

Final disposalThe master plan mentions that

Jakarta should have two disposal areas,each covering an area of approx. 100 ha,and are operated with sanitary landfillmethod. This method is selected becauseit is suitable for Jakarta condition (tech-nological, economical as well as social)and is environmentally safe if it is opera-ted in accordance with standard opera-tion and procedure. Based on its geogra-phical condition the solid waste collectedfrom N. Jakarta, C. Jakarta and E. Jakar-ta are to be dumped at Bantar Gebang,while those collected from W. and S. Ja-karta are sent to a disposal point in Ta-ngerang. In 1989 the Bantar Gebang sitewas purchased by Jakarta government,while the Tangerang site was not yet ma-de available because at that time Jakartawas still using two community ownedsites at Kapuk Kamal and Cilincing, eachof them was 10 ha in size. As both sitesbecame full all Jakarta waste materialsare transported to Bantar Gebang. Whatmakes things worse is that Bantar Gebangis not operated in accordance with sanitarylandfill standard procedures and operation,for which it is designed, so that it turned tobe a major polluter to its environment,degradation of ground water, gaseoussmoke, odourous and swarming flies toareas within 5 km radius

Policy re-formulationLooking at the solid waste handling

currently practiced which deviates fromthe scenario as set forth in the masterplan and the initial feasibility study, itmight be necessary to update the existingmaster plan, such as being planned inWest Java under WJEMP program. Theactivity should begin from review of dataon demography, quality and quantity ofsolid waste production, alternatives oftechnology proposed, priority in activity

R T I C L EA


As for the presentcondition, whether youwant to or not, Jakarta

government must be ableto find a new land area

for final disposal incompliance with Jakarta

City Spatial Plan.

and implementation strategy. The effortof Jakarta government to handle solidwaste problem by way of Baling Method(in mass media it is frequently called BalaPress) at integrated solid waste processingplant Bojong (Kab. Bogor) must beaccommodated in the reformed policy forholistic garbage management, and finallyto be linked with transport and final dis-posal. The more so currently Ministry ofSettlement Regional Infrastructure toge-ther with related agencies is preparing anAction Plan for Solid Waste Management,the policy and strategy of which can bereferred to in the achievement of MDGslater in 2015.

As for the present condition, whetheryou want to or not, Jakarta governmentmust be able to find a new land area forfinal disposal in compliance with JakartaCity Spatial Plan. Another effort is toresume negotiation with government ofthe city of Bekasi to continue using theland for the correct operation methodand extending the effective age throughmining the completely decomposed solidwaste for 10 years if sanitary landfill isused (through semi-aerobic method).Zone 1 (of 5 zones in Bantar Gebang) cov-ering an area of 23 ha which is used since1990, can be used for this purpose. Thematerials which is already decomposed in

this zone which is estimated to amount at4 million m3, is mined separate theorganic material, chopped and screenedto produce natural compost. This com-post can be used as soil conditioner in re-planting activity or soil cover for a formermining land area. This process can ex-tend the effective age of a Final DisposalArea.

The author is Section Chief,Programming at the Directorate of Central

Region Urban and Rural Affairs, DG Cityand Rural Planning, Dept. of Housing &

Regional Infrastructure. This paper is theauthor's personal opinion and does not rep-

resent the policy of the agency where the

R T I C L EA


It seems that up to now water is theaffairs of the adult. We never reali-ze that our children are also waterusers. Aware of this condition,

children all over the world agree todeclare a statement known as Children'swater Manifesto that was made known inChildren's World Water Forum in Kyoto,March 2003. The complete manifestoreads as follows:

Children's Water ManifestoOn behalf of love, peace, and harmo-

ny, we, 109 children representing 32countries, seek assurance from decisionmakers related to child, water, sanitationand hygiene. We hope the decision ma-kers guarantee the participation of childand youth, in accordance with theConvention on the Rights of the Child, toascertain the participation, protection,safety, and development of child andyouth through the promotion of safe envi-ronment. We hereby state that:

The governments are obliged to:Ensure that children and young peo-

ple are involved in the decision makingand policy making processes beginningfrom the planning through implementa-tion and evaluation of household waterrelated program/issues, including access,safety, conservation, and use of water.

Improve water and sanitation facili-ties and cooperate with children andyoung people with NGOs, government,municipalities, private companies, and

media to strengthen school program andchild friendly facilities.

Encourage free exchange and sharinginformation, technology, and experiencesacross developed and developing nations,specific to safe water supply.

Take preparatory measures towardsstrengthening the infrastructure andbasic services and train children andyoung people to exchange ideas and sup-port during emergencies.

Respect children and young people'sopinions and different cultures in relationto water use and sanitation, as well asprovide safe water areas for children andyoung people's play.

Promote strong environmental child-friendly education issues related to diver-

sified water use for boys, girls, parentsand community leaders.

Support children and young people'sprojects and activities related to waterand the environment that affect theaccess to potable water and sanitation.

We as children and young peo-ple pledge to:

Establish action groups, clubs, organ-izations, and networks of children andyoung people for activities on water, san-itation and hygiene - locally, nationallyand internationally.

Be responsible for peer to peer educa-tion as young facilitators and child toadult education on conservation of water,sanitation and hygiene.

Develop and use child-friendlyresource materials and use peer educa-tion methods like drama, poetry, draw-ing, websites, etc. to create more aware-ness on environment, water and sanita-tion issues.

To work with decision makers to pro-mote better water and sanitation facilitiesat schools in rural and urban areas and inthe community so that girls do not dropout of schools or face abuse.

Be involved in designing, implement-ing and evaluating child managed waterand sanitation projects and other initia-tives.

Form a Global Children and YoungPeople's Alliance on water, sanitation andhygiene.

Children's Water Manifesto

"It is a shame, brother", said a toi-let user when asked why not justpiss at an open corner. "Now

there isn't any place where public won'tsee you. In a toilet it is closed from pub-lic and there is water to rinse", said a manwho wants to keep himself anonymous.This is the reason why he always looks fora toilet when he wants to urinate or defe-cate, though he has to pay for it.

Toilet in public area is a must. Thecommunity need a toilet for different rea-sons. For practical reason, Febrin Anas-tasia, an employee of a telecommunicati-on company chooses a toilet near a mu-shalla (small mosque). "Just like in a tra-in station a toilet is always connectedwith a mushalla. Cleansing and thenpraying". She added: " Though the facili-ty in it is still limited, but we do need a

public toilet. Otherwise, we women willbe in trouble looking for one."

The need for a toilet in public hasbeen monitored by the business sector. Itis not too difficult to find a public toilet inmost places in Jakarta and other bigcities. Some are permanently built like intrain station, shopping centers, and busterminals. Some are mobile facility thatemerges where a crowd gathers. Bothtypes can be found for instance in Blok Mterminal, Jakarta. The mobile type con-sists of a boxlike fiber glass constructionresembling a public telephone box, 1.5m2 base and 2,5 m height. Water is fedinto with a hose. Each user is chargedRp500 each time using it. On average atoilet is visited by 100 users per day, menand women. Though income fluctuatesbut on average a toilet operator can col-

lect Rp50.000 a day minus rental for theplace, salary for labourer and tax. A high-er income may be collected by owner of apermanent toilet in the same location. Itis used by more than one hundred pas-sers-by every day. The number of visitorsincreases if the toilet is strategically loca-ted like near an entrance and there is amushalla close by. "Usually when one isgoing to pray one has to clean himselffirst".

Enthusiasm of the community to usepublic toilet may be an indication of cul-tural change has been happening. In1970's an American anthropologist Clif-ford Geertz, in his research in a village inE. Java once met with a woman wearingJavanese clothing on her way to the mar-ket carrying a basket of vegetables tied toher waist with a cloth. In a wink of an eye

E A T U R E

When a public toileti s d e s i r e

F


he noticed something unusual the womanwent to the side of the road near a clusterof bush. She stood there for some time,and what the anthropologist noticed wasthe woman was urinating there whilestanding at the side of the road. In hisanthropological research Geertz men-tions this as a cultural ethic of a commu-nity. It may be as simple as someone uri-nating in a public space, but it has animpact to social and cultural issue of acommunity.

Therefore, urinating and defecating isone of human basic needs just as eatingand drinking. From the basic comes out ahabit, which in the community is knownas ethic. It is not surprising then, there isa stereotype saying toilet, WC, latrine orany other form of waste disposal facilityreflects the character of its owner interms of cleanliness, politeness andhealth.

Today, household toilet ownership fortown community has been widely pro-gressing that it is not a major issue anymore, neither cleanliness, politeness norhealth. Even a toilet may be used as anindicator of economic or social status of afamily by looking at the facility and itsfurnishing.

Still uncomfortableContrary to household or private toi-

let, a public facility is basically less atten-ded, from cleanliness to hygienic aspect.Take a look for instance, at toilet facilityin economy and business class train inIndonesia, it looks dirty, odorous, tissuepapers scattered all over the place, waternot flowing, and walls full of squiggles.Even, in some specific season, such asduring lebaran (Islamic holiday) or newyear holidays when train as public trans-port is fully packed, its toilet is not func-tioning at all. If it is, water and tissue isnot provided for as it should be. In someother place like in the street or a parkpublic toilet is not available.

According to Primastuti Handayani,36 yrs, editor of one foreign languagenewspaper in Jakarta, public toilet inIndonesia does not meet cleanliness andhygienic criteria. "Speaking of cleanlinessmeans that we are also speaking ofhealth. Especially for women, we need aclean toilet, free from filthiness, tissue

paper always available, non odorous, nolitter, and no stagnant water," she says.The public toilet she expects to see is onethat is clean and also convenient."Comfort is also important because weneed to be relaxed when in a toilet.Imagine if you don't feel comfortable andalways worry should anyone is peeping orcarefully operate a hidden camera, thingslike that may happen in a public facility."From her experience in foreign countries,Yani, that's how Handayani is called, onaverage public toilets in Asian countriesare free of charge, while in Europe onehas to pay for using a toilet, such as one intrain station, airport, or public park. "InGermany, we have to insert a coin to openthe toilet door. In other place a coin isneeded for a tissue. I think it is quiteproper if we have to pay for the mainte-nance of a facility that actually belongs tous" she said.

For a convenient and safe and cleantoilet Yani has no objection to payRp2.000 for using it. "Take for instancein Mal Senayan the facility is well keptand clean, I have no problem paying forits service, though actually it is free ofcharge in there. Most of the malls inJakarta have good toilets. But in otherplaces, such in a train, station, or otherpublic places the toilets are less comfort-able".

Heri Sucipto, 31, a toilet user at BlokM says that for men the condition of a toi-

let is not too much of a problem, but itwill be different with women. "The com-partment is too small, nauseating urinesmell, but water is flowing sufficiently.For men it is no problem, but for womenit is quite uncomfortable," says Heri, whois working for an NGO at MampangPrapatan, Jakarta.

According to Febrin, from her experi-ence using public toilet the most annoy-ing problem is related to cleanliness andcomfort. Toilets in shopping malls, hotelsand office buildings are usually cleaner,dry and well provided with tissue paper.While in other public places, they justbuild the facility with a very minimumfurnishing.

Syukur Nugroho, 29 had a differentexperience with mobile toilet. Accordingto the movie cameraman, a public toiletshould be kept properly, its cleanlinessand comfort. "We don't mind paying forthe service, provided it is well kept, clean,enough water, tissue and hand drier".

For Nugroho considers that the ser-vice fee for using public toilet should beno more than Rp500. "Parking fee whichentails a bigger management responsibi-lity is only Rp1.000, toilet service shouldbe lower than that".

What is certain that, in whatever con-dition it may appear the communityneeds a toilet. Now it is left to us who willinitiate to grasp the opportunity, with ofcourse offering a better service.

E A T U R EF


Cak Solekan says, 'a promise iseasy but what about the reali-ty". Why the community ofRT001/04 of Kureksari village

Waru. Sidoarjo, West Java say so because"we have become fed up with such kind ofpromise, many times since long ago wewere promised a PDAM (local govern-ment owned company) connection, but inreality only a big ZERO, then anothertime a toilet system but again no reality".

What Cak Solekan say was an expres-sion of disappointment and at the sametime a long felt yearning how comfortableit would be for a community to haveaccess to water supply and sanitation sys-tem. Cak Solekan's feeling was addressedto Pak Sutrisno Hadi sanitation programspecialist of Yayasan SEHAT Indonesia,and his group when visiting the commu-nity upon the invitation of Pak Wardi, oneof the community leaders, who is aware ofthe difficulty for the community in havingaccess to water supply and household toi-let.

Lack of water supply and sanitationfacility

RW 04 of Kureksari village is locatedonly about 200 m from a luxury housingcomplex of Deltasari. It is not surprisingif this community use to dream of a watersupply service and a convenient toilet sys-tem, the comparison is like the earth andthe sky. It seems the expression is notquite excessive. The real fact shows howdifficult the community obtain water andsanitation service they need.

According to Cak Solekan there are400 families live in RW 04, but only lessthan 100 have a household toilet. ThisRW has only one public latrine built onthe river and one public toilet with 3 clo-sets. The closets are also fixed close to theriverbank so that the wastewater mayeasier be flushed down into the mainwater body. This is done because theyonly have very limited land space. Whatis feasible for them is public toilet.

Pollution by soda plantThe difficulty for obtaining water sup-

ply is made worse with the constructionof a soda plant about 100 m from the pub-lic latrine. A well which formerly wasgood as drinking water source now is pol-luted. Its water smells bad and foamy.

Still according to Cak Solekan, oncebefore the soda plant constructed a watersupply facility with a water collector as acompensation for the community. Thetank is built near the public toilet, butnow the facility is not functioning anymore. It is said that the compensation isnow changed into cash amounting toRp600.000 a month. But still, the com-munity has to buy water for Rp750 per 20liter can.

Aware of this situation, the Yayasanoffers a toilet program with informedtechnology options to be chosen by thecommunity.

Important noteFor the community of RW 04 in Ku-

reksari water supply and sanitation sys-tem is a long time demand. Land space isquite limited, it is nor feasible for thecommunity to build household toilet.Water collector donated by the sodaplant, now not functioning anymore

The disappointment of the communi-ty with previous water supply and sanita-tion program is a threat and at the sametime an opportunity in initiating a deve-

lopment effort and employing an effectivestrategy to invite community participa-tion.

The opportunity for a communitysponsored water supply and sanitationservice seems promising. This is provenfrom the fact that the community is will-ing to buy water though at a more expen-sive cost.

The role of an outside facilitator isimportant in order to build community'sconfidence through a realistic and com-monly beneficial program.

(Reported by Subari Observer onHuman Settlement and Housing)

E P O R T A G E

The community of Kureksari, Sidoarjo iswaiting for water supply

R


Public toilet with poor condition

In 2003 there were 156 villages inW. Sumatra joining WSLIC-2 pro-ject. 36 of them have completedconstruction. While 101 were in

construction phase consisting of 36 vil-lages in term three, 23 in term two and42 in term one. The remaining 19 vil-lages were still preparing work plan andwaiting for initial term fund.

In connection to project implementa-tion there is something worthy of note.There is one proposal for water supplysystem that cost more than Rp200 mil-lion ceiling. This system is to supplywater to 4 village communities: Mulyo-rejo, Solok, Solok Selatan and KarangRejo all in Kabupaten Pasaman Barat.This is a consequence of merging thevillages into nagari. The World Bankwanted this clarified and asked if the cei-ling could be increase to Rp250 million.

Besides, the emergence of new kabu-patens as a result of the split of the exist-ing, Pasaman and W. Pasaman, Solokand Solok Selatan, Sawahlunto Sijunjungand Damas Raya. This split implies thevillage location and the counterpartbudget. In 2004 the new kabupatenhave to coordinate with their respectiveparents because of difficulty in humanresources, fund and capacity. The role ofprovincial coordination team is veryimportant to bridge the inter-kabupatencoordination.

Special attention must be paid thatpursuant to Keppres 42/2002 whichstipulates that counterpart budget isappropriated on yearly basis, the provin-cial coordination team is expected to doits best to simplify the fund disburse-ment process. Project delay because ofcomplication in fund disbursement is arecurrent sickness. To overcome thisdifficulty it might be advisable to preparethe construction plan one year ahead.

But the problem is, price increase canmake the budget short. That is why, theDirector of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas suggests that a con-tingency fund be made available to coverthe shortage.

It is quite a pleasure to learn that theinterest of the community in sanitationis increasing sharply. Unfortunately thisis not supported with sufficient budgetallocation. To overcome this it is sug-gested that the kabupaten governmentset aside some budget for a rolling fundprogram in the community. Finally, it isnecessary to conduct a regular waterquality test. And not the least importantis natural conservation measure in thesurrounding area of a water source.

(ML)

I E L D V I S I T

Fund requestprocedure

is not yet simplified

F


Water is Life is the slogan for the party held by local community

In 2003 there were156 villages in W. Sumatrajoining WSLIC-2 project.

36 of them havecompleted construction.

While 101 were inconstruction phase consisting of

36 villages in term three,23 in term two and 42 in termone. The remaining 19 villageswere still preparing work plan

and waitingfor initial term fund.

The SANIMAS project has been on-going in East Java. The communi-ty makes its own technology

choice. In the cities of Pasuruan andBlitar the communities choose piped

drainage with anaerobic pond method; inKediri, Mojokerto and Kabupaten Sido-arjo the communal with anaerobic treat-ment. The town of Pamekasan is can-celled because at the last moment one

family has objection to have facility builtnear his house. On the average it takes 8months from socialization at the provin-cial level till completion of construction.The time required for preparation of san-itation service management team is notknown yet because the process is justbeginning in January 2004.

The learning process obtained fromthis project is the technology applied atthe community level cannot be made uni-form. The choice of sanitation technolo-gy is based on the community perceptionand the local culture.

Take for instance the city of Pasuruan,its community rejects communal toiletbecause it is considered as a dirty placeand cannot be built before the publiceyes. The community actually needs sa-nitation but they do not know what ahygienic sanitation looks like. Up to nowsanitation development is not accompa-nied with explanation of the principles ofhygienic sanitation. One reason whySANIMAS is successful is because it is asanitation development program throughimprovement of the existing facility andaccompanied with socialization.

(Muria Istamtiah)

S everal participating communities areso poor that it is impossible for them

to make available 4% cash and 16% in-kind contribution as is required for join-ing the project. This fact was revealedduring the World Bank visit to KabupatenJember and Malang on 25-27 January2004.

Besides, there remains some doubtfrom the community if this project willindeed work, this makes a relatively lowcommunity participation in the earlystage of the development. A prolongedprocess makes the community feel sickand loose interest. The ever changing

guidelines from CPMU also confusing thecommunity.

In Kabupaten Jember there are in total36 villages participating in WSLIC-2 project,consisting of (a) 8 villages completed in2002, (b) 14 villages implementation on-going since 2003, (c) 14 implementation tostart in 2004 (6 villages) and in 2005 (8 vil-lages). In this kabupaten the role of localgovernment is exemplary. The local govern-ment is active in conducting disseminationthrough radio jingle, and puppet shows filledwith hygiene behavior messages.

The villages visited represent the suc-cessful ones in carrying WSLIC-2 objec-

tives. This success is attributable to inter-

village cooperation in using a watersource, the availability of initial baselinedata, the formulation of subsidy formatfor poor families, the piping network areconstructed by the community after com-pletion of infrastructure construction,and activity recording well done.

What needs be taken into considera-tion for the future is the ceiling amount ofRp200 million. This amount is insuffi-cient that causes several projects sufferfrom an inferior quality. (OM)

I E L D V I S I T

Technologychoice cannot be made

uniform

F


Counterpart fund is a problem

On January 15, 2004 the Commu-nity Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Wor-

king Group (Pokja AMPL) held a seminarin JEW Marriott Hotel, Jakarta. The pur-pose of the workshop is to gather inputand materials for the formulation of par-ticipatory reference for policy implemen-tation at regional level. Participants fromthe stakeholders consisting of representa-tives from Ministry of Health (Depkes),National Development Planning Agency(Bappenas), Ministry of Settlement &Regional Infrastructure (Kimpraswil),Ministry of Internal Affairs (Depdagri),Ministry of Finance (Depkeu) and Minis-try for Environmental Affairs were pre-sent. As is already known that WASPOLA(Water Supply and Sanitation PolicyFormulation and Action Planning) pro-ject has succeeded in formulating the Na-tional Policy for Community Based WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitationdevelopment in Indonesia. At this mo-ment the policy has been agreed andsigned by Central Project CoordinatingCommittee consisting of echelon I offi-cials of Bappenas, Depkes, Kimpraswil,Depdagri, and Depkeu.

The follow-up action consists ofbringing the policy into regional levelimplementation. The first field trial wasalready conducted in 4 kabupatens:Solok, Musi Banyuasin, Subang andSumba Timur in November 2002 throughApril 2003. It was found out from thefield trial that the regions are receptiveand willing to adopt the policy though thequality of their adoption varies from placeto place. This policy has been agreed fordissemination and implementationthroughout the country.

Realizing that the responsibility forregional implementation is in the hands

of kabupaten/kota level government it isimportant that a nationwide strategy andaction plans for the policy socializationand dissemination be prepared. The in-puts obtained in the workshop are amongothers:

1. Application of site selection criteria

and the tools needed. Realizing that thecentral government's limitation theimplementation will conducted gradu-ally. In general, based on the discussionit is recommended that the site selectionbe based on the principle of area diversi-ty and distribution. The tools that needbe made available consists of amongother the document of the National Policyfor Community Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation development,facilitation manual for policy imple-menters and published material relatedto policy implementation at regionallevel.

2. In order to have the activity morefocused it is necessary to prepare adetailed action plan for 2004. It is agreedthat the activity will be directed to pro-motion, advocation, facilitation, consul-ting and real implementation. The timescheduling must take into considerationthe national agenda, among others thenational election. (ML)

A S P O L A

W o r k s h o pfor the Development of the National

Policy for Community Based Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation

Implementation Strategy

W


This policyhas been agreed fordissemination andimplementation

throughoutthe country.

The ownership of water supply andsanitation system within the com-munity becomes an important

issue that deserves special attention byWSES related decision makers inIndonesia. Many WSES projects wereconstructed for the community, but aftercompletion one question remains unan-swered, what about the sustainability?To whom does a facility belong after it isconstructed? If one says it belongs to thecommunity, what is the reason behind itand what kind of legal protection does thecommunity have?

Frequently we find a situation wherethe community does not know what to dowhen a facility breaks down until thefacility is totally damaged. The classicalreason that there is no transfer from theproject. On the other hand, we can alsofind a WSES project which is properlysustained and the community knowswhat to do in case of breakdown. The keyword to both cases is sense of belonging-ness.

It might be possible that a sustainablecommunity managed WSES infrastruc-ture and facility is one of the viableincome generating alternatives for theregional government. This is because theregional government reserves the rightsto control the resources within theirdomain. This fact may also lead to a con-flict between the regional governmentand the local community. Therefore itbecomes our common responsibility todevelop a regulation to wisely avoidlosses any of both parties. A legal um-brella or some kind of legal protection isimportant.

Speaking of community WSES basedon source of funding especially for theconstruction there are several models asthe following:

Though in fact the facility is in thehands of the community as initiallyintended but legally -in absence of a law-ful evidence- the ownership is left hang-ing except when the facility is developed

on the initiative of and using an asset paidfor by the community.

In this connection, WASPOLA made astudy on ownership by the community asan input for the development of strategyfor the implementation of national policyfor WSES development for the followingpurposes:

1) Obtaining the picture of howownership by the community of a WSESfacility built from the funds provided forby the government and outside assistancecan have a guarantee of a legal protection.

2) Obtaining an experience in owner-ship by community of a government pro-ject especially a WSES facility.

3) Obtaining a picture of the sustain-ability of legal protection to a WSES faci-lity owned by the community.

This study was conducted through abibliographical research of policy andregulatory accounts as well as experienceof the field gathered from KabupatenBandung, Subang, Malang and Kediriparticularly in the application of legal pro-tection to WSES facility. A study at co-mmunity level was carried out at Cibodasvillage, Kab. Bandung; Palasari village, Kab.Subang; Mojo village, Kab. Kediri;Kandangan village, Kab. Kediri; and kelura-han Ciptomulyo, City of Malang.

From the study of bibliographicalmaterials and field observations the fol-lowing important notes are extracted:

How to apply legal protection toownership of WSES facility which issubsidized by government and out-side assistance?

In general the legal base regardingpublic service is linked to Art. 33 of theConstitution and Law No. 25/2000(Propenas 2000-2004). Although basi-cally land, water and atmosphere is underthe control of the state for the interestand well being of the population but com-munity participation in public servicebecomes one of the development strategyin Indonesia. As is stipulated in Law No.22/1999 art 10(1) the regional govern-ment reserves the power to control natu-ral resources including its conservationthrough issuance of the respective regula-tions or letter of decision.

The format of protection or evidenceof ownership of a WSES facility by a com-munity varies between one project toanother:

From the very beginning there hasbeen a statement that the project belongsto the community and its included in acontract between the project and thecommunity.

After completion the project ishanded over by the central/provincialgovernment to regional and then theregional government follows this upthrough an SK (Surat Keputusan, letter ofdecision) .

A S P O L A

Water Supply and Sanitation FacilityOwnership within the

Community

W


Financial responsibility for

construction Example Location

100% government Emergency for refugees Atambua Government and the community WSLIC-1 and WSLIC-2 Sumbar, Sumsel, Jabar,

Jatim, NTB, etc. 100% from outside the government

German Govt. funded drinking water project

Watumbaka Sumtim

Outside funding and the community

Env. Sanitation CIDA funded and facilitated by Spektra, Surabaya

Tulungagung

Government and outside party Emergency for refugee of earthquake victims

Government, outside party and community

Sulawesi Rural Development Project-CARE Indonesia

Sulsel, Sulteng, Sulut, dan Sultra

100% community self-reliantly SMAS (Swadaya Masyarakat dan Sanitasi) facilitated by CARE Indonesia. Agus Gunarto sewerage system project

Kebonagung, Pacitan, Jawa Timur. Tlogo Mas, Malang

W. Sumatra, S. Sumatra, E. Java,,W. Nusatenggara, Bangka Belitung

S. Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi,N. Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi

Tlogo Mas, Malang, East Java

East Java

From the very beginning the com-munity knows that the project belongs tothe community, they contribute, enjoythe benefit and select the managementteam from among themselves.

How to apply legal protection toownership of WSES facility which isbuilt from community initiative?

In general from the very beginning itis understood that the facility belongs tothe community and is formulated in thestatute and internal regulation and somealso through a notarial document.

What does the ownership modellook like and what guarantee for

sustainability?From the field study several examples

are observed as the following:

Matters to considerFrom the above examples we can say

that all choices of legal protection areacceptable and valid, but there differen-ces in terms of jurisdiction and coverage:

a. If Surat Keputusan Kepala Desa(letter of decision from village headman)is used the jurisdiction is limited onlywithin the village boundary (administra-tive approach);

b. If using the legal body of a coopera-tive is used the coverage and jurisdictionfollows the details contained in the docu-ment; it is more independent from thevillage institution;

c. If using a notarial document thecoverage and jurisdiction follows its sti-pulation; it is broader and more inde-pendent from village institution;

d. If using the Mayor's letter of deci-sion, the coverage and jurisdiction is limi-ted to the kelurahan, or inter kelurahan.

Elimination of conflictConflict related to natural resources

particularly to WSES service is quite pos-sible if any or all the conflicting partiesdisregard their responsibility. With a cle-ar ownership status the possibility of con-flict can be greatly minimized. If any, thechannel for seeking a solution is alreadyclearly indicated.

Consequence of ownershipThrough an ownership regulation

there are consequences that must be ho-noured by all the parties involved, who isto facility maintenance, to whom the ser-vice is to be provided, and how the facili-ty is managed in order to effect in an equ-itable service. Eventually the facility cansustain the service to the community.

(Summarized from report of study on community

ownership WASPOLA 2004)

A S P O L AW


Organization Location Format of legal protection HIPPAM Jawa Timur Keputusan Kepala Desa Lembaga Pengelola Prasarana Lingkungan (LPPL)

Ciptimulyo, Mergosono, Malang

SK Walikota

Model Badan Pengelola Air Bersih (BPAB)

Palasari Kab. Subang SK Kepala Desa

Model Badan Pengelola Air Bersih dan Sanitasi (BPABS)

Cibodas, Lembang, Kab. Bandung

SK Kepala Desa

Model Usaha Bersama (UB) Tirta Sari

Bandung SK Kepala Desa

Model Kelompok Tani Penghijauan Assalam

Bandung Kelembagaan Koperasi

Model Badan Usaha Milik Desa

Trawas, Mojokerto Keputusan Kepala Desa

East JavaMayor’s Letter of decisionfrom Village Headman

Letter of decision fromVillage HeadmanLetter of decision fromVillage Headman

Letter of decision fromVillage HeadmanCooperative

Letter of decision fromVillage Headman

In general from the verybeginning it is understoodthat the facility belongsto the community and isformulated in the statuteand internal regulation

and some also through anotarial document.

, East Java

, East Java

West Java

, West Java

, West Java

, West Java

On 5-6 November 2003 the WaterSupply and Environmental Sa-nitation Working Group (Pokja

AMPL) held a workshop seminar tovision formulation in WSES developmentat Hilton Hotel, Jakarta. The purpose ofthe seminar is to help WASPOLA andother WSES related stakeholders to for-mulate the vision or general direction ofWSES development in 10-15 years fromnow (including MDGs) and design thestrategic and realistic steps to arrive atthe destination. There were 23 partici-pants representing the agencies of thePokja.

In the opening , Mr Basah Hernowo,Director of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas delivers his directiveand expectation to take into considera-tion several points as the following:

Pertaining to drinking water

It was also indicated about the debateat the central level in relation to the bestapproach to be applied in the WSESdevelopment, one side suggests enhance-ment of demand responsive approach,while the other considers that supply

driven can make target service coveragefulfilled easier and faster. The implica-tion from the statement is that there isstill confusion in understanding the roleof central government in national deve-lopment particularly in relation to WSESsector.

Toward the end of the workshop acommon vision was formulated. The for-mulation can be categorized into opti-mistic, neutral, and pessimistic. Optimis-tic indicates a conviction that MDGs goalsand targets can be achieved, in contrastwith that of the pessimistic.

The statement of the vision is just aninitial idea, there will much improvementneeded especially in terms of wording. Acomplete proceeding of the seminar isfound in WSES website (http://www.-ampl.or.id).

A S P O L A

W o r k s h o p f o rV i s i o n F o r m u l a t i o n

for Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Sector Development in Indonesia

W


The scarcity of source to take drinkingwater fromIncreased demand due to populationgrowth and improvement in per capi-ta incomeThe community and the private sectorreserve potential resources for WSESsystem investment.

The costs related to management ofhousehold wastes are still relativelyhighThe approach in waste water mana-gement is directed to neighborhood,communal and citywideIn terms of quantity as well as qualitywaste products are increasing, whilethe proportion of inorganic waste will

continue to be higherFinal disposal of waste materials willremain a problem in all cities, none ofthem is happy to have a dumpingground in its place. All wants a cleancity, but none wants a disposal groundwithin its border. The principle "notin my backyard" is a serious threat tothe overall waste material manage-mentThe approach in waste material man-agement must be directed to an envi-ronmentally friendly and applicationof 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) prin-ciple.

Pertaining to sanitation

Water Supply and SanitationPolicy Formulation and ActionPlanning (WASPOLA) project

in Indonesia started implementationfrom 1998 through 2003. The 5-yearproject is implemented in partnershipbetween the Indonesian government,Australian government through AusAIDand WSP-EAP/World Bank. In this part-nership effort, the Australian governmentprovides funding which is channeledthrough AusAID, WSP/EAP providesfacilitation of the process for the benefitand welfare of Indonesian people.

After completion of the 5 year term(phase 1) all partners agree to continuethe activities for the second 5 year term(phase 2) which will be implementedfrom 2004 through 2008. In principlephase 2 is a continuation of phase 1. As iswith phase 1 the second phase is focusedto community based WSES system deve-lopment. The difference is in its type ofactivity: in the first it was in policy formu-lation while in the second is in translatingthe policy into actual operation.

As with policy formulation for institu-tionally based WSES development whichhas been started since the last two yearswill also be continued.

BelongingnessIn the initial design WASPOLA was to

become an instrument in formulation of anational policy for WSES developmentand for this purpose it will be supportedwith a cross sectoral agencies. It wasexpected that the policy would be pro-duced by the Indonesian government forthe benefit of Indonesian people and bythe Indonesians. In its progress however,it took a considerable length of time toconvince the Working Group (Pokja) the

product of WASPOLA's activities belongsto Indonesian government. As a conse-quence all who are involved are requiredto actively participate in the process.

Widespread misinterpretation oftenhappens regarding the policy formulated.Apparently the policy produced was bet-ter known as WASPOLA policy. At anearly stage such a mistake may be forgi-ven but later it must be straighten out,because as it was mentioned earlierWASPOLA is only a project with limitedperiod of implementation, while thenational policy is expected to be appliednationwide and will last forever. Thismisinterpretation may be harmful toeveryone, AusAID, WSP-EAP and theIndonesian government. One aspect thatmay cause adverse effect is lack of senseof belongingness and respect to the poli-cy, and possibly also the emergence of astigma to bind AusAID and WSP-EAPbecause of their funding and facilitation.

Change toward improvementIn the last two years WSES Working

Group has allocated a significant amountof budget to support WASPOLA activi-ties. This indicates a growing sense ofbelongingness and responsibility to carry

out a planned programme. The sense ofbelongingness and responsibility alsodemands that the other partners to pro-vide a wider room for WASPOLA activi-ties. That is why since the final year of phase1 the WSES Working Group has been active-ly involved in designing WASPOLA phase 2 ,and also active in the preparation of workingplan , design of activities, and others relatedto WASPOLA main activities.

Other aspect worth mentioning is themore intensive involvement of WorkingGroup members in WSES related activities,either it is facilitated by WASPOLA or onebased on their own initiatives. In additionmore frequent meetings the number of ac-tive members is also increasing. If in the ini-tial stage only Bappenas, Ministry of Health,Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infra-structure Ministry of Internal Affairs, andMinistry of Finance, are the member agen-cies, now Ministry of Environmental Affair-s is joining in. Hopefully more are coming.

WASPOLA Phase 2 Work PlanIt should be known that the work plan

of WASPOLA is different from that ofworking group (Pokja AMPL), though inimplementation both work hand in handin order to produce the best result. Inbroad line the activities of WASPOLAphase 2 covers 3 main areas:

Policy ImplementationTranslating the national policy into

operable regional level community basedWSES development.

Policy RevisionImprovement of the institutionally

based WSES development now already inthe first draft.

Management of knowledgeCase studies and information dis-

semination.

A S P O L A

Water Supply and SanitationPolicy Formulation and ActionPlanning (WASPOLA) Phase 2

W


In board line theactivities of WASPOLAphase 2 covers 3 main

areas: policy implemen-tation, policy revision,

management ofknowledge


WA

SP

OLA

2 W

orkp

lan

for

2004

The purpose of the workshop is toobtain a common understandingamong the stakeholders about

Millennium Development Goals particu-larly in water and sanitation and its link-age with other sectors. It is hoped thatthis workshop could produce action plansfor water and sanitation sector which rep-resent an agreement by all stakeholders.

The workshop lasted for 2½ daysfrom 17 -19 February 2004 at HotelSheraton Bandara, Jakarta. The partici-pants consist of representatives fromDepartments or Ministry (Bappenas,Kimpraswil, Keuangan, Dalam Negeri,Lingkungan, Pengentasan Kemiskinan,Kehutanan, Sumberdaya Air, Pember-dayaan Wanita, and Kelautan); pro-fessional association/institution, iniversi-ties, regional governments, media associ-ation, donor agencies, NGOs and commu-nity organization.

It is interesting that during the imple-mentation of this workshop is the appli-cation of participatory method, whereeach participant is a resource persontherefore an active participation and con-tribution from everyone was called for.The first session started with a directivefrom the Deputy for Facility andInfrastructure, Bappenas. His speechcontains primarily of a statement thatalthough the principle of MDGs havebeen adopted by the related governmentagencies, yet a discussion by all stake-holders is needed in order to translateand to agree to targets and realistic andoperable national action plans. An inter-esting presentation was also provided ByMs. Erna Witoelar in her capacity as UNSpecial Ambassador for MDGs in Asiaand the Pacific stated that the targetdetermination (in particular, water andsanitation) was made by each country inaccordance with the condition of therespective country. This matter, she

stressed later that MDGs achievementneeds an integrated effort with otherissues such as human rights, good gover-nance, and security.

As is mentioned earlier that thisworkshop applies participatory approachthe following sessions consist of groupdiscussions. The discussions deal withamong others, the participants' opinionabout the possibility of achieving thegoals and targets in Indonesia, and theme

and issues that might be influential toMDGs target in particular water and sa-nitation.

The result produced in the workshopconsists of recommendation for indica-tive strategy, solution and action plansrelated to theme and issues that may beinfluential to water and sanitation targetin MDGs. The outcome is colored withnew information and knowledge broughtin by the related stakeholders, such asfrom local governments, forestry sector,women empowerment, poverty reduc-tion, human resources and environmen-tal affairs, non government organiza-tions, donor agencies and media repre-sentative. It is hoped that such a dialoguecould be continued, so that MDGs targetsparticularly water and sanitation could beachieved.

(Summarized from workshop result Achievement of Millennium

Development Goals Through Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation ActionPlans in Indonesia)

A S P O L AW


Workshop on Achievement ofMillennium Development Goals

Through Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Action Plans in Indonesia

The result producedin the workshop consistsof recommendation for

indicative strategy,solution and action plans

related to theme andissues that may be

influential to water andsanitation target in MDGs.

Natural resources managementwhich is tinted with variousinterests may in the end lead to

conflicts. Therefore, conflict manage-ment should become an inherent part inthe long process of natural resourcesmanagement. While it is in our culture,conflicts tend to be avoided or even neg-lected. Realizing that conflict is an effec-tual phenomenon this book attempts tooffer the steps to managing it.

This book is prepared from variousreferences and initiatives in many places,which were alter combined into severalconcepts, principles and methodologiesto help in natural resources managementin Indonesia. The book is divided into 6chapters beginning from the solution ofnon-confrontation type of conflict, dis-cussion on the meaning of conflict, con-flict solution including its strength andweakness, and the guidelines to its solu-tion.

The main strength of this book is insolution of non-confrontation type of

conflict through mediation. In its link-age with WSES development this book isquite relevant especially with the begin-ning of the emergence of conflict relatedto water source management, includingWSES facility management.

O O K I N F O

Integration of the interests for Winning Life A reference to the methodology for natural resources conflict management

B


Authors: Ilya Moeliono, Larry Fischer,

Stefan Wodicka, SuporahardjoPublisher:

Studio Driya Media in cooperationwith World Neighbors,

Consortium Pengembangan NusaTenggara with support from The

Ford FoundationFirst Edition, 2003

Pages: xxxi + 242 pp

This book attempts to con-tribute some ideas for a sus-tainable infrastructure deve-

lopment program of the future espe-cially in the light of a strategicallychanging environment. The materi-als presented here represent the over-all picture of the conditions andimportant factors governing infra-structures in Indonesia, in the past,today and in the future. The infra-structure covered includes transport,energy, electricity, water resourcesand irrigation, drinking water andsanitation, telematic, housing, andrelated industry and service.

Infrastructures in Indonesia

Author:Suyono Dikun (ed.)

Publisher:The Office of Bappenas

First Edition, 2003Pages:

xxxiv + 566pp.

Before, During,and After the

Crisis

This books attempts to disseminatelocal initiatives in water manage-ment, by the local government,

civil community, private sector. The fo-cus of local activity is very important,even for the big international organizati-on. The main strength of this book lieswith the variety of examples of local ac-tivities under various different organiza-tion and localities. The information pre-sented in this book is useful for(a) profes-sionals, (b) local government, (c)cooperation organization. This book isactually a continuation of a similar bookentitled "Ideas for Water Awareness

Campaigns." The materials presentedcontains the basic principles underlyingsmall scale community water supplymanagement including examples which isdivided into categories, water conserva-

tion, water quality improvement, andclean-ups. Besides, the discussion alsoincludes the importance of transparencyin water management. It is also inte-resting this book provides a list of refe-renced materials such as books, websites,reports, even the addresses of institutionsrelated to water supply management.

If one intends to learn about watersupply management this book provesitself as a valuable source of information.If further information is needed there areaddress to contact which can be accessedthrough mail, internet, and telephoneconnection.

O O K I N F O

Ideas for Local Action inWater Management

B


Authors:Marten van Ittersum and Frank

van Steenbergen Publisher:

Global water PartnershipFirst Edition, 2003

Pages:102 pp

Millennium DevelopmentGoals: A compact amongnations to end human povertyhttp://hdr.undp.org/

This is the official websitefeaturing the HumanDevelopment Report.

This website becomes important

because it provides detailed informationabout progress and anything done byeach nation in achieving MDGs which areassembled into the Human DevelopmentReport (HDR) 2003. The document canbe downloaded. There are many moreinteresting documents such as journals,data, books which the most part can bedownloaded.

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/html/about.shtm

The United nations launched 4 strategies in achievingMDGs, namely millennium project, millennium cam-paign, achievement monitoring in each nation, activity

coordination in each nation. This website contains explanation ofone of the strategies, i.e Millennium Project for the purpose ofproducing the best recommendation in achieving MDGs. Reportof each MDGs target is also included here. Specifically for target10 interim report (water and sanitation) can be accessed inhttp://www.inmillenniumproject.org/documents/tf/interim.pdf.

Some interesting working papers are also presented here likeMillennium Development Goals Needs Assessments.

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp

This represents the website of theStatistics Division of the UnitedNations, a section of which

includes Millennium Indicators that con-tains definitions of drinking water andsanitation, and the related data linked toMDGs of each nation.

E B S I T E I N F O

Websites related to Target 10 of MDGs

W


Human DevelopmentReport 2003

M i l l e n n i u m P r o j e c t

Other related websites The United Nations Millennium Assembly http://www.un.org/millennium/

United Nations Millennium Development Goals http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ United Nations Group (UNDG) http://www.undg.org/login.cfm

Millennium Development Goals Country Reports http://www.undp.org/mdg/countryreport.html United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.undp.org/mdg/

World Health Organization (WHO) http://www.who.int/mdg/en/ UN-HABITAT http://www.unhabitat.org/

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) http://www.oecd.org World Economic Forum http://www.weforum.org/

Paris21 Consortium http://www.paris21.org/netterworld/home.htm Water and sanitation Program http://www.wsp.or/english/focus/mdg.html

Source UNDP

Statist ics Division

After several meetings held at thePokja Secretariat the followingaction plan has been agreed. In

broad line the plan comprises the follow-ing:

1. Support activities to foreign lo-an/grant funded projects such asWASPOLA, WSLIC-2, ProAir, CWSH,and others. The activities consist of mo-nitoring and supervision, coordinationmeeting, workshop, procurement of labo-ratory equipment.

2. Public campaign. Following up theagreement of National Policy forCommunity Based WSES Development,during this year the disseminationprocess to all provincial and kabupatengovernments will be undertaken, publicservice advertisement in national papers,talk show in national TV channels, train-ing for national and provincial level fa-cilitators, dissemination of the nationalpolicy through brochures, leaflets, andother media, article writing contest, web-site development and maintenance, pub-lication of Bulletin (Percik), and routinediscussion forum.

3. Organizing baseline data. To followup the WSES baseline data workshop in2003, it is planned to conduct field trial ofdata base WSES in 2 provinces. Therewill be, in addition, a WSES investmentstudy be conducted.

4. Preparation of guidelines and stan-dardization. Realizing the lack of guide-lines and standardization related toWSES this year will start preparation ofinformed choice catalogue of sanitation

technology which gather all availabletechnology each with detailed specifica-tion and construction cost. It is also real-ized that village level WSES investmentneed must be supported with village levelfinancial institution. For this purpose astudy in financial institution arrange-ment for village level WSES is to be con-ducted this year.

5. Field trial of national policy forcommunity based WSES development.This year the field trial will be held inSANIMAS project sites as a replication towhat the project has done in 2003, andanother trial in the ex 2003 field trial area

which will continue with construction ofWSES infrastructure and facility.

6. Improvement in working groupsecretariat. With the increasing in inten-sity and type of activities it becomes ne-cessary to have a capable secretariat tosupport the activities. It is planned tohire new professionals to support thedaily routines

The working group will be supportedby government budget (APBN). An ac-tivity conducted in collaboration withother party, WASPOLA, or the local go-vernment, the cost will be shared betweenthe partners.

G E N D A

Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Working Group

A c t i o n P l a n 2 0 0 4

A


1. Water as an Economic and Public Good

2. Informed Choice as the Basis of Demand-Responsive Approach

3. Environmental-Friendly Development

4. Hygiene Education5. Poverty Focus6. Women's Role in Decision-Making7. Accountability of the Planning

Process8. Government's Role as Facilitator

for Empowerment9. Active Community Participation10. Optimal and Target-Oriented

Service11. Improved Monitoring and

Evaluation Program

National PolicyDevelopment of Community-Managed Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Facilities and Services

Ir. Budiman AriefDirectorate General of Urban and Rural

Development,Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure

Drs. Seman Widjojo, MsiDirectorate General of Development

Ministry of Home Affairs

Dr. Ardi Partadinata, MsiDirectorate General of Rural and Community

EmpowermentMinistry of Home Affairs

Dr. Machfud Siddik, MScDirectorate General for Central and Local Fiscal

Balance,Ministry of Finance

AGREEMENT FOR NATIONAL POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY-BASED WATER SUPPLYAND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

Ir. E. Suyono Dikun, Ph.D.IPMDeputy of Infrastructure, National Development

Planning AgencyProf. Dr. Umar Fahmi Achmadi, MPH.Ph.D

Directorate General of Communicable DiseaseControl & Enviromental Health,

Ministry of Health