indonesia water and sanitation highlight 2005. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine....

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Report

Potret of WSS Sector 2005, Awareness is Still Lacking 3

National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development

One Year Waiting for Validation 6

Portrait of WSS Working Group 2005 9

WASPOLA, From Principle to Action 11

1,66 Villages Obtain Access to

Clean Water Service Through WSLIC-2 15

SANIMAS: Towards a National Programme 18

Interview

Ir. Basah Hernowo,

Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas 20

Dr. I Nyoman Kandun MPH,

Director General for Disease Control and Environmental Sanitation 22

Opinion

Faithfully in Service for Eight Years 26

World Water Monitoring Day 28

Success Story

WSLIC-2 of Jambearjo, Malang

Rural Connection, Urban Management 30

Kaleidoscope

Behaviour Change without Subsidy 32

Adat Rule Does Not Work 34

Builds Flying Toilets 35

Only to Dig Excremetn Pit 36

IATPI Clinic

Wastewater from Wash- and Bathroom 37

Around WASPOLA 38

Around WSS 41

Website Info 48

Innovation

Rahmat (Blessed) Water Converting Clean to Drinkable Water 49

Ceramic Water Filter 50

Agenda 51

WSS Bibliography 52

Glossary 53

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Ismail, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

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Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

Time seems to slip away so fast.Without we knowing it, we areabout to pass 2005. In a mo-

ment the new year of 2006 greets us.As usual we use the moment like thisas moment of contemplation, an eva-luation. What have done during theoutgoing year. What is the balancebetween the positive and the nega-tive? And for the governmentbureaucrat the question is how farhave they served the nation and thepeople? Let's us hope they were notenjoyong their handsome income fordoing nothing to the people who paythem. Of course we hope the bureau-crates at all levels have worked thebest they could do to serve the coun-try in accordance with the oath ofoffice.

Dear Readers, at the year end likethis, Percik won't miss to present toyou the portrait of WSS developmentmanagement in Indonesia during theyear. In broad line of course. Theintention is, to provide us with learn-ing materials. We can learn fromboth successes and failures. Succes-ses can be replicated to a wider scalein 2006. While failures we will learnto avoid it and make success in thefuture.

If we look into the progress in2005 and compare it with has beendone in 2004 we see no significantchanges have been made. WSS deve-lopment seems to make a stationarymovement. Cases that happened in2004 (see Percik December 2004)seem to repaeat in 2005. From flood,contagious diseases, final garbagedisposal, pollution, WSS related hori-zontal conflict etc. did happen again.However, within the gloomy face onecannot deny that there is still a splin-ter of hope. The projects that wereput into test in 2005 indicated anexcellent result. Take a look at SANI-MAS, WSLIC-2 and CLTS. Imple-mentation of national policy for com-munity based development also indi-

cated a hopeful signs. Yet the cove-rage of these projects is still quite li-mited, let alone reaching the far cor-ners of Indonesia.

In this edition we present to youseveral successes in the project imple-mentation. The expectation is thiscould be imitated by other regions.We don't miss to say that in the midstof these successes we also include thedark side and contraints as they hap-pened in the field. These all are valu-able lessons learned that we mustbear in mind. Isn't the wise used tosay: failure is the beginning of a suc-cess? These lessons are concocted inseveral articles. One appears in kalei-doscope, in success story, and otherson the main feature.

Dear readers, it might be worth-while for us to know what the WSSrelated policy makers think aboutWSS development progress during

this year. For this purpose we inter-viewed the Director of HumanSettlement and Housing, (NationalDevelopment Planning Agency(Bappenas), the Director General forDisease Control and EnvironmentalSanitation, Department of Health, andCPMU Chairman of WSLIC-2 project.In essence, there are many things thatmust be done regarding WSS mana-gement in Indonesia. Especially in con-nection with Indonesia's willingness tobeing 'burdened' with MDGs target.

Lastly, we hope the present Percikserves as an impulse to improvement.And we are also expecting feedback fromthe readers, fro the betterment of thismagazine in particular and IndonesianWSS development in general. Let usgreet 2006 with optimism and care tothe pepole's condition. Let's avoid happi-ness at the expense of someone else'smisery. May God Bless us all.

FROM EDITOR

Percik December 2005 1

HappyNew Year

2006

HappyNew Year

2006

SOURCE:GUSTOMI/JeLAJAH

Request for Bibliography

Dear Editor, I am a graduate of Environmental

Engineering from ITB class of 1995and Masters of Science from Tech-nische Universitaet Hamburg, Ham-burg, Germany. Presently I am wor-king for my PhD from the same univer-sity.

Presently I am working on a studyin the area of susstainability assess-ments of sanitation especially for lowincome urban communities inIndonesia. The place presently understudy is Rungkut, Suarabaya. The aimof the study is to propose an alterna-tive solution to water pollution prob-lems from human waste for lowincome community in the urban areasof Indonesia. One of the alternatives isecosan (ecological sanitation), inwhich domestic wastewater is dividedinto three categories, excrement(blackwater), urine (yellow water), andother liquid waste (grey water). Thissystem has long been developed inEurope (Germany, Austria, Sweden).My professor happens to be one of thepioneers.

To implement it together with afriend who atennd the same schoolcosntructed an Ecosan pilot plant atPusdakota Ubaya, an NGO concntrat-ing on community empowerment. Acollague in Pusdakota who attended aWSS Working Group seminar sometime ago lent me the seminar proceed-ing and Percik ed. June 2004. I amquite interested with the informationbacuse of relevance with my ongoingstudy. I have managed to get most ofthe data in Percik of said edition fromvarious internet sources, yet someother are still lacking. For that purposeI would inquire how I could obtain sev-eral refereances from Percik bibliogra-phy? Beside the data presented thereare also several VCDs (such as NAP for

Wastewater, Methodology forParticipatory Aproach assesment,Proceeding of SANIMAS NationalSeminar in Bali 2004), proceeding ofNational Seminar on World Water Day2004, Data Inventory and Evaluationof Urban Infrastructure DevelopemtnImplementation 1992-2002, andWastewater management handbook)and others I wish to have the photo-copy. What is the best way for me tohave them?

Almy Malisie

Surabaya

In need for books

I am an instructor of CommunityHealth Study Programme of theUniversity of Jember. Our StudyProgramme is in need for books onenvironment, and we have receivedthe journal you sent us. We wish tohave the books in your website. Iwould be thankful if you could

advise us how to get them.

Rahayu Sri Pujiati, SKM, M.Kes

Community Health Study Programme

University of Jember

Jl. Kalimantan I/93 Kampus

Tegal Boto, Jember 68121

Phone. (O331) 322995 Fax. (0331) 337878

Request forsubscription

Several times I read Percik maga-zine my instructor lent me. It containsmany insteresting materials and rele-vant to the subject I am studying. Howcould I subscribe the magazine regu-larly?

Nurul Ichsan

Jln. Banjarsari, Gg. Iwenisari No. 8

Tembalang, Semarang 50275

Bulletin and CD

Herewith I would request for free bu-lletins and CD related to WSS develop-ment for additional collection of ourlibrary of the Faculty of AdministrationSciences, University of Brawijaya.

Andy Fefta Wiajya

Fac. Administration Science

Univ. of Brawijaya

Jl. MT Haryono No 163

Malang - Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Thank you for all the attention paidby the faithful Percik readers. For yourattention, Percik magazine is distributedfree of charge. We will send it to you whohave attached a complete address. Whilefor the bibliography, they are available invery limited copies. Therefore, we willhelp you as long as they are available atsufficient copies. Otherwise, you will needto duplicate them yourselves. Thank youagain. (Editor) (Redaksi)

YOUR VOICE


ILUSTRATION BY: RUDIKOZ.COM

Year 2005 is coming to an end.WSS development seems to passjust like that. No significant im-

provement has been made. We shouldrealize, however, that other sectors areperforming more or less the same, aliasrunning idle. There are perhaps manyreasons for it, such as the governmenthas only been newly formed, delay inbudget flow, official or positional trans-fer in bureaucracy, and so on.

Admittedly or not, this sector hasnot been given the proper attention.The central government budget forhousing and settlement is less than 10percent. We could then deduce howmuch is from this percentage WSS -aspart of settlement development gets;very small naturally. Whereas, it is esti-mated that WSS development through2015 requires Rp 50 trillion budget ifthe MDGs target is to be achieved. Theregional attention is even worse. Based

on survey in 6 districts, local govern-ment budget allocation for this sector isbelow 10 percent, some even close tozero.

It is no wonder therefore that WSSservice coverage does not move furtherfrom the record of the previous years.Urban piped water service is 52 percentand in villages 5 percent. The overallurban wastewater service, on site andoff site combined is 25,5 percent (takenfrom the population of 399 urban cen-ters). Solid waste management serves32,1 of the population of 384 cities. At

the national average 54,56 percent offamilies have a relatively acceptabledrainage system, and 31,98 percent ha-ving no drainage system at all.

Community access to WSS system israted low, especially for those living invillages. WSS service is not evenly di-stributed among regions and territories,and in many areas the distribution isinequitable between the rich and thepoor. Efficiency in use of the existingfacility is only at 76 percent of the totalcapacity. This means 24 percent of thecapacity is idle or lost, and boils down toinefficient investment. This was becau-se of the top down approach of develop-ment in the past that made the invest-ment bigger than the actual demand.The proportion of urban families withseptic tank and pit well systems com-bined is relatively high, i.e at 80,5 per-cent (regardless of quality) (BPS, 2004).Up to 73,13 percent of urban familiesthat have toilets, and 16,9 percent usecommunal or public toilet. While in vil-lages the figure indicates 50 percent.

In such a condition, the environ-ment suffers from severe degradation.This is because of rapid populationgrowth, urbanization, and industrializa-tion. Deterioration threatens manywater catchment areas. Water sourcesare polluted. This brings serious pro-

MAIN REPORT

Percik Desember 2005 3

Potret of WSS Sector in 2005

AWARENESSIS STILL LACKING

Water supply and environmental sanitation is still beingconsidered as less important sector. This is evidenced

from the level of attention to this sector and the impactproduced within one year. The hope for a change still

remains a dream.

LUMAJANG

TAKALAR

KUNINGAN

SUBANG

SIKKA

SUMBA TIMUR

20030.561.15

1.333.067.91

20045.560.010.971.370.850.1

2005

1.06

blems to water supply. Water quality inseveral river basins is decreasing conti-nuously due to domestic and industrialwastes, also from other human activitiessuch as mining and residual effect fromextensive use of pesticides. Pollution towater bodies caused by several reasonssuch dumping of wastewater hasreached an apprehensive stage. Ap-proximately 76 percent of 52 rivers ofJava, Sumatra, Bali and Sulawesi arehighly polluted with organic pollutants,and 11 main rivers are critically contam-inated with ammonium compound.

These all are the the consequences ofman's failure to exploit nature in a wisemanner. Illegal logging goes freely un-restricted. No wonder if floods andlandslides are repeating the same placesas the previous years. Death tolls, wo-unded people and loss in properties areunavoidable.

Groundwater exploitation and irre-sponsible dumping of industrial waste,especially in the urban areas, are com-mon practices without the least regardto environmental conservation and nat-ural carrying capacity. In Jakarta forexample, groundwater extraction hasexceeded 60 percent above the safetreshold. As a consequence, in manyplaces groundwater table has droppedas far as 5 meters. As a consequence ofpollution from industrial wastes in thenorthern part of the city, the economicvalue of river, i.e Ciliwung Dalam Riverin Rorotan Marunda has been decreas-ing continuously. In terms of money thevalue in 2003 was Rp 1,094 billion, sev-eral years after it will become Rp337million. The decrease in water valuefrom 2003-2010 will adversely affectthe life of shrimps, crabs, and cock-leshells will become endangered withmercury poisoning from the river. In2010 when the cadmium content ingroundwater of the area exceeds the safetreshold, underground water of the areais not drinkable any more. Then in2028, water cannot be used for agricul-ture any more because mercury content

is well above the safe treshold (SuaraPembaharuan 18/11/2005).

The nature is also suffering morebecause the burden of increasing pilesof solid waste. The garbage productiongrowth rate is estimated at 1,49 percentper annum. For regions with sufficientland space, it does not pose a problem atleast for the time being. In big cities,solid waste is a real headache. Take alook at Jakarta, the regional govern-ment now is deeply perplexed, especial-ly with TPST Bojong continuously beingdenied by the local population, whileTPA Bantar Gebang cannot be used anymore. Bandung is also suffering fromthe same headache after the LewigajahTPA disaster. The regional autonomyapparently gives birth to regional ego-ism, paying no respect to the interest ofthe larger communities. On one side,the community's awareness to 3R(reuse, reduce, recycle) principle is lack-ing. They still don't care to this dirtymaterial. The community attitudetowards hygienic life needs improve-

ment.Lack community access is also the

side effect of institutional and lawenforcement related problems. The ins-titution responsible for WSS manage-ment is not performing sufficiently andis under capacity. Management, finan-cing, human resources and institutionalissues are all in a mess, God knowswhen to get unruffled. While lawenforcement is going meekly, if not sta-tionary at all. Laws and regulations aresimple written documents. Environ-mental degradation is proceeding freelyunabashed.

This poor condition brings with it itsconsequences. Action equals reaction,so the the law of relativity says. If thereis no significant reaction in WSS deve-lopment, the expected reaction willnever come up, in other words stagnan-cy. And that is better still, the real factis that community health condition -asit relates to WSS service provision- isgetting worse. This is evidenced fromthe incidence of several diseases such as

MAIN REPORT


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

polio, dengue fever, avian flu, diarrhoea,and cholera. The last disease was wide-spread recently silently missed publica-tion. In general, of 175 nations of theworld, Indonesia is placed 112 in healthcondition. Fadillah Supari, the Ministerof Health says this is a poor position,though it is slightly better than before.

This condition is open wide in frontof us. We cannot put the blame singlyon anyone for it. Everyone is to sharethe responsibility. One cannot deny,however, that all this time the commu-nity is not sufficientlystrengthened in handlingWSS development so thata sustainable WSS servicesystem has never beenmade into living reality.On the other hand, thegovernment personnelare still maintaining theirproject oriented way ofthinking and consider thepeople are a mere stupidlot. Incompetence alsoinfected the bureaucratesso that in absence offunding, no job couldtake place and no atten-tion could be paid to thepeople they are supposedto serve. Incompetence isa chronic disease thisnation suffers from.

ChallengesIndonesia has been caught within

MDGs trap. Indonesia, in this case thegovernment, is compelled to implementthe agreement made in Johannesburg.In WSS sector, Indonesia has to reduceby half, in 2015, the proportion of popu-lation without access to water supplyand basic sanitation facility. Theassumption is, this achievement will sig-nificantly influence the improvement ofcommunity well being.

From the community point of viewthe government determination is supe-rior. The problem is, whether that is

realistic. There are so many problemsthis nation faces. In a messy systemsuch it is, the decision makers -inclu-ding the parliament- prefer more realis-tic issues where the result is readily vis-ible. This of course is different from theimpact of WSS development which isnot instant and the impact is visible onlyafter a long time. Financial support forthis sector cannot always be expected,even from the private sector consideringthe amount needed. While the richnations, that should have been alloca-

ting 0.1 percent of their domestic prod-ucts, no one can expect they would keeptheir promise.

Again the people have to carry addi-tional burden, in spite of their economicdifficulty. A new development strategycame into practice, called empower-ment. The community has been consi-dered powerless. Therefore, the com-munity with its limitation is stimulatedto become capable to develop itself. Thegovernment -paid handsomely from thepeople's tax- will act as facilitator. Thepeople are facilitated to help the govern-ment to achieve MDGs target in spite of

their limited capacity.Based on UNSFIR study (2003) In-

donesia can only reach the reduction byhalf the population presently is withoutaccess to water supply and basic sanita-tion in 2040. It is estimated that 24provinces are unable to reach the targetin 2015.

There is a paradox between targetand process. On one side, the govern-ment is putting stronger emphasis onWSS development through communityempowerment approach, which natural-

ly takes a longer timeto accomplish. On theother side, MDGs tar-get is brought into themainstream that mustbe reached in orderthat Indonesia won thereputation as a suc-cessful nation by theinternational commu-nity. It is therefore notimpossible that theproject oriented way ofthinking in order toreach the target will bereactivated. What iscertain, with or withouttarget, the people needaccess to water supplyand sanitation servicein order to improvetheir well being. And

this needs the government's manage-ment and seriousness as the mandatoryto run the management of the state.This needs a clear vision and missionthat does not depend on other nation orinternational organization. Breakthro-ugh and creativity is being awaited bythe people. Therefore the governmentmust be strong enough to improve itselfto prevent it being steered by outsiderswith hidden agenda.

The population yearns for drinkingwater and hygienic environment for qu-ality life. This is not an empty illusion.When can this be made a reality?

mujiyanto

MAIN REPORT


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

The national policy for communi-ty based WSS development hasbeen implemented for two

years. Though it hasn't spread to allregions, the field trial so far has indica-ted a hope for WSS development in thefuture. However, this policy is notenough to cover the management ofWSS development in general. This isbecause with the policy is limited tosmall scale demand which may be lesseconomical.

The demand for WSS service is con-siderably large. In this connection wehave no choice but to orient the ma-nagement to the institutionally based.The big demand will naturally call forlarge scale mobilization of resources,human resources, finance, technology,and others. For that reason, the govern-ment is designing a national policy forinstitutionally based WSS development.

As an initial preparation, the formu-lation process is already completed. Atthe end of December 2004 the draft wasready for revision. Yet up to the end of2005 the draft has not been signed.There are many constraints over there.This is quite natural considering thispolicy links many sectors and many"interests". There are still many issuesrequiring clarification.

What is certain is that this policy isexpected to serve as directive for allstakeholders to lead their activitytowards achieving WSS managementobjectives, ie. improved communityhealth and supporting economic growth

towards community welfare. The objec-tives are i) increase in access, ii) effec-tive use, and iii) guaranteed sustainabil-ity. The general policy of WSS sectordevelopment includes the following:

Priority to the poor families.Maintaining a balance betweendemand for WSS development andenvironmental carrying capacity.Involving the participation of allstakeholders.WSS Management that exercises anoptimum entrepreneurship and costrecovery principles.Effective law enforcement.

Establishment of inter-regional andcross-sectoral coordination in WSSManagement.

The general policy is then deducedto sectoral policy consisting of four sec-tors ie. drinking water, wastewater,solid waste, and drainage.

Drinking WaterDrinking water service is currently

in a very limited coverage. This is onlyin urban areas. But the urban poor, tho-se who live in the slum areas are alwaysin want. They have to spend more mo-ney relative to the size of their income.

MAIN REPORT


1.2.

3.

4.

5.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

6

National Policy for Institutionally BasedWSS Development

One Year Waiting forValidation

On the other side, the capacity of theenvironment to provide clean water isdecreasing steadily. Though it is renew-able, water resources availability fordrinking purpose is a problem for mostof the service providers. In the mean-time, the demand for drinking water isincreasing due to population growthand changes in lifestyle.

PDAM that is supposed to serve thecommunity is unable to meet the expec-tation both in terms of water quality andquantity. The public company is suf-fering from internal problems such asmanagement, tariff, and regulatoryaspects. And the role of the private sec-tor so far has not been visible.

For all the above conditions the po-licy for drinking water includes:

Gradual increase in service coverageand improvement from clean waterinto drinking water quality.Increase of access to drinking waterservice with priority to low incomecommunities and areas that are with-out access to such a service.Consumenrs' involvement to promotequality of service.Drinking water consumption controlthrough regulation and tariff instru-ments.Improvement of government, com-munity and business community con-trol in raw water management.Application of sound managementand cost recovery principles.Improvement of investment opportu-nity.

WastewaterArticle 40 of Water Resouces Law

stipulates the requirement for an inte-gral management of drinking water andwastewater. But up to now there is nomeeting of mind regarding wastewatermanagement. Drinking water supply isstill oriented to raw water treatment todrinking water. But without consideringthe waste produced from drinking wateruse that causes pollution to raw watersource. If this tendency continues it will

cost more and more to produce drinkingwater and to restrore water resourcesquality.

Besides, there is presently no plan-ning standard applicable to wastewatertreatment, either for a single housingarea or a municipality scale so thatmany of the waste treatment falicitiesare inferior and do not meet therequired environmental safety stan-dard.

Pollution of water body for variousdifferent reasons, especially from waste-water has reached an apprehensionlevel. 76,2 percent of 52 rivers on Java,Sumatra and Sulawesi are heavily pol-luted with organic pollutants, and 11major rivers are heavily polluted withammonium compounds. Major rivers ofthe urban are generally polluted to anextent that BOD exceeds 34,48 percentand COD 51,72 percent above tresholdvalues. Approximately 32,24 percent ofpiped water samples and 54,16 percentof non piped samples contain E.coli bac-teria.

Whether one admits it or not thecommunity as the waste producer doesnot care to what has been done. This ismade even worse with the fact that thecommunity lacks the access to wastewaterhandling service. Even with one who hasthe performane of the providing institutionis wanting. Government care is lascking.This is evidenced from lack of governmentbudget and lack of law and regulation go-verning this sector.

Overcome the abovementionedproblems, the polcy for wastewatertreatmen inclues the following:

Promote the integration of regulationon drinking water and wastewatermanagement.Wastewater management is orientedto raw water conservation.Improvement of community access toacceptable level of wastewater facility.Priority service is to be given to poorcommunities.Wastewater management be under-taken by a specically appointed insti-tution.

MAIN REPORT


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Improvement of the role of govern-ment, community and private sectorin wastewater treatment.Application of cost recovery principlegradually in wastewater management.Effective law enforcement to preventpollution of water sources.

Solid WasteIndonesian population growth is

1,49 percent a year and logically thisbrings an increase of garbage produc-tion up to 2-4 percent per annum. Theincrease in volume is also followed withcomposition and characteristics of solidwaste in line with industrial growth andcommunity consumption pattern.

The increase in garbage productionis not followed with the availability ofgarbage handling facility so that theremaining untended garbage turns tosource of environmental pollution.Another difficulty faced by the regionalgovernment is the limited space for finaldisposal ground (TPA). This sector

faces many problems consisting of insti-tutional, regulatory, and financing.Similar with wastewater, solid waste hasnot been given sufficient attention itdeserves. However, some hope maycome from the community because indi-viduals and group have in reality capa-ble of initiating individual and neigh-bourhood scale waste management sys-tem. It is now up to us how to promotethe existing potential.

The policy related to solid waste sec-tor consists of:

Reduce as much as possible wasteproduction right from its initialsource.Promote community role and partici-pation as partners in waste materialhandling.Strengthening Solid waste manage-ment institution.Development partnership with theprivate sector.Improvemetn Ste by Step level ofservice towards a natioan standard.

Application of cost recovery principle,step by step.Effective law enforcement.

DrainageUp to now there is no clarity whe-

ther a drainage system in Indonesia isoriented only to avoid rainwater inun-dation or it also includes disposingwastewater into a mixed system. Itoften happens a drainage system is alsoused for wastewater, especially greywater, drainage though the systyem isnot designed for a mixed system. Amixed system without proper palnningtends to cause pollution of water body inthe downstream area. Many drainagesystem development, by the govern-ment, proivate, or the community, doesnot follow the existing master plan, andin several cities such a master planentirely unknown. Besides, attention todrainage issue is not based on programapproach, more ofteen than not it isbased on casuistic approach and an areadevelopment often does not follow aspatial planning wth regards flow pat-tern and infiltration capacity.

Drainagwe also faces funding, lawenforcement, and institutional prob-lems. Government attention ariseswhen in response to a consequence.

Considering the above the policyrelated to dainage sector includes:

Determine the authority in drainagehandling by the government, privatesector and the community dependingon the drainage system hierarchy.Establishment of integrated drainagesystem management to maintain ba-lance in water regime.Priority to the poor community andtickly populated sectors in drainagemanagemetn and handling.

All sectoral policies, drinking water,wastewater, solid waste and drainagesystem are to be deduced into moredetailed implementation strategies.Socialization process has been under-taken through talk show in TV. Now weare waiting for the validation. (MJ)

MAIN REPORT


6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

The WSS Working Group in 2005has fcosed its activity in publiccampaign and operationaliza-

tion of the national policy for communi-ty based WSS development in theregions and completion of the nationalpolicy for institutionally based WSSdevelopment.

The public campign is directed toimpart a better understanding to allWSS development stakeholders aboutthe basic principles underlying thenational WSS development policy andto increase their care and participationin the development of this sector. Someof the public campaign activities areundertaken through publication ofPercik magazine, website maintenance,electronic mailing list and WSS newslet-ter, poster and leaflet printing and dis-tribution, exhibition, and talk show inelectronic media. The talkshow hasbeen done through cooperation withtwo TV stations, TVRI and Metro TV,discussing about National Policy forInstititutionally Based WSS Develop-ment.

Translation of the national policy forcommunity based WSS developmentinto regional level operation has beenundertaken through several activities,such as:1. Workshop

Workshop on National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Developmentin 7 provinces.Workshop on Operationalization ofNational Policy for Community BasedWSS Development in the regions forNGO partners and the involved go-vernment agencies.Workshop on National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Developmentin CWSH project sites.Workshop for socialization of theNational Policy for Community Based

WSS Development in WSLIC-2 pro-ject sites.Workshop for Operationalization ofthe National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development in theregions.

2. TrainingWSS Technical Training.

ProAir Technical Training.WSLIC-2 Post Construction TechnicalTraining.MPA-PHAST Training and itsApplication in Planning andMonitoring for Community BasedWSS Projects

3. Cordination in the Implemen-tation of Community Based WSSDevelopment with ProgramPartners4. Field Trial of Community-LedTotal Sanitation Approach

The field trial was conducted incooperation with WASPOLA in 6 loca-tions, namely Lumajang, Muaro Jambi,Sambas, Bogor, Muara Enim andSumabawa. CLTS approve works excel-lently in improving community habittrowrds hygiene behaviour. Yet, someof the areas also met with difficulties inthe trial. The factors influencing suc-cess and failure of the approach lie with

MAIN REPORT


Portrait of WSS Working Group 2005

In 2006 the WSS WorkingGroup has been instrumentalin formulating a cooperation

agreement between theGovernment of Indonesia withPlan International, an inter-

national non governmentorganization. This coopera-tion represents one of the

efforts for active involvementof all stakeholders in WSS

development

SOURCE:WSS

the support from the local communityyleaders.

In 2006 the WSS Working Grouphas been instrumental in formulating acooperation agreement between theGovernment of Indonesia with PlanInternational, an international non gov-ernment organization. This agreementis summarized into a MoU signed by theDeputy for Infrastructure, Bappenasand Country Director of Plan Inter-national Indonesia on 19 October 2005.This cooperation represents one of theefforts for active involvement of allstakeholders in WSS development.

The activity related to formulation ofNational Policy for Institutionally BasedWSS Development has finalised draft 3revision 3. Socialization of the latestdraft has been made to echelon 1 offi-cials of Directorate General Bangda,Directorate General PMD, DirectorateGeneral Disease Control andEnvironmental sanitation and Ministryof Environment.

Plan for 2006In 2006 the WSS Working Group

workplans include public campaign,operationalization of National Policy forWSS (Community as well as Institu-tionally Based) WSS Development andformulation of the related guidelines. In2006 the public campaign will followalmost exactly what has been done inthe previous year. This activity consistsof publication of Percik magazine, web-site maintenance, electronic mailing listand WSS newsletter, poster and leafletprinting and distribution, exhibition,and talkshow in electronic media.Hopefully that in 2006 Percik publica-tion volume could be increased. This isin line with the increasing demand tothis magazine.

Operationalization of National Policyfor WSS Development will be conductedthrough several means such as:

Coordination Meeting on NationalPolicy for WSS Development

This coordination meeting is intend-

ed to build a better understanding, con-sultation and supervision of policyimplementation within the frameworkof central, provincial and kabupatenlevel WSS Working Groups.

TrainingIn 2006 ttraining agenda will be ori-

ented to capacity improvemen of theactors in operationalisation of NationalPolicy for WSS Development, and vari-

ous skills and knowledge needed forreplication of the approaches that havebeen tried sucessfully in the previousyears, such as CLTS and SANIMAS.

Workshop of CommunicationStrategy

It has been realized that the successin implementing National Policy forWSS Development is highly influencedby application of an effective policycommunication strategy, in 2006, willstart with communication strategy formu-lation to be initiated with a workshop todetermine the communication model as abase for communication strategy develop-ment for National Policy for (Communityand Institutionally Based) WSS Deve-lopment. Policy formulation activity willbe directed to produce various implemen-tation and technical guidelines and CWSHtechnical modules. Year 2006 will be thefirst year for realization of cooperationbetween the government and PlanInternational. The scope of the cooper-ation will include field trial of thenationa Policy for WSS development,training, resource centre developmentand development of communicationsstrategy. (AK)

MAIN REPORT


in 2006, will start withcommunication strategy

formulation to beinitiated with

a workshop to determinethe communicationmodel as a base for

communication strategydevelopment for National

Policy for (Communityand Institutionally Based)

WSS Development.

FOTO:MUJIYANTO

The idea behind WSS sector poli-cy reform was developed underthe premise of increasing an

improved and well targeted WSS servicecoverage. The importance of a moreefficient, well targeted, poverty orien-ted, improved community participation,gender sensitive, are a few of the under-lying principles upon which the WSSsector policy reform rests. Since its con-ception in 1998, WASPOLA (Water andSanitation Policy Formulation andAction Planning) has been promotingacceleration towards that reform.Though in the beginning this sectoralpolicy reform concept was not familiarwith the bureaucrates, especially withlack of nationally developed lessonslearned to use as reference, yet thereform process still proceeds andobtains multipartite support. Six go-vernment departments involved in itsdevelopment pleaded commitment for acommunity based WSS development.

In 2005 being the second year ofWASPOLA-2 after WASPOLA-1 wascompleted in 2003, has printed reformtints to WSS development policy that isnow proceeding in the path of a dynamiccoordination process.

Reform and Policy Implemen-tation

In 2005 the National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Developmentwas put into implementation in 21kabupatens of 7 provinces. (see table 1)

Several experiences have beenobtained from the implementation inthe 21 kabupatens. The experience fromWSS development up to now can beused as strong reason for conductingpolicy reform. Malfunctioning of facili-ties, inefficient and mistargeted devel-opment are among the examples. Atleast there are two things noted why

policy reform is important, first WSSdevelopment is often understood asWSS facility development subsidy, se-cond the budget for WSS developmentisquite limited therefore it is necessaryinvite support fron non government se-ctor. WASPOLA facilitation support inthe policy implementation, in this con-text is bridging out transfer of know-ledge and information in order that theservice is not limited to facility con-struction, but more than that, it is sus-tainability. Sustainability begins fromchange in paradigm leading to sustaineddevelopment covering institutional-,financial-, social-, technological- and envi-ronmental aspects. Besides, WASPOLAsupport is also made available to develop-ment of synergy between governmentand non government so that WSS ser-vice development could proceed as com-mon commitment and multipartiteinvolvement. The involvement leads todevelopment of common responsibilityfor investment and O&M costs. Some ofexamples of development initiated bydemand driven and demand responsive-ness approaches have indicated thatthere is a hidden potential within thecommunity, financial, capacity and

commitment. The basic policy princi-ples developed within the framework ofequity, and commitment to change,from provider to facilitator, should behonestly and openly translated into theimplementation of WSS sector develop-ment, by the central and regional go-vernments.

Capacity Improvement, Demandfor WSS Development

From the experience obtained fromfacilitating policy development in theregions, especially in the context of WSSpolicy reform, human resources capaci-ty improvement becomes an intrinsicdemand within the reform itself.Sustainable development and demandresponsive approach are among theimportant themes that call for strongundertanding and sectoral commit-ment. In 2005 WASPOLA has facilita-ted interaction between the governmentand the community for the purpose ofexploring and sharing of informationabout WSS service development at thefield level. The outcome is a growingcare and attention from within the go-vernment agencies, promoting appreci-ation of community participation andgrowth of community self reliance inWSS service management.

Sustainable WSS service relatedissues are often voiced out by WSSdevelopment actors in the regions.Regional working group identificationof drinking water supply related aspectsin some kabupatens, have identifiedseveral sustainability determining vari-ables, and their interlinkages. As anexample, in a visit to 4 villages ie.Talamelito, Molintogupo, Tangga Jaya,and Illoheluna, all in Kabupaten BoneBolango, widely different variables wereidentified. It was found that technologychoice was not followed with institu-

MAIN REPORT


WASPOLA, From Principle to ActionPROPINSI

SUMATERA BARAT

BANGKA BELITUNG

BANTEN

JAWA TENGAH

NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

SULAWESI SELATAN

GORONTALO

KABUPATEN

SAWAHLUNTO SIJUNJUNG

KOTA PAYAKUMBUH

TANAH DATAR

BANGKA SELATAN

BANGKA BARAT

KOTA PANGKAL PINANG

LEBAK

PANDEGLANG

KOTA TANGERANG

KEBUMEN

PEKALONAGN

GROBOGAN

LOMBOK BARAT

LOMBOK TIMUR

SUMBAWA

PANGKEP

TAKALAR

SELAYAR

GORONTALO

BONE BOLANGO

tional management, financial manage-ment and environmental protection, itwas also found that WSS service sus-tainability was vulnerable to "personalpolicy", or behaviour of village adminis-tration officer. In the village of Lonuo,once appraised for its exemplary WSSservice management is now at the brinkof failure because of malfunctioningmanagement institution. In this contextthe regional government should take acloser look at the problem and later pro-vide technical assistance how toimprove the situation. Similar case hap-penes in several kabupatens andWASPOLA keeps on trying to promotean improvement process. In addition toparticipatory approaches, which wasintroduced by WASPOLA throughMPA-PHAST training to enable theregional working groups analyse thecommunity level problems and issues.

Analysis of WSS ServiceWASPOLA is supporting the stake-

holders in conducting evaluation onWSS service provision. At the regionallevel, this activity can be undertakenthrough a field observation and data-

base development, while at the centrallevel, this is done a comprehensivestudy to identify WSS service relatedproblems especially in this era of decen-tralization. All these activities, under-taken by the regions and the centralgovernment, have produced importantlessons learned for WSS service provi-sion in the future, through reform ininstitutional, financial, and regulatoryaspects.

Steps Leading to WSS PriorityThe lack of community access to

WSS service in infrastructure develop-ment is identified as a consequence oflack of support to this sector. Most ofthe regions, even the central, do notplace WSS in any development priority,at least in the amount of budget alloca-tion, clarity of institution, and availabil-ity of capable human resources. In se-veral regionas, the regioan strategyplan, WSS is menytioned as a scion ofsome component, such as housing orhealth. In this conext, preparation ofWSS developemtn strategy planbecomes part of the effort to make WSSa development priority. WASPOLA's

technical assistance in the regional WSSstrategy plan formulation gained awarm appreciation from the regionalworking groups. This strategy plan wasdeveloped within the framework of longterm and medium term regional strate-gy plan formulation. The formulation ofvision, mission and identification ofinternal/external factors, formulationon mandate, SWOT analysis, strategiis-sues, and formulation of strategic pro-grammes are several of the materialsthat must be well understood in a stra-tegy planning formulation. Direct andextensive involvement of stakeholders isa charcteristics that WASPOLA intendsto promote in many of the regions. Theregions with a strategy plan will be moreadvenced in developing a comprehen-sive WSS development strategy plan asit relates to MDGs target achievement,and opportunity to multipartite strate-gic partneship. Placement of WSS aspriority will save the regions fromunnecessary social investment due tonegative impact brought by poor drink-ing water and environmental sanitationservice.

Institutionally Based Policy, InResponse to Market

Being part of policy reform, theavailability of a policy for WSS serviceprovision by an institution is deemednecessary. PDAM condition, almost allover the country, is not directly correlat-ed with improvement of access to drink-ing water. Data from PU indicate thatwater supply of the urban is approxi-mately 39 percent, while PDAM oper-ates in 306 kabupatens (70 percent) ofIndonesia. This indicates the PDAMprovides very small service coverage,and it does not have the capacity toincrease the coverage. This does notinclude the outstanding payables thatare their main trouble for almost all thepublic companies. According to arecord collected by an NGO in Solo,there are presently 23 PDAMs that areready for a cooperation with private sec-

MAIN REPORT


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

tor. Along with it, and in order to main-tain a favourable investment climateand at the same time to guarantee ser-vice to low income community it is ne-cessary to build a comprehensive policyand capable of accomodating variousdifferent interests. This is the challengethat the government is trying to answerthrough formulation of a national policyinstitutionally based WSS development.WASPOLA's effort to facilitate thisprocess has been exerted since 2003and more intensively during 2004-2005. The involvement of various seg-ments: government, private sector,NGOs, universities, and professionalassociations has been obvious. Theinstitutionally based policy has beenformulated more comprehensively andis built on a stronger structure and con-ceptional framework. It is divided intogeneral and sectoral policies: drinkingwater, sanitation, solid waste anddrainage. However, as a procwess thispolicy needs support and acceptanceextensively from every segments of thecommunity, especially the regional go-vernments and the private sector, sothat it could be immediately imple-mentable. In connection with MDGstarget achievement, the governmentmust as soon as possible invite the coo-peration of those that care to WSS ser-vice development, especially the privatesector and at the same time create aconducive environment required by in-vestors so that partnership could bedeveloped.

Sanitation, the Passenger PackedTail Car

Sanitation, for as long as it is treatedas a separate scion from water supplydevelopment, it will remain to behavelike an ancient overcrowded wagontrain moving shakily pulled by anunderrated engine. It will always fallbehind water supply. If the engines areto be combined, sanitation and watersupply should be united as an integralpart, yet in reality, sanitation is placed

in the overcrowded tail car, that cannever reach the status of the other carsin front of it. This kind of combinationmodel will produce a sector trailing farbehind, yet overburdened with toomany a problem. This is clearly evi-denced from the meager budget alloca-tion set aside by the regional gover-ments for sanitation development. Inthis context, WASPOLA promotes thechanging of sanitation developmentconcept. Through CLTS (Community-Led Total Sanitation) approach sanita-tion development is oreinted more tochange of attitude, so that the govern-ment will no longer act as supplier, andthe community the beneficiary. Thischange of insight will lead to change inbehaviour and finally stimulatesdemand and innovation. In SANIMAS(Sanitation by the Community) commu-nity involvement and participationstimulates the growth of sense ofbelongingness and willingness to pay.Two of the many sanitation develop-ment principles introduced by WASPO-LA intends to improve the situation sothat sanitation is no longer placed as therearmost overcrowded car.

Promotion and Partnership,Efforts to Achieve Success

Policy as a mental product and aprocess must be continuously promotedand disseminated in order to gain publicacknowledgement. WASPOLA andWSS Working Group are now togetherin this line of activity. Involvement ofmany parties, local, national, regional,and international is on-going, to buildinquisitiveness, care, commitment andfinally partnership. Together with ka-bupaten and provincial working groupsthe Policy has been disseminated tolocal and regional level stakeholders.Partnership with NGOs, universities,private sectors being build to createsynergy and capacity support. Some ofthe activites supported by WASPOLA,have produced impressive results, suchas evidenced in 2 exhibitions, the stand

was visisted by more than 200 guestsdiscussing a wide variety of WSS relatedissues.

2005 SOME OF WASPOLAACTIVITIES IN 2005

JANUARY 2005 Preparation of WASPOLA supportdesign in facilitating WSLIC andCWSH projects policy development;Rationalization of WASPOLAWorkplan 2005;Preparatory activity for CLTS FieldTrial.

FEBRUARY 2005 Workshop for consolidation of opera-tionalization of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Develop-ment, on 15-17 February in Surabaya;Workshop on communications starte-gy development, on 17 February inSurabaya;Kick off CLTS approach field trial inIndonesia.

MARCH 2005 Evaluation of provincial preparednessfor the operationalization of theNational Policy; Roadshow ofNational Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development at theMinistry of Environment, 29 March;Field activity for analytical study onWSS service in the era of decentraliza-tion;Seven participants representing WSSWorking Group and WASPOLAattended Water Week Conference inWashington, 28 Feb-3 Mar;Presentation of National Policy forWSS Development in Indowater sem-inar and exhibition, 30 March.

APRIL 2005 nWASPOLA and WSS Working Groupparticipation in WSP retreat meetingat Guilin, China, 4-6 April;WASPOLA and WSS Working Groupparticipation in World Water Day

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exhibition held at Dept. Publ Worksoffice compound, Jakarta. Visited bymore 200 visitors;Participation in the launching ofNational Partnership for WaterProtection, 28 April.

MAY 2005 Dissemination of the National WSSDevelopment Policy in Province ofBanten;CLTS training for members of WSSWorking Group, CWSH and WSLICProjects in Lumajang, 2-5 MayCLTS training for regional WSSWorking Group in Sumabawa, 9-12May;Preparation of CLTS Training work-plan in the regions.

JUNE 2005 Training on the preparation of WSSstrategy planning in two regions ofIndonesia, held in Maassar andPuncak, respectively;CLTS Training in Sambas;Final preparation of SANIMASOutcome Monitoring Study (SOMS)implementation;Discussion meeting on Global PSPReview, as part of enrichment of insti-tutionally based development issues,held in Jakarta;Field activity of analytical study on WSSservice in the era of decentralization;Initiation of WSS partnership,through cooperation between the go-vernment and Plan International.

JULY 2005 Roadshow of Community BasedDevelopment Policy to provincial po-licy makers of Bangka Belitung;Interactive talkshow in radio, RadioSonora Pangkal Pinang;CLTS Training in Kabupatens Bogor,Muara Enim, and Muaro Jambi;Preparation WASPOLA six monthlyreport;Preliminary discussion on DonorHarmonization study.

AUGUST 2005 Worshop on operationalization of theNational Policy, Hotel Permata AlamPuncak;Coordination meeting on policy im-plementation for WSS WorkingGroups of Indonesian Eastern region,held in Makassar;Roadshow of Community BasedDevelopment Policy to provincial policymakers of NTB, Gorontalo, and Banten;SSWAF seminar and exhibition in Bali.

SEPTEMBER 2005 WASPOLA coordination team mee-ting attended by Director of Housingand Settlement Systems, Bappenas,WSS Working Group. AusAID, WSP-EAP, and WASPOLA;SSWAF seminar and exhibition inBali;Workshop on synergy of WSS devel-opment activities at regional level;Workshop on operationalization ofPolicy for project partners and NGOs,at Hotel Satelit Surabaya;Roadshow of Community BasedDevelopment Policy to provincial po-licy makers of Jawa Tengah;Roadshow of Community Based De-velopment Policy to kabupaten levelpolicy makers of Pandeglang, Tange-rang and Lombok Barat;Workshop training on CWSH ProjectStrategy Planning for KecamatanFacilitator Team;Roadshow of Institutionally BasedPolicy to Diretorate General forDisease Control and EnvironmentalSanitation, Dept. Health;

Presentation of analytical study ofWSS service delivery in the era ofdecentralization.

OCTOBER 2005 MPA-PHAST Orientation Training forProvincial and Kabupaten levelWorking Groups in Bandung;Workshop Training on WSLIC sus-tainability strategy for West and EastIndonesia regions, in Padang andSurabaya respectively;Roadshow of Community BasedDevelopment Policy to provincial po-licy makers of Sumatra Barat atten-ded by Deputy Governor, Chairman ofKabupaten/Kota Bappedas, Govern-ment Agencies, community leaders,WSS Working Group and WASPOLA;Roadshow of Institutionally Based Policyto DG. PMD of Dept. Home Affairs;WSS Network and Partnership Meetingheld at Hotel Kartika Chandra Jakarta;Meeting to discuss implementation ofa study on donor harmonization;Meeting with SIDA (Swedish Interna-tional Development Agency), a donor;Workshop for developing WASPOLAWorkplan 2006, held at Interconti-nental Hotel.

NOVEMBER 2005 WASPOLA Mid term review;Study visit to Australia by WSS WorkingGroup and WASPOLA, for enrichmentof institutional policy development;Workshop on WSS Data in Province ofBanten.

DECEMBER 2005 WASPOLA Mid term review;Workshop on WSS data development bythe Provinces and Kabupatens;CLTS training for PCI (an NGO) atKabupaten Pandeglang;Finalising of WASPOLA Workplan 2006;Facilitation for workshop on PlanInternational (an NGO) workplan;Facilitation of Workshop on data by WSSWorking Group.

(dormaringan h. saragih)

Sanitation, for as long as it istreated as a separate sector fromwater supply development, it willremain to behave like an ancientovercrowded wagon train movingshakily pulled by an underrated

engine

What would it look like lifewithout water. Life will notcontinue because water is

the origin of life. Unfortunately, in spiteof water is abundant in the world, thereare still who have difficulty in obtainingit. They spend most of their time to takewater. They are poor because they donot have time to do productive activity.Their time is spent for water taking.

The village community can now beproud of themselves. They have mana-ged to work hand in hand to overcometheir common problem, making watersupply facilities close to their homes.They even worked voluntarily day andnight to make their dream come true.Their effort was not in vain. Now,approximately 1,66 village inhabitantsare enjoying their fruit of hard work inWSLIC-2 project.

WSLIC-2 or Water Supply for LowIncome Communities Phase 2 is a watersupply and environmental sanitationactivity designed for low income com-munities living in rural area. This proj-ect represents the manifestation of part-nership activity between the communityand the government. This activity be-longs entirely to the community. Thecommunity plans the activity by deve-loping a Community Workplan (CWP),implementing, supervising, and mana-ging the facility after completion of the

construction. The activity is entirelyimplemented by the community accom-panied by Community Facilitator Team(CFT), which was elected democraticallyby the community, from and for thecommunity. The community also con-tributes 20 percent from the CWP value(approximately 195-250 million per vi-llage). The government facilitates thiscommunity activity and provides a co-unter part budget 8 percent from theCWP value, through national andregional budget mechanisms. Theremainder, 72 percent, is a subsidy froma non interest soft loan from the WorldBank (IDA Credit) and grant fund fromthe Australian government throughAusAID.

Project Management Report (PMR)is a quarterly report submitted to theWorld Bank and cross-sectoral agenciesmembers of the Board of Directors. ThePMR up the third quarter (Jul-Sep2005) indicates an access to 1,66 millionpopulation (47 percent of 3,5 popula-tion). Other data indicate short list of

1.605 villages (80 percent) and villagesthat have completed MPA-PHAST 1.450(73 percent), community implementa-tion team (CIT) established 1.439 (72percent), and community workplan(CWP) already submitted 1.311 (66 per-cent) and approved 1.160 (58 percent).There are 681 villages (34 percent) com-pleted with water supply facility con-struction. The overall implementationhas reached 48 percent. From theWSLIC-2 supervision mission VIII (30May-13 June 2005) the World Bankgives a rating "satisfactory" to WSLIC-2performance.

Water supply is an intermediateobjective for WSLIC-2. The project isdesigned to improve health status, pro-ductivity and well being of the lowincome communities of the villages.Together with the water supply facilityseveral other hygiene behaviour relatedactivites are also introduced in the com-munity and in public schools. Throughthese activities the principles of hygienebehaviour are introduced to the com-

MAIN REPORT


1,66 Villages Obtain Access to CleanWater Service Through WSLIC-2

The village community werehelping each other in com-

munal activity buildingclean water supply facility.

Not less than 1,66 million oflow income village commu-

nity members have hadadditional water supply

from WSLIC-2

Minister of Health, Dr Siti Fadilah Supari opens a public faucet at the hamlet of Montor Lekong, the vil-lage of Aikmel Utara, Lombok Timur. Chairman of CPMU WSLIC-2, Zainal I Nampira and Aikmel Utara vil-

lage headman are watching. The visit was made on 14 July 2005

SOURCE: HARTONO KARYATIN

munity. There are at least 1.931 schoolhealth units activities were conductedby primary schools within the WSLIC-2implementation areas. One of the acti-vities is eradication of worm disease.

The benefit of additional access towater supply has been enjoyed in 5provinces, ie. West Sumatra, SouthSumatra, Bangka Belitung, East Javaand NTB. The provinces of West Javaand South Sulawesi joined WSLIC-2only in 2005, and West Sulawesi willstart implementation in 2006. Thus thethree provinces haven't had the benefitof additional water supply. WSLIC-2 isimplementaion sites are scattered in 8provinces, 35 districts, and 2.300 vil-lages of the country.

Future PlanIn 2006 WSLIC-2 plans an imple-

mentation in 610 villages. These vil-lages are scattered in 8 provinces and 35kabupatens. In the future WSLIC-2 willstrengthen health and sanitation relatedactivities through hygiene behaviourchanges within the community and theschools. This is one of the follow upactions as recommended by WSLIC-2supervision mission VIII conducted lastJune. The management also empha-

sized post construction activities inorder to maintain sustaianbility. Localinstitutions from sub districts to districteven the provincial levels are to be pro-moted to take a more active participa-tion.

WSLIC-2 management have takenseveral policies. The guidebook on CWPformulation has been revised. Sani-tation related activities must be clearlyreflected in the community developedCWP. There must be integrationbetween saniattion activities at schoolsand in the community. The CWP deve-loped by the community must includewater supply service covering at least 80percent of the local families. And thecommunity shall have to plan when 100percent toilet use will be achieved.

Now it is already available theCatalogue of Sanitation Option and sa-nitation flash cards. With this book se-veral choices of toilet technologies arepresented. With this communicationmedia the CFT (community facilitatorteam) can facilitate the community thechoose the most suitable toilet technolo-gy according to the wishes and financialcapacity. The choices covers the sim-plest, ie. one that is prepared by thecommunity itself till the most sophisti-

cated ones that are sold in the store.Puskesmas (Community Health

Centre) and its sanitarian will be pro-vided for with budget allocation for pro-motional and facilitation activities. Acapacity improvement programme forthe sanitarians will be made coveringthe subjects on MPA-PHAST, SanitationClinic, CLTS and PKA. Specifically forPuskesman chief physician an orienta-tion training on sanitation clinicapproach. In WSLIC-2 implementationsites an integration of water supply andsanitation will be tried through the sa-nitation Clinic. In CFT training andrefresher course, the focus on sanitationwill be more emphasized.

To increase the intensity of healthand hygiene development related activi-ties in school as well in the community anational level workshop on Exit Strategyfor School Health Activity Unit andCommunity Hygiene behaviour will beconducted. This activity will be followedup at the kabupaten level for dissemina-tion and teacher orientation. Keca-matan level personnel shall be improvedto support hygiene behaviour pro-gramme in schools (as post constructionpackage). Support to the activity willalso be developed through promotionmedia development, from the national,provincial and district levels.

CLTS (Community-Led Total Sa-nitation) field trials have been under-taken in several WSLIC-2 and nonWSLIC-2 districts and have proven sat-isfactory. CLTS approach will be takeninto WSLIC-2 implementation. For thispurpose a series of CLTS training work-shops will be conducted for provincialand district level facilitators and an ori-entation for sub district level facilita-tors. In villages, the implementationwill be oriented to CLTS facilitation.Through CLTS approach, hopefully, asignificant change to the habit of defe-cating in the open will take place.Hopefully. (Hartono Karyatin,

Media & Communictions Specialist

WSLIC-2)

MAIN REPORT


SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

When WSLIC was first introdu-ced a negative reaction wasinstantly displayed by the local

governments. They strongly doubted theWSLIC concept and questioned the validi-ty of community empowerment conceptinvolving the poor families to contribute.How in the world could the poor to con-tribute. And besides, the local govern-ments were also in doubt if the communitycapable of managing the subsidy. Theywere worried the fund would leak withouttrace. Those were two aspects the localgovernments worried about.

Once the local government offered asolution by transfering the fund throughdistrict mechanism. This means the fundis not channeled directly to the communi-ty, rather it goes to the local government.The local government does the ma-nagement on behalf of the community.While we want this money directly fun-neled down to the hands of the communityand the community will then manageseverything from planning, implementationup to preparation of the accounting report.

After it had been running for approxi-mately two years since 2002-2003 theproject was able to impart a new under-standing to the governments and otherstakeholders. Bupatis (Mayor) startedwilling to inaugurate a project and handedit over to the community. Process ofchange cannot be seen from physicalaspect only. Even internally within theDept. Health it was rather difficult in thebeginning.

Now in 2005, the program responsibi-lity for implementation is relinquishedfrom the central to kabupaten level. Theprocess starts from the bottom. We wantto combine both top down and bottom upapproaches in order to build the local go-vernment's sense of belonging.

WSLIC exercises accountability princi-ple. The Community Facilitator Team thatoperates without any salary but is requiredto be transparent and is audited by an inde-pendent auditor. This is the first projectthat audits the community.

From our experience contruction ofphysical facility is relatively easy. The ca-pacity of each of the line agencies is promi-nent and immeasurable. WSLIC has lear-ned four main lessons, they are institutio-

nal and community capacity building,improvement of hygiene behaviour, provi-sion of water supply and environmentalsanitation, and project management.

Based on evaluation conducted by theWorld Bank mission, Midterm Review Te-am, Technical Audit Team, Output Moni-toring Study Team and economic impactstudy, there is nothing unusual has happe-ned. From the health aspect this project hasproduced a significant improvement to co-mmunity health, and from the technical as-pect the construction has met the standard.What should also be taken into consi-deration for the future implementation aremore attention be paid on improvement ofmonitoring quality, tendering process andmore definite property ownership.

In East Java and West Java, the regio-nal governments have planned WSLIC pro-gramme expansion to several districts thathave never had this project. We are notgoing to implement the project, replicate itand stop there, but more than that, we wantto sustain it. What would it mean a develop-ment without sustainability? (MJ)

MAIN REPORT


After it had been running forapproximately two years

since 2002-2003 the projectwas able to impart a newunderstanding to the gov-ernments and other stake-holders. Bupatis started

willing to inaugurate a proj-ect and handed it over to

the community

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Ir. Zainal L. Nampira, Chairman of CPMU WSLIC-2

Changes Cannot Be Identified FromPhysical Aspect Only

In 2005 the SANIMAS (Sanitationby Community) has been in itsthird year implementation. The

programme that was designed to pro-vide an alternative solution to sanitationproblem the thickly populated, povertystricken slums of the urban has indica-ted a successful result. This is identifi-able at least in the kabupaten/kotas thathave implemented the programme,such as Denpasar city (Bali), the cities ofMojokerto, Pasuruan, Kediri, Blitar,Sidoarjo, and Pamekasan in JawaTimur. It is even being replicated in fourcities of Jawa Tengah and two districtsof Yogyakarta.

The success of this programme hasmotivated the government to replicate itin 2006 in 100 locations. This plan isstimulated in order to achieve MDGs2015. Up to now no decision has beenmade what districts will be selected tobenefit from the program. What is cer-tain is 17 districts in Jawa Timur havesubmitted their proposal. SANIMAS isdesigned to fill in the gap in technolohy,service, and funding. The inhabitants ofthe thickly populated and poor slumusually choose simple and low cost toi-let. To construcy such a facility will needat least Rp 500.000. The problem is,land is not always available. On theother hand, to build a centralized sani-tation system involves a very high cost.Based on experience, each family isrequired to contribute Rp 7-7,5 million.

SANIMAS intends to offer a simpletechnology and reasonable cost for animproved service. The burden requestedto each family is approximately 2,5-3million. SANIMAS is developed underthe principles of demand responsive-ness approach (DRA), community [par-ticipation, technology choice, self selec-

tion process, and capacity building. SA-NIMAS offers technology choices con-sisting of communal septic tank, WasteWater Treatmant Installation, commu-nal with piping network, and MCK Plus.Its components consist of toilet/WC,piping system, processing, disposal andreuse, and opraion and maintenance.Each of the components contains fund-ing, effciency, and contruction levelsfrom the simple and cheapest till themost costly and sophisticated.

SANIMAS is funded by 4 stakehold-ers, namely central government, dis-tricts government, donor/private sec-tor, and the community. Based on theon going project, the composition is asthe following: central government 27percent, regional government 55 per-cent, BORDA 16 percent, and the com-munity 2 percent.

With the availability of counterpartbudget from the regional government,

SANIMAS starts with the selection pro-cess. Only those regional governmentsthat are most interested and capable ofproviding an amount of budget requiredto be included to the project will be con-sidered. The beneficiary communiy isalso selected. Priority will be given topoor and having no sanitation facility.After selection, the next stage is selec-tion of the location and finally the com-munity is asked to work out an actionplan. Then comes construction andfinally operation. On average the timerequired from the preliminary processup to operationn is approximately oneyear.

Lessons learned from SANIMASSANIMAS implementation up to

2005 has produced several lessonslearned for the favour of the stakehol-ders to continue with the project. FrankFladerer, BORDA Representative In-

MAIN REPORT


SANIMAS (Sanitation by Community)

Towards a National Programme

SOURCE:ANDRE K

donesia, quoted at least eight lessonslearned, they are:Information for the stakeholders

Information derived from multicityseminar should be submitted to thekabupaten/kota level decision makers,whilst facilitation, presentation androadshow shall only be provided for toindividual kabupaten/kota upon sub-mission of a written request. It is advise-able to develop a city sanitation map toenable the said government develop along list for slum development invitingthe community that potentially in needfor service. Community identification

The community invited to attend theexplanation must have had enoughinformation about the project beforethey attend a presentation. Selection criteria

Willingness to pay must clarifiedearly from the very beginning, includingthe status of land where the facility willbe constructed.Choice of sanitation technology

Information about community ba-sed sanitation models must be distribu-ted prior to explanation about commu-nity choice. Preliminary informationincluding community based sanitationmanagement pattern.Community workplan

The community is only willing todevelop a CSG and ready to contribute ifall the stakeholders are committed toimplement the project.Management

CSG always has a hard time in follo-wing financila administration as re-quired by the government. Therefore, inthe future the executor/consultant mustassume the responsibility to assist infinancial management by the CSG. Toimprove fund disbursement efficiency,it is suggested to allow the use of excessmoney develop small infrastructure inthe community upon the stakeholders'approval.Funding

Funding should consider inclusion

of community empowerment activity topay for community facilitation activity,training for CSG, facilitator, technician,and operator, and technical design de-velopment component. On average thecost for capacity building component isapproximately 20-25 percent of thephysical component.Operation and maintenance

Laboratory analysis of effluent mustbe conducted regularly in a referencedlaboratory in order to see if everythingis within the tolerable limit. The kabupaten/kota government isrequired to make available a sludge

treatment facility in anticipation of adesludging activity. It is still necessary to have a Com-munity Selfhelp Group (CSG) sup-port to run the O&M in order thefacility could run at optimum capa-city. It is necessary to establish a media orforum for CSG and operator and isfacilitated by stakeholders or NGO toenable them solve problem(s) thatmay arise in the future.

MAIN REPORT


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Indonesian population is 213,6 million (2002). Appox. 53 percent (120 million people)live on Java. Mostly dwell in the villages, and only 35 percent live in towns and cities.It is estimated that in 2025 the population living in urban areas will reach 60 percent. Every day 400 thousand cu.m domestic waste is dumped directly into rivers and landwithout pretreatment. 61 percent of it is on Java. Centralized sewerage system exists only in 7 cities, providing service to 973 thousandpopulation (1,31 percent of urban population or 0,5 percent of the total populationin Indonesia). Final human waste disposal system in the cities: 63,07 percent septic tank, 16,70percent to rivers/lakes, 14,44 percent to the ground, 5,79 percent to pond/beach/others (BPS 2002). Septic tanks generally come in infiltration pit or directly into river/drainage ditch.Consequentlyriver and groundwater of the urban are generally contaminated by E.coli bacteria. It is estimated that 70-75 percent of water pollutant comes from domestic wastes.

SSaannii ttaatt iioonn CChhaall lleennggee

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

How doyou seethe pro-

gress in watersupply and envi-ronmental sani-tation manage-ment in 2005?

This year ourwater supply andenvironmental sanitation condition isgetting better. In the government de-partment, especially Public Works, thishas been restored to a sector. Thus thereis a directorate of drinking water,Directorate of Environmental Sanitati-on Development, and consequently amore con-centrated attention. We hopethis will turn out fine. Now the centrallevel coordination is also getting betterand inter-departmental coordination ismore becoming better and better. Weare also beginning to introduce newapproaches such as CLTS, SANIMAS.We plan to have a more widespread re-plication activity. Hopefully next yearwe are becoming more capable, not onlyin policy formulation, but also im-plementation of the policy.

What about about the imple-mentation of the national policyfor community based WSS deve-lopment?

It looks excellent since the WorldBank is getting more interested. We arescaling it up to nationwide. The ap-proach towards this will surely take ti-me. But I am optimistic because thecommunity seems to like this approach.They are directly involved. The govern-ment's responsibility is getting lighterbecause they do not have to do it all bythemselves. We could work togetherwith the central, provincial, districts,

and the community.And more important-ly, through the toge-therness we could re-mind each other ifsomething unrulydoes happen. Anyhow,a stronger and bettersupervision and con-trol is indispensable.

Some local governments doimplement this. What step shouldbe taken to accelerate the replica-tion?

In the future we hope it is not onlydissemination but also followed by pilotproject. Thus the region can see this isthe policy, and this is the implementa-tion. This will become some sort ofdemontration plot for them to see bythemselves, in accordance with theregional specific character, of course. Inso doing it will be easier to them to re-plicate it in other areas.

From the implementation pro-cess, what has come up or correc-tive measure should be made tothe existing policy?

There are some, naturally. The na-tional policy does seem to find its foot-hold yet. Admittedly, it is difficult to cre-ate a policy that contains all the detailsbecause we limit ourselves up to setuppolicy. It won't be possible for us to saythat the implementation is in such andsuch a way, the fund is from here, and soon. We limit the national level up to po-licy. The implementation is expected tocome from the regons. That is the rea-son why we disseminate it to the regionsso that ech of them could develop a re-gional policy and implementation pro-cedure as they see fit. That is the most

positive critic. This is a challenge to usto make what we write word by wordmeaningful. And not too far hanging inthe cloud.

What progress has been madein the formulation of institutional-ly based WSS development policy?

Hopefully it will be completed at theend of this year. Compared to the com-munity based policy this is obviously noteasy exercise. For example, for drinkingwater component we have to know firstwhat the credit restructurization SOPfrom the Ministry of Finance look like.We cannot put the policy into operationuntil the SOP is available. This takes ti-me. This policy is important because itwill serve as an umbrella. If we talk thedetails of PDAM credit for instance, themain problem is not limited tto moneyalone. There is management problem,incomplete engineering system, tariffproblem, the capacity of community tocontribute. All these make a complexproblem.

How important is the nationalpolicy for institutionally basedWSS development in comparisonto the community based?

Both are equally important. We canformulate the policy framework, weknow there are two systems that arecomplementary with each other, thecommunity and the institutionallybased institutions. The problems invol-ved are obviously differeent. In case ofcommunity based it is easier becausethe community could serve as the sub-ject. In the institutionally based thecommunity is the user. The subjects arethe institutions such as PDAMs, dinaskebersihan, and so on. The climate isobviously different. Therfore the intro-

INTERVIEW


Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA, Director Human Settlement and Housing, BappenasPreventive is more important

than Curative

duction to the community will take adifferent method. With the communitybased we work together with them, whi-le in the institutionally based we talkvis-à-vis with them. Therefore the stra-tegy to apply in solving this matter willbe the formation of some sort of user fo-rum, be it water supply, garbage clea-ning, or other waste handling.

For the institutionally basedwill there be a pilot project such asone for community based?

Maybe we will do it, but a slightlydifferent manner because here we areging to talk to business companies.

What opportunity and prospectcould we take within the followingyear to improve the water supplyand environmental sanitation sec-tor?

We hope the nationwide coopera-tion with the World Bank would bearfruit. We will try to get soft loan fun-ding. I hope if this is doable we can im-mediately set things into motion. With anationwide program we can expand ourcoverage. Unfortunately this is a loan,we want it a grant. More importantly forus is to try to improve other aspect ofwater supply issue, i.e. asset manage-ment. We will introduce this this as themain task of all water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation management ins-titutions. It looks that our weakness liesin this area. PDAMs for instance, somemay not have a proper record of theirassets. If a record on assets is lacking,how could one institution work? We willmake an improvement step by step. Wehope the government would make itcompulsory for a public company toperform asset management. New Zea-land has had a Law on Asset Manage-ment, the same with Australia. We ha-ven't.

Next year's implementation ofthe national policy for community

based WSS development, whatwill it look like?

We are going to have SANIMAS re-plication and the next generation ofWSLIC, say WSLIC-3 perhaps with aslightly different scope, implementationADB loan funded project such asCWSH, and ProAir from Germany, sani-tation from Sweden and Netherlands.

The involved institutions, suchas PDAM, whill they be involved inthe policy formulation?

Not all of them were involved. Weselected randomly for the formulationprocess. I believe that the random sam-pling has represented all the PDAMs. Ifwe look at PDAMs in Indonesia, they va-ry widely, some with less than 5000sbuscribers, some with more than 100thousand. Their problems also vary.Speaking PDAMs of Surabaya, Medan,Jakarta, they are samples that are high-ly indebted. If we try to sove the prob-lem we don't have enough time. We ha-ve to star from the smaller and mediumones where problems are easier to han-dle. Cirebon for instance. Between thecity and kabupaten why not cooperatewith Kuningan and the neighbouringareas so that Cirebon population couldhave water service better.

What is the region's care to theimplementation of the nationalpolicy for WSS development?

In the beginning they took wait andsee attitude. After they realized the sco-pe and details of the policy, they becomeso enthusiastic. See the examples inBanten, NTT, NTB.

The community, includingNGOs, do you think they care abo-ut this policy implementation?

This is interesting. Speaking aboutcare, I am convinced that the communi-ty's attentionand care to environmentalissues is increasing. The problem is, lackof government responsiveness, especial-

ly from the DPR (parliament). The DPRshould have seen that several diseasesatre now spreading all of them boildown to poor environmental condition,the polio, avian influenza, cholera, diar-rhoea, dengue fever. I am of the opinionthat budget allocation for health shouldnot be limited to curative treatment, butrather more to preventive measures. Itis of no use to have a big house andsmart doctors if the number of patientsare increaing from year to year. Whydon't we emphasize more to preventivemeasures. Australia for instance, theyjust built sewerage system after the out-brake of diarrhoea in 1970s, though itcost a lot of money. But after that theprevalence of the disease drastically de-creasing. England when I she was in-fected by pest disease, they immediatelyimproved their sewerage system. In-donesia should start from there. Weshould not limit the issue on how to cu-re, but we have to look deeper into itsbasic causes. Of course not only thebirds are infected by avian flu virus, the-re must be more causes than that.Perharps bad environmental condition.

What effort could be taken tomake the people's representativecare to this matter?

This is not an easy thing to do. If Ihave the time I would be happy to talkwith them. We don't have to look too far,just take a glance at Tangerang, there isa cholera epidemy over there. And seewhat causes it. Probably the people'srepesentatives need evidence. Whydon't they look for it in the field? It is achallenge in itself to convince the leg-islatives.

What about the private sector?Do they care?

Many of them do care about thismatter. It is now up to us how to build anetwork with them. We want to colla-borate with them, they have the moneyand they apply our approach so thatthey could succeed. (MJ)

INTERVIEW


What would you say aboutthe present condition ofwater supply and sanita-

tion condition in Indonesia?Let me start by saying that health is

the anal of the system. Forgive me if thisis a rude way of saying it, health is theend part of the system. This is intendedto say that if the intial end is good, suchas a human body is a super system con-sisting of numerous systems, then theend system is the anus, i.e health. Thewaste is in here. If what is administeredis good the waste discharge process willbe smooth, no constipation, no diar-rhoea. So if the upstream developmentsystems are in disorder the communityhealth status is also in low condition,such the prevalence of dengue fever, di-arrhoea, etc. These diseases are causedby faecal contamination from the ups-tream activities.

If we take a look at water supply andenvironmental sanitation condition, In-donesia as a big country with more than200 million people and the governmenthas implemented avarious water supplyand environmental sanitation projectswithout a result that is below expectati-on. In 1974 the year when I graduatedfrom medical faculty there was Presi-dential Instruction No. 5/1974 calledSamijaga (Drinking Water and House-hold Toilet) Project. I was instructed toJambi for the project implementation.At that time the government has reali-zed that the upstrem is drinking waterand household sanitation facility. Basedon Indonesia MDGs report the commu-nity access to drinking water is only 50percent and that of environmental sani-tation is 63,5 percent. When we speak ofBhlum theory, health status is determi-ned by hereditory and health service,

behaviour and environmental factors.Behaviour and environment greatly in-fluence community health. Therefore inSulawesi Selatan there is a saying "mo-ving mountain is difficult but changinghuman behaviour is much more diffi-cult". Environment is the most influen-tial factor to health and almost all dis-eases are tranfered through inferior en-vironmental condition. That is the con-cern of our directorate general. It can beillustrated like several diseases that oc-cur recently for instance dengue fever,cholera, avian influeanza, etc. the causesare boiled down to bad environmentalcondition and using inferior water qua-lity and non hygienic community beha-viour.

What are the constraints toimproving this sector?

I think the government has tried wellenough, and not only the community forthat matter. Whewn we speak of publichealth, or healthy public policy, the pub-lic is an organized government respon-se. This means the government is cross-sectoral. Must meet with organizedcommunity. Both must meet with eachother, because what we apply is an ap-propriate technology in health pro-gramme. At present a large portion ofthe community is without access to

drinking water. Indonesia is actuallymade up of land and watwer, and if theirwater shortage that means that some-thing has gone wrong in her manage-ment so that there is a tendency to usenon hygienic water, and poor environ-mental condition especially with bad ba-sic sanitation condition, and non hygie-nic community behaviour. If we speak ofHealthy Indonesia 2010 that does notmean there is no sick person in 2010,but what is intended that our communi-ty lives in hygienen behaviour, in ahealthy living environment, and haveaccess to health service as they need. Ifthe three demand is fulfilled the com-munity health status will improve stepby step and is evidenced from a longerlife expetancy, less incidence of dise-ases. Today, our infant mortality rate is35 per childbirth and mortality rate ofchildren below 5 years age is 46 per1000 childbirths. Mostly because ofaccute upper respiratory tract and diar-rhoea. If we speak of diarrhoea the key is5 Fs, they are feces, fingers, flies, fluid,field and food. The feces disposed in theopen contaminate fingers, swarmed byflies, polluting the field, fluid and food;everything ends up in sickness. Water isan important factor. Man is told to washhis hands: wash your hands with soapafter defecating and before touchingfood. But the problem: water is difficultto find. For this we have a concept, con-ceptual framework, and legal frame-work.

What do the regional govern-ment care about this sector?

Pursuant to Law No. 32/2004 onRegional Government is reponsible forthe provision of water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation. This means the

INTERVIEW


Dr. I Nyoman Kandun MPH, Director General for Disease Controland Environmental Sanitation

Primary Health Care is the Key

regional government is authorized to ta-ke care of its own household. The cen-tral government is to provide them withpolicy, provide training, etc. For exam-ple providing them with informationwhat is meant by healthy, hyginenic wa-ter meets such and such requirements,healthy environment lokks like this, andso on. If the regional governmetn deci-des to make houses from concrete wall,or plaited bamboo, it is up to them. Pro-vided they meet hygienic standard. Ifthe requirement is not met, there will beconsequences, in the short, medium orlong run

Thus with the promulgation of LawNo. 32 and Law No. 33 (Budget Balan-ce), the regional government has suffici-ent money to run its own household.The question is how far is the regionalgovernment willing to put health deve-lopment a priority over physical deve-lopment, it all depends on the conceptu-al and perception of the regional autho-rities. The best investment is, of course,in education and health sectors. If thehuman resources are healthy and suffi-ciently trained, the rest will be easy.That is the upstream, then human deve-lopment index, and finally economicgrowth. It the trio works simultaneous-ly, the region will becopme prosperous.

The government, including the legis-latives, of the province, kabupaten andmunicipal (kota) levels are in general in-different to water supply and environ-mental sanitation development. Theyprefer to build roads, bridges, and othephysical facilities. As

What efforts have been de-signed to overcome the situation?

As a constitutional state we havemade available all the necessary legalinstruments. There a number of Laws,such as Law No. 23/1992 on Health;Law No. 7/2004 on Water Resources;Law No. 32/2004 on Regional Go-vernment; stipulating the relinquish-ment of responsibility for water supplyand environmental sanitation provision

to the regional governmnet; Law No.33/2004 on Financial balance betweenthe Central and Regional Government.There is also Government Regulation(GR) No. 10/2005 on Drinking Water;GR No. 27/1999 on Analysis ofEnvironmental Impact; GR No.82/2001 on Water Quality Managementand Water Pollution Control; Presiden-tial Regulation No. 7/2005 on MediumRange National Development Plan,2005-2009 which includes Healthy En-vironment. The government also issuesDecision of Health Ministry No. 907 of2002 on the Requirements of and Con-trol over Drinking Water Quality; Deci-sion of Health Ministry No. 1274 of2005 on Department of Health StrategyPlan, 2005-2009, which also includesclean water and sanitation uses. Be-sides, a national policy for both commu-nity based and institutionally basedWSS development have also be devel-oped; including optimum use of fundfrom foreign, domestic and communitysources for water supply and environ-mental sanitation development purpo-ses. And not the least important is thegovernment is also promoting com-

munity participationin water supplyand environmental sanitation develop-ment.

Do you think we are capable ofachieving MDGs target 2015?

God has created the earth in perfectcondition. It is up to us with our wisdomto manage it. There should be no one inshort of water. The creatures are createdwith its food and drink. But there thosewho are greedy, those who disregard theenvironment that make some do not gettheir share. Some bathe with 100 l ofwater, whereas in Buaya island the pop-ulation are in short of water. We arecontinuously trying our best to reach theMDGs target in order to come close tothe agreement already made throughmobilization of all potential, from do-mestic as well as foreign sources, to im-prove water service and environmentalsanitation coverage. The first goal isactiually poverty alleviation. Indonesianeeds international cooperation, espe-cially with the industrialized nations.Foreign loans must be used effientltyand effectively and be allocated to acti-vities with high leverage power. The

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:KURNIA RATNA DEWI

regional government and the communi-ty must be committed in the supportingthe foreign loans. Because of lack ofdomestic capital, bigger foreign capitalmust be invited to come in than the flowof domestic capital out. To make thishappen, we have to create a favourableinvestment climate for the existing for-eign investors and for those who areexpected to come. Therefore we have tocreate the so-called supportive environ-ment.

What do you think the role ofthe community in WSS develop-ment?

Speaking about community, com-munity must be strengthened. Otherwi-se they will become a bunch of beggars,and we (the government, Ed.) are theSinterklas, distributing their necessities.This is quite uneducational. I am strict-ly against that idea because actually ourcommunity has a high self-esteem. Ifthe community is sufficiently empow-ered, they are quite capable. Empowe-red community has three characteris-tics. First, sense of belongingness. Withthis they manage the community baseddevelopment project. And the third isself-financing of community based proj-ect. Therefore in the WSLIC-1 andWSLIC-2 the philosophy is village ac-tion plan. These characteristics do notstrictly apply for community but also forNGO. Non government organizationmust begave properly and prevent fromtalking without sufficient knowledge ofwhat is being talked about. We hopeNGO is sincere in helping the communi-ty into motion.

Thus the community can be empo-wered, there are two keys to do it. First,no one should be telling lies among us,tell everything the truth. Second, com-munity empowerment must be an openeffort, do it through building concience.Do not tell anyone what to do. But, be-cause we are quite used to project ap-proach, we become impatient. We wantto get an instant result. Whereas, with

the instant process the visible result isjust a superficial image that is withoutdepth, and lack of sense of belonging-ness because the community is not in-volved.

The community as user must bemade to understand that imppopertreatment to water and environmental isdetrimental to health and will be harm-full to the community itself. There thereis need for active participation of thecommunity in the developemnt of thefacility, Therefore the philosophy of 20percent contribution, 16 percent in kindand 4 percent in cash, is quite correct.And more importantly is to plnat withineveryone's mind that the responsibiliyfor environmental protection is not so-lely imposed on the government shoul-ders. The mistake is perhaps, we used toact as Sinterklaas, we are being welcomeeach each time we come, presented withgifts, and so, forth without invoving thecommunity. Afterwarsds when the faci-lity brokedown and turned to rubbles,the community does not care. That isthe project we may call a night fair pro-ject. There are three important factors

influencing community participation,first is decision making, second imple-mentation and management of the pro-ject. Third, financial contribution. Theseall represent empowerment, the willing-ness to open his wallet. For this matter,several community empowerment ap-proaches have been developed such asdemand responsiveness approach(DRA), Methodology for ParcipatoryAssessments-Parcipatory Hygiene andSanitation Transformation (MPA/-PHAST), Community-Led Total Sanita-tion (CLTS), revolving fund, et cetera.Community habit towards health normmust be improved. This is important be-cause of its relationship with communi-ty life in general. As an example, quo-ting the result of concducted by WSP re-cently, that with a good drinking watersupply diarrhoea prevalence will be re-duced by 15-20 percent, using a relative-ly acceptable sanitation facility reduces30-50 percent, and wshing hands woithsoap reduces 42-47 percent. If we sumup all the measures it is possible that 99percent of diacchoea could be preven-ted. The remainder of the diarrhoea case

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:PMD

may occur through food intolerancesuch as lactose, and not from microbialcontamination.

What could we expect the pri-vate sector to do?

The private must not stay cool andget active only when profit is there. Ac-tually the profit the get is manufacturedfrom the community buying power, thecommunity health. The community canwork and be productive. Therefore, partof the profit must be channeled back tothe community through community de-velopment. Private sector is a compo-nent that must be involved in thedevelopment process throughinvestment in public service facilityand setting aside part of the profitto be invested for improvement ofsocial service improvement.Community development fundthat is generally budgeted espe-cially by big coorporation to beinvested for social service facilityfor the surrounding community.When the community is welathier,moere productive and healthier, thecompany will sustain. At leasdt there arefour benefits that can be obtained for acoorporation when investing part ofprofit for social service facility, first,improving the community appreciationon cooprate fuction and corporate com-munity development programmes; sec-ond, creation of social harmony with thecommunity esecially the one surround-ing the community; third, lesseningharmful effect to the surrounding com-munity such as environmental pollu-tion. Socal excesses, and so on, andfinally, helps in social economic empo-werment of the surrounding communityand the company fuction as well.

Private companies should be com-mitted and assume the responsibility todevelop the community. Provision offund for community development notonly to be conducted by big companiesonly but also by all private and publiccompanies operating in Indonesia. For

this case a policy containing role andresponsibilty should be formulated.

The philosophy is equity, wide-spread service to all. The key is crosssectoral coordination, putting the prio-rity to preventive promotive measure,application of appropriate technolgyand involving the community

You said earlier that the com-munity still lacks awareness.What are the influencing factors?

I don't want to get trapped into bla-ming the community. The blame is on allof us. The task of the government is to edu-cate the people, and that is the mandatestipulated in the Constitution 1945Preamble. Therefore education, formal orinfoermal, is deemed necessary. I haveworked out what the so-called compositindex of Human Development Index(HDI). Hosewives who at least junior highschool graduates have their families in re-latively good health condition. If they areof senior high school of higher they canabsorb information and change of behavi-ou can take place easier because they are

agents of change. The key is mothers' edu-cation. Besides, health education shouldbe actually be part of children's educationsince the early age. The School Health Unitbecome the key. And many informal insti-tution thatt can be used as communityhealth educaton forum. The communityhealth education should be based on pri-mary health care. Thus we start fromhousehold level, then moves wider to thecommunity level. Then the Puskesmasstarts as the reference centre. The nextstage is kabupaten level hospital. If thisstategy is strengthened our community

health is better. No need to overlysophisticated, starts with primaryhealth care. The philosophy is equity,widespread service to all. The key iscross sectoral coordination, puttingthe priority to preventive promotivemeasure, application of appropriatetechnolgy and involving the commu-nity.

Some regional governmentsdo not care about health and

hygiene development, how couldthis have happened?

I can't put the blame on them. Per-harps our advocacy isn't good enoughfor them especially in matters concer-ning health development programme.Perhaps we have to speak in health eco-nomic, you invest 1 dollar later you willharvest 10 dollars. If you have endemicmalaria in your territory, you will lose somuch money, productivity decreases. Ifsome people get diarrhoea, unable towork and cannot go to school, you willlose some billions a year. So if you allo-cate a certain amount of a budget, youwill harvest such and such amount. Wehave to be able to do advocacy in thatmanner. Up to now, our colleagues inthe Dept of Health are quite comfort-able of using health technical termswhich are understandable only amongthemselves. Thus our own people inthe Dept of Helath that first needimprovement. (MJ)

INTERVIEW


The village of Lonuo has a monu-mental story about communitybased WSS development com-

parable to Dembe I which the Governorof Gorontalo, Ir. Fadel Muhammad,announced as the community basedWSS development model for the wholeprovince. The gravitational water supplysystem of Lonuo was developed in1996/7 through the Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Project.

In 1998 Lonuo village won a nation-al first prize in water supply servicemanagement from the Department ofHome Affairs and the presentation wasmade in Yogyakarta. The following yearwhen the World Bank conducted anassessment using ParticipatoryLearning and Action Plan (PLA)methodology in 4 villages of Gorontalo:Lamu, Talumelito, Longalo, and Lonuo,again Lonuo was won a honourbalemention. The villages of Lonuo andLongalo were made as model and docu-mented electronically and distributed nCD format to various developingnations by Water and Sanitation forEast Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP, adivision of the World Bank).

This electronic document describesthe importance of community involve-ment regardless of rich or poor, old oryoung, male or female in decision mak-ing of development implementation inorder to have a sustainable and effectivefacility. At the time when the WorldBank made the, all the WSS systems in 4villages were in their prime conditionphysically, institutionally, financialadministration, technical personnel,regularity of service, and so on. On cansay that that was the model of WSSdevelopment that was in compliance

with the National Policy.As it progresses though the facility is

functioning well up to now, there is amomen of low tide that worths contem-plating. This report will try to reveal thefacts.

History of the pastIn the past the population of Lonuo,

as is the case with villages in recurrentwater shortage, was always busy withwater taking routines. Time allocated towater taking was so much that put asidethe more productive activity. They usedto take water from shallow wells dugalong riverbanks. Since the wells are faraway from their dwellings the water ta-king routine took a lot of time and ener-gy. As a result, the Lonuo populationwere shackled by poverty.

The situation was worsened withthe fact that they could not improvethemselves into hygienic life. Defecatingin the open with all of its consequencesis a common phenomenon. They used topractise defecating in a system theycalled "rotating closet". As one is defe-cating and someone else is seen to passnearby, he would rotate his position toconceal his embarassment, or he wouldrotate around a tree to conceal himself.

This practise was common in thepast, producing human excrement scat-tering all over the place, and naturallycases water borne diseases were alsoquite common with the population.Diseases such as infammation of theupper respiratory tract, skin disease, eyeirritation, cholera, etc develop in closeconnection with poor water quality usedfor maintaining life and hygienic condi-tion. It was not unusual if Lonuo popu-lation periodically would be contami-

OPINION


A Story from Lonuo, Gorontalo

Faithfully In Service for Eight Years By:

Isman Uge* and Alma Arif**

SOURCE:ALMA ARIEF

nated with "come and go" disease, ie. ifit comes to someone he would certainlydie (go to the eternity).

Improved WelfareThe community has made an

impressive increase in welfare conditionafter the construction of the water sys-tem. There is a systemic linkagebetween the water service satisfactionlevel with community welfare improve-ment. Since the community has had aneasy access to water supply their healthcondition gradually improves. The dis-ease they nicknamed "comes departs"disappeared by itself. This is of courserelated to the hygiene behaviour.Because water is easily obtainable, theycould buil toilets, and could clean it bet-ter and regularly after bathing or defe-cating. Besides, along with better healthand more time allocated for productiveactivities the economic condition alsoimproves. The people, especially womencould have new activities such weavingmats to earn additionl income for theirfamily. And men could spend more timetending their gardens. And schoolchild-ren are never late to school any morebecause they are no longer burdenedwith water taking job before goin toschool. There are many other changesbrought in by the water supply facility.

Management and Its Constraint When an assessment was made in

1999 the Lonuo water supply systemwas in its prime condition. The manage-ment unit was undoubtedly functioningwell. The Unit was chaired by a womannamed Satria Kyai. A ManagementGroup (MG) is a team consisting of

The assessment revealed that usercontribution was collected by the MGchairman was running smoothly andwas recorded accordingly. Technicalcontrol was conducted regularly, in caseof breakdown the LPMD trained techni-cal team would readily take care it.

It can be said that the managementunit has made some improvement.When in the beginning there were 14

public taps and 6 hydrants serving theLonuo population, later all the publictaps and hydrints were not functioningany more (this was the basic informa-tion that came to the authors that theLonuo water facility was in disarray).The disfunctioning was was true but notbecause they were damaged, butbecause the service has developed intohome connections.

Except for three hamlets locatedtoo far uphill, now all households ofLonuo had access to water supply serv-ice. 184 households of Lonuo village and8 families from Tamboo (neighbouringvillage) had the service. Only during theheight of dry season, as is generally thecase for similar service elsewhere, watersupply is grossly reduced. At such timethe families had to open their taps dur-ing the night and collect water into a

reservoir or pails for use during the day.The smooth system was disrupted

in year 2000, when election of villageheadman was to take place. One thingthat was not anticipated came as a neg-ative feedback. This was because of ofthe candidates, in his effort to gain sup-port from the community, promisedthem to abolish water contribution,which in reality was not much, onlyRp1.000/month/household. Thisbecame a bad precedent, because thecommunity turn agaionst the regulationand refuse to pay the contribution. Since200 up to now the management unit hasbeeen inactive. Worse still, one of theactive members of the unit is nowdeceased. Satri Kyai explained furtherthat a meeting was to be held soon, toelect new officers.

Since the turning away of the popu-

OPINION

Percik December 2005 a

SOURCE:ALMA ARIEF

The situation was worsened with the fact that they couldnot improve themselves into hygienic life. Defecating in the

open with all of its consequences is a common phenome-non. They used to practise defecating in a system they

called "rotating closet". As one is defecating and someoneelse is seen to pass nearby, he would rotate his position

to conceal his embarassment, or he would rotatearound a tree to conceal himself.

lation from the regulation there werefrequent harmful incidences happening.In 2002 some members of the neigh-bouring village bored holes to the con-veyance without the consent of the man-agement. When they were reminded oftheir misconduct they reported to thepolice. In defense, the managementreported them back to the police forwater theft. Finally they were datinedand had to deal with the police for theirmisconduct. Besides, realizing thatthere have been too many violations

against regulations, there are familieswho even dare to build a pond!

Because the contibution system doesnot work anymore, in case of breakdownsuch as broken pipe, worn out taps, andso on, the village headman tells thecommunity to contribute and worktogether to repair the damage. So far,however, this has been effective to dealwith minor damages, never a major one.

This condition will become moreand more uncontrollable, unless a func-tioning management unit is reninstated.

During the last year, with governmentinvolvement the Lonuo managementunit has been made to take part in watersupply discussions, a new spirit isbeginning to develop to reactivate themanagement unit through reelection ofofficers and reinstating all the existingsystem and regulation. Lastly, there iseven an idea to copy the system fromDembe I village by collecting contribu-tion commensurate with the amount ofwater use measured by water meter.This idea, however, does not have theconsent from the regional government.According to Satria Kyai, the govern-ment argues: "…collection of contribu-tion must be done pursuant to aGovernment Regulation".

Lessons learnedThere are several lessons learned from

the Lonuo experience, they are:There are unforeseeable factors (socio-cultural aspect) that play influential role inthe sustainability of the service. Water service management institutionplays a very important role in the sustain-ability of a water service. A strong water service managementwould be capable of overcoming the fac-tors that may adversely affect sustainabil-ity. At the time when management is gettingweaker the sustainability is being threat-ened. Management unit and some of Lonuocommunity members still believe in theimportance of management unit and agood management system for the sustain-ability of the service. There is still willingness to reactivate thecontribution system commensurate withthe amount of consumption using watermeter. The government is in a crossroad betweenupholding of a regulation and sustainabil-ity and community self-reliance. Several of Lonuo problems can beresolved through a meeting among all thecommunity members to find solutionthrough common agreement.

OPINION

Percik Desember 2005

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

b

Every year a certain area size ofland in Bali is converted to nonagricultural purposes such as

villa, restaurant, mall, hotel, golf cour-se, residential houses, and other to-urism service centre. Within ten year(1990-2000) the rate of conversionwas 1000 ha per annum for the wholeisland of Bali. Today what is left is86.082 ha of wat rice field, and476.450 ha of non rice field (includinghousing areas), and other types of landsuch as marshland and fishpond at 886hectares.

The diminishing of agriculturalland in Bali is not a simple matter andmany of farmers have no land and arejobless as the case in many places onJava. The missing agricultural landswill lead to burying of a large portion ofBalinese life. This is indeed frighte-ning, because agricultural land, for Ba-linese, carries a cultural symbol ofwater spring (tirtha amertha).

There is a legal relationship amongman, land and water in the Balinesetraditional law based on the basic con-cept of everything comes in pairs. Ba-sed on this concept, a Balinese is inse-parable from land for reasons: (i) landis where his family and the communitylive; (ii) it serves as life sustainingresource, especially in producing waterwhich is the main symbol in the pro-cess of creation (brahman); the placewhere man dies and be buried; (iv) be-lieved as the residing place of the worldguardian gods and the place where thesouls of the ancestors reside (Ter Haar,1991).

The complexity of magical religious

thinking has given birth to traditionallaw comprising of right and responsi-bility relationship and is always pre-vailing within the Balinese community.However, along with the moderniza-tion and wrapped in deceitfull term"development" made popular for thefirst time by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana,the conscience about the relationship

between the community and land isdecreasing. Similarly with the concien-ce about the living link between manand water is being left behind after thechanging of community habit into mo-re consumptive and put more value toeasy way of earning money. The cha-nges has made land owner converts hisland to housing lot or other building,and they work in restaurant or hotel onthe very land used to be their own. Thecermony in honour of land and water isbecoming a mere rite and symbol andno more as a manifestation of devotionto the land.

Conversion of Subak to Tourism Subak is one of social institution

and represent a farmers' organizationthat serves to regulate irrigation waterin wetland farming -- its autonomuscharacter in water regulation is onethat makes it different from waterusers' association in Java. More uniquethat is, inspite of its freedom from ro-utine coordination with the PublicWorks especially with the IrrigationSection, Subak maintains a continuingrelationship with extra Subak instituti-on, namely sedahan and agriculturalextension service. Sedahan is closelylinked with tax office, and also servesas coordinator in tax collection of seve-ral subaks (sedahan agung), agricul-tural exension workers who act as so-urce of agricutural information. This islike a subak with two hands, one handis making connection with sedahanand the other hand with agriculturalexension worker. But in connectionwith water, subaks are entirely inde-pendent, they seem to inherit watermanagement expertise from their an-cestors.

Similarly is with subak existence asreligious social organization with uni-que values, thus it attracts tourists andresearchers visit and conduct researchin Bali. Therefore one can say that su-bak serves as one of tourism asset ofBali. Beside managing water use intothree functions of adat community, na-mely (i) religious function; (ii) socalfunction; (iii) economic function, su-bak also serves maintains the so-calledthe sacred functions of the rice field,they are (i) there is scenic beauty in ri-

OPINION

Percik December 2005 c

Local Wisdom in Water SourceConservation

Learning from Indegeneous Community and Krama Subak in Bali

By:I Gede Arya Sunantara

Similarly with the concienceabout the living link betweenman and water is being leftbehind after the changingof community habit into

more consumptive and putmore value to easy way

of earning money.

ce field filed (rice terrace); there is ri-tual activity in the rice field; and thereis a culturral attraction in the rice filed.The three functions of water ie. religi-ous, social and economic when combi-ned with the three sacred functions ofrice field, ie. scenic beauty, religiousactivity and cultural attraction, makesall of it a unique attraction to the to-urists. If the attraction deterioratesthen unconciously the exquisite Balitourism will fade away. Therefore, it isdeemed important to maintain subakand maintain its developemtn.

Subak activity can be divided intotwo categories, the first is religious andnon-religious acivity. Religious relatedactivity consists of preparation of giftsand offerings, praying at subak templeor other water related temple, and re-pair of praying facility in subak. Pra-ying ceremony in subaks isi conductedon specific days. Besides, there are se-veral other days for preparation ofofferings that are closely related to ac-tivities in the rice field, such as mapagtoya ceremony (a ceremony to welco-me water arrival). Other activities con-sist of ngewiwit bulih (preparation ofrice seedlings), nandur (rice planting)ceremony, a ceremony when riceplants reach 12 days old up to thanks-giving when harvesting the crop. So-metimes a ceremony is conducted co-mmunally in a subak temple, someti-mes individually in one own's field.The praying facility may be made ofsimple materals or of permanent con-crete, at which time every subak kra-ma (member) comes in long line toone's own rice field on the day decidedduring the subak meeting (pauman).

Non religious related activity con-sist of repair of irrigation and drainagecanals, diversion structure (temuku),improvement of subak roads, insectcontrol measures, and others that areelated to productivity improvement.Water division is also contrpolled re-

gularly. Subak member takes turn indoing the water supervision from wa-ter source down to temuku, the diversi-on where each of the members gets hiswater. In case of minor breakdownes[ecially if disrupt water flow, repair-work will be done immediately.

Attention to subak becomes so im-portant especially as it relates to main-taining the physical (ecological) aspectof the subak which according Tri HitaKarana is called as land element(land/rice field and water) so that it co-uld spread into and effort to maintainsubak members' social sub-system andspiritual parhyangan aspect. Since su-bak membership is open to religiousfollower, there members who are Hin-dus, Muslims or Christians. However,subak activities are based on Hindu re-ligion because the majority of Balineseare Hindus. Muslim and Christianmembers of Subak have to pay all thecontribution for subak activities. Butthey have to pray in accordance to theirown religion, the Muslims in a mosqueand the Chrintians in a church. Religi-ous difference does not make any pro-blem in subak membership. Thereforeif subak institution is dispersed the

next stake will be Bedugul and UlunSuwi, the temples of subak membersas life guiding symbol of Balinese willalso deteriorate.

Subak Dereligiousity Equals Wa-ter Desacralization

With the growing awareness of theimportance of religion, in this caseHinduism, in environmental protecti-on especially that of water resources,through the continuity of subak, theBalinese community and regional go-vernment are not entirely free from"institutional way of thinking". Where-as according to Hindu rationalismwhen looking into and evaluating ofsubak religiousity and water sacralismis not limited to rites in narrow senjseof the meaning, in actuality it includesintegration of moral valuation and reli-gious constructive symbols, in otherwords it includes ritual forms in widesense of the meaning so that diacroni-cally summarized and identified fromthe periphery down to the essential de-tails or related to tattwa.

In terms of relationship with moralvaluation when looking into subak reli-giousity and water sacralism, Bali Hin-

OPINION

Percik December 2005 d

du community is faced with sacredstructure (luanan), thus it must be keptaway from profanities (tebenan). Thecontinuum of luan - teben relationshipmust be definitely separated, thoughphilosophically both must be conside-red as pairs, especially to create powersource or bayu. Thus the using of moralvaluation sysmbols in assessing rubalreligiousity and water sacralism the en-tire Balinese community -- whether he isa Hidu follower (krama adat) or thenon Hindu migrants (krama tamiu) --must understand the position of subakand water in order to to prevent frompossible violation that may lead to im-purification (leteh), so the rwa bhinedaconcept which contradits purity or sa-cred concept and polluted or leteh con-cept could be maintained accordingly.

While in terms of its connection withconstructive symbols as it relates to su-bak religiousity and water sacralism va-luation, in Hiduism we have differenceis position, colour and staged reliousstructure, which will delegates differen-ces in authority, power, priethood andstructured religious when defining su-

bak religiousity and water sacralism.In principle, water from a spring is

in Hindu religion considered as one ofthe prerequisites (tirtha for paratir-than) in the Panca Yadna ritual, routine(nityakala) or incidental (naimitika-kala). The element of water in Hiduismis considered as a means for purifica-tion, welfare bringing, and life currentthat one must wade into the true happi-ness (Titib, 2001). Therefore in observ-ing the shifting pattern in the aboveme-tioned subak demand and water avail-ability within the growing irrationalityand hypermoralistic on deistic, humani-ty, and development values, eventally -whether one wants it or not - conscious-

ly or not, will result in an ever growingenvironmental fluctuation. In short, anelimination of subak and the growingwater scarcity issues all over the islandBali lately, is not simply a by-product ofa horizontal process, this case must belooked upon as a built-in element of avertical relationship disharmony.

Towards Tradition Transformati-on

Though not all of the local commu-nity tarditions contain environmentallysensitive values, subak existence is un-questionable, at least for the Balinese.Therefore the effort to engineer thecommunity tradition in the pretext ofmodernization is never a wise choice.What is needed is actually is a more con-cise and simpler effort, that is under-standing each tradition and adat of eachlocality, empowerment of each of them,and make cultural transformation inter-nally. The cultural transformation is in-tended to instill a process for the creati-on of a profoundly new and better struc-tural relationship. The local communitycultural and traditional transformationmakes it possible for us to maintain andmore importantly remain owning thecultural and traditional plurality itself,and provides us room to create theirown history. In essence, traditional andcultural transformation within an adatcommunity should always consider em-powerment, guarantee and respectingself identication and prevention of mo-nocultural development. These are thereal challenges for the adat communityas well as for all of us, to look at the re-ligiousity of subak and sacrality of waterin the Balinese community. The worldalways says that Bali and its traditionand culture will remain the morning ofthe world as Nehru says, or as the para-dise island as the novelist Hickman Po-well says.

*Master Degree of AN-Fisipol UGM andMPRK UGM. Water security problem

observer. Live in Yogyakarta.

OPINION


The element of waterin Hiduism is considered asa means for purification,

welfare bringing,and life current that one mustwade into the true happiness

(Titib, 2001).

Rendi and Gunadi are seriouslyobserving water sample theyjust took from Lake Cibubur.

Several indicators were added to the wa-ter container. "30 degrees Celcius," saidRendi. "Try once again," said Gunadiwho wanted to confirm the reading. Notfar from the two of crouched their class-mates from SMP (Junior High School)233 Jakarta, 40 pupils in total, weredoing the same thing. They were meas-uring the quality of water from the lake.The indicators are water temperature,turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and pH."This is a new experience for us, we canlearn form here about water biotic, con-tent, temperature, and so on," saidRendi who ranks second best in hisclass. "Yes, new experience. At school itis mostly theoretical, practice is lack-ing," added Gunadi. And besides, thetwo said that they got a new lessonabout how to economize and protectwater source. "It is not wise to wash abicycle by drenching with pails of water.When taking a bath, better use a do-uche. Do not dispose garbage, excre-ment, used oil unscropulously all overthe place," said Rendi who added thatwater is not merely for the present gen-eration but also for the generations tocome.

New idea was also revealed by Mar-shanda, TV star, who was present as aguest star. "How I am so happy. Myknowledge has increased. I heartily sup-port this kind of programme speciallydedicated to children. The more fre-quent the stronger care implanted with-in the children's mind," she said. Sheadmitted that she didn't know much

about water quality. Before this I neverhad any idea what a water quality meas-urement is all about. It is simpler than Ithought, isn't it," she said.

The water quality mesuring eventlasted for almost half a day. The eventwas held as part of World Water Moni-toring Day commemoration. The com-memoration day itself was on 12 Octo-ber. "This is part of a series of the com-memoration events," said Job Supang-kat from FORKAMI (Indonesia Drin-king Water Communication Forum).The activities consisted of water qualitymeasurement in several locations, dra-wing competition by 30 pupils of 20 pri-mary schools in Jakarta, and visit to wa-ter treatment plant. This event was or-ganized by FORKAMI in cooperation

with Thames Pam Jaya (TPJ), andPASM Lyionnaise Jaya (Palyja).

Job explained that the theme of thecommemoration is "Safe Our Water".There are two targets to be reached fromthis commemoration, namely behaviou-ral change manifested in economizingwater use and stop pollution. "The es-sence is, treat water in a responsiblemanner," He said firmly.

For this effort the children and yo-uth were targeted as agent of develop-ment. The assumption is children aremore sensitive to changesw and are ableto influence their parents. "Thereforesince early on, primary school, juniorhigh they are invited to the event to ma-ke them realized the importance of reso-urces protection, said Abdullah Mutha-

REPORTAGE


World Water Monitoring Day

Building Awarenesssince Early Age

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

lib, FORKAMI Chairman. According toAbdullah, although water is a renewableresource, but because of the big invest-ment involved to recover its availabilityand quality, has made water as a reso-urce in limted quantity. For this purpo-se, he said further, water resources pro-tection must be done by all includingchildren, the community, water relatedproffesionals, private sector, NGO, andthe government. "Through this WorldWater Monitoring Day commemorationwe wish to sprinkle common awarenessto the importance of water source pro-tection and to work together to improvethe availability and quality of our watersource for our life of today and theforthcoming generations," he said.

Devy A Yheane, Public RelationsManager of TPJ, says that her companyhas endeavoured to conduct schoolchil-dren education and groundwater pro-tection campaign. "We have issued a CDRom containing educational module.The content is neutral and can be usedby anyone," said Devy.

Januar, SMP 233 teacher, said thatthis kind of programme is quite usefulfor his pupils. According to him, atschool the children receive more theori-es and less practice. "The subject on wa-ter resources is actually included in dis-cussion about ecosystem. But how tomeasure water quality, this has neverbeen done in our lab," he said.

In similar tone, Yanti, a teacher ofBudi Wanita Primary School of JakartaSelatan hailed enthusastically the lear-ning programme provided in the WorldWater Monitoring Day commemorati-on. According to her, beside to the pu-pils the result is also positively influen-ced the accompanying teachers. "It is anexcellent programme. Personally, here Ilearned that chlorine kills E. coli bacte-ria. What has been explained when wevisited the water treatment palnt isquite educative to the children'" she saidenthusiastically. However, Yanti waswondering why this kind of programmedoes not seem to involve the govern-

ment elements, especially tose related toeducation. Why is it that only NGO andthe private sector that care? Thereforeshe calls that in the future the encoura-gement of water resources care relatedactivity should involve every segmentsof the population. "This kind of activitymust continue. Wherever possible thisis to involve a bigger number of school-children. And not only limited to com-petition, but real education to the youngpeople," she said.

Job is agree with the educators. Ac-cording to him, this event is just thebeginning. In Indonesia the commemo-ration of World Water Monitoring Dayhas only been conducted in the last twoyears. "We are not going to stop up tohere. What we have done will be sus-tained but at larger scope. Of course itwill be done phase by phase," heexplained.

He added further that beside school-children, campaign to build care to wa-ter resources has also been directed tothe community. Together with Palyjaand TPJ Forkami has worked out an a-wareness education to water supply sus-cribers of Jakarta. Also the organizationis conducting a radio talk show everythird week every month. The response isquite positive. It turns out they care andare eager to know better about waterresources related issues, drinking waterin particular," Job concluded. One thiscertain, that qwater quality education isabsolutely necessary for every one. Andfor that prupose, all stakeholders arecompelled to care about it. The wayto doit is by taking part in every activity thatleads to water rsources protection. Donot wait until a disaster to happen. Suchas Rendi said, "Without water our lifewill be in danger." mujiyanto

REPORTAGE


I f we look at the community, I have afeeling that it sufficiently cares. But,perhaps, the care is not concrete. It

needs a deeper insight to translate thecare into real life.The habit of dispo-sing garbage into theriver, for instance. Ithink they alreadyknow that this prac-tise in immoral. Butis it immoral? If wecould tell them in away that makessense and nicely, itwould not be toodifficult to undo thehabit. In simple

term, if the river is clean, we can payless for water contribution becausewater treatment costs less money.Isn't it so? (MJ)

Marshanda,

Artist and Environmental Special Envoy

Still Short of Care

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Regional Water Company(PDAM) service is way off fromthe village of Jambearjo,

Kecamatan Tajinan, Kabupaten Ma-lang. But, in every home a PDAM stan-dard water meter is well fixed. How co-me? This is because of Water Supply forLow Income Communities Phase 2(WSLIC 2) project implemented in thevillage.

Previously, in the village that islocated 18 km south of the city of Ma-lang the inhabitants had to take waterfrom Kali Manten, a small river runningin the south part of the village, and wa-ter spring located in valley 30 m deep.This spring was the main drinking watersource for the villagers. There were alsoseveral water wells, only a few of themand they are so deep. "On average wellhere is 24 m deep. Even if you dig a wellthere is no assurance that you dig at theright point to get water," says Abdullah,Jambearjo village headman.

It is no wonder, several water borndiseases, especially diarrhoea common-ly visit to the village with 3.734 popu-lation (910 households). The inhabi-tants wasted a lot of time to carry waterfrom the river of the valley. "On average1-1,5 hours were spent daily," saysAbdullah again. Water is carried on theshoulders.

Drs. Imam Nawawi, Chairman of theWater Supply Management Team(WSMT) described that the above con-dition have made the inhabitants defe-cated anywhere around the house or inthe river. "Most of us here are poor," hesaid.

On the other side, there is a watersource and with discharge of 30 l/sec itmight be enough to supply the wholepopulation. It is called Sumber Apakand is located far away at the end of the

valley. The community was not able tobuild a facility to lift the water and dis-tributed it among the population. Up toa certain extent the people were helplessand could not do anything.

Join WSLIC ProjectIt was like a dream come true. The

population's dream to have clean waterservice was facilitated. Thanks to theintroduction of WSLIC project. Thecommunity was trying to look for infor-mation how they could join the project.It turned out that several requiremen-ntys must be fulfilled. Under the spiritof communal work they started withfund raising, because one of the require-ments is willingness to contribute incash and in kind.

Through a village meeting attendedby more than 300 inhabitants, it wasthen the amount of contribution bedetermined. There were four contribu-tion categories, group A the very poorthe contribution is Rp5.000, group B

the poor at Rp10.000, group C themedium Rp 15.000 and group D the richat Rp20-25.000. The fund is collected ineach RT, there are two of them one inhamlet Jambearjo and the other at ham-let Karangjambe. The total fund collectamounted to Rp 8 million.

Before that the inhabitants havemade village meeting attended also byhundreds of prople about managementof the project. Furteen people wereelected by the community to act as Com-munity Facilitator Team (CFT). Thisteam then developed the communityworkplan (CWP) and established twoimplementation units: technical imple-mentation unit (TIU) and special imple-mentation unit (SIU).

It was the beginning of WSLIC pro-ject in Jamberarjo. The central govern-ment development fund amounted toRp 144 million, and kabupaten counter-part budget Rp 16 million, and commu-nity contribution Rp 8 million. In kindcommunity participation was provided

SUCCESS STORY


WSLIC 2 of Jambearjo, Malang

Rural Connection, Urban ManagementSOURCE: MUJIYANTO

in the form of labour, once a weekfor everyone. "It took almost twomonths of contruction and unpaidlabour", said Imam.

The project started with con-struction of a reservoir at SumberApak spring. It consists of a 2 mdiam. concrete cylindrical struc-ture planted 4 m deep into theground. An electrical panel housewas constructed 5 m from thereservoir and a water collector 6x6m2 base and 2 m high capable ofholding 50 m3 of water. This col-lector is placed at a height at the endof the village. Water is lifted from thereservior with a 12KW electric pumpat a discharge capacity of 3 l/sec. Thepump is mounted at top of the revervior.Pipe network to bring water to the con-sumers is 9.050 m.

Together with the water supply theCFT initiated rolling fund toilet deve-lopment programme, training for com-munity health cadres, schoolchildrenand teachers; contruction washbasinsand canteen improvement in schools,

The project that styarted in May2004 was completed in May 2005. Thismeans the job of CFT is completed. Torun O&M the community conducted avillege meeting and elected from amongthemselves the candidates of WaterSupply Management Team (WSMT).The personnel consist of ex CFT mem-bers, total personnel 7.

Post ProjectImmediately after establishment the

community elected Water Supply Mana-gement Team (WSMT) started with itsjob. The first thing to do was installingthe home connections. "We install watermeter in order to be fair. Who uses lesspays less, who uses more pays more,says Imam. WSMT fixed home connec-tion fee at Rp 250.000. Today this feewas increased to Rp 300.000 after theincrease in fuel price that influences theraise in price of construction materials.And water use subscription is fixed at

Rp 750 per m3. Presently there are 609home connections in all.

The community pays the contribu-tion dutifully. They come by themselvesto the WSMT payment counter. So farthere has been no delinquency. In No-vember the income was recorded at Rp6 million and the expenditure at Rp 4million. There is an increase in incomeevery month.

The money collected from users'contribution is use for expansion of thenetwork and pump replacement. Sometime ago, a new 6 l cap/sec pump is ins-talled as replacement of the old one."Now we have two pumps. One as a spa-

re in case of breakdown," heexplained. Besides, the con-tribution is set aside for ho-norarium of theManagement eam. Per-viously when they weremembeber of communityfacilitators, they did get anyhonorarium at all.

WSMT meets monthlyon the 12th of each month.Ths isntitution exerciseopen magement system andtransparent financial recor-ding so that fiancial accoun-tability is well maintained.Depreciation of asset is also

made fot repalcement in the future.

Direct ImpactAbdullah, the vilage headman re-

vealed that with the availability of clearwater supply the number of householdtoilets in the village increased consider-ably. Before WSLIC there were 310 toi-lets in the village, now the total is 733.Diarrhoea incidence has remarkablydecreased. And water supply has stimu-lated construction of new dwellings.From 910 now it has become 968dwelling houses. A new housing com-plex is under construction.

Beside that, according to Abdullah,there is a decrease in cost for water for afiesta. "Previously in family fiesta gath-ering, a family had to spend Rp200.000for water. It is now only Rp13.000," hesaid. The community is happy with thisproject. "It is more comfortable now.We don't have to go to the spring for apail of water," said Bagilin, weho used toclimbed down the valey and carriedpails of water for his family.

Apparently the community of theneighbouring village of Bululawang,Kecamatan Bululawang was filing arequest asking for water service connec-tion. The Management Team was ready todo the connection. At a different contribu-tion rate, of course. Is anyone of us willingto learn to Jambearjo? mujiyanto

SUCCESS STORY


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Immediately afterestablishment thecommunity elected

Water SupplyManagement Team

(WSMT) started withits job. The firstthing to do was

installing the homeconnections.

Pessimistic. That was the impres-sion that was visible when Com-munity Led Total Sanitation

(CLTS) programme was first introducedto Indonesia. Many were doubtful if thecommunity would be willing on its owndo away the habit of defecating in theopen without any government incentive.But now the pessimism was provenotherwise after the programme was putinto field trial in six kabupatens, ie.Lumajang (Jawa Timur), Sambas (Ka-limantan Barat), Muara Enim (SumatraSelatan), Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Sum-bawa (NTB), and Bogor (Jawa Barat).The whole activity was started in Lu-majang in May 2005, followed by otherkabupatens in June.

The outcome was surprising. Withinone to three months, the community tri-ggered by this programme, except in ka-bupaten Bogor, made an obviouschange. They were beginning to doaway with the habit of defecating in theopen, such as along river banks, gan-dens, or bushes. It their own consciencethey build a toilet according to theirfinancial capacity. The success does notend there but continues to expand to thesurrounding villages. In Sambas, theBupati has even announced that theprogram will be replicated throughoutthe region.

Kamal Kar, the expert who formu-lated the concept, in a CLTS workshopin Jakarta on 28-30 November statedthat Indonesian achievement has beenexcellent. Within 6 months it was capa-ble of changing at least 3.500 peoplefrom the habit of defecating in the open.

CLTS programme was first imple-mented in Bangladesh in 2000. Nowthe programme has spread to 8 nationsincluding Indonesia. In each nationthere is always specific lessons learnedto improve the process. Kamaldescribes that in Bangladesh there isconstraint i.e intoduction of subsidyfrom the government that adverselyaffect the success of the programme.Besides, target becomes the aim ratherthan process. Therefore, Kamal stressesthat the success of CLTS programmemust be supported with the change ofgovernment attitude. In this case thegovernment must avoid providing sub-sidy. Besides, CLTS needs a good manyfacilitators to trigger the community.

Oswar Mungkasa of the Directorateof Human Settlement and Housing,Bappenas also stresses the most impor-tant element of CLTS programme is the

process of change, not target or freedomfrom defecating in the open declaration.Several basic principles, communitycharacteristics, factors that stimulatesuccess must be identified and im-proved.

What should be done in CLTS Well planned triggering (throughintroduction, participatory discussi-on/analysis, transect walk, triggeringand motivation);Understanding that CLTS is not a pro-ject, it is an approach.Learning together (not an extensionprocess).Continuing triggering process toexcite the feeling of embarrasment,nausea, prestige, using the type of lan-guage common to the community.Intensive facilitation in monitoring.Facilitator capacity development.Identification and development ofnew facilitators (who are ready to use,persevering, and highly committed)and community facilitator team.CLTS implementation in areas wherethere is no project.Support to establish community self-reliance movement (through commu-nal activity, adat leader, religiousleader, etc.).Freedom to initiate.Appreciation/commend to individu-als, group who are willing to make achange.Provide recommendation/opinionwhen asked.Creating natural leader and invite himto see other places (comparative stu-dy).

TELESCOPE


Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

Behavioural ChangeWithout Subsidy

Kamal Kar, theexpert who formu-lated the concept,in a CLTS workshopin Jakarta on 28-30November statedthat Indonesian

achievement hasbeen excellent

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.6.7.

8.

9.

10.11.

12.

13.

Facilitate collaboration with thirdparty.Declaration once an area is free fromdefecation in the open.Elimination of gap within the commu-nity.Support development to the sur-rounding villages.Staged socialization process to thestakeholders.Cross sectoral common commitment(involvement of all related sectors).Influence from the suppressed group(women, children, old people).Filtration and decomposition.

What may not be doneNo to subsidy in any form.Acting like a teacher/instructor.Making arrangement for others.Issuing instruction.Forcing one to do, including construc-tion a WC and decide on its model.Promise a reward.Bringing project mission.Distinguishing community classifica-tion.Showing position identity.Implementing CLTS in a locataionwhere a different/contradictory ap-proach is being applied.

The above principles do not neces-sarily be completely fulfilled. At least, ifthe majority is fulfilled a successfulCLTS programme is not a dream.Keeping the above principles firmly theprogramme can be expanded moreextensively in Indonesia. This is exactlywhat we have been doing.

On a village already freed from defe-cating in the open there is a commonagreement among ourselves that fol-lowing items have taken place:

high potential in community partici-pation and communal work;no more WC construction along theriverbanks;the individual community membershave built a toilet on land;no more stenching odour around thedwellings;

feel ambarrased when defecating inthe open;improved community health.

What happened with kabupatenBogor, based on analysis, was actually acombined consequence of several fac-tors such as lack of triggering intensityand lack of facilitation (only once duringthe initiation). This condition made thetriggered community slowly faded

again. And, it was found out that therewas a "provocateur" who told them thatCLTS included a subsidy for toilet con-struction. Apparently, not far from thetrial location there was a similar projectwith stimulant subsidy. This clearlyindicates that there is a policy discrep-ancy within this sector.

From field observation it was foundout that the role of facilitator, naturalleader, community figure, and govern-ment employee are quite prominent.Without a harmonious collaborationamong them, this programme is difficultto push through. This is important toconsider because this programme isfocussed on behavioural change, not ontarget achievement.

What CLTS has achieved illustratesthat the community is capable of chang-ing its behaviour with its own con-science if it is sufficiently empowered.And the process is replicable for sectordevelopment other than defecating inthe open. Thus, not only for diggingexcrement pit. Mujiyanto

TELESCOPE


the role of facilitator,natural leader, commu-nity figure, and govern-

ment employees arequite prominent.

Without a harmoniouscollaboration among

them, this programme isdifficult to push through

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.

9.10.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pantai hamlet and Usaha hamletof Segarau Parit Village, Keca-matan Tebas, Kabupaten Sam-

bas, Kalimantan Barat are located at themouth of Sambas River on the SouthChina Sea. It takes 6 hours of travelfrom Pontianak, the provincial capital.From the kabupaten capital it is onlyhalf an hour ride. To reach the hamlets avisitor needs to cross by one kilometerinwidth of Sambas River in a ferry orsampan. The hamlets are about twokilometers from the jetty.

Main job of these hamlets are agri-culture, casual labour, and fishing. Theyare always in short of clean water sup-ply. There is no drinkable water sourceavailable in this area. The abundantsupply is the brackish river water. Fordaily consumption they use rainwater,which they collect in big pails or reser-voirs made of concrete material. Forbathing and washing, they use the al-ways ready river water.

Pantai hamlet is populated with1.057 persons consisting of 175 familiesliving in 174 dwellings. Before the Com-munity-Led Total sanitation (CLTS)took place, none of families had a toilet.They defecate in the river, which is loca-ted near their houses. One can imaginehow the river looks like. While the ham-let of Usaha is inhabited by 1.153 people(183) families living in 181 dwellings.Geographically this hamlet is fartherthab Pantai hamlet from the river. It isnot surprising that from the beginningthere have been some toilets in the ham-let. There are 54 out of 181 dwellings.The rest are defecate used river or gar-den as their toilets.

Actually, according to Rajiman Jufri,the village headman of Segarau Parit,there is already an local wisdom con-nected with hygiene. The rule says that

defecation in the open is an irre-spectable manner, there should be nodirty water under clothes hanging line,do not bath in polluted water. But therule seems to be regarded as moral sug-gestion and no one is paying any atten-tion on it.

On 1 July 2005, triggering was con-ducted at kabupaten level followed by fi-eld practise in the hamlet. The resultwas an agreement to build 156 units oftoilets in Pantai hamlet and 60 units inUsaha hamlets. From there on the pro-cess was guided by tems of facilitators,at kabupaten, kecamatan and communi-ty levels. Rajiman explained that in Usa-ha hamlet the new toilet developmentprocess met with a little barrier. This’s

because of limited manpower, becausemost of are migrant workers, and it washarvest time when all hands are concen-trated in harvesting their crop.However, the difficulty could be over-come through communal work amongthe ciitizens.

The community who were reluctant

in the beginning started to change andgradually built their toilets. Surianto, acitizen who was involved in this pro-gramme said that the community awa-reness grew gradually by itself followingthe triggrering. "We did not tell them oracted as a teacher. The community lea-ders were instrumental by inserting he-alth development messages during reli-gious gatherings," he said. And, some ofthe citizens we beginning to feel embar-rased because their neghbours were be-ginning to build closet and were no lo-nger defecating in the waterway.

The citizens design their own toilets.Some use closet type, some others builtit using oil funnel for bowl.

Within one month the toilet cons-truction was already done. The resultwas far away beyond the expectation. Inthe hamlet of Pantai, 154 unit planned,but was constructed 174 new toilets.This means all houses have had a toilet.In the village of Usaha 60 units wereplanned but the total constructions were105. Not only that, there are 3 otherhamlets of the Segarau Parit villagewere influenced. The villagers of thehamlets were beginning to leave behindthe habit of defecating in the garden orditches and start building toilets follow-ing a triggering process.

This major change has made the Bu-pati of Sambas personally visited the vil-lage. He witnessed by himself the com-munity declared freedom from defeca-ting in the open. And sysmbolically hejoined in pulling down and washingaway of the riverbank toilets.

"Now it is quite pleasant, clean,and children can run around withoutworry of stepping on human waste.Even at night we can defecate morecomfortably," says Khairuman, a localvillager. (MJ)

KALEIDOSCOPE


Segarau Parit Village Local Wisdom Does Not Work

SOURCE : MUJIYANTO

The hamlet of Sukamenanti,Muaro Pijoan Village, Kecama-tan Jambi Luar Kota is located

not too far from the provincial capital.By road it is about half an hour ride.The hamlet is located about threekilometers from the main road and isbuilt along the Batanghari riverbank.During high water season this hamletis a flooded area. The hamlet is inhab-ited by 75 families living in stilt hou-ses. From the whole inhabitants therewas only one family i.e M. YumiNangsiah, the RW chairman, who hada toilet. The rest of the populationwent to a creek, one of Batanghari ri-ver tributaries, to defecate. "This ha-bit that has been practised for gene-rations," said Yumi.

This was the condition that madethis hamlet together with three othersin Jambi were chosen as sites forCommunity-Led Total Sanitation(CLTS) field trial. On 6 June 2005,the local community was triggered todissuade defecating in the open. Theresult was a total denial.

Lina, the community facilitator,revealed that the hamlet inhabitantsstrongly refused to leave behind thehabit of defecating in the creek. Thereason was they do not have clean wa-ter supply. At that time the communi-ty promised that they would build toi-let once they have clean water supply.The denial was voiced by the localcommunity figure. But the citizenswho had attended the training processdid not lose hope. The RW chairmantogether with five others who joinedthe training took the first initiativebuilding a toilet for their own andwith that hopefully the others wouldfollow. Concurrently the RT chair-man's wife persuaded 3 RT chairmenand convinced Marzuki, the hamletheadman who was formerly one of theprogramme opponents. The step gai-

ned support from local youth and re-ligious leaders. Within a week all thebarriers were lifted, and the citizenswere now convinced.

All this time, according to Yumi,the main hindering factors to toiletbuilding are availability of clean wa-ter, the old habit of defecating in theopen, and capacity to buy constructi-on materials. "Many of them wantedto build a toilet, but they want it agood one, not just building for the sa-ke of building," he said firmly. Forthis purpose he urged the villagers towork together, communally, both fortoilet construction and for mouldingspecimen to make simple closet.

The behaviour change process wasalso promoted by Lukman AS the vil-lage headman and Mrs. Habibah, wifeof Camat of Jambi Luar Kota who fre-quently made a triggering visit to thecommunity. Triggering was also con-ducted through cleanliness and toilet

competition among RTs. Within twomonths the Suamenanti hamlet hasbeen entirely free from the habit ofdefecating in the open.

Each member of the communitychose the type of toilet he was able tobuild. But all is the water sealed type.No one knows who advised them butmany of toilet built were the so-calledflying type. A closet built one meterabout the ground. This is to preventinundation by floodwater that oftencalls in to the village.

The villagers admitted that theydid need to spend too much money forthe toilet construction. On averageeach toilet only costs Rp 14.000. Thisis because sand is abundant in thehamlet. And besides, the camat (sub-district chief) donated cement for ma-ssive closet production.

Marzuki, hamlet headman of Su-kamenanti confesses that he is verypleased that his hamlet is free fromdefecating in the open. Now the citi-zens have pleaded to burn down anyriver toilet built on the waterway.

In reality above the waterway thatleads to Batanghari River is now freefrom toilets. This is because on last 26September there was a communalmovement to wash away all the rivertoilets. This event was conducted bythe Head of Health Agency of Kabupa-ten Muaro Jambi and was witnessedby the Bupati himself.

Today, the local citizens have a de-sire to persuade the surroundinghamlets to do the same. "We wantthem to also free themselves from de-fecating in the open, otherwise theirexcrement will remain contaminatingour place," says Yumi. However, wehaven't had the courage to talk tothem whithout the accompanimentfrom the government officials. Thereason is, they look down on us," heconcluded. (MJ)

KALEIDOSCOPE


The Hamlet of Sukamenanti, Muaro Pijoan Village

Builds Flying Toilets SOURCE : MUJIYANTO

The hamlet of Lemah Duhur,Cimande Village, KecamatanCaringin, Kabupaten Bogor is

located on the hill southeast of the cityof Bogor. By road it takes half an hourto reach the hamlet and geographicallyone can say that this is the city's out-skirt. This hamlet is divided into twoRTs i.e RT 16 and RT 17 with a total 78households living in the area.

Time went by. August 2005, changehad hardly been seen. The communityremained happy with themselves defe-cating in the ditches. This went on tillNovember. Based on information col-lected, the community in RT 17 therewere only three toilets out of 19haouseholds, and 5 families dug newholes. And there were true holes,uncovered. Whikle in RT 16, 59 house-holds 24 from had toilet. Nine familiesdug a hole, and a true hole.

Muchtar Lintang, an official of He-alth Agency of Kabupaten Bogor, saidthat this condition is caused by less in-tensive triggering, including lack of fa-cilitation support. This is also con-firmed by Betty, the community facili-tator. She said, she never visited thevillage because she was overextendedbecause of activities in connection withanother project. Moreover, the sanita-rian who should be working with thecommunity is now absent because ofhis tranfer to other locality. More overthat, said Lintang further, there is abelief among the community -and it isconfirmed by the village headman thatthere is a subsidy for toilet develop-ment. According to the citizens, the vil-lage headman told them that the citi-zens need to dig a hole, the rest willtaken care of by the government. Andthe citizens' guess was supported with

the stimulant subsidy provided to thecommunity of the neighbouring village.

This fact has made Kamal Kar, theCLTS expert, wondered and decided tosee for himself what the hamlet lookedlike. The fact was undeniable. Finally,Kamal Kar with his shrewdness con-ducted retriggering. The citizins wereinvited to gather in front of themosque. Kamal told them stories aboutsuccesses made in Sambas and Jambi.He also stressed how bad the impact of

defecating in the open is to our health.Community response was not rea-

dily seen. Finally Kamal offered thecommunity two alternatives; first per-suade those who are already free fromdefecating in the open to take alook atstill the old habit; the second, put thenews about this hamlet in mss media.The community disliked any of the two.They opted to build a toilet. They decla-red that they would be free from defe-cating in the open by 24 Descember,one month after the triggering. Bimbin,the chairman of RT 17 promised tomotivate his citizens. As an initial step,together with rest of the community heworked digging hole near the “MCK” tofunction as it should be the day after."It is now functioning, however simpleit may look like," he says. The others?Hopefully it would be a repetition ofjust digging excrement pit. (MJ)

KALEIDOSCOPE


Babakan Lemah Duhur, Village of Cimande

Only to Dig a Latrine PitSOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Time went by. August 2005,change had hardly been seen.

The community remainedhappy with themselves

defecating in the ditches.

Question:I'd appreciate it if you could advise

me regarding treatnment of grey water(ex washing, bathing and kitchen activi-ties). Is it adviseable to let flow into theseptic tank?

Mawardi Adi

Jl. Siaga Swadaya 17, Pasarminggu

Jakarta Selatan

Answer:Domestic wastewater can be divided

into two categories. The first category iswastewater from toilet/closet or humanexcrement and is also called "blackwater" characterised with high organicmatter content, the treatment isthrough a pit well of septic tank, and if

available drained into a city sewer andfinally treated at the city level Waste-water Treatment Plant (WTP).

The second category is domesticwastewater originating from bathroom,washing and kitchen activities; this ca-tegory is also called "grey water" charac-terised with moderately high organicmaterial and is usually mixed with soapor detergent.

The non toilet wastewater shouldnot be drained intoa septic tank becausethe residue from detergent may kill thebacteria that decompose organic mate-rials in the septic tank, therefore greywater must be drained into a specificinstallation, called Wastewater Treat-

ment System (WTS), for non toilet do-mestic wastewater.

Design Flow DirectionWastewater from bathroom/washing

is drained to collector chamber. It passesfirst through a coarse waste (A) equippedwith a scrren at its base, than the sand par-ticles carried in the water will settle at thebottom of clooector C, while oil layer willfloat and is drained through wax catcher B,the water will pass through to a filter tankand on into PVC pipe in the middle of thetank, countinue to the lower part and outthrough a pebble and charcoal screen, theoverflow will flow into outside drainagesystem.

IATPI CLINIC


Wastewater from Bathingand Washing

C

Arang batok kelapa 40 cm

Tangki Filter Up flow – 1,2 x 1,2 x 1,8 m3 (terbuat dari: beton / batu kali,/batu bata)

Tutup Tangki Resapan terbuat dari beton 8 cm

Bak pengumpul/ kontrol dari pasangan batu bata 0,5x0,5x0,6 m3

Pipa PVC penghubung Dia. 4 inch

Batu koral diameter 2-4cm, tebal 60 cm B = Ruang penangkap

lemak

A = Ruang penangkap sampah ,saringan kawat kasa 1cm2

A B

C = Ruang pengumpul dan penangkap pasir

Pipa PVC dia. 4 inc

This Clinic is colaboration Percik magazine and Indonesian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers.

Questions can be submitted to Percik Magazine.Contributor: Lina Damayanti ([email protected]),

Dini Trisyanti ([email protected]), Sandhi Eko Bramono.

Source: Appropriate Technology, PU R&D Cipta Karya

collector/control chamber,

brick structure 0,5x0,5x0,6 m3

PVC connecting

pipe 4 in. diam.

Concrete cover. 8 cm thick

up flow filter tank 1,2x1,2x1,8 cm3

(made of concrete/rock/brick)

coconut shell

charcoal

Pebbles, 2-4 cm

diam. 60 cm thick

PVC pipe 4 in.

diam.

A = coarse material catcher,

1 cm2 grid

B = wax/fat catcher

C = collector and sand catcher

"Water is a precious re-source. It is water thatmakes our earth unique,

and life possible." Thus reads the wel-come statement for Indonesian dele-gates visiting the Water DiscoveryCentre in Werribee, Australia. Becausewater is a precious resource and it isavailable in limited quantity Australiahas a strong reason to apply thereclaimed (better known as recycled)water concept in water resource ma-nagement. This note is scribbled from astudy visit made by WSS WorkingGroup and WASPOLA Secretariate tothree Austalian cities: Adelaide,Melbourne and Sidney to take a look atwater resource management with spe-cial attention to the application ofreclaimed water concept.

What is reclaimed water? What isthe difference from recycled wa-ter?

Reclaimed water is reuse of waste-water through a complete process inorder to produce water quality equiva-lent to drinking water. While recycledwater is reusing water without thenecessity to produce a certain degree ofquality. However the term recycledwater is better known so that this termis generally used by reclaimed waterconsumers. The following water cyclediagram -obtained brom ReclaimedWater Development for Horticulture-illustrates the recycled water andreclaimed water terminologies, and sev-eral of their uses.

The use of reclaimed water in Aus-tralia

Australia is one of the countries thatuses reclaimed water in large quantities,particular for irrigation, city landscape

maintenance, ecosystem and environ-mental support (wetlands irrigation),and several domestic uses other thandrinking water such as toilet flushing,watering garden plants, and so on. In

AROUND WASPOLA


Because water is so precious…(Note from WSS Working Group Study Visit to Australia)

Ground water aquifer

IndustrialResidential

Reclaimedwater

Sewage

EvaporationMunicipal

Precipitation (rain)

Transpiration

Potable water

Evaporation

WWTP

WTP

Irrigation

RunoffRecycled

Percolation

Water distribution isconducted in2 differentreticulation systems,red coloured pipe isfor drinking waterand purple coulredpipe for reclaimedwater.

SOURCE: LINA DAMAYANTI

the cities visited by WSS Workingreclaimed water is supplied to newlydeveloped housing area for domesticuse through a reticulation system sepa-rate from drinking water. The effort insocializing reclaimed water is not limit-ed to distibution to consumers but it isalso complemented with educationaland public campaign program. This isintended to build consumers confidenceand to asssure of proper use.

The use of reclaimed water is closelycontrolled by the responsible lineagency and by EPA (EnvironmentalProtection Agency), including waterquality, operation and maintenanceprocedure of the reticulation systemboth at the utility company and at theconsumer levels. Even for water foragricultural purpose of Werribee, a sub-urb of Melbourne, EPA puts it as arequirement for farmers to prepare aconsumer site management plan toassure that water is used in the propermanner and in accordance with what itis intended for. Another effort to social-ize reclaimed water is through tariff reg-ulation. In all of the cities visitedreclaimed water for domestic purposesis sold at a lower price than the drinkingwater, except Sidney where it is slightlyhigher than the drinking water. For irri-gation, water price is a bit higher thanfor domestic purposes, but in generalfor all types of use the tariff is alwayslower than the production cost.

AdelaideAdelaide is the capital city of South

Australia with 1.1 million inhabitants.The whole population has had access todrinking water supply network and se-werage system. "We have no moreproblem regarding water supply andenvironmental sanitation infrastruc-ture, but if we do not think it from nowon in the future we might face difficultyin water resource availability", says onesenior management of SA Water, SouthAustralia government owned water sup-ply and environemtal sanitation service

provider. Aware of the importance ofwater resouce availability for a sustain-able water supply, the South Australiangovernment applies an integrated waterresources management concept, includ-ing socializing reclaimed water. EvenAdelaide has moved further into treat-ment of storm water and stored it intoan aquifer through Aquifer Storage andRecovery (ASR) system.

MelbourneThe devotion to water resource ma-

nagement was directly felt by theIndonesian delegates when they walkedalong the Yarra River bank, a river thatMelbourne citizens are proud of for itscleanliness and beauty. "MakingMelbourne the World's Most Water-Sensitive City" is the main aim of theintegrated water resource managementconducted by Melbourne Water, a go-vernment owned institution that plays acentral role in water resource manage-

ment in the State of Victoria. The appli-cation of integrated concept byMelbourne Water can be seen in theWestern Wastewater Treatment Com-plex at Werribee. The 11,000 ha com-plex is not only wastewater treatmentplant to produce water quality thatworths distribution as reclaimed waterbut it is also conducting ecosystemmaintenance through wetlands develop-ment and other ecosystem support faci-lities, as well as establishment of WaterDiscovery Centre as a educational andpublic campaign centre.

SidneySidney Olympic Park is an icon of

integrated management in the city ofSidney. Who would imagine that thecomplex used by the sport champions ofthe world to compete for the best per-formance in year 2000 was formerly adomestic and industrial waste disposalground. "Then what happened with the

AROUND WASPOLA


A fountain using reclaimed water with landscape built upon waste disposal ground in the back-ground at the Sidney Olympic Park


In order to improve the capacity ofthe Regional Level WSS WorkingGroups in facilitating WASPOLA

and National Level WSS Working Grouptranslating the national policy for com-munity based WSS development in theregions, WASPOLA conducted orienta-tion workshops on MPA-PHAST. Theactivity was conducted in Bandung on17-21 October and in Solo on28 Nov.-2 December 2005.

The orientation was in-tended to urge the partici-pants to understand moreabout the importance ofchanging the way of thin-king on community basedWSS development manage-ment that places the weighton demand responsive ap-proach (DRA). More specif-ically, this orientation isdirected towards improvethe knowledge about the im-plementation concept ofMPA-PHAST in planning,

monitoring, and evaluation of WSSdevelopment.

The workshop was openend byOswar Mungkasa of the Directorate ofHousing and Settlement Systems, Bap-penas who emphasized the importanceof community participation in in the de-velopment of a sustainable and effecti-vely used WSS facility. MPA-PHAST,

according to him, is but one tool toimprove community participation. Andmoreover, this methodology is quitesuitable to promote community par-ticipation.

The subject matters dicussed in theworkshop were, among others (i) com-munity empowerment concept in thesustainable WSS development process;

(ii) gender equity con-cept; (iii) MPA-PHASTactivity framework inplanning, monitoring, e-valuation, and decisionmaking as related to sus-tainable WSS develop-ment; (iv) linkage ofMPA-PHAST with natio-nal policy for communitybased WSS development;and (v) MPA-PHASTtool. The participants we-re also invited to prac-tise/simulation in MPA-PHAST application thro-ugh a field visit. (MJ)

AROUND WASPOLA


Orientation to MPA-PHAST for Regional Level Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation (WSS) Working Groups

wastes?" was the question from almosteveryone of the Indonesian delegates.The waste was used for landscape deve-lopment of the sports complex, after thetoxic and dangerous materials wereremoved to another disposalground away from the city. Inaddition to reusing the wasteSidney Olympic Park is alsoapplying an integrated manage-ment for drinking water, wastewater, reclaimed water, rainwater, irrigation system, con-struction, landscape, and eco-system. Sports complex, hou-sing area using 2 water reticula-tion systems (drinking and

reclaimed water), landscape, wetlandsand habitat for birds and other wildlifeall are arranged harmoniously withinone integrated land area. Waterresource management in Sidney

Olympic Park saves approximately 850million litres of potable water fromreducing the use of drinking water up to50 percent within this complex.

What about Indonesia?At present it may not only a

question posed by the membersof WSS Working Group whomade the comparative study visitbut also by all of us. Are we goingto start after we are through withthe provision of water supply andenvironmental sanitation infra-structure, or are we going to startit right now?

Lina DamayantiBasah Hernowo, Direktur Perumahan dan Permukiman Bappenas,

berdiskusi dengan Executif Direktur SA Water, Anne Howe.


SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

The for National Developmentand Planning Agency (Bappe-nas) has worked out a coo-

peration agreement with Plan In-ternational -- a non government orga-nization -- in the application of thenational policy for Water SupplySanitation development to developsustainable water supply and sanita-tion services. The cooperation is docu-mented in an MoU and was signed atthe Bappenas on Wednesday 19October by the Deputy for Facility andInfrastructure Development, ImronBulkin, and Country Director for PlanInternational Indonesia, MK Ali.

Imron Bulkin stated that com-pared to other South East Asia coun-tries Indonesia has a relatively lowaccess of water supply and sanitationservice. The total population withaccess to water supply service is notmore than 53,4 percent and only 67,1percent has a toilet. According to him,for the last three decades the govern-ment has been trying all efforts toimprove the coverage through variousprogrammes and projects.

In 2003, he said further, the go-vernment has succeeded in formula-ting National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development. This policyis intended to promote the active par-ticipation of the stakeholders. It conta-ins 11 policy principles and 16 strate-gies.

Besides, said Imron further, thereare several things that must be bro-ught to immediate attention such asthe gap between the demand and theaviability of water supply and sanita-tion facilities. And the limitation ofgovernment, regional as well as cen-

tral, fund to run the O&M of the exist-ing facilities. Therefore Imrom wel-comes this cooperation and hopes thatthis will help to solve parts of the prob-lem.

Meanwhile, MK Ali described thatan integrated service in sanitation, hy-giene, and water supply is compulsorybecause this will contribute to life ex-pectancy and children growth andcommunity health as a whole. Thro-ugh this cooperatin, he added, Planwill help to develop a guideline/prose-

dure to translate the national policyinto field level implementation. Inaddition, Plan will expand its technicalcapacity to develop knowledge net-work in WSS sector together withrelated agencies; develop communica-tion strategy and promote hygienebehaviour to children and their fami-lies; as well as supporting researchand development to expand techno-logical choices in the provision ofwater supply and sanitation servicesfor the community.

Plan will adjust its water and sa-nitation program with the NationalPolicy for WSS Development. Planactivities will be implementated in 7provincies, namely Jawa Tengah,Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, NTB, NTT,Sulawesi Selatan, and NAD, plus 3big cities, i.e Jakarta, Surabaya andMakassar.

(MJ)

AROUND WSS


Develop communication strategyand promote hygiene behaviour tochildren and their families; as well

as supporting research anddevelopment to expand

technological choices in theprovision of water supply and sani-tation services to the community.

SOURCES:DOK. PLAN INT’L

Cooperation between Bappenas andPlan International in WSS Sector

AROUND WSS


Plan International in Brief

Plan International is an NGOfocussing its activities on chil-dren all over the world. Its

staff and volunteer workers work withchildren, their families and communi-ties in 60 countries. The activitiesconsist of skill improvement and pro-vision of resources to enable childrenhaving the same voice and opportuni-ty to improve health, education, andresponsibility of their adults. Besides,Plan also develops a direct approachand campaign for children all over theworld.

Plan's vision is a world where chil-dren could put their potential into re-ality in accordance to their right anddignity. Its mission is to improve chil-dren's quality in life of the developingnations through uniting the worldculture and better understanding andlife values.

Plan Indonesia has been doing itsactivities since 2 September 1969, ba-sed on a cooperation agreement withthe Indonesian government. In disse-minating its programme, Plan buildspartnership with local oragnizationsand also with government agencies.Plan is working in 6 provinces: Cen-tral Java, East Java, South Sulawesi,NTB, NTT, and Nanggroe Aceh Da-russalam (NAD). Presently there are13 districtslevel programme units .

Plan Indonesia has developed amedium term strategy 2005-2010.Plan wishes to fight children povertyand would contribute to put Conven-tion on the Rights of Children in In-donesia into reality, covering:

The right to clean water, sanitation,and health; Right to education; Safe household life; Right to protection and participa-tion;

Cooperation for strengthening thecivil society; Post tsunami life recovery.

In health sector Plan Indonesiasees that the choildren reserve theirright to grow optimally in a healthysurrounding, good sanitation, suffi-cient health and hygiene service. Inthis connection Plan works towards:

Improving the percentage of famili-es with access to accepatble healthservice provided by a Posyandu; Improving the number of schoolswith a relatively good health pro-gramme through provision of he-

alth maintaining facilities such a fa-vourbale surrounding for childrento study and communicate amongthemsleves; Application of reproduction healthinitiatives by emphasizing youth ca-pacity such as promotion of safeand responsible sexual life inclu-ding dissemination of informationregarding HIV/AIDS; Incresasing the quantity of assis-tance through development of im-provement of skilled workers thro-ugh community based safe mother-hood project. (MJ)

Points of Cooperation between Bappenas andPlan International

Pilot project/implementationof water supply and environmentalsanitation in compliance with thenational policy principles. PlanIndonesia provides assistance incommunity development, includingwater suplly and saniotation service,to more than 300 villages/slum areasin 15 kabupatens scattered in 7 pro-vinces. In this connection Plan willwork together with kabupaten levelgovernments to improve knowledgeabout demand responsiveness appro-aches and exploration of possibilitiesffor cofinancing with the the govern-ment agencies related to WSS devel-opment.

Technical assistance. Planwill provide the needed technicaland fiancial assistance including anexpert for the Bappenas.

Management and InformationNetwork. Plan will work in closecooperation with WSS Working Groupto gather information and leassonslearned from various WSS develop-ment projects. Bappenas and Planwill help WSS Working Group in its

effort to develop an informationcentre.

Communication Strategy De-velopment. Bappenas and Plan agrreto undertake a study the knowledge,attitude and practice that can pro-vide feedback for the developmentof national communication stategy.

Research and DevelopmentSupport. Both parties agree to un-dertake the necessary efforts to ma-ke available and use the most appro-priate technical choices and to pro-mote the local industries to producethem.

Quality Assurance and Ins-pection (QA&I) Bappenas and Planwill develop/aplly a QA&I systemboth for hard- as well as softwareintervention.

Common Planning and Monito-ring/Regular Study. Bappenas, Planand WSS Working Group will developa detailed yearly action plan andstudy the progress quarterly and ta-ke correction measures as necessaryin order to keep the track and effec-tiveness.

By the purpose of dissemi-nating Community Waterand Sanitation Health

(CWSH) and Water and Sanitationfor Low Income CommunitiesPhase 2 (WSLIC-2) to the regionalgovernments the future sites of theprojects, the Directorate Generalfor Bina Bangda of the Dept. HomeAffairs held an information semi-nar in Surabaya on 6-7 December2005. This workshop was attendedby 170 participants consisting ofBupatis, regional people's repre-sentatives, regional coordinationteams (provincial as well as kabu-paten).

The event was officiallyopened by Dr. Ir. Dede M. Maskuriyadi,Deputy for Human Resources andCulture, Bappenas. In his openingspeech, he said that environment repre-sents one of the important parts tomaintain health. "Health cannot standby itself. Most of the health problemscome from outside health sector," hesays. He further descrides the factoroutside health sector consist of physicalenvironment, chemical, biological,socio-economic, cultural, and political.Besides, there are also factor that inher-ent within an individual, behaviour, andlife style. "Water and sanitation are fac-tors that are connected to behaviour/lifestyle that determines health status," hesays.

Dede reveals, the fact from the re-sult of WHO study that investmentmade to children (early age) will reducemortality. If access to drinking waterincreases by 10 percent infant mortalitywill reduce by 3-4 percent. While 10percent increase in health sector budget

will reduce infant morality by 0,8-1,5percen. Unfortunately, he added, gov-ernment budget for health sector is stillmuch too low, i.e around 5,4 percent orequals to USD9 per capita. This figure islower than Malaysia (6,9 percent) andVietnam (8,1 percent). Therefore,according to Dede, it is important thateveryone must support all effort toimprove health status of the communitythrough improvement of community ac-cess to health services.

The programme of the workshopconsisted among others of presentationby Director General for PP & PL of theDept. Health, Director of Housing andSettlement Systems, Bappenas, and pre-sentation of experiences by the Head ofJawa Timur Provincial Health Agencyand Bupati of Sambas, Kalimantan Ba-rat.

The Director General for PP & PL inhis presentation emphasized that watersupply tends to reduce diarrhoea preva-lence by 35 percent, toilet utilizing by 28

percent, while good quality ofdrinking water and maintainingthe habit of washing hands withsoap reduces the diseases by 35-65 percent. According to him,based on monitoring resultWSLIC-2 project has improvecommunity health, improvementin managerial aspect. Based onthe lessons learned, methodolo-gy, and approaches applied inWSLIC-2 implementaton, thegovernment has decided to applya similar accitiy and approach forCWSH project. CWSH Projectwill be implementaed for 5 years(2006-2010) in 20 kabupatens of4 provinces to cover 1.000 vil-

lages. Both WSLIC-2 and CWSH are in-

tended to villages that belong to belowpoverty line level, hgh perevalence of di-arrhoeal disease, low access to watersupply and sanitation facility, commit-ted regional government to such deve-lopment thus willing to set aside coun-terpart budget.

In the meantime, Basah Hernowo,the Director of Housing and SettlementSystem of Bappenas, described the pre-sent condition of water supply and sani-tation and the national policy for com-munity based WSS development thathas been formulated. He stressed theimportance of building a united move-ment among the central, provincial andkabupaten governments to work toge-ther for the achievement of MDGs tar-gets.

Included into the agenda was filedvisit to 4 villages of Kabupaten Malang,namely Jambearjo, Kalisari, Tlogosari,and Petungsewu. (MJ)

AROUND WSS


Dissemination of CWSH andWSLIC 2 Activities

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Workshop on Sanitation by theCommunity (SANIMAS) Pro-ject Implementation Evaluati-

on was held on Wednesday, 8 December2005 in Surabaya. The event was offi-cially opened by Ir Susmono, Director ofEnvironmental Sanitation Developmentof the Dept. of Public Works. In hisopening speech he stated that commu-nity based sanitation is a developmentpattern that must be applied in Indo-nesia today. "This is intended to makeIndonesia free from defecation in theopen by 2009," he stressed. Accordingto him, with directorate has pro-grammed to develop Sanimas in 100locations. He hopes this programme willobtain support from the regional gov-ernments and other stakeholders. Weneed to develop coordination and syn-chronization," he further emphasized.

The workshop agenda consistedamong others of presentation by BasahHernowo, Director of Housing and Set-tlement Systems, Bappenas who specifi-cally highlighted sanitation condition ofurban areas of Indonesia. According tohim, the total combined percentages offamilies using septic tank and pit welltoilets in towns and cities is 80,5 per-cent (without seeing the quality conditi-on of each of the facility). From this fi-gure 73,13 percent of the families usehousehold toilet, and 16,9 percent com-munal or public toilet. While there are10 cities with sewerage system by 13,9 %services from total population.

The reason are, according to Basah,lack of community awareness to sa-nitation, the systems already construct-ed did not sustain, lack of budget allo-cation for sanitation sector develop-ment, and lack of policy framework andregulatory framework. Moreover, therapid population growth made the watersupply and sanitation development

acceleration lags behind. "More than100 millions of our population have noaccess to acceptable sanitation system,"he explains. On the other hand, he con-tinued, sanitation development needamount of investment. UP to 2009, atleast we need Rp9 trillion (approxi-mately Rp1,8 trillion a year) for sani-tation development. Whereas, the go-vernment is presently in no position toset aside such an amount. Therefore, weneed to explore investment potentialsfrom within the private sector and thecommunity.

Basah described further the experi-ence obtained from sanitation develop-ment, they are (i) sustainability of a sys-tem is influenced several aspects consis-ting of institutional, financial, social,techological, and environmental; (ii)community participation is key to susta-inability; pre sanitation project develop-ment a community facilitation processcosts a lot of time and money; (iv) com-munity based sanitation facility must bemanaged at the lowest level of the com-munity; (v) communication among sta-keholders increases development effici-ency; (vi) in some cases sanitation sys-tem management needs ainvolvement

of all the stakeholders even beyonf ad-ministrative boundaries.

At the future, he added, the agendawill include development of an integra-ted strategy, efficient funding sourcesmanagement, provision of technicalassistance, and institutional support."All the stakeholders must work toge-ther in synergy and simultaneneously"he stressed.

The workshop agenda also includedpresentation by Frank Fladerer BORDARepresentative Indonesia) and SururWahyudi (CBS Programme Coordinator)about SANIMAS programme and itsachievement. In addiion, there is also pre-sentation by the regional government ofBlitar representing the region imple-menting the programme and SANIMASmanagement from a selhelp organizationof Miji Serasi from Mojokerto.

The SANIMAS programme was testedin 2003 to 3 kabupaten/kota in JawaTimur and one in Bali. In 2004, the activi-ty was relicated in the same locations. In2005, The replication was continued in 6cities in Jawa Timur plus 4 cities in Jawatengah , 2 kabupatens of Yogyakarta andone city in Bali. (MJ)

AROUND WSS


Workshop on the Evaluation of Sanitation by theCommunity (SANIMAS) Project Implementation

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

In the framework establishing synergyamongst the WSS development rela-ted stakeholders, Directorate General

for Bina Bangda of Dept. Home Affairsheld a follow up meeting with partnerstakeholders in Jakarta on 18 October2005. Present in the meeting were 37 par-ticipants representing NGOs, governmentand private sector. The meeting wasopened by Oswar Mungkasa of theDirectorate of Housing and SettlementSystem, Bappenas. In his opening speechhe discussed about the low communityaccess to water supply and sanitation inIndonesia. The existing facilities do notmeet thechnical and hygienic require-ments. On the other hand, the sanitationsector has not been given government pri-

ority. This is evidenced from nationalbudget allcoation for housing and settle-ment is less that 10 percent, whereas in theregional; budget is close to zero. "Spe-cifically with WSS developemnt it is evenlower," he stressed.

Therefore, according to him, it isimportant to invite the participation of thecommunity. It has been proven that thecommunity is able and willing to con-tribute and participate. He hopes the pivatesector would increase their care throgh thesocial responsibility agenda. Because,according to him, this step could create abetter brand image.

He hopes this meeting would be able todevelop a common perception amongst theWSS staheholders, the field level executors,

and policy makers in innovative approach,technical and funding, stimulating sus-tained casmpaign through mass media,education and consumers' product, andimproving synergy between the govern-ment, private secttor and NGOs.

The agenda of the meeitn also inclu-ded presentations by NGOs and the pri-vate sector. The first presentation wasmade by Surya Aslim of Islamic Relief In-donesia on updating of sanitation issues.The next presentation was by Kuwat Sur-yadi of PCI discussion about behaviouralchange within the poor communitythrough sanitation. The last presetationwas given by the Chairman of CorporateForum for Community Development(CFCD), Thendry Supriatno. (MJ)

Regarding the MoU bet-ween Bappenas and PlanInternational, POKJA

AMPL and Plan was conducting aworkshop in Hotel AryadutaJakarta on Wednesday (21/12).This workshop has an objective toimplement MoU in real action andwas attended by POKJA AMPL,Plan Indonesia, and WASPOLA.

Workshop opened by DirekturPerumahan dan PermukimanBappenas, Ir. Basah Hernowo,MA. In his opening speech he saidthat Government of Indonesia is notable to allocate a sufficient budget to alldevelopment of WSES. It is need toinvolve all of stakeholder. NGO as agrass root organization could be a medi-ator between GOI and communities.

GOI role could be changed fromprovider to facilitator. NGO has a skill inempowering communities and sustain-able technology, also mobilizing fundingresource and human resource.

In future, he said, all stakeholder

need to increase the synergy,broaden WSES network byincreasing the involvement of nonGOI stakeholder, and searching foralternative funding to WSES deve-lopment (from community, donor,NGO, or private sector).

There are group discussions inthis workshop to formulate theactivities that will be applied byGOI-Plan Indonesia in year 2006-2008. The scope of activities areinclude: (1) Pilot/implementingWSES, (2) Technical Assistance,

(3) Knowledge Networking and Ma-nagement, (4) Communication Strategyand Development, (5) Support Researchand Development, (6) Quality Assuranceand Inspection (QA & I), (7) Joint Planningand Periodic Monitoring/ Review. (MJ)

AROUND WSS


Communication Synergy Meeting and WSSStakeholders Partnership Network

Workshop of Activities Partnership betweenGovernment of Indonesia - Plan International

SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

PDAMs of Indonesia, currentlymore than 300 in number, are ingenerally in a condition that le-

aves much to be desired. Only 10 percentof them are in healthy condition. The ma-jority are suffering from various ailments,managerial, human resources, and capi-talization. Curative measures have beentaken and on-going, yet the result has notbeen up to what is expected. In the midstof this condition, certain parties try topush to have the PDAMs privatized in ac-cordance with globally whipping currentthat has been seething since 1990s. Itseems that privatization is the only way toremedy the public service company, in-spite of the bad experience from privatiza-tion case in Jakarta.

This book tries to present a differentperspective about the danger of privatiza-tionespecially for the poor community. Init a number of examples of failures indrinking water management by multina-tional coporations in several countries.The corporations failed to fulfil their pro-

mise to improve water supply service. Be-cause private companies focus their atten-tion on profit, they increase the tariff, sig-nificantly to a level the poor communitycould not reach.

Through this book the team of authorswish to demosntrate that there are otherinteresting and implementable alternati-ves the bureaucratic and inefficient go-

vernment could take rather than beingbeing drifted by privatization current.Lessons learned from many parts of theworld are discussed in this book such ascooperative movement in Bolivia, waer inPorto Alegre in Brazil, community mana-gement in Kerala, India, in Penang, Ma-laysia, and in Savelegu, Ghana. The suc-cessful experiments seldom attract a suffi-cient attention. These important lessonscould become a valuable inspiration forwater resources management in Indone-sia.

One thing in this book deserves seri-ous attention is that the blame for failureof a public company is not always takensolely on the company itself. There are anumber of influencing factors that arerelated to the prevailing government sys-tem, such as dictatorship, in total disre-gard of human rights, and intransparent.A public company can only survive in aclimate where good governance is beingpractised. ? (MJ)

Water crisis that hits Indonesiais a general phenomenon andis happening almost every-

where across the globe. Unsprisingly,therefore, the theme for Water Day com-memoration last March 2004 was "Waterand Disaster". The international commu-nity is now aware how the world ispresently being faced with water imbal-ances. This happens as a consequence ofa considerable environmental degrada-tion. Water is scarce in the dry season,and disastrously excessive during therainy moonsoon.

Water resources protection is con-strained with many factors such as limi-ted government fund, high populationgrowth especially in the urban areas, eco-nomic crisis, and euphoria from regional

autonomy that tends to be abusive at theregional/city level. On the other handwater supply service has not reached themost needed community level both in vil-lages and in towns, and the drainage sys-tem development that looks like a patch-work program rather than an integratedwholesome programme.

Therefore, a wise, integrated andwholesome watwer resources manage-ment becomes a compelling demand.The integratedness reflects interlinkagesof the various aspects and stakeholdersand various disciplines. Wholesomenessreflects a wide coverage, across resourcesboundaries, inter location, upstream anddownstream, among various conditions,land use types, covering many aspectsand multidisciplinary. Water resourcesmanagement calls for holistic and envi-ronmentally sensitive approach. Everydiscipline is involved and interdepen-dent, be it social, economic, technical,environmental, legal, and even political.Water is the concern of all, so shall be thephilosophy to be borne in mind. ? MJ

BOOK INFO


Solution without Privatization

Integrated Water Resources Management

TITLE: RECLAIMINGPUBLIC WATER,

SUCCESS STORIES, FIGHTS AND VISIONS OFVARIOUS COUNTRIES AUTHORS:Belen Balanya, Brid

Brennan, Olivier

Hoedeman, Satoko

Kishimoto, dan Philipp Terhost

PUBLISHER : Amrta Institute for Water

Literacy

Year of Publication : 2005

Pages : 318 halaman

TITLE :

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTPENULIS :

Robert J. Kodoatie, Ph.D

dan Roestam Sjarief,Ph.D

Penerbit : Penerbit Andi Yogyakarta

Tahun Terbit : 2005

Tebal : xiii + 357 halaman

SANIMAS is short for sanitasioleh masyarakat (sanitation bythe community). This program-

me was initially a pilot project conduct-ed in 2001-2003 sponsored by AusAIDthrough WSP-EAP and was supportedby the government of Indonesia. In thefield this project was implemented byBORDA in seven kabupatens/kotas oftwo densely populated provinces, name-ly Jawa Timur and Bali. This pilot proj-ect was completed in 2003. Then in2004 the programme was replicated inthe same kabupaten/kotas. All the pro-jects have been completed and officiallyinaugurated.

SANIMAS is a new programme ap-plying new approaches and new fundingsystem. Therefore there are many les-

sons learned from this project. Evenwith this replication BORDA was suc-cessful in formulating a promotionaland presentation guideline to the stake-

holders, the community, and guidelineto community self-selection, guidelinefor community level planning, trainingguideline for community and selfhel or-ganization, and guideline facility O&Mby the community.

With this CD BORDA wishes to sha-re the experience in handling SANIMASand its complicacies. SANIMAS I is ofcourse different from SANIMAS II. Interms of process SANIMAS II is betterconceived than SANIMAS I. Besides,this CD also provides valuable inputs forthe government, central as well as regio-nal, in its participation to support theproject. And more interesting is how thelessons were learned during the proces-ses of kampung selection, planning, andimplementation. (MJ)

Water is vital for human life. Itcannot be replaced by any-thing else. Unfortunately

though, not all of us have the same ac-cess to water supply and environmentalsanitation. Based on Asian Develop-ment Bank record, one of three Asianshas not access to water supply system,while half the population living in Asiaand the Pacific has not access to acept-able basic sanitation facility. This condi-tion is obviously quite apprehending. Itis therefore natural there are manykinds of water and sanitation relateddiseases.

Through this CD the Asian Develop-ment Bank publishes water issues rela-ted to poor community in several coun-

tries members of ADB. CD with athe ti-tle "Water for All" contains 15 titles of

cases studies, thematic working papers,activity reports, statistic, and regionalstudy report. Actually, ADB has publis-hed published these materials in blueprints, of which several series have beendiscussed in this magazine. This CDcomes in soft copy. The readers mayalso obtain the hard copy throughhttp://www.adb.org/water.

Several of titles contained in this CDare: Water and Poverty; Poverty andWater Security; The Water and PovertyInitiative; Water and Poverty in the 3rdWorld World Water Forum; BringingWater to the Poor; Past Experience andFuture Challenges; Small Pipe WaterNetwork; 'Water Voices' Documentari-es; and An Agenda for Change. (MJ)

CD INFO


Water for All

Replicationof Sanimas 2004

World Water Forum

http://www.worldwaterforum4.org.mx/home/cuartowwf06.asp?lan=

The fourth World Water Forumwill be held in Mexico on 16-22March 2006. For one week this

forum will discuss a number of topicssummarized in a workplan. The topicsare among others, water supply and sa-nitation, water for agriculture, and envi-ronment and risk management. Thetopics will will discussed in parallel eachday. There are 150 sessions planned,with average time allowed 2 hours foreach. The main presenter will presenthis/her paper.

Together with the forum a WorldWater Expo will also be held. The Expo-sition will exhibit various new innova-tions in the filed of technology, equip-ment, and water related problem sol-ving. Commpanies related to the deve-lopment from various nations will takepart in the event.

Waste Technology andManagement Conference

http://www2.widener.edu/~sxw0004/call.html

T he 21st Waste Teknologi and Ma-nagement Conference will be held

in Philadelphia, US on 26-29 March

2006. It is estimated that participantsfrom 40 countries will be attending theconference. They will consist of rese-archers, educators, government offici-als, consultants, managers, communityfigures, and others who are interestedand connected to the subject of wastematerials. The topics to be discussedwill vary widely covering policy, regula-tion, education, economic, up to techni-cal matters such as recycling, techno-logy innovation, and case study.

Conference on UrbanDrainage Models

http://www.icms.com.au/UDMandWSUD/

T he 7th International Conference onUrban Drainage Models will be

held on 3-7 April in Melbourne,

Australia. Concurrently the 4th interna-tional conference on Water SensitiveUrban Design will also be undertaken.These conferences will be organized byInternational water Association (IWA).The conferences will discussed twomain topics related to drainage modelsand water supply design in urban set-ting. These activities are designed forthose related directly to city manage-ment and planning, either at the level ofpolicy makers, city planners, water sup-ply and sanitation practitioners, an soon.

World Water Agenda 2006http://www.conferencealerts.com/

water.htm

T his website specifically presentswater agenda from November 2005

up to November 2006. The activities areto take place in many parts of the world.Each activity item to be held includestime frame for sending the paper andparticipant registration. Though thetopic is about water, the agenda -- in li-mited number- also includes sanitation,such as conference on dry toilet, energyconference, and marine. (MJ)

WEBSITE INFO


Anew breakthrough is being ma-de in water purification techni-que. Rahmat (Blessed) Water,

so it is called. Rahmat is short for murah(cheap, non costly), mudah (easy, sim-ple) and hemat (economical). This wateris a drinking water purification solutioncontaining 1,25 percent sodium hypo-chlorite. This solution can increase wa-ter guality from clen water to drinkable(potable) water without boiling.

This water is produced, distributedand marketed by Aman Tirta, a con-sortium consisting of PT Tanshia Con-sumer Products, PT. Dos Ni Roha,LOWE Worldwide, Jon Hopkins Bloom-berg School of Public Health/Center forCommunication Programs (CCP), CAREIndonesia, and supported by USAID.

Rahmat water works as desinfac-tant, killing water born microorganismein drinking water. This is because of thechlorine content that is effectively putsto end the activity of most of living mi-croorganisme that causes diarhoea tohuman bening.

UsageRahmat Water is applicable to fresh

water that is usually taken for drinking.It can be used easily by mixing with thewater in accordance with direction. Forexample, 3 ml Rahmat Water for every20 l of drinking water. Mix or stir themixture and let it stand for about 30minutes. Rahmat water will kill all thebacteria, virus and other parasites.Water is ready for drinking, withoutboiling it first.

Rahmat Water is believed to safe fueland time. One package is sold at Rp4.000.The bottle containing 100 ml is enough topurify 600 l of water, water consumptionfor a family of four for one month.

Field testingBefore launching, Rahmat Water

has undergone testing in Tangerang,NTB, and Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam(NAD). The result is sufficiently effecti-ve. Previously, the US Centers for Di-sease Control and Prevention and part-

ners have conducted Safe Water Systemprograms to reduce diarrhoea incidencein African, Asian and Latin Americancountries using the same solution. Sur-vey in those countries indicates that thisprogram is able to reduce diarrhoeaincidence by 50 percent.

How to getFor the time being it is produced for

a limited circulation. In December it islaunched in Banten and Sumatra Utara.It is estimated the by next January thisproduct will reach the communities inJawa Barat, Sumatra Barat, Jakarta Me-tropolitan, and Jawa Timur. The dis-tribution will go through the traditionalnetwork system (store, kiosk, sundrystore, drug store) and non-traditional(NGO, midwives, health cadres, etc.)

MJ

INNOVATION


Rahmat (Blessed) Water Converting Clean Water to Drinking Water

Rahmat Water is applicable tofresh water that is usually

taken for drinking. It can beused easily by mixing with the

water in accordance withdirection. For example, 3 mlRahmat Water for every 20 lof drinking water. Mix or stir

the mixture and let it stand forabout 30 minutes. Rahmat

water will kill all the bacteria,virus and other parasites.

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

During the dry season some peo-ple in many areas have to useturbid water for drinking.

Though they have tried to filter it withcloth, the water remains turbid. This isof course an ineffective and non hygien-ic practice. While using a more modernappliances, the price is beyond theirability to pay. Therefore, several effortshave been tried to produce a not onlyeffective but also hygienic water filter.To answer this demand ceramic workersof Plered, Purwakarta have been succes-ful in producing ceramic water filter.

This device serves as a drinkingwater dispenser and is equipped withmicroscopically porous ceramic filterwith a permanently fixed silver particlelayer from a dried silver colloid thatworks as desinfectant. The product hasbeen tested for effectivy in the RegionalEnvironmental Management Agency ofJakarta Provincial Government.

The test indicates that the silver la-yered water purifier ceramic is quiteeffective in killing bacteria so that thefiltered water is good for drinking.While the non silver layered device isunable to eliminate bacteria from thefiltered water.

ConstructionThe purifier is made from clay mixed

with incinerated material during theburning process and leaves microscopicpores in its place. They generally comein red colour because of the Plered claybeing used as raw material. To createporous ceramic, sawdust is chosen asadmixture.

Now the ceramic may come in whitecolour for esthetic reason. It is preparedby using soil taken from Sukabumimixed with diatomite and wheat flour to

create the desirable pore size. Theceramic filter is molded with hydraulicpress, dried and burned in a kiln at

850°C for Plered soil or 1200°C forSukabumi soil.

This ceramic water purifier consistsof two main parts, i.e. a filter tube and areceptacle. Water filled in to the tubewill seeps through the filter pores downinto the receptacle. This water is readilydrinkable. Generally drinkable watercan be obtained from the second roundof filtering process, since water re-sulting from the first filtering still hassmells. This is because of the residualash from the ceramic burning processand of the colloidal silver sticking withthe ash. After the first round of, the nextbatch of filtered water is clear, fromfrom bacteria, and drinkable. (MJ)

INNOVATION


Germ free water filter

Ceramic Water Filter SOURCES:EXCLUSIVE

filter tube

ceramic filter

receptable

filtered water

Date Month Activity

11 November Preliminary meeting on National Policy Talk Show in TV15 November Kick off meeting: Study of sanitation for Poor Urban Community16 November Preparatory Review of World Bank Loan for NPCWSS Project17 November Talk Show on Institutionally Based WSS Development in Metro TV21-24 November Visit to CLTS Field Trial Sites in Sambas, Muaro Jambi and Bogor21 November WSS Working Group Meeting on CLTS workshop training conducted by Plan International24 November WSS Working Group meeting to review survey instrument for study of Sanitation for

Poor Urban CommunityTalk Show on Institutionally Based WSS Development in TVRI

28-30 November Worshop on Monitoring of CLTS Field Trial Implementation in IndonesiaMPA/PHAST Training and its Application to Planning and Monitoring of CommunityBased WSS Projects in SoloWASPOLA Midterm Review

28-29 November Workshop on WSS Database Development in Gorontalo29-30 November Workshop on WSS Database Development in Kab. Bone Bolango and Kab. Pohuwato29 November Workshop for the Preparation of Infrastructure Summit30 November Meeting with AusAID

PSP Review Working Group Meeting1-2 December MPA/PHAST Training and its Application to Planning and Monitoring of

Community Based WSS Projects in SoloReview of Working Paper on Drinking Water and Poverty at LIPI

1-10 December WASPOLA Midterm Review1 December Meeting with Plan International on Preparatory Meeting for Formulation of PoA

WSS Working Group Meeting with AusAID, ADB, Bangda and WASPOLAReview of Working Paper on Drinking Water and Poverty at LIPI

2 December WSS Working Group Meeting: WSS Working Group Activity PlanningRoadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development to Sumbawa, NTT

5 December Meeting on Donor Harmonisation Study6-8 December Disseminaton of CWSH and CLTS Projects to Provincial and Kabupaten

Coordination Teams in Surabaya6-9 December Socialization of Manual for Management of WSS Facilities for Provincial and

Kabupaten Level Government Officials in Palembang7-8 December Dissemination of the Method of Drinking Water Tariff Calculation 7 December WSS Working Group Meeting on the first survey in Bandung8 December Workshop on the evaluation of SANIMAS and Dissemination of Waste &

Drainage Guideline, 20058-10 December Workshop on WSS Strategy Plan for Banten Province13-17 December Socialization of Manual for Management of WSS Facilities for Provincial and

Kabupaten Level Government Officials in Senggigi, Mataram13-16 December CLTS Training in Cooperation with PCI in Padeglang14 December WASPOLA Annual Plan15 December Workshop on the Implementation of UNDP CCF 2001-200519 December Meeting on Presentation of Assessment of the Status of Sanitation

Preliminary Meeting for Workshop on Formulation of Cooperation betweenIndonesian Government and Plan InternationalWWS Working Group-WASPOLA Coordination Meeting on evaluationof WASPOLA activity implementation

21 December Workshop on Formulation of Cooperation between Indonesian Governmentand Plan International

AGENDA


B O O KWASTEWATER ENGINEERING. TREATMENT AND REUSEPublisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, Maret 2002

WATER AND WASTEWATER CALCULATIONS MANUALPublisher: McGraw-Hill Professional, Mei 2001

SURVEY RESEARCH METHOD. REVISED EDITIONPublisher: PT. Pustaka LP3ES Indonesia, 1995 (in Indonesian)

PEOPLE’S WELFARE INDICATOR 2004Publisher: Central Bureau of`Statistic (in Indonesian)

R E P O R T

Report of Coordination Meeting onthe Implementation of National Po-licy with Program Partners & Work-shop on the Implementation of Natio-nal Policy for Community Based WSSDevelopment in the Regions for NGOPartners and Related Institutions Publisher: Dirjen Bangda - Depdagri, 2005

Global Water Supply and SanitationAssessment 2000 ReportPublisher: World Health Organization and UnitedNation's Children's Fund, 2000

Summary of SANIMAS Replication Implementation Report 2000Publisher: BORDA, 2005

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY


R E G U L A T I O N

COMPENDIUM OF REGULATIONS

ON ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT, 2002-2004 Publisher : CV. Eka Jaya Jakarta, 2005

(in Indonesian)

C A S E S T U D Y

Small Scale Water Service in Indonesia. Palembang, Jakarta Utara, Bandung Metropolitan, Subang Publisher : Water and Sanitation Program-EAP, 2005 (in Indonesian)

W O R K I N G P A P E R

MODIFICATIONS TO WATER UNDERTAKERS' EXISTING CONDITIONS OF APPOINTMENT

Author : Water Act 2003 - Water Supply Licensing, 2004

WATER ALLOCATION IN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN

CONFLICTS AND ITS RESOLUTIONS

Author : Aris Harnanto & Fahmi Hidayat, 2003

NOTE ON THE HEALTH IMPACT OF WATER AND

SANITATION SERVICE - CHM WORKING PAPER

SERIES - PAPER NO.WG5:23Author : Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2001

M A G A Z I N EJENTERAPublisher: Directorate of Housing and Settlement Systems, Bappenas

AIR MINUM (DRINKING WATER)Edition 120, September 2005

CHOICESVol. 13 No. 4 December 2004Publisher: UNDP

Level of Services (LOS)Number or amount to quantitfy the rate of service of a sanitation facility within a service area or territory.

Loss of headLoss of water pressure pressure potential either through friction with the channel media, resistance from the flow regula-tor, barrier by a drop structure, etc.

LyeAlkaline containing liquid - one of leachate components.

ManholeA cavity constructed in a facility structure or in a network system for man to enter to examine or work a repair to the sys-tem.

Manhole ChamberA channel located at the lowest floor of a chamber (bathroom, kitchen, wet operation room, and so on) that serves to col-lect and discharge wastewater through a control dip into wastewater drainage; this is to keep the floor always dry

Marble TestA practical testing method to measure stability of water sample, especially for alkaline content.

Mass diagram of reservoir A diagram illustrating the accumulated discharge entering a reservoir over time.

Maximum allowable toxicant concentration (MATC) The maximum allowable toxic compound concentration to be produced or released to the environment by an industry oforganization.

Maturation stabilization pond Aerobic wastewater stabilization of low contaminant containing pond.

Maximum contaminant level (MCL) The maximum allowable contaminant concentration to be produced or released to the environment.

MethaneA simple hydrocarbon compound produced from decomposition process of organic wastes. In can be used as fuel if mixedwith 90 percent air.

MicroscreenA wastewater treatment ficility consisting of a rotaing cylinder wrapped with perforated plate forming a screen.Wastewater enters through the axis of the cylinder and spreads around the perforated cylinder.

Mottled enamelTooth disorder caused by habit of taking water with flouride content in excess of 1,5 ppm

Moveable intakeA movable raw water catchment structure or facility that can be shifted in horizontal or vertical direction. It is made as anadjustable construction. It is eqpped with a rope to adjust it to the best position in a relatively large and deep water source.

GLOSSARY

Dikutip dari Kamus Istilah & Singkatan Asing Teknik Penyehatan dan Lingkungan.Penerbit: Universitas Trisakti.

indonesia water and sanitation highlight 2005. percik. indonesia water and sanitation magazine....

Technology

director of humanto

director general for2005

based wss development

wss mana

clean water service

director of natural

wss website http

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