community empowerment. percik. indonesia water and sanitation working group. july 2007

7/31/2019 Community Empowerment. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Working Group. July 2007

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From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Community Empowerment 3

Active Community Involvement is Key to Empowerment 6

Interview

Pungky Sumadi, Director of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas 8

Nina Sidle Unsulangi: A farmer who does not have

to be in a village with big land 10

Regulation

Water Supply Provision System 12

Insight 14

Report 21

Telescope 23

Our Guest 26

Innovation 28

Around Plan 29

Around ISSDP 31

Around WASPOLA 33

Around WSS 34

Program 45

Abstract 47

IATPI Clinic 48

Book Info 49

Website Info 50

CD Info 51

Agenda 52

WSS Bibliography

This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation

Published by:

Water Supply and Sanitation

Working Group

Advisor:

Director General for Human Settlement,

Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:

Director of Settlement and Housing, National

Development Planning Agency

Director of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,

Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate

Technology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,

Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special Planning

Environment Management,

Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:

Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:

Zaenal Nampira,

Indar Parawansa,

Bambang Purwanto

Editor:

Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,

Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono,

Reski Dian Diniari

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[email protected]

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Unsolicited article or opinion items

are welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and

accompanied by identity.


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We have determined to tirelessly voice out a plea to make

all of us aware of the importance of raw water and

healthy environment. This edition brings to you a

number of water supply and environmental sanitation related

information.

It has become a kind of task, to knock at the door of our

awareness, through transformation of knowledge and informa-

tion so that this very magazine published by the WSS-WG has

come into 18th edition.

Last May and June the world celebrated two important his-

toric moments each carrying the duties related to the fate of

world's population. They are the World Environment Day on 5

June and Earth Day on 22 April.

Have we asked ourselves what good deed have we con-

tributed to the environment around us? To our beloved earth,

for that matter? It seems this question frequently whines during

the disaster or when an awareness is passing through for a short

moment.

Do you realize that the earth we live in is more than 4 billionyears old. And each time the planet that has been inhabited by

human being for thousands of years is undergoing change. A

slow but sure change. The change is linked with the existence of

its inhabitants. Natural disasters that overwhelm the earth sur-

face is the symptom of the acceleration of the changes. And it is

quite unwise if the blame for each disaster is imposed on natural

phenomenon.

What have we, the civilized being, contributed to this earth?

Have we done anything positive for the sake of environmental

conservation and for the sake of human life? Let's compare our

good deed against the destruction to the earth. It is not impos-

sible, that the big changes that lead to the earth destruction are

the consequences of human activity.More horrifying is the global warming phenomenon that

again becomes the daily talks since the last few years. Various

disasters have hit and several diseases plague the earth popula-

tion is the evidence how vicious global warming effect can be.

Imagine, this phenomenon will accelerate the earth damage

that means damage to the life of its inhabitants. This is beyond

the individual problems or that of one or two nations. Earth's

fate is the responsibility of all human being.

Again, human awareness is at stake. And speaking of human

awareness, individually as well as communally, demands an

effective community, sensitive to environment, and capable of

overcoming life problem wisely.

A review on community empowerment fills our MainFeature in this edition. In reality, there are still many of us

human beings who are alien to clean environment for our sur-

vival. Through community empowerment man's conscious

involvement is absolutely needed and this requires support and

facilitation.

An article reviews how WSS programs and projects in

Indonesia are inseparable from community empowerment as

vehicle towards achievement. WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for

Low Income Communities), CWSH (Community Water Services

and Health Project), Sanitation by the Community (Sanimas)

and ProAir (Water Program). Even, Sanimas program claims

that 70 percent of its implementation is pivoted on community

empowerment.

The main feature of this edition is made more complete with

an interview with Dr. Pungky Sumadi, Director of Poverty

Alleviation, Bappenas who speaks a lot about National Program

for Community Empowerment. Last but not least our guest

Tasya who was once a junior singer who is now coming to ado-

lescence. This Junior Environmental Ambassadress represents

young people of her age in speaking about waste management.

For all of the above and in the light of further improvement

to this magazine comments and suggestion from our loyal read-

ers are most welcome. Have a nice time in reading Percik.

FROM THE EDITOR

WSS Working Group - WASPOLA Booth

in Indowater Exhibition 2007.

Photo: Bowo Leksono.

1PercikJuly 2007


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How to Access Percik Digital File

Assalamu 'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Praise God. I'd herewith acknowledge with thanks receipt of

Percik English version ed. December 2006. It is stated therein

that Percik magazine can be accessed in the AMPL website. I

have tried to dowload it but I always failed. I wonder if a permit,

specific method, or requirement is required.

Thank you.

Wassalamu 'alaikum

Denny Herlard

Thank you Mr. Denny,

There is no permit, specific method or requirement needed.

It might be due the size of the file, over 3 MB, thus it takes a long

time to access. We are trying to reduce the file size to make it

easier to access.

Wish to Have Percik Bound Volume

Thank you for your response to my email. Thank you also for

the CD and magazines. If you do not have the bound volume I

would like to have the CD, and additionally I also would like to

subscribe Percik magazine. I enclose herewith my home and

office addresses. Please let me know if there is a mailing cost

involved.

With kind regards.

Yuliyanti

University of Indonesia Health Research CentreFaculty of Community Health Bldg G Room 211

University of Indonesia Depok Campus Postal Code 16424

Wish to Have Percik Magazine

Dear Percik,

I am Rudi. I came to know Percik from environmental

reporter mailing list. Today I am no longer a reporter but con-

centrating more on training radio reporters. Sometimes I teach

specific subject on environment. Therefore I need the magazine

you are publishing. If it is free of charge I am quite interested. Ialso need the earlier editions. If it would be difficult for you to

send to my address, I will be happy if you let me collect it from

your office.

Yudi

Pondok Cipta Blok C25

Bekasi Barat 17134

Wish to Have CD and Books

To improve the students' knowledge and insight on

Environmental Science, we, the Association of Environmental

Engineering Students, Pasundan University Bandung kindly

request for the following items:

Reducing Energy Cost in Municipal Water Supply

Operation

Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Management.

Published by DG City Planning and Urban Planning, 2003.

(in Indonesian)

Fighting Against Waste, Depok City Cleaning Agency (in

Indonesian)

Waste Recycle, Tony Hare, PT Rosda Jayaputra, Jakarta (in

Indonesia)

Bringing Water to the Poor. Selected ADB Case Studies.

ADB Water Awareness Program.

Municipalities & Community Participation. A Sourcebook

of Capacity Building. Jenelle Plummer. Earthscan

Publication Ltd., London.

Dictionary of Terms and Foreign Abbreviation in

Environmental and Sanitation Engineering. Published by

Trisakti University Press. (in Indonesian)

Percik magazine. Regular subscription.

Our address:

Campus IV Pasundan University Bandung

Association of Environmental Engineering Students

Secretariate: Bldg C Jalak Harupat 7th fl.Jl. Setiabudi No. 193 Bandung.

With kind regards,

Thank you for your attention

Asep Pulloh Hidayat

Acknowledgement of Receipt

Acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik magazine XVII,

Percik Yunior, and 3 CDs. We honestly hope these materials will

be helpful to our department, especially the students, so that the

intention to extensive dissemination of water supply and sanita-tion related information could be achieved.

With kind regards and thank you again

Chairman, Environmental Engineering Department

Technical Faculty Andalas University

Limau Manis Campus, Padang

YOUR VOICE

2 PercikJuly 2007


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It seems that an activity without community empowerment

label tagged to it is considered outdated. This tendency

was unheard of until early 1990s when many government

projects were beginning to bear community based label. What

follows was that the term community empowerment is under-

stood in various different ways. From the most rigid which

defines it as from, by and for the community denying as much as

possible the role of government till up to the most loosely

defines it as a one way socialization of the project to the benefi-

ciary community at beginning of the activity. Currently the gov-

ernment has launched a National Program for Community

Empowerment. This article intends to contribute information

on the meaning, basic principle, advantage and disadvantage

including government portion in a community based activity.

What is Community Empowerment?

Community empowerment is defined in many different

ways, but there are at least two requirements that have to be met

if an activity is to be considered as community based. One, if the

community reserves the right to make decision. Two, if the com-

munity is responsible for operation and management (O&M) of

the facility.

3PercikJuly 2007


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Requirements for Community

Based

Community based activity will run

smoothly if the community is (i) capable;

and (ii) willing to manage. The require-

ments are developed through training

and capacity building programs, the rest

will come through organizational

improvement. Though many aspects ofthe development are to be obtained from

government facilitation.

Advantage and Disadvantage

It is understood that community will-

ingness is influenced by many factors,

such as the advantage to the community.

For this purpose there are several identi-

fiable advantages the community could

possibly get (i) design is developed in

accordance with community demand; (ii)

level of service is determined on the base

of community demand and willingness to

pay; (iii) community understanding

always to be taken into consideration; (iv)

the community becomes more indepen-

dent from external sources; (v) cost

recovery principle and payment system

can be adjusted to community condition;

(vi) improvement of community manage-

rial capacity; (vii) the community ownsits own facility; (viii) improvement of

community self confidence.

The disadvantages may vary widely

depending on the local condition and in

general may come in the following for-

mats (i) the management team is func-

tioning only at times of the facility break-

down, in all other times it is dormant; (ii)

the management team is dominated by

certain group/individuals; (iii) financial

management frequently becomes the

source of conflict; (iv) there may arise

competition between management team

with the traditional community leaders or

even with the village government; (v)

highly dependent on exernal facilitator.

Legal Implication

In connection with community based

management, there are several issues that

are likely to create problems in the future.

Based on experience, ownership of the

asset is the main issue. Especially when

the fund is derived from various different

sources, such as donor, government (cen-

tral and regional), NGO, and the commu-

nity. Transfering the asset to the commu-

nity will remove it permanently from the

government balance sheet including the

consequential maintenance budget whichotherwise may not be available. If on the

other hand the asset is transferred to the

government then the community would

question the whereabouts of its contribu-

tion. One of the ways commonly prac-

tised is transfering the asset to the go-

vernment while the management right

remains with the community. In this way

the community can manage and generate

income from the management. For this

purpose it is deemed necessary to make

regulatory changes in order to make go-

vernment a grant to community possibleand to determine the legal status of the

community level management team.

What Makes Government Support

Work?

If community is directly involved in a

development process, the government

will feel somewhat dizzy as to change its

role from provider into facilitator, coordi-

nator and supporter. This requires that

the involved government employees

adjust their attitudes. In addition to loos-

ing their capacity for making their own

decision and issuing instruction to the

community, they have to listen to the

community's opinion and idea.

Government employees must answer on

behalf of the community in terms of tech-

nology choice, funding, efficacy, level of

service, O&M requirements, etc. As addi-

tion, they also have to be flexible, and

MAIN FEATURE

4 PercikJuly 2007

COMMUNITY RIGHTS TO

CAPACITY TO MANAGE

Technology choice

Level of service

Form of organization

Funding mechanism

Maintenance and repair

Regulation

Funding

Management organization

TANGGUNG JAWAB MASYARAKAT UNTUK

KEINGINAN MENGELOLA

Availability of technical skill

Availability of management

and problem solving skill

Integratedness

Technological complexity

Availability of spare parts

Capacity of payment

Legal framework

Availability of information

Demand

Human resouces quantity,

dependability and quality

Advantage

Equality

Acceptability of technology

Level of service

Willingness to pay

Cost of service opportunity

Management alternative

Political factor


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MAIN FEATURE

5PercikJuly 2007

capable of compromising between techni-

cal efficiency and and non technical fac-

tors underlying the community demand.

Of course, there are requirements that

have to be met such as (i) capability of

communication; (ii) motivation to help;(iii) availability of minimum fund; and

(iv) willingness to spend more time for the

favour of the community.

Advantage and disadvantage of go-

vernment support

As it is with the community, the go-

vernment will support the community only

if it is obviously advantageous. The most

obvious advantage is less routine mainte-

nance and repair to be done. Besides,

there are several other advantages, such

as (i) improvement of willingness to paybecause the community realizes that the

service is not government provided; (ii)

improved system efficacy; (iii) more time

for the government to concentrate on

planning without being distracted by

other details such as routine repair; (iv)

relieve the government from the burden

of limited financial and human resources

capacity; (v) funds for maintenance and

repair can be shifted to development

financing.

On the other hand, there are in it se-

veral disadvantages should the govern-ment facilitate community based acivity:

(i) loss of power, status and influence; (ii)

the whole process takes a long time; (iii)

difficult to apply a uniform approach; (iv)

possible difficulty for compromising com-

munity demand with political considera-

tion.

Application in WSS Development

One of the difficulties faced by the

government in the provision of water sup-

ply and sanitation facilities is limited

funding capacity. This is because of the

conventional tendency of government ori-

entation (i) more emphasis on physical

construction instead of service improve-

ment; (ii) service is provided purely by

public sector instead of partnership

arrangement; (iii) lack of political will to

urge the community to pay for a public

service.

In the last few decades changes are

beginning to take place that stimulate

development orientation leans towards

involvement of stakeholders from outside

the government. This tendency goes in

compliance with the beginning of the era

of decentralization giving the regional

government more responsibility and at

the same time also the demand improve

efficiency, effectiveness and service susta-

bility.

The above process then ignites a

change in government role from provider

to facilitator, and supporter. Each of the

two parties, the government and the com-

munity as well, are facing uncertainty

within the transition period. On the one

hand, the regional government tends to

release the entire process to the commu-

nity while the community is not prepared

to assume the new role.

In reality the community based WSS

facility management does not always

mean a full community management. The

basic idea is role sharing according to

each one's capacity. Even the private sec-

tor may be involved in case the communi-

ty alone is unable to handle a certain

development undertaking. The pattern of

role sharing will not always be the same

depending on the type of activity, techni-

cal and financial capacity of the commu-

nity, government facilitation capacity,

and so on.

To find the right community empo-

werment format in WSS development is

our common task. So that the pendulum

that currently is aiming to community

empowerment in WSS development will

not swing back to the government direc-

tion as the sole WSS service provider.

(OM from various sources)

Napila Hilwati, AM Keb., village midwife of Tanjung Tiga village, Muaraenim, S. Sumatra

is discussing the topic of hygiene life with young females of the community. Photo: Bowo


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One of the main components for a

community development pro-

gram or project is its in building

the community active participation not

only in sharing the benefit but also in the

sense of being part of the development sothat the project or activity may sustain.

Community involvement is the real con-

summation of community empowerment

towards self reliance, as is in WSS deve-

lopment in Indonesia,

Various methods and approaches

have been tried to explore the community

potential. For example, WSLIC (Water

and Sanitation for Low Income Commu-

nities) is implemented based on the

Methodology for Particiapatory Assess-

ments (MPA) and Participatory Hygiene

and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST)i.e. participation and democracy in real

life particularly for women and the poor.

This method is not too much different

from CWSH (Community Water Services

and Health) Project is doing. In Sanimas

(Sanitation by the Community) the appli-

cation of RPA (Rapid Participatory

Assessments) is considered effective in a

rapid and systematic manner the identifi-

cation of sanitation problems and issues

and the community willingness for their

resolution on their own.

While in the ProAir program the

emphasis it is put on demand responsive-

ness approach which is open for all com-

ponents of the community with special

attention to women as community moti-

vator (participatory approach) and the

community as the leading actor.

The methods are basically directed to

more or less the same objective. Active

community involvement is a coercive factor

in order that everyone feels to belong to

and therefore is responsible to sustain the

project's effectiveness.

How far is community involve-

ment?

Each activity or project puts the com-

munity as the leading actor. This is evi-

denced for instance in Sanimas, the com-

munity involvement is the dominant factor

so that without community involvement

there is no community sanitation. "In

Sanimas, community empowerment repre-

sents 70 percent of the activity," says Emah,

a Dept. Public Work officer responsible for

Sanimas day to day activity.

In CWSH the community is actively

involved and plays a role in decision mak-

ing, planning and implementation of vil-

lage level activity and in supervising the use

of the existing resources. In Proair, the

German government grant funded project

the community involvement also requires,

additionally, in cash and in kind contribu-

tion including labour.

WSLIC-2 CPMU Imam Syahbandi

says that WSLIC-2 project target is an

empowered grassroot community who is

willing to actively participate so that the

development is from and driven by the

community. "The community develops

the idea, plan, implementation activity,

use and maintain, and is committed to

the decision made so that everyone

belongs to the development and thus the

MAIN FEATURE

6 PercikJuly 2007

A group of village youth regardless of status and sexual denomination sit together to dis-

cuss the village development. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Active Community

Participation As Key toEmpowerment


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sustainability is achieved," he says.

In CWSH the target is to build community self reliance, self

conscience and responsibility. "It is expected the community is

capable of managing hygiene behaviour, prevention of diseases,

protect water source and environment, development of water

supply and sanitation," says Mrs. Pimanih, of CWSH Planningand Financial section.

As for ProAir, considering the relatively big investment

involved for its construction, the community empowerment is

targeted to sustainability of the water supply and sanitation

facility. We may sum up from the above discussion that commu-

nity empowerment is targeted to a strong community that is evi-

denced from its willingness to actively participate and involve

towards achieving sustainability.

Barriers and Solution

According to Imam the classic reason for community

empowerment failure is poor economic condition and communi-ties are highly different one from the other. The worst of all, he

said further, the marketing to the involved sector for the adop-

tion and replication of approach. "Probably all of us are aware

that community empowerment based activity is more realistic

and beneficial, but when it comes to marketing the idea to obtain

public funding, APBD (regional budget) and or APBN (national

budget), for post project activity continuation one can be sure

that it is not at all an easy thing to do. Therefore, one of the bar-

riers in the near future is the exit strategy," revealed Imam.

He tries to overcome it through provision of facilitator coun-

terpart, by cross sector teamwork or by a consultant to build

community preparedness, through repeat meeting at communi-

ty level or some other locally suitable method. In addition it is

necessary to establish an inter-agency coordination particularly

when it comes to budget requirement and post project sustain-

abiliy for program replication (exit strategy).

Lack of field facilitators' dedication who are the spearheads

of the empowerment, is a barrier in Sanimas. Emah admits thatempowerment is never easy, it is even a difficult task if it is done

without the heart and if not understood well.

With ProAir, the barrier lies with the target setting and fiscal

year. "Besides, the collection of in cash contribution takes a

longer time because the amount of fund for physical cxonstruc-

tion is relatively big therefore the community in cash contribu-

tion is also big," explains Ir. Deni Mulyana, Mkes. ProAir exec

secretary. The hard work of the field facilitators , according to

Deni, becomes the concrete solution.

While according to Pimanih, more intimately called Upi, it is

difficult to change the government employees's way of thinking,

is the barrier in CWSH. "They have been patterned to projectorientation, always consider the the poor is helpless, lack of edu-

cation therefore knows nothing. It is not too difficult to accept

the new paradigm but it is extremely difficult to unleash the old

habit,"says Upi. For this CWSH developed a way to overcome it

through capacity improvement of the employees in facilitation

and empowerment approach through relevant trainings and

study visits to successful community based empowerment pro-

jects.

Indicator of Success

For WSLIC-2 project the indicator of success is sustainable

community self reliance. How to sustain empowerment and

community participation is, according to Imam, provision of

more authority to the community in development management,

development of reward system, and establishment of two-way

communication with the government to discuss development

progress.

Proair determines it through the number of facilities deve-

loped run by an established management team and the presence

of institutional and policy support. Emah strongly emphasizes

the need for criteria for measuring the level of achievement of

community empowerment. "The achievement does not only

come in the form of physical construction, but it is more its sus-

tainable function of the facility developed through community

activity and creativity," she says firmly.

And for CWSH, empowerment achievement is considered

successful if the community is capable of identifying, analysing

and propose solution to their problem and help themselves, self

confident and responsible to create a sustainable health devel-

opment process. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

7PercikJuly 2007

A group of villagers are seriously discussing their village

hygiene program. Photo: Istimewa


10/56

Community empowerment programs have been tried since

the time of the New Order. There are many aspects that must

be ironed out and improved in order to reach the real commu-

nity self-reliance. Community empowerment definition hasshifted into human resources capacity to solve his problems.

Through the National Program for Community Empowerment

(NPCE) launched barely one year ago it is expected to serve as

coordinating body for community empowerment related programs.

How the national program is brought into implementation

and how effective is it to the community? The following is an

interview made by Percik with Dr. Pungky Sumardi, Director of

Poverty Reduction, Bappenas, held in his office.

What is the background of the National Programfor Community Empowerment?Early May 2006, the Coordinating Ministers of Social

Welfare and Economic and Industry invited us together with the

World Bank to sit together and discussed the performance of

Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) and the possibility of

expanding it to cover the whole Indonesia. In the beginning I

was surprised, why was it they only knew about KDP while there

are many other programs such as Urban Poverty Reduction

Program (UPRP), and others. There are 19 ministries and

national institutions managing a total of 56 community empow-

erment based programs.

Then I spoke about real situation. In 2007 KDP is nearing

completion and UPRP will run through 2010 for the whole coun-

try. I also proposed that from now on we must start phase by

phase beginning from preparing the institution first.

It was agreed that in 2007 KDP and UPRP are expanded to

cover 2800 kecamatans and in 2800 to 3800 kecamatans and

later all kecamatans in 2009. But I also proposed that 2009 is

only two years from now we won't be able to make it because the

availability of direct community subsidy is quite limited. I

suggested that this be extended up to 2015 because at that time

Indonesia must announce the MDGs target achievement. It was

agreed.

After it was agreed, what happened then?

This means we have to work extra hard. There must be a

minimum standard within which the programs work though this

does not mean uniformity. This demands extra cautiousness in

formulating NPCE design. After data collection and assessment

of the existing programs it was concluded that there a number of

the programs are ineffective. This may not continue that way

and for this reason NPCE is designed to serve as umbrella and

coordinator so that all empowerment programs could work

effectively and efficiently.

Through empowerment program it is expected that the com-

munity will participate actively and access to basic infrastruc-

ture and the small scale production economy. The key is to

make community of organizing themselves then they can devel-

op any activity and work on any sector as they may wish. This is

NPCE's real intention.

INTERVIEW

Dr. Pungky Sumadi

Director of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas

MAKING COMMUNITY

THE LEADING ACTOR

8 PercikJuly 2007

Foto: Bowo Leksono


11/56

What is the real purpose of NPCE?

It is obvious that we have to put the 56 programs into order

so the community may participate more actively in their effort to

improve their daily life or in the development activity and also as

partner to the regional government.

What is the underlying principle?

The establishment of transparency, democracy practice in

community group election, accountability, help each other

among community members based on voluntary principle,

equality principle in practice. These are the principles we wish

to establish.

Community empowerment in this connection, what

does it look like?

What we consider empowered community is when it is capa-

ble of identifying its own problem and capable of proposing

alternative solution through setting the priorities. The decision

must be in their hands. If they are given opportunity to maketheir own decision, the effect will be overwhelming. This is what

we call the essence of community empowerment, making the

community the leading actor.

In what way will it be implemented?

At least the pure NPCE is categorized as PPK and P2KP and

this year the SPADA is ongoing, similar to PPK but specially

designed for conflict, backward and isolated areas. In 2008

Regional Infrastructure for Socio-economic (RISE) program is

prepared for implementation. This also will become an NPCE

core program.

Next year, we invite other programs to implement their

activities within the NPCE areas gradually through the guidanceand coordination we are developing. This is the consequence of

programs being tagged with community empowerment label.

The targets?

There are two aspects in the context of poverty reduction

related to NPCE. We give freedom to the community to choose

who is the poorest among them. If we work based on BPS data,

the tendency is individual target. Therefore, the approach must

be based on community, we provide them with guidelines who

should be selected as benefiaciary and target. We have to see to

it that the purpose is to bring the community closer to the basicinfrastructure and the rolling economy. In other words, the tar-

get is up to the community to choose. They have the freedom to

decide.

What aspects are to be dealt with?

It is mainly aimed at infrastructure and economic activity

based on rolling fund credit scheme. If we really want to reduce

poverty, the most obvious is through an economic activity i.e.

increasing income through employment generation. In this case

infrastructure and small scale economy together serve as the

main entrance. However, poverty cannot be dealth with merely

from the economic aspect. Social aspect such as education and

health is also poverty indicator. Each one supports the other.

What are the barrriers currently in view?

It is clear that we are under time pressure and short of per-

sonnel to launch a stronger socialization schedule to both cen-

tral and regional level officers, this is because we are still being

tied with the NPCE design completion. The guidelines are

already completed and are now waiting for further inputs to

make them final.

Another problem is there are many who think we are a kind

of agent. While in real fact is, the implementation will be in the

hands of the involved Department. There are also who think

that NPCE will take somebody's share. The actual intention is

that we need cooperation to build a better coordination so thatall programs may run more effectively.

The above still does not count the probable regional eco-

nomic condition from financial management inefficiency. The

regional government spend more money for office grandeur and

comfort rather than public service.

The solution?

This again stresses the need of an effective communication

and socialization strategy. We are now working together with

Depkominfo in formulating the strategy design so that the grass-

root level facilitator has the same understanding of what is being

transmitted to the community. Besides, monitoring and evalua-

tion is another tool for overcoming the barriers.

So what are the targets?

By 2015 in terms of development the Indonesian community

has increased into a better position. They exercise their right to

improve themselves, they are participative, they have courage to

speak before their government and make the regional govern-

ment more sensitive to public service. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

9PercikJuly 2007

Photo: Bowo Leksono


12/56

Indeed, it is not easy to make the community understand

the meaning of caring and being part of the environment. Ittakes a long time to introduce such an idea even to your imme-

diate neighbour. It takes a lot of sacrifice and high sense of

social responsibility. And Nina Sidle Unsulangi together with

the surrounding community have proven this social dedication.

The mother of three children and seven grandchildren

working hand in hand with the waste management pioneer

Madam Bambang "the waste" Wahono have strongly determined

to make this small part of this Beloved Jakarta green and to

remain consistent with environmental education. It is quite

appropriate that at the Jakarta 474th Birthday the ProvincialGovernment selected the home of this 70 years old lady the

Winner of Residential House Arrangement. The 25 sq metre

ground floor 3 storey house is adorned with more than 100

species of medicinal herbs and flower plants arranged nicely at

every space and corner. Percik visited her home at Jl.

Banjarsari No. 13 RT05 RW09, Fatmawati, W, Cilandak, S.

Jakarta.

The following are the excerpts.

When did you move intoJakarta?I moved from Bandung to Jakarta in

1973. At that time, this neighbourhood

was quite messy. Turning it into a green

leafy surrounding was then unthinkable.

But something did happen and it started

from RT level meeting in which 23 fami-

lies got together. Together we made

available empty drums to serve as

garbage bins and we started flower plant-

ing. Gradually the area began to look

beautiful because we put flower plants

along the road for all of us to take care of.

Then some time around 1982 I joined

Madam Bambang who lives in the neigh-

bouring RT. I received a lot of guidance

from her. By chance both of us have the

same interest and ideal, therefore we can

get along nicely together up to now.

Together we organized a Farmers' Group

named Dahlia. From around 20 mem-

bers the number gradually increases till

we have 40 presently, some of them are

men. The core team consists of 7 mem-

bers including myself.In 1987 UNESCO provided us with

training on waste management and envi-

ronmental regreening. The institution

did not come with financial assistance, it

came with education. And we are very

pleased with it. Both UNESCO and the

government never give us financial assis-

tance they help us with education and

training. We bought all the plants from

our own money. After some time the

result became obvious, visitors from

other areas of Jakarta and the surround-

ing regions began flowing in. Then also

from other areas, even from abroad for

sharing of experience.

What aspect of empowerment

are you aiming at?

Many. The essence is how to live a

hygienic life through selfhelp effort.

Starting from oneself to the smallest unit,

i.e the family, how to live in healthy home

and free from waste to keep diseasesaway. Free from waste is by itself a pollu-

tion prevention in addition to environ-

mental regreening which is done through

learning nursery preparation and plant

maintenance.

You also work on scavengers'

improvement?

Yes, and that is not easy because of

their low education level and economic

difficulty. We have to use more feeling.

Such as slowly building their awareness

that scavengers are also Indonesian citi-

zens with the same rights and responsi-

bilites as the others, rich or poor. If you

feel that you are Indonesian citizen you

must also assume reponsibility towards

this land. I also motivate them to plan for

a change so as not to be a scavenger all

their life. Not only that, I also teach pre-

INTERVIEW

10 PercikJuly 2007

Nina Sidle Unsulangi

A FARMER DOESN'T HAVETO BE VILLAGER WITH

VAST TRACT OF LANDPhoto: Bowo Leksono


13/56

school and primary school children.

Is there any special method in educating children?

Of course. As we all know children are still plain and inno-

cent, of course it needs a specific method in educating them.

They are generally of 5 to 8 years old. We must use a lot of exam-ples to make them understand. For instance, what time do you

wake up in the morning? At half past five! Oh, then it is the time

when the buftterfly flower begins to bloom. This, at the same

time, is teaching them the name of a flower and its equivalent

English and Latin names. Learning while playing. Then we sing

together. Then they would say: "Grandma, please pray for us so

that we love our environment." This is like one year's hot days

being quenched with a one day's rain.

Outside Jakarta what other regions do the partici-

pants come from?

From all over the country. Around Jakarta such as

Tangerang, Bekasi to Bandung, Cimahi, Subang and the easternregions such as Gorontalo, Makassar, and others. If there are

many participants, they usually invite us to come. What we used

to pioneer is now no more for us alone, it now belongs to every-

one, to all Indonesian communities.

We realize that some of our training participants are not suc-

cessful in their home town. There are so many reasons for this,

one of them is if a participant represents the upper middle class.

Generally this class considers that city cleaning or waste man-

agement is none of our business. That is the government's. Let

them do their job. That what they think it is, so they wait for the

government to do the job.

What visitors or tourists would be willing to visit our city? If our

environment is dirty. How could we make spend their money if theenvironment is not comfortable for them? The rich and the low

income population each has a different way of thinking. The latter is

more readily to being influenced and easily handled.

What are the constraints in the implementation of

the education?

Many. In terms of age of the participants, one who is 40

years and above is more difficult to learn than young people of

20 years or below. Some young participants are also difficult if

they come here on behalf of the government or NGO and thus

they attend the training partly as being forced to and therefore

they behave more or less like a tourist. And there is also a prob-

lem derived from economic condition. Most of the participants

are housewives coming from low income bracket. There glitters

from here a ray of hope that the women may produce an addi-

tional income for the family, however small it may seem. A fa-

mily will certainly needs sugar, coffee, rice, gas fuel, and so on.

The would try their best to help their husband by earning some-

thing. This is welfare in real life.

How could we make it into a reality? By being a farmer. This

is a sort of awareness we build to city dwellers, being a farmer

doesn't have to be living in a rural village and work on a big tract

of land. What can we do if we have only a small piece of land?We must be creative. Most important of all is that we must have wi-

llingness to try, and work hard, since without it we are nothing.

We can plant flowers and other ornamental plants. With a

capital of less than Rp 5,000 we already have a plant together

with its pot. If we rent it to an office or to a festive we can col-

lect Rp 10,000. Some pots we may resell at profit. In short there

is some revenue that may add to family income. In the end

many housewives are attracted to join the movement.

How do you maintain the momentum?

We have to continuously do community approach, implant

better knowledge and build empowerment. We hold a monthly

revolving program on waste (arisan sampah) to tie closer rela-

tionship and information sharing among ourselves. Everything

is done in transparent manner, no discrimination between the

rich and the poor including the scavengers.

It might not be 100 percent successful, but at least we are try-

ing our best to make the community care the environment. As

long as we are healthy we are going to do our best conducting

regeneration so that Jakarta and Indonesia will become green

and comfortable to live in. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

11PercikJuly 2007

Nina Sidle Unsulangi in front of her tree shaded house at

Jl. Banjarsari, Cilandak Barat, South Jakarta. Photo: Bowo Leksono


14/56

Pursuant to article 40 of Law No.7 of 2004 on Water

Resources, the central and regional governments are

mandated to take care of the water supply system deve-

lopment. This is intended to guarantee the availability of raw

water for household water supply. To enable the government

effectively carry out the responsibility it is necessary to develop

a regulation as guidance in the water supply provision manage-

ment. It is for this purpose the government put into effect a go-

vernment regulation No. 16 of 2005 on Water Supply Provision

System (WSPS) for the purpose of provision of water supply to

the public at an acceptable quality and price rate. In addition,the WSPS regulation is also intended to develop a balanced of

the provider's and the consumers' interest, and to enhance

impovement in efficiency and service coverage.

The government enacts regulation in consideration of vari-

ous related aspects to keep WSPS development on track. This

regulation reflects that WSPS development is governed by five

different aspects, namely raw water, production unit, distribu-

tion unit, service unit, and treatment facility. For its implemen-

tation, the WSPS is divided into two parts namely piping and

non piping networks.

Raw water as an important component

Raw water regulation is basically intended to support water

resources conservation. This is important considering many

areas including Jakarta are beginning to suffer from raw water

shortage. Based on this regulation the central and regional go-

vernment may arrange an inter-regional cooperation for efficient

raw water management. Since the availability of raw water isessential in WSPS development, this regulation makes a strong

emphasis on water source conservation. For this purpose the

regulation is directed towards an integrated water supply and

sanitation, wastewater and solid waste management. It must

always be born in mind is that sanitation development must be

oriented to the demand of the poor and areas vulnerable to

water shortage, improvement of community health condition,

REGULATION

12 PercikJuly 2007

WATER SUPPLY

PROVISION SYSTEM

Photo: Exclusive


15/56

fulfillment of minimum standard of serv-

ice, and prevention of negative social

impact.

This government regulation is direct-

ed to a WSPS development that goes

together with sanitation developmentthat may at least be implemented in each

phase both in master as well as in imple-

mentation plans. For this purpose, the

regional government may establish an

inter-regional coordination.

The national policy and strategy for

WSPS development is formulated and

made effective by the government in con-

sideration of the national policy for water

resources and other related sectors. As

for the master plan which is part of WSPS

development plan, is developed by thegovernment or regional government

whereas a master plan involving across

the boundary resources is determined by

the provincial government in coordina-

tion with the related regions. If it

involves inter-provicial areas the plan is

determined by the related Minister in

coordination with the involved provinces.

A master plan consists of at least a

general plan, network plan, development

plan and activities, service standards and

criteria, raw water allocation plan, inte-gratedness with sanitation, financing

hints and investment policy, and institu-

tional development plan. Beside the mas-

ter plan, WSPS development would

require a detailed feasibility study and

technical design.

Public WSPS service is provided by a

utility public company specifically esta-

blished for this purpose. If the public

utility fails to improve service then the

supervisor may decide to invite the

involvement of cooperative, private com-

pany, and/or community group in the

said WSPS management.

Community Involvement in WSPS

As a regulatory instrument it is con-

sidered necessary to establish a

Development Support Body (DSB) for

WSPS. DSB-WSPS is a non structural

body established by and is directly

responsible to the Minister. Its member-

ship consists of representatives from the

government, the service provider and the

community. In terms of funding for

WSPS development including construc-

tion, expansion and physical (technical)

and non physical system improvementmay come from different sources inclu-

ding the central and or regional govern-

ment, public company, cooperative, pri-

vate corporation, community, and others.

Water tariff charged to the customers

(mainly household) represents the serv-

ice fee for water supply and wastewater

management by the provider. The tariff

is calculated based on fairness and capa-

city of payment, taking into consideration

the principles of cost recovery, water use

efficiency, transparancy and accountabi-lity, and raw water source conservation.

With a permit from the central or

regional government a specifically incor-

porated cooperative, a private corpora-

tion and/or a community group may act

as WSPS provider to serve a particular

locality in which a public utility service

does not reach the area. This is done in

consideration on the one hand of the

regional government responsibility in

WSPS management, and on the other the

government obligation to improve thecapacity of the cooperative, and the pri-

vate corporation/community group in

terms of standard setting, guidelines,

manual and facilitation, supervision and

training. This requirement is also good

for utility company and the regional go-

vernment. Afif

REGULATION

13PercikJuly 2007

Piping system of a water treatment installation. Photo: Exclusive

Water tariff charged to

the customers (mainly house-

hold) represents the service fee

for water supply and wastewater

management by

the provider.


16/56

In the past Indonesia is known as a

nation rich in fresh water. The

expanse of the country is covered

with thick forest which serves as fresh

water container. Rainwater is absorbed

by the forest to be released as water

springs to feed rivers and lakes. Our

ancestors have for centuries created

myths and taboos. This is intended to

conserve forests and protect every water

source. They were aware that someday

fresh water from the forests will dry up

unless the forests are well protected and

wisely managed.

Today, illegal logging, mining, and

land clearing for new settlements are con-

ducted carelessly, this leads to the

decrease of fresh water availability. The

application of hi-tech from the West on

the pretext of modernization has weak-

ened the pivotal joints of local wisdom.

The harmony of human and nature rela-

tionship in terms of forest and water

resources management ceased to be

revered.

The Indonesian community is cur-rently undergoing a drastic behavioural

change, they do away with the old forest

and water resources management tradi-

tion because it is considered primitive

and against modernization. The commu-

nity is uses water as it pleases, as if water

is always available and never dries. The

community lacks awareness that fresh

water source is quite limited, while the

demand for it continuously increases

along with the population growth. Water

sources are no longer protected againstpollution, quite often they are even co-

vered by various kinds of building. If this

tendency is let to continue without any

preventive measure being undertaken

then Indonesia will suffer from water

scarcity.

Demand for Water and the Role of

Forest

Water is the core substance and civi-

lization of the world. Unfortunately, this

most valuable resource is presently under

a serious threat. Although two thirds of

the earth's surface is covered with water

yet we are now in danger of water scarci-

ty. In all cases the story of water scarcity

is the recital about greed, careless tech-

nology, and sucking water in exceed of

the nature's capacity. Water availability

INS IGHT

14 PercikJuly 2007 14Percik

Juli 2007

COMMUNAL WATER

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF

KAMPUNG NAGA Oleh: Raditya Permana, S.H., M.Hum


17/56

of an ecosystem depends on the climate, physiography, vegeta-

tion and geology of a particular location. In all the aspects mo-

dern man has disturbed the earth and destroyed its capacity to

receive, absorb, and contain water. Forest denudation and mi-

ning in forest areas destroy soil capacity to absorb and retain

water. Monoculture crop and sylvian cover makes the ecosystem

dry. Increased consumption of fuel oil causes air pollution and

climatic change becomes the main causes of flood, tsunami, and

recurrent drought. Forest is a natural dam with is absorption and

water retention capacity and releases it slowly into water springs

and rivulets. Forest cutting and monoculture plantation makes

water disappear and disrupts soil capacity to conserve water.

Before the Green Revolution, ground water can be obtained

through traditional conservation irrigation technology.

However, the renewable human and animal driven technologies

are considered inefficient. These technologies are then substi-

tuted with engine driven and electric pumps to draw water

faster than nature's capacity to replenish ground-water reserve (Vandana Shiva, 2002:1-3).

The Community of

Kampung Naga

In the midst of

swiftly flowing

modernization cur-

rent, it would be

commendable that

we look back into

the way the com-

munity manages and sustains forestand water sources traditionally

based on local wisdom. Kampung

Naga is located on the hilly areas between Tasimalaya and

Garut. The area where the villagers build their house is sur-

rounded terraced rice field and forest cover. A portion of the

area is used for pond that serves as reservoir and fish culture.

From the ecological point of view this pattern follows the typical

Sundanese village. In such pattern there are 3 elements each

supporting the other to meet the daily requirement of the com-

munity. These are a house to live in, water source, and garden

including a pond for fish culture. Since the housing forms a clus-

ter within a prearranged location, the land use and spatial plan-

ning is made clear in accordance with the principle of efficiency

while taking into consideration the ecological factors for main-

taining environmental balance.

If we look into it more closely, the land utilization pattern at

Kampung Naga is divided into 3 categories:

1) Sacred area, is restricted area where only certain individ-

uals are allowed to enter. This area is put under the community

supervision because it must be sustained and be kept from being

adulterated from any external influence.

The sacred area consists of a small hill located to the west of

the settlement area. The first part of the hill is covered with

small restricted forest where old trees grow and represents the

burial ground of their ancestors. Beside the restricted forest the

area is also covered with old trees, mostly of hundred years old

is called cover forest. The cover forest grown by a wide variety

of biodiversity species serves as environmental chain that influ-

ences the micro climate, and at the same time as source of liveli-

hood.

2) Clean area, is the com-

munity settlement

area. The buildings of the

area consist of the vil-

lagers dwelling builtbased on traditional

Sundanese architecture,

rice barn, mosque and community hall.

3) Dirty area, is the area located in the lower elevation. This

area is located along the river Ciwulan which is also the border-

line of Kampung Naga with other villages. The buildings in dirty

area are basically the complementary buildings, simple and

made of materials taken from the surroundings. They are water

spouts for bathing and washing and other purposes, animal

houses, saung lisung, and fish ponds (Her Suganda, 2006:26-

28).

Water Management System

The ancestors of Kampung Naga community inherited the

traditionalwater channeling technology from generation to the

next. The younger generation improves the technology he just

learned from his father. In terms of natural resources manage-

ment the system is always related to natural sustainability and

environmental balance. The close linkage and causal inter-rela-

INS IGHT

15PercikJuly 2007


18/56

tionship between the macro cosmic (the universe) and micro

cosmic (human being) lies the wisdom of keeping the balance

between human being and the environment (Kusnaka

Adimihardja, 2004:6-7).

Water for Kampung Naga is supplied from two sources

brought in through bamboo pipe conveyance system. Waterdirectly tapped from is used for drinking and cooking. Some of

the surface water flowing into the rice fields is diverted

through filtering ponds into water tanks for

wudhu (ablution before prayer) and

MCK (bathing, washing and sanita-

tion).

Beside for fish culture a pond

serves as natural septic tank to settle

down human waste. Waste water

from MCK activities drains out into

the pond. The pond is fed with the

same surface water as for the MCKbut without filtering. (Adry Padma

e.a., 2001:16).

Placement ofsaung lisung (mortar house for pounding rice)

at the edge of fish pond rice bran and human waste from MCK

can directly wash down into the pond as fish feed. Fish is for

human consumption, thus this simple method - one that is not

inferior to the present day technology- makes a recycle process

complete. To maintain its existence, the community always sees

to it that natural resources are used without damaging them.

Through the combination of knowledge and simple technology,

and with care to natural resources, the community exploits

nature wisely and sustainably. This is all

being done under the principle

of maintaining harmony

with the surrounding

e n v i r o n m e n t

(Adry

P a d d m a

ea., 2001:17).

A pond has a mul-

tiple of purposes such

wastewater receiver and it is

also a place for fish cultivation. In a

corner of a pond stands a saung lisung a

hut without wall where two mortars are placedfor pounding rice. Long mortars are used to pound

rice right from the infloresence to produce husked rice. After

that the rice is pound in a smaller mortar using a pestle. To pro-

duce high quality rice sometimes it is pound again to remove the

bran. This bran, locally called bekatul, is made into pellet for fish

(Her Suganda, 2006: 28).

The various restrictions and taboos for anyone to enter the

forest is the main contributor to forest conservation in Kampung

Naga, thus maintaining the water sources. The community obe-

dience and consistency in keeping the ancestor's tradition has

proven that they could stand the grinding wheel of moderniza-

tion.

Kampung Naga's wisdom in forest and water management

deserve commend for imitation and expansion. To the people of

Kampung Naga water is communal property that must be ma-

naged communally, this is intended to make everyone gets a fair

allocation of water. The community realizes that water is vital

for human survival therefore it must be managed and used effec-

tively.

REFERENCES:

- Adry Padma ea., Kampung Naga;

Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris, Bandung, 2001.

- Her Suganda, Kampung Naga;Maintaining Tradition, Kiblat, Bandung, 2006.

- Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold;

Robbery and Commercialization of Water Resources,

Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2005.

- Vandana Shiva, Water Wars;

Privatization, Profit and Pollution, Insist Press, Yogyakarta, 2002.

Source of drawings:

Andy Padma, ea. Kampung Naga;

Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris,

Bandung, 2001, p.16.

INS IGHT

16 PercikJuly 2007


19/56

To change the community's habit and viewpoint is never

an easy task. Experience tells us that through a transect

walk on basic sanitation (latrine) indicates that certain

type of latrine is not suitable to the socio-cultural and environ-

mental condition of a locality. Various different package models

were introduced and constructed, many of them only end up to

monuments, left unattended and the community is reluctant to

use them. While the Kamal Khar model, one that is called

Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in which the communi-

ty designs and builds its own facility without any external input,

though in some areas particularly those with critical water con-

dition some adjustments needs also be done. What kind of

latrine is the most suitable and acceptable to a community?

Cases in several villages

Most of the latrine types being developed up to now

absolutely demand water availability, so that in certain areas

where water is wanting the requirement is difficult to apply. On

the other hand, if the community is given free hand to develop

one in accordance with the local environment, they do not have

enough knowledge to build a hygienic model.

In Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) of NTT Province,

many of the population live in the hills while water source islocated far downhill. This kind of area is susceptible to diar-

rhoea disease. To take water from a distant place, they use 5 litre

jerrycans. In one day a family of 5 to 7 consumes around 25

litres of water, whereas the normal per capita consumption is 30

to 40 litres in one day. Twenty five litres of water is only enough

for cooking and dishwashing. What about bathing?

They have more or less similar condition in Kabupatens E.

Flores, Sikka and Ende. With the application of historical time-

line method we can draw the general picture how they get water

and their daily consumption rate. A transect walk to assess the

water supply and sanitation facilities makes it clear that in ge-

neral the most sensitive point is their sanitation that remains a

poor condition and if we push them to build one the result wouldnot be hygienic.

In a number of villages of Tamburi, East Sumba where

UNICEF once provided latrine development assistance, the

facilities are left unattended while their number shrinks from 20

down to 10. While in West as well as Central Java with a tradi-

tion of building fish pond they build a latrine on the pond to feed

their fish. It is equally difficult for them to build a toilet with

septic tank. Even, a pond owner of Kabupaten Banjarnegara, C.

Java, is willing to pay for someone to defecate on his latrine built

on his pond.

There are various local conditions that must be taken into

consideration. How a locally adaptable latrine should be

designed to meet hygiene requirement.

CLTS Model

This model was initially developed by Kamal Khar through

abstraction of several principles such as relying on community

active participation, freedom from external subsidy, social soli-

darity, and community pride as motivational element. This

model is applicable in several areas with amazing results. In a

short while the community is able to build their own latrine,

INS IGHT

17PercikJuly 2007

THE COMMUNITY'S MOST

SUITABLE LATRINE TECHNOLOGY Oleh: Alma Arief

A CLTS triggered non subsidized latrine built by the community.

Photo: Exclusive


20/56

willing to change the habit of open defecation, and a vast deve-

lopment growth. Within the span of months, villagers have built

latrines and are free from defecation in the open. This model

has been successfully developed in Kabupatens of Sambas (W.

Kalimantan), Muara Bungo (Jambi), Bogor (W. Java),

Pandeglang (Banten), Lombok Barat (NTB) and others. All the

regions developing CLTS are practically without water shortageproblem so that any model of whether goose neck, or any other

latrine model is no problem. The latrine can be used without

emitting unpleasant odour so that the user feels comfortable.

Ecosan Model for Water Vulnerable Areas

The purely ecosan type of latrines was developed in China

and was later given a warm welcome. In addition to its being

environmentally friendly for not polluting and causing adverse

effect to the environment this model is also hygienic. Besides,

this model is also successful to change the notion of what used to

be considered as waste.

Ecosan technology is basically divided into several compo-

nents, namely separation of urine from faeces each into a sepa-

rate container, using urine for farm manure, spreading ash over

the faeces for drying and composting and utilization of faecal

compost for farm manure. The manure both of urine and faeces

contains high nitrogen content which is quite useful to plant

growth. Spreading ash to the faeces makes it free from pathogen

mirobes so that it is now safe for application for agricultural pur-

poses.

The problem is whether the ecosan model can be replicated

in dry and vulnerable to water shortage areas. Whether the com-

munity is willing to change opinion from urine and faeces that

used to be considered as waste into a resource. To change an

opinion needs explanation from those who really understand it.

Near Ecosan ModelIn several aspects particularly as they relate to chain process-

es a latrine suspended above fishpond or built in-house but

directly flushed into fishpond are basically similar to ecosan.

The principle is reusing waste material to feed fish culture.

What makes it different from ecosan is that in this case there is

no preprocessing before the reuse. The ecosan product is

obtained from drying and composting into economically valu-

able farm manure, while in case of a fishpond suspended latrine

the product is directly fed to the fish.

However, the fishpond suspended or in-house built directly

flushed into fishpond latrine cannot be considered an environ-

mentally friendly technology. Disposing directly into a pond

leads to surface water of pond, river, lakes etc. polluted with

Essecheria coli (e. coli) bacteria, the main cause of diarrhoea.

If after an assessment the communiy is really willing to apply

ecosan model for areas vulnerable to water scarcity, what we

need to do is to prepare a simple technology design so that the

community is capable to develop, operate and maintain.

* WASPOLA Consultant

INS IGHT

18 PercikJuly 2007

A communal WC at Pondok Pesantren (Religious School) Al Falah In Kabupaten Pamekasan. Photo: Oswar Mungkasa


21/56

Global warming is not a purely natural phenomenon

independent of human intervention. Since the inven-

tion of steam engine in the eighteenth century the

growth of industries using coal and oil fulled engines one cannot

deny that it was the beginning of global warming. Therefore,

with respect to global warming, human is the major variable.

This can be seen from data published by World Wildlife Fund

(WWF) at the end of the twentieth century about the role of

engines. Carbondioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitraoxide

(N2O) contribute the major industrial gas emission, at 36 per-

cent. These gases are emitted from coal generated power plants

and oil refineries. Then follow transportation sector at 27 per-

cent and other industries 21 percent.

Power plant releases twice the amount of energy into the

atmosphere relative to what it generates. Coal generated power

plant uses 100, produces 35 and releases 65 units of energy into

the environment. Therefore a 1,000 MW power plant releases

5.6 million tonnes of carbondioxide gas into the atmosphere.

In the meantime, a car engine that consumes 7.8 litres per100 km and travels 16 thousand km per year releases 3 tonnes of

carbondioxide gas into the air. One can imagine Jakarta with

more than 4 millions vehicles, how many tonnes is CO2 gas

emission within one year?

Methane and Waste Disposal

Although carbondioxide is considered the major contributor

to global warming, the most dangerous component is methane

gas. Methane is 23 times stronger than carbondioxide. The

main sources of methane are marsh areas, final waste disposal

(TPA), natural gas mining field, and burning of biomass. In con-

nection with waste, metyhane gas is produced from anaerobicwaste decomposisiton in waste disposal sites.

Waste management in Indonesian cities is operated under

the principle of collect, transport and dispose. Along with popu-

lation growth and increased activities, the quantity of waste dis-

posed is also increasing. It is estimated that in 2020 waste piles

will grow fivefold from its size today. If in 1995 the average

waste disposed by urban population is 0.8 kg per capita per day,

in 2000 it increases to 1.0 kg, in 2020 it is estimated to reach 2.1

kg per person per day. Under the above principle the final oper-ation in waste management ends with disposal in the TPA. In

the TPA is dumped in an open pit in disregard of sanitation

aspect. As a consequence, the growth of a number of environ-

mentally related problems, such as air- and groundwater pollu-

tion, breeding ground of contagious diseases, etc.

Today there are somewhere around 450 TPAs which nota

bene are the sources of methane gas emission. As an example,

INS IGHT

GLOBAL

WARMING

19PercikJuly 2007

Oleh: Imam M

A chimney of manufacturing plant is one of the major contribu-

tors to the global warming phenomenon. Photo: Bowo Leksono


22/56

1,000 tonnes of waste containing 56 percent organic matter will

produce 21,000 tonnes of methane gas or equivalent to 486,500

tonnes of carbondioxide annually.

Risks

If the approach being applied is "wait and see without doing

anything" it is estimated that by 2100 the atmospheric tempera-

ture will increase by 1.5 - 4.5C. The other impact will be seen

from extinction of a number of biodiversity species, increasing

the intensity and frequency thunderstorm, typhoon and flood

water. Polar ice and glaciers will melt faster, more and more fer-

tile dry lands turn into desert due to prolonged drought, increas-

ing of sea level resulting in increased flood areas, and anincrease of water temperature of the seas.

It is estimated that within the same year the sea level will

raise by 15-95 cm. Several of the recent cases related to sea level

are the burial of small islands under water forcing the inhabi-

tants to move somewhere else. Two unihabited islands in

Kiribati on the Pacific namely Tebua Tarawa and Abenuea were

buried underwater in 1999 and evacuation of Tegua island by its

inhabitants are the concrete evidences.

In the meantime the increase of sea level will cause rock

whitening and the damage to coral reef around the world threat-

ens the sustainability of marine ecosystem. Forest fires will be

more often, expansion of the epidemic of tropical diseases such

as malaria into new areas because of the increase on mosquito

population, several regions will become more densely populated

from the inflow of refugees.

Future Outlook

Global warming is a problem not only in connection with the

nations with the highest emission contribution, in this case the

United States followed by China, France, England, Germany,

Canada and Japan; it is also the concerns of all nations since the

effect is felt by all citizens of the world. A preventive measure

must be taken to reduce the amount of emission into the atmos-

phere. At least a petition to enhance the reduction of emission

rate to a level below 1990 as declared in Rio de Janeiro meeting

1992 and the Kyoto Protocol.

There are two measures that may be taken. One, through

international political agreement like Rio meeting but one that is

more effective in reducing emission level. And several other

meetings in various different forums, such as with G-8 nations

in Germany June 2007 on global warming. The second measure

is taken, while waiting for the positive result of the internation-

al meetings, is conducting anticipative actions. At least through

a research towards the development of environmentally friendly

renewable fuel for power generation. Solar energy is one of the

environmentally friendly and its usage is being anticipated as

substitute to fossil fuel.

With respect to waste, the Eurpean community can be seen

as example. Since 2005 the European community does not dis-

pose its organic waste directly to TPA. It is pretreated to prevent

large amount of gas emitted to the atmosphere. The treatment

may be conducted by way of incineration, composting and bio-

gas production.

Meanwhile, to bind the atmomospheric carbondioxide it ta-

kes a serious effort to protect forests from illegal logging. Indo-

nesia as the world lung is highly responsible for the critical con-

dition of her forests from continuous denudation day after day.

Gerald Foley in 1993 mentioned that by looking at the

amount of carbondioxide that has reached extreme level in the

atmosphere, the world needs a forest as large as Australian con-

tinent to absorb the carbondioxide. Besides, energy saving habit

must not stay as petition, but it must work in ecological context

supported by high morale as it relates to the survival of all forms

of life in this planet.

Imam M., ecology observer, living in Jakarta

INS IGHT

20 PercikJuly 2007

Methane gas emission from a waste dump is also major

contributor to the global warming. Photo: Exclusive


23/56

The fresh cool morning breeze seems to penetrate deep

into the bone. That morning it was almost 10 AM, yetnot a single drop of water flow comes out from the tap.

No more hope to take a bath and to cook our breakfast if the

night before we fail to save water

for the morning activities. This

is the common daily ritual for the

households of Grumbul or

Pengasinan hamlet, Ciruyung

village of Kecamatan

Karangpucung, Cilacap, C. Java.

Yet the villagers do not to worry

because there is always alterna-

tive source to meet their demand

for water.

River seems to remain a com-

fortable place for the villagers to

do their activities. Bathing,

washing and defecation. Quite

often the water is muddy,

though. The community isn't

aware what a household latrine

is good for. "Well, what can we do, we are used to bathing and

washing in this river. It is more comfortable and less tiringwashing here," said Watinah (56). At that time the water in river

Cikuya was muddy from the heavy rain of the night before.

One can understand why the

community prefers the river

because it really takes a lot of

effort to draw a pail of water from

the well, because groundwater

table is relatively deep here.

This morning, with music

background of cocks crowing and

birds singing, scores of villagers,

children and adults together, were

forming groups along the bank of

river Cikuya, in disregard if the

upstream people were defecating,

they kept themselves busy with

their bathing and washing rituals.

Suryati (14) has been there

since 5.30 AM with a pile of dirty

clothes to wash. "Each morning I

21PercikJuly 2007

REPORTAGE

One of water reservoirs of the village of Ciruyung,

Kecamatan Karangpucung, Kabupaten Cilacap, C. Java.

Photo: Bowo Leksono


24/56

wash the family clothing before going to school," says the village

girl. After finishing the washing, Suryati takes a bath by dipping

herself in the water. Scores of the village women do the same

each morning. They don't care if water colour is yellowish or

even brownish indicating impurity. They always feel comfort-

able with their routine that has been practised for generations.

Community Well

The portrait of a marginal community such as this is not

solely an urban phenomenon. In a village on the mountain slope

a similar view can also be seen. The hamlet of Pengasinan, for

instance, with a population of more than 1.000 from 60 or so

families, community wells were sunk some five years ago. "The

wells were built for the community to use. But many are not

interested because they are more comfortable with bathing and

washing in the river," says Kamyo (28), a youth leader who has

to admit that the community is not sufficiently educated on theimportance of clean water for health.

Except by a few of the population the wells that are located

in the centre of the housing area are not effectively used and not

properly maintained. The buildings look old and clumsy. In

terms of community education, according to Kamyo, extension

activity has ever been done to the community by the regional

government or any other party. "Help of any kind almost total-

ly denies us. This water supply system came into being from the

community's own initiative," says the energetic youth.

Clean Water Tank

The hamlet of Pengasinan is the most remotely located part

of Ciruyung village. To reach it one must walk a steep and wind-

ing trail of hilly terrain. Up and downhill sometimes across

wooded areas interspersed with rice fields to reflect the source of

livelihood of the local population. To access clean water for daily

consumption the community of Pengasinan built 2 water tanks.

The water is tapped from a spring in a hill near Kahuripan using

easily breakable PVC pipe. Suparno, a community leader from

Pengasinan who is also a member of Ciruyung development

committee said that the water tanks were built by the communi-

ty from their own resources. "Frankly speaking the tanks cannot

be used at full capacity. Only around half of the capacity. Water

does not always run smoothly," he said.

Suparno says the reason for the retarded flow is not only dueto the demand level of the local population but also because of

inadequacy of the facility. Everything has been made available

from whatever the community can do," he said.

Small PVC connection pipes are running like intermesh in

yards and gardens. Some are leaking and not immediately taken

care of. The community seems at ease with the situation

although they know for sure that the pipes are of low quality and

not worthy of use. It needs a big investment to build a really

worthy water supply network.

According to Suparno the community made a communal

activity to repair damages at the upper region. "For repair and

maintenance purpose each family contributes Rp 1000 a

month."Pengasinan community is out of service during the days of

major damage to the network. Breakdown generally occurs after

a landslide that washes away the main pipeline. Actually

Ciruyung is not a place with water scarcity. Their problem lies

with management capacity and the limited availability of proper

equipment and materials, all of this leads access to water below

the sufficient level. Bowo Leksono

REPORTAGE

22 PercikJuly 2007

Leakage in conveyance hose is a common sight on the roads of

Ciruyung, yet the community does not seem to care.

Photo: Bowo Leksono


25/56

L

ast February and the same month

five years ago Jakarta and its sur-

roundings suffered a loss worthsRp 187.7 trillion and a death toll of 159.

This was caused by a yearly recurrent di-

saster that hits these areas: flood. The

lingering problem of East Drainage Canal

(EDC) development becomes the main

topic when the attempt to find solution to

flood problem is being discussed. The

delay of EDC development due to pro-

longed land acquisition problem is

blamed for the cause of the flood. Yet an

alternative solution through river retrain-ing is equally sluggish because it touches

the interest of the community living along

the river banks. The flood of Jakarta is

inseparable from the practice of dumping

wastes into the river. Dumping of wastes

into the river decreases water quality. It

is aggravated with the magnitude of

domestic wastewater being drained into

the river. Whereas in fact the river is the

source of raw water for Jakarta water

supply system. Thus raw water is beco-

ming scarcer day after day for Jakarta cit-

izens.

Jakarta is not a city with good sanita-

tion management system. Only 3 percentof total Jakarta area is provided with cen-

tralized (off site) sewerage system, i.e the

one located in Setiabudi area.

Taking the above condition as point of

departure PAM DKI Regulatory Body in

its capacity as the party responsible for

water supply provision put forward a pro-

posal for MPDT system development.

MPDT is a system of long and large dia-

meter underground tunnels. Its develop-

ment is considered as an effective and

sustainable solution to Jakarta water

resources management problems because

it can simultaneously serve as flood con-

trol, waste water management, raw water

scarcity, improvement of river water, and

underground water conservation.

Moreover, MPDT does not meet any hin-

drance from land acquisition and pro-

curement problem because the MPDT

construction is almost entirely located

underground and the construction

process does not disturb la

community empowerment. percik. indonesia water and sanitation working group. july 2007

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