community-based solid waste management. percik indonesia water and sanitation magazine. special...

7/31/2019 Community-Based Solid Waste Management. PERCIK Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. Special Edition. M

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Editorial 1

Your Voice 2

Main Report

Community Involvement in Solid Waste Management: A Certainty 3

Interviews

CBSWM: Opportunities and Challenges 6

Regulation

Implementation of Community Involvement Pursuant to Act No. 18 Year

2008 15

Knowledge

Community Development Principle and Philosophy 26

Community Empowerment in Solid Waste Management 29

Community Based Solid Waste Management: Require Incentive 33

Waste and Global Warming 35

Green Business for Planet Earth 37

Solid Waste Management Experiences in Different Countries 39

Solid Waste Management and International Agreements 42

Create Sustainable Composting 44

Guests

Yuyun Ismawati: Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Implementer

Receiver of Goldman Environmental Prize 46

Best Practices

Tarakan Creating a Clean City by Managing the Waste 55

Innovation

Takakura Composter: House Method and Layer Method 70

Actors 75

Agenda 82

Reference on Solid Waste

Community Based Solid Waste Management System 84

Glossary

Information Media for Water and

Environmental Sanitation

Published by:

Water and Environmental Sanitation

Working Group (Pokja AMPL)

In cooperation with:

IDRC, BORDA, BALIFOKUS, LPTP, BEST

Responsible:

Oswar Mungkasa

Frank Fladerer

Editorial Chief:

Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editorial:

Surur Wahyudi

Yuyun Ismawati

Hamzah Harun Al-Rasyid

Editorial Staff:

Bowo Leksono

Gressiadi Muslim

Design and Production:

Rudi Kosasih

Helmi Satoto

Distribution:

Agus Syuhada

Halimatussa'diah

Editorial Address:

Jl. RP Suroso 50, Jakarta Pusat.

Telp./Faks.: (021) 31904113

http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Editorial receives articles from outside related with

drinking water and environmental sanitation and

never been published before. The length of the

articles is not limited and editorial has the rights to

edit the articles. Please send to the above

address with identity.

Percik Magazine can be accessed in AMPL homepage:http://www.ampl.or.id

Table of ContentTable of Content


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Suddenly we have come to 2009,

and this time Percik comes in a

different 'form' unlike the previ-

ous ones. This is a special edition with

main focus on Community Based Solid

Waste Management (CBSWM). We

design this in order to give more focus

on waste management, moreover on

those which are community based. It

has been fully realized that nowadays,

the government has put an eye on solid

waste management programs. This can

be shown in the Act No 18 Year 2008

about solid waste management.

Furthermore, it has been declared that

every year, on 21st of February, is a

waste day. Using the momentum,

Percik comes in a special edition.

Deriving from the willingness to

gather attentions from different par-

ties, various information concerning

solid waste management issues are

discussed in this edition. Starting from

the philosophy of community empow-

erment, solid waste management con-cept, best practices from local, nation-

al and international implementations,

interviews with city majors, artists,

NGOs, private sectors and community

itself are available as literatures. Our

wish to give as complete as possible

information on community based solid

waste management has inspired us to

provide technology innovations, regu-

lations and acts from national to local,

references on books, CDs and websites.

From the various interviews with

the outstanding and best practices,solid waste management should not be

a problem in Indonesia. There are

plenty of good examples in the city

level such as Surabaya and Tarakan, as

well as community based ones such as

Mrs. Bambang in Cilandak, and even

in the educational institutions such as

Pusdakota in Surabaya and SMUN 34

in Jakarta. Funding contribution is

getting varied, not only from the gov-

ernment but also Community Social

Responsibilities (CSRs) from private

companies such as Unilever Peduli and

Danamon Peduli up until community

funds.

However, in reality, solid waste

management programs seemed to be

peculiar. It appears that there are no

good communications among the

stakeholders. A success in one place

cannot merely acknowledge and

applied in different areas. Our efforts

here hopefully will make the commu-nications better for the stakeholders in

the future.

Besides the new theme, in financial

aspect, we have stepped ahead by not

using the government's fund. This con-

dition could be initiated by the non-

governmental cooperation between

IDRC/CRDI, BORDA, LPTP, BALI-

FOKUS and BEST. Of course we have

all heard of SANIMAS (Community

Based Sanitation) which was an initial

project of the cooperation between

Public Work Department, BORDA,

LPTP, BALIFOKUS and BEST.

This partnership is a good thing

because at least the development of

Drinking Water and Environment

Sanitation (AMPL) has drawn some

concerns in different of sectors.

Besides, it also means that there is

an acknowledgement in showing that

the development of Drinking Water

and Environment Sanitation (AMPL)is not merely physical construction but

also other aspects, such as communi-

cation.

Hopefully, the innovation we

brought will enhance the quality of our

magazine. We will be happy to get your

criticism and suggestions and

finally, enjoy.

(OM).

1 EDITORIAL

Housewives and female teenagers in a village are learning to manage solid waste usingTakakura basket method. Photo: Surur

PercikMay 2009


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2 WAWANCARA YOUR VOICE

PercikMay 2009

Percik Articles helped my Thesis

Dear Percik,

I am one of the staff of Environ-

mental Agency from Pati Regency,

Central Java, I am now studying for my

master in UNDIP, Semarang and am

working my thesis on drinking water. I

am very interested and excited with the

contents of this magazine since it helps

me a lot on my thesis and my work at

the office. As you have known, my

work is in environmental relatedissues. When I read your article on

Percik August 2007 edition in your

voice column, I realized that I can sub-

scribe for the magazine. Therefore, I

would like to subscribe for Percik on

every edition.

So please send the magazine to:

Mr. Rival Gautama

Perunda Sukoharjo, Jl Nusa Indah

No. 16 Rt 02, Rw 06

Desa Sukoharjo, Kecamatan Mar-

gorejo, Kabupaten Pati, Jawa Tengah

Thank you very much for the sub-scription.

Warm Regards,Rival Gautama

Dear Mr. Rival Gautama,

We thank you for your apprecia-

tion. We will follow up your subscrip-

tion accordingly.

Raising the Awareness

Dear Percik,

My name is Roland, head of NGO

Swara Masyarakat Flobamora which is

based in Kupang, NTT. I am very

pleased with the presence of Percik

among us. I hope that this magazine

will wake up the awareness of our com-

munity towards environmental issues.

I would like to subscribe for a routine

Percik edition for the community in

our Pondok Pintar. The address :

LSM Swara Masyarakat Flobamora

(SMF), Jl M. Praja No. 25, Kelurahan

Namosain, Kecamatan Alak, Kota

Kupang, Provinsi NTT.

Roland, Kupang

Dear Mr. Roland,

Thank you, we will send Percik

routinely to your address.

Please send Percik

Dear Percik,Currently, our foundation is deve-

loping a community based recyclable

solid waste collection program in

Bojonggede, Bogor for 70 Households-

member of the foundation. To enlarge

our knowledge in solid waste, we

would like to get a regular Percik mag-

azine (including Percik Junior). Please

send the magazines to the following

address:

Sri Wahyono

Kp. Bojonggede Dalam, Rt 02/12

No. 26, Kelurahan BojonggedeKabupaten Bogor 16922

Thank you for your attention

Sri Wahyono

Dear Mr. Sri Wahyono,

We will process your subscription

accordingly. Thank you.

How to subscribe Percik?

Dear Percik editorial,

We are from Public Health Study

Program, Math and Science Faculty of

Haluoleo University in Kendari, South-

East Sulawesi. We are very interested

in the content of Percik. Therefore, we

would like to know how we can rou-

tinely subscribe the magazine. Please

kindly send the mechanism according-

ly. Thank you very much for your help

and attention.

Ramadhan Tosepu

Public Health Study Program

FMIPA Unhalu Sultra Kendari

Kampus Baru Anduonohu

Dear Mr. Ramadhan,

Thank you for your interest in our

magazine, we will process your

request as soon as possible.

Percik Subscription

Dear Percik,

Thank you for sending Percik to

the Women Alliance for Sustainable

Development (AAPB). It has good con-

tents which can enlarge our horizon of

information. Furthermore, please send

the magazine to AAPB secretariat:

Gedung Dharma Wanita

Persatuan Lt. II,

Jl Pedurenan Masjid Kav. F 01

Karet Kuningan Jakarta 12940

Thank you.Sri Murniati Djamaludin

Dear Mrs. Sri Murniati

Thank you before. We will send the

magazine to the requested address.

Photo: Meddy CH


5/124

Realized or not, solid waste has

become part of our daily life.

Every human activity is pro-

ducing residue or waste with amount

and volumes are equal with the goods

that we are using daily. It is not aston-

ishing if the waste generation multi-

plies significantly in accordance with

the increase of the population, espe-

cially in the city.

To give an overview, based on the

calculation presented in the Indonesia

Infrastructure Book (Bappenas, 2003),

in 1995, the estimation of waste gener-ation in Indonesia reached 22,5 mil-

lion tons and will be doubled in 2020

to a shocking 53,7 million tons.

Meanwhile, in big cities in Indonesia,

solid waste generation per capita is

estimated around 600-830 grams per

day.

As an illustration on how huge the

waste generation is, the data from se-

veral big cities in Indonesia can be

used as reference. Jakarta produces a

daily 6,200 tons of waste; Bandung

generates waste 2,100 tons every day;Surabaya produces 1,700 tons and

Makassar 800 tons (Damanhuri,

2002). So it is normal that in such big

cities they require new space for the

final dumpsite quite soon enough. It is

estimated that space for final dump-

sites in Indonesia in 1995 already

reached 675 Ha and will multiply into

1,610 Ha in 2020. Another illustration

on the waste generation, Jakarta gen-

erates a daily waste as much as 6,000

elephants.

In general, most of the wastes are

generated from the households. As an

example, data from Cleaning Agency of

Semarang City shows that in 2005

there were 75,71 percent or 2,650 m3

of solid waste came from settlement or

household. Meanwhile solid wastefrom market reached 13,57 percent or

500 m3 and the rest came from the

commercial activities (shops, restau-

rants, and hotels), public facilities,

roads, industrial areas and sewerage.

Therefore, household is the biggest

contributor in solid waste generation.

We just spoke about the volume of

waste generation and have not seen the

daily practice when people loiter.

People's awareness on cleanliness is

good, but only in a small scale like their

house. Houses are free from waste

because they dispose it not in the prop-

er place. They mostly dispose the waste

into sewer, river or even their neigh-

bor's empty land. This NIMBY (Not In

My Back Yard) phenomenon is very

strong.The result is then predictable,

wastes are lying everywhere which is

very potential in causing diseases. Not

to mention the waste disposed in the

water channel and river which cause

flood during the rainy season. These

conditions create social

3 WAWANCARA

Community Involvement inSolid Waste Management:

A Certainty

MAIN REPORT

PercikMay 2009

Community as the backbone of environment program. Foto: Uli Peduli.


6/124

cost which has to be carried out by thecommunity.

This phenomenon will lead to a

simple conclusion: involving commu-

nity in solid waste management activi-

ties is a certainty. Main waste produc-

er is the community therefore they will

have to take the responsibility towards

their own residue.

Definition and Concept

Community Based Solid Waste

Management (CBSWM) is an approach

to the solid waste management which is

based on the community need and

demand, planned and implemented (if

possible), controlled and evaluated by

community. In an easy way, it is a com-

munity based activity if (i) community is

responsible in decision making, and not

merely the elite and (ii) operational and

maintenance is community's responsi-

ble based on the agreement.

In this definition, the main actor in

solid waste management is communi-

ty, not government nor NGO.Government and the other parties are

just motivator and facilitator.

The main function of motivator is

to encourage the community to think

and solve any problems they faced. If

the community is not ready, govern-

ment and other parties will have to

help in preparing them. On the other

hand, facilitator's role is to facilitatethe community to reach the objective

of the program in a good and sustain-

able way. If the community has diffi-

culties in separation technique and

composting, then facilitator will have

to build the community's capacity in

certain ways such as giving trainings. If

community has problem in funding

then facilitator should help them by

providing solution. However, the facil-

itation should be done in such way so

that the community will not depend on

the facilitator all the time.

One thing to remember, communi-

ty based does not always mean that all

of the activities within are done by the

community. It is what they deserved

and realistic to be done to solve the

problems faced by the community. For

example, if community realistically

does not have time and management

capacity to operate then the responsi-

bility should not be given to them. It is

better to encourage them to find a pro-

fessional institution or individuals whocan be trusted to run the program.

Government and Community's

Efforts

Plenty of efforts are done in solving

the solid waste generation problems by

practicing CBSWM, but not all of them

are successful.

From several best practices in city

level, Surabaya and Tarakan can be

taken as examples. Surabaya especially

can be called successful in this sector

because the local government can setup the community to do 3R (reduce,

reuse, and recycle). The implementa-

tion of 3R in Surabaya has been con-

ducted up to village level. In Surabaya,

a partnership has been established

between four parties, community, pri-

vate sector through Corporate Social

Responsibility from Telkomsel and

Unilever Peduli, University through

the involvement of Pusdakota by

Universitas Surabaya, and Local

Government of Surabaya. This part-nership has been equipped with the

consistent implementation of Local

Regulations and incentive giving. The

famous Takakura Box was initially

developed in Surabaya. Meanwhile,

Tarakan is outstanding from the per-

sistence of its city major.

Corporate Social Responsibility

(CSR) from Yayasan Unilever Peduli

(Uli Peduli) echoed its success by

assisting community to become envi-

ronmental cadre. The other CSR from

Danamon Peduli is focusing on reduc-

ing the waste generation in the tradi-

tional market. They already have the

program in 31 cities/regencies in

Indonesia.

Educational institutions such as

schools are also having their own green

school program which shows the effort

to care about their environment in a

curriculum and extracurricular activi-

ties. SMA 34 Jakarta is one of the pio-

neers of the program, while the

University of Surabaya is famous fordeveloping Takakura Basket through

its program, Pusdakota. There are

other universities such as ITB's

Environmental Student Association

and UGM's Chemical Engineering

which are having outstanding environ-

mental care program.

Beside CSRs and educational insti-

tutions, there are individuals who are

having good efforts in 3R solid waste

management program. Amongst are

Mrs. Bambang from Cilandak, Jakarta

and Iswanto from Sukunan, Sleman,Yogyakarta.

Mass media also plays an impor-

tant role in CBSWM. It can be seen

from several efforts such as Jawa Pos

and Kedaulatan Rakyat (both are

national newspapers) that are having

Green and Clean Program

4 WAWANCARA MAIN REPORT

PercikMay 2009

Inter-kampong visits to motivate each others.Photo: BORDA


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in cooperation with Uli Peduli.Meanwhile, in Jakarta, Uli Peduli is

cooperating with Republika Daily and

Delta Radio to have Jakarta Green and

Clean, Green Office and Green School

programs.

The involvement of local as well as

international NGOs are very signifi-

cant. International NGOs such as

Mercy Corps and BORDA are two of

the most consistent ones in CBSWM

program. Local NGOs like Yayasan

Bina Karta Lestari Semarang,

Yayasan LestariYogyakarta, Yayasan

BintariYogyakarta, Balifokus Denpa-

sar and Best Tangerang are some of the

examples in this field.

On the other side, even though it is

not sufficient enough, central govern-

ment has made efforts. Starting by

introducing 3R program and followed

by mainstreaming the effort on reduc-

ing the waste generation from its

source into the national planning doc-

ument, Middle Term Development

Planning (RPJM) 2005-2009.Furthermore, Act No. 18 year 2008 on

Solid Waste Management was

launched including the local regula-

tions which are mostly accommodating

community involvement. However, Act

No. 18 Year 2008 is not effective

enough since inherited Government's

Rules are not finished yet.

Lessons Learnt Connection

The implementation of CBSWM by

different performer in different loca-

tions has made several lessons learntwhich can be summarized into follow-

ing.

Community understands the mean-

ing of cleanliness and the importance

of solid waste management but only at

an individual household level. If it is

concerning surroundings cleanliness,

community's awareness is still very

low. Therefore, NIMBY phenomenon

can still be found in a lot of place, such

as throwing the waste in the empty

land.


Management will not be sustainable

without a strong cooperation between

community and local government.

Local government should create coop-

eration framework which can giveopportunity to the responsible party in

the solid waste sector as well as com-

munity leader.

Building community awareness to

manage their waste from its source

requires sustainable hard work. The

efforts are done in different ways

depend on its local condition, starting

from providing examples, giving

incentives, or creating competitions.

The success of the program in

Indonesia is very depending on the

existence of a champion. If a championcan be found, the program can be

implemented successfully. A champion

can be community leader, teacher or

even housewife. In waste management,

champions are mostly housewife.

The good examples in both commu-

nity and city level are showing that the

implementation of community based

solid waste management program

through 3R approach is effective in

reducing the waste generation

although the result in the community

level is higher than the city level. In

Surabaya, according to the major (see

interview), waste generation can be

reduced up to 10% or around 170 tons-

a big amount of reduction. An experi-

ence in RW 11 Cibangkong Bandungeven can show that all the waste gener-

ation can be processed in the compost-

ing house.

Future Agenda

Community based solid waste man-

agement is a certainty. Several actors

have practiced in the fields. However,

it is still not showing a significant

result. It requires cooperation among

stakeholders to create a synergy for the

implementation of CBSWM. Most of

the requirements for the synergy arealready available, starting from experi-

ences, regulations, and involvements

from different stakeholders. So what is

lacking now is the willingness of all to

share and support one another for the

sake of the community.

(OM /several sources)

5 WAWANCARA M AI N R EP ORT

PercikMay 2009

Women are making handicrafts from plastic waste. Photo: Bowo Leksono..


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Community Based Solid Waste Management (CBSWM)

is clearly stated in Act No. 18 Year 2008 about Solid

Waste Management. It means that this is a compul-

sory program to be done by the central government and

implemented by the local government. What are the

opportunities and challenges in mainstreaming CBSWM?

And how far does the community involvement is integrat-

ed within the government's policies/programs? The follow-

ings are interviews with related departments.

DIRECTOR OF SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING AGENCY (BAPPENAS)

IR. BUDI HIDAYAT

Does community involvement in solid waste

management have been accommodated in RPJMN

2010-2014?

At this moment, National Development Planning Agency

(Bappenas) is compiling

the National Mid Term

Development Planning

(RPJMN) for the 2010-2014 period. In the draft,

community involvement

in solid waste manage-

ment has been accommo-

dated and become one of

the important components

in RPJMN. Community is

involved in every step of

solid waste management,

starting from handling in the source of waste, transporta-

tion and treatment in the final dumpsite. Basically, this con-

cept is already in the RPJMN 2005-2009.

This condition cannot be excluded from the change ofparadigm of solid waste management from 'end of pipe

treatment' approach to integrated solid waste management

which focuses on the management from its source.

Therefore, one of the main targets of solid waste develop-

ment in RPJMN 2010-2014 is to reduce the waste genera-

tion from its source. To reach the goal, community is

involved in 3R program (reduce, reuse, and recycle).

Furthermore, public awareness campaign on household

solid waste management will be enhanced.

How does the RPJMN is translated to each relat-

ed institutions both central and local government?

Pursuant to the Act No. 25 year 2004 on National

Development Planning System, RPJMN is a 5 yearly devel-

opment agenda which is compiled by the elected president

as a phase to reach the long term government target called

National Long Term Development Planning (RPJPN). This

development agenda is a guideline for the ministry/institu-

tion and local government, including commercial sector in

reaching national goal.

It means that compiling the programs and activities for

5 years development planning (Strategic Plan) and annual

development planning (Work Plan), the ministry/institu-

tion and local government should refer to RPJMN. In accor-

dance with the solid waste development, one of the exam-

ples that can be taken is the 3R system by the Public Work

Department and Environmental Ministry. It is a manifesta-

tion of the solid waste development program in order to

achieve the target as reflected in RPJMN. Meanwhile, in the

local government level, 3R program has been adopted in dif-

ferent forms and names such as solid waste bank program.

Furthermore, plenty of cooperation has been establishedbetween government both central and local, NGOs, educa-

tional institutions and private sectors through Corporate

Social Responsibility.

How far does the community involvement give

contribution towards the increase of the perform-

ance on solid waste management?

Up until now, there is no special study/analysis whether

the contribution of community (involvement) give increase

on the performance of solid waste management program.

However, based on the experience of drinking water and

environmental sanitation development, community in-

volvement in planning and development processes gave sig-nificant influence on the sustainability of the infrastructure

built.

One of the best practices is the solid waste management

in Surabaya. The implementation of 3R program has

reduced solid waste generation by 200 tons/day or 10% in 3

years. Besides, household solid waste management is

able to recycle organic waste by 120-140 tons/day

(Cleanliness Dept. Surabaya).

6 INTERVIEWS

CBSWMOpportunities and Challenges

Photo: Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009


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DIRECTOR OF SETTLEMENT SANITATION DEVELOPMENTDIRJEN CIPTA KARYA, PUBLIC WORKDEPARTMENTIR. SUSMONO

What is the role of Public Work Department in

community involvement?

Public Work Department is having annual activities

especially in the Settlement Sanitation Development

Directorate. The activities

are wastewater treat-

ment, drainage improve-

ment and solid waste

management which areinvolving central and

local government, pri-

vate, and community.

Public Work Department

applies community

involvement in Sanimas

Project for wastewater,

Mandiri Drainage for

drainage and 3R for solid waste management using the con-

cept of community education and empowerment.

Are there clear concept from the Public Work

Department on community based solid waste man-

agement?

Policy on solid waste program by the Public Work

Department is casted in Public Work Minister Regulation

No. 21/PRT/M/2006. The implementations of the policy is

in form of 3R program promotion, campaign and education,

encourage the institutional development, optimization and

development of solid waste, revitalization and regionaliza-

tion of final dumpsite and private investment promotion.

Program implementation refers to National Mid Term

Development Planning (RPJMN) 2005-2009; the increase

of transported waste up to 75% and the increase of final

dumpsite performance with environmental sound. In reach-

ing the RPJMN goal, Public Work Department applies the

policy in reducing the waste generation from its source,

increasing community and private sector active roles,

increasing the service area and quality of management sys-

tem, institutional development, rules and laws, and devel-

opment of alternative source of fund.

DEPUTYASSISTANT ON DOMESTICWASTE POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL MINISTRY

TRI BANGUN LAKSONO

As we already know,

Act No 18 year 2008 on

solid waste manage-

ment has been imple-

mented effectively.

How far does the com-

munity involvement

accommodated in that

act?

The background of

community involvement

lies in article 11 aboutRights. This chapter is a basic consideration and is impor-

tant for the government as a responsible in solid waste man-

agement to always paying attention and considering com-

munity's rights.

While article 12 is concerning every person's obligation

to reduce and manage waste has also become a strong fun-

damental law on the compulsive community's

active involvement in managing

7 INTERVIEWS

Community awareness to have a clean life is not enough by putting signs.Photo: BORDA.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Photo: Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009


10/124

waste, especially at the source. This article has become thebasic to maximize the public's active role in reducing and

managing the waste at home, office, market and other

places.

To encourage community involvement in reducing the

waste at the source level, government must develop incen-

tive and disincentive system. Incentive is given to commu-

nity, individual or group who reduce waste generation. On

the other hand, disincentive is given to those who are not

putting effort in reducing the waste at the source level. The

regulation is accommodated in article 21.

Meanwhile, article 28 explicitly mentioning community

involvements, especially in giving consideration, suggestion

and advice in composing the policy, solid waste manage-

ment implementation, dispute resolution etc. However, this

article was criticized by those who work on solid waste man-

agement sector such as NGOs, community self-help group

and others. They questioned why in this article, communi-

ty's involvement only at giving suggestion and advice level,

as if they have no opportunity to get involved directly in

solid waste management activities either on their own or in

the cooperation framework with the government.

However, this regulation is based on Act No. 18 year

2008. It is written that solid waste management is a public

service; therefore government should organize this since it

is their responsibility. Yet, with all government's limitation,they can provide a wide access for the community and pri-

vate sector to be actively involved in solid waste manage-

ment activities. Experiences showed that government can-

not perform optimally without the involvement from the

community and private sector. Community involvement

access and mechanism will be arranged in government re-

gulations.

What kind of regulation (government or minis-

ter) will be published with regard to the communi-

ty involvement?

The application of regulations of the Act No. 8 Year

2008, both government and minister regulations need to bepublished regarding community involvement. It will cover

the mechanism of community involvement, their form of

involvement, definition of community (individual, group),

as well as cooperation with the government.

Does the government already have a clear blue

print on the concept of community involvement in

solid waste management?

At this moment, government has no clear and formal

blue print regarding community involvement in solid waste

management.

What needs to be done by the government to

ensure that community involvement can be estab-

lished?

Government will provide policies, rules, technical guide-

lines, SOPs etc. However, government products will be clear

and transparent for public and be conducted consis-

tently and consequently. Bowo Leksono

8 INTERVIEWS

Government should not only encourage community to separate the waste,but also providing example by putting separated waste bin in offices.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009


11/124

H ow can the city governmentintegrate community basedsolid waste management program

(CBSWM) as part of policy/concept

of solid waste management?

The strategy and concept is by reduc-

ing the waste from its source, which are

household and industry. For that, we give

education to the community through

environmental cadre. In 2007, there are

10,000 cadres and by end of 2008, theyreached 23,000. We will continue to

increase the number of the cadre so that

someday, Surabaya will be their own

environmental cadre.

How is the real image of commu-

nity based solid waste management

program in Surabaya?

You can see for yourself. Let us be fair,

Surabaya is clean now compared to other

cities. Not to mention the reduction of

dengue fever and diarrhea cases. Those

are the diseases cause by improper envi-ronmental management.

Are there any significant obsta-

cles?

Behavior. However, Surabaya is rela-

tively progressing. The indicator is, every

month I get complaints from people who

get penalty for loitering. From 20 people,

only 2 or 3 are original citizens of

Surabaya. Surabaya citizens are already

aware of this, maybe because they are

afraid of getting the penalty.

What is the distinctive penalty

for loitering?

We will keep their ID card. The regu-

lation is being prepared. Citizens are

afraid if their ID card is being restrained

because they will have difficulties in get-

ting driving license, marriage arrange-

ment, bank transaction or land transac-

tion. Therefore, they will think twicebefore loitering or put them in their pock-

et first.

Have the city government

received any awards concerning

solid waste management?

Actually we have no potential to

receive any awards. However, Surabaya

always gets Adipura since 2006. This

award is the form of appreciation from

the central government towards the per-

formance of local, especially public ser-

vice. We have received several interna-tional awards from Green Apple in 2006,

Institute for Global Environmental

Strategies (IGES) and United Nations

Economic and Social Commission for

Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP) in 2007.

One of the lessons learnt from

Surabaya is that the CBSWM can be

integrated with the city scale solid

waste management. How can this

condition be achieved?

Through Green and Clean program

which was held since 2002 since I

become major. The program was initiatedby City Government, Uli Peduli

Foundation, and Jawa Pos. The echo of

this event was

e n o r m o u s .

The role of

mass media is

great in en-

c o u r a g i n g

community.

Imagine if a

village is pub-

lished in a

newspaper,

they will be

thrilled.

How big is the fund allocated for

CBSWM and its proportion toward

the entire fund for Solid Waste pro-

gram?

The amount of fund is relative. We

cannot handle waste problems with fund

centralized on one department. For

example, every year, we send students

from elementary to high school to joinenvironmental training in Tawas with the

budget from Educational Department. So

do not think partially if you want to solve

waste problem. For 2009, the budget in

Cleanliness and Gardening Department

of Surabaya is 99 billion rupiah.

Are there any special tips for

other city government to develop

CBSWM?

Togetherness and believe. Govern-

ment should always encourage communi-

ty to solve the problems with believe as abase. If only counting on government

while the community does not care, it will

be useless. But with the deve-loped com-

munity, it will be easier.Bowo Leksono

9 INTERVIEWS

Drs. Bambang Dwi Hartono, MPd

The key is in together-ness and believe

Surabaya, second biggest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, is having a different face than with fiveyears ago. Green parks are decorating the city and provide open spaces. Trees are planted all along thestreets. If we enter the settlement, harmonic nuance is covering the alley and small streets. Communitymanages their environment and waste already at the household level. As a result, it significantly reducesthe waste generation in Surabaya. This condition cannot be separated from community's willingness, pri-

vate support, NGOs and city government itself. Even the political commitment of the city in handlingthe environment, cleanliness and green is poured into Local Regulation No. 1 year 2006 on Local Mid

Term Development Planning (RPJMD) of Surabaya 2006-2010. Inside of this regulation they put communi-ty based solid waste management program. What are the recipes and how does the Surabaya City

Government persuades the community to manage their waste?Following is the interview of Percik with the Major of Surabaya, Drs. Bambang Dwi Hartono, M.Pd.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009


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How far does the City

Government of Tarakan has

made community based solid waste

management (CBSWM) as part of

solid waste management concept?

In the beginning of period of my work

in 1999, the city has plenty of waste scat-

tered in the streets, and there were only 3

dump trucks. Therefore, I took the liber-

ties to borrow community fund of 1,3 bil-lion rupiahs. I deposit the fund and use

the interest to rent dump truck. For 1,5

months, I only took care of waste in the

public areas and only spent 2 hours in

office. Nowadays, waste generation in

Tarakan reaches 400 m3 or around 150-

160 tons daily. Are we going to create

mountains of wastes or manage them?

There are 500 environmental warriors

who conduct solid waste management by

composting with Takakura Method since

we are having cooperation with Kitakyusu

City Government, Japan. So we have

turned the mountains of wastes into

mountains of fertilizers.

Are there any umbrella regula-

tions for community based solid

waste management programs?

Regulations become unimportant

when they are not implemented.

Everybody can make regulations, but only

few who can implement it. Yes, Tarakan

has local regulation No. 13 Year 2003 on

orderliness and cleanliness of the city.

However, it is not easy to uphold the reg-

ulations if it is not come from the heart.

How big does the budget alloca-

tion for CBSWM?

I do not remember precisely, but the

budget for Cleanliness and Gardening

Service is around 7 billion rupiahs.

How is the concept of solid waste

management developed by City

Government of Tarakan?

When we do not have mountains of

wastes, no more waste in the street, 3R

principle is working, then we are done.However, maintaining community

awareness on solid waste will always be

our duty.

Has the CBSWM become official

program of the city government?

Here is the thing, if it is possible, there

are no more officials, nor ceremonials,

actions are more important. We do not

use any ceremonials for our solid waste

management program in this city. It is

pointless to have the ceremonials while it

is not sustainable.

One of the interesting activities

is Incentive Pattern for community.

Is it effective in reducing the waste

generation?

Yes, of course. Incentive can make its

beneficiary motivated. For 'yellow army'

we give them 13th salary. Every city

anniversary, we invite them for dinner to

raise their motivation that they are the

heroes of the city.

How is the cooperation scheme

between government and non-gov-

ernment in CBSWM?

It is varied. This kind of cooperation is

city's favorite. There is one street for 3,8

km length, and we cooperate with private

sector to maintain its cleanliness for 8million a month. Above that, we have to

get support from the community at all

times, otherwise it will not work.

What is the role of the communi-

ty in this cooperation?

It is the awareness to throw the waste

into its place and time. It is simple. If they

want more, they can manage it together,

that is for the beginning.

Are there any special tips in

CBSWM that can be used by otherlocal government?

The point is there should be aware-

ness from government and local assembly

(DPRD) that without community involve-

ment CBSWM will not work. Second,

train the community as early as possible

like teaching elementary students for sep-

arating waste so that one day, they will

have awareness for their environment.

Bowo Leksono

10 INTERVIEWS

dr. H. Jusuf Serang Kasim

"Action is more Important thanCeremonial"

"You don't mind if we have the inter-view in the car? If not then let's goto my car," dr. H. Jusuf Serang

Kasim, Major of Tarakan says to Percik aftera meeting in Bappekot Tarakan. It is almostend of his period being a major, but seemslike he still have endless work, even dealingwith solid waste.

One night, after coming back fromJakarta, Jusuf saw scrapheap in front of arich person's house. He took the waste andput it in his car. What this major did was asmooth satire for his citizens. So, how dr. H.

Jusuf Serang Kasim did community basedsolid waste management in Tarakan, belowis the result of the interview.

* Starting 1st of March 2009, dr. H Jusuf S.K hadfinished his term as Mayor of Tarakan

PercikMay 2009


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For what consideration does

Danamon Peduli involved in

community based solid

waste management in traditional

markets?

Nowadays, there are 18.450 tradition-al markets in Indonesia. From those

numbers, there are 12.650.000 sellers,

which are significant numbers. However,

the cleanliness, health and comfort of

those markets are poor which made the

increase of economic pillar is falling. AC

Nielsen survey stated that the fall reaches

approximately 8,1% per year compared

with modern markets which increases by

31,4% per year. Waste is one of the causes

of the poor conditions in the traditional

market. Traditional markets are identical

with sloppiness, dirt and smell which

made people are reluctant to shop there

and tend to choose the modern ones.

What is the relation between

CBSWM with Danamon Bank busi-

nesses?

It is much related since more than

800 of our branches are located in 1.500

traditional markets all around Indonesia.

Therefore, the improvement on the mar-

ket community is also a social investment

for Danamon.

Are there any special budget

allocations for CBSWM in

Danamon's CSR?

Budget allocation for CSR Go Green is

traditional market's organic waste con-

version into organic fertilizer with highquality. For 2008 we put 2,5 billion or

21% of the total CSR budget. While for

this year is allocated for 2,1 billion.

What criteria putted into consid-

eration in selecting CBSWM loca-

tions?

Danamon Peduli only cooperates with

local government who has full commit-

ment in succession and sustaining the

program.

What is the role of DanamonPeduli and how is the coopera-

tion with local government?

Danamon Peduli is designing the

project, providing machinery and

compost house as well as opera-

tional training, monitoring and

evaluation and replicates it at

national level. Total contribution

by Danamon Peduli is around

80-100 million for each area.

While government has to make the analy-

sis on the necessity including total waste

generation per day, provide and facilitate

the space, having local coordination,

obtaining permission and socialization.

How does the community con-

tribute then?

The community contributes in chang-

ing their behavior into more environmen-

tal friendly. The basic thing will be sepa-

rating between organic and inorganic

waste.

How long does the program

take?

Around three to eight months. It

depends on the local government's prepa-

ration.

How effective does the CBSWM

in reducing the waste generation?Every composting unit is able to con-

vert 3-5 tons of organic waste into 1,2-3

tons of organic fertilizer per day.

Therefore, the units operate in 31

cities/regencies are able to convert 60-

120 tons of organic waste into 24-48 tons

of high quality organic fertilizer every day.

Bowo Leksono

12 INTERVIEWS

In Indonesia, there are plenty ofopportunities to implement corporatesocial responsibility (CSR) programs.Cleanliness and health of the traditionalmarket is one of the fields. DanamonBank is working in this sector through itsprogram Danamon Peduli. In 2007,Danamon Peduli was having Go Greenprogram in tra-

ditional marketin Ciputat,Jakarta. Fromthat program,they found theidea to turnt r a d i t i o n a lmarket's wasteinto compost.

In the sameyear, DanamonPeduli in cooperation with local govern-ment of Bantul and Sragen as pilot proj-ect manages the wastes from the tradi-tional markets. The success in these twolocations has been heard in otherplaces. Therefore, this year, there are

31 traditional markets in Indonesia whoare running the solid waste managementprogram. Executive Director ofDanamon peduli Risa Bhinekawati issharing the experiences with Percikabout their solid waste management fortraditional markets in Indonesia.

Name:RisaBhinekawatiPlaceandDateofBirth:Pontianak,February2nd1966Husband:AdhyasaYutonoChildren:RifqiSatyaAdhyasa(13)

Education:- EconomicFaculty,UniversitasIndonesia

(1992)- AustralianNationalUniversity (1999)

- GeorgeWashingtonUniversity (2006)

Career:- VicePresidentofHumanResearch&

OrganizationEricsson- ChiefOperatingOfficerUNDP- HeadofCorporateAffairsUnilever

Indonesia

Risa Bhinekawati

Concern on Solid Waste fromTraditional Market

Foto: Bowo Leksono

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Far before the tragedy of waste slide

in Leuwigajah final dumpsite,

Bandung on 2005 which killed

147 people, the community in RW 11

Cibangkong Village, Sub district of

Batununggal, Bandung, West Java since

1998 already initiated solid waste man-

agement in their area.

It means, what this community been

doing is reducing the waste generation in

Leuwigajah final dumpsite. If all the citi-

zens of Bandung manage their waste in a

community or household level, the tra-

gedy would have been avoided.

In the beginning, Center of Settlement

Research and Development (Puslitbang-

kim) of the Public Work Department

made pilot project in this area because it

is a densely populated slum area and

flood occurs quite often because there are

two rivers surrounding the area. They

were chosen to get assistance in manag-ing their solid waste.

Until finally the Community

Representative Institution is formed in

RW 11, Kelurahan Cibangkong which will

supervise the implementation of solid

waste management in the respective area.

They have got visits from foreign coun-

tries and provinces in Indonesia.

Furthermore, the operator of the com-

posting house in RW 11 Cibangkong has

been invited to be trainer in several areas.

At least, the community can be proud

because they were the only one who con-ducts solid waste management in

Bandung. However, the pride needs to be

followed by awareness on environmental

cleanliness.

Poor

It has been more than 10 years, the

condition of the composting house is

heartbreaking. The machinery to process

the waste is not used anymore. They

returned to the manual ways since there

is no budget to pay the workers.

"Ideally, to manage waste from an RW

requires six workers. Two of them should

distribute the compost and observe the

field," says Wijiman (53), compost house

coordinator, who has been loyal since the

beginning of this program with his 3

workers.

To fulfill the necessity of the needs of

the compost house, Warjiman works very

hard in distributing the compost to the teaplantation in South Bandung and to the

organic farmer in Sapan, East Bandung.

In one day, Warjiman admits, the

compost house produces 5 quintals of

compost for Rp 2.500 per 3 kilograms.

"The farmers asked for all the compost we

can produce, but we cannot produce

more than 5 quintals per day since there is

no fund," he admitted.

Meanwhile, Andarusman, one of

the community leaders in RW 11

Cibangkong who stand up to build the

compost house, is regretting the Local

Government of Bandung for giving any

helps. "Furthermore, there are equip-

ments from the provincial government

which are still held by the city govern-

ment," he explained.

To understand more about the man-

agement of the compost house in

Cibangkong, below is the interview with

H. Andarusman who is also the chief ofCibangkong Community Forum (FWC).

What encouraged you to work

on solid waste management sector?

As one of the community leader espe-

cially in RW 1, Kalurahan Cibang-

kong, I am with several

13 INTERVIEWS

The condition of Composting House in RW 11 Kelurahan Cibangkong, Kota Bandung is

really disheartening. Photo Bowo Leksono

Compost House RW 11 Cibangkong:

THE POOR PIONEER

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community

members were con-

cerned on the condition of this

RW. This is a slum area with high densitypopulation. Our waste was mountainous

because the City Cleaning Agency was

hardly took it. Flood occurred most of the

time during rainy season. We are lucky to

get assistance from Puslitbangkim of

Public Work Department in initializing

the compost house in Cibangkong.

How was the initial development

of the solid waste management?

Since the beginning of this program in

1998, we got assistance from

Puslitbangkim on converting solid waste

into compost. The community disagree

because they were afraid of the smell from

the dumpsite since they live in a densely

area. After several explanation and clarifi-

cation they agreed to have the project,

and it's proven to be useful for the com-

munity. Every two days, workers from the

compost house take the garbage from the

temporary dumpsite on each RT to be

treated in the compost house.

Is it effective in reducing thesolid waste generation?

Of course, it can be seen now that

there is no waste accumulation in our

area. All the waste are transported and

processed in the compost house.

However, it is such a pity that other RWs

are still burning their waste and create

pollution.

Were there obstacles faced in

involving the community?

We are still trying to reduce the

load of the compost house by askingthe community to separate their solid

waste into organic and inorganic. We

have even already provided the con-

tainers for it and Takakura basket so

that the housewives can produce com-

post in their own houses. However,

some are quite active in supporting the

activity, but a lot more are still igno-

rant. They feel like it is compost

house's work to separate the waste

since they have paid the retribution

fee. This retribution fee has become

another problem as well. Each month,

they pay Rp 1.000 and from 900

households, only 600 pay regularly.This is not enough to cover the opera-

tional and maintenance of the compost

house.

Does the program collide with

government's program?

I don't think so, if it is, then we will not

do it of course. Even more, we are helping

the government especially the City

Government of Bandung because we can

manage our own waste. However, we

haven't got any form of support from the

city government.

Did you get any support or help

from outside such as government,

private or another party? If yes,

what kind of support?

Like I said before, we haven't got any

support from the city government and the

program has been running for 10 years

now. We only got initial support from

Puslitbangkim of Public Work

Department. We hope that the city gov-

ernment will have concern on our activitysince it helps them. We haven't got any

support from private sectors or NGOs.

University of Pajajaran Bandung once

gave us a hand on renovating the compost

house and Bandung Institute of

Technology (ITB) was doing a research on

what we are doing.

What do you think is the main

factor in determining the success of

this activity?

I will not say that our program is a

success. If it is, the community will feel it.We still have problem with community

awareness, since some of them are still

lacking it. We still also need fund support

and compost distribution, but we are

working on it.

If the program is going to be

implemented in other areas, what

requirements are needed?

A lot of parties from all over Indonesia

and several countries came and learned

compost in Cibangkong. Even Cimahi

Regency who learned from us has been

more forward than we are now. The basic

requirements to have a successful pro-

gram are honesty, openness and trans-

parency, especially in financial manage-

ment and its result.

Does community involvement

need to be accommodated in Local

Regulation?

I think it is necessary. Because what

city government's doing now is only pro-

moting awareness, but if there is one suc-

cessful area, the city government does not

give any support.

What benefits are felt by the

community?

The benefits are enormous. The firstthing which can be directly observed is

clean environment, since there are no

waste accumulations. Besides, we can cre-

ate work opportunities and manage waste

from one village if Cibangkong. However,

the benefit will be more if we can

distribute the compost.Bowo Leksono

14

Name : AndarusmanPlace,Date of Birth:

Cibangkong, 17 Agustus 1935Wife : Hj. Rusminah (RIP)

Children : 14Grandchildren : 20Education : Sekolah Guru Pendidikan Teknik (SGPT)Carrier : Chief of Examiner Electric Company of

Bandung (until 1990)

Photo: Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEWS

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As the growing population and

the changing on people's con-

sumption pattern, solid waste

generation has multiplied every year.

It is not only the amount of waste but

also types and characteristics.

Meanwhile, solid waste management

method is still with old fashioned way-

disposed into final dumpsite.

Different problems arouse and not

only cleanliness and environmental

pollution, but also social problems

such as community's dispute around

the final dumpsite. Furthermore,

almost all both big and small cities do

not have proper solid waste manage-

ment.

Most of the treatments are thesame, collect-transport-dispose, a tra-

ditional system which should be ended

by now. This system is proven to be

weak and failed not only to the envi-

ronment, but to the community

around the dumpsite.

It is still fresh in our mind the dis-

aster in Leuwigajah, a final dumpsite

in Cimahi, West Java which cause hun-

dreds of casualties. There is another

example in Integrated Solid Waste

Dumpsite (TPST) Bojong, Bogor, West

Java and Bantar Gebang Final

Dumpsite in Bekasi which became

headlines in newspapers.

Solid waste has become national

concern; therefore it is required to

manage it in a comprehensive and

integrated ways from upstream to

downstream to give maximum benefits

on economic, health, and environmentsafety, as well as changing communi-

ty's behavior.

In solid waste management sector,

law enforcement, responsibilities, role

of government (local and national) and

private are vital to the proportional,

effective and efficient solid waste ma-

nagement. In doing so, the govern-

ment and community feel the needs of

Solid Waste Act.

The establishment and launch of

solid waste act is meant to get a useful

and powerful, healthy, clean and envi-

ronmental friendly solid waste man-

agement system.

Important matters arranged in this

act are the shifting of paradigm in solid

waste management; from collection,

transportation and disposal to 4 R

principles (reduce, reuse, recycle and

recover).Before the birth of Act No. 18 Year

2008 about solid waste management,

stakeholders in do not have strong

foundation in this sector. On April 9th,

2008, the draft for the act was

approved by the House of

Representative of Indonesia.

This act is a proof of government's

effort in raising the community's

health and environment condition in

Indonesia and become the guideline of

national policy in solid waste manage-

ment.

Solid Waste Management Para-

digm

Section 4 stated "Solid waste man-

agement is aimed to increase commu-

nity's health and environment quality

and to convert waste into

resource".

15 REGULATION

Implementation of CommunityInvolvement Pursuant to

Act No. 18 Year 2008

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Garbage will have economical value by turning it into compost fertilizer. Photo Bowo Leksono


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Since the launch of the act, solid

waste management in Indonesia hasentered a new paradigm. All parties are

responsible, starting from the commu-

nity, government or other stakeholders

involved in solid waste existence.

All this time, most of the communi-

ties are still trapped in the old collec-

tion-transportation-disposal system.

The new paradigm views waste as

resource which has economic value to

become energy, compost, fertilizer or

industrial material.

Solid Waste Management Res-

ponsibility

In order to have a comprehensive

and integrated solid waste manage-

ment, community's rights and respon-

sibilities as well as roles and responsi-

bilities of the authority both national

and local in serving their civic duties,

law umbrella is required in the form of

act.

Solid waste management is held

based on responsibility, sustainability,

benefit, equality, togetherness, safety,security and economic principles.

In this act, government is not the

only one responsible in solid waste

management; community (household)

and private (as producer of packs

which turned into waste) are also

responsible pursuant to the regulation.

This regulation is stated in section

12 article (1) "every person in house-hold solid waste management and sim-

ilar to household waste is responsible

in reducing and manage the waste in

an environmental friendly ways".

Meanwhile, section 13 stated "the

developer of settlement, commercial,

industrial and special areas, public

facility, social facility and another

facility are responsible in providing

waste separation facility".

In another words, the act has forced

community to recycle in their waste

management. If they are not, penalty

will be given pursuant to the regula-

tion.

Another interesting part of this act

is dealing with the regulation for the

producer is stated in section 14 and 15,

i.e. responsibilities for community;

producers are responsible in managing

their package which is difficult to be

naturally decomposed. Government

will apply reward and punishment

mechanism to companies disobeying

the regulation. It applies to communityas well as individual.

Local and Central Government

Responsibilities

Before the act is launched, although

there were norms, standards, proce-

dures and manuals on solid waste

management, firm regulation did not

exist in local (city/regency) and

provincial government. All local gov-

ernments are based on their local reg-

ulation and created diverse solid waste

management.It was deteriorate with retribution

and penalty problems to increase local

income and not putting effort on man-

agement responsibility in handling

waste for civic needs.

Through this act, the basis for

improvement in solid waste manage-

ment in Indonesia is started. The act

will be followed by government's regu-

lation and local regulation.Solid waste stated in this act con-

sists of household's waste, similar to

household's waste, and specific waste.

Every person planned to conduct solid

waste management service should

obtain permit from local authority pur-

suant to the responsibility. Major can

decide administrative penalty to waste

management service that disobey the

permit regulation.

Central and local governments are

obligated to fund solid waste manage-

ment activities. Community might be

involved in solid waste management

activities held by local and or central

governments. The involvement can be

in the form of :

Suggestion, consideration and

advice to local and or central gov-

ernment;

Formulation of solid waste man-

agement policies; and

Advice and opinion in solid waste

conflict reconciliation.

Implicitly, the solid waste manage-ment act force the local authority to

manage their waste is they do not wish

to be sued or be given penalty. Solid

waste management is local govern-

ment's responsibility.

Section 5 mentioned "central and

local governments are responsible for

the implementation of good and envi-

ronmental friendly solid waste man-

agement programs pursuant to the

act".

Health and cleanliness of an area-in

solid waste context-depend on the will-ingness and interest of its local author-

ity. Supervision of the implementation

of solid waste management in this act

is arranged in a leveled way as stated in

section 30, article (1) and article (2).

Lines of responsibilities for local and

central government are stated in this

act.

16 REGULATION

PercikMay 2009

Environment around the house becomesgreener and fresher. Photo BORDA


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It is everybody's expectation thatthe solid waste problems in this coun-

try will be lowered with the act.

Hopefully, in the future, Indonesia will

be bothered with solid waste problems,

but even provide job opportunities in

this sector.

Meanwhile, in section 289 H article

(1) UUD 1945 provide the rights for all

people to get a good and healthy living

environment. This statement has

brought consequence that government

I obligated to provide solid waste man-

agement service.

Government is the authority and

responsible in solid waste manage-

ment even though in the operational

and maintenance may involve commu-

nity and partnered with company in

solid waste sector. Besides, solid waste

organization and community group

can also be involved in solid waste

management activities.

Community Involvement in Solid

Waste Management

In Act No. 18 Year 2008 about solidwaste management, it is stated that

community can and should participate

in solid waste and similar to solid

waste management, in waste reduction

(limitation, reuse and recycle) and

solid waste management (separation,

collection, transportation, treatment

and final process).

Before, community involvement in

solid waste management has been

arranged in Public Work Minister

Regulation No. 21/PRT/M/2006

about policy and strategy on solidwaste management system develop-

ment.

Community based solid waste man-

agement is one of the strategy from the

policy (2) in minister Regulation No.

21/PRT/M/2006 on active role of

community and private/company as

partner in management. Community

has been proven to be effectively run-

ning the program better and more suc-

cessful especially when they are

involved since the beginning. This

activity can be done to increase the

solid waste management in settlementarea through local community devel-

opment, which can be replicated in

other areas.


Management (CBSWM) is solid waste

management system which is planned,

arranged, operated, maintained and

owned by community. The objective is

to have self-help community in keep-

ing the cleanliness of the environment

through environmental friendly solid

waste management. CBSWM princi-

ples are: community participation,self-help, efficiency, environmental

protection and integration.

Act No. 18 Year 2008 about solid

waste management regulates solid

waste management comprehensively

and integrally from upstream to down-

stream to get economical, health bene-

fits for the community as well as envi-

ronmental safety and change commu-

nity behavior.

Local government should be careful

since community may use their rights

in getting better solid waste facility.

Furthermore, community can proposea law sue if they feel that they are los-

ing their rights. The implementation of

this act has brought consequence to

the local government to re-arrange

from policy, method, technique or

even regulation aspects.

Hopefully, with the involvement of

all, solid waste problems can be solved.

The important thing is there is aware-

ness from all parties that they are part

of this environment where they live

and they will have environment love in

their heart. Ujang Solihin Sidik

Chief of Waste Management

Environmental Ministry

Resumed by

Bowo Leksono and Ratna Kurnia Dewi

17 REGULATION

PercikMay 2009

Solid waste management starting from houshold level. Photo BORDA


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18 REGULATION

Solid waste management has

show progress at least from the

existence of regulation. At this

moment, we have Act No. 18 Year

2008 on Solid Waste Management,

which will be followed by government's

regulation. Preceding the regulation,

Public Work Department has issued

Public Work Minister Regulation No.

21/PRT/M/2006 on Policy and

Strategy on the Development of Solid

Waste Management System. On each

region, they have also local regulations

on solid waste management.

This article will try to explain

briefly in the arrangement of solid

waste management in city/regency

through local regulation. What aspects

are stated in those regulations and

does community involvement also

included there.

Local Regulation as a Basis forLaw Enforcement

Good governance is a basic for

national's objective. Based on section 3

article (1) Act No. 23 Year 2004 on

Local Government, it is stated

"Republic of Indonesia is divided into

provincials and province is divided

into regency and city which has their

own regulation". Meanwhile, in article

(2) mentioned "Local government

mentioned in article (1) arrange their

own governance, local government has

the rights to develop regulation pur-suant to the needs, situations

and conditions of their

area".

Therefore, the developer of local

regulation must comprehend the

needs of the community. Besides, by

paying attention on the suggestion

from community members can createsense of ownership and moral respon-

sibility to obey the rules.

The development of local regula-

tion begins with problems formula-

tion, for that it has to answer the ques-

tion "what social problem needs to be

solved?" Social problems normally

divided into two types, first is the

social problem caused by community

social bad behavior. For example like

loitering, which cause dirty environ-

ment, therefore cleanliness regulation

is necessary. Second, social problemscaused by law regulation that is not

suitable with its community's condi-

tion. For example is the local regula-

tion on health care which happen to be

burden for poor community.

Therefore, they cannot get

proper medical serv-

ice.

In developing local regulation, it

will involve several government organ-

izations such as chief of the region

including the departments and localhouse of representative. They will have

to be organized to unite them for

developing the local regulation.

Section 143 Act No. 32 Year 2004

on Local Governance, it is mentioned :

(1) Local regulation may contain

guideline on penalty for law enforce-

ment, entirely or partly to the violator

pursuant to the act.

(2) Local regulation may contain

criminal punishment longest by 6 (six)

months or penalty of maximum Rp

50.000.000 (fifty million rupiah).(3) Local regulation may contain

punishment or penalty other than

mentioned in article (2) pursuant to

the act.

Section 243 Act No. 32 Year 2004

on local governance is the law basic in

arranging the reparatory administra-

Local Regulation

on Solid Waste Management

The exisiting infrastructure like a pair of trash bin for wet and dry garbage in front of local govern-ment offices turned out to be ineffective. Photo Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009


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19 REGULATION

tive punishment. Administrative pun-

ishment can be directly given by the

government. Therefore, local regula-

tion should be comprehensive includ-

ing law basis, types of penalty, proce-

dures and the authority. This is differ-

ent with criminal punishmentr .

Local Regulation on Solid Waste

Management

Although the solid waste manage-

ment Act has just been launched and

the government regulation is still in

the development, each government has

the local regulation on solid waste

management already.To get the overview on solid waste

management within local regulation

framework, we have compared 7 local

regulations from South-East Maluku

Regency, Depok City, Surabaya City,

Tangerang Regency, Bontang City,

Sleman Regency, and Bandung City.

We found some interesting aspects.

First, the names of local regulations

are varied. Some of them are specially

regulating solid waste management,

but some other connects it with

waste/cleanliness retribution suchas in South-East Maluku

Regency, Depok City,

Surabaya City

and Bandung City. They named the

regulation as cleanliness/waste service

retribution, while Sleman Regency,

Bontang City and Tangerang Regency

named it cleanliness/solid waste man-

agement. There is one regulationwhich meant to collect as much retri-

bution as possible that is in Solok City

No. 6 Year 1999. The entire regulation

is only arranging retribution for col-

lecting, transporting, treatment or dis-

posal of households, trading, hospital,

hotel and factory solid waste.

Second, aspects discussed within

each local regulation are different. The

aspects can be summarized into (i)

general instruction (definition); (ii)

objective and target; (iii) using the ci-

tizen's right to get a good and environ-

mental friendly of solid waste manage-

ment service from local government;

(iv) procedure on responsibility to

manage household and similar to

household waste; (v) procedure on get-

ting permit for solid waste manage-

ment service; (vi) types of solid waste

management service; (vii) solid waste

treatment; (viii) solid waste manage-

ment funding; (ix) compensation by

local government; (x) types and proce-

dures of community involvement; (xi)prohibition on waste disposal; (xii)

supervision on solid waste manage-

ment; (xiii) administrative penalty;

(xiv) retribution procedure; (xv) crimi-

nal penalty. Further information can

be seen in the following table.

From all aspects mentioned above,

in 7 local regulations, there are onlygeneral procedures. Followings are

procedures on getting permission and

types of solid waste service, retribu-

tion, and criminal punishment. It looks

like local government has viewed waste

as business opportunity. Besides, local

regulation has become tool for law

enforcement with the criminal punish-

ment.

In the examples of local regulations

above, community involvement is

reflected in right and responsibility,

prohibition on waste disposal, and

specifically on types and procedures if

community involvement. However,

this aspect is only mentioned in 4 out

of 7 local regulations.

Effectiveness of Local Regulation

Section 289 H article (1) 1945

Constitution gives rights for every per-

son to get good and healthy environ-

ment. This has brought consequence

that government should provide public

service in solid waste management.Government is the authority and

responsible for the solid waste ma-

Community initiative in solid waste management is more effective in reducing waste generationPhoto Bowo Leksono

PercikMay 2009

Mentoring activity for solid waste management inRT level. Photo: BORDA


22/124

20 REGULATION

ASPECTS ON LOCAL REGULATION REGARDING SOLID WASTE:OBSERVATION ON 7 LOCAL REGULATIONS

nagement although in its implementa-

tion may involve community or having

partnership with solid waste service

provider.

However, the cleanliness condition

of cities in Indonesia is below average.

One of the reasons is the lack of health

and hygiene education since early age

and lack of law enforcement from the

local regulation. Furthermore, com-

munity has not aware of the existence

of regulation and the law penalty.

In Indonesia, before the act islaunched, there is no definite

standard on solid waste management

and its punishment. Every local gov-

ernment is using their local regulation;

therefore the handling is different on

each region. Besides, local government

is still trapped in retribution and

penalty issues to increase the local

income rather than feeling responsible

for the solid waste management.

The increase of effectiveness from

the local regulation in the future will

depend on the availability of the gov-

ernment regulation as the descendentof the solid waste act. At this moment,

the government regulation is in finish-

ing phase. This regulation will be the

umbrella for local regulation on solid

waste management. Soon after it is

PercikMay 2009

Games of separating garbage for children as ameans of educating clean and hygienic living

since they're still young. Photo: BaliFokus

NoComponents City/RegencySouth-East

MalukuDepok Surabaya Tangerang Bontang Sleman Bandung

1 General instruction (definition); V V V V V V V

2 Objective and target; V V V

3 Using the citizens right to get a goodand environmental friendly of solid

waste management service from localgovernment;

V V V V

4 Procedure on responsibility tomanage household and similar tohousehold waste;

V V V V V

5 Procedure on getting permit for solidwaste management service;

V V V V V

6 Types of solid waste management

service;

V V V V

7 Solid waste treatment; V V V V

8 Solid waste management funding; V V V

9 Compensation by local government; V V V

10 Types and procedures of communityinvolvement;

V V V

11 Prohibition on waste disposal; V V V

12 Supervision on solid wastemanagement;

V V V

13 Administrative penalty; V V V V

14 Retri bution procedure; V V V V

15 Criminal penalty V V V V V


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21 REGULATION

When government troubledabout institution, fund andsolid waste regulation, several NGOs

and community group has managedto run solid waste management in

household and neighborhood level.

They have community development

programs in slum areas. Commu-

nities are encouraged to separate

between organic and inorganic

waste. Afterwards, 3R activities are

performed such as composting,

recycling the waste into handicrafts

and planting trees. Unfortunately,

this kind of community involvement

is not facilitated by the government.

The community was working bythemselves.

For that purpose, it is interesting

to see how far the community

involvement has been accommodat-

ed in the national policy and strate-

gy. However, the national policy and

strategy exist before the solid waste

management act was launched.

Basically, the community

involvement has been accommodat-

ed in one of the strategy of 2nd poli-cy in Ministry Regulation No.

21/PRT/M/2006 about National

Policy and Strategy on the develop-

ment of Solid Waste Management

System, which is the increase of

active role of community and private

sector as partners in management.

Community has been proven to

be effectively running the program

better and more successful especial-

ly when they are involved since the

beginning. This activity can be done

to increase the solid waste manage-ment in settlement area through

local community development,

which can be replicated in other

areas.

Ministry Regulation No.

21/PRT/M/2006 is a mandate from

the government regulation No.16

Year 2005 on the development of

drinking water supply system and

can be use as guideline for central

and local government in improvingsolid waste management system

sustainably and environmental

friendly.

Community involvement in solid

waste management activity is officially

called community based solid waste

management (CBSWM). It is translat-

ed into a solid waste management sys-

tem which is planned, arranged, oper-

ated, maintained and owned by com-

munity.

The objective is to have self-help

community in keeping the cleanlinessof the environment through environ-

mental friendly solid waste manage-

ment. CBSWM principles are: com-

munity participation, self-help, effi-

ciency, environmental protection and

integration.

National Policy and Strategy on the Development ofSolid Waste Management System

Community initiative in solid waste management is more effective in reducing waste generation .Photo: Pusdakota.

PercikMay 2009

legalized, existing local regulationshould be reviewed and revised if nec-essary. Therefore, law enforcementcan be applied and local regulation willbe effective in increasing the perform-

ance of local solid waste management,including the motivating the increaseof community involvement.Local government should be careful indealing with solid waste managementsince community can use their rightsin getting better solid waste manage-ment service, and they can proposelaw sue. The implementation of thisact has brought consequence for localto re -arrange the waste managementfrom policy, method, technique andeven regulation aspects. (Dewi dan

OM)


24/124

This article is summarized from

the discussion between

BORDA, BEST, LPTP and

Balifokus in the study frame of govern-

ment acts and regulations and its rele-

vance on the development of commu-

nity based solid waste management

program. This discussion is held in

Yogyakarta on the 10th of December

2008 and presented in study forum of

Pokja AMPL in Jakarta in 27th of

February 2009.

As we have already known, that

starting on 8th of May 2008, Act No.

18 Year 2008 on solid waste manage-

ment has been implemented. The birth

of the act gave new motivation in themiddle of solid waste problems in

cities in Indonesia.

On several occasions, it was

explained by the government that by

the launch of this act, it means that

there is shifting of paradigm on solid

waste management from end of pipe to

treatment as source. Community has

also the opportunity to participate in

solid waste management activities.

The question, now, is whether the

act can accommodate the role and par-

ticipation of the community since allthis time was the biggest contributor of

waste and always 'accused' for not (yet)

having the awareness?

The Needs for the Derivative

Regulation

Based on the study done by the

solid waste task force (GTPS), the act

still requires derivative regulations to

be effective which are: 3 Ministry

Regulations and 11 government/local

regulations. Are the regulations there

already? Or if it is there, is it in accor-

dance with the intended regulations?

Based on information, at this moment,

Environmental Ministry is preparing

the Government Regulation Draft on

waste reduction, waste managementand hazardous waste management.

Pleasing Sections

From the perspective of community

involvement, at least several sections

within the act are satisfying since it

mentions community involvement

although not very clear. Some of them

are:

1. Section 13, settlement developer

should provide waste separation facili-

ty. In the explanation, it is mentioned

that settlement includes cluster, con-

dominium and apartment.

2. Section 5 also stated that central

and local government is responsible to

provide solid waste management. This

section can b

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