Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and

Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning AgencyRepublic of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Ismail, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda

Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Meiza Aprizya, Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.comredaksi@ampl.or.id

oswar@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accom-panied by identity.

Cover by RUDI KOSASIH

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Aceh Emergency, Disaster Emergency 3

Standard Operational Procedure for Disaster Emergency 7

Tsunami 8

Imagining the Face of the Veranda of Mecca 9

Interview

The Community Must to Be Resettled 13

"Our Surveilance is Functioning" 14

TPA Must Be Enlarged 16

Fulfillment of Basic Infrastructure and Provision of Access 17

Meeting the Minimum Level of Service 20

Telescope

PDAM Banda Aceh, Your Story Today 21

To Take Care of the Survival 22

Book Info 23

Website Info 24

IATPI Clinic 25

Reportase

At ZERO POINT 26

Insight

Tragic Story at Lewigajah. Are We Learning a Lesson? 30

Waste Material Management in the Town of Luwuk 33

Community Empowerment Model in Water Supply and Sanitation Management

for Settlement Area 35

Clean Beach and Blue Sea Through GBPL 38

About WASPOLA 39

About WSS 45

Agenda 52

Glossary 53

R O M E D I T O RFDear readers,

It seems we are not really aware that ithas been four months we did not see eachother. There is, of course, a feeling oflongingness to be able to greet you onceagain. Thanks God, in this opportunitywe are able to visit your drawing room.

Please be informed, that the presenceof Pecik is inseparable from governmentsupport. Therefore, Percik's life dependson the liquidity of budget support. As youknow, APBN budget is liquid in April sothat Percik has to adjust with it. Onceagain, please be informed and pardon usfor the delay, until someday when Percikhas become financially independent.

Readers, this time we present you inthe main feature a discussion aboutearthquake and tsunami that devastateda major portion of Nanggroe Aceh Da-russalam and a small part of NorthSumatra. Though a bit late, some newdata especially related to water supplyand environmental sanition may hopeful-ly be useful. This is our sincere participa-tion in the on going process there.

Compared with the previous edition,the main feature is somewhat longer.This is related to the magnitude of thedisaster that involved damage to propertyand invaluable loss of human lives.Because of the size and the extent of thedisaster, we cannot present you all thesectors that were damaged and how torehabilitate them. Whereas, this is actu-ally a very important matter for all of usto be informed about.

Our discussion is limited on WSS sectorconsisting of drinking water, solid waste,severage, and drainage. Our objective isthat the readers have a better knowledgeabout the condition of this sector during theemergency response and able to imaginewhat it will look like after the rehabilitationand reconstruction. To support the presen-tation, we present to you our interviewswith the individuals involved in the ma-nagement during the emergency responseand after that.

As usual, we still present to you theold coloumns. Such as insight, kaleidos-cope, reportase, info, bibliography, aboutWSS, around WASPOLA, agenda, and soforth. The contents of these columns areemphasized on subjects related to tsuna-mi and its impact. We also keep in mindto insert an article about Lewigajah casein Bandung. This is important consider-ing its significance in the dynamics ofwaste material management in Indonesiaso that it could be used as a reflection forTPA (final solid waste disposal site) man-agement and that all the basic require-ments for a TPA should be met.

Dear readers, there is a pleasing infor-mation for us. Percik is gaining moreacceptance from day to day even to thosewho are newly acquainted to it. This isnot only within this country but also fromabroad. For your information, beside inIndonesian language Percik is also pub-

lished in English. When the members ofWorking Group attended Water Week2005 in the United States, last February,an attempt was made to introduce Percikto the Water Week participants. Theresult, it sold well. A few hundred copieswere distributed. Favourable responsewas flowing in. This of course means a lotto us.

Altough it is getting more and morewelknown, we never cease to promotePercik. One of them is through Appro-priate Technology exhibition in theframework of World Water Day com-memoration, held last end of April. Percikis also present in WSS related events atthe national and regional levels.

At the least, with the presence ofPercik, water and sanitation relatedissues are continuously brought to ourattention. Let's hope for the best.

Best regards.

Pokja AMPL is welcoming the visit of Ede Jorge Ijjasz-Vasquez, Manager of Water and Sanitation Program (second from right) to see what the Pokja is doing.

1PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: FANY WEDAHUDITAMA

O U R V O I C EY

2 PercikMay 2005

Sanitation CoverageRating Data

I've been observing Percik from

time to time. Percik have always pre-

senting issues regarding water and sa-

nitation. These issues are very compli-

cated due to the decreasing of our envi-

ronmental quality as an impact of

human's irresponsible act.

I've read Percik December 2004

edition and I like to comment on the

Cities Sanitation Coverage Rating Data

2002. Firstly, we are tend to give our

attention more on the quantity rather

than the quality. In Metro City, more

than 90% of the population consume

water from deep wells, but according to

our study, most of those wells are po-

lluted with faecal coli.

Secondly, the type of sanitation

facilities is unclear as there are various

types of sanitation facilities (water su-

pply facility, sewerage system, latrine,

solid waste disposal location). In fact,

there are some cases where the water

supply coverage is higher than the

latrine service coverage. Thus, the

Rating Data should be elaborated with

more specified information about sani-

tation facility types and their condition.

Arvianda Jaya AR

Staff of Environmental Health Section

Health Agency, Metro City,

Lampung

Thank you for the comments. That

is a good suggestion of yours that we

should elaborate the Rating Data with

more specified information about sa-

nitation facility types and the condi-

tion of those facilities. We will revise

the Rating Data as soon as we able to

gather the necessary data from the

involved parties. (Editor)

Request for Percik

The UPTD Laboratorium Kese-

hatan Daerah (Local Health Labo-

ratory) of Sawahluto/Sijunjung Mu-

nicipality is responsible for water and

environmental quality monitoring in

Sawahluto/Sijunjung. Issues covered

in Percik are relevant with our scope

of work. We hope that the publisher

continues to send us Percik periodi-

cally.

Asrul, SKM

Head Of UPTD Laboratorium

Kesehatan Daerah of Sawahluto/Sijunjung

Municipality

The publisher also received same

requests from Sujoto SH, MM (Head of

Environmental Agency, Sragen Muni-

cipality) and Riau Province Legislative

Board Secretariat. (Editor)

Subscription Inquiry

I received Percik on a seminar in

Yogyakarta. I found the content inte-

resting. I like to subscribe for this ma-

gazine. How much do I have to pay? I

also like to receive CDs that covered in

the magazine. Thank you.

Wisnu H Wibowo

Lecturer

Department of Environmental

Engineering, Diponegoro University

Semarang

Percik subscription is free of charge

because this magazine is funded by the

APBN (National Budget). If you like to

receive Percik regularly, send us your

complete address via postal mail or

email. Regarding to CDs that you ask

for, we have a limited stock of it. If there

are any CDs left in our stock, we will

send it to you. (Editor)

Thank You

Hereby we like to thank you for

Percik 8th edition that you sent us. We

hope that Percik continue to grow to be

more reliable in quality and published

regularly.

Ir. Agus Slamet MSc.

Head of Environmental Engineering

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November

Surabaya

Thank you for your comment. We

also receive the same comments from

Head of General Affairs and Human

Resource Bureau Ministry of Environ-

ment and Regional and City Panning

Program Department of Planology

Trisakti University.

A I N R E P O R TM

Sunday. The time indicated 07.58WIB. When most of the peoplewere enjoying holiday, morning

gym, or a sip of hot coffee in thewarungs, playing on the beach, andenjoying the day with family, all of asudden the earth of Aceh and an islandoff the coast of West Sumatra were sha-ken with an earthquake at 9.0 on theRichter scale. Buildings collapsed.People were fleeing their houses forsafety. Some were unable, though. They

were trapped within the falling debris.A few minutes later another surprise

followed. Mountains of water cameplundering the coastal areas. The peakmight be as high as a coconut tree. Mo-ving at a speed of more than 900 km/hr.That's what people came to know astsunami. The sudden "attack" crusheddown anything on its way. Everythingindiscriminately. Buildings, vehicles,people, animals, all were unable to with-stand it. All seemed to be nothing.

The tsunami happened as a conse-quence of an earthquake at the IndianOcean. Precisely on the west coast ofSumatra. The earthquake occured atthe Indo-Australian fragment thatcaused slabs of earth crust below the seaslide as far as 10 metres. This is whattrigers the appearance of tsunami.Based on the existing record this tsuna-mi was the fourth biggest since 1900 andthe first in the last 40 years. Not only inSumatra, this huge tidal waves also hit

3PercikMay 2005

SOU

RC

E: B

AMBA

NG

PU

RW

ANTO

/TAN

WIR

Thailand, Srilanka, India and severalcountries of the eastern coast of Africa.

It is not known exactly how manypeople lost their lives in the disaster. It isestimated 200 thousand died and anoth-er 1,5 million had to take refuge. Thebiggest number is in Indonesia. The la-test data record 115.000 died, and morethat 100.000 wounded. Refugees arescattereed in 21 kabupatens/kotas ofNanggroe Aceh Darussalam, and someareas in Sumatra Utara.

The total economic loss,according to World Bankestimate, is USD 4-5 billion(40-50 trillion rupiahs).Some even mentioned thatthe total loss might reach 7billion dollars. This condi-tion may reduce Indonesianeconomic growth by 0,1 - 0,4percent. Those figures do notinclude invaluable loss oflives and human sufferings.

Based on data presentedin "Indonesia: PreliminaryDamage and Loss Assess-ment - the December 26,2004 National Disaster, Ja-karta. 19 January" and "Indo-nesia: Notes on Recon-struction - the December 26,2004 National Disaster, Ja-karta. 19 January" more than1.000 villages and cities wereaffected by the disaster im-pact and approximately100.000 houses were totallydamaged. It was estimatedthat the total loss to Aceh andNorth Sumatra was Rp 13,4trillion (USD 1,4 billion).

Based on field observa-tion and identification, thereare several factors that cau-sed so many casualties:

There are no highlandsfor the people to run forsafety;

There are no direct accesses fromwhich people could reach higherplaces without hindrance;People were trapped in bottleneck be-cause road pattern and networks werenot designed for evacuation function;Struck by boulders or pieces of bro-ken construction, equipment, vehi-cles, trees, and so on that were car-ried over by the current;Collapsing buildings because theywere not designed to withstand

earthquakes or tidal waves.

Damage to InfrastructureMassive destruction hit the coastal

areas. These areas suffer from double di-saster, earthquake and tsunami, whileother places suffered from infrastructuredamages caused by earthquake only. Theinfrastructure damage has caused a dras-tic decline of service both in Aceh and theisland of Nias. The damage covered vari-ous sectors including transport, energy

and telecommunication, wa-ter resources, drinking water,sanitation and drainage, ho-using, and other infrastruc-tures and facilities. This pa-per attempts to discuss spe-cifically about issues relatedto drinking water and sanita-tion service.

Drinking WaterThe dreadful disaster not

only wiped down houses andother buildings, but it also ca-used severe damages to watersupply facility and infra-structures that belongs toPDAM (local water enterpri-se) as well as the communi-ty's. In general the damagesto PDAM installations happe-ned in the intake facility, wa-ter processing unit, and dis-tribution network. The da-mage level varies between 10-90 percent. PDAM also suf-fers from financial problemespecially in overcoming therunning costs. The financialloss due to inactivated facilityhas reached Rp 29 billion.

Before the disaster PDAMproduction in the Province ofAceh varied from 20 to 425l/sec. The biggest productionwas by PDAM Banda Aceh,PDAM Sabang and PDAM

A I N R E P O R TM

4 PercikMay 2005

Table 1Total Number of Buildings

Based on the Type of Repair and Construction

Number of houses

Source:Directorate of Settlement and Housing, Bappenas, 2005

I123456789

10111213141516

II12

NO REGION

Province of NADKabupaten Simeuleu Kabupaten Aceh Selatan Kabupaten Aceh TimurKabupaten Aceh BaratKabupaten Aceh BesarKabupaten PidieKabupaten Bireuen Kabupaten Aceh UtaraKabupaten Nagan RayaKabupaten Aceh JayaKabupaten Aceh SingkilKota Banda Aceh Kota SabangKota LhokseumaweKabupaten Aceh Barat DayaKota LangsaSub Total

Province of Sumatra UtaraKabupaten NiasKabupaten Nias SelatanSub Total

TOTAL

1.8633.0052.4263.1916.7807.3685.3198.4142.5002.6422.804

20.448947

2.1472.849

70077.903

7.8904.365

12.255

90.158

4.9681.4405.0779.835

30.34415.2175.319

17.3403.9948.7141.3843.9343.0991.0582.8491.000

119.072

23.67013.096

36.766

155.838

NewBuilding Repair

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Lhok Seumawe. Other PDAMs were rela-tively small, varying from 20-60 l/sec. Inthe provinve of Sumatra Utara onlyPDAM Sibolga had relatively big produc-tion.

Shortly after the disaster, drinkingwater service was in real mess. It wasbecause many of the employees fell victimor members of their families were eitherdead or lost. It was difficult to movethem to serve the community. As a wayout, Perpamsi (Association of IndonesianDrinking Water Suppliers) mobilised per-sonnel from outside Aceh, particularlyfrom Medan, even as far as Jakarta, tohelp the situation.

"We made inventory taking what therefugees needed most and we coordinat-ed with the extraordinary personnel. Anda number of 1 litre capacity water purifi-cation equipment was sent to severalrefugee camps. We sent technicians toBanda Aceh because we were certain thatthe installation must be out of order,"said Drs. Godman Ambarita, PerpamsiExecutive Director.

In addition, Perpamsi also immedi-ately sought help for simple water treat-ment facility for the refugees. At the sa-me time, foreign as well as domestic vo-lunteers spontaneously began to makedrinking water ready for the refugees. Agroup of volunteers from Solo forinstance, dug water wells to pump upgroundwater for the refugee camps.While the Australian army brought inmobile water treatment facility at 20.000l/hr capacity producing potable water forthe city of Banda Aceh. UNICEF handedover 4 units of water treatment facility at15 m3/hr (4 l/sec) cap. to help easing upwater shortages in the towns of Calang,Tenom, and Kuala on the west coast, andthe towns of Pidie, Pantai Raya, andPeudada on the east coast. SiliwangiArmy Command operated Mobile WaterTreatment Unit at 2,3 l/sec capacityloaned by LAPI ITB. Beside water treat-ment units, there was also aid in the formof chemicals for water purification and

desinfectant such as alum, chlorine, andassistance for operational costs.

UNICEF representatives in BandaAceh took an initiative to form "Watsan"team (Water and Sanitation), cosisting ofdomestic as well as foreign organi-zation/institution/NGO to help NADcommunity especially in water supplyand sanitation service. The Watsan teamwill discuss, evaluate, and exchangeinformation related to water supply andsanitation.

With the multiple parties lending helpin water and sanitation has helped tokeep the refugees in a relatively sound

health condition. During the emergencyphase there has never been any extraordi-nary outbreak of disease. One of the rea-sons was the relatively good water supplycondition.

In general, the emergency responseconsisted of efforts to recover and reacti-vate the existing installations and somelimited repairworks. This was to fill thewater tanks for emergency need of thetsunami victims especially in the refugeecamps. Besides, emergency repairs to

main distribution system for areas withpiping network through replacement ofthe broken pipes and isolation of theseverely damaged areas in order to savewater pressure on the main pipeline.

Garbage HandlingThe tsunami left behind a huge

amount of city solid waste. Debris fromshattered buildings mixed with plantwastes and dead bodies. With such abig amount of wastes, it was impossiblefor the ordinary city cleaning agency tohandle all of it. There must be otherparties to take part in handling this.

Moreover, the garbage could not behandled in the usual way, it neededheavy machineries.

Saefuddin, the Head of City CleaningAgency revealed, that his agency can onlydeal with ordinary domestic waste mate-rials. Even then, it has been brought to avery limited scale because most of thegarbage fleet was broken down. "There isno problem with labourers, though," hesaid

The removal of the debris was han-

A I N R E P O R TM

5PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

dled by the armed forces together withother agencies and institutions. "Theyare cleaning the debris and at the samelocating dead bodies buried under thedevastated construction," he explained.The method proved very effective becausethe whole area was divided in zones ofoperation. But because of its size theoperation itself took a long time to finish.One month after the disaster the garbagecleaning was still unfinished, all becauseof the extent of the area.

The debris from various parts of thecity was dumped at a final disposalground (TPA). Because of the amount ittook a large space. The TPA which ope-rates under open dumping technologycould not hold all the garbage sent into it.This happened with TPA Kampung Jawa,Banda Aceh. Besides being too small, theTPA was also hit by the tsunami. Theworkshop and heavy equipment to sup-port the operation were severely dama-ged. "It is estimated 10-20 ha of additio-nal space is needed for this TPA," saidSaefuddin.

During the emergency response theBanda Aceh City Cleaning Agency main-tained three garbage handling priorities.First, the refugee concentration campswhere most of the population were tem-porarily dwelling. Second, the marketplace. Third, expatriate housing area.This is to make the guests live relativelyconveniently. To handle the vast amop-unt of waste materials the employees ofthe Cleaning Agency had to work longhours in shifts.

During the emergency responsemoney was no problem because financialassistance kept flowing in. The fund ca-me from UNICEF and UNDP. But thatwas only during the emergency response.The question is what will happen afterthat. "What is certain is, our job is in-creasing with the new duty cleaningdrainage gutters around the settlementareas," Saefuddin firmly said.

Wastewater

Before the disaster the access to sani-tation and septic tank was relatively satis-factory. Based on provincial record, theaccess of urban citizens to household toi-let is 76,68 percent. In the city of BandaAceh 95,50 percent of the population in89 kelurahans has household toilets, 2kelurahans have public toilets and 2 otherkelurahans are without toilets.

The damage to kabupatens/kotas thatused to have no wastewater treatmentfacility has caused the houses including

the toilets and septic tanks weredestroyed. In urban areas with waste-water treatment installations had thesefacilities inactivated.

This condition necessitates constructionof emergency toilets in refugee camps.Helps came in the form of knocked downtoilets and waste truck. These facilities weredonated by the government and somedonor volunteers. The establishment ofthese toilets have been instrumental to theprevention of diseases that are common inany disaster stricken area, particularlycholera and diarrhoea.

City DrainageThe tsunami has made vast areas of

the city under stagnant water. Citydrainage ditches are disfuctioned becausethey are clogged with sediment, sand ordebris. Some drainage network is evendamaged beyond recovery. This condi-tion has made 90 percent of the drainageditches of Banda Aceh and Meulaboh areout of function.

To prevent damage to land and out-break of diseases the government andvolunteers dried up inundated areas andriver estuaries. This activity became partof evacuation of victims from rivers andcleaning river body from sand brought inby the tsunami. (mujiyanto)

A I N R E P O R TM

6 PercikMay 2005

Location of TPASpace areaManagement TechnologyManpower

Contribution

Transport FacilityBulldozerDump TruckPick upArmroll TruckContainer

Service coverage

Kampung Jawa (3 km from the centre of city of Banda Aceh12 ha (combined with wastewater treatment installation)Controlled Landfill353 people, consisting of:1) 300 field workers2) 45 casual workers3) 8 government employees4) 40 persons missingNo payment for household, commercial/stores Rp75.000 per year

3 ea. severely damaged14 ea. severely damaged, 3 ea.slightly damaged16 ea. - 13 ea. lost; 3 ea. slightly damaged6 ea. all are severely damaged40 ea. in bad shapeThe entire city

Source: Aceh Natural Disaster Rehabilitation Progress ReportD. G. Kotdes, Dept Publ. Works, 23 Febr. 2005

During the emergencyresponse money was noproblem because finan-

cial assistance kept flow-ing in. The fund camefrom UNICEF and UNDP.But that was only duringthe emergency response.The question is what will

happen after that

Illustrative Garbage Handling Condition

Well Cleaning and Desinfectionin Emergency Condition

There are 5 steps in dip well clean-ing and desinfection after a disas-

ter. The steps are illustrated in thefollowing sketch:

1. Inventory taking of recoverablewells

3. Water desinfection using 1 litreof 0,02 percent chlorine for

100 litres of well water

4. Draining

2. Cleaning the wells from debrisand other pollutants, using pumps,and other tools. At this stage it isnecessary to examine the turbidity

level. Whether it has reached 5 NTU(normal turbidity unit). If not, the

well must be recleaned. If yes, thenwe may enter the following step.

5. Control of chlorine content. If the water still contains more than

0,5 mg/l the well must bere-drained. If less, the well

is ready for use.

Clean Water : Minimum Supply to Keep Alive 7 litres/person/dayMinimum Supply to Maintanance 15-20 litres/person/day

Food : Minimum Energy Needed 2.100 kkal/person/day

A I N R E P O R T

Disaster EmergencyStandard Operational Procedure

M

Household Scale EmergencyDinking Water Treatment

1. Coarse screening A piece of cleancloth may be used. It inludes

aeration process.

2. Storage and Sediment SettlingThis process can kill 50 percent of

bacteria in one day

3. Filtration, i.e. passing the waterthrough a porous medium such as

sand, charcoal, and ceramic

4. DesinfectionIt funtions to killpathogens such as virus, spores and

fungi. This can be done throughadding chlorine or exposing the waterunder UV light (Sodis), or treatment

with other types of chemical

Garbage Handlingin Emergency Condition

1. Preliminary EvaluationAt this stageit is necessary to map out the typesof waste and their influence to thecommunity, including the system

2. Quick Response (1month)Gathering together scatteredlitters and managing domestic and

market wastes. Digging disposal pitfor household with extra land space,or construction of a community scale

temporary disposal ground

3. Medium Response(6 months)Collection and construction

of final disposal facility and its moperating system. Including the trans-

portation arrangement, manpower,space area and community educationin waste management right form its

source of origin.

4. Long term solution

There are 4 steps in garbage handling:

Base Standard

Service and InfrastructureRequirement for Refugee Camp1 toilet for one family (6-10 persons)1 tap for one community (80-100persons)1 health centre for one camp(20.000 people)1 hospital for more than 200.000people1 school for 5 thousand people2 garbage bins for one community(80-100 people)

Tenaga kesehatan dan sanitasi

Sanitarian and medical personnelfor 10-20 thousand refugees:Community Health: 10-20Nurse: 1Doctor/Medical Asst.: 1-3Lab technician: 1Sanitarian : 2-4Traditional Midewife: 6-10Midewife: 3-4Pharmacist: 1Asst Sanitation: 20

7PercikMay 2005

Source: WHO

Tsunami is a word bor-rowed from the Ja-panese. Tsu means har-

bour and nami means wave.The expression was created byJapanese fishermen who re-turned to harbour and found thearea around the harbour wasdamaged, although they did notfeel the waves while in the opensea.

Tsunami is a natural phe-nomenon consisting a series ofwaves when sea or lake watermoves swiftly at a devastatingspeed. Earthquake, sliding ofearth slab, volcano eruption,and the impact of a meteoricmay cause tsunami. The dama-ge caused by tsunami rangesfrom inconspicuous up to majordevastation.

Most tsnunamis are gene-rated by an earthquake belowthe ocean bottom. But such anearthquake is too small to causean effect to the surface unless itis followed with a movement of the earthcrust. When the crust moves, it causestsunami waves. Actually, through theearth crust movement that a tsunami

appears, the initial causes may be earth-quake, or suboceanic volcanic eruption.

In the open seas tsunami may last fora considerable length of time, from a cou-

ple of minutes to several hours, andthe wavelength may extend up tohundreds of kilometres. However,fishermen while in the sea may notfeel anything because the height isless than one metre. The waves areunder the surface with a mightyforce that will manifest itself as ithits a land.

The velocity of the waves variesfrom 500 - 1.000 km/hr. The waveswill be piling up when they approachshallow waters/beach lip producingbig waves at certain height and de-vastating energy. This explains whythe damage was so severe.

Tsunami cannot be defeated.What we can do is mitigation of itsdamage. In Japan, the governmentbuilds a 45 m high retaining wall toprotect a densely populated coastalarea. However, this still is no guaran-tee because sometimes the waves mayreach as high as 30 m like the one hap-pening in Hokkaido. While to protecthuman lives, there is a need for anearly warning system. On the west

coast of America, for instance, there is awarning that provides guidance to the pop-ulation to run away when tsunami is aboutto come. Source: Wikipedia.com

A I N R E P O R T

TsunamiM

1

2

3 5

4

Note:The forming of tsunami wave.

Normal Situation

Fault

Raising

Sinking

Ebbing tide

Flood tide

Overlapping pri-mary waves

Speed reduction

Source: Wikipedia.comEarthquake epicenter

Earthquake epicenter

Disturbance Propagation

Disturbance Coastal flooding

Protection wall against Tsunami in Japan

SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA.COM

8 PercikMay 2005

Yunus is planning to rebuild histsunami damaged home. The 50-year old man does not pay too

much attention to the Aceh rehabilitationand reconstruction master plan. "Forwhatever it costs I must get back, that iswhere we used to live," says Yunus. Hedoes not even care about similar disasterthat may come at any time. "We live forand because of Allah, why should beafraid. When the time comes, we can dieanywhere," he says further in his thickAcehnese dialect.

Far away from Yunus' refugee camp inDarussalam, Aceh Besar, men are busyformulating a master plan. In Jakartathere is a Nangroe Aceh Darussalam andSumatra Utara Rehabilitation and Re-construction Planning Team (R3MAS).In Aceh alone a similar team was alsoestablished. They worked hard to havethe job done within a three month period,right after the disaster. And it was right,at the end of March 2005, the Aceh reha-bilitation and reconstruction master planwas finalised and signed in spite of manywho substantively disagree with it.

The master plan is a product of a teamworking under the coordination byBappenas. The membership consisted ofagencies directly and indirectly relatedand is competent in the respective sectorssuch as BPPT and LIPI. The rehabilita-tion is scheduled from this year right afterthe three month emergency response andwill last till the end of 2006. This will befollowed by the reconstruction periodwhich is estimated to last until the end of2009. As far as activity segmentation isconcerned, everything will be implement-ed simultaneously depending on theurgency and readiness.

According to the master plan the pur-pose of the housing and infrastructurerehabilitation and reconstruction are:

Provision of housing and infrastruc-

ture that could immediately enhanceAceh and Nias community recoveryprocess;Provision of basic infrastructure thatcould effectively and efficiently sup-port the social life and economicprogress and capable of generatingthe feeling of security from the threatof natural disaster.

The policy to be applied will be:Priority is given to infrastructure andfacility related to basic need andlogistic mobility. For this purposethe priority development will beplaced on housing, drinking water,waste water management, garbagehandling, and rehabilitation of accessto entry points such as strategicallylocated sea- and airports togetherwith their corollary road networks.

Provision of assistance and prepara-tory activities related to rehabilita-tion and reconstruction of housingand its basic support infrastructureand facility for the victims of the dis-aster.

Tri Nugroho Utomo, Secretary Gene-ral of the Association of IndonesianSanitation and Environmental Engineers,says that on average the damage areas arelocated 2 km from the coastline. The levelof damage graduates. "Some are totallydamaged, some might be recovered forsettlement, on some precondition, ofcourse. For istance, there must be somecleaning works to be done especially thesurrounding areas, and there must be adrinking water and sanitation facilitybecause the tertiary pipe networks havebeen totally damaged and the water wells

A I N R E P O R TM

a.

b.

2.

Imagining the Face of theVeranda of Mecca

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Emergency toilets: To protect environmental sanitation, the government built emergency toilets

9PercikMay 2005

are out of use," he said.Therefore, according to him, Aceh

recovery will need to be based on a grandstrategy. With this strategy in place it ispossible for the community to develop itsown site plan. "The principle is, infra-structure and facility development mustinvolve the community. For as long as thecommunity's wishes comply with thegrand strategy, there is no problem for themicro aspect to follow the communitywillingness. This will be superior andminimize conflict," he explained further.

Strategy for WSS SectorWater supply and sanitation sector is

not standing by itself. This sector is anintegral part of the general infrastructuredevelopment. Spatial plan becomes sig-nificant in the rearrangement of WSSinfrastructure and facility development inNAD.

Drinking WaterThe strategy for reconstruction of

WSS infrastrucutre and facility is insepa-rable from housing and macro planningas stated in the spatial plan. For reloca-tion of settlement areas, water supplyfacility must be made available prior toconstruction of houses. One of the rea-sons is to make the place attractive to therelocated community.

For urban areas, the initial prioritymust be placed on rehabilitation andreactivating the water treatment facilityand its main distribution network, suffi-cient supply for the refugee concentra-tion, and continued supply to areas nothit by the disaster.

Besides, the development will have tobe based on community demand appro-ach, except for new resettlement areaswhere infrastructure development is laiddown before houses are built followingthe site plan.

As far as repairwork or construction isconcerned, there are two approaches to be

chosen. First, contracting system, consi-dering the large size of work to be done.Second, scattered system, for villageswhere the works are relatively smaller,applying community approach.

The question is, how will the drinkingwater infrastructure and facility develop-ment be financed? Up to now there is nodefinite source of fund. There is a consi-deration to provide O&M subsidy for thefirst year, because the demand for such acost cannot immediately be borne by atariff structure.

The Executive Director of Perpamsi,Drs. Godman Ambarita, Msi, said that hewill try to organize all donors, domestic aswell as foreign, to reactivate PDAM inAceh. "I think it is about time for Aceh torevive. You know that water service inAceh is extremely low because of internalcrisis. I think we have to take lessonsfrom it," he concluded. According to

Godman, several donor countries are will-ing to help in the operation of severalPDAMs. But only on temporary basis."We will support them to get back to lifeand provide services to the community."

Garbage HandlingGarbage problem in Aceh is not quite

different from other areas of Indonesia.Beside the voluminous amount of domes-tic wastes, the tsunami disaster broughtwith it a gigantic amount of debris. That'swhy its handling strategy is actually nottoo far different from waste material ingeneral.

The handling method will be empha-sized on community participationapproach, i.e. management effort startingfrom its source of origin through 3R(reduce, reuse and recycle) program. Thecommunity is directed towards capabilityand willingness to separate, process, re-

A I N R E P O R TM

10 PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Taking Water: Refugees at Camp TVRI of Mata Ie are taking water supplied by PU

use, and collect the wastes. This processis expected to generate additional incomeand employment opportunity. Consi-dering the relatively large scale of worksinvolved the transport and final process-ing activity will have to be done by a con-tractor or conducted by the CleaningAgency.

With regard procurement of materi-als, there must be a specific policy forprocurement, distribution, constructionand operation of materials and equip-ment (heavy machinery, geo-textile,incinerator, etc.) especially when it mustbe imported from other countries.

According to record from the field,garbage handling costs will increase com-pared to it was before the disaster. In thecity of Banda Aceh for instance, theregional Cleaning Agency is preparingitself to procure additional land area atKampung Jawa TPA because the increas-ing amount of waste materials flowing in.At the initial sage, the costs will be borneby by the central government as subsidy.Later on the community will participatethrough contribution of service fee forgarbage cleaning.

WastewaterWastewater management of resettle-

ment areas (with or without relocation)will be done through best practice, suchas city or communal scale wastewaterpiping system. According to Nugroho,this is high time to build an offside sani-tation system.

Just like drinking water, the develop-ment approach should as far as possiblebe conducted through community de-mand approach except in new resettle-ment areas where infrastructure develop-ment takes place before the houses arebuilt. Community demand approach canbe applied in villages. Whereas in urbanareas the construction works are accom-plished through contractual arrange-ment. In the beginning the running costis covered by a subsidy but later on it will

be paid from payment of tariff by thosewho benefit from the service.

City DrainageThe strategy for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction works will be reactivatingthe primary and secondary canalsthrough repairworks and reconstructionof the entirely damaged canals. Also, spe-cial attention will be paid on the integrityof city drainage with other flood controlsystems.

FinancingThe estimated budget for WSS, co-

vering drinking water, sanitation,garbage handling and mikro draininagesystem rehabilitation and resonstructionis somewhere around Rp 1,53 trillion.The target beneficiaries are 366.323 fam-ilies of the cities and villages. The sourceof fund will be from APBN (nationalbudget), provincial budget, Kabupa-

ten/Kota budget, grant and soft loan frominternational organizations and donorcountries, public companies (national aswell as regional), private sector and thecommunity.

In general the financial allocation po-licy is prioritized to rehabilitation. This isbased on consideration that the benefit isalready known from the very beginningand it does not need any intricatepreparatory step. It is also assumed thatrehabilitation will not face land and envi-ronmental problem because the work andactivity are located on the very place itused to be.

In terms of objectives, the drinkingwater and sanitation program is dividedinto two categories. First, recovery activ-ities to the former level of service (i.e.before the tsunami), and secondly,expansion of the service through upgra-ding of the facility or adding new con-struction.

ConstraintsThe existing master plan was develo-

ped in a hurry. In less than 3 months.Admittedly or not, the base data andinformation used for the formulationwere not sufficiently reliable to producean academically and publicly accountableand integrated planning product. As aninfrastructure planning norm requires,the preliminary field survey at a certainlevel of accuracy as basis for decisionmaking, was not met.

It is of no surprise, therefore, theplanners of the master plan took freedomto call the document as an indicativeplanning. That's why, decision makingmust be based on actual and moredetailed field data and information and ata sufficient coverage though balancingthe demand dynamism and availability ofresources. It should be reminded thatone should not act blindly followingsomething simply because the documentis called "master plan". Aceh does notneed fatamorgana! (mujiyanto)

A I N R E P O R TM

The estimated budget forWSS, covering drinking

water, sanitation, garbagehandling and mikro

draininage system reha-bilitation and

resonstruction is some-where around

Rp 1,53 trillion. The target beneficiaries

are 366.323familiesof the cities and villages

11PercikMay 2005

A I N R E P O R TM

12 PercikMay 2005

Wate

r sup

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.929.6

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3.610

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: Rp

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7.603

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5.507

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: Rp

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90.63

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97.77

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: Rp

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9.531

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91.21

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: Rp

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2.260

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: Rp

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6.098

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: Rp

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7.594

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1.490

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8.899

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r: R

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9.574

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: Rp

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12.07

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: Rp

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91.08

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8.261

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: Rp

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: Rp

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50.54

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: Rp

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3.112

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0.114

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: Rp

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9.713

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7.703

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: Rp

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53.35

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: Rp

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: Rp

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81.73

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7.808

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: Rp

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: Rp

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: Rp

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: Rp

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2.128

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: Rp

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: Rp

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77.50

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: Rp

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5.857

.611.0

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6.114

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: Rp

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61.72

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: Rp

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44.61

9.000

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: Rp

234.7

78.83

8.000

ESTI

MAT

ED B

UD

GET

REQ

UIR

EMEN

TFO

R RE

HA

BILI

TATI

ON

AN

D R

ECO

NST

RUCT

ION

WO

RKS

IN A

CEH

AN

D N

IAS

Sour

ce:

BAPP

ENAS

W hat is the government planto anticipate the recent di-

sasters?I think there is a special government

istitution reponsible for handling the after-math of a disaster. Department of PublicWorks (PU), especially Directorate of UrbanPlanning and Rural Planning (TPTP) willand always actively participate. The mostprominent is usually the damage of watersupply facilities and infrastructures. Wateris the most needed immediately after thedisaster. That's why it must be dealt imme-diately. Then followed by actions to dealwith refugees, sanitation, wastewater, andsolid wastes. Those are the rolls of PU.

Does PU already have a guidelineto overcome an emergency situation?

The government already distributes thetasks. There is the so called emergency res-ponse. Who is to be foremost in emergencyresponse, who is taking lead in rehabilita-tion and reconstruction, and so on. I thinkthis standard has been established sinceseveral years ago.

What has been done in Acehduring the emergency response?

During the emergency response, indealing with the refugees, we have dis-tributed water tanks to refugee camps, wealso sent sanitation trucks. This as far aswater supply and sanitation is concerned.In the meantime we reconstruct water su-plly installations in Banda Aceh and Meu-laboh. Now we are constructing barrackscomplemented with water supply andsanitation facilities. The barracks are ex-pected to be functional for two years. Thedrinking water may come from varioussources. If they are near a PDAM instal-lation, we make direct connection, other-wise we dig wells and build a pumpingsystem.

What are the obstacles met in

the field in water supply and sani-tation development?

The difficulty is only in the repairmentworks. There is a lack of local capable man-power in the area that we can mobilise. Wehave to hire from somewhere else.

Plan for the future, what does itlook like? Is there any special policy?

The policy is, the community must beresettled and together with it they will beprovided with water supply facility. Thismeans their new settlement will havewater supply facility.

Is it already included in theexisting master plan?

Yes. It is included. Master plan descri-bes among others, where housings are loca-ted and provided with water supply facility.

Does this mean there is alreadythe necessary input how water sup-ply will be managed?

This means, the master plan will beused as basis for drinking water servicedevelopment. We have sent consultantover there. Though presently is stillemergency response phase, we have star-ted with plans for rehabilitation.

Can we finance the water supplyand sanitation development by ourself?

I think the government is commitedto reconstruct and rehabilitate Aceh. Thisof course includes the funding.

Can you give the number of fundthat is needed to develop water sup-ply and sanitation facility?

If I say it now, it is too early. But theresult of survey, investigation and designfrom consultants will describe in detailthe real demand of the redevelopment.

What kind of breakthrough thathad been done to overcome the li-mitations?

Specifically for drinking water there areseveral donor countries or internationalinstitutions willing to help us. For example,the Netherlands and Germany. I think thegovernment and the people of Indonesiaand other countries are deeply interested torebuild Aceh. This is the most importantfactor in rehabilitating Aceh.

If there is a constraint, for instan-ce a fund constraint, is there anyanticipation for it?

I am optimistic that the government iscapable to fulfil the demand. Especiallywith the help from the international com-munity. The problem is how we could dothe activities in Aceh properly and trans-parently. That is the most important.

Beside physical development,will the government be willing toprovide another assistance to makethe community capable of buildingits own water supply facility?

Affirmative. We are committed thatall water supply services outside PDAMare to be built and managed throughempowerment of the community. This isexactly what we are doing right now. Allare conducted through community em-powerment. (MJ)

N T E R V I E W

Dr. Ir. Patana Rantetoding, MSc, FIHTDirector General for Urban Planning and Rural Planning, Dept. of Public Works

“The People must be Resettled”

I

Dr. Ir. Patana Rantetoding, MSc., FIHT

13PercikMay 2005

N T E R V I E WI

14 PercikMay 2005

W hat has Depkes (Dept. ofHealth) been doing during

the emergency response in Aceh? Reducing the risk of extraordinary

prevalence of contagious diseases,through provision of water supply andimprovement of water quality. First weconducted rapid appraisal. Then provi-sion of water supply and application ofdesinfectant. Also promotion and hygi-ene sanitation extension activities andwater quality examination and control.Monitoring of water quality is conductedby Department and Agency Health in col-laboration with CARE. The problem withit is the presence on nitrate, though stillbelow the danger threshold. On averageis 14-15, while the standard quality is 50.Then nitrite, also below the standard. Thefigure is 0,03-0,04 while the standard in 3mg/l. What is suprising is ammonia. It re-cords the highest mark. Ammonia is actual-ly a product of metabolism of agricultural andindustrial pollutants. Groundwater usuallycontains 0.2 mg/l of ammonia. It can reach 3mg/l in anaerobic condition. Over there inthe disaster areas the groundwater contains 4mg/l ammonia. While the areas not affectedby disaster the content is 1,2 mg/l. There hasno reported toxicologic effect, though.Nevertheless, in the disaster areas the figureexceeds the threshold of 1,5 mg/l.

Where does the ammonia comefrom?

It may come from the sea. Below thesurface it is anaerobic.

Will it diminish by itself or what?I don't think it will completely dimi-

nish, because an unpolluted area also con-tains ammonia, but the content is belowthe threshold. For health it is not a pro-blem. It is the community who brings itas an issue.

How can the ammoniaproblem be dealt with?

The ammonia can be mini-mized through nitrification.

What more has beendone?

The agency for healthhas trained 30 sa-nitarians for BandaAceh and Kabu-paten Aceh Besar,and trained 75cadres. Theyare present-ly doing

extension activities in the communities.The extension is done by the cadres withbackup from sanitarian and puskesmas.Soon the activities will be expanded to 21kabupatens. Presently it is being done inthe refugee concentration camps invol-ving 10 sanitarians for each kabupaten.There are also 1.000 cadres involved.

What lessons have been learnedduring the emergency responseregarding to matters that alreadyundertaken?

Water sources were wiped out, and ina short time water was polluted. Watersupply was provided by NGOs, our col-leagues from Kimpraswil (Settlement andRegional Infrastructure), while we madeavailable desinfectant, that helped a lot.And foreign aid. The existing water so-urces must be cleansed in order to bring it

back to their original quality.

During the emergency responsethere was no extraordinary situa-tion. Why?

Our surveillance system is functi-oning. Once there is a diarrhoea informa-tion, we take immediate action to localizeit, disinfection of the contaminationsource, desinfection of the surroundings.In the beginning we were worried aboutthe outbreak of several diseases such ascholera, malaria, diarrhoea. But it didn'thappen.

What are the constraints in deal-ing with health during the emer-gency response?

In the beginning the number of man-power was limited. In the first two weeksour colleagues from local government

DR. R.Hening Darpito,Director of Water Hygiene and Sanitation, Dept. of Health

"Our Surveilance Is Operating"

SOU

RC

E: M

UJI

YAN

TO

were still unstable because they were suf-fering from trauma. Slowly they began torecover.

How was the financial situationduring the emergency response?

The present months are the time withoutmoney. In December, end of the year all thebudget has been accounted for. In January,February and March there is no new fund.The fund is bridged over by the Dept. ofHealth. We are lucky we have public ownedcompanies such as Biofarma, Kimia Farma,Indofarma that help us to supply chemicalsand medicines.

What is the level of awareness ofNAD community in terms of sanita-tion in general?

Mostly they do not have sufficientcare about water quality, such as pollutedwater. They use whatever water is avail-able for daily consumption, but for drink-ing they boil it first. But speaking ofclealiness, drainage, stagnant water allare beyond their attention. This will bethe focus of our activity.

What is the plan for the future?For the future we are planning for

water quality control, because it has beendone only in Banda Aceh and KabupatenAceh Besar. We are working togetherwith UNICEF to expand the coverage ofwater quality control. We have made acheck at 60 control points.

During the rehabilitation andreconstruction stage?

For rehabilitation and reconstructionstage of course Dept. of Health, Bappenas(Ministry of National Development Plan-ning), Dept. of Public Work and Dept. ofHome Affairs will develop communitybased water supply and sanitation sys-tem. There is a grant fund from the go-vernments of UK, Canada and theNetherlands. The grant will be chanelledtrough CWSH project. The total amountis USD 16,5 million for a project durationof four years. The purpose is to minimizewater borne or water related diseases and

improve health status of village commu-nities through access to acceptable drink-ing water service. For the beginning 12months starting in mid 2005 we will dorehabilation activities. Then the nextthree years will be reconstruction stage.The rehabilitation will be focused to vil-lages where the facility damage is stillrepairable. Temporary refugee camed.As for the cities, the work will wait till thespatial plan is completed. In this case wehave requested permission to Bappeda(Regional Development Planning Agen-cy) to be exempted from this require-ment. The target is villages, the commu-nity not too heavily affected. In the futu-re it includes the communities that werenot directly hit by the tsunami, but wassuffering the effect. We can start withplanning without waiting for spatialplan. The activity will be in conforma-tion with WASPOLA philosophy, i.ecommunity based, strengthening regio-nal health services infrastructures inthe provincial and district level, also forPuskesmas (Community Helath Cen-ters). In its implementation we will hirefacilitators, conduct roadshow to thevillages, we making participatory rapidappraisal, improvement/rehabilitationof water sources, then promotion andextension activities for behaviouralchange.

For the reconstruction stage begin-ning from the second year, we will buildWSS facility in villages, both the villagesdirectly hit by tsunami and also the newvillages. All applying community basedapproach. Tentatively the locations willinclude Aceh Jaya, Pidie, Bireun, AcehUtara, Nagan Raya, and Nias. Coveringapproximately 500 villages. The problemis, the capacity of kabupaten administra-tion. They will play the key role in thecommunity based development. And, thecommunity facilitator. And the capacityof the community institution. In villagesdirectly hit by the disaster the communi-ty is heterogenous. Some are new to thearea, and so on.

What measures are taken toanticipate the law capacity of local

government ?Since last month the central govern-

ment personnel assigned to Banda Acehhave been functioning as facilitator. Inthe beginning, the duties included every-thing from spraying and so on. It is be-coming more selective now, facilitatingthe provincial personnel to strengthenthem in planning and its implementation.We have improved their self reliance.Then we made plans together. We pre-pared the figures. We sent the planningdocuments to the donor and the centralgovernment. Then together we put theplans into implementation. We were onlyfacilitating them. Though it should bestep by step. Including later with CWSH.Of course the stages are not as strict asthey are with WSLIC-2 project. We haveshorten the process because this is a grantfund and does not need a counter budget.

What about the budget for reha-bilitation and reconstruction?

The grant will be fully utilized. I donot know the design yet, whether theywill contribute in cash or inkind. Butbased on WSLIC and WASPOLA the incash is only 4 percent. But the inkindmust come from the community, such aslabour. They can do the construction bythemselves.

Looking into the disaster do weneed an SOP?

This disaster was beyond our capacityto deal with. The magnitude was so bigthat made us shocked. Then came localand foreign aid. We began to gain con-trol. In the beginning it was a real mess.From the point of view of the victimsthere was no bureaucracy. Everythingwas quick. Probably that was the reasonwhy the global community said that Indo-nesia was successful in overcoming tsunamivictims. But from the administration side, itwas a real mess. From national dignity wewere deeply hurt, they just came in withoutproper permission. This must be anticipa-ted in the future. There must be an SOP.We have had for smaller scale such as fordrought. (mujiyanto)

N T E R V I E WI

15PercikMay 2005

H ow is the condition of posttsunami solid waste manage-

ment in Banda Aceh?Immediately after the tsunami we

were faced with a large amount of wastematerials. There were two kinds of was-tes, i.e. mud and debris from buildingwreckage. Specifically for these kind ofwastes the handling was done by WaskitaKarya, Nindya karya and other publicompanies under the coordination ofKodam (Army Division) Iskandar Muda.The whole area was divided intoseveral zones. The priority wasevacuation of the dead. Howe-ver, automatically they weredoing cleaning job because ma-ny of the dead were buriedunder the debris. Utilization ofheavy machinery was inevita-ble. At this point in time thetsunami debris cleaning opera-tion is nearly completed. Whilewe from the Cleaning Agency ofBanda Aceh city is back to ournormal job i.e cleaning thedomestic wastes. At this mo-ment we are being helped byUNICEF and UNDP. The insti-tutions loaned us garbagetrucks because most of our facilities weredamaged or lost during the disaster.From a fleet of 40 vehicles, there are only3 trucks left.

Is the existing fleet sufficient tohandle the wastes?

Not yet. What is happening right nowis we are spreading the wastes into thecity limits, such as Ulee Kareng. Thisoperation needs a larger fleet. Luckilythere was a kind attention from Istanbul(Turkey) Metropolitan City, that directlyinvolved in handling wastes in the citylimits. Even, finally they are going todonate the vehicles they brought in to us.

What is the condition of the TPA(Final Disposal Ground)?

TPA in Kampung Jawa is now used astsunami waste disposal. Because of the bigamount of wastes we have a lot of difficulty.The TPA has to be expanded and comple-mented with new support facilities becausethe old ones were damaged. There aremany countries and donor organizationswilling to help in enlargement of the TPA.The problem is land procurement. Weneed 10-20 ha addditional area.

How about domestic wastes?Isn't it reduced because many fami-lies are now missing?

The reduction is not too significant.With the refugee camps we have a newduty handling wastes of the camps. Thereare 22 new points scattered within thecity of Banda Aceh and Kabupaten AcehBesar.

Is there any cooperation withKabupaten Aceh Besar to handlethe wastes?

Not yet. Everything is now handledby Cleaning Agency of the city of BandaAceh. As a matter of fact, in KabupatenAceh Besar the Cleaning Agency has not

been quite established yet.

Can the Cleaning Agency handleall the wastes with the enlargedarea?

Actually we have sufficient number ofmanpower. There are many who are will-ing to work. The problem is lack of faci-lity and control. It is not difficult to hirecasual labourers here. But, there are onlya few who can supervise them

How does the CleaningAgency function given theexisting limitations?

Now we have to work onshifts. We have made survey tosee which areas are producingmost wastes. There we are con-centrating our activities.

Is there any priority?Yes. We decided three prio-

rities. First is refugee camp.The second is marketplace. Thethird is the housing of expatria-tes.

What about financialcondition?

Thanks God, it is not quite a problembecause UNICEF and UNDP came tohelp. The problem is after the help is ter-minated.

How could TPA be enlarged?We have submitted request for addi-

tional fund on top of the regular budget.The amount is Rp 20 billion. But we arepessimistic if the local government wouldapprove it. Our only hope is the centralgovernment. Actually, land is available.The owner has made the offer. Butbecause there is no money, we have topostpone it. I think this is quite timely forimprovement on waste management inBanda Aceh. (MJ)

N T E R V I E W

Saefuddin, Chief of Banda Aceh Agency for Cleaning

"TPA (Final Disposal Ground) Needs To Be Enlarged"

I

16 PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

N T E R V I E WI

W hat is the background for theformation Working Group

for Aceh?Judging from the massive and

extraordinary destruction of Aceh andNias, the reconstruction needs a blueprint to illustrate to the community atlarge what Aceh looks like. The damagewas not limited to physical, but also topsychological, social and cultural aspects.Therefore it necessary to have pokjas totake care of each of the various aspects ofhuman life. There are ten pokjas. TheWorking Group were established basedon Presidential Decision. We were awarethat the pokjas must provide a propor-tional opportunity to the Acehnese com-munity, thus similar working group arealso established in the regions. The spi-rits are equal. Therefore within the infra-structure working group the ownershipis with the Acehnese.

We went there, we asked the local work-ing group to finalise by working together.

What agencies are involved?All those agencies involved in infrastruc-

tures plus several others such as BPPT(Technology Assessment and ApplicationAgency), LIPI (Indonesian Institute forScience), BMG (Meteorology andGeophysics Agency).

Especially with InfrastructureWorking Group, what are the man-date consist of? Are they of infrastruc-ture only?

Not everything is infrastructure. Less forurban building infrastructure. This is morefor public infrastructure such as electricity,telecommunication, sea--and airport, road,housing, drinking water, and drainage.Including aquaculture irrigation, especiallyits primary and secondary canals. Also earlywarning system, as a means for safety.

How to reconcile the infrastruc-ture designs between the centraland local level?

I think they are in perfect agreement, allhave been worked out together.We are quiteaccomodative to the regional aspirations.But we have to keep to the priciple of goodplanning in order to keep to the spirit of goodgovernance. For example, to build a newfacility we have to follow the right procedurethrough conducting feasibility study.Another example, to build mid-island trans-port system, there is a possibility that it will

go through Leuser national park. Itmust be preceded with series of

studies covering severalaspects including econom-

ical, technical, envi-ronmental, cultur-

al, and even reli-gious. For ins-tance, an Is-lamic religiousset t lement ,

what does itlook like?

This must bestudied in order

that the infrastructure reflects the highestvalued by the Aceh community. Not to bebuilt arbitrarily in order the problem inthe future.

Chairman of Infrastructure Working Group, Dr. Ir. Basuki Yusuf Iskandar, MA

"Fulfilling Basic Need Infrastructuresand Provision of Access"

17PercikMay 2005

SOU

RC

E: M

UJI

YAN

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Some time ago it was heard thatseveral nations were ready withtheir blue print for Aceh. Do theyhave any relation with what theworking group have produced?

I think the blue print was our own.Meaning it was produced by central andregional level working groups. I don'tthink there was any intervention. I thinkwe were independent.

What is the connection betweenthe infrastructure development andeconomic growth?

At least there are 4 objectives to beachieved from the infrastructure develop-ment. The first is to support the processback to normal life. Hopefully, we canachieve it in the first two years. Also, toprepare an infrastructure base for thegrowth and development of Aceh in therealm of unity nation of Indonesia. Itmeans how we could put an intra- and in-ter-provincial communication and trans-port system and network and possiblydevelopment of an integrated railroadnetwork with North Sumatra and otherregions not only for an integrated eco-nomic development but also for socialand other aspects of life. The first objec-tive is to guarantee a satisfactory sociallife. This is achieved through properhousing, wastes management, drinkingwater, road, market. Second objective iseconomic growth. Energy, main seaportand airports for easy flow of goods andlowering of transaction cost. The eco-nomic objective is lowering the transac-tion cost of economic activities. The nextobjectives, infrastructure must guaranteethe community from the threat of naturaldisaster. We will develop flood controlsystem, we will develop early warningsystem. The fourth objective is area deve-lopment, because some parts of Aceh arestill remote and secluded. We will openthe areas to enable them to grow. Thoseare the four objectives we are going toachieve.

From various sectors, whichones are priorities?

Basic need infrastructures. Thisincludes housing, water supply, and san-itation. This cannot wait, it should startimmediately. Then access into Aceh sothat everything could run smoothly.How could we start with development ifaccess is difficult. Strategic sea- and air-port and telecommunication must berehabilitated. These two things must beprioritized

All the development needs fi-nancing. Do we have a special fundfor it?

There is an indication that fundrequirement is very large, somewherearound Rp 25 trillion. There is a varietyof fund sources. We have counted fromthe private sector, community andregional/national public companies, na-tional, provincial and district govern-

ment budgets, foreign assistance, grantor soft loan. All the fund sources will beexplored to make the objectives intoreality.

Do we have any other fund, suchas shifting from a program outsideAceh?

I haven't heard anything like that. Idon't think so. At the most is revision tothe national budget. But I am certain thiswill not reduce the budget for any otherprovince.

How far does the governmentaccomodate foreign interest?

Personally, I think as a professional.There is no specific agenda contrary tothe national interest. If the vision is sim-ilar, i.e. for there habilitation and recon-struction of Aceh, I think it is OK.

Does the infrastructure develop-

N T E R V I E WI

18 PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Infrastruktur rusak: Sarana telekomunikasi ikut hancur diterjang gelombang tsunami.

ment employ security assump-tions?

What is certain is we assume it safe. Ithink there is a specific working groupthat deals with it. My expectation is, eve-rything is safe and secure. We want eve-rything in good order, don't we?

How far is Aceh communityinvolved in the process?

It is fundamental, especially as itrelates to housing. At this time it is notpossible for them to build their house bythemselves. It is the duty of the govern-ment to help them have a house to live in.We will provide a facility eaquals to Type36 houses. If the house is totally dama-ged, we will help them with an amount ofRp 28 million. A less heavy damage at Rp10 million. This is to guarantee that theyhave a house to live in. Regarding to this,it is fundamental that we get their parti-cipation. Whether they would return tothe original place on not, we give them afree hand. But with a condition that thegovernment provides them with informa-tion about the consequences if the wantto return to the original location. Theyhave the right to return. The governmnetmust provide them with support. Whenwe speak of returning to the originalplace, a house does not only have a phy-sical value, but it also has psychologicaland social values as well as a long historybehind it. We cannot pull out the valuesjust like that. We have to honour them.In certain areas we have to provide themwith escape facilities. For those whochoose to move, we will prepare a place tomove in. Therefore it is not a compensa-tion, rather it is a national duty to providefor the victims a place to live.

No compelling the community?None at all. The existing values must

be honoured, not merely physical value.

Do we give money directly to thecommunity to build their homes?

There is the so called in cash and inkind assistance. There is a definite me-chanism, not in form of money. Thenthere will be counterpart support fromsome other parties, including NGO.From there the principle of governance iswithheld that money will turn into realhouse.

How about the areas not suitablefor settlement?

An area suitable for settlement, whatdoes it look like? We have to discuss itand agree among ourselves. Sometimes,sutaible is an intellectual interpretationthat is not necessarily true. Oftentimes itis too overreactive that we are more trau-matic than the victims themselvesbecause they are more realistic. Someeven says that an abcess does not grow atthe same place for the second time

How could early warning systembe operated?

We have established a cooperationwith BMG (Agency for Meteorology andGeophysics) and TVRI (Official Govern-ment Television Station). Our problem isnow, the facility may be sophisticated andcapable of detecting earthquake, flood,but how to transform the data and com-municate the information to the commu-nity. That is why we connect it to theTVRI. Immediately after we receiveinformation from BMG, directly blockingto TVRI and then announced to the com-munity. This is what we are building.This is where were weak all this time.

Will there be construction ofprotection wall (escape hill)?

This is only one of the means for safe-ty. In such a tsunami what can we reallydo? Safety through a well functioningearly warning system. When the infor-mation reaches the community, there isenough time time for them to make anescape. Thus, in case of tsunami, we canonly provide means for safety and earlyinformation for the community to makean escape.

Could you illustrate infrastruc-ture development from emergencyresponse up to reconstruction?

Infrastructure in emergency stageconsists entirely of cleaning the debrisand some real emergency costructionsuch as bailing bridge, cleaning the roads.This is quite insufficient. At the finalstage we hope we can provide the realservice. This has been achieved. Wecould say that we have reached 80% ofthe normal. The next stage should bebetter. This means a sufficient reco-very base that facilitates furthergrowth. This is the process between2005-2009. If in 2009 the level of ser-vice is still simlilar with what it is now, itmeans we are stagnant.

(mujiyanto)

N T E R V I E WI

Our problem is now,the facility may besophisticated and

capable of detectingearthquake, flood, buthow to transform the

data and communicatethe information to the

community. That iswhy we connect it to

the TVRI

19PercikMay 2005

Could you illustrate the stepsto be taken for water supplyand sanitation rehabilita-

tion and reconstruction in Aceh?Actually what we intend to achieve

now is the recovery up to the minimumlevel of service especially for water sup-ply, wastewater, and garbage handling.As for drainage, it is an integral part of abigger problem such as flood control andmacro drainage scheme. In the nextstage, about one or two years from now,we will increase the achievement level. Ifpossible, up to 100 percent of communitycoverage. But the financial situation doesnot warrant it, therefore we set a target tobe better than the condition before thedisaster. That is our target for all urbantowns that were affected by the disaster.

What about the cities that didnot hit by the disaster?

We are also taking them into consi-deration. This is the government's commit-ment to increase the development in NAD.

Could you illustrate the propor-tion of water supply development?

Up to now we do not have the exactnumber. How many are actually da-maged in Banda Aceh? What has beenobvious is the network. But the numberof subscribers is smaller because thereare many who died from the disaster. Aquestion left to be answered is whetherwe are going to repair the entire system orbuild a new one. We have't come to thebest engineering solution. But we aregoing to establish contacts wth our co-lleagues in Banda Aceh, Meulaboh andelsewhere. We know that in Meulabohsome of the intakes are in disorder. Whatdoes the design look like. We would bethankful if there is a better design.

What about wastewater?With regard wastewater, AusAID has

expressed its intention to build a seweragesystem for the city of Banda Aceh. We

would highly appreciate it if it will be fund-ed with grant fund. At least it will serve asa pilot project for other cities. Though itmight be of a more hi-tec type. But whetheryou want to or not in the future Indonesiamust lead towards that direction. ForMeulaboh we haven't decided who willcome to the area. Because it wouldn't becheap. How about the extremely difficultareas, we might take an interim measure,the communal system.

What approach is applied forWSS development?

Water supply development cannot beimplemented in the way of private homeconstructed by the inhabitants throughcommunity empowerment. Public watersupply through piping network cannot bedeveloped that way. That is why we have tocollaborate with PDAM as the operator. IfPDAM is in short of fund, we will try to findalternative funding source for them. Suchas Unicef who has been helping us all thistime, or bilateral agreement withSwitzerland, Germany, Spain, and Japan.The fund will be allocated in such a way asto prevent funding overlap. This is of coursecannot be developed through communitybased, except in the villages. In the rural vil-lages it will be community based and is inte-grated with housing development.

What about waste materials?We have to be extremely careful in han-

dling waste material problem. As fas as pos-sible we should develop a new system suchas application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle)

concept so that the garbage arriving at theTPA is relatively pure. In this way we canapply the sanitary landfill technology. Theproblem is, the design is oftentimes sanitarylandfill but the real fact is open dumping.This needs a large sum of money. Does thecommunity have the capacity to financethis? If it should be subsidized, who will vol-unteer to do so. Then the problem is theregion is suffering from the disaster. Theregional government capacity has beendeclining too. If it should be subsidized, howlong will it be? As for me, for as long as thereis a subsidy, let the region establish a privatefirm or regional public company specializedin cleaning works. So that after the subsidyis terminated the company is capable ofoperating as a corporate body.

About financing, what does itlook like?

It is impossible for APBN to covereverything. The budget is extremely low.We have tried to propose to several donorcountries for help. Thanks God, theyhave promised to help. But it was onlypromise. Not a formal agreement yet.

The foreign fund, is it grant orloan?

Most of the rehabilitation and con-struction budget will be paid from grantfund. We from Bappenas wish it to begrant fund. Loan should be refrained asfar as possible, because loan absorbingcapacity is quite low. There is indeed anoffer for soft loan. But let it be the secondpriority.

Whether the community de-mand on drinking water has beensatisfied?

Not yet. As an example, at this pointin time we are styill not able to guarateethat water over there is drinkable, sinceit was contaminated with waste materi-als brought in by the tidal waves. Wemust first make an investigation forthat. (Mujiyanto)

N T E R V I E W

Vice Chairman of Infrastructure Working Group, Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA.

"Meeting the Minimum Level of Service"

I

20 PercikMay 2005

Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

There is practically nothing that wassafe from the catastrophy left bythe earthquake and tidal waves of

26 December 2004. Infrastructure was noexception. The impact ranges from light toseverely damaged. The same is withPDAM (Regional Drinking Water Com-pany) of Banda Aceh. When the earth-quake and tidal waves struck the city thecompany stopped its operation. Its officewas damaged beyond repair. The person-nel took refugee to safety, but 28 out of atotal 173 employees are now missing.

Luckily, the PDAM water treatment facil-ity suffered relatively small damage, i.e. on theflocculator filter and crack on the pulsator andmud disposal facility. As a result, backwash-ing must be done more often, that is onceevery six hours. Beside that, intake pump #2with 208 l/sec capacity was damaged, andthree other emergency pumps were also out oforder. As for the network, 75 percent of thenetwork within the calamity area is in totaldisfunction. The giant waves also submerged5 water trucks, one minibus, and 2 pickups.This means that all the operational vehiclesare out of order. And above all, no more dri-vers to take care of the vehicles.

The company is now facing severalproblems. At least it needs 5 watertrucks, chemicals and simple test kit todetermine the residual chlorine content.Based on the test conducted by SwissVolunteer Corps in almost entire distri-bution network the residual is 0 ppm,while at the outlet the resudial is 0,6 ppm.Above all, PDAM does not have any cashmoney to pay its running cost.

Emergency MeasuresThe abovementioned fact must be

dealt with immediately, because water isa basic need and must be available at alltimes. Several measures have been taken.

One of them is repair of the damages. Upto this time the installation is back intooperation with at a capacity 435litres/second, but the pumps can onlyoperate at 250 l/sec. Water is distributedto the areas where the piping network isrelatively in good condition.

For the community of the municipali-ty of Banda Aceh, the governmentemploys 11 water trucks consisting of 3units as subsidy from Department ofPublic Works, 2 as a loan from PDAMTirtanadi Medan, 2 units from Palyja, and4 units rented from PT Nindya Karya -presently inactive. Water for distributioncomes from, among others, a mobile wa-ter treatment facility donated by LAPIITB (University-Industry Affiliation Ins-titute, Bandung Institute of Technology)in collaboration with Kodam (Army Com-mand) III Siliwangi at a capacity 2,3 l /secor 200 m3/day of potable water. The mo-bile facility is stationed at the intake inLambaro, Banda Aceh.

Besides, the local community can getpotable water from a mobile water treat-ment facility donation from theAustralian government at a capacity of 20thousand l/hr. This installation is run by10 technicians and 5 medics of theAustralian Army. This installation is sta-tioned at the Pantai Pira Bridge (in frontof Army Command HQ). Everyone mayget 5 litres ration. An installation of thiskind is also stationed at the refugee campnear TVRI in Mata Ie. This is a donationfrom PSF France at a capacity of 10 thou-sand l/hr to serve the need of the refugeesand the surrounding community.

Beyond the condition, there are manythings needed to be done if PDAM BandaAceh is to be back to normal again. Onthe other hand, the demand for watercannot wait. One cannot depend onPDAM to be in operation again.Therefore, everyone must care.

(mujianto, based on report by Dept. PW)

E L E S C O P E

PDAM Banda AcehYour story today………….

T

= 450 l/sec = 38,9 million l/day= 435 l/sec = 37,6 million l/day= 250 l/sec = 21,6 million l/day= 20 l/sec = 1,7 million l/day= 24 hours/day= 50 %= 25 % function= 172 people (142 after tsunami)= Rp. 1.000/m3= 25.000 units= 8.000 units (after tsunami)= 46 units= 9 units (3 units from Dep. of Public Works, 2 units borrowed from

PDAM Tirtanadi Medan, 4 units rented from PT Nindya Karya)

= Rp.200 million= Rp.150 million= Rp. 218 million= Rp. 100 million= Rp. 668 million= Rp. 800 million (with 25.000 customer/household connection)

WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE AND FACILITY CONDITION IN BANDA ACEH

21PercikMay 2005

For the community of themunicipality of BandaAceh, the government

employs 11 water trucksconsisting of 3 units as

subsidy from Departmentof Public Works,

2 as a loan from PDAMTirtanadi Medan.

As built capacity, concrete facilityProduction capacity, concrete facilityDistribution capacity, concrete facilityCapacity, packet facilityWorking hoursLeakage levelCondition of distribution networkTotal employeesTotal customers, connectionTotal customeers, in functionPublic hydrants, functioningWater truck in operation

Monthly O&M costs:i. Electricityii. Chemicalsiii. Salaryiv. General administration

TotalTotal revenue at normal condition

W hat does the PDAM BandaAceh look like after the tidal

waves?Almost 75 percent of our pipe network

is heavily damaged. The total customerswere initially 25.000, now there are8.000 left. And from the remaining num-ber we still are unable to send them anybill. The personnel that used to be 173now there are only 145, the 28 are eitherdead or missing. It should be noted, thatall of them are now working without pay,because we pay salary from the cus-tomers' contribution. In spite of workingwithout payment, they are doing their jobto supply water demand for the popula-tion and the refugees. We are distributingwater to the refugee camps.

Where is water taken from?Thanks God, our treatment facility

in Lambaro is still functioning to supplywater to Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar.Our service area has been expandedbecause we have to also cover AcehBesar.

As for water in stock, is itenough?

The treatment installation has beenrepaired as an emergency measure. It cannow operate at 90 percent capacity. Weare quite relieved by aid from the GeneralElectric which provides us with 40 l/sec ofwater. And a mobile installation providedby LAPI ITB in collaboration with Kodam(Army Command) III Siliwangi.

What does PDAM do beside wa-ter distribution?

We are isolating out the areas thatare now without customers. The pipesare heavily damaged. But our main con-straint is we do not have budget to makerepairs, including heavy machinery.

Our old equipmentis out of ordertogether with thetotally broken wa-rehouse. We arenow working withmake do tools andequipment.

What is thebudget needed forPDAM recovery?

Roughly morethan Rp 25 billion. First is, to repair thedistribution network, in many cases wehave to re-do it all over again. The secondwill be reconstruction of office. Currentlywe are operating PDAM from a tent.

Is it possible to bill the survivedcustomers?

If we are speaking in the short run ifseems difficult, because those who aresurvived from the disaster may still sufferfrom a big shock because some member oftheir family are missing, etc. And thisconstrains us from working full capacity.

But is the customers' data arestill available?

The data are available in our databasecentre. Luckily our computers which arelocated in the second foor are still intact. Wehave to recount the actual customers we haveat present. This is one of our priorities.

Can the present production sa-tisfy the need of the community?

The demand has not been satisfied.Because of the extent of the broken distri-bution system, a big amount of waterflows into unisolated areas.

What step would you think tocover the fund requirement?

We have requested fundfrom the regional government,some sort of emergency fund.And the regional governmenthas forward it to Bakornas(National Coordinating Body).No response yet.

When should thefund be available at thelatest?

In March we hope thefund has been available. To

cover operating cost.

Back to the personnel who weremissing, did PDAM pay any com-pensation to their families?

Frankly speaking we are presently not inany condition to pay any compensation.What we had was a donation from retire-ment fund foundation of PDAM in Jakarta.The families have been given something. Butwe are seriously looking forward toward thatdirection (payment of compensation).

Could you briefly explain, whathappened to you and your familyduring the event of 26 December?

We were at home, because that wasSunday. We saved ourselves using aspring bed. My wife and two children -one of them was 9 moths old, were safe.But two other children were missing.They were then on the steps leading to thesecond floor. Swept by the gushing cur-rent they were nowhere to be found.

Does this psychologically influ-ence you in performing your job?

Very much. But I have one philoso-phy: we have to take care of the survival tokeep them alive. Otherwise, there will beno water and many more will join thedead. (mujianto)

E L E S C O P ET

22 PercikMay 2005

Ir. Syamsul Bahri

SOURCE: TANWIR

Ir. Syamsul Bahri (CEO, PDAM Banda Aceh)

"Taking Care of the Survivors"

The tidal waves that swept acrossNangroe Aceh Darussalam andpart of Sumatra Utara at the end

of last year should be regarded as a mile-stone in looking at the coastal areas, sinceIndonesia is a country with the longestcoastline in the world. No more will it be,victims be let to fall only because of theabsence of early warning.

This book may serve as a referencehow to manage our coastline and protectthe people who live along the areas. Thebook was originally intended for tsunamimitigation measures in the US. But fromthe sea charcteristics, it won't do us anyharm if we take its contents and translat-ed them into Indonesian setting, especial-ly with the fact that this book was pre-pared by experts from vatious institu-tions, such as oceanographic, geology,safety, and science.

There are seven principles for plan-ning, designing tsunami danger. First,

knowledge about tsunami risk to thecommunites living on coasts; second,preventing new development in tsunamiareas in order to minimize tsunami

impact in the future; third, localize andre-arrangement of new development intsunami area; fourth, design and con-struct new buildings that could minimizetsunami impact; fifth, protect the existingbuildings from possible losses throughreconstruction and land reutilizationplan; sixth, take special precautions inplacement and arrangement of criticalinfrastructures and facilities; and sev-enth, evacuation plan. The principles areelaborated under an easily understoodconcept and the respective steps to betaken. Some are illustrated in simpledrawings.

What is most important in the man-agement of coastal community, accordingto this book, is a clear and definite policyfrom the central as well as regional gov-ernments. The policy must be compre-hensive involving all the related parties.The final objective is, no more victimsfrom tsunami. (MJ)

Recently, solid waste is becomingan intricate problerm in In-donesia. The size of garbage pi-

les is growing from year to year, but thegrowth is not responded with compara-tive increase in solid waste managementcapacity. The latest case was the collapseof garbage pile at Lewigajah TPA (finaldisposal site), in Cimahi, Jawa Barat tak-ing a death toll of not less than 100.

This book specifically dicussesgarbage problems with special referenceto TPA Bantar Gebang, integrated wastematerial mangement facility at SumurBatu, and intergrated waste material dis-posal of Bojong. But the discussion couldbe made as reference for solid waste han-dling elsewhere.

According to this book, managementis the main key. Poor management willresult in pollution of air, surface and

ground water, land and prevalence of sev-eral diseases to the surrounding commu-nity. From field observation it wasrevealed that, each case was responded inreactive manner, spontaneous, partial,

and as lip service project. The author quotes an opinion by Prof.

George Tchohanoglous, Prof. FrankKreith, and Marcia E. William who sum-marized that the key to a successful wastematerial management depends on: 1)credibility of the decision makers; 2) effi-cient implementation mechanism includ-ing incentive to market; 3) significantattention to recycling market; 4) commu-nity participation; 5) sustainable commit-ment to high quality of all waste materialmanagement facility operation; 6) effec-tive evaluation of the strategy or selectedoption.

Not less important is solid waste ma-nagement needs a legal umbrella. Other-wise, the management will remain poor.And this will lead to a horrible menacinghazard. (MJ)

O O K I N F O

Mitigating the Impact of TsunamiB

Title:Designing for Tsunamis

Author: -Publisher:

National Tsunami HazardMitigation Program

Pages:60 pp

Title:Solid Waste

DisasterAuthor:

Bagong SuyotoPublisher:

PIDUS(Solid Waste Recyling Industry Centre),

Alliance for Civil Society forDemocracy (YAPPIKA)

Pages:182 pp

Avoiding Solid Waste Disaster

23PercikMay 2005

Tsunami Information Centre

http:// www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/

This website is maintained byInternational Tsunami Infor-mation Center (ITIC), which was

established in 1965 by IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission, an istitutionunder UNESCO. UNESCO always main-tains relationship with research institutesand educational organizations, civil secu-rity bureaux, and the general communityfor the mitigation of damages caused bytsunami through increasing alertness ofthe Pacific countries.

As an information website, the dataare sufficiently acceptable. The websiteprovides real time tsunami bulletin,including earthquakes, which is updatedeach time there is an incidence. The visi-tors may obtain information about thestrength, depth, and position. Some arecomplemented with post earthquaketsunami information.

UN-Habitat Program

http://www.unhabitat.org/Tsunami

T his website is maintained by UNSettlement Program and is intended

to respond to 26 December earthquakeand tsunami hazard to the countries onthe coasts of the Indian Ocean. This web-site broadcasts aid programs from vari-

ous nations to help the victims, includingUN-Habitat itself, in the hazardous coun-tries either as emergency response orrecovery planning assistance.

The website gives an illustration ofwhat UN-Habitat would do in the mitiga-tion of the risk of similar disaster.Besides, there is a menu for donor whointends to donate his money for recoverymeasures. In general, in this emergencymeasure, UN-Habitat is focusing itself inemergency housing, repair of vital infra-structure especially water supply andsanitation, area cleaning and settlementrecovery plan.

Health Protection

http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/travel/current_items/tsunami_QAs.htm

O ne important thing in emergency di-saster condition is health, especialy

because of changes in natural condition.The website which is maintained byHealth Protection Agency presents sub-jects in connection with post tsunami dis-eases and the respective handling mea-sures.

The topic of discussion is arranged inalphabetical order. Easy to understandbecause it is presented in Q-A format.The visitors can learn the characteristicsof several common diseases.

This website is quite suitable for thosewho work in the field of communityhealth.

Preparation in Facing a Danger

http://www.fema.gov/pdf/arey-ouready/areyouready_full.pdf

M ost Indonesians are not responsiveto the surrounding environment.

This is evidenced from lack of prepara-tion to any possible disaster that mightbefall himself, familiy and the surround-ings. Even the government does not pro-vide any meaningful share in the effort tokeep on guard against any danger.

Through this website, the visitors mayread a book entitled "Are You Ready?"published by U.S. Federal EmergencyAgency. It contains preparatory actionsto be taken by men in a speciifc environ-ment against any danger that might hap-pen and what emergency measures if thedanger did really happen.

The book presents to the readers sev-eral types of danger such as flood, torna-do, typhoon, earthquake, lanslide, tsuna-mi, fire, bforest fire, and other naturalcalamity.

The preparedness against a dfangermust come from three parties, namely thecentral government, regional govern-ment, and the community.

Each has its own responsibility.Therefore, this website is quite appropri-ate for those who care about a danger,and of cource for the policy makers. Areyou ready? (MJ)

E B S I T E I N F OW

24 PercikMay 2005

L I N I C C

WATER WELLS IN THE DISASTER AREA

Question:Considering the condition of water wells in the disaster strick-

en areas of Aceh are heavily polluted with sea water that rushedashore during the tidal waves, do you think these wells can berehabilitated. What is the easiest and cheapest way to clean thewells so that they can be used hygienically?

P. Sembiring in Medan

Answer:Of cource thay can be re-used, but after several practical

steps have been taken:Wells with hand pump/engine driven pump:Remove the water by pumping it out continuously till itbecomes clear. For an engine driven pump, switch it onfor approximately 12 hours (stop the engine every 2-3hours till it cools down and switch on again) until thewater is clear and colourless.After it is clear, let it settle down for one day. Test it bypumping again. If the water is still murky, repeat thepumping procedure to drain it. If the water is alreadyclear, make the following test before using it for drinkingwater:

Colour: colourless, no trace of yellow or brown like tea, etc.;Smell: odourless;Taste: tasteless, no traces of salt, bitter, or brackish;No oily layer or thin murky layer on top - test it with aglass of the water, let it stand for 24 hours, and seewhat happens;In case of doubt, take a sample of the water and have itexamined in a water laboratory available in your town(it could be a PDAM lab, POM lab of the Dept. ofHealth, water lab of the university, or Sucofindo lab) -the fee varies between Rp 50 to 100.000 per watersample.

It the water is already clear, add some clorine in order tokill contagious bacteria before using the water for con-sumption. Put the water in a 1 - 2 m3 reservoir, add ateaspoonful of chlorine. Stir to mix. Let it stand for 1 -2 hours before using.Boil the water before consumption.

Pit well:Clean its surrounding from foreign materials, debris,etc. Then clean the pit. In case of a dead body, contactthe volunteer corps, Red Cross, or Local Armed ForcesCommand to deal with it. Do not clean dead body withbare hands;Once the well is free from foreign materials, start emp-

tying it with a pail or centrifugal drain pump (the onecommonly used for irrigation purpose), or a submergedpump, if available, for 24 hours till the water becomesclear;Apply step 2 and so forth like a well hand pump orengine driven pump. If the well bottom is filled withmud, better dig a new well. Keep the distance btweenseptic tank to a well between 10-25 metres. Take similarsteps as the above.

In case you cannot do it all by yourselves, ask for helpfrom volunteer corps, and any available expert especially inwater supply.

Best regards.

ENVIRONMENTAL MODULE FOR CHILDREN

Question:I am a kindergarten teacher in Yogya, how could I start with

environmental education to the youngsters? Whether IATPI has amodule or anything related to environmental education for kinder-garten? I would appreciate it if you could suggest anyone to con-tact to. Thank you.

Sri in YogyaAnswer:

We had once facilitated introduction to subject aboutdrinking water (PDAM) to schoolchildren. Perhaps thismodel is also applicable for introduction of environmental,waste materials and other related issues.

PDAM of the city of Bogor once had that program whichwas implemented through provision of brochure/leafletabout water, of course with illustrations. As for the technicalimplementation, please contact the PDAM Bogor PublicRelations Officer to set a schedule for a company visit byyoung children.

Another approach is through organizing a greening pro-gram of the school compound. Put a tag to each plant withname(s) of children who planted it.

They are asked to maintain the the plants up to a cer-tain period of time (in other countries this is called"adopt a tree" program). Children are usually quite atten-tive and proud of each of their plants, so they wouldmaintain it carefully.

The Office of BPHLD of Province Jawa Barat has devel-oped environmental socialization modules for school chil-dren from kindergarten, primary school, secondary school aswell as university students, NGO activists and governmentemployees.

Should you are interested please contact the said Officeat Jl. Naripan No. 25 Bandung 40111.

Best regards.

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Questions can be sent to the editor of Percik Magazine.Contributor : Ir. Winarko Hadi, Ir. Iwan Wangsaatmaja,

Ir. Nugroho T Utomo

Beginning from this edition PERCIK in collaboration with Association of Indonesian Sanitation and Environmental Engineers will open a Clinic. This column will deal with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.

25PercikMay 2005

a.b.c.d.

e.

Questions were uproaring within his mind as towhy the disaster happen in Aceh? "What message isimplied behind all this?" he muttered. The officer ofDepartment of Public Works (DPU) could not under-stand with the incident and still could not find theanswer up to now. "Human life does not mean any-thing, just like chicken and goat", he mused whileremembering.

What is certain is what he saw has made mean-ingful changes within himself. "All my life I havenever been afraid. That is when I felt so afraid. Andthis drives me nearer to God Almighty," heexplained.

Handy was a member of 35 man DPU task forceunit. This team was assigned to build refugee campsin 8 districts of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD).One of the construction sites was located in an isolat-ed area. "When my supervisor said that one area wasisolated and that he had selected men to be sent overthere, suddenly it occurred to my mind that one ofthem had to be me," Handy remembered.

It was true, he was chosen to go to Lamno togeth-er with three others. They departed to Banda Acehand had to continue the travel to the site. "While inthe lodging we were continu-

ously fightingamong ourselves, goor not go. Finally itwas decided that wewould go. We agreedthat whatever it werewe had to try."

And the travel tothe site began. Not byhelicopter but by localboat. The departurewas scheduled at 14.00hrs. but later it waspostponed till 17.00.The postponementmade us worry again.Debates among usappeared again, go ornot go. Finally the skip-per decided to proceed.The travel took 7 hours, theboat finally berthed at thedestination jetty around mid-night. "We were amazed knowing that the boatmenin the harbour spoke about our arrival. But we didnot catch what they were talking about because theydid so among themselves in Acehnese," said Handy.

Upon arrival at the lodging we came to know thatthere area was in curfew. "Thanks God we arrivedsafely, when we met with soldiers patrolling thestreet we just mentioned that we were from DPU,everything was clear and no problem."

As we arrived at the lodging we heard dogs howl-ing for a long time. "It was quite unusual." saidHandy. When we were about to sleep, new follow upearthquake shook us up. Practically we didi notsleep well that night. The following mornig we metwith the security people. In the meeting we werenotified that 10-15 soldiers would accompny us inour mission. "From there I came to know that thearea was under GAM's (Aceh Freedom Movement)surveillance," Handy added.

The work started. The team together with 150carpenters and handymen began to put barracks intoshape. The area is a valley surrounded with hills andwas only 1,5 km within the safety line. "During allthis time we had to be cautious and always ready torun for a cover in case GAM tried to attack on us."

E P O R T A G ER

26 PercikMay 2005

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AMBA

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LUSI

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HIS EYES WERE GLASSY. UNCON-CIOUSLY TEARS FLOWED DOWNTO HIS CHEEKS. HE WAS STAND-

ING THERE BEWILDERED. BEFORE HIMWAS A SPREAD OF DEBRIS FROM TSUNA-MI WRECKED BUILDINGS. "GOD INDEEDIS ALMIGHTY," SAID HANDY LEGOWO

At last 17February came.That's the timefor the team togo home afterbeing in NADsince 26J a n u a r y .They werenot going toslip into alocal boatany more.AMalaysianhelicopterwas made

ready for them."As the helicopter took off, we felt

like being born again," Handy revealed his feeling.And the assignment to Aceh has imprinted a deep mem-ory in Handy's mind. The travel made his blood tensionrose. That is why when asked if in the near future hewould be willing to return to Aceh his immediate answer:"Better not this time."

Johan Susmono, an officer of Directorate General forVillage Community Empowerment (PMD), Dept. HomeAffairs (Depdagri), had a similar experience. He was dis-posed to the feeling of deep fright during his stay in NAD."We were always worried for being kidnapped and takenhostages. We were not too frightened to earthquake, butmore to the irresponsible group of brigands," heexplained. The worry kept on haunting him while he wasthere.

Johan was assigned in Banda Aceh for nine days. Heand the Depdagri team were mandated to reactivate thegovernment mechanism. In the beginning it was for theprovince, but later it was found that the Banda Acehmunicipal government was also inactive, the job wasenlarged. "The entry point was we conducted the firstpost disaster morning roll call," he said

The attempt was made through an approach with theRegional Secretary, because the mayor was taken as a tollby the disaster. It turned out that the job was not an easything to do. Johan described further that in the begin-ning the regional government hesitated seeing what

'these central people' were doing over there. They wereworried these new bunch of people would replace theirposition. Later, however, the worry could be resolvedafter some explanation.

At last, the first meeting took place. "We did it out-side of the building because the building was damagedbeyond repair. We asked the regional personnel to comein the make do condition. Some came just for sitting andchatting. Finally we agreed to start with operations cen-tre and a public kitchen,' continued Johan.

The process became the beginning of reactivating thegovernor's office after it was left by Governor AbdullahPuteh to Jakarta for a legal proceeding. "Since that timewe began with morning roll call. Some came withoutshoes on, or with casual dress. No problem," he said.

He and his team continued with all the necessaryarrangements to reactivate the government mechanismto as far down as kecamatan level. For that the team wasassisted by STPDN (College for Government Adminis-tration) students from Bandung. Together with theremaining government personnel the team collected dataon personnel and asset and facilitated the reactivation ofthe government. "We were operating based on the Letterof Decision from the Ministry of Home Affairs. We asoassisted in preparing financial planning -because APBD(Local Government Budget) was not yet approved--for sixmonth period," Johan said.

Johan admitted that he found there somethingimproper. But he is reluctant to mention it. What is cer-tain is, according to him, we have to help the Acehnese."If not we who will help them," he said definitely.

Another story was told by Bambang Purwanto,

27PercikMay 2005

another officer of Department ofPublic Works (DPU) who neverthought he would be sent for anassignment in Aceh. When havingdinner with his family he received anSMS message that he was to departfor Aceh. And he did leave for Acehon 2 January 2005. With a feelingthat he would find difficulty findingwhat he would need, he left Jakartawith a sufficient provision.

DPU staves departed to Medan.Then on land with three vehicles. “InMedan we had dinner at a restau-rant. We thought it might be the lastgood food for us. This made us feelbad,” Bambang continued his story.

Along the road we met manyguardposts. There are appoximately80 such posts from the border ofNorth Sumatera to Banda Aceh.Everyone must produce ID card orany formal identity if one wants hisjourney smooth. Thanks God, wewere succesful in passing this ‘barri-er’.

At nightfall we arrived at LhokSeumawe. "Not much we could doover here. We took a look at refugeecamps in the Hiraq field and theylooked relatively nice with sanitationfacility, and enough provision, thiswas probably because the areas onthe east coast consisting of AcehTamiang, Aceh Timur, Aceh Utara,Bireun and Lhok Seumawe were nottoo severely damaged. The govern-ment administration was proceedingas usual, in contrast to Aceh Besarand the Banda Aceh that wereseverely hit by the earthquake andtidal waves."

Bambang and his team had apleasure to take a little rest in BandaAceh. They were billeted to a lod-ging belonging to a Public Company.Slept on a cot. For mobility the teamrode on a rental vehicle at Rp 1 mil-lion a day, far above the Jakarta rate

which is Rp 400.000 a day on ave-rage. In Banda Aceh the teamcollected data on water serviceinstallations and support infrastruc-tures for sanitation.

One day, on the way home frominspecting Water Treatment Plant atLambaro, Bambang received anSMS message telling him to take a

look at drinking water condition atthe Mental Hospital. It was said thatthere had been no water for 5 days."It was indeed in a very bad shape,the complex was almost coveredwith mud, bathrooms and toiletswere clogged, stagnant water all overthe place, the only reservoir for thehosiptal was almost empty. Aftermore technical observation an emer-gency action was taken by sendingtwo public hydrants, with 3000 lcapasity each to the area and thenext day a repair team was sent totake care of the pipe and pumpingsystem and its hidrofor."

After finished with the prelimi-nary repair Bambang was asked totake a look around the hospital.Suddenly, "I love you, Mister. I loveyou," some of the mental patientssaid. Besides, there were severalother funny stories about the hospi-tal and its patients. Quite enter-taining to remember. "There wasalso someone who called us with Mr.Radinal Mukhtar (formerly aMinister of Public Works) because

E P O R T A G ER

28 PercikMay 2005

THE COMPLEX WAS ALMOSTCOVERED WITH MUD, BATHROOMS

AND TOILETS WERE CLOGGED, STAG-NANT WATER ALL OVER THE PLACE,

THE ONLY RESERVIOR FOR THEHOSIPTAL WAS ALMOST EMPTY.

AFTER A MORE TECHNICAL OBSERVA-TION AN EMERGENCY ACTION WAS

TAKEN BY SENDING TWO EA. 3.000 LCAP. PUBLIC HYDRANTS TO THE

AREA AND THE NEXT DAY A REPAIRTEAM WAS SENT TO TAKE CARE OF

THE PIPE AND PUMPING SYSTEM ANDITS HIDROFOR.

they saw the Dept. of Public Workssymbol on our caps", he continuedhis story.

Bambang admitted that he hadto be cautious when he was there.Rumors about kidnapping werealways in the air. "This was whatmade us always cautious especiallywhen someone we did not know wasapproaching and tried to be nice,"he said. But this did not preventhim to move around to all corners ofthe city. "This does not mean bold-ness or simply careless but it'sbecause we didn't really know whatwas going on."

Bambang and his team also visitedMeulaboh, on the west coast, on a hel-icopter. We saw Lhok Nga city fromthe air. "It was really bad, deeplytouching seeing the devastated plainalong the coastline, roads peeled off itspaving and bridges broken by themighty force of the waves, but a queerenough scene was a number ofmosques were fully intact as if theywere safely guarded against the disas-ter," he explained.

One thing Bambang could notforget happened on the way homefrom Calang to Banda Aceh on a

helicopter. Because of bad weatherthe pilot chose to land on the beachclose to wooded hill near Lamno.Upon landing everybody was to takeposition with weapons ready onguard around the copter. Not longafterwards there was a sign of menmoving closer, and considering thesituation it was decided to be backinto the air, and the pilot took the

heli up above the clouds as high as itcould climb over the blue sea andturned to the coastline into BandaAceh. Frankly speaking, it wasfrightening. Luckily our pilot wasan expert in his job," Bambang toldhis story.

While in Aceh Bambang had hadclose contact with foreign volun-teers. Almost every day there was ameeting with them. The community was named WATSAN (water andsanitation). The meetings dis-cussed matters related to drinkingwater and environmental sanitationin connection to aid planning, aidmobilization, and other urgent andimportant matters. "Beside WAT-SAN during the early stage of theemergency we also establishedWater Tanker Group to take care ofwater distribution and its manage-ment." The meetings, according toBambang, were becoming less fre-quent as the infrastructres wererecovered and the regional govern-ment became functioning.

Several interesting experienceshappened during his stay in NAD.There were many, many volunteerscame over here, to the Zero Point.International as well as nationalvolunteers. Their contributionscould not be underestimated. Itmight be that all this time only thefully eqipped foreign volunteerswere highlighted by TV camera ormain feature in mass media. Thenational volunteers, including go-vernment workers, were seldom inthe news. Whereas, in spite of avariety of limitations, they haveproven capability of contributingan extraordinarily excellent per-formance. Actually we are capable,if we could work together hand inhand! (mujiyanto)

E P O R T A G ER

IT MIGHT BE THAT ALL THISTIME ONLY THE FULLY

EQUIPPED FOREIGN VOLUN-TEERS WERE HIGHLIGHTED

BY TV CAMERA OR MAIN FEA-TURE IN MASS MEDIA. THENATIONAL VOLUNTEERS,INCLUDING GOVERNMENT

OFFICERS, WERE SELDOM INTHE NEWS. WHEREAS, IN

SPITE OF A VARIETY OF LIMI-TATIONS, THEY HAVE PROVENCAPABILITY OF CONTRIBUT-ING AN EXTRAORDINARILYEXCELLENT PERFORMANCE

29PercikMay 2005

Before we calm down from theshock caused by tidal waves thatdevastated Aceh, now we are

again startled with the collapsing of TPA(final disposal site) Lewigajah,Kabupaten Bandung that took a death tollof more than 140 lives. This was perharpsthe biggest tragedy that ever happened inthe history of waste material manage-ment in the world. Are we learning a les-son from this accident?

This shameful mishap for environ-mental engineering and solid waste ma-nagement world is perhaps not limitedonly with Lewigajah but also with otherTPAs especially of big cities where TPAmanagement is run quite so poorly.

The collapse in TPA Lewigajah wasactually the result of an accumulated ofmistakes that have been done for years.At the time of the accident the height ofthe garbage pile has reached 40 - 60 mwithout sufficient safety facility.Sometime ago the TPA was also slidingdown, but it did not take any human life.The 15 ha disposal site was officially builtthrough BUDP project since 1982/83 andstarted operation in 1987. This is aregional type TPA because it is used col-lectively by the city of Bandung,Kabupaten Bandung and city of Cimahi.

The emergency measure taken by theprovincial government of Jawa Barat wasclosing down the TPA and application ofhi-tec solid waste management. But thequestion is whether the action solves theproblem and whether TPA is no longerneeded? Other basic question is whetherthis accident was solely because of techni-cal error or was it accompanied with poormanagement?

The discussion below does not intendto name a scapegoat nor put a blame onsomebody, rather it serves as material forcontemplation for all of us in order torevent similar occurrence happen again

here or somewhere else. It should beremembered that waste material man-agement is not a trivial matter and it istimely to put it at the same priority rate aswith other sectors, like drinking water,road building, etc.

Root of ProblemThe problems of the TPA can be

viewed from several anglles namely:

Technical AspectThe TPA is located too near to a set-tlement area, too near to water sour-ces (a spring, a river), and is adja-cent to a rice growing area, all are incontrary to the requirements for aTPA (SNI No. 03-3241-1994 on theProcedure in Selection of PTA Site).The standard requires that the mini-mum distance from a river is 100 m,

the nearest distance from a settle-ment area is 500 m, it is not locatedon a productive land, and so on.The TPA is not sufficiently suppor-ted with sanitary landfill technology,drainage system, such as contruc-tion of cell system, drainage canal,collector network and leachate (itwas there in the beginning, but waslater buried under by materialsfalling down), gas vents and collec-tor network, retaining wall, etc.The landfill was operated by way ofopen dumping without compaction,neither soil cover and was madeworsen by scavenging activity whichin itself is an intricate and dilem-matic problem. Besides, the exces-sive height of pile on a steep slope(the ideal slope is 30 degrees) maylead to explosion and collapse.Explosion which is then followedwith collapse is perhaps caused byhigh gas pressure entrapped within

R T I C L E

Tragic Story of TPA Lewigajah. Are We Learning A Lesson?

A

30 PercikMay 2005

By: Endang Setyaningrum*)

SOURCE: LIPUTAN6.COM

Evacuation of the dead: An excavator is digging the garbage pileto locate dead bodies

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the ventless pile (minimum gas pro-duction is 2 - 5 m3 for each ton ofwaste per year or in TPA BantarGebang 25.000 m3/ha/year, theweight of solid waste without reta-ining wall, and the high moisturecontent within the pile (no drainagecanal to get rid of rainwater out ofthe pile).Leachate with high BOD (usuallyabove 5.000 ppm) rate can flowfreely into water canal/river withoutprior treatment and thus pollutesthe environment.There is no buffer zone, thus thenegative effect of TPA activitiesdirectly hits the environment or thenearest settlement area.

Management AspectAs is common with TPAs in Indo-nesia, the management is not runprofessionally, the responsibility isgiven to personnel without specificexpertise, even as far as truck driversdecide by themselves where to dumptheir loads from day to day.Budget limitation. Budget allocationfor TPA Lewigajah management was

set at Rp 5.000/m3 whereas a prop-erly done landfill operation needs atleast Rp 10.000/m3.Service fee for waste material han-dling does not meet the manage-ment cost. The low income wasbecause the calculation is unclear.As an example, in Jakarta the com-munity is charged a high rate of Rp5.000 per household for garbagecollection up to transfer station--managed by RT/RW (neighbour-hood level administration) with arate varies from Rp 5.000 to Rp20.000), but for transport and dis-posal at TPA the budget is only Rp1.000 to Rp 2.000. Whereas theproportional cost componentbetween collection : transport : dis-posal is 30% : 40% : 30%. Weakness in enforcement of theexisting regulations (regional regu-lation, SNI, and NSPM) and weak-ness in inter-agency and inter-regional coordination. Besides, con-trol mechanism and sanction fordeviation in solid waste or TPA ma-nagement implementation neverexisted.

The community as the prime wasteproducer is not given the propor-tional role in reducing the amount ofwastes or payment of service feebased on cost recovery principle,and as a result, the wastes dumpedin TPA leads to environmental po-llution.

RecommendationLearning from the bad experience in

waste material management up to nowand to prevent the occurrence of similarmishap as did happen in Lewigajah, it iscompulsory for the stakeholders to seri-ously improve the professional wastematerial management system through:Short Term

Rehabilitation to problematic TPAssuch as TPA Lewigajah, TPA Lembangand others in reference to the result ofstudies by experts (at the present timethere is a TPA care team at Lewigajah,chaired by Prof. Dr. Ir. Enri Daman-huri of ITB). Relocate TPA with compliance withtechnical site selection criteria (SNINo. 03-3241-1994 on the Procedure inSelection of PTA Site).Prepare a new TPA DED accuratelycomplemented with detailed drawing,technical specification, and accept-able SOP. In case of landfill gasextraction, beside prevention of ex-plosion and greenhouse effect, the gascan be used for power generation.Prepare a feasibility study for a hi-tecwaste material processing as an alter-native to reduce the amount of wastedumped at a TPA.

Long TermThe application of waste materialdevelopment paradigm that is nomore pivoted against end of the pipesystem, where TPA is the sole wastedumping a ground, but rather a si-multaneously with other environ-mentally friendly approaches such

R T I C L EA

31PercikMay 2005

Refugee: Survivors at a refugee camp.

SOURCE: LIPUTAN6.COM

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as utilizing waste as source of ener-gy, garbage handling at the nearestpossible place from its sources, andapplication of sanitary landfill at thefinal processing in the right manner.A well placed TPA site (conforms toSNI No. 3-3241-1994) should becomplemented with a buffer zoneand application of prohibition fordomicile within a radius of at least500 m from the site (stipulated by aregional regulation).TPA facility must be adjusted withthe topographical condition, at leastthere must be a retaining wall (asnecessary), a drainage canal aroundthe facility, gas vent, leachate treat-ment, heavy machinery, and dirtcover (daily, regularly).The operation of a TPA (sanitarylandfill/controlled landfill) on cellsystem basis must conform to SOP(Standard Operation and Pro-cedure).For big/metropolitan cities whereland space is quite limited, seriouseffort must be exerted to find analternative method such as hi-tecsolid waste processing in accordancewith the characteristics of the wastes(must be preceded with a feasibiliystudy).It is necessary to develop a nationallevel scenario for a regional TPA inorder to avoid inter-regional con-flict.Promote 3R principle step by stepthrough separation and processingof wastes right at its place of originby way of development of environ-mental fora (similar to the one inBanjar Sari, Jakarta Selatan, initiat-ed by Mrs. Bambang) and must beintegrated with its collection andtransport.Establishment of a support from aninstitution with sufficient authorityand manpower capacity in wastematerial management.

The availability of sufficient finan-cial backup for investment and run-ning cost and application of tariffsystem that, step by step, leads tofull cost recovery.Establishment of a definite regula-tion on the mechanism and amountof contribution (managed by thecommunity for garbage collection)

and fee (managed by a managementinstitution for transport and finaldumping), in order to avoid a doubletariff image.A regulatory support and enforce-ment of sanction including controlmechanism for any deviation inwaste material management, espe-cially with regard TPA.Improvement of community aware-ness for habit in waste material con-trol since early age through suffi-cient extension program and inclu-sion of solid waste subject in curri-culum of formal education.

ConclusionRearrangement of solid waste manage-

ment is not a too difficult and impossiblematter, but it is determined by the willing-ness of all involved parties including thecommunity as the primary waste materialproducer and the political support from thehead of regional administration. With all theserious willingness from the stakeholdersand learning from the experience, bad aswell as good, let all the bad cease with theTPA Lewigajah tragedy.

R T I C L EA

32 PercikMay 2005

Rearrangement of solidwaste management is not atoo difficult and impossible

matter, but it is deter-mined by the willingness ofall involved parties includ-ing the community as theprimary solid waste pro-ducer and the political

support from the head ofregional administration.

Unmanaged: As an impact of Leuwigajah tragedy.

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SOURCE: LIPUTAN6.COM

Introduction

The municipality of Luwuk is thecapital town of Kabupaten (dis-trict level administration) Bang-

gai, province of Sulawesi Tengah. Theprovince is located at 122°23² - 125°30²East and 0°30² - 3²20² South. The townis built on a narrow strip of plain close tothe seashore. It is natuarlly a beautifulplace, especially during the night. Themunicipality commands an area of399,60 km2 and is divided into 18 kelura-hans (village level administration). In2004 it has a total population of 70.144with an annual growth rate at 1,84 per-cent. It is estimated that by 2010 the totalLuwuk population will become 77.367.

If we assume that each householdconsists of 5 heads, then there are morethen 14 thousand households. Supposethat in one day each person disposes 2,5litres of waste material into the environ-ment, then 175 m3 of household waste isproduced each day in Luwuk. Togetherwith other sources the total waste pro-duction of the municipality comes up to240 m3 per day. Of this amount the man-agement could handle only up to 42 per-cent.

This condition has urged the govern-ment to look for other ways for improving

community service through additionalfleet and personnel. Once this kind ofeffort resulted the municipality wonAdipura Award in 1997. But the condi-tion did not last, the abrupt change indevelopment priority has caused the poli-cy on waste material management neglec-ted. Now, we can easily find piles of gar-bage unattended.

The problem of waste material man-agement in Luwuk is identical with othertowns and cities in Indonesia, notablyincreasing amount of garbage, insuffi-cient transport fleet, insufficient numberof transfer stations, difficulty to collectwaste that are piling in narrow alleys, andlack of community awareness to pay con-tribution. There are several aspects thatcall for improvement if Luwuk is to pro-perly manage its waste material, namelyorganization and management, technicaloperation, financing, law and regulation,and community participation.

Organization and ManagementThe Regional Agency for Settlement

and Urban Planning of KabupatenBanggai is the responsible agency forwaste material management puts theactual implementation to one section.This is too big a task for that particular

section. For this purpose the Agencyshould take some improvement mea-sures, such as:

Improve coordination with otherrelated agencies such as PublicWorks, PLN (state owned electricitycompany)/PDAM (local govern-ment owned-water company),LKMD (village level communityorganization) and private sector, asnecessary.Improvement of human resourcescapacity. Put them into trainingcourses that could improve theirperformance.Extension program and training tothe community particularly on howto go about with their waste materi-al, in best manner as possible.

Operating SytemGarbage containment by the commu-

nity is still limited, transport fleet is notenough, limited number of transfer sta-tions, and service capacity. From thetotal of 18 kelurahans in Luwuk only 9 ofthem are covered by the service.

1. ContainmentGarbage container must be made ofdurable material, e.g. used car tyre;It must be nicely designed to add toenvironmental beauty;It should be properly covered toprevent spreading of diseases;For easy transport, the waste mate-rial should be separated the wetfrom the dry. This also makes iteasier for those who re-cycle thematerial, such as the compostindustry.

2. Collection and TransportThe total number of personnel at 93 is

R T I C L E

Solid Waste Management in the Town of Luwuk

A

ABSTRACT

The solid waste management policy in the municipality of Luwuk

of today and in the future must change, considering the physical and non-physical

environment changes, characteristic of the pollutant, and improvement of welfare

of the community.This is in line with Kabupaten Banggai Strategy Plan 2001-2005

which stresses the need for a quality and sustainable environmental

management program.In looking forward to the changes as they relate

to regional autonomy and development of industrial area in Kabupaten Banggai,

the changes will be oriented to organization and management,

operating system, funding, regulation and rule, and

community participation

-

-

-

-

By: Ir. I Wayan Sugita, M.Si.1 )

Suranto Saida, ST, MT.2)

33PercikMay 2005

-

-

-

considered sufficient. But the fleet which con-sists of 1 pickup, 7 dump trucks and 6 conta-iners is not enough. The ideal number ofequipment required is listed in table 1 below.

3. Final DisposalMunicipality of Luwuk has built a con-

trolled landfill disposal ground at the vi-llage of Bubung. Sice the facility is builton calcareous soil a leachate drainage hasbeen laid in order to prevent the liquidfrom entering the porous soil and pollu-ting the surrounding groundwater, parti-cularly during rainy weather. A controlpit has also been prepared for sample ta-king periodically once in 3 months.

FinancingThe financing of waste material

management is obtained from go-vernment subsidy amounted to 5-10percent of the total APBD (regionalgovernment budget). But in the realfact is the subsidy is only 1 percent ofthe APBD. The outcome is com-munity contribution does not meetthe target and the management isalways in shortage of running cost. Inthe meantime, there is no alternativesource of income. Therefore the serv-ice fee must be levied in compliancewith the regional government regula-

tion. This level must also be reconsideredtaking into account the increase of fuelprice and other line items of the opera-tional cost.

Law and RegulationBupati (mayor of Kabupaten) Decree

No. 54/2000 on solid waste managementfee has not been properly put into effect.The tariff levied to the community isbelow the amount stated in RegionalGovernment Regulation No. 5/2000 andBudget Plan 2004.

The tariff and sanction for deviationfrom the government regulation shouldbe solved by revision of the respectivearticles of the said regulation. Pendingthe issuance of the revision, a letter ofdecision from the Bupati could serve thepurpose in the meantime.

Community ParticipationThere are still many who dispose of

their waste carelessly, littering all over theplace like an empty lot, river, drainage,and the beaches. And additionally, theyare neglectful in paying their obligationfor cleaning and waste material manage-ment fee.

Community participation can beincreased through:

Extension program to build awarenessand habit of placing waste in a specific

facility, not into river/drainage;Giving more responsibility to RT/RW(neighbourhood level administration)institution in planning implementa-tion of waste material handling intheir respective territory;Improvement of community aware-ness that management fee collectedfrom them will go back to them in theform of a better cleaning service.

ConclusionThe measures to be taken to improve

waste material management performancein the municipaility of Luwuk consist ofthe following:

Integrating management programof the Regional Agency forSettlement and Urban Managementwith other related agencies;Revision to Regional Regulation No.5/2000. The tariff should be deter-mined commensurate to currentrealistic operational cost;Budget allocation for waste materalmanagement should be increased toan ideal level. This is necessary for:

- additional transport facility- more transport rounds pervehi-cle (consequently also more labour-ers).

Placement of temporary stationsand final disposal ground in

consideration of efficiencyand radius of service area;Improvement of communityparticipatiin through involve-ment of RT/RW istitution inplanning, implementationand supervision.

1) Section Chief, Physicaland Infrastructure

Development, BappedaKabupaten Banggai,Central of Sulawesi

2) Staff, Bappeda KabupatenBanggai, Central of

Sulawesi

R T I C L EA

34 PercikMay 2005

Table 1Waste Material Handling Equipement

and Facility Requirement, 2004

Equipment Capacity (m3) Quantity

0,04 10.220 Buah

1 240 Buah

3 48 Buah

2 32 Buah

6 7 Unit

6 6 Unit

3 6 Unit

6 1 Unit

The list does not include bulldozer for thefinal disposal ground

SOURCE: INDOMEDIA.COM

Citys garbage: City garbage is still a problem.

Garbage Bin

Hauling Cart

Transfer Station, Type A

Transfer Station, Type B

Container

Dump Truck

Pick up

Arm Roll Truck

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-

-

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

-

Drinking water and healthy envi-ronment are basic needs for hu-man being. Without water it is

impossible for human being to live and dohis daily activity. Drinking water is a so-urce of energy for man and other livingcreatures. Beside water, man also needshealthy environment. Without hygienicenvironment, man will suffer from illnessphysically, and even mentally, such asmental stress due to garbage piling upand polluted groundwater.

Considering the importance of drink-ing water and healthy environment tohuman life.

Many attempts have been made bythe community and the government tomaintain it, quantitatively and qualita-tively. In the meantime, a sustainablepleasant environment is advantageous tothe sustainability of water supply.

To guarantee water supply and envi-ronment sanitation service it is necessaryto in invite the participation of the wholecommunity. The community as consu-mers, is morally obliged to sustain theavailability of drinking water servicemaintain the support of environmentalsanitation system. The community re-serves the right to get drinking watertherefore it is obliged to keep and main-tain it in the best manner possible.Similarly with healthy environment, thecommunity has the right to inhale freshair and take drinkable water.

Although the community knows forsure that drinking water and healthyenvironment are basic needs, they do notdirectly take the initiative to do the bestto prevent pollution to water resources.Therefore, the community must bestrengthened and awakened its con-science.

The strategy for empowerment ofdrinking water and heathy environment

management for the rural and urbancommunity are conducted in differentapproaches, depending on the roots ofthe problem. Community empowermenteffort towards healthy settlement area isthe best effort to be undertaken in orderto develop a community who cares toenvironment. Awareness to the impor-tance of environment is athe strategicphase that must be developed in a wellplanned, focused, systematic, sustainableand comprehensive manner.

Education for building awarenessmust start from the lowest group.Building a common comprehension thatenvironment belongs to everyone andeveryone needs it. A need that must befulfilled through a common effort.

Based on the above discussion, theauthor attempts to present the readerswith Community Empowerment Model inWater Supply and Sanitation Manage-ment for Settlement Area. This article iswritten based on the author's opinion andpersonal observation in the field aboutmanagement of issues related to drinkingwater and environmental sanitation.

Community Empowerment ModelsDrinking water and environmental

sanitation management should be appro-ached through empowerment of the com-munity, the so called empowermentmodel. This model is understood as animitation or abstraction of an extremelycomplex reality in order to understandand simplify a specific systematic. Consi-dering the extent and intricacy of issuesinvolved in water supply and environ-mental sanitation, especially in urban

areas and also in villages, there are seve-ral models being offered:

A. Participatory ModelThis model is developed on a premise

that without participation of those in-volved, any problem faced by the commu-nity will eventually meet with a barrierwhile a solution is being sought. This mo-del is very instrumental in solving a com-mon problem because of its highly demo-cratic approach, taking into account thedifferences in individual capacity andinterests, so there is a mutual compensa-tion among each other. A mutuallyagreed vision and mission is developedthrough a discussion to reach a meetingof minds about the real problem beingfaced. In so doing, any destructive activi-ty by a member of the community can beprevented through a previously deter-mined agreement about one specific case,and thus it could be anticipated beforeanyone started an action. How could weapply this model for drinking water andenvironmental sanitation management?

First, we have to invite all the involvedparties into a discussion to discuss issuesand problems that might develop frompoor drinking water and environmentalsanitation in a settlement area. Begin-ning from the smallest unit, or RT/RW(neighbourhood level administration) ofa village. As far as possible all the respon-sible authorities invited to the meeting.The meeting discusses in detail all thepriority problems related to drinkingwater and environmental sanitation. Theconclusion wraps-up the deliberation intoa clearly stated and specified problem for-mulation.

Second, problem solution through acommon effort. If a certain housing com-plex has no drinking water facility thecommunity must work together to build

R T I C L E

Community Empowerment Model inWater Supply and Sanitation Management

for Settlement Area

A

By: Hariman

Winner II, article writing competition onWater Supply and Sanitation Management

35PercikMay 2005

it. Contribution of materials and labouras well as collection of common fund forconstructing a reservoir. The communitytakes turns in the operation and mainte-nance. In case the fund is not enough, thecommunity can work together with othercommunity, or if necessary to submit arequest to the government. But this isdone as the last recourse. This is to implythat the community must work hard infulfilling its own need without dependingtoo much on the government.

Third, sustain a good habit and takeinitiative. The habit of finding solution toa common problem such as poor watersupply and environmental sanitationmust be sustained in order to create astrong self-initiative from within eachindividual. It could be realized throughgiving example one another, and makeappreciation to a famility with an everclean home, garden and environment.Internal communication and extensionactivities by its leader, community figure,head of RT/RW, village headman, camatmust be undertaken as a regular agenda.

B. Awareness and Capacity BuildingModels

Awareness model in another strategicstep beside participatory. Awareness willmotivate the community to take a definiteaction to solve its problem. Problems likepoor environment, non hygienic watersupply, and disregarding environmentaldisease all come from lack of awareness.To grow awareness and strengthen thecommunity needs the following efforts:

First, extensive extension and infor-mation dissemination. The communitymust be educated on the importance ofdrinking water and environmental sanita-tion through direct extension activity anddissemination of information, oral andwritten as well as audio visual media. Theextension activity can be organized inintegrated manner by regional agency forhealth, puskesmas (community healthcentre), camat (head of subdistrict admi-nistration), village headman, and other

interested parties. Second, special training on drinking

water and environmental sanitation.Informal training and education is direct-ed to improve the community knowledgeand capacity in developing and maintain-ing water supply and environment sanita-tion. The training can be undertaken stepby step, group by group and followedimmediately with field application.

Third, monitoring, evaluation andpromotion of hygienic life. Monitoringand evaluation is the logical follow-up tosee how big is the influence of extension,information dissemination, educationand training upon change of behaviour.This activity is a slightly coercive aware-ness building format.

Fourth, strengthening the water sup-ply and environmental sanitation man-agement institution. This step is taken tocomplement other awareness develop-ment steps. The institution can be estab-lished with members consisting of com-munity leaders, and other capable indi-viduals to run the management of a watersupply and environmental sanitationfacility.

C. Systemic ModelWater supply and environmental sa-

nitation cannot always be solved solely bythe inhabitants. Many other parties mayhave to get involved. In this connectionthe following should be taken into seriousconsideration:

First, regional infrastructure and set-tlement systems development policy andregional spatial planning. The emergenceof problem related to settlement area isinseparable from the effect of inconsistentpolicy between the guidelines and fieldimplementation. Therefore, each timethere is a housing development and rear-rangement of the settlement there is aneed to strictly enforcement of environ-mentally feasible standard combined withregional spatial planning.

Second, integration of economic em-powerment sanitation development pro-

gram. There is a strong relationship bet-ween hygiene behaviour with economiccondition. Poor community spend moretime to earn a living than improving theirhome condition. Poverty makes man in-different to hygiene behaviour.

Third, integration and harmonizing ofsocial and cultural development. Any cul-turally related activity can be used as ameans to communicate the need for ahealthy home environment. For instance,rowing competition for those who livenear a river.

Fourth, integration of communityhealth and environmental sanitation pro-grams. Health program and eradicationof enviromentally related diseases, suchas malaria, diarrhoea, cholera, infectionto upper respiratory track, TBC, etc. canbe conducted as an integral part withenvironmental sanitation, through a com-munity campaign to drain, bury and coverprogram and garbage cleaning.

Fifth, increased woman involvement.Empowerment of women is inseparablefrom the effort to solve water supply andenironmental sanitation problem. Wo-men must be actively involved becausethey are the ones who are directly relatedto water supply and environmerntal sani-tation problem.

Phases and Steps in CommunityEmpowerment

Community empowerment must beconducted in phases, well planned sys-tematic and sustainable, since the com-munity is dynamically changing thatinfluences their inter-relationship pat-tern. Togetherness is a basic capital thatmust be grown for empowerment pur-pose.

In an urban settlement consisting ofindividuals with varied background,social status, income level, educationlevel, ethnic group, religion and so on,community empowerment must be plan-ned after taking a close observation andanalysis of the actual need. A consolida-ted social relationship through various

R T I C L EA

36 PercikMay 2005

formal and informal activities can help inthe reconcilement of idea with actiontoward fulfillment of their common need.

While the rural community consists ofmore or less homogenous population,water supply and environmental sanita-tion management is relatively easier. Thisis supported by the fact that there is athicker togetherness among the inhabi-tants because the communal work tradi-tion is still sticking within every indi-vidual.

A. Empowerment Phases1. Preparatory

The steps in the preparation phaseconsist of:

Extension activity through RT,RW, and neighbourhoodHousehold level communityhealth educationInformation dissemination by va-rious involved parties: Puskesmas,Dinas Kesehatan (Health agency),Dinas Kebersihan (Cleaning agen-cy), Dinas Permukiman (Settle-ment agency), Developer andPDAMSelf initiated environmental edu-cation and trainingNeighbourhood level discussionmeetingFilm show, etc.

2. ImplementationAt this point the knowledge/skill learned

from the preparatory stage is brought intoaction and the empowerment action plan isput into reality. The activity in this phaseconsists of among others, communal work incleaning the environment, construction offinal garbage disposal facility, clean rivercompetition.

3. Evaluation, Supervision andControl

This is an important phase to see if theempowerment follows the predetermined

line. In this phase we will find out the we-akness and the strength of the implemen-tation for further correction as necessary.

4. ConsolidationThis point consists of corrective meas-

ures for any deviation or improvement towhat has been going well. The communi-ty has realized the importance of healthydrinking water and begins to manage theenvironment that should be supportedwith several other factors in order to con-solodate the path towards hygiene beha-viour. These factors are:

Formulation of norms/rules to beobserved by all inhabitantsGovernment policy that allocatesfund for drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation managementProvision and maintenance of sup-port facilitiesAvailability of special institution,such as youth group, to handle thejobRegular agenda, such as cleanFridays or clean SundaysMaintenance of the existing facili-ties.

5. CultivationCultivation is an effort to make the

condition sustains, self motivated withoutany external pressure, persuasion, re-monstration let alone instruction. Thereare several things that should be observedduring this phase:

Regular and prioritized program/activity Self financingProhibition to litteringPlacement of notice board/bill-board containing suggestion tomaintain clean environment.

B. Steps in Community Empower-ment

The steps in community empower-ment in the context of drinking water andenvironmental sanitation managementconsist of:

Communal action in solving prob-lems related to drinking water andenvironmental sanitation;Mobilize all available resources, con-sisting of fund, material, land area,labour, and knowledge in solvingpoor environmental condition;Maintaining togetherness throughstrenthening the function and roleof social institution;Maintaining the habit of discussi-on for finding solution to commonproblem;Improve the responsibility and awa-reness on the importance of drinkingwater supply and environmentalsanitation to a sttlement area;Improvement toward a focused, sys-tematic, well planned, integrated andsustainable drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation manageent.

RecommendationCommunity empowerment in the

management of drinking water and envi-ronmental sanitation should be under-taken through a participatory model sup-ported by awareness education and ca-pacity building and systemic model.

R T I C L EA

37PercikMay 2005

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-

-

-

-

--

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-

-

-

-

-

---

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

A consolidated socialrelationship throughvarious formal andinformal activities

can help inthe reconcilement of

idea with action towardfulfillment of their

common need.

Sea pollution is the most commondetrimental act, it spreads easi-ly, and it also dangerous. Sea

pollution (coastal waters) is defined asdetrimental impact (dangerous effect)to biotic life, resources, and marineecosystem pleasantness and humanhealth and other benefit of sea ecosys-tem as a direct or indirect cause dis-posal of materials or waste productsfrom human activity, including energyinto the sea.

Today, sea pollution in Indonesia hasreached a worrying level. As we all know,almost 60% of Indonesian populationlives in coastal areas. This conditiongreatly influences the quality of coastaland marine resources. This does notinclude on land activitiy from which agreat deal of wastes, organic as well in-organic, which eventually would be intro-duced to the coast and the sea. If thiscondition continues, the pollution willadversely affect the sustainability andperpetuality of coastal and marineresources.

As an effort to control sea pollution, itis necessary to have a comprehensive pro-gram and activity through effectiveactions and applied technologies, such ascommunity education about the dangerof pollution, teach them how to make useof waste materials, construction of wastematerial disposal and processing facility,and so on. Department of Marine andFishery (DMF) Resources through theDirectorate General for Coast and SmallIslands, beginning from 2003, launched a"beach clean up" program. In the begin-ning this program was aimed at awake-ning the care of the Indonesian commu-nity, especially the involved institutions,government, private sector, NGO andothers to cooperate with DMF to launch a

partnership program in dealing with seapollution in Indonesia,

GBPL ObjectivesGBPL which was initiated by DMF

contains a long and a short term objec-tives. In the long run is to stimulate thecommunity to maintain "blue sea and

eternally clean beach". The short termobjectives consist of, firt, awareness edu-cation for the community about the dan-ger of sea pollution; second, to simulatethe community to practice hygienebehaviour in order to sustain the environ-mental function, starting from familiy cir-cle and primary school. The third objec-tive is to stimulate the community to par-ticipate in sea pollution control, especial-ly through application of efficient lifeparttern, known as 4R (Reduce, Reuse,

Recycle and Replant) method, separatingorganic from inorganic waste since thevery source of emergence, especially inrelation to waste product, solid or liquid.The fourth objective is to integrate all theactivities/programs from the differentinstitutions that are directed to controlsea pollution, especially in evironmentalmanagement, both in terms of infrastruc-ture and legal basis for the sea pollutioncontrol.

GBPL was launched at the nationallevel on 21 September 2004 by theMinister of Marine and FisheryResources, Rokhmin Dahuri, at Kenjeranbeach, Surabaya. The event at Kenjeraninvolved more than 8.000 people con-sisted of schoolchildren, university stu-dents, youth groups, boy scouts, coastalcommunity, professional associations,government agencies, NGOs, mass mediaand the general community.

A few months later, on 18 April 2004,GBPL was conducted on the beach ofTanjung Pasir, Kabupaten Tangerang,Banten. The activities consisted ofgarbage cleaning at the fish auction faci-lity, training on integrated waste materialmanagement, mangrove tree planting,releasing fish fingerlings, interactive dia-logue, a quizz on environmental issues,roving library, bird watching for school-children, and an exhbition.

Then on 12 December 2004 FreddyNumberi, Minister of Marine and FisheryResources, announced the launching ofthe National Movement Clean Beach andSea in the fishermen village of KalibaruCilicing, Jakarta.

*) GBPL = National Movement for

Clean Beach and Sea**) Community Information Service

Centre, Dept. of Marine and Fishery

Resources

C T I C L E

Clean Beach and Seathrough GBPL*)

A

Today, sea pollutionin Indonesia has reached

a worrying level. As we all know, almost 60%

of Indonesian population livesin coastal areas.

This condition greatlyinfluences the quality

of coastal andmarine resources

By Rennisca Ray Damanti**)

38 PercikMay 2005

Jakarta, March 23, 2005 ? The Govern-ment of the Netherlands has made avail-

able a US$22 million (EUR 18.26 million)grant to support Indonesia's efforts toaddress the structural problems in the waterand sanitation sector and assist governmentprogress towards the Millennium Deve-lopment Goals (MDGs). This substantialgrant aims to strengthen the institutionsresponsible for service delivery, and tothereby increase the levels of water and san-itation services for all, especially the poor.

This US$22 million Dutch Water andSanitation Trust Fund being launched todayhas been established to support govern-ment and other stakeholders address thestructural deficiencies of the water and san-itation sector. It provides a springboard forthe new, revitalized course of water and sa-

nitation sector development. The po-tential for change lies in the hands of allstakeholders. The resolve of the newgovernment and the opportunities cre-ated by the implementation of the 2001decentralization agenda mean that thesector is at a turning point.

This trust fund will support sanita-tion development, improvement inurban water supply institutions andstrengthening water resource manage-ment institutions. The grant will alsofinance the design of longer term invest-ment in sanitation. It will also provide afacility for immediate technical assistance togovernment, and a funding window that canbe used to support the reconstruction ofwater and sanitation services in Aceh andNias.

The memorandum of understandingsigned by Ruud Treffers (Dutch Ambassa-dor for Republic of Indonesia) and AndrewSteer (World Bank Representative for In-donesia) and witnessed by Suyono Dikun(Deputy for Infrastructure, National Deve-lopment Planning Agency).

In anticipation to the challenges inthe future WASPOLA together withWSS Working Group organized a

workshop on Communication StrategyDevelopment held in Surabaya on 17February 2005. The workshop is a part ofthe series of workshops on the"Implementation of the National Policyfor Community Based WSS Develop-ment", which was held at the same placethe day before.

The workshop was attended by 30 par-ticipants representing central level WSSWorking Group, provincial--and district levelWSS Working Groups, Bappeda of theMunicipality of Surabaya, ProvincialBappeda (Regional Development PlanningAgency) of Jawa Timur, PDAM Surabaya,WSP-EAP, and WASPOLA. This was also acontinuation of the previous workhops heldin Jakarta November 2004 and January2005.

The event was officially opened by OswarMungkasa of Bappenas (National Deve-lopment Planning Agency). In his openingspeech he emphasized the importance of

communication strategy in the dissemina-tion of the community--as well as the institu-tionally--based national policies.

The deliberation was made in groupdiscussions. There were 2 discussion gro-ups. Through comparison with commer-cial product, the participants discussedthe topic "Policy Communication" to de-termine the target audience, purpose of

communication and response expectedfrom the audience. The outcome, the tar-get expected covers central, provincialand district level governments, and thecommunity. Each of the levels must be dis-

tinguished between executive and legisla-tive, and between decision makers andimplementors. To be specific, the target ofpolicy communication consists of the go-vernment ministers related to WSS devel-opment, the governor, bupati (mayor ofKabupaten), DPRD (local legislative board),BPD (regional development bank), NGO,and universities.

The purpose of the communication is toprovide information, knowledge, and com-prehension about National Policy for WSSDevelopment to all stakeholders, improve-ment of care to WSS related issues and sus-tainability of the development, behaviouralchange and dissemination of the basic poli-cy principles.

The comments expected from the tar-get audience consists of commitment toapply the national policy, care about WSSsector as a development priority, budgetallocation for WSS development andregional level policy adoption. The resultof the workshop will be used as materialfor formulation of communication planand selection of media. (Lina)

B O U T W A S P O L A

The Netherlands Provides US$22 Million In GrantsTo Support Water And Sanitation Programs In Indonesia

Communication Strategy Development Workshop

A

39PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

For the intention of gathering les-sons learned from the implemen-tation of National Policy for

Community Based WSS Developmentwhich took place in 2004, WASPOLAheld a workshop in Surabaya on 15-17February 2005. The workshop was atten-ded by representatives from provincial,kabupaten and central level WorkingGroups, WASPOLA, WSP-EAP, and theprovinces of NTT (Nusa Tenggara Timur)and Sulawesi Tenggara as new participantprovinces. Beside as a means for sharing ofexperience, this workshop was also inten-ded for identifying of the needs in the imple-mentation of the Policy in 2005 and to agreein site selection criteria.

The workshop was officially openedby Basah Hernowo, Director of Housingand Settlement, Bappenas (NationalDevelopment Planning Agency). He re-vealed that water supply service coveragein Indonesia is still at 55,2 percent andbasic sanitation at 63,5 percent. Toincrease the level of coverage of the twoservices a development policy was formu-lated. The policy has been put into imple-mentation in four kabupatens in2002/2003, and 7 kabupatens in sevenprovinces in 2004.

Based on experience obtained fromthe implementation, according to Basah,the implementation strategy in 2005 willconsist of: a) strengthening the capacity ofWSS Working Groups through a series oftraining/workshops; b) expansion in thenumber of facilitators; c) expansion of areasfor implementation through partnershipwith other involved parties; d) facilitation ofvarious different types in accordance withoutput and the choice of the region.

He stressed again, that this activity ispurely technical assistance, it does notimply in any way a subsidy for a physical

development. And besides, the provincialWorking Group is the leading actor, there-fore it should be sufficiently supported withthe necessary resources. Province is conduc-ting coordination with central level WSSWorking Group and WASPOLA Secretariat.This fact requires commitment from Bappe-da (Regional Development Planning Agen-cy) to coordinate the implementation andapplication of the Policy basic principles intothe regional level WSS development plan-ning and programming. The role divisionamong the different levels are as the fo-llowing:

This workshop agenda was filled withsharing of experience among the differentregions in implementing the communitybased development policy. From the dis-

cussion the following points of agreementhave been reached: (i) a region that isinterested in joining the program isrequired to submit a letter of request; (ii)provincial Working Group to play majorrole in facilitating implementation activi-ty at the kabupaten level; (iii) technicalassistance is provided according to theneed of the region.

During the course of the woorkshop apresentation was also made aboutNational Policy for Institutionally BasedWSS Development, currently in draft andis being submitted to the echelon I offi-

cials of the involved government depart-ments for approval. It is expected theapproval will be realized in March-April2005. (MJ)

B O U T W A S P O L A

Workshop on the Regional LevelImplementation of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development

A

Preparation of consultant team

Facilitation to strengthen Working

Group capacity

Financial assistance to TA in per-

forming dissemination

Preparation of facilitation guideline

Documentation and report

As resource person

WASPOLA WSS WORKING GROUP

Coordinator at implemetation level

(kabupaten, provincial, central)

As resource person

Monitoring and supervision

Limited financial support

Information service

Preparation of implemenmtation

team

Coordinator and liaison with legsla-

tive, university, NGO and other

related parties

Preparation for budget allocation

Kabupaten level facilitator

Preparation of implementation

team

Coordinator and liaison with legisla-

tive, university, NGO and other

related parties

Preparation for budget allocation

Provincial level facilitator

DISTRICTPROVINCE

40 PercikMay 2005

WSS Policy implementation atthe regional level in 7 kabu-patens (districs) of 7 provinces

was conducted from June till December2004. In order to know what responsesthe regions have made to the policy facil-itation, in the form of the result it hasproduced, the problems it entails and thefollow-up plan for 2005, WASPOLA con-ducted National Workshop on Imple-mentation of the National Policy for Com-munity Based WSS Development at theRegional Level held in Surabaya on 15-17February 2005. This event was attendedby reperesentaives of all kabupatens andprovinces to which the facilitation wasgiven plus two other kabupatens whichhad similar facilitation in 2002/2003.

The result of the worshop will be usedby WASPOLA and WSS Working Groupas an input in developing policy imple-mentation workplan 2005. The discus-sions that took place during the course ofthe workshop revealed the general pic-ture of policy implementation in the fol-lowing regions:

ActivitiesIn general the activities that took

place in kabupaten and provinical levelsconsisted of:

Road show to the regional chiefs ofadministration and the related agen-ciesWorkhop for building comprehen-sion on the basic policy principlesWorkshop for identification of prob-lems and issues related to WSSdevelopment in the regionsWorkshop for formulation of WSSdevelopment strategy in the regions

In the meantime, several activities alongthis line were taking place in the kabu-patens and some of the provinces:

Cooperation with mass media inconducting interactive dialogue onWSS development: NTB (NusaTenggara Barat), Lombok Barat, Ke-bumen (local TV), Gorontalo (radio)Testimony on the success and failurein WSS management in KebumenPartnership with NTB provincial levelDevelopment Forum in conductingdialgue on conservation issue as it

relates to WSS developmentEstablishment of exemplary villagein relation to SANIMAS (Communi-ty Based Sanitation) project imple-mentation in SubangDissemination meeting to introducethe Community Based Policy to allkabupatens (Sumatra Barat, JawaTengah and Sulawesi Selatan).

ProductsFrom a series of operational plan

development there are a number prod-ucts beneficial to the regions, they are:

Establishment of real support fromthe chief of regional administrationEstablishment of official kabupatenlevel WSS Working Group (PokjaKabupaten) through a letter of deci-sion issued by the BupatiFunding support for Pokja Ka-bupaten operation and budget allo-cation for 2005

B O U T W A S P O L A

Sharing of Experience in the Implementation ofthe National Policy for Community Based WSS

Development at the Regional Level in 2004Excerpts from National Workshop on Implementation of the National Policy for Community Based

WSS Development at the Regional Level, Surabaya 15-17 February 2005.

A

PROVINCEWest SumateraBabelBantenCentral JavaNTBSouth SulawesiGorontalo

DISTRICTSL SijunjungSouth Bangka Lebak KebumenWest LombokPangkepGorontaloSubangSolok

41PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Workplan/policy framework hasbeen formulatedStakeholders' enthusiasm in partici-patory processThe regional stakeholders are begin-ning to comprehend the basic policyprinciples and capable of formulat-ing sustainability concept based onthe study on factors determining thesuccess and failure of WSS develop-ment project.

Regional Follow-up Action PlansIn 2005 the kabupatens are stillpreparing their respective strategyplan which will be finalized into aregional legal basis for implementa-tion of community based WSS devel-opment. For this purpose all thekabupatens have allocated the neces-say budget.At the provincial level in 2005 therewill be a continuation of operationalplan and policy disseminationthrough implementation facilitationat kabupaten level. And all theprovinces have allocated the neces-sary counterpart budget for the saidactivity.

ProblemsWith the limited comprehensionabout ht policy during the earlystages of the implementation, mostof the regions had a wrong percep-tion, policy implementation wasunderstood as central governmentplan to provide a physical develop-ment project, although the essenceof the policy implementation hadbeen repeatedly explained.Difficulty in allocation of counter-part budget especially at the provin-cial level, therefore the activity couldnot proceed at an optimum rate.

Important Lessons LearnedFrom the sharing of experience

process we could pick the following

important lessons:Through the participatory facilitationprocess the regions have in generalbegun to catch the essence of the poli-cy operational plan in the context ofsustainable WSS development fortheir respective areas.WSS development sustainability hasbeen given a serious attention andduly translated into regional actionplans.Innovation by each kabupaten hasproduced a regional specific outcomethe reflects the demand characteristicof the respective region, such as theutilization of nagari institution inSumatra Barat, academic draft of Re-gional Regulation in Bangka Selatan,innovation in drinking water servicedelivery in Pangkep, cooperation withDepartment of Religious Affairs in

sanitation education in Gorontalo.At the provincial level, it has beenunderstood that this level will play animportant role in the kabupaten leveldissemination of the policy along withits position in the overall nationaldevelopment.In therems implementation theprovincial and kabupaten workinggroups still need capacity strengthen-ing in knowledge, comprehension andtechnical skill in the policy implemen-tation facilitation.Both the provinces and the kabu-patens consider that political support(legislative and executive), inter-agency coordination, and supportfrom other related parties, are impor-tant for the implementation of thecommunity based WSS developmentpolicy.

B O U T W A S P O L AA

42 PercikMay 2005

Pendampingan Lapangan = field assistancePemahaman kebijakan = policy comprehensionKajian dan dialog keberlanjutan AMPL = WSS sustainability studyand dialoguePenyusunan rencana program strategis AMPL daerah =Formulation of regional WSS development strategic programRencana Pembangunan AMPL Daerah = Regional WSSDevelopment PlanOperasionalisasi kebijakan oleh Propinsi = Operational plandevelopment by provinceLokakarya Nasional = National WSDisseminasi dan sosiAlisasi rencana pelaksanaan kebijakan didaerah = Dissemination and socialization of regional level imple-mentation planMenyepakai kriteria pemilihan daerah = Agrrement on site selec-tion criteriaPemilihan daerah = Site selection7 propinsi dan 7 kabupaten terpilih = 7 provinces and 7 kabu-patens selectedPemahanan substansi, kebijakan umum dan aspek keberlanjutan

AMPL = Compreheding substance, general policy, and sustainabil-ity aspectsDaftar permasalahan dan potensi pembangunan AMPL di daerah =List of problems and potentials of WSS developement at regionallevelPrioritas masalah yang perlu ditangani daerah dan dukunganyang diperlukan = Priority problems to be handled and the sup-port requiredPengalaman nyata faktor keberlanjutan dan kegagalan proyekAMPL di masyarakat = Actual experience in factors determiningsuccess and failure of community based WSS development Masukan semua pihak terhadap program keberlanjutan AMPL =input contributed by all involved parties for sustainable WSSdevelopmentPelajaran penting pelaksanaan kebijakan tahun 2004 = importantlessons learned from policy implementaion in 2004Kesepakatan kriteria pemilihan daerah tahun 2005 = Agreementin site selection criteria 2005Rencana pelaksanaan kebijakan tahun 2005 = policy implementa-tion plan 2005

REGIONAL LEVEL WSS POLICY OPERATIONAL PLAN IN 2004

In general, the tight schedule of theregions with the preparation ofworkplan 2005, Christmas holidays

and New Year 2005 heavily influencedthe facilitation of implementation opera-tional plan of the Community Based WSSDevelopemnt Plan during December2004.

The policy facilitation is focused oncapacity improvement. This is intendedto improve the capacity of the regionalWSS Working Groups (Pokjas) in thepreparation of WSS development activi-ties that meet the standard quality of astrategic plan.

The format of the activities came asworkshop for "Formulation of WSSStrategic Planning for Regional LevelWorking Groups" held on 30 November - 3December 2004 at Hotel SheratonBandara, Jakarta. The WASPOLA facilitat-ed workshop was attended by 18 partici-pants. The result was a draft of WSSDevelopment Stategic Plan which will beused as a base document for the final work-shop the respective regions.

At the time of the provincial activities,the kabupatens site of policy implementa-tion were also conducting similar activitiesstarting from discussion, workshop, up toformulation of draft of policy and strategicplan for the respective kabupaten (districtlevel administration). The kabupatens we-re Lebak, Gorontalo, Bangka Selatan, Pang-kep, Kebumen, Lombok Barat, and Sawah-lunto Sijunjung.

In general, all the regions have complet-ed the policy operational planning activitiesin accordance with the characteristics of theregions and have had a draft of work plan foradopting the WSS policy and program andits facilitation achievement result. Theachivement reports will be compiled into aprovincial and kabupaten final reportsscheduled for completion in January 2005.

In general, all the regions have com-pleted the policy operational planning acti-

vities in accordance with their respectivecharacteristics and have been able to pre-pare a draft of workplan for adopting thethe WSS development policy and programand the profile of facilitation result of eachof the region. The report of the achieve-ment will be included in the provincial andkabupaten completon reports, scheduled tobe finalised in January 2004.

Important IssuesIn Province Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB)there is strong desire to include "CleanYourself and Clean the Environment"campaign into Water Resources master-plan presently being prepared byParticipation Action Research Rinjani(PAR Rinjani) Project.The issue of water resources pollutioncaused by illegal mining by the com-munity and low hygiene behaviour ofthe general community, represent twomost important problems in BangkaBelitung.The active role of Dinas Kesehatan(Regional level Agency for Health) andBapedalda in the membership has con-tributed a lot in policy facilitation inBanten. Kabupaten Lebak, facilitated byWASPOLA, was able to develop a WSSstrategic plan taking into considerationthe geographical condition which divid-ed the region into 4 zones each with itsspecific characters.

The structural position (Division Chief,Section Chief) in Pokja membership ofSumatra Barat, has a signifiant mean-ing and influence in the policy imple-mentation. The provincial Pokja hasmanaged to prepare a training plan forWSS management team and willundertake policy dissemination withinthe government agencies and isinvolved in selection of kabupatens forpolicy implementation in 2005.In Sulawesi Selatan WSS sector isplaced ninth out of ten developmentpriorities. Follow-up action of policyimplementation for 2005 is hangingpending a confirmed support fromWASPOLA and Central Pokja.All of the provincial Pokja memberswere involved in the formulation ofWSS development budget 2005 takinginto account the SWASH project inter-vention plan in Kapbupatens Bolemoand Bonebolango. There is a commit-ment from kabupaten Pokjas concern-ing clarity and transparency in WSSbudget formulation.The role of provincial Pokja in Policyimplementation in Jawa Tengah isquite important especially in terms ofits capacity in facilitating. Kabu-patens of Banyumas and Wonogiriare considered as good and suitablelocations for WSS development im-plementation. (MJ)

B O U T W A S P O L A

Implementation of National Policy forWSS Development in December 2004

A

PROVINCE

West SumateraSouth Sulawesi

Central of Java

Bangka Belitung

Gorontalo

Nusa Tenggara Barat

Banten

ACTIVITY

Workshop on "Formulation of provincial WSS program"Workshop on "Policy Dissemination"Discussion of WSS data collectionWorkshop for formulation of strategic planWorkshop on "Policy Dissemination"Workshop on"Formulation of WSS Sector Activity Planning"Workshop on "Formulation of Policy Operational PlanAdoption Planning"Workshop on "Formulation of Community Based WSSStrategic Program"Discussion to sharpen Provincial Pokja Workplan 2005Workshop for studyng cross sectoral and inter-provincialpolicies within the framwork of water resources manage-mentProvincial Pokja regular meetingsWorkshopWorkshop

DATE

December 18 December 13 December 17-22 December 30 December 7-9 December 29

December 18

December 18

December 30

December 28 December 7 and 30 December 7

43PercikMay 2005

The activities of January 2005 werefocused on finalising of fieldreports and documentation of

activities in 2004 and preparation ofCommunity Based WSS DevelopmentPolicy implementation for 2005. Severalactivities conducted during the time werecoordination with the WSS WorkingGroup (Pokja), meeting/discussion withCWSH and WSLIC-2 projects for thepreparation of cooperation in policyimplementation and preparation ofnational workshop in Surabaya.

Preparation of WorkplanThe preparation for Community

Based Policy implementation for 2005was conducted through a series of meet-ings and coordination with WSS Pokja.Several important subjects discussedincluded the outcomes and type of activi-ties, facilitation strategy, the necessarysupport from WASPOLA as well as fromcentral level Pokja.

The agreement and summary of thediscussion consisted of, among others,alternative approaches in the communitybased policy facilitation, as illustrated inTabble 1. In the facilitation alternatives,there are cases where WASPOLA facilita-tor does not fully involve in field activi-ties, rather he will only appear in certainworkshop or meeting as a limited facilita-tion.

The selection of provinces (site of2004 activities) as sites for facilitation in2005 and their facilitation type (type A orB, Table 1) was conducted based on crite-ria developed in the national workshopon 15-17 February 2005 in Surabaya.

Preparation of Policy Imple-mentation Plan in CWSH Project

WASPOLA and WSS Working Groupwill work together with CWSH project toput the policy into implemention in fourprovinces (Jambi, Bengkulu, KalimantanBarat, and Kalimantan Tengah). This

cooperation is intended to speed up poli-cy implementation through project activ-ities, which will then be taken over anddeveloped by the regional government.WASPOLA, WSS Working Group, andCWSH project will hold a meeting tobuild a common perception and clarityabout about each other's role in theimplementation of Community BasedPolicy.

In general it has been approved thatthe policy implementation strategy con-sists of strengthening of capacity andfacilitation in the regional WSS workplandevelopment formulation process.WASPOLA will facilitate in conductingworkshops at the national, provincial andkabupaten levels.

Preparation of Policy Imple-mentation Plan in WSLIC-2 Project

Similar to CWSH, WSLIC-2 projectwill also cooperate with WSS WorkingGroup in the accreleration of the policyapplication. WSLIC-2 will develop anactivity in the framework of project com-pletion process. WSS Working Groupwill play more significant role thanWASPOLA. WASPOLA's role will be lim-ited in facilitation process through provi-sion of provincial facilitator in SumatraBarat, Bangka Belitung, NTB andSulawesi Selatan.

Preparation of National Workshopin Surabaya

Upon completion of facilitationprocess at the regional level it has beenagreed to have a national meeting to con-solidate the result of facilitation in 2004and for formulation of workplan for faci-litation in 2005. For that purpose, basedon mutual agreement with Central levelPokja a workshop is scheduled to be heldin Surabaya on 15-17 February 2005.

(MJ)

B O U T W A S P O L A

Implementation of National Policy for WSSDevelopment in January 2005

A

FACIL ITATOR

WASPOLA, facilitator wasassigned in the site for theduration of the process

Present in the site (work-shop or coordination meet-ing) based on prescribedschedule

Directly by WASPOLA Secre-tariat

Directly by WASPOLA Secre-tariat

TYPE

A

B

C

D

FOCUS OF FACIL ITATION

Strengthening provincial and kabupaten teamsFacilitation of policy operation (follow-up ofworkplan) that was produced during the earlierfacilitationSupport to the province in facilitating thekabupaten

Strengthening provincial and kabupaten teamsabout policy and its operational plan·Monitoring and supervision of policy operationalprocess

Communication network development throughpreviously agreed meeting agendasPolicy control and its operational planDevelopment of partnership concept in policyimplementation for the followitn year

Introduction of community based WSS develop-ment policy through a national workshopInclusion of technical staff in training togetherwith other regionsDemand analysis for policy implementation forthe following year

SITE/TARGET GROUP

Selected from the 7 provinces that hasreceived facilitation in 2004. Provincesthat opt to have a limited facilitation aretreated as type B.

CWSH, WSLIC projects and old provinvesthat opt to have a limited facilitation

CARE International, Plan International, Islamic Relief International

Prov. Sulawesi TenggaraProv. NTTSolok, Musi Banyuasin, Subang andSumba Timur

Table 1 - Facilitation Design Alternatives

44 PercikMay 2005

The Infrastructure Summit washeld at the Jakarta ConventionCentre on 18-19 January 2005.

This meeting was facilitated by theIndonesian Chamber of Commerce tobridge a meeting of minds among thegovernment, donor countries, multilater-al institutions, private sector to discussthe possibility for cooperation in infra-structure development in Indonesia.

Several important matters that sur-faced during the course of discussionswere:

Fact and IssueOnly 40% of urban population(approximately 33 million) hasaccess to piped water distributionsystem, and only 8% of the total vil-lage population, or around 10 mil-lion, has the same privilege.Production capacity is at 95.540l/sec (based on basic assumption:capable of meeting the demand of 95million people). National average ofleakage is at 40%. Government-private sector partner-ship is on-going in 20 systems, con-sisting of 10 BOT, 6 BOO, 3 conces-sions, and 1 joint operation.Aproximately 90% of PDAMs (LocalGovernment Owned Water Compa-ny) are not feasible of operation, forone or several of the following rea-sons:

Major loss (cumulative PDAMdebt has reached Rp 5,2 trillion);Not enough fund for investment,nor even for O&M cost;Low human resources capacity.

Not attractive to investor:Tariff level does not meet therequirement for full cost recoveryso that financial sustainability isout of question.Lack of financial autonomy be-

cause of too strong governmentintervention especially since theregional autonomy era.Insufficient regulation. As anexample, Law No 5/1962 which isnow out of date.From the economic of scale, it isinsufficient. After the regionalautonomy each region built itsown PDAM. Therefore most ofthem are too small, less than10.000 customers.

The principle of good corporategovernance is not applicable.Tender process is obscure.Absence of independent regulato-ry body.No guarantee to raw water source.Sanitation management does notwork properly because it is han-dled separately from water supply.Insufficient government fund (it isestimated that up to 2015 thebudget requirement is approxi-

B O U T W S S

Infrastructure Summit

A

45PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Production capacity is at 95.540 l/sec(based on basic assumption: capable of

meeting the demand of 95 million people). National average of leakage is at 40%.

mately USD 5 billion), therefore itis necessary to find other financingschemes, such as private sector,partnership government-privatesector, including foreign loan.

Proposal from Private SectorHuman resources capacity develop-ment.Improvement of investment man-agement and strategy.Improvement of financial autonomy.Guarantee for accountability, cove-ring the overall administrative andmanagement aspects.The private sector needs a consistentregulation, netral, and clear. Inclu-ding clear definition of subsidy poli-cy.Guarantee in sustainability of rawwater.Improvement of monitoring mechanism.Improvement the relationship withthe customers.Private investment for big scale, thusthe smaller PDAMs should mergetogether.Sanitation management should beintegrated with water supply. PDAMshould be prepared to enable tomanage sanitation.

Government Policy and ActionMedium Term Planning (2005-09)

Drinking Water and Wastewater po-licy as contained in the Medium TermDevelopment Plan consists of provi-sion of quality, efficient and sustain-able drinking and waste water sevicesat a affordable price through (i)improvement of the awareness andparticiaption of the stakeholders; (ii)creation of favourable climate for pri-vate sector involvement; (iii) stimula-tion for the development of serviceregions; (iv) improvement of manage-ment capacity; (v) improvement ofhuman resources capacity; (vi) mini-mizing leakage.

Policy of Technical Department (Pu-blic Works)

The government guaratees the com-munity rights to access to water as abasic need.Investment requirement till 2009amounts to Rp 19,2 trillion.Investment from 2009-15 (linked toMDGs) is Rp 26,1 trillion.Drinking Water Development Strategy2005-15

Institutional and regulationreform (application of good gover-nance principle).Improved service, qualitatively aswell as quantitatively, throughinvolvement of private sector,cooperative, and community.Water resources conservation. Usewater efficiently, re-arrangementof wastewater and waste materialmanagement.Improvement of equity in service.Formulation and implementationof minimum service standard.

Mobilization of alternative domes-tic as well as foreign sources offunding including introduction ofalternative funding schemes.

Regulation reform is manifested to (i)Formulation of a new Law on RegionalPublic Company in place of Law No.5/1962 on the same subject that ispresently in effect; (ii) FinalizingGovernment Regulation on Drinkingwater and Sanitation; (iii) formulationof National Strategy and Action Plan;(iv) application of the priciples oftransparency, democracy and decen-tralization; (v) establishment ofDrinking Water and SanitationRegulatory Body; (vi) introduction ofthe principle "One River One Plan OneManagement" and "Polluters Pay";and (vii) minimizing drinking waterleakage.Department of Public Works offersprojects in 20 locations at a total costof USD 385,3 million in the forms ofconcession and BOT.Partnership direction for drinkingwater (i) establishement of new serv-ice areas; (ii) improvement and opera-tion of the existing facilities; (iii) fullconcession. Similarly with sanitation,(i) development; (ii) operation andmaintenance; (iii) service contract.

Conclusion of DiscussionPDAM merger.Improvement of PDAM operationaland financial performance.Application of full cost recovery tariff.Establishment of regulatory body.Long term funding instrument isneeded.Project size to commensurate witheconomy of scale in order to attractinvestor.Procurement process (tendering)must be transparent.Introduction of government-privatesector partnership to the regonal go-vernments. (OM)

A B O U T W S SA

46 PercikMay 2005

Medium Term Planning(2005-09)

Drinking Water andWastewater policy as

contained in the MediumTerm Development Planconsists of provision ofquality, efficient andsustainable drinking

and waste water sevicesat a affordable

price

Water condition of the world isgetting worse from time totime. Therefore, the world

community must treat water carefully."We have to use water economically, effi-ciently, and effectively", said Ir. Kusnaeni,Chairman of Committee for World WaterDay (WWD) Commemoration that tookplace on 22 March at the Hall of Keca-matan Pebayuran, Kabupaten Bekasi.The theme of the thirteenth World WaterDay commemoration was "Water forLife". The committee, in collaborationwith the Directorate of Water Hygieneand Sanitation (WHS) of the Departmentof Health organized a community activityfor the protection of water source againstpollution from domestic wastes throughapplication of Participatory Hygiene andSanitation Transpformation (PHAST)methodology. The pilot project was con-struction of household toilets and washbasins in the village of Kertasari, Keca-matan Penayuran, Kabupaten Bekasi.

During the occasion, Director of WHS,Hening Darpito, described the importanceof water for health. He explained that 70%of human body consists of water, so that ifwater intake is poor then the metabolismsystem will be disturbed. Therefore, pro-tecting water source is inevitable.

He also explained the pattern of ap-proach applied by the government infacilitating the community to develop the-ir water supply and sanitation facility.The government no longer applies projectsupply method, rather it is exercisingempowerment approach. "The spirit is,we give the community full responsibilityto initiate their own development effort,"he said while mentioning that stimulantfund will be transferred directly to thecommunity bank account.

The commemoration which was at-tended by 20 village chief also invitedrepresentatives of communities that had

been succesfull building household toiletsand washbasins through the applicationof PHAST methodology.

Suhendi, a representive from the com-munity of Kampung Tambun, village ofKertasari, expressed his happinessbecause the stimulant fund and Dept. ofHealth assistance had help to incresse thenumber of household toilets in the kam-pung. "A stimulant fund at the amount ofRp 13,5 million was distributed to build74 toilets worth Rp 48 million. Approxi-mately Rp 35 million was the communitycontribution," he said firmly.

He described that the toilets werebuilt following a community enlighten-ment process based on PHAST methodo-logy. In the beginning, the communitywere stimulated to form discussionforum. There were a number of propo-sals, such as garbage bin, drainage canal,and household toilet. "Finally we came toa common agreement that household to-ilets were the facility we were going tobuild," he said. He sincerely hopes thatthe community will begin to learn theimportance of sanitation so that they willnot do open defecation any more.

Wasmiati, a teacher of Kertasari PublicSchool 04 told another story. Because of thePHAST approach, her school and two others(Kertasari 02 and Kertasari 03) were able tobuild washbasin facilities. "We started witha gathering. There were teachers, schoolcommittees, parents' respresentatives, andseveral pupils discussing issues and prob-lems under the direction of a facilitator. Wecame to a conclusion to build water taps andwashbasins."

For that purpose, continued Wasmi-ati, they wrote a proposal to Dept. ofHealth. The budget was Rp 2 million.And it was approved. "It turned out thatthe actual cost was Rp 2,8 million. Thebalance was covered from collectionfrom among ourselves and the schoolcommittee."

The pupils were very happy with thewashbasins. They are not only for washinghands, but also for washing hair and clean-ing their feet. "On rainy days, many of ushave to wash our feet, the ground here ismuddy." One pupil said that everyday sheuses the facility. Why? "According to ourteacher, handwashing can protect ourhealth," she said shyly. (MJ)

B O U T W S S

Commemoration of World Water Day"Water for Life"

A

47PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

Explanation: Suhendi of Kampung Tambun explains about the project

Water Week, just like any otherglobal meeting, such asAgenda 21, World Summit for

Sustainable Development (WSSD), WaterForum, et cetera, was a forum for sharingof experience in water supply and envi-ronment. The difference is that the WorldBank sponsored Water Week (WW) wasemphasized on sharing of the donor(World Bank) experiences in the clientcountries and at the same time as ameans for sharing of experiences amongthe clients. It was also an opportu-nity for a fair and transparant dia-logue between the donor and theclients. For instance, whereas thedonor demands that the clients bemore transparant, accountable,clear policy, equity in gender, propoverty, community involvement,and so on the clients on the otherhands demand that funding com-mitment from donor, consistentsupport, adaptation to local condi-tion, adjustment with clients' poli-cy, et cetera.

Water Week 2005The Water Week 2005 (WW-05) took

place on 1-3 March and carried a themeWater Securities: Policy andInvestment,was organized to balance the issues rela-ted to policy and financing in water secu-rity. Up to this time the issues seemunbalanced, limping. The three day con-ference, attended by not less than 850participants from 5 continents, consistedof internal of the World Bank, and exter-nal (participants who were invited to rep-resent the nations, institutions, etc.).From the snapshot of the external, mostparticipants were North Americans (USand Canada) 22%, followed by Africa19%, Asia-Pacific 17%, Europe 13% andLatin American 13%. The remainderwere representatives of internationalinstitutions, (such as CARE, CIDA,

DANIDA, USAID, etc) 9%.For three days the external partici-

pants attended 40 sessions in 5 meetinghalls, to discuss approximately 95 work-ing papers. If mathematically calculated.each presentation was attended by 21participants, and each paper wasreviewed by 9 reviewers

What happens with Indonesia?Information about water and sanita-

tion in Indonesia seems to be an inte-

resting topic for discusson at the globallevel. At least there were seven sessionsthat discussed about Indonesia, especial-ly in water use rights, the capacity ofwater services institution and the role ofcommunity in project monitoring.

Water Use Right, to whom does itbelong?

Hatsuya Azumi, a Japanese, caughtthis most crucial water rights manage-ment in Indonesia, especially after theenactment of Law No. 7/2004. In thesession Implementing Water Use RightsAzumi discussed this problem in hispaper Water Use in Indonesia. Hebrought forward water use right (WUR)and water exploitation right (WER), two

of the most important points in Law No.7/2004. Several crucial problems towater use in Indonesia relates to therights of the farmers, unclear regulationand administration system, weakness ininstitutional mechanism in dealing withconflicts and weakness of formal mecha-nism in water allocation. Azumi bringsforward at least 6 issues to be born inmind, they are development of legalaspects, tranparant and equitable waterregulation, improvement of the role of the

community, upholding and con-flict management mechanism,river pollution control, and regu-lation about groundwater toguarantee a sustainable availabi-lity of underground water source.

Reduced loan throughqualified manpower

That is probably the mostsuitable statement to illustratethe condition of water serviceinstitution in Indonesia. IanDrozdh and Aldo Baietti, consult-ants to the World Bank, ex-plained the viability of water ser-

vice institutions in Indonesia and thedrugs that have been taken to improvetheir health condition in two differentworking papers. In session ManagingWater Utilities under Economic Stress,the two experts explained the steps forimprovements that have been taken byPDAMs. Ian, who presented Case Studyof Indonesia Water Utilities: PDAMJambi and PDAM Surakarta, believesthat Financial Recovery and Action Plan(FRAP) is an effective medicine to curePDAM sickness. While Aldo, through hispaper Turning Around Public WaterUtilities in Financial Stress, explainsabout the fact that through the PDAMrescue program there has been a changein paradigm at the regional level, butPDAM is unable to solve the problem

B O U T W S S

Water Week, March 2005Water Security: Policies and Investment

A

48 PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: DORMARINGAN

From L to R: Bambang Guritno (PU), SalusraWidya (Bappenas), and the author

alone by itself, loan rescheduling alone isnot enough, it needs PDAM loan write offand an improvement of capacity at thecentral level.

The problem low quality PDAM per-sonnel has also become Perpamsi atten-tion, they are not only capable of doing aconstruction, they must also be able tosell water. The session on Building isEasy, Maintaining is Not became quite fitin illustrating this condition. It was thenconsidered to establish cooperation withthe World Bank Institute (WBI) forimplementation in April 2005. "BecausePerpamsi has the capacity to disseminatethe result of the improved personnelcapacity to all PDAMs. Also to facilitate ameeting between the regional govern-ment and PDAM with the wider stake-holders to improve dialogue," saysGodman Ambarita, Executive Dorector ofPerpamsi, in his working paper TwinningProgram Capacity Building Componentfor NRW Reduction to explain the back-ground of the cooperation with WBI. Theresult, is to make the PDAM capable ofimproving its performance especially inhelping itself, says Werner Bremen inCapacity Building in NRW Reduction,Benchmarking to Improve Performance.

The community knew it alreadyThere are still many parties who argue

about the community capacity in moni-toring WSS facility development. And if

they were involved then what? That wasexactly what has been discussed in thesession on So What Did We Get Out ofThis: M&E in WSS? The fact is the com-munity is capable, and that capacity wasbrought forward by Hening Darpito andNila Mukherjee in a presentation onMonitoring for Quality in Implemen-tation, the WSLIC Approach, Indonesia.The outcome is, the community has itsown data on WSS in its own area, theimplementation process, and a moretransparant monitoring for use by every-one, the facility constructed based ondemand that guarantees sustainabilityand effectiveness of use. And it seemsWSLIC can prove this.

Disaster and all the attentionTsunami disaster, December 2004,

was one of the reasons why Indonesia wasso well-known in WW-05 and everybodyseems to know the magnitude of theimpact and the people suffering. It wasnatural this topic was discussed in thessession on Relief and Construction inTsunami Affected Areas. Water supplyand sanitation is a basic demand thatmust be solved, together with housingand protection. Several things that havebeen done were brought forward by

Unicef in a presentation on Water andEnvironmental Sanitation, Indian OceanEmergency Response. The WW-05 wasalso used as an opportunity for fund rais-ing through auction of photo collection bythe World Bank, the proceeds will bedonated to the victims of the disaster.

Lessons learnedAs an event, WW-05 might carry a

number of vested interests or even somemistakes. Upon arrival in Jakarta, a dis-cussion was held about WW-05, especial-ly on topic about Indonesia, by the PokjaAMPL (WSS Working Group). Severalcomments came forward. In the presen-tation by Hatsuya Azumi for instance, theWSS development operators considerthat Water Use Right issues was not suff-icently brought to surface, whereas this isa crucial issue for us and is widely dis-cussed. Also in FRAP program, it wasconsidered that what is discussed is therealm of what has been successfullyimplemented.

Anyhow, whatever it looks like, thefact that Indonesia has provided impor-tant information to everyone and othercountries on how to go about managingwater services facility belonging to theregions. Indonesia has been known as anation with an extensive area, complexbureaucracy, indefinite regulations sothat any success of a program deserves aspecific attention, and perhaps this waswhat the WW-05 participants from othercountries had in mind.

On the contrary, as a country withextensive area, and varied geographicalcharacteristics a vast amount of lessonsfrom other countries especially in waterresources management, flood control etc.could be derived and inspire Indonesia,particularly the decision makers.

That is perhaps one of WW-05 merits,this sharing of experiences provides anopportunity for a dialogue among nationsin dealing with common issues and learntogether. (dormaringan hs/waspola)

B O U T W S SA

Lembaga10%

Am.Latin14%

Amerika Utara24% Eropa

14%

Afrika20%

Asia-Pasifik18%

A Water Week participant is reading Englishversion of Percik

Composition of Water Week participants

49PercikMay 2005

In preparing the field trial ofCommunity Led Total Sanitation(CLTS) in Indonesia, a workshop

was held in Jakarta on 24 February. Theworkshop was intended to prepare inwhat way Indonesia would adopt the con-cept. The workshop produced an agree-ment about steps to be taken for applica-tion of CLTS concept in WSLIC-2 projectsite.

The workshop was attended by repre-sentatives of the involved agencies at thecentral level plus participants from CPMUand DPMU of WSLIC-2, donor institu-tions, NGOs, WASPOLA and WSP-EAP.The event was opened by Basah Hernowo,Director of Housing and SettlementSystems, Bappenas. In his welcomingaddress he stressed that CLTS is one alter-native in sanitation development inIndonesia. As a new idea, according tohim, the concept needs adjustments withthe actual condition in Indonesia. He alsohopes the program does not stop at thefield trial.

Prior to the workshop, a group ofIndonesian representatives visited Bang-ladesh and India -two nations that havebeen succcessful in applying the concept--in 2004.

CLTS concept contains three objectives,namely (i) behaviourial change and impro-vement of community awareness towardshygiene; (ii) community empowerment; (iii)to reduce open defecation habit. CLTS wasable to change behaviour and improve com-munity awareness in a relatively short timecompared to other concepts.

The initial process consists of identifi-cation of condition and facts about com-munity health (especialy that of open defe-cation habit) in the respective village.Then the community is persuaded to dis-cuss about the facts and condition. At thattime the community is confronted direct-

ly with the problem. The objective of thisprocess is to make the community to reali-ze that all this time they did not livehygienically. The next objective is thecommunity begins to ask how the condi-tion could be changed. It means that theinitial CLTS process for behaviouralchange and improvement of awarenessgrow right from grass root level and in arelatively short time.

The community awareness is then fol-lowed-up with provision of simple infor-mation about things the community cando to overcome the health condition oftheir neighbourhood. (FW/MJ)

Socialization of WSLIC-2 (Waterand Sanitation for Low IncomeCommunities Phase 2) Project

took place in Angling Darmo Room, theoffice of Bojonegoro regional governmenton 22 February. The event was opened byHM Santoso, Bupati (mayor of Kabupaten)of Bojonegoro and was attended by camats,heads of Puskesmas, head of Agency forEducation, PMD section chief, Chief of KUA,chairmen of PKK motivator, and all the relat-ed regional agencies of Bojonegoro. In hiswelcoming speech the Bupati mentioned thatdrinking water is one of basic human needs.

"Clean water can reduce the prevalence ofwater borne diseases such as diarrhoea,cholera, skin diseases and others,” he said.

He considered WSLIC-2 socializationis important as an effort to obtain clearinformation to determine the steps tosupport the project. Therefore he askedthe attendants to take notice the informa-tion in order to be able to disseminate it tothe community. Chief of the Agency forHealth in his report mentioned that thesocialization is an initial step to theprocess of village selection for participa-ting in the project. The selection is done

through community oriented approach."For that purpose the community mustknow in advance about what and how theWSLIC project is all about," he said.Thefore, he continued, the government isobliged to disseminate the informationabout the project to all villages throughsocialization at the kabupaten, kecamatanand village levels.

He described the objective of WSLICproject is to increase health condition,productivity and quality of life of lowincome communities of the villages

(sukohadiwidodo)

Socialization of WSLIC-2 Projectin Kabupaten Bojonegoro

B O U T W S S

Preliminary Meeting on CLTS

A

50 PercikMay 2005

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Water Supply and Sa-nitation Working Gro-up (Pokja AMPL) has

walked the path of 2004 withactivities focused on supportingthe implementation of NationalPolicy for Community BasedWSS Development that com-pleted formulation and wasapprovwed for implementationthe year before. In this connec-tion, the Pokja AMPL workplanwas divided into into three cate-gories, (i) Field trial and stimu-lant subsidy; (ii) study and for-mulation of guidance; (iii) pub-lic campaign.

The field trial and stimulant subsidywas implemented through SANIMAS(Sanitation by the Community) project in7 kabupatens/kotas of Jawa Timur andBali provinces; and provision of laborato-ry equipment for Kabupaten LombokBarat (ProAir Project).

The study and formulation of gui-dance consisted of (1) Formulation ofinstitutional development concept forfinancing community based WSS facility;(2) Formulation of Management Imple-mentation Guidelines and Village LevelTechnical Guidelines for CWSH Project;(3) Formulation of Guidelines for ProAirProject Monitoring; (4) Study for theFormulation of WSS Database; (5) Studyfor the Formulation of Medium TermWSS Development Program, 2005-2010;(6) Study for the Formulation of Modulefor Small Scale Wastewater ManagementSystem; (7) WSLIC-2 Gender ProfileSurvey; (8) Evaluation of the Implemen-tation of UPS-KPS AMPL AuditGuidelines; (9) Formulation of AcademicDraft of National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development.

In broad line the purpose of public

campaign is to increase the comprehen-sion, care and involvement of all thedevelopment stakeholders in the effortsto improve the WSS sector performance.Several of the public campaign activitiesthat have been done consisted of WSSDevelopment Promotion through printedmedia (public service advertisement),Talkshow in TV and radio stations, articlewriting competition on the NationalPolicy for Community Based WSSDevelopment, and press conference forthe dissemination of the national policyfor community based WSS development;policy dissemination; exhibition, distri-bution of brochures, publication ofPercik magazine, maintenance of web-site and WSS newsletter, and productionof newsclip.

Plan for 2005The focus of Pokja AMPL Workplan

for 2005 has changed. In this year thefocus is set on public campaign, opera-tional planning of Community BasedPolicy and completion of the Insti-tutionally Based WSS DevelopmentPolicy.

Operational planning of Community

Based Policy is conductedthrough seceral activities.Coordination of CommunityBased Policy implementa-tion with Program Partners.The purpose of this activityis to establish cooperationwith WSS projects andNGOs in the application ofthe National Policy forCommunity Based WSSDevelopment.Limited Financial Supportin the implementation ofCommunity Based Policy inthe regions. This is intended

to improve the capacity of regionallevel Pokjas in 21 kabupatensthrough a limited financial supportas central government contributionin the operational planning of thecommunity based policy.WorkshopIn general this activity is intended toimprove the WSS sector stake-holders' comprehension about Na-tional Policy for the CommunityBased WSS Developemt and its oper-ational planning at the regional level.TrainingActivity is intended to improve thetechnical as well as managerialcapacity of WSS development practi-tioners at the central as well asregional levels in supporting the po-licy operational planning.

The operational planning is conductedin collaboration with WASPOLA. Othercollaborative activities consist of finalizingthe National Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development, field trial in theapplication of CLTS (Community Led TotalSanitation) concept. In the meantine, pub-lic campain is conducted as a continuationfrom last year. (Andre)

B O U T W S S

WSS Working Group (Pokja AMPL)from 2004 to 2005

A

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

51PercikMay 2005

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

G E N D A

Date Month Activity7 January Workshop on Draft Final Report WSS Technical Audit WSLIC-2 Project10 January Meeting in World bank on Tsunami Disaster in Aceh11 January Pokja AMPL Meeting: Evaluation of Implementation and Preparaton of Workplan 200512 January Preparatory Meeting for WSS Analytical Study in the Kabupaten during the Era of Decentralization14 January Pokja AMPL Meeting: Preparation of Workplan 200517-18 January Infrastructure Seminar: Solution to Infrastructure Development in Indonesia, Regulatory Reform

And Investment Opportunities19 January Meeting on Waste Materials20 January Meeting to Review Communication Network24 January Presentation of Survey Report of Hydroconseil Consultant on Small Scale Water Providers Study

Meeting on Pokja AMPL Budget 200525 January Follow-up Meeting on Communication Strategy

Pokja AMPL Meeting on CLTS Application in Indonesia26 January Meeting on Final Draft of Medium Term WSS Development 2005-2010 and Final Draft of Clean Water

Database Meeting on WSS Program 2005 Technical Control

27 January Meeting for WASPOLA Workplan 200528 January Review of Proposal for PKPS BBM Village Infrastructure31 January Coordinated Planning for Rehabiliation and Reconstruction of Aceh/Sumut, for Infrastructure 2 February Review of Concept for Formulation of Community Level Financial Institution for WSS Development3 February Preparation Of Kick Off Meeting7 February Kick Off Meeting Report of Visit and Assessment of CLTS Field Trial in Indonesia8 February Consultative Meeting on Implementation of WSS Analytical Study at the Kabupaten during the

Decentralization Era15-17 February National Workshop on Implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development17-18 February Workshop on Communication Strategy Development21 February Pokja AMPL Regular Meeting: Preparation of Workshop CLTS Kick Off22 February Evaluation of Implementation and Review of Activities for 200524 February CLTS Kick Off Meeting1-3 March World Water Week: "Water Security: Policies and Investment"1 March Meeting on Preparation of Regional Assessment and TOT for Community Based Policy Operational Planning3 March Follow-up Meeting of CLTS Kick Workshop7 March Meeting for Detailed Discussion of Preparation of Regional Assessment and Implementation of

TOT for Regional Level Policy Operational Planning9-11 March Consignment of NAD and Sumatra Utara Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Infrastructure Division 21 March Pokja AMPL Regular Meeting: Preparation for 2005 activities22 March World Water Day23 March Official Dedication of Sanimas in Mojokerto

National Seminar: The Role of Composting in Waste Material Treatment and Exhibition of Products fro Recycling Process

24 March Dedication of Communal Sanitation of Sanimas II in Bali28 March Pokja AMPL Regular Meeting29-31 March Indowater 2005 - Expo and Forum29 March Review Meeting of National Polci for Institutionally Based WSS Development Draft Document30 March Pokja AMPL Meeting: Evaluation and Review of Regional Selection Assessment4-6 April WSP-EAP Conference at Guilin, Guanxi, China5 April Official Opening of Communnal Sanitation Sanimas II in Pasuruan11-14 April MDGs Dissemination Seminar: Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation13 April Official Opening of Sanimas II in Blitar14 April Pokja AMPL Meeting: Preparation for CLTS Field Trial22 April Earth Day27-28 April National Conference: Poverty Reducion and Achievement of MDGs "Better Services for the Poor"27-29 April Appropriate technology Exhibition28-29 April Sanitation Workshop: Framework for Municipal Sanitation Services

A

52 PercikMay 2005

L O S S A R YGEcologyA science that deals with interdependent relationship of living organisms and their environment

EcosystemA system consisting of plants, animals, and other organisms and all non living environmental components.

EffluentFluid that flows out as a result of a process. Also called flow from an outlet.

Elevated ReservoirA reservoir built at a certain elevation higher than the ground surface in order to produce a hydraulic pressure (head) enough to cause a gravi-tational flow to the service area.

EnvironmentA unit of space with all materials -living and non living-, energy, condition, habit that influences or is influenced by the life of human being andother living creatures.

Equalization TankWastewater pre-treatment unit, consisting of a tank (usually with a stirrer) to mix wastewater from various sources and properties in order tomake it homogenous before being subjected to further treatment.

Facultative PondIt is also called aerobic-anaerobic stabilization pond, is a wastewater stabilization pond using aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

FaucetWater faucet installed at the end of a plumbing, as a means for control in flushing/draining.

FiltrationScreening water to separate the remaining flocs or other water carried solid materials, by passing it horizontally (slow), or vertically (fast) orwith pressure (faster) through a filter media. In water treatment plant, this process takes place after sedimentation to make the filtration worklighter.

FlushingWashing off or splashing off to remove dirt.

GarbageOrganic waste material such as plant residue, paper that decomposes relatively easily if kept in a moist condition under an optimum tempera-ture (20 - 65°C)

Gate ValveA valve that controls the discharge or closes the flow for repairwork to be done and maintenance of the lower end of a network. Constructed ina branch, beginning or end of a network or each km along a through line.

Gravity System DistributionClean water distribution system wherein a flow is effected solely from the difference in elevation between water source and service area, orrelying only on gravity force.

Grey Water/SullageWastewater originating from bathroom, kitchen, washing floor, and so on other than hospital, abatoir or wastewater with high organic mattercontent.

GroundwaterWater that is found below ground surface in rock cavities and permeable layer at atmospheric or increased pressure (artesian)

HeadThe amount of pressure stated in additional energy per mass unit of water flow.

Quoted from Dictionary of Technical Terms & Foreign Abbreviations in Environmental and Sanitation Engineering, Univ. Trisakti Press.

53PercikMay 2005