criminal case doctrines

8/12/2019 CRiminal Case Doctrines

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San Beda College of Law2004 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

CRIMINALLAW

SUMMARY OF DOCTRINES

BOOK ONEBOOK ONE

FELONIES

MOTIVE

Proof of motiv i! "ot i"#i!$"!%&' for % (o"vi(tio") $%rti(*'%r'+ ,-r t- %((*!# i! $o!itiv'+i#"tifi# &+ %" +,it"!! %"# -i! $%rti(i$%tio" i! %#.*%t'+ !t%&'i!-#/ I" Po$' v!/ %'%"o), r*'# t-%t i" t- (rim of m*r#r) motiv i! "ot %" 'm"t of t- off"!) it &(om! m%tri%'o"'+ ,-" t- vi#"( i! (ir(*m!t%"ti%' or i"(o"('*!iv %"# t-r i! !om #o*&t o" ,-t-r t-%((*!# -%# (ommitt# it/ (PEOPLE vs. DELOS SANTOS, GR No. 135919, May 9, 2003)

STAES OF COMMISSION

FRUSTRATED

T- i"t"t to 1i'' &i" %" !!"ti%' 'm"t of t- off"! of fr*!tr%t# or %ttm$t# -omi(i#)!%i# 'm"t m*!t & $rov# &+ ('%r %"# (o"vi"(i" vi#"(/ 3r) t- i"t"t to 1i'' i! %t o"(vi#"t from t- ,%$o" *!# &+ $titio"r) i" t-i! (%!) % *"If t- vi(tim5! ,o*"# ,o*'#"orm%''+ (%*! #%t-) t-" t- '%!t %(t "(!!%r+ to $ro#*( -omi(i# -%! &" $rform# %"##%t- ,o*'# -%v r!*'t# ,r it "ot for t- tim'+ m#i(%' %tt"tio" iv" to t- vi(tim/ T-*!)t- CA #i# "ot rr i" r*'i" t-%t $titio"r !-o*'# & -'# 'i%&' for fr*!tr%t# -omi(i#/ (ADAMEvs. CA and PEOPLE, GR No. 13930, Nov!"#!$ 21, 2002)

ATTEMPTED

T- vi(tim ,%! -it i" t- 'ft &*tto(1 ,-i(- ,%! "ot $r ! % mort%' ,o*"#/ C'%r'+) ,-r t-wound inflicted on the victim is not as severe as to cause her death ) t- off"#r "ot -%vi"$rform# %'' t- %(t! of 6(*tio" t-%t ,o*'# -%v &ro*-t it %&o*t) t- (rim i! $r$tr%t# o"'+i" it! %ttm$t# !t%/ (PEOPLE vs. TADEO, GR No. 12%&&0 ' 101112, S!*+!"#!$ 1%, 2002)

CONSPIRACY

T-i! Co*rt -%# (o"!i!t"t'+ r*'# t-%t (o"!$ir%(+ m%+ & i"frr# ,-" &+ t-ir %(t!) t,o or mor$r!o"! $ro(# to,%r#! t- %((om$'i!-m"t of t- !%m f'o"io*! o&7(tiv) ,it- %(- #oi"

-i! %(t) !o t-%t t-ir %(t! t-o*- !mi"'+ i"#$"#"t ,r i" f%(t (o""(t#) !-o,i" %('o!"!! of formr %!!o(i%tio" %"# (o"(*rr"( of !"tim"t/ To -o'# o" %! % (o8$ri"(i$%' &+r%!o" of (o"!$ir%(+ it m*!t & !-o," t-%t - $rform# %" overt act i" $*r!*%"( of orf*rt-r%"( of t- (o"!$ir%(+) %'t-o*- t- %(t! $rform# mi-t -%v &" #i!ti"(t %"# !$%r%t/This overt act ma consist of active !artici!ation in the actual commission of the crime itself" or itma consist of moral assistance to his co#cons!irators $ $ein% !resent at the time of thecommission of the crime" or $ e&ertin% a moral ascendance over the other co#cons!irators $movin% them to e&ecute or im!lement the criminal !lan' O"( (o"!$ir%(+ i! !t%&'i!-#) %'' t-(o"!$ir%tor! %r %"!,r%&' %! (o8$ri"(i$%'! r%r#'!! of t-ir #r of $%rti(i$%tio") for i" t-(o"tm$'%tio" of t- '%,) t- %(t of o" &(om! t- %(t of %''/ It m%ttr! "ot ,-o %mo" t-%((*!# i"f'i(t# t- f%t%' &'o, to t- vi(tim/ (PEOPLE vs. A-T, !+ a., GR No. 13%&01, A*$/ 2,2003)

T- snchroni(ed actsof t- t-r %$$''%"t! i"#*&it%&'+!oint to the conclusion that the aremoved $ a common desi%n) ,-i(- i! to 1i'' t- vi(tim!/ Ev" t- 'o(%tio" of t- ,o*"#! i"f'i(t#o" t- vi(tim!) %'' o" t- -%#!) "(1! %"# !-o*'#r! %r m*t &*t !tro" $-+!i(%' vi#"( of

9

2004 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS E:ECUTI;E COMMITTEEKatrina Nina Odi (Over-all Chairperson), Bruce Rivera (Over-all Vice Chair), Janice Tejano (VC-Acads), aricel A!arentos (VC-

"ecretariat), Rhea #re$orio (VC-%inance), Kristine Jo& 'ia (VC-'*), 'oroth& #a&on (VC-+o$istics)Antonio duardo Nachura, Jr (*olitical +a), %erdinand "a!illo (+a!or +a), elissa Kon$ (Civil +a), Christiane Alono (Ta.ation

+a), Jenni/er Tiu (Cri0inal +a), Juan 00anuel Re&es (Co00ercial +a),Charo Rejuso (Re0edial +a), "haron *a$alin$ (+e$al thics)


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T-r r.*i!it! m*!t (o"(*r for % $'% of !'f8#f"! to $ro!$r? @9 *"'%,f*' %r!!io"> @2r%!o"%&' "(!!it+ of t- m%"! m$'o+# to $rv"t or r$' it> %"# @ '%(1 of !*ffi(i"t$rovo(%tio" o" t- $%rt of t- $r!o" #f"#i" -im!'f/ For *"'%,f*' %r!!io" to &

%$$r(i%t#) t-r m*!t & %" %(t*%') !*##") *"6$(t# %tt%(1 or immi""t #%"r t-rof) "otmr'+ % t-r%t"i" or i"timi#%ti" %ttit*#/ (-RETA, !+. a., vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 13530, A4s+15, 2002 PEOPLE vs. ATADERO, !+. a., GR No. 1352390, A4s+ 12, 2002))

T-r i! unlawful a%%ression,-" t- $ri' to o"! 'if) 'im& or ri-t i! it-r %(t*%' or immi""t/T-r m*!t & actual !hsical force or actual use of a wea!on/ It i! % !t%t*tor+ %"# #o(tri"%'r.*irm"t t-%t) for t- 7*!tif+i" (ir(*m!t%"( of !'f8#f"! to $ro!$r) t- $r!"( of*"'%,f*' %r!!io" i! % (o"#itio" !i" .*% "o"/ T-r (%" & "o !'f8#f"!) (om$'t ori"(om$'t) *"'!! t- vi(tim (ommit! %" *"'%,f*' %r!!io" %%i"!t t- $r!o" #f"#i"-im!'f/ (PEOPLE vs. ANSO6AS, GR No. 10&%, D!!"#!$ 1, 2002)

It i! %6iom%ti( t-%t t- mr t-r*!ti" of o"5! -%"# i"to -i! $o(1t %! if for t- $*r$o! of#r%,i" % ,%$o" i! "ot *"'%,f*' %r!!io"/ Ev" t- (o(1i" of % rif' ,it-o*t %imi" t-

fir%rm %t %"+ $%rti(*'%r t%rt i! "ot !*ffi(i"t to (o"('*# t-%t o"5! 'if ,%! i" immi""t #%"r/3"() a threat) v" if m%# ,it- % ,%$o") or t- &'if t-%t % $r!o" ,%! %&o*t to & %tt%(1#)is not sufficient/ It is necessar that the intent $e ostensi$l revealed $ an act of a%%ression or$ some e&ternal acts showin% the commencement of actual and material unlawful a%%ression/(PEOPLE vs. R-SO, GR No. 12%1, Ma$7 1, 2003)

Crt%i" &%#! of *i't t-%t r"#r! %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! ('%im of !'f8#f"! im$ro&%&' %"#*",ort-+ of &'if? first T- "*m&r of ,o*"#!) &+ it!'f) "%t! !'f8#f"! %"##mo"!tr%t! % (rimi"%' mi"# r!o'v# to "# t- 'if of t- vi(tim second % $'% of !'f8#f"! (%""ot & 7*!tifi%&'+ %$$r(i%t# ,-" it i! 6trm'+ #o*&tf*' &+ it!'f and third)%((*!#8%$$''%"t f%i'# to i"form t- $o'i( t-%t - %(t# i" !'f8#f"! I" % "*m&r of (%!!)t-i! Co*rt r*'# t-%t f%i'*r to i"form t- $o'i( of t- *"'%,f*' %r!!io" o" t- $%rt of t-vi(tim %"# to !*rr"#r t- 1"if *!# i" !t%&&i" -im mi'it%t! %%i"!t t- ('%im of !'f8#f"!/

(PEOPLE vs. ALCODA, GR No. 13121, Ma$7 &, 2003)Accident !resu!!oses lac) of intention to sta$ the victim" while self#defense !resumesvoluntariness) i"#*(# o"'+ &+ "(!!it+/ I"##) if t-r i! tr*t- to it-r of -i! ('%im) -i! "%t*r%'(o*r! of %(tio" ,%! to %!!i!t t- vi(tim) or %t t- vr+ '%!t) r$ort t- i"(i#"t to t- %*t-oriti!/Crt%i"'+) t- 7*!tif+i" (ir(*m!t%"( of !'f8#f"! or t- 6m$ti" (ir(*m!t%"( of %((i#"t(%""ot & %$$r(i%t# (o"!i#ri" %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! f'i-t from t- (rim !(" %"# -i! f%i'*rto i"form t- %*t-oriti! of t- i"(i#"t/ F*rt-rmor) t-%t - #i# "ot !*rr"#r t- 1"if to t-%*t-oriti! i! i"(o"!i!t"t ,it- % ('%" (o"!(i"( %"#) i"!t%#) i"#i(%t! -i! (*'$%&i'it+ of t-(rim (-%r#/ (PEOPLE vs. ARA8ALDO, GR No. 12392, !#$a$y %, 2003)

W-" t- *"'%,f*' %r!!io" ,-i(- -%# &*" "o 'o"r 6i!t!) t- o" $*r$ort#'+ m%1i" t-#f"! -%! "o mor ri-t to 1i'' or v" ,o*"# t- formr %r!!or) ot-r,i!) rt%'i%tio" %"#"ot !'f8#f"! i! (ommitt#/(PEOPLE vs. DELADA, GR No. 13%0&, Ma$7 2&, 2003)

DEFE,SE OF RE+ATIVES

T- essential elementsof t- 7*!tif+i" (ir(*m!t%"( of defense of relatives%r t- fo''o,i"? @%*"'%,f*' %r!!io"> @& r%!o"%&' "(!!it+ of t- m%"! m$'o+# to $rv"t or r$' it> %"#)@( i" (%! t- $rovo(%tio" ,%! iv" &+ t- $r!o" %tt%(1#) t- o" m%1i" t- #f"! -%# "o$%rt t-ri"/

I" t- (%! %t &%r) $titio"r *ttr'+ f%i'# to %##*( !*ffi(i"t $roof of t- 6i!t"( of %$o!itiv'+ !tro" %(t of r%' %r!!io" o" t- $%rt of t- #(%!#/ Wit- t- 6($tio" of -i!!'f8!rvi" %''%tio"!) t-r i! "ot-i" o" r(or# t-%t ,o*'# 7*!tif+ -i! 1i''i" t- #(%!#/(AL-N-ECO vs. CA, GR No. 12&9&, A*$/ 9, 2003)

I" t- (%! %t &%r) t- $ro!(*tio" ,it"!!! t!tifi# t-%t %ftr t- fi-t &t," t- vi(tim %"#

%$$''%"t! r'%tiv) t- vi(tim imm#i%t'+ r%" %,%+/ T- *"'%,f*' %r!!io" (%!# from t-%tmom"t/ T-rfor) %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! *! of for( ,%! (om$'t'+ *"7*!tifi# %! t-r ,%! "omor -o!ti'it+ to & r$''#/ (PEOPLE vs. MENDE8, !+. a., GR No. 13115, A4s+ 1, 2002)





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surrender unconditionall" either $ecause he ac)nowled%es his %uilt or he wishes to save theauthorities the trou$le and e&!ense which will necessaril $e incurred in searchin% for andca!turin% him/ W fi"# t-%t %((*!#8%$$''%"t! !*rr"#r to t- Br+/ C%$t%i" ri-t %ftr t-

i"(i#"t !%ti!fi! t- foroi" 'm"t!/ (PEOPLE vs. :LLEGAS, GR No. 13%2, S!*+!"#!$ 2%,2002)

T- miti%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( of vo'*"t%r+ !*rr"#r !-o*'# & %$$r(i%t# i" f%vor of t-%$$''%"t/ Fir!t) - -%# not $een actuall arrested %t t- tim - !*rr"#r#> !(o"#) -surrendered to a !erson in authorit> %"# t-ir#) -i! !*rr"#r ,%! voluntar/ A't-o*- - #i# "ot!*rr"#r to t- $o'i(m" o" t- !%m "i-t t-%t t- i"(i#"t o((*rr#) - #i# !*rr"#r -im!'fto t- &%r%"%+ (%$t%i" %r'+ t- "6t #%+/ B!i#!) ,-" t- $o'i(m" (%m t-%t "i-t) t-+,r "ot 'oo1i" for % !$(ifi( $r!o" &*t ,r mr'+ i".*iri" %&o*t t- i"(i#"t t-%t -%$$"#i" fro"t of t- -o*! of %$$''%"t/ (PEOPLE vs. CACAL, GR No. 1519, May 29, 2003)

T-r i! "o #i!$*t t-%t a!!ellant voluntaril surrenderedto t- %overnor a !erson in authorit)t-" to t-!olice) $efore he was arrested/ I" Po$' v/ A"to"io) t- %((*!#5! !*rr"#r to t-

m%+or ,%! (o"!i#r# %! % miti%ti" (ir(*m!t%"(/ I" t- !%m ,%+) %$$''%"t5! vo'*"t%r+!*rr"#r to t- ovr"or !-o*'# & (o"!i#r# i" -i! f%vor/ It i! imm%tri%' t-%t %$$''%"t #i# "otimm#i%t'+ !*rr"#r to t- %*t-oriti!) &*t #i# !o o"'+ %ftr t- '%$! of t,o #%+!/ I" Po$' v/B%*ti!t%) t- vo'*"t%r+ !*rr"#r of t- %((*!# to % $o'i( %*t-orit+ fo*r @4 #%+! %ftr t-(ommi!!io" of t- (rim ,%! (o"!i#r# %tt"*%ti"/ Fi"%''+) v" if "ot r%i!# o" %$$%') !i"(%" %$$%' o$"! t- ,-o' (%! for rvi,) , (o*'# t%1 i"to %((o*"t t-i! miti%ti"(ir(*m!t%"( f%vor%&' to %$$''%"t/ (PEOPLE vs. ANNONG, GR No. 139%9, May , 2003)

W -%v r*'# i" t- $%!t t-%t t- %((*!# ,-o -%# o" to t- $o'i( -%#.*%rtr! merel tore!ort the shootin% incident#i# "ot vi"( %"+ #!ir to %#mit r!$o"!i&i'it+ to t- 1i''i"/ T-*!)- (o*'# "ot & #m# to -%v vo'*"t%ri'+ !*rr"#r#/ (LADANA vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 1293,D!!"#!$ , 2002)

I" t- (%! %t &%r)!etitioner surrendered to the authorities in order to disclaim res!onsi$ilit forthe )illin% of the victim' This hardl shows an re!entance or ac)nowled%ment of the crime o" t-$%rt of t- $titio"r/ Morovr) %t t- tim $titio"r !*rr"#r#) t-r ,%! %'r%#+ % $"#i",%rr%"t of %rr!t %%i"!t -im/ 3i! %rr!t &+ t-%t tim ,%! immi""t/ 3"() - !-o*'# "ot &(r#it# ,it- t- miti%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( of vo'*"t%r+ !*rr"#r/ (L-CES vs. PEOPLE, GR No.1992, ana$y 20, 2003)

A,A+O3OUS /IR/UMSTA,/E

T- i"7*r+ !*!t%i"# &+ %((*!#8%$$''%"t %ftr - ,%! %''#'+ struc) $ a stool on the headwill not entitle him to a miti%atin% circumstance/ T- %''# i"7*r+ -%r#'+ .*%'ifi! %! miti%ti"(ir(*m!t%"( %"%'oo*! to i''"!! or #f(t t-%t ,o*'# #imi"i!- t- 6r(i! of ,i'' $o,r/(PEOPLE vs. ANTONO, GR No. 1933, y 3, 2002)

ARA;ATIN CIRCUMSTANCES

,I34TTIME

For "o(t*r"it+ to & $ro$r'+ %$$r(i%t#) it m*!t & !-o," t-%t it f%(i'it%t# t- (ommi!!io" oft- (rim %"# t-%t it ,%! $*r$o!'+ !o*-t for &+ t- off"#r/ B+ %"# it!'f) "i-ttim i! "ot %"%r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"(/ I" t- i"!t%"t (%!) "o !*ffi(i"t vi#"( ,%! offr# to $rov t-%t%((*!#8%$$''%"t #'i&r%t'+ !o*-t t- (ovr of #%r1"!! to %((om$'i!- -i! (rimi"%' #!i"/ I"f%(t) t- ,it"!! t!tifi# t-%t t-r ,%! % f'*or!("t '%m$ !*ffi(i"t'+ i''*mi"%ti" t- !(" oft- (rim/ (PEOPLE vs. ARA8ALDO, GR No. 12392, !#$a$y %, 2003)





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0. A 0A,D

Ro&&r+ i! #m# to -%v &" (ommitt# &+ % &%"# ,-" mor t-%" %rm# m%'f%(tor! too1

$%rt i" t- (ommi!!io" t-rof/ W-i' it (%" & (o"(## t-%t t,o of t- %$$''%"t! ,r i"##%rm# ,it- %" i( $i(1 %"# % *") t- r(or#!) -o,vr) %r &rft of $roof t-%t t- t,o*"i#"tifi# m*r! ,r %'!o %rm#/ (PEOPLE vs. :NALON, !+. a., GR No. 13552, y 1,2002)

EVIDE,T PREMEDITATIO,

I" t- (%! %t &%r) vi#"t $rm#it%tio" ,%! !-o," &+ t- t!timo"i! of t- ,it"!!! ,-rt-+ "%rr%t# -o, !vr%' m") i"('*#i" -ri" %((*!#) !lanned on several occasions theam$ush#slaof t- #(%!#/ T- ro*$ mt !vr%' tim! to $'%" t- 1i''i" of t- #(%!#),-i(- $'%" t-+ -'# o" to %"# fi"%''+ 6(*t# o" A$ri' 2) 9JJ/ (PEOPLE vs. PERALTA, GR No.1332&%, A4s+ , 2002)

To !t%&'i!- vi#"t $rm#it%tio") it m*!t & !-o," t-%t t-r ,%! % !eriod sufficient to affordfull o!!ortunit for meditation and reflection) % tim %#.*%t to %''o, t- (o"!(i"( toovr(om t- r!o'*tio" of t- ,i'') %! ,'' %! o*t,%r# %(t! !-o,i" t- i"t"t to 1i''/ It m*!t%$$%r "ot o"'+ t-%t t- %((*!# #(i## to (ommit t- (rim $rior to t- mom"t of it! 6(*tio"&*t %'!o t-%t t-i! #(i!io" ,%! t- r!*'t of m#it%tio") (%'(*'%tio") rf'(tio") or $r!i!t"t%ttm$t A((*!#8%$$''%"t! -%# !*ffi(i"t tim to rf'(t *$o" t- (o"!.*"(! of t-ir %(t&*t t-+ $r!i!t# i" t-ir #trmi"%tio" to (ommit t- (rim/ (PEOPLE vs. SL:A, !+. a., GR No.10%1, A4s+ , 2002)

T- r(or#! !-o, t-%t t- $ro!(*tio" #i# "ot %##*( %"+ vi#"( to $rov t- 'm"t! ofvi#"t $rm#it%tio"/ W-%t ,%! !t%&'i!-# ,%! t-%t t- vi(tim %"# -i! i"8'%,! ,r 7*!t$%!!i" &+ %t t- $'%( ,-r t- %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! ro*$ ,%! #ri"1i"/ T-+ -%# % (-%"("(o*"tr/ T-r i! "o vi#"( %##*(# o" ,-" %"# -o, t- %((*!#8%$$''%"t -%# $'%""#

t- 1i''i" of t- vi(tim/ Nor i! t-r $roof offr# to !-o, -o, m*(- tim -%# '%$!# &for t-$'%" ,%! 6(*t#/ A&!"t %'' t-!) vi#"t $rm#it%tio" (%""ot & %$$r(i%t# %%i"!t t-%((*!#8%$$''%"t/ (PEOPLE vs. ANTPOLO, !+. a., GR No. 11135, y , 2002)

T- !!"( of vi#"t $rm#it%tio" i! t-%t t- 6(*tio" of t- (rimi"%' %(t i! $r(## &+ (oo't-o*-t %"# rf'(tio" *$o" t- r!o'*tio" to (%rr+ o*t t- (rimi"%' i"t"t ,it-i" % !$%( of tim!*ffi(i"t to %rriv %t % (%'m 7*#m"t/ Evi#"t $rm#it%tio" m*!t & &%!# o" 6tr"%' f%(t!,-i(- %r vi#"t) "ot mr'+ !*!$(t#) ,-i(- i"#i(%t #'i&r%t $'%""i"/ T-r m*!t & directevidence!-o,i" % $'%" or $r$%r%tio" to 1i'') or $roof t-%t t- accused meditated and reflectedu!on his decision to )ill the victim/ Crimi"%' i"t"t m*!t & vi#"(# &+ "otorio*! o*t,%r# %(t!vi#"(i" % #trmi"%tio" to (ommit t- (rim/ I" or#r to & (o"!i#r# %" %r%v%tio" of t-off"!) t- circumstance must not merel $e 5!remeditation5 $ut must $e 5evident

!remeditation/(PEOPLE vs. AADES, GR No. 1359%5, A4s+ 1, 2002)

Evi#"t $rm#it%tio" r.*ir! $roof of @9 t- tim ,-" t- off"#r -%! %$$%r# #trmi"#to (ommit t- (rim> @2 t- %(t vi#"t'+ i"#i(%ti" t-%t t- off"#r -%! ('*" to -i!#trmi"%tio"> @ !*ffi(i"t '%$! of tim &t," t- #trmi"%tio" to (ommit t- (rim %"# t-6(*tio" t-rof #*ri" ,-i(- t- off"#r (o*'# -%v rf'(t# *$o" t- (o"!.*"(! of -i!%(t/ T-! (ir(*m!t%"(! %r manifested $ the !lannin% and !re!aration*"#rt%1" &+ t-off"#r $rior to t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/ I" t- i"!t%"t (%!) instead of ensurin% im!unit)%$$''%"t %"# -i! (om$%"io" e&ecuted the crime in $road dali%ht%"# i" t- $r!"( of $r!o"!,-o (o*'# %!i'+ i#"tif+ t-m/ T-! f%(t! #o "ot &%r t- %rm%r1! of % (%rf*''+ $'%""#m*r#r/(PEOPLE vs. ERNOSA, GR No. 13%2%3, S!*+!"#!$ 1%, 2002)

T- 6i!t"( of (o"!$ir%(+ "ot,it-!t%"#i") evident !remeditation cannot $e !resumed/ Onlwhere cons!irac is directl esta$lished) %! o$$o!# to it! &i" mr'+ im$'i#) (%" t-i!%r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( it!'f & $o!!i&'+ assumed to $e attendant/ (PEOPLE vs. SAPGAO, !+.

a., GR No. 19%5, n! 1, 2003)

CRIMINAL LAW COMMITTEE?C1A2R*R"ON3 Jenni/er Tiu '* 3 eanne Cru'* 3 "orha&a 'ila!a4un "5BJCT1A'"3Al!ert Rodri$ue, &$ee Nieves, Braniel

onon, Jean Kuda '2#"T*OO+3Bethan& Conde, Jhera a& Tupas, Noeli %rancisco, Christopher #odine, Juanito +i0, Jr,Nai 1assi0an, Julie alicde0, *a0ela *ul0ano, Au Vira&, Bu!!les Ja0ir, Ja& iranda, Rina #arcia, Tin Constantino,

John +e0uel #atdula, *aul John #alan$, Cath& 'anao, is en$uito, Je//re& Alarilla, Bon Vincent A$ustin,Avi$ail *an$ani!an, Ro0uald *adilla, Jaepee Victa, *ando& %ernando, Christian Ca!rera, Katrina Odi


7/26


CRIMINALLAW

Previous altercations are insufficient to !rove evident !remeditation/ O" r(or#) t-r i! "o!-o,i" t-%t t- %$$''%"t m#it%t# %"# rf'(t# o" -i! i"t"tio" &t," t- $'%" to 1i'' ,%!(o"(iv# %"# t- tim t- (rim ,%! %(t*%''+ $r$tr%t#/(PEOPLE vs. GO and ARLOS, GR No.

109%, !#$a$y 19, 2003)

A0USE OF SUPERIOR STRE,3T4

T- dis!arit in a%e&t," t- %!!%i'%"t %"# t- vi(tim) %# 2J %"# J) r!$(tiv'+) i"#i(%t!!hsical su!eriorito" %$$''%"t5! $%rt ovr t- #(%!#/ It #i# "ot m%ttr t-%t %$$''%"t ,%!#%r1 ,it- % !'im &o#+ &*i'# or m#+o m%t%&%/ W-%t m%ttr# ,%! t-%t t- m%'f%(tor ,%!m%' %"# %rm# ,it- % 't-%' ,%$o" t-%t - *!# to !'%+ t- vi(tim/ T-*!) %&*! of !*$rior!tr"t- ,%! $r!"t i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/ (PEOPLE vs. ARCELON, R., GR No.130, S!*+!"#!$ 2, 2002)

Su!eriorit in num$er does not necessaril amount to the a%%ravatin% circumstance of ta)in%advanta%e of su!erior stren%th/ It i! "(!!%r+ to !-o, t-%t t- %r!!or! (oo$r%t# i" !*(- %

,%+ %! to !(*r %#v%"t% from t-ir !*$riorit+ i" !tr"t-/ T-r m*!t & $roof of t- r'%tiv$-+!i(%' !tr"t- of t- %r!!or! %"# t- %!!%*'t# $%rt+ or $roof t-%t t- %((*!#!im*'t%"o*!'+ %!!%*'t# t- #(%!#/ T- (ir(*m!t%"( of t%1i" %#v%"t% of !*$rior!tr"t- #$"#! o" t- %) !iG %"# !tr"t- of t- $%rti!/ It is considered whenever there isa notorious ine*ualit of forces $etween the victim and the a%%ressor) %!!!!i" % !*$riorit+ of!tr"t- "otorio*!'+ %#v%"t%o*! for t- %r!!or ,-i(- i! !'(t# or t%1" %#v%"t% of &+-im i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/(PEOPLE vs. ALEN, !+. a., GR No. 100, !#$a$y 2%, 2003)

It %$$%r! t-%t t- #(%!# ,%! %rm# ,it- % *" %"# ,%! %&' to fir %t -i! %tt%(1r!/ 3o,vr)it i! %$$%r"t t-%t - f%i'# to !%v -i! 'if #!$it &i" %rm#/ Evi#"t'+) it ,%! t- !*$riorit+ i""*m&r "7o+# &+ t- %$$''%"t! ,-i(- %''o,# t-m to ovr$o,r t- vi(tim/ (PEOPLE vs.GOME8, !+. a., GR No. 123%, A*$/ 30, 2003)

A&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- 'i1,i! .*%'if+ t- (rim to m*r#r !i"( it ,%! ('%r'+ !-o," t-%tt-r ,%! #'i&r%t i"t"t to t%1 %#v%"t% of it/ T-+ !t%& t- vi(tim v" %! - !t*m&'#%"# f'' to t- ro*"#/ A((*!#8%$$''%"t %"# -i! (om$%"io"! too1 %#v%"t% of t-ir "*mri(%'!*$riorit+ ,it- t-ir 1"iv! %"# t-ir &o'o! i" 1i''i" t- vi(tim/ (PEOPLE vs. SANTAGO, !+. a.,GR No. 133%5, !#$a$y 2%, 2003)

T-r %r "o fi6# %"# i"v%ri%&' r*'! r%r#i" %&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- or m$'o+i" m%"!to ,%1" t- #f"! of t- vi(tim/ S*$riorit+ #o! "ot %',%+! m%"! "*mri(%' !*$riorit+/A&*! of !*$riorit+ #$"#! *$o" t- r'%tiv !tr"t- of t- %r!!or vi!8%8vi! t- vi(tim/T-r i! %&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- v" if t-r i! o"'+ o" m%'f%(tor %"# o" vi(tim/ A$use ofsu!eriorit is determined $ the e&cess of the a%%ressor6s natural stren%th over that of the victim)(o"!i#ri" t- $o!itio" of &ot- %"# t- m$'o+m"t of m%"! to ,%1" t- #f"!) %'t-o*-"ot %""*''i" it/ T- %r!!or m*!t -%v t%1" %#v%"t% of -i! "%t*r%' !tr"t- to i"!*r t-(ommi!!io" of t- (rim/ (PEOPLE vs. LORETO, GR No. 13%1113, !#$a$y 2, 2003)

A" %tt%(1 m%# &+ % m%" ,it- % #%#'+ ,%$o" *$o" %" *"%rm# %"# #f"!'!! ,om%"(o"!tit*t! %&*! of !*$riorit+ ,-i(- -i! !6 %"# ,%$o" *!# i" t- %(t %ffor## -im %"# from,-i(- t- ,om%" ,%! *"%&' to #f"# -r!'f/ (PEOPLE vs. R:ERA, GR No. 12595, y , 2002)

To %$$r(i%t %&*! of !*$rior !tr"t-) there must $e deli$erate intent on the !art of themalefactors to ta)e advanta%e of their %reater num$er/ T-+ m*!t -%v "otorio*!'+ !'(t# %"#m%# *! of !*$rior !tr"t- i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/ To t%1 %#v%"t% of !*$rior!tr"t- i! to *! 6(!!iv for( t-%t i! o*t of $ro$ortio" to t- m%"! for !'f8#f"! %v%i'%&'to t- $r!o" %tt%(1#> t-*! t- $ro!(*tio" m*!t ('%r'+ !-o, t- off"#r! #'i&r%t i"t"t to#o !o/ T-r ,%! "o ('%r i"#i(%tio" i" t-i! (%! t-%t t- %((*!#8%$$''%"t %"# -i! (om$%"io"!$*r$o!'+ *!# t-ir 7oi"t ffort! to (o"!*mm%t t- (rim/ Co"!.*"t'+) t- (rim (ommitt#&+ %((*!#8%$$''%"t ,%! o"'+ -omi(i#/ (PEOPLE vs. LORGAS, !+. a., GR No. 1%&9,

D!!"#!$ 1%, 2002)





8/26


CRIMINALLAW

Stt'# i! t- r*' t-%t !*(- (ir(*m!t%"( @%&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- i! $r!"t ,-"vr t-ri! i".*%'it+ of for(! &t," t- vi(tim %"# t- %r!!or/ U"#r t- f%(t!) no one actuall sawhow the )illin% was !er!etrated/ No vi#"() ,-t-r #ir(t or (ir(*m!t%"ti%' ,%! $r!"t# to

!t%&'i!- t-%t t-r -%# &" i".*%'it+ of !tr"t- &t," t- %$$''%"t %"# t- vi(tim) or t-%tt- formr -%# $*r$o!'+ or (o"!(io*!'+ t%1" %#v%"t% of !*$rior !tr"t- i" (ommitti" t-(rim/ (PEOPLE vs. CASTAS, R., GR No. 13%0, !#$a$y 1, 2003)

TREA/4ER.

It i! ('%r t-%t tr%(-r+ .*%'ifi# t- 1i''i" of t- #(%!# to m*r#r %! t- %$$''%"t!#'i&r%t'+ r!tr%i"# t- vi(tim !o %! to "%&' o" of t-m to !*((!!f*''+ #'ivr t- !t%&&'o,! ,it-o*t ivi" t- '%ttr % (-%"( to #f"# -im!'f or to rt%'i%t/(PEOPLE vs. AST-DLLO,!+. a., GR No. 1151, A*$/ 29, 2003)

T- $ro!(*tio" $rov# t-%t 7the victim8 was unarmed and ho%tied durin% the time he wasre!eatedl sta$$ed &+ t- %$$''%"t/ I" t-%t !it*%tio") t- victim was utterl defenseless %"#

(%""ot i" %"+ m%""r r"#r %"+ form of r!i!t%"( to $rv"t or $%rr+ t- f%t%' &'o, of t-%((*!#8%$$''%"t/ (PEOPLE vs. ASALDO, GR No. 139%90, y , 2002)

T- %tt%(1 o" t- vi(tim) thou%h frontal was sudden and une&!ectedivi" -im "o o$$ort*"it+to #f"# -im!'f/ A! t!tifi# &+ t- ,it"!!) %((*!#8%$$''%"t! %tt%(1 (%m %! % !*r$ri!&(%*! - !*##"'+ r*!-# i"!i# t- r!t%*r%"t %"# !t%& t- vi(tim o" t- (-!t) %ffor#i""o (-%"( for !%i# vi(tim to rt%'i%t or to #f"# -im!'f/(PEOPLE vs. ARTOLO, !+. a., GR No.10&39, S!*+!"#!$ 2%, 2002)

The !rosecution has shown that there was that swift and une&!ected attac) of an unarmed victim"which is the essence of treacher/ T- vi(tim ,%! #f"!'!! %"# *"%rm# %! - ,%! t-"$rom"%#i" ,it- -i! $r"%"t ir'fri"#) ('*'!! of t- #%"r t-%t 'i! %-%#/ T-*! t- t,i"

r.*irm"t! for t- 6i!t"( of tr%(-r+ *"#r Art/ 94 @9 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# J -%#&" %#.*%t'+ $rov"? @9 t- m%"! of 6(*tio" m$'o+# %v t- $r!o" %tt%(1# "oo$$ort*"it+ to #f"# -im!'f or rt%'i%t> %"# @2 t- m%"! of 6(*tio" ,%! #'i&r%t'+ or(o"!(io*!'+ %#o$t#/ (PEOPLE vs. CARERA, R., GR No. 132&&, A*$/ 30, 2003)

To (o"!tit*t tr%(-r+) t,o (o"#itio"! m*!t & $r!"t) to ,it? @9 t- m$'o+m"t of m%"! of6(*tio" t-%t iv t- $r!o" %tt%(1# "o o$$ort*"it+ to #f"# -im!'f or to rt%'i%t> %"# @2t- m%"! of 6(*tio" ,r #'i&r%t'+ or (o"!(io*!'+ %#o$t#/ 3r) t- vi#"( !-o,! t-%tt- vi(tim ,%! !-ot !*##"'+/ 3 ,%! tot%''+ un!re!ared for the une&!ected attac)" as he waseatin% his su!!er at the time of the incident/(PEOPLE vs. LLANDA, GR No. 1333&, Nov!"#!$ 2%,2002)

O"( %&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- i! %&!or i" %'vo!i%) o"'+ t- '%ttr (ir(*m!t%"( ,i'' &%$$r(i%t#/ O"( %&*! of !*$rior !tr"t- i! %&!or i" tr%(-r+) it (%""ot v" & tr%t#%! % "ri( %r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"(/(PEOPLE vs. DELMO, !+. a., GR No. 1300%2, O+o#!$ ,2002)

W''8!tt'# i! t- r*' t-%t t- )illin% $ adults of minor children a%ed u! to thirteen ears old i!tr%(-ro*! &(%*! t-+ (o*'# "ot & 6$(t# to $*t *$ % #f"! v" if t- mt-o# of %tt%(1i! "ot !-o,"/(PEOPLE vs. CALO8A, R., GR No. 130, ana$y 2, 2003)

T-r m%+ !ti'' & tr%(-r+ v" if &for t- %!!%*'t) t- %!!%i'%"t %"# t- vi(tim -%# %"%'tr(%tio" %"# % fi!ti(*ff! ,-r) %ftr t- '%$! of !om tim from t- !%i# %'tr(%tio") theassailant attac)ed the unsus!ectin% victim,it-o*t %ffor#i" -im of %"+ r%' (-%"( to #f"#-im!'f/ (PEOPLE vs. MONTEMA;OR, GR No. 125305, n! 1, 2003)

Treacher ma still $e a!!reciated even when the victim was forewarned of the dan%er to his

!erson' W-%t i! #(i!iv i! t-%t t- 6(*tio" of t- %tt%(1 m%# it im$o!!i&' for t- vi(tim to#f"# -im!'f or to rt%'i%t/(PEOPLE vs. NASA;AO, R., GR No. 1123%, S!*+!"#!$ 1%, 2002)





9/26


CRIMINALLAW

Treacher cannot $e a!!reciated a$sent an !articulars as to the manner $ which thea%%ression was commenced or how the act that resulted in the death of the victim unfolded/ It i!"ot !*ffi(i"t t-%t t- m%"! m$'o+# &+ t- m%'f%(tor &ro*-t t- #!ir# r!*'t/ T-

$ro!(*tio" m*!t $rov t-%t t- %$$''%"t #'i&r%t'+ %"# (o"!(io*!'+ %#o$t# !*(- m%"!)mt-o# or m%""r of %tt%(1 %! ,o*'# #$riv t- vi(tim of %" o$$ort*"it+ for !'f8#f"! orrt%'i%tio"/ O" (%""ot !*&!tit*t mr !*$$o!itio"! for % -i%t*! i" t- $ro!(*tio"5! vi#"(/Si"( t- $ro!(*tio" ,it"!! f%i'# to ! -o, t- %tt%(1 -%# &" i"iti%t# o" t- vi(tim) t-.*%'if+i" (ir(*m!t%"( of tr%(-r+ (%""ot & %$$'i#/ (PEOPLE vs. MATORE, GR No. 131%,

A4s+ 22, 2002)

W-i' it m%+ & %#mitt# t-%t %t t- tim of t- %tt%(1) t- vi(tim ,%! "ot i" % $o!itio" to #f"#-im!'f &(%*! - ,%! #rivi" t- tri(+(') t-r ,%! "o $roof t-%t %((*!#8%$$''%"t(o"!(io*!'+ or $*r$o!'+ %#o$t# t- mo# of %tt%(1 m$'o+# &+ -im/ I"##) %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! %tt%(1 ,%! !*##"> -o,vr) mere suddenness of the attac) is not enou%h toconstitute treacher/ It m*!t & !-o," t-%t t- m%"! of %tt%(1 ,%! (o"!(io*!'+ %#o$t# %"# t-%((*!# rf'(t# o" t- m%"! %"# m%# !om $r$%r%tio" to 1i'' t- vi(tim/ O" t- ot-r -%"#)

t-r i! "o*- vi#"( to !-o, t-%t t- !-ooti" of t- vi(tim ,%! m%# o" t- !$*r of t-mom"t &ro*-t %&o*t &+ % !ti"i" $rovo(%tio" from t- vi(tim/ W -%v r*'# t-%t $rovo(%tio"of t- %((*!# &+ t- vi(tim "%t! t- $r!"( of tr%(-r+ v" if t- %tt%(1 m%+ -%v &"!*##" %"# *"6$(t#/ W-" t- %!!%*'t *$o" t- vi(tim i! $r(## &+ % -%t# %r*m"t)tr%(-r+ (%""ot & %$$r(i%t#/(PEOPLE vs. A:ER, GR No. 1299&, y 11, 2002)

There is no treacher where the attac) is neither sudden nor !reconceived and deli$eratelado!ted $ut -ust tri%%ered $ the sudden infuriation on the !art of the offender/ To !t%&'i!-tr%(-r+) t- vi#"( m*!t !-o, t-%t t- off"#r m%# !om $r$%r%tio" to 1i'' t- vi(tim i"!*(- % m%""r %! to i"!*r t- 6(*tio" of t- (rim or to m%1 it im$o!!i&' or #iffi(*'t for t-$r!o" %tt%(1# to #f"# -im!'f/ T- mo# of %tt%(1 m*!t & $'%""# &+ t- off"#r %"# m*!t"ot !$ri" from t- *"6$(t# t*r" of v"t!/ T-r i! "o tr%(-r+ ,-" t- 1i''i" r!*'t! from% vr&%' %'tr(%tio" &t," t- vi(tim %"# t- %!!%i'%"t !*(- t-%t t- vi(tim ,%! for,%r"# of

t- im$"#i" #%"r/ (PEOPLE vs. LO, GR No. 10%31, Nov!"#!$ 21, 2002)R$%t#'+ *$-'# -%! &" t- r*' t-%t chance encounters) im!ulse )illin%or (rim! (ommitt#%t t- s!ur of the moment) or t-o! t-%t ,r!receded $ heated altercations%r "r%''+ "ot%tt"## &+ tr%(-r+) for '%(1 of o$$ort*"it+ of t- %((*!# #'i&r%t'+ to m$'o+ % tr%(-ro*!mo# of %tt%(1/ (PEOPLE vs. CARATAO, GR No. 12&21, n! 10, 2003)

I" t- (%! %t &%r) ,-i' t- %tt%(1 o" t- #(%!# ,%! (o"(##'+ !,ift) it ,%! "ot) -o,vr)"tir'+ *"6$(t#/ T- #(%!# -%# r%!o"%&'+ !*rmi!# or %"ti(i$%t# %" %tt%(1 from%((*!#8%$$''%"t ,-" - !%, t- '%ttr #r%, % *" %"# $oi"t it %t t- #(%!#!(om$%"io"!/ T-i! (o*'# & %!i'+ i"frr# from -i! &-%vior/ 3 .*i(1'+ !"!# t- fort-(omi"tro*&'/ T-*! %'rt#) - imm#i%t'+ rtr%t# to) or ('im) t- t-ir# f'oor ,-r *"fort*"%t'+)- ,%! $*r!*# %"# 1i''# &+ %((*!#8%$$''%"t/ This forewarnin% ne%ates the !resence oftreacher/ (PEOPLE vs. 6ADAS, GR No. 1&103, Nov!"#!$ 21, 2002)

T- !!"( of tr%(-r+ i! t-%t t- %tt%(1 (om! ,it-o*t % ,%r"i" %"# i" % !,ift) #'i&r%t %"#*"6$(t# m%""r) %ffor#i" t- -%$'!!) *"%rm# %"# *"!*!$(ti" vi(tim "o (-%" to r!i!tor !(%$T-%t t- vi(tim ,%! %&' to '*# t- fir!t %"# t- !(o"# !-ot! %"# ,%! %&' to!(%m$r for !%ft+ %! - -%## to,%r#! t- "%r&+ !tor of M%"'%"it "%t! t- "otio" t-%t -,%! (%*-t *"%,%r %"# tot%''+ #f"!'!!/(PEOPLE vs. NARRA, GR No. 12225, n! 1%, 2003)

I" or#r to %$$r(i%t tr%(-r+ %! % mo#if+i" (ir(*m!t%"( i" % continuous a%%ression) it m*!t& !-o," to -%v &"!resent at the ince!tion of the attac)/ T- f%(t t-%t t- f%t%' ,o*"#! ,rfo*"# %t t- &%(1 of t- #(%!# #o! "ot) &+ it!'f) (om$' % fi"#i" of tr%(-r+/ It i! "ot"o*- t-%t t- m%"! m$'o+# &+ t- m%'f%(tor %v t- vi(tim "o o$$ort*"it+ to #f"#-im!'f or to rt%'i%t %! ,-" t- %tt%(1 (%m from &-i"#/ To !*!t%i" % fi"#i" of tr%(-r+) %".*%''+ im$ort%"t r.*irm"t i! t-%t t- m%"!) mt-o# or form of %tt%(1 m*!t & !-o," to -%v

&" #'i&r%t'+ %#o$t# &+ t- %$$''%"t/(PEOPLE vs. MANALAD, GR No. 12593, A4s+ 1,2002)

J





10/26


CRIMINALLAW

For tr%(-r+ to & (o"!i#r#) "ot o"'+ m*!t t- vi(tim & ,it-o*t m%"! of #f"#i" -r!'f&*t %'!o the means" method or form em!loed $ the assailant must have $een consciouslado!ted/ T- i"trv%' of tim &t," t- %(t of 'oo!"i" -i! &'t) &tti" t- 1"if) (-%!i" t-

vi(tim %"# v"t*%''+ !t%&&i" -r !*ffi(i"t'+ !-o,! t-%t t- *! of t- 1"if ,%! "ot(o"!(io*!'+ t-o*-t of) &*t r%t-r it (%m tot-r ,it- %$$''%"t! o*t&*r!t) %ri!i" from t--%t# %'tr(%tio" - -%# ,it- t- vi(tim/ (PEOPLE vs. NGGO, GR No. 10%2, n! 23, 2003)

Tr%(-r+ (%""ot & %$$r(i%t# i" t-i! (%! ,-r %$$''%"t (o*'# -%v !t%& t- vi(tim &+,%+ of % r%!- %"# im$t*o*! im$*'! r%t-r t-%" from % #'i&r%t %(t of t- ,i'' v" t-o*- t-vi(tim ,%! !t%& from &-i"#/ Morovr) the victim was alread aware of a!!ellant9s hostileattitude towards him even $efore the attac)" hence" he was alread forewarned of im!endin%dan%er to his life/ T- r*' t-%t % !*##" %tt%(1 &+ t- %!!%i'%"t (o"!tit*t! tr%(-r+) ,-t-rfro"t%''+ or from &-i"#) #o! "ot %$$'+ ,-r t- attac) was not !reconceived and deli$eratelado!ted $ut was first tri%%ered evidentl $ a sudden an%er of the accused/ (PEOPLE vs.CAACAN, GR No. 1309&5, A4s+ 22, 2002)

USE OF MOTOR VE4I/+E

T- vi#"( !-o,! t-%t t- %((*!# deli$eratel used his truc)i" $*r!*i" t- vi(tim/ U$o"(%t(-i" *$ ,it- -im) t- %((*!# -it -im ,it- t- tr*(1) %! % r!*'t of ,-i(- t- vi(tim #i#i"!t%"t'+/ It i! t-rfor ('%r t-%t t- tr*(1 ,%! t- m%"! *!# &+ t- %((*!# to $r$tr%t t-1i''i" of t- #(%!#/ U"#r Arti(' 24 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) % $r!o" ,-o 1i''! %"ot-r&+ m%"! of % motor v-i(' i! *i't+ of m*r#r/ T-*!) t- *! of motor v-i(' .*%'ifi! t-1i''i" to m*r#r/ (PEOPLE vs. MALLAR, GR No. 15993, n! 1%, 2003)

/RUE+T.

P%r%r%$- 29) Arti(' 94 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# $rovi#! t-%t t-r i! (r*'t+ i" t-(ommi!!io" of % f'o"+ ,-" t- ,ro" #o" i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- crime is deli$eratel

au%mented $ causin% other wron% not necessar for its commission/ T-r i! no cruelt,-"t- ot-r ,ro" i! #o" %ftr t- vi(tim i! %'r%#+ #%#/ T- t!t i" %$$r(i%ti" (r*'t+ %! %"%r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( i! ,-t-r t- %((*!# #'i&r%t'+ %"# !%#i!ti(%''+ %*m"t# t-,ro" &+ (%*!i" %"ot-r ,ro" "ot "(!!%r+ for it! (ommi!!io") or i"-*m%"'+ i"(r%!# t-vi(tim5! !*ffri" or o*tr%# or !(off# %t -i! $r!o" or (or$!/ (PEOPLE vs. SONGA, !+. a.,n! 1&, 2003)

T- tri%' (o*rt -'# t-%t t- (rim ,%! (ommitt# ,it- #'i&r%t (r*'t+ (o"!i#ri" t-%t t-vi(tim !*ffr# t,"t+8o" -%(1 %"# !t%&8,o*"#!) (o"t*!io"! %"# %&r%!io"! o" t- #iffr"t$%rt! of -i! &o#+/ The num$er of wounds is not the criterion for the a!!reciation of cruelt as ana%%ravatin% circumstance/ T- mr f%(t t-%t ,o*"#! i" 6(!! of ,-%t i! "(!!%r+ to (%*!#%t- ,r i"f'i(t# *$o" t- &o#+ of t- vi(tim #o! "ot "(!!%ri'+ im$'+ t-%t !*(- ,o*"#!,r i"f'i(t# ,it- (r*'t+/ It i! "(!!%r+ to !-o, t-%t t- %((*!# i"t"tio"%''+ %"# #'i&r%t'+i"(r%!# t- vi(tim5! !*ffri"/ (PEOPLE vs. SOLAMLLO, !+. a., GR No. 1231&1, n! 1, 2003)

ACCOMPLICES

It i! !i"ifi(%"t to "ot t-%t t- $'%" to 1i'' t- vi(tim! (o*'# -%v &" %((om$'i!-# v",it-o*t %((*!#8%$$''%"t5! $%rti(i$%tio"/ It !-o*'# & "ot# f*rt-r t-%t - ,%! *"%rm# t-%t"i-t/ T- $ro!(*tio" vi#"( -%! (rt%i"'+ "ot !t%&'i!-# t-%t %((*!#8%$$''%"t ,%! $%rt oft- (o"!$ir%(+ to 1i'' t- vi(tim!/ The lac) of such com!lete evidence of cons!irac im!els this/ourt to im!ute to him a milder form of res!onsi$ilit" i'e'" %uilt of a mere accom!lice' (PEOPLEvs. TAMA;O, !+. a., GR No. 13&0, S!*+!"#!$ 2, 2002)

PENALTIES

EFFE/T OF PARDO, 0. T4E OFFE,DED PART.

90





11/26


CRIMINALLAW

Si"( t- %ffi#%vit of #!i!t%"( ,%! iv" %ftr t- fi'i" of t- (om$'%i"t) !*(- -%! "o ff(t %!to #o*&t *i't of t- %((*!#8%$$''%"t/ T- r%!o" for t-i! r*' i! t-%t t- tr* %riv# $%rt+

-r i! t- Po$' of t- P-i'i$$i"!) ,-o! !"! of mor%'it+) #("(+ %"# 7*!ti( -%! &"o*tr%#/ The com!laint re*uired in Article :;; of the RP/ is onl a condition !recedent to thee&ercise of !ro!er authorities of the !ower to !rosecute the %uilt !arties in the name of thePeo!le of the Phili!!ines/(PEOPLE vs. DELA CERNA, GR No. 13&9990, O+o#!$ 9, 2002)

DURATIO, A,D EFFE/T OF PE,A+TIES

T- Rvi!# P"%' Co# #o! "ot $r!(ri& t- $"%'t+ of 'if im$ri!o"m"t for %"+ of t-f'o"i! t-ri" #fi"#) t-%t $"%'t+ &i" i"v%ri%&'+ im$o!# for !rio*! off"!! $"%'iG# "ot&+ t- Co# &*t &+ t- !$(i%' '%,/ R('*!io" $r$t*% "t%i'! im$ri!o"m"t for %t '%!t @0+%r!) %ftr ,-i(- t- (o"vi(t &(om! 'ii&' for $%r#o"/ It %'!o (%rri! ,it- it %((!!or+$"%'ti!) "%m'+? $r$t*%' !$(i%' #i!.*%'ifi(%tio") t(/ It i! "ot t- !%m %! 'if im$ri!o"m"t,-i(-) for o" t-i") #o! "ot (%rr+ ,it- it %"+ %((!!or+ $"%'t+) %"# for %"ot-r) #o! "ot

%$$%r to -%v %"+ #fi"it 6t"t or #*r%tio"/ (PEOPLE vs. MEDNA, SR., GR No. 12%%5&5, n!1, 2003)

/OMP+E< /RIMES 1ART' ;=2

Estafa throu%h falsification of a commercial document

W-i' t-r i! "o #ir(t $roof t-%t $titio"r %"# -r (o8(o"!$ir%tor! ,r t- %*t-or! of t-f%'!ifi(%tio") !i"( $titio"r ,%! t- $o!!!!or %"# *ttrr of t- #o''%r (-(1! %"# &"fit#from t- $ro(#! of t- (%!-ir5! (-(1! ,-i(- ,r 6(-%"# t-rfor) t- i"vit%&'(o"('*!io" i! t-%t !- f%'!ifi# t-m/ It i! %" esta$lished rulet-%t ,-" it i! $rov# t-%t a !ersonhas in his !ossession a falsified document and he ma)es use of the same" the !resum!tion orinference is -ustified that such !erson is the for%er/ (SERRANO vs. CA, GR No. 1239&, n! 25,

2003)

T- %(t! %ttri&*t# to $titio"r (%""ot (o"!tit*t % (om$'6 (rim/ T- alle%ed actions showin%her falsification of a !u$lic and>or a commercial document were not necessar to commit estafa',either were the two crimes the result of a sin%le act/ Stt'# i! t- r*' t-%t ,-" % (om$'6(rim i! (-%r# %"# t- vi#"( f%i'! to !t%&'i!- o" of t- (om$o""t off"!!) t- #f"#%"t(%" & (o"vi(t# of t- ot-r!) !o 'o" %! t-+ %r $rov#/ (MONTE:ERDE vs. P!o*!, GR No.139&10, A4s+ 12, 2002)

I,DIVISI0+E PE,A+TIES 1ART' ?:2

A't-o*- %r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"(!) (o"!i!ti" of t- *! of % ,%$o" @!(r,#rivr %"# of %motor v-i(' @tri!i1%#) ,r $rov") t- tri%' (o*rt (orr(t'+ #i!r%r## t-m &(%*! Art/ of

t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# $rovi#! t-%t i" %'' (%!! i" ,-i(- t- $"%'t+ im$o!# i! % !i"'i"#ivi!i&' $"%'t+) t-%t $"%'t+ !-%'' & %$$'i# r%r#'!! of t- $r!"( of miti%ti" or%r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"(! i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/ Morovr) t-! %r%v%ti"(ir(*m!t%"(! (%""ot & (o"!i#r# i" fi6i" t- $"%'t+) %'t-o*- t-+ ,r $rov") &(%*!t-+ ,r "ot %''# i" t- i"form%tio"/ B+ virt* of it! %m"#m"t ff(tiv D(m&r 9) 2000)R*' 990) %"# J of t- Rvi!# R*'! o" Crimi"%' Pro(#*r "o, $rovi# t-%t %r%v%ti" %!,'' %! .*%'if+i" (ir(*m!t%"(! m*!t & %''# i" t- i"form%tio") ot-r,i! t-+ (%""ot &(o"!i#r# %%i"!t t- %((*!# v" if t-+ ,r $rov" #*ri" t- tri%'/(PEOPLE vs. D-RO


12/26


13/26


CRIMINALLAW

T- 'm"t! of f%'!ifi(%tio" %r %! fo''o,!? @% t- off"#r m%1! i" % #o(*m"t !t%tm"t! i"% "%rr%tio" of f%(t!> @& t- off"#r -%! % '%' o&'i%tio" to #i!('o! t- tr*t- of t- f%(t!"%rr%t#> @( t- f%(t! "%rr%t# &+ t- off"#r %r %&!o'*t'+ f%'!> %"#) @# t- $rvr!io" of tr*t-

i" t- "%rr%tio" of f%(t! ,%! m%# ,it- t- ,ro"f*' i"t"t of i"7*ri" % t-ir# $r!o"/ T- r*' i!t-%t t-r (%" & "o (o"vi(tio" for f%'!ifi(%tio" of % $*&'i( #o(*m"t if t- %(t! of t- %((*!#%r (o"!i!t"t ,it- oo# f%it- / / / T-*!) t- m%6im) %(t*! "o" f%(it r*m) "i!i m"! !it r% < %(rim i! "ot (ommitt# if t- mi"# of t- $r!o" $rformi" t- %(t (om$'%i"# of & i""o("t/(REL-CO vs. C:L SER:CE COMMSSON, GR No. 1%12, Nov!"#!$ 21, 2002)

A !%'! i"voi( i! % $*&'i( %"#or % (ommr(i%' #o(*m"t ,it-i" t- m%"i" of f%'!ifi(%tio" %!#fi"# *"#r t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#/ A $riv%t #o(*m"t %(.*ir! t- (-%r%(tr of % $*&'i(#o(*m"t ,-" it &(om! $%rt of %" offi(i%' r(or# %"# i! (rtifi# &+ % $*&'i( offi(r #*'+%*t-oriG# &+ '%,/ T-*!) %'t-o*- it ,%! % $riv%t #o(*m"t %t t- tim of it! f%'!ifi(%tio") it i!r%r## %! f%'!ifi(%tio" of $*&'i( or offi(i%' #o(*m"t/ (MONTE:ERDE vs. PEOPLE, GR No.139&10, A4s+ 12, 2002)

PER@UR.

At t- tim - fi'# -i! $titio" for "%t*r%'iG%tio") - -%# (ommitt# $r7*r+/ A! #i!(*!!# %r'ir)%'' t- 'm"t! of t- (rim ,r %'r%#+ $r!"t t-"/ 3 1", %'' %'o" t-%t - ,i''f*''+ !t%t#m%tri%' f%'!iti! i" -i! vrifi# $titio"/ S*r$ri!i"'+) - ,it-#r, -i! $titio" ,it-o*t v" !t%ti"%"+ r%!o" t-rfor/ B*t !*(- ,it-#r%,%' o"'+ trmi"%t# t- $ro(#i"! for "%t*r%'iG%tio"/ It #i#"ot 6ti"*i!- -i! (*'$%&i'it+ for $r7*r+ - %'r%#+ (ommitt#/ I"##) t- f%(t of ,it-#r%,%'%'o" (%""ot &%r t- St%t from $ro!(*ti" $titio"r) %" %'i") ,-o m%# % mo(1r+ "ot o"'+ oft- P-i'i$$i" "%t*r%'iG%tio" '%, &*t t- 7*#i(i%' $ro(#i"! %! ,''/ A"# t- $titio" for"%t*r%'iG%tio" t%i"t# ,it- m%tri%' f%'!iti! (%" & *!# %! vi#"( of -i! *"'%,f*' %(t/ (CON vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 13&&2, S!*+!"#!$ 19, 2002)

9





14/26


CRIMINALLAW

Art/ 29 of t- RPC $rovi#! % !rima facie !resum!tionof m%'vr!%tio" ,-"vr % $*&'i( offi(rf%i'! to %((o*"t %"+ $*&'i( f*"# or $ro$rt+ ,it- ,-i(- - i! (-%r%&') *$o" #m%"# &+ %"+#*'+ %*t-oriG# offi(rThe !rima facie !resum!tion arises onl if there is no issue as to the

accurac" correctness and re%ularit of the audit findin%s I" t-i! (%!) t- !-ort% of f*"#!,-i(- ,%! %ttri&*t# to $titio"r ,%! "ot i"#*&it%&'+ !t%&'i!-# (o"!i#ri" t-%t t- %*#it(o"#*(t# ,%! i"(om$'t) irr*'%r %"# i"%((*r%t %"# #i# "ot fo''o, !t%"#%r# %*#iti"$ro(#*r! &+ 6('*#i" from t- 6%mi"%tio" t- ot-r %((o*"t%&' offi(r! i" t- offi( %"#f%i'i" to o$" t- ot-r !%f *!# i" t- offi(/ 3"() t- $r!*m$tio" *"#r Art/ 29 of t- RPC),-i(- ,%! m%# t- &%!i! of $titio"r! (o"vi(tio" &+ t- S%"#i%"&%+%") i! "ot %$$'i(%&'/(=-ERERO vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 1533, !#$a$y 1, 2003)

CRIMES AAINST PERSONS

PARRI/IDE

T- 1+ 'm"t i" $%rri(i# i! t- r'%tio"!-i$ of t- off"#r ,it- t- vi(tim/ I" t- (%! of$%rri(i# of % !$o*!) t- $est !roof of the relationshi!&t," t- %((*!# %"# t- #(%!#,o*'# & t- marria%e certificate/(PEOPLE vs. DALAG, GR No. 12995, A*$/ 30, 2003)

DEAT4 OR P4.SI/A+ I,@URIES I,F+I/TED U,DER E


15/26


16/26


CRIMINALLAW

T- t-r $"tr%tio"! o((*rr# #*ri" o" (o"ti"*i" %(t of r%$ i" ,-i(- t- %$$''%"t ,%!o&vio*!'+ motiv%t# &+ % !i"' (rimi"%' i"t"t/ T-r i! "o i"#i(%tio" i" t- r(or#!from ,-i(-it (%" & i"frr# t-%t t- %$$''%"t #(i## to (ommit t-o! !$%r%t %"# #i!ti"(t %(t! of !6*%'

%!!%*'t ot-r t-%" -i! '*!tf*' #!ir to (-%" $o!itio"! i"!i# t- room ,-r t- (rim ,%!(ommitt#/(PEOPLE vs. AARON, GR No. 13&30002, S!*+!"#!$ 2, 2002)

It ,o*'# %$$%r from t- r(or#! t-%t t- m%i" o&7(tiv of t- %((*!# ,-" t- vi(tim ,%!t%1" to %" *"o((*$i# -o*! ,%! to r%$ -r/ 3"() for(i&' %*(tio" i! %&!or i" t-(rim of r%$/ (PEOPLE vs. LNNG, !+. a., GR No. 1301, y 11, 2002)

I" r%$) t- r%v%m" of t- off"! i! (%r"%' 1"o,'# of % ,om%" %%i"!t -r ,i'') or ,it-o*t-r (o"!"t/ A##itio"%''+) Arti(' of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# i"('*#! % vi(tim ,-o i! !*ffri"from !om form of m"t%' %&"orm%'it+ or #fi(i"(+) i"('*#i" f&'8mi"##"!! %"#rt%r#%tio") i" t- trm #$riv# of r%!o" !*(- t-%t t- vi(tim i! #m# i"(%$%&' of(o"!"ti" i"t''i"t'+ to (oit*!/ Stt'# i! t- r*' t-%t !6*%' i"tr(o*r! ,it- % m"t%''+#fi(i"t ,om%" (o"!tit*t! r%$/ (PEOPLE vs. CANA:ERAL, GR No. 133%90, A4s+ 1, 2002)

C%r"%' 1"o,'# ,it- % ,om%" ,-o i! %!'$ (o"!tit*t! r%$/ (PEOPLE vs. DE LA CR-8, GR No.13&15, A4s+ &, 2002)

U"#r Arti(' ) $%r%r%$- of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) t- o"'+ 'm"t! of !t%t*tor+ r%$ %r?@9 t-%t t- off"#r -%# (%r"%' 1"o,'# of % ,om%"> %"# @2 t-%t t- ,om%" i! *"#r t,'v@92 +%r! of %/ Mr !6*%' (o"r!! ,it- % ,om%" of !*(- t"#r % (o"!*mm%t! t- (rimof !t%t*tor+ r%$ r%r#'!! of -r (o"!"t to t- %(t or '%(1 of it/ I" t-i! 1i"# of r%$) t- '%,$r!*m! t- (-i'#8vi(tim to & '%(1i" i" #i!(r"m"t ,-i(- ,o*'# "%&' -r to iv i"t''i"t(o"!"t to t- !6*%' %(t/ Co"!.*"t'+) t- %$$'i(%tio" of for( %"# i"timi#%tio" or #$riv%tio" ofr%!o" of !%i# vi(tim i! irr'v%"t i" % $ro!(*tio" for t-i! 1i"# of off"!/ (PEOPLE vs. LOPE8,GR No. 13&, O+o#!$ 3, 2002)

To (o"!tit*t !6*%' (o"r!! ,it- % ir' of mi"or % i"to % (rim of i"(!t*o*! r%$) it i!!*ffi(i"t t-%t t- %((*!# 6r(i!# % $rv%!iv i"f'*"( %"# (o"tro' ovr t- vi(tim/ @ PEOPLEvs. METN, GR No. 10%1, May , 2003)

If t- vi(tim ,%! *"#r 9 +%r! of % %t t- tim of t- r%$ %"# t- off"#r i! % $%r"t) t-$"%'t+ for t- (rim !-%'' & #%t-/(PEOPLE vs. GONDA6A;, GR Nos. 13&, y 23, 2002)

R%$ ,it- t- *! of % #%#'+ ,%$o" $r!(ri&! t- $"%'t+ of r('*!io" $r$t*% to #%t-/(PEOPLE vs. PADAO, GR No. 10%335, S!*+!"#!$ 11, 2002)

W-r %" %((*!# i! #fi"it'+ %"# !.*%r'+ (-%r# ,it- r%$) - (%""ot & (o"vi(t# of.*%'ifi# !#*(tio"/ T- (-%r of r%$ #o! "ot i"('*# .*%'ifi# !#*(tio"/ (PEOPLE vs.PATOSA, GR No. 13%%59, S!*+!"#!$ 3, 2002)

CRIMES AAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY

ID,APPI,3 FOR RA,SOM

I" 1i#"%$$i" or !rio*! i''%' #t"tio" for r%"!om) t- $*r$o! of 6torti" r%"!om i! %.*%'if+i" (ir(*m!t%"( ,-i(- m*!t & %''# i" t- I"form%tio" %"# $rov# &+ t- $ro!(*tio"%! t- (rim it!'f &+ ,or#! %"# ovrt %(t! of t- %((*!# &for) #*ri" %"# %ftr t- 1i#"%$$i"%"# #t"tio" of t- vi(tim/ Nit-r %(t*%' #m%"# for "or %(t*%' $%+m"t of r%"!om i! "(!!%r+for t- (rim to & (ommitt#/ A't-o*- 1i#"%$$i" for % (rt%i" $*r$o! i! % .*%'if+i"(ir(*m!t%"() t- '%, #o! "ot r.*ir t-%t t- $*r$o! & %((om$'i!-#/ R%"!om m$'o+# i"t- '%, i! !o *!# i" it! (ommo" or or#i"%r+ !"!? % !*m of mo"+ or ot-r t-i" of v%'*) $ri()or (o"!i#r%tio" $%i# or #m%"## for r#m$tio" of % 1i#"%$$# or #t%i"# $r!o") % $%+m"t

t-%t r'%!! from (%$tivit+/ It m%+ i"('*# &"fit! "ot "(!!%ri'+ $(*"i%r+ ,-i(- m%+ %((r*to t- 1i#"%$$r or % t-ir# $r!o" %! % (o"#itio" for t- r'%! of t- vi(tim/

9





17/26


CRIMINALLAW

W-i' t- $ir%$- or tit' of Arti(' 2 m"tio"! o"'+ !'i-t i''%' #t"tio") 1i#"%$$i"(ommitt# i" (o""(tio" ,it- t- 'o,r off"! of !'i-t i''%' #t"tio" i! %'!o (ovr# &+ t-%rti('/ T- (rim of !'i-t i''%' #t"tio" i! (o"!*mm%t# *$o" t- o((*rr"( of %'' t-

'm"t! t-rof/ A #%+) i" t- '%!t $%r%r%$- of Arti(' 2 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) !-o*'#& *"#r!too# %! t,"t+8fo*r -o*r!) to & (o*"t# from t- #$riv%tio" of t- 'i&rt+ of t- vi(tim*"ti' t- (!!%tio" t-rof/

A't-o*- t- %$$''%"t %"# -i! (o8(o"!$ir%tor! 1i#"%$$# t- t,o vi(tim! o" t- !%mo((%!io" %"# from t- !%m !it*!) t- %$$''%"t i! *i't+ of t,o !$%r%t (rim!? 1i#"%$$i"*"#r Arti(' 2 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) %"# !'i-t i''%' #t"tio" *"#r Arti(' 2 of t-Rvi!# P"%' Co#/ T- %$$''%"t %"# -i! (o8(o"!$ir%tor! ,r %"im%t# &+ t,o !t! of !$%r%t(rimi"%' i"t"t! %"# (rimi"%' r!o'*tio"! i" 1i#"%$$i" %"# i''%''+ #t%i"i" t- t,o vi(tim!/(PEOPLE vs, PAGALASAN, GR No. 13192& ' 13991, n! 1, 2003)

T- !!"( of t- (rim of 1i#"%$$i" %"# !rio*! i''%' #t"tio" %! #fi"# %"# $"%'iG# i"Arti(' 2 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# i! t- actual de!rivation of the victim9s li$ert(o*$'# ,it-$roof &+o"# r%!o"%&' #o*&t of %" i"t"t of t- %((*!# to ff(t t- !%m/ It i! t-*! !!"ti%'

t-%t t- fo''o,i" & !t%&'i!-# &+ t- $ro!(*tio"? @9 t- off"#r i! % $riv%t i"#ivi#*%'> @2 -1i#"%$! or #t%i"! %"ot-r) or i" %"+ ot-r m%""r #$riv! t- '%ttr of -i! 'i&rt+> @ t- %(t of#t"tio" or 1i#"%$$i" m*!t & i''%'> %"# @4 i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- off"!) %"+ of t- fo*r(ir(*m!t%"(! "*mr%t# i" Arti(' 2 & $r!"t/ B*t if t- 1i#"%$$i" ,%! #o" for t-$*r$o! of 6torti" r%"!om) t- fo*rt- 'm"t i! "o 'o"r "(!!%r+/

For t- (rim @1i#"%$$i" for r%"!om to & (ommitt#) %t '%!t one overt act ofdemandin% ransom must $e made' It is not necessar that there $e actual !ament of ransom$ecause what the law re*uires is merel the e&istence of the !ur!ose of demandin% ransom /(PEOPLE vs. SLONGAN, !+. a., GR No. 13%12, A*$/ 2, 2003)

Ev" if t- $*r$o! %''# &+ t- #f"! & %(($t# < t-%t i!) to (om$' t- %''# $%+m"t< *"#r Arti(' 2 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) %! %m"## &+ R/A/ 904 ff(tiv =*" 9) 9J4)t- off"! i! !ti'' 1i#"%$$i" for r%"!om/ 5Ransom5 *"#r Amri(%" r*'i"!) %! *!# i" !t%t*t!

m%1i" 1i#"%$$i" ,it- i"t"t to -o'# for r%"!om % (%$it%' off"!) -%! &" held to mean in itsordinar sense as Cmone" !rice" or" consideration !aid or demanded for redem!tion of a ca!tured!erson or !ersons) % $%+m"t t-%t r'%!! from (%$tivit+/ Si"( t- %((*!# i" t-i! (%!#m%"## %"# r(iv# mo"+ %! % r.*i!it for r'%!i" % $r!o" from (%$tivit+) ,-%tvr ot-rmotiv m%+ -%v im$''# t-m to #o !o) t- mo"+ i! !ti'' r%"!om *"#r t- '%,/ (PEOPLE vs.CASTRO, !+. a., GR No. 132%2&, y 23, 2002?

T- $"%'t+ $r!(ri &+ Arti(' 2 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) %! %m"## &+ S(tio" of RAJ) ,-r t- $*r$o! of t- 1i#"%$$i" %"# !rio*! i''%' #t"tio" i! to 6tort r%"!om fromt- vi(tim) or %"+ ot-r $r!o") i! death/(PEOPLE vs. SANTOS, GR No. 125353, D!!"#!$ 1%,2002)

ID,APPI,3 A,D FAI+URE TO RETUR, A MI,OR

Ki#"%$$i" %"# f%i'*r to rt*r" % mi"or *"#r Arti(' 20 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# -%! t,o!!"ti%' 'm"t!) "%m'+? @9 t- off"#r i! "tr*!t# ,it- t- (*!to#+ of % mi"or $r!o"> %"#@2 t- off"#r #'i&r%t'+ f%i'! to r!tor t- !%i# mi"or to -i! $%r"t! or *%r#i%"!/ Bhat isactuall $ein% !unished is not the )idna!!in% of the minor $ut rather the deli$erate failure of thecustodian of the minor to restore the latter to his !arents or %uardians/ T- ,or# #'i&r%t %!*!# i" Arti(' 20 m*!t im$'+ !omt-i" mor t-%" mr "'i"( < it m*!t & $rm#it%t#)-%#!tro") foo'i!-'+ #%ri" or i"t"tio"%''+ %"# m%'i(io*!'+ ,ro"/(PEOPLE vs. PASTRANA, GRNo. 13&, A4s+ 1, 2002)

CRIMES AAINST PROPERTY

RO00ER. BIT4 VIO+E,/E A3AI,ST OR I,TIMIDATIO, OF PERSO,S

Ro$$er with homicide

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Ro&o (o" -omi(i#io i! %" i"#ivi!i&' off"!) % !$(i%' (om$'6 (rim/ It (%rri! % !vr $"%'t+&(%*! t- '%, !! i" t-i! (rim t-%t m" $'%( '*(r %&ov t- v%'* of -*m%" 'if) t-*!

7*!tif+i" t- im$o!itio" of % -%r!-r $"%'t+ t-%" t-%t for !im$' ro&&r+ or -omi(i#/ A(o"vi(tio" for ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# r.*ir! t- $ro!(*tio" to firm'+ !t%&'i!- t- fo''o,i"'m"t!? @% t- t%1i" of $r!o"%' $ro$rt+ ,it- vio'"( or i"timi#%tio" %%i"!t $r!o"!> @& t-$ro$rt+ t%1" &'o"! to %"ot-r> @( t- t%1i" ,%! #o" ,it- %"imo '*(r%"#i> %"#) @# on theoccasion of the ro$$er or $ reason thereof" homicide was committed/(PEOPLE vs. DELA CR-8,!+. a., GR No. 1%30, n! 2&, 2003)

T- (o"!i!t"t #o(tri"%' r*' i! t-%t ,-"vr % -omi(i# -%! &" (ommitt# %! % (o"!.*"(of or o" t- o((%!io" of % ro&&r+) all those who too) !art as !rinci!als in the ro$$er will also $eheld %uilt as !rinci!als in the s!ecial com!le& crime of ro$$er with homicide" even if some ofthem did not actuall ta)e !art in the homicide) *"'!! it %$$%r! t-%t t-o! ,-o #i# "ot #o !o"#%vor# to $rv"t t- -omi(i#/(PEOPLE vs. G-MA, GR No. 139%2, Nov!"#!$ 2%, 2002)

T- "%r8f%t%' !-ooti" of o" of t- vi(tim! too1 $'%( o" t- o((%!io" of t- ro&&r+/ T-i"7*ri! !- !*ffr# (o*'# & mr# i" t- (om$o!it (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#) %"# for$*r$o!! of r(1o"i" t- %$$ro$ri%t $"%'t+) (o*'# & (-%r%(triG# %! %" %r%v%ti"(ir(*m!t%"( to m$-%!iG t-%t t- (rim r!*'t# "ot o"'+ i" o" vi(tim 1i''# &*t %'!o i" 'if8t-r%t"i" i"7*ri! o" %"ot-r vi(tim/ (PEOPLE vs. T-PPAL, GR Nos. 13%925, ana$y 13, 2003)

Tr%(-r+ i! % "ri( %r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( to ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# %'t-o*- !%i# (rimi! ('%!!ifi# %! % (rim %%i"!t $ro$rt+ %"# % !i"' %"# i"#ivi!i&' (rim/ Tr%(-r+ i! "ot %.*%'if+i" (ir(*m!t%"( &(%*! %! r*'# &+ t- S*$rm Co*rt of S$%i" i" it! #(i!io" #%t#S$tm&r 99) 9) t- ,or# -omi(i# i! *!# i" it! &ro%#!t %"# mo!t "ri( !"!/

Tr%(-r+ i! "ot %" 'm"t of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ Nit-r #o! it (o"!tit*t % (rim!$(i%''+ $*"i!-%&' &+ '%, "or i! it i"('*## &+ t- '%, i" #fi"i" t- (rim of ro&&r+ ,it--omi(i# %"# $r!(ri&i" t- $"%'t+ t-rfor/ Tr%(-r+ i! 'i1,i! "ot i"-r"t i" t- (rim of

ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ 3"() tr%(-r+ !-o*'# & (o"!i#r# %! % "ri( %r%v%ti"(ir(*m!t%"( i" ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# for t- im$o!itio" of t- $ro$r $"%'t+ for t- (rim/I" fi") i" t- %$$'i(%tio" of tr%(-r+ %! % "ri( %r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( to ro&&r+

,it- -omi(i#) t- '%, 'oo1! %t t- (o"!tit*"t (rim of -omi(i# ,-i(- i! % (rim %%i"!t$r!o"! %"# "ot %t t- (o"!tit*"t (rim of ro&&r+ ,-i(- i! % (rim %%i"!t $ro$rt+/ Tr%(-r+i! %$$'i# to t- (o"!tit*"t (rim of -omi(i# %"# "ot to t- (o"!tit*"t (rim of ro&&r+ oft- !$(i%' (om$'6 (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ (PEOPLE vs. ESCOTE, !+ a., GR No. 10%5&,

A*$/ , 2003)

A (o"vi(tio" for ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# r.*ir! (rtit*# t-%t t- ro&&r+ i! t- m%i" $*r$o!%"# o&7(tiv of t- m%'f%(tor %"# t- 1i''i" i! mr'+ i"(i#"t%' to t- ro&&r+/ T- %"imo'*(r%"#i m*!t $ro(# t- 1i''i"/ If t- orii"%' #!i" #o! "ot (om$r-"# ro&&r+) &*t ro&&r+fo''o,! t- -omi(i# it-r %! %" %ftrt-o*-t or mr'+ %! %" i"(i#"t of t- -omi(i#) t-" t-m%'f%(tor i! *i't+ of t,o !$%r%t (rim!) t-%t of -omi(i# or m*r#r %"# ro&&r+) %"# "ot of t-

!$(i%' (om$'6 (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#) % !i"' %"# i"#ivi!i&' off"!/ It i! t- i"t"t oft- %(tor to ro& ,-i(- !*$$'i! t- (o""(tio" &t," t- -omi(i# %"# t- ro&&r+ "(!!%r+to (o"!tit*t t- (om$'6 (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ 3o,vr) t- '%, #o! "ot r.*ir t-%tt- !o' motiv of t- m%'f%(tor i! ro&&r+ %"# (ommit! -omi(i# &+ r%!o" or o" t- o((%!io"t-rof

A (o"vi(tio" for ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# i! $ro$r v" if t- -omi(i# i! (ommitt# &for)#*ri" or %ftr t- (ommi!!io" of t- ro&&r+/ T- -omi(i# m%+ & (ommitt# &+ t- %(tor %t t-!$*r of t- mom"t or &+ mr %((i#"t/ Ev" if t,o or mor $r!o"! %r 1i''# %"# % ,om%" i!r%$# %"# $-+!i(%' i"7*ri! %r i"f'i(t# o" %"ot-r) o" t- o((%!io" or &+ r%!o" of ro&&r+) t-ri! o"'+ o" !$(i%' (om$'6 (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ W-%t i! $rimor#i%' i! t- r!*'to&t%i"# ,it-o*t rfr"( or #i!ti"(tio" %! to t- (ir(*m!t%"(!) (%*!) mo#! or $r!o"!i"trv"i" i" t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim/

Ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i# i! (ommitt# v" if t- vi(tim of t- ro&&r+ i! #iffr"t from t-

vi(tim of -omi(i#) %! 'o" %! t- -omi(i# i! (ommitt# &+ r%!o" or o" t- o((%!io" of t-ro&&r+/ It i! "ot v" "(!!%r+ t-%t t- vi(tim of t- ro&&r+ i! t- vr+ $r!o" t- m%'f%(tori"t"## to ro&/ For t- (o"vi(tio" of t- !$(i%' (om$'6 (rim) t- ro&&r+ it!'f m*!t &

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$rov# %! (o"('*!iv'+ %! %"+ ot-r 'm"t of t- (rim/ (PEOPLE vs. DANELA, !+ a., GR No.139230)

A"im*! '*(r%"#i or i"t"t to %i" i! %" i"tr"%' %(t ,-i(- (%" & !t%&'i!-# t-ro*- t- ovrt%(t! of t- off"#r/ A't-o*- $roof of motiv for t- (rim i! !!"ti%' ,-" t- vi#"( of t-ro&&r+ i! (ir(*m!t%"ti%') i"t"t to %i" or %"im*! '*(r%"#i m%+ & $r!*m# from t- f*rtivt%1i" of *!f*' $ro$rt+ $rt%i"i" to %"ot-r) *"'!! !$(i%' (ir(*m!t%"(! rv%' % #iffr"ti"t"t o" t- $%rt of t- $r$tr%tor/ T- i"t"t to %i" m%+ & $r!*m# from t- $rov" *"'%,f*'t%1i"/

Art/ 2J of t- RPC m$'o+! t- $-r%! H&'o"i" to %"ot-r %"# t-i! -%! &"i"tr$rt# to mr'+ r.*ir t-%t t- $ro$rt+ t%1" #o! "ot &'o" to t- off"#r/ A(t*%'$o!!!!io" of t- $ro$rt+ &+ t- $r!o" #i!$o!!!!# t-rof !*ffi(!/ I" f%(t it -%! &" -'#t-%t ro&&r+ m%+ & (ommitt# %%i"!t % &%i' or % $r!o" ,-o -im!'f -%! !to'" it/ So 'o" %!t-r i! %$o#r%mi"to of $r!o"%' $ro$rt+ from %"ot-r %%i"!t t- '%ttr! ,i'' t-ro*- vio'"(or i"timi#%tio") ,it- %"imo # '*(ro) ro&&r+ i! t- off"! im$*t%&' to t- off"#r/ If t- vi(timi! 1i''# o" t- o((%!io" or &+ r%!o" of t- ro&&r+) t- off"! i! (o"vrt# i"to t- (om$o!it

(rim of ro&&r+ ,it- -omi(i#/ (PEOPLE vs. RE;ES, GR No. 135&2, Ma$7 2&, 2003)

I" t-i! (%!) %!i# from t- f%(t t-%t "o i"v"tor+ ,%! (o"#*(t# %ftr t- i"(i#"t) %! i! *!*%''+#o" i" ro&&r+ (%!!) t- $ro!(*tio" #i# "ot (o"vi"(i"'+ !t%&'i!- t- (or$*! #'i(ti of t-(rim of ro&&r+/ Cor$*! #'i(ti -%! &" #fi"# %! t- &o#+ or !*&!t%"( of t- (rim %"#) i" it!$rim%r+ !"!) rfr! to t- f%(t t-%t % (rim -%! %(t*%''+ &" (ommitt#/ A! %$$'i# to %$%rti(*'%r off"!) it m%"! t- %(t*%' (ommi!!io" &+ !omo" of t- $%rti(*'%r (rim (-%r#/ I"t-i! (%!) t- 'm"t of t%1i" %! ,'' %! t- 6i!t"( of t- mo"+ %''# to -%v &" 'o!t%"# !to'" &+ %$$''%"t ,%! "ot %#.*%t'+ !t%&'i!-#/(PEOPLE vs. OEDO, GR No. 12305,n! 10, 2003)

Ro$$er with ra!e

A! (o"!$ir%(+ ,%! $rov" %"# r%$ ,%! (ommitt# %! % (o"!.*"() or o" t- o((%!io" of t-ro&&r+) %'' t- (o"!$ir%tor!8$%rti(i$%"t! %r 'i%&' %! $ri"(i$%'! of t- (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- r%$/(PEOPLE vs. ALACANAO, !+ a., GR No. 11133, !#$a$y 2, 2003)

For % (o"vi(tio" of t- (rim of ro&&r+ ,it- r%$ to !t%"#) it m*!t & !-o," t-%t t- r%$ ,%!(ommitt# &+ r%!o" or o" t- o((%!io" of % ro&&r+ %"# "ot t- ot-r ,%+ %ro*"#/ T-i! !$(i%'(om$'6 (rim *"#r Arti(' 2J4 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# (o"tm$'%t! % !it*%tio" ,-r t-orii"%' i"t"t of t- %((*!# ,%! to t%1) ,it- i"t"t to %i") $r!o"%' $ro$rt+ &'o"i" to%"ot-r %"# r%$ i! (ommitt# o" t- o((%!io" t-rof or %! %" %((om$%"+i" (rim/ I" t-i! t+$of f'o"+) t- i"t"t to %i" $r(#! t- i"t"t to -%v i''%' (%r"%' i"tr(o*r! ,it- %"ot-r)!i"( ro&&r+ ,it- r%$ i! &%!i(%''+ % (rim %%i"!t $ro$rt+/ A"# if t- orii"%' #!i" ,%! to(ommit r%$ &*t t- %((*!#) %ftr (ommitti" r%$) %'!o (ommitt# ro&&r+ &(%*! t-o$$ort*"it+ $r!"t# it!'f) t- (rimi"%' %(t! !-o*'# & vi,# %! t,o #i!ti"(t off"!!/

(PEOPLE vs. TAMA;O, GR No. 13%5&, y 30, 2002)

SBI,D+I,3 1ESTAFA2

T- f%(t t-%t $titio"r! %r t- Pr!i#"t %"# S(rt%r+ of t- (or$or%tio" #fr%*## #o! "otm%" t-%t t-+ (o*'# "ot & -'# 'i%&' for E!t%f% ,it- A&*! of Co"fi#"() if t-+ #i# i" f%(tmi!%$$ro$ri%t t- (or$or%t f*"# for $r!o"%' *!/ T- (rim of E!t%f% i! (ommitt# ,-" %$r!o" !-%'' #fr%*# %"ot-r &+ m%"! m"tio"# i" Arti(' 9 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#/ T-i!i! tr* ,-t-r or "ot !*(- $r!o" i! %" offi(r of t- (or$or%tio" #fr%*##/ (LEE vs. PEOPLE,GR No. 13%91, D!!"#!$ , 2002)

E!t%f% i! (ommitt# &+ %"+ $r!o" ,-o #fr%*#! %"ot-r &+ *!i" % fi(titio*! "%m> or &+ f%'!'+$rt"#i" to $o!!!! $o,r) i"f'*"() .*%'ifi(%tio"!) $ro$rt+) (r#it) %"(+) &*!i"!!> &+

im%i"%r+ tr%"!%(tio"! or !imi'%r form! of #(it 6(*t# $rior to or !im*'t%"o*! ,it- t- fr%*#/Morovr) t-! f%'! $rt"!! !-o*'# -%v &" t- vr+ r%!o" t-%t motiv%t# (om$'%i"%"t! to

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#'ivr $ro$rt+ or $%+ mo"+ to t- $r$tr%tor! of t- fr%*#/(PEOPLE vs. LAPS, GR No. 15%335, O+o#!$ 15, 2002)

It i! ,'' !tt'# t-%t % $r!o") for t- !%m %(t!) m%+ & (-%r# %"# (o"vi(t# !$%r%t'+ of t-(rim of i''%' r(r*itm"t *"#r t- L%&or Co# %"# !t%f% *"#r $%r%r%$- 2@% of Arti(' 9 oft- Rvi!# P"%' Co#/ I''%' r(r*itm"t i! m%'*m $ro-i&it*m ,-r t- (rimi"%' i"t"t of t-%((*!# i! "ot "(!!%r+ for (o"vi(tio") ,-i' !t%f% i! m%'*m i" ! ,-r t- (rimi"%' i"t"t oft- %((*!# i! "(!!%r+ for (o"vi(tio"/ I" ot-r ,or#!) % $r!o" (o"vi(t# *"#r t- L%&or Co#m%+ %'!o & (o"vi(t# of off"!! $*"i!-%&' &+ ot-r '%,! for t- !%m %(t!/ (PEOPLE vs.ALLESTEROS, GR No. 11&90590, A4s+ &, 2002)

Ev" % tm$or%r+ #i!t*r&%"( of $ro$rt+ ri-t! (o"!tit*t! mi!%$$ro$ri%tio"/ T- ,or#!(o"vrt %"# mi!%$$ro$ri%t %! *!# i" Arti(' 9 $%r%r%$- 9 @& of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#)(o""ot %" %(t of *!i" or #i!$o!i" of %"ot-r5! $ro$rt+ %! if it ,r o"5! o,") or of #voti" itto % $*r$o! or *! #iffr"t from t-%t %r# *$o"/ To mi!%$$ro$ri%t % t-i" of v%'* for o"5!o," *! i"('*#!) "ot o"'+ (o"vr!io" to o"5! $r!o"%' %#v%"t% &*t %'!o vr+ %ttm$t to

#i!$o! of t- $ro$rt+ of %"ot-r ,it-o*t ri-t/ T-*!) ,-" $titio"r (%*!# t- rmitt%"( oft- %mo*"t ,it-#r%," to %"ot-r %((o*"t) !*(- %(t (o"!tit*t# (o"vr!io" or mi!%$$ro$ri%tio" or*"%*t-oriG# #i!$o!itio" of t- $ro$rt+) (o"tr%r+ to t- $*r$o! for ,-i(- t- $ro$rt+ ,%!#vot#/

A! -'# i" t- (%! of Fir!t Pro#*(r! 3o'#i"! Cor$or%tio" v/ Co) i" !t%f%) t- $r!o"$r7*#i(# or t- imm#i%t vi(tim of t- fr%*# "# "ot & t- o,"r of t- oo#!mi!%$$ro$ri%t#/ T-*!) Arti(' 9 of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# $rovi#! t-%t %"+ $r!o" ,-o !-%''#fr%*# %"ot-r &+ %"+ m%"! m"tio"# i" Arti(' 9 m%+ & -'# 'i%&' for !t%f%/ T- *!&+ t- '%, of t- ,or# %"ot-r i"!t%# of t- ,or# o,"r m%"! t-%t %! %" 'm"t of t-off"!) 'o!! !-o*'# -%v f%''" *$o" !omo" ot-r t-%" t- $r$tr%tor of t- (rim/ (SALA8ARvs. PEOPLE, GR No. 19%2, O+o#!$ 15, 2002)

Crimi"%' 'i%&i'it+ for !t%f% i! "ot %ff(t# &+ (om$romi! or "ov%tio") for it i! % $*&'i( off"!

,-i(- m*!t & $ro!(*t# %"# $*"i!-# &+ t- ovr"m"t o" it! o," motio" v" t-o*-(om$'t r$%r%tio" -%! &" m%# of t- #%m% !*ffr# &+ t- off"## $%rt+/ (PEOPLE vs.-LE, GR No. 1231&, n! 1%, 2003)

To (o"!tit*t !t%f%) t- %(t of $o!t#%ti" or i!!*i" % (-(1 i" $%+m"t of %" o&'i%tio" m*!t &t- ffi(i"t (%*! of #fr%*#%tio") %"# %! !*(- it !-o*'# & it-r $rior to) or !im*'t%"o*! ,it-t- %(t of fr%*#/ T- off"#r m*!t & %&' to o&t%i" mo"+ or $ro$rt+ from t- off"## $%rt+&(%*! of t- i!!*%"( of % (-(1 ,-t-r $o!t#%t# or "ot/ T-%t i!) t- '%ttr ,o*'# "ot -%v$%rt# ,it- -i! mo"+ or ot-r $ro$rt+ ,r it "ot for t- i!!*%"( of t- (-(1/

BP 22 (%""ot & #m# "(!!%ri'+ i"('*## i" t- (rim of !t%f% *"#r RPC) Arti('9) 2 @#/ T- off"! of fr%*# #fi"# *"#r t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# i! m%'*m i" !) ,-r%! BP22) %'!o 1"o," %! Bo*"(i" C-(1! L%,) i! % !$(i%' '%, ,-i(- $*"i!-! t- i!!*%"( of&o*"(i" (-(1!) % m%'*m $ro-i&it*m/ Fr%*# or !t%f% *"#r t- Rvi!# P"%' Co# i! % #i!ti"(toff"! from t- vio'%tio" of t- Bo*"(i" C-(1! L%,/ T-+ %r #iffr"t off"!!) -%vi"

#iffr"t 'm"t!/(PEOPLE vs. C-;-GAN, GR No. 1&&13, Nov!"#!$ 1, 2002)

T- off"! r.*ir! t-%t t- #i!-o"or# (-(1 m*!t -%v &" $o!t#%t# or i!!*# %t t- timt- o&'i%tio" ,%! (o"tr%(t#/ I" ot-r ,or#!) t- #%t t- o&'i%tio" ,%! "tr# i"to) &i" t-fir!t 'm"t) i! % m%tri%' i"r#i"t of t- off"!/ 3"() "ot o"'+ m*!t !%i# #%t & !$(ifi(%''+%"# $%rti(*'%r'+ %''# i" t- i"form%tio") it m*!t & $rov# %! %''#/(PEOPLE vs. DNGLASAN,GR No. 133&5, S!*+!"#!$ 1%, 2002)

T- !!"( of !t%f% *"#r Arti(' 9) $%r/ 9@& i! t- %$$ro$ri%tio" or (o"vr!io" of mo"+ or$ro$rt+ r(iv# to t- $r7*#i( of t- o,"r/ T- ,or#! (o"vrt %"# mi!%$$ro$ri%t#(o""ot %" %(t of *!i" or #i!$o!i" of %"ot-r5! $ro$rt+ %! if it ,r o"5! o,") or of #voti" itto % $*r$o! or *! #iffr"t from t-%t %r# *$o"/ To mi!%$$ro$ri%t for o"5! o," *! i"('*#!"ot o"'+ (o"vr!io" to o"5! $r!o"%' %#v%"t%) &*t %'!o vr+ %ttm$t to #i!$o! of t-

$ro$rt+ of %"ot-r ,it-o*t ri-t/I" t- (%! %t &%r) it ,%! !t%&'i!-# t-%t t- i"%&i'it+ of $titio"r %! %"t to (om$'+ ,it-

-r #*t+ to rt*r" it-r t- $i(! of 7,'r+ or t- $ro(#! of it! !%' to -r $ri"(i$%' ,%! #*)

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i" t*r") to t- f%i'*r of $titio"r! !*&8%"t to %&i# &+ -r %rm"t ,it- $titio"rI" ot-r,or#!) t- $i(! of 7,'r+ ,r iv" &+ $titio"r to -r !*&8%"t to %(-iv t- vr+ !%m"# for ,-i(- t-+ ,r #'ivr# to -r i" t- fir!t $'%(/ Co"!.*"t'+) t-r i! "o (o"vr!io"

!i"( t- $i(! of 7,'r+ ,r "ot #vot# to % $*r$o! or *! #iffr"t from t-%t %r# *$o"/(SERONA, vs. CA and PEOPLE, GR No. 13023, Nov!"#!$ 1, 2002)

OT4ER FORMS OF SBI,D+I,3

T- r%v%m" of t- (rim i! t- #i!$o!itio" of '%''+ "(*m&r# r%' $ro$rt+ &+ t- off"#r*"#r t- 6$r!! r$r!"t%tio" t-%t t-r i! "o "(*m&r%"( t-ro"/ 3"() for o" to &(rimi"%''+ 'i%&' for !t%f% *"#r t- '%,) t- %((*!# m*!t m%1 %" 6$r!! r$r!"t%tio" i" t-## of (o"v+%"( t-%t t- $ro$rt+ !o'# or #i!$o!# of i! fr from %"+ "(*m&r%"(/ T-$ro!(*tio" i! &*r#"# to %'' i" t- i"form%tio" %"# $rov t- (o"f'*"( of t- fo''o,i"!!"ti%' 'm"t! of t- (rim for t- %((*!# to & (rimi"%''+ 'i%&' for !t%f% *"#r Art 9)$%r%r%$- 2 of t- RPC? @9 t-%t t- t-i" #i!$o!# of & r%' $ro$rt+> @2 t-%t t- off"#r 1",

t-%t t- r%' $ro$rt+ ,%! "(*m&r#) ,-t-r t- "(*m&r%"( i! r(or## or "ot> @ t-%tt-r m*!t & 6$r!! r$r!"t%tio" &+ t- off"#r t-%t t- r%' $ro$rt+ i! fr from"(*m&r%"(> %"# @4 t-%t t- (t of #i!$o!i" of t- r%' $ro$rt+ & m%# to t- #%m% of%"ot-r/(NA;A vs. SPS. ANG and PEOPLE, GR No. 1&%%0, !#$a$y 2%, 2003)

CRIMES AAINST C3ASTITY

A/TS OF +AS/IVIOUS,ESS

U"#r t- $r!"t '%, o" r%$) Arti(' 28A of t- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) %! %m"## &+ R/A/ No/ @or t- T- A"ti8R%$ L%, of 9JJ ,-i(- too1 ff(t o" O(to&r 22) 9JJ) %"# i"tr$rt#i" Po$' v/ Sori%"o) i"!rtio" of o"5! fi"r i"to t- "it%' of %"ot-r (o"!tit*t! r%$ t-ro*-

!6*%' %!!%*'t/ T-i! '%,) -o,vr) fi"#! "o %$$'i(%tio" i" t- (%! %t &%r) (o"!i#ri" t-%t t-ovr"i" '%, %t t- tim of t- (ommi!!io" of t- (rim o" A**!t 9J) 9JJ ,%! Arti(' oft- Rvi!# P"%' Co#) %! %m"## &+ R/A/ No/ J) ,-r i"!rtio" of o"5! fi"r i"to t-"it%'! of %"ot-r #o! "ot %mo*"t to r%$/ (PEOPLE vs. ON, GR No. 19199, ana$y 2, 2003)

A(t! of '%!(ivio*!"!! i! (o"!i#r# %" off"! i"('*## or !*&!*m# i" t- r%$ (-%r/ T-'m"t! of %(t! of '%!(ivio*!"!! %r? @9 t- off"#r (ommit! %"+ %(t of '%!(ivio*!"!! or',#"!!> @2 t- %(t i! #o" *"#r %"+ of t- fo''o,i" (ir(*m!t%"(! < @% ,-" for( ori"timi#%tio" i! *!#) or @& ,-" t- off"## $%rt+ i! #$riv# of r%!o" or i! ot-r,i!*"(o"!(io*!) or @( ,-" t- off"## $%rt+ i! *"#r 92 +%r! of %) or @ ,-" t- off"##$%rt+ i! %"ot-r $r!o" of it-r !6/(PEOPLE vs. CARALPO, GR No. 13%%&&&%, Nov!"#!$ 2%,2002)

I" Po$' v!/ Ti&*r(io B%'&%r) , -'# t-%t ,-%t (o"!tit*t! ',# or '%!(ivio*! (o"#*(t m*!t trmi"# from t- (ir(*m!t%"(! of %(- (%!/ T- $r!"( or %&!"( of t- ',# #!i"! i!i"frr# from t- "%t*r of t- %(t! t-m!'v! %"# t- "viro"m"t%' (ir(*m!t%"(!/ (PEOPLEvs. :CTOR, GR No. 12%90, D!!"#!$ 5, 2002)

PROSE/UTIO, OF T4E /RIMES OF ADU+TER." /O,/U0I,A3E" SEDU/TIO,"A0DU/TIO," A,D A/TS OF +AS/IVIOUS,ESS 1ART' :;;2

A (om$'%i"t of t- off"## $%rt+ or -r r'%tiv! i! r.*ir# i" (rim! %%i"!t (-%!tit+ o*t of(o"!i#r%tio" for t- off"## ,om%" %"# -r f%mi'+) ,-o mi-t $rfr to !*ffr t- o*tr% i"!i'"( r%t-r t-%" o t-ro*- ,it- t- !(%"#%' of % $*&'i( tri%'/ T- '%, #m! it t- ,i!r $o'i(+to 't t- %riv# ,om%" %"# -r f%mi'+ #(i# ,-t-r to 6$o! to $*&'i( vi, or to -%t#(o"trovr!i! i" (o*rt t- vi(!) f%*'t) %"# #i!r%(f*' %(t! o((*rri" i" t- f%mi'+/

W %r ,it- t- OS t-%t if % mi"or *"#r t- R*'! of Co*rt (%" fi' % (om$'%i"t forr%$ i"#$"#"t'+ of -r $%r"t!) t- vi(tim) t-" 20 +%r! of % ,-o ,%! fo*"# to -%v t-m"t%'it+ of %" 8+%r8o'# ir') (o*'# 'i1,i! fi' t- (om$'%i"t i"#$"#"t'+ of -r r'%tiv!/ 3r

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(om$'%i"t (%" & ri-tf*''+ (o"!i#r# fi'# &+ % mi"or/(PEOPLE vs. DELA CR-8, GR No. 135022,y 11, 2002)

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CRIMES AAINST 3ONOR

+I0E+

Df%m%tio") ,-i(- i"('*#! 'i&' %"# !'%"#r) m%"! t- off"! of i"7*ri" % $r!o"5! (-%r%(tr)f%m or r$*t%tio" t-ro*- f%'! %"# m%'i(io*! !t%tm"t!/ It i! t-%t ,-i(- t"#! to i"7*rr$*t%tio" or to #imi"i!- t- !tm) r!$(t) oo# ,i'' or (o"fi#"( i" t- $'%i"tiff or to 6(it#ro%tor+ f'i"! or o$i"io"! %&o*t t- $'%i"tiff/ It i! t- $*&'i(%tio" of %"+t-i" ,-i(- i!i"7*rio*! to t- oo# "%m or r$*t%tio" of %"ot-r or t"#! to &ri" -im i"to #i!r$*t/Df%m%tio" i! %" i"v%!io" of % r'%tio"%' i"tr!t !i"( it i"vo'v! t- o$i"io" ,-i(- ot-r! i" t-(omm*"it+ m%+ -%v) or t"# to -%v) of t- $'%i"tiff/ D('%r%tio"! m%# %&o*t % '%r ('%!! of$o$' (%""ot & i"tr$rt# to %#vrt to %" i#"tifi# or i#"tifi%&' i"#ivi#*%'/ A&!"t(ir(*m!t%"(! !$(ifi(%''+ $oi"ti" or %''*#i" to % $%rti(*'%r mm&r of % ('%!!) "o mm&r of!*(- ('%!! -%! % ri-t of %(tio" ,it-o*t %t %'' im$%iri" t- .*%''+ #m%"#i" ri-t of fr !$(-%"# 6$r!!io") %! ,'' %! of t- $r!!) *"#r t- Bi'' of Ri-t!/ (M:RS P-LCATONS, NC., !+ a.vs. SLAMC DA@6A< CO-NCL O T


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$o!!i#"#i i! o"'+ $rim% f%(i/ It i! !*&7(t to (o"tr%r+ $roof %"# m%+ & r&*tt# &+ vi#"(t-%t t- %((*!# #i# "ot i" f%(t 6r(i! $o,r %"# (o"tro' ovr t- t-i" i" .*!tio") %"# #i# "oti"t"# to #o !o/ T- &*r#" of vi#"( i! t-*! !-ift# to t- $o!!!!or to 6$'%i" %&!"( of

%"im*! $o!!i#"#i/(C-PC-PN vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 13239, Nov!"#!$ 19, 2002)

T- "tr%$m"t o$r%tio" $%v# t- ,%+ for t- v%'i# ,%rr%"t'!! %rr!t of %$$''%"t/Co"!.*"t'+) %"+ !%r(- r!*'ti" from !%i# '%,f*' ,%rr%"t'!! %rr!t ,%! %'!o v%'i# &(%*! t-%((*!# (ommitt# % (rim i" f'%r%"t #'i(to) t-%t i!) t- $r!o" to & %rr!t# @%$$''%"t(ommitt# % (rim i" t- $r!"( of t- %rr!ti" offi(r! or t- $o!*r8&*+r/ (PEOPLE vs. DELEON, GR Nos. 1325, Nov!"#!$ 15, 2002)

I" Po$' v!/ D' Ro!%rio) t- Co*rt m%# t- fo''o,i" o&!rv%tio"!? T- *!*%' $ro(#*r i" %&*+8&*!t o$r%tio" i! for t- $o'i( offi(r! to %rr!t t- $*!-r of #r*! %t t- vr+ mom"t --%"#! ovr t- #%"ro*! #r* to t- $o!*r8&*+r/ T-%t i! t- vr+ r%!o" ,-+ !*(- % $o'i(o$r%tio" i! (%''# % 5&*+8&*!t5 o$r%tio"/ T- $o'i( $o!*r8&*+r 5&*+!5 #%"ro*! #r*! fromt- $*!-r %"# 5&*!t!5 @%rr!t! -im t- mom"t t- $*!-r -%"#! ovr t- #r* to t- $o'i(

offi(r/(PEOPLE vs. LM, !+ a., GR No. 11&99, A4s+ %, 2002)

T- $ro!(*tio" f%i'# to !t%&'i!- t- i#"tit+ of t- $ro-i&it# #r* ,-i(- (o"!tit*t! t-(or$*! #'i(ti of t- off"!) %" !!"ti%' r.*irm"t i" #r*8r'%t# (%!!/ I" Po$' v/ M%$%)t- %$$''%"t ,%! %(.*itt# %ftr t- $ro!(*tio" f%i'# to ('%rif+ ,-t-r t- !$(im" !*&mitt#to t- NBI for '%&or%tor+ 6%mi"%tio" ,%! t- !%m o" %''#'+ t%1" from -im/ I" Po$' v/Di!m*1) , r*'# t-%t t- f%i'*r to $rov t-%t t- !$(im" of m%ri7*%"% 6%mi"# &+ t-for"!i( (-mi!t ,%! t-%t !iG# from t- %$$''%"t ,%! f%t%' to t- $ro!(*tio"5! (%!/(PEOPLEvs. PEDRONAN, GR No. 1&&, n! 1%, 2003)

I++E3A+ POSSESSIO, OF FIREARMS

I" (%!! i"vo'vi" i''%' $o!!!!io" of fir%rm) t- r.*i!it 'm"t! %r? % t- 6i!t"( of t-

!*&7(t fir%rm & t- f%(t t-%t t- %((*!# ,-o o,"# or $o!!!!# t- fir%rm #o! "ot -%vt- (orr!$o"#i" 'i("! or $rmit to $o!!!!/ T- '%ttr i! % "%tiv f%(t t-%t (o"!tit*t! %"!!"ti%' i"r#i"t of t- off"!) %"# it i! t- #*t+ of t- $ro!(*tio" "ot o"'+ to %'' it &*t%'!o to $rov it &+o"# r%!o"%&' #o*&t/(OTONA vs. CA and PEOPLE, GR No. 120&50, !#$a$y21, 2003)

I" t- (%! %t &%r) t- !$(i%' %r%v%ti" (ir(*m!t%"( of *! of *"'i("!# fir%rm ,%! "ot%''# i" t- i"form%tio"!/ T- t,o @2 i"form%tio"! %t &%r) for m*r#r %"# fr*!tr%t# m*r#r)mr'+ %''# t-%t t- %$$''%"t *!# % 'o" fir%rm/ T-+ #i# "ot %'' t-%t t- fir%rm *!#,%! *"'i("!#/ T- f%i'*r of t- $ro!(*tio" to %'' i" t- I"form%tio" t- %r%v%ti"(ir(*m!t%"( of *! of *"'i("!# fir%rm i" (ommitti" t- (rim of m*r#r $rv"t! *! fromim$o!i" t- #%t- $"%'t+ o" t- %$$''%"t v" if t- !%m ,%! $rov# %t t- tri%'/ T- %$$''%"t!-o*'#) t-rfor) !*ffr t- '!!r $"%'t+ of r('*!io" $r$t*%/(PEOPLE vs. DAN A:E, GR Nos.

13%2%%5, O+o#!$ 1, 2002)If %" *"'i("!# fir%rm i! *!# i" t- (ommi!!io" of %"+ ot-r (rim) t-r (%" & "o !$%r%toff"! of !im$' i''%' $o!!!!io" of fir%rm!/(PEOPLE vs. @2 t- %((*!# 1"o,! %t t- tim of i!!* t-%t - #o! "ot -%v!*ffi(i"t f*"#! i" or (r#it ,it- t- #r%, &%"1 for t- $%+m"t of !*(- (-(1 i" f*'' *$o" it!$r!"tm"t> %"# @ t- (-(1 i! !*&!.*"t'+ #i!-o"or# &+ t- #r%, &%"1 for i"!*ffi(i"(+of f*"#! or (r#it or ,o*'# -%v &" #i!-o"or# for t- !%m r%!o" -%# "ot t- #r%,r) ,it-o*t%"+ v%'i# r%!o") or#r# t- &%"1 to !to$ $%+m"t/(GARCA vs. CA and PEOPLE, GR No. 1319%,Nov!"#!$ 2%, 2002)

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T-i! Co*rt) i" LoG%"o v!/ M%rti"G) ,%! 6$'i(it i" r*'i" t-%t t- '%"*% of B/P/ B'/ 22 i! &ro%#"o*- to (ovr %'' 1i"#! of (-(1!) ,-t-r $r!"t #%t# or $o!t#%t#) or ,-t-r i!!*# i"$%+m"t of $r86i!ti" o&'i%tio"! or iv" i" m*t*%' or !im*'t%"o*! 6(-%" for !omt-i"

of v%'*/For 'i%&i'it+ to %tt%(- *"#r B/P/ B'/ 22) it i! "ot "o*- t-%t t- $ro!(*tio" !t%&'i!-!

t-%t (-(1! ,r i!!*# %"# t-%t t- !%m ,r !*&!.*"t'+ #i!-o"or#/ T- $ro!(*tio" m*!t%'!o $rov t-%t t- i!!*r) %t t- tim of t- (-(15! i!!*%"() -%# 1"o,'# t-%t - #i# "ot -%v"o*- f*"#! or (r#it i" t- &%"1 of $%+m"t t-rof *$o" it! $r!"tm"t/ Si"( t- !(o"#'m"t i"vo'v! % !t%t of mi"# ,-i(- i! #iffi(*'t to !t%&'i!-) S(tio" 2 of B/P/ B'/ 22 (r%t# %$rim% f%(i $r!*m$tio" of !*(- 1"o,'# o"'+ %ftr it i! $rov# t-%t t- i!!*r -%# r(iv# %"oti( of #i!-o"or %"# t-%t ,it-i" fiv #%+! from r(i$t t-rof) - f%i'# to $%+ t- %mo*"t oft- (-(1 or to m%1 %rr%"m"t for it! $%+m"t/ (;- O< vs. CA and PEOPLE, GR No. 12529%,n! &, 2003)

W -%v -'# t-%t % (-(1 i!!*# %! vi#"( of #&t) t-o*- "ot i"t"## to & $r!"t# for$%+m"t) -%! t- !%m ff(t %! %" or#i"%r+ (-(1/ S*(- (-(1 f%''! ,it-i" t- %m&it of B/P/ 22

&(%*! ,-%t t- '%, $*"i!-! i! t- i!!*%"( of % &o*"(i" (-(1) "ot t- $*r$o! for ,-i(- it,%! i!!*# "or t- trm! %"# (o"#itio"! r'%ti" to it! i!!*%"(/ T- mr %(t of i!!*i" %,ort-'!! (-(1 i! m%'*m $ro-i&it*m/ (SAN PEDRO vs. PEOPLE and CA, GR No. 13329%, A4s+15, 2002)

T- r%v%m" of t- off"! $*"i!-# &+ BP 22 i! t- %(t of m%1i" %"# i!!*i" % ,ort-'!!(-(1 or % (-(1 t-%t i! #i!-o"or# *$o" it! $r!"t%tio" for $%+m"t/ It i! "ot t- "o"8$%+m"tof %" o&'i%tio") ,-i(- t- '%, $*"i!-!/ T- '%, i! "ot i"t"## or #!i"# to (or( % #&torto $%+ -i! #&t/ T- t-r*!t of t- '%, i! to $ro-i&it) *"#r $%i" of $"%' !%"(tio"!) t- m%1i" of,ort-'!! (-(1! %"# $*tti" t-m i" (ir(*'%tio"/ B(%*! of it! #'trio*! ff(t! o" t- $*&'i(i"tr!t) t- $r%(ti( i! $ro!(ri &+ '%,/ T- '%, $*"i!-! t- %(t "ot %! %" off"! %%i"!t$ro$rt+) &*t %" off"! %%i"!t $*&'i( or#r/ (REC-ERDO vs. PEOPLE and CA, GR No. 13303&,ana$y 22, 2003)

Si"( t- $titio"r %#mitt# t-%t - i!!*# t- t,o $o!t#%t# (-(1! ,ort- P)000 %(-) t-f%(t t-%t t- (-(1! ,r $r!"t# &+o"# t- J08#%+ $rio# $rovi## i" S(/ 2 of BP 22 i! of "omom"t !i"( t-i! i! "ot %" 'm"t of t- off"! &*t mr'+ % (o"#itio" for t- $rim% f%(i$r!*m$tio" of 1"o,'# of t- i"!*ffi(i"(+ of f*"#!/

Stt'# i! t- r*' t-%t) to (o"!tit*t !t%f%) t- %(t of $o!t#%ti" or i!!*i" % (-(1 i"$%+m"t of %" o&'i%tio" m*!t & t- ffi(i"t (%*! of #fr%*#%tio" %"#) %! !*(-) it !-o*'# &it-r $rior to) or !im*'t%"o*! ,it-) t- %(t of fr%*#/ T- off"#r m*!t & %&' to o&t%i" mo"+or $ro$rt+ from t- off"## $%rt+ &(%*! of t- i!!*%"( of t- (-(1) or t- $r!o" to ,-omt- (-(1 ,%! #'ivr# ,o*'# "ot -%v $%rt# ,it- -i! mo"+ or $ro$rt+ -%# t-r &" "o(-(1 i!!*# to -im/ St%t# ot-r,i!) t- (-(1 !-o*'# -%v &" i!!*# %! %" i"#*(m"t fort- !*rr"#r &+ t- $%rt+ #(iv# of -i! mo"+ or $ro$rt+) %"# "ot i" $%+m"t of % $r86i!ti"o&'i%tio"/(NAGRAMPA vs. PEOPLE, GR No. 1&211, A4s+ &, 2002)

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