Session 2LAND SURVEYING EQUIPMENTS

Course : S0663 – Land SurveyingYear : 2007

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Land Surveying Equipments

• Simple Measurement Equipments• Levelling Equipments• Angle Measurement Equipments• Supporting Equipments• Modern Surveying Equipments

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Simple Measurement Equipments

• Measuring Tape• Compass• Alidade• Hand Level

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Measuring Tape

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Measuring Wheel

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Surveyor’s Compass

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Alidade

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Hand Level

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Levelling Equipments

Waterpass or Level

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Levelling Equipments

Waterpass or Level

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Waterpass (Level)

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Dumpy Level

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Waterpass (Level)

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Automatic Level

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Angle Measurement

BMSta A

Horizontal Angle Vertical Angle

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Angle Measurement Equipments

Theodolite

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Theodolite

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Theodolite or Transite

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Theodolite

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Theodolite

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Supporting Equipments

• Tripod• Leveling Rod

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Tripod

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Leveling Rod

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Modern Surveying Equipments

• EDM: Electronic Distance Measuring device• Compass-Altimeter• Laser Rotary Level• Tacheometer• Global Positioning System (GPS)

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EDM

EDMs are very useful in measuring distances that are difficult to access or long distances

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EDM

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Compass-Altimeter

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Laser Rotary Level

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Tacheometer

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. Users of a global positioning system can calculate their location anywhere on the earth. There are currently two "public" GPS systems. The NAVSTAR system is owned by the United States and is managed by the Department of Defense. The GLONASS system is owned by the Russian Federation. While both NAVSTAR and GLONASS systems are global positioning systems, the NAVSTAR system is often referred to (in the U.S., anyway) as the GPS because it was generally available first. Nevertheless, both systems are GPS systems and the reader should keep this in mind.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

A global positioning system uses the characteristics of radio transmissions for location determination. Unlike previous navigation systems using ground based transmitters, satellite based transmitters are used to cover earth with higher accuracy that that available from the land based systems. The satellites transmit timing information, satellite location information and satellite health information. The Space Segment is technical term for the satellites that belong to the system. The user requires a special radio receiver - a GPS receiver - to receive the transmissions from the satellite. The GPS receiver contains a specialized computer that calculates the location based on the satellite signals. The user does not have to transmit anything to the satellite and the satellite does not know the user is there. There is no limit to the number of users that can be using the system at any one time. The users with their receivers are known as the User Segment.The satellites are controlled and monitored from ground stations (the Control Segment). The control stations monitor the satellites for health and accuracy. Maintenance commands, orbital parameters and timing corrections are uploaded from the ground on a periodic basis.

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Global Positioning Systems (GPS), technology in static mode

was used to calculate new coordinates using a set of MDOT

known points

Establishing a geodetic network

using GPS techniques