land surveying

LAND SURVEYINGLAND SURVEYING

CE 362CE 362

LETTERING FIELDBOOKS

The following is the lettering style to be used in all fieldbooks.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p

q r s t u v w x y z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

TYPES OF LEGAL SURVEYSTYPES OF LEGAL SURVEYS

1. MORTGAGE INSPECTION:1. MORTGAGE INSPECTION: Process:Process:

1.1. Check latest deeds to property.Check latest deeds to property.

2.2. Check approx. property line location & location of parcel Check approx. property line location & location of parcel within a block.within a block.

3.3. Examine for apparent encroachments by fences, driveways, & Examine for apparent encroachments by fences, driveways, & structures.structures.

4.4. Locate all permanent structures.Locate all permanent structures.

5.5. Show platted easements, ROW, & building lines.Show platted easements, ROW, & building lines.

6.6. Prepare drawing & report (Signed and Sealed by PLS)Prepare drawing & report (Signed and Sealed by PLS)


2. LAND TITLE SURVEYS (ALTA):2. LAND TITLE SURVEYS (ALTA): Process:Process:

1.1. Acquire copies of tract deed & all abutting tracts.Acquire copies of tract deed & all abutting tracts.

2.2. Establish location of property lines on the ground & Establish location of property lines on the ground & monument.monument.

3.3. Check for encroachments, ROW, & easements.Check for encroachments, ROW, & easements.

4.4. Determine conformity to zoning regulations.Determine conformity to zoning regulations.

5.5. Complete Surveyor’s Report Form.Complete Surveyor’s Report Form.


3. Boundary Surveys3. Boundary Surveys1.1. Retracement RuralRetracement Rural

2.2. Retracement SubdivisionRetracement Subdivision

3.3. SubdivisionSubdivision

Must follow in the footsteps of previous Surveyor!Must follow in the footsteps of previous Surveyor!

U.S. Rectangular SystemU.S. Rectangular SystemStructureStructure

Meridians & Baselines:Meridians & Baselines: 35 principal meridians and 32 baselines35 principal meridians and 32 baselines

Meridian – line runs straight N-SMeridian – line runs straight N-S Baseline – line perpendicular to meridianBaseline – line perpendicular to meridian

Principal Meridian – generally established 1Principal Meridian – generally established 1stst.. 3 govern land in Illinois3 govern land in Illinois

22ndnd - 86 - 86°28’00” W long.°28’00” W long. 33rdrd - 89°10’15” W - 89°10’15” W 44thth - 90°28’45” W - 90°28’45” W

BaselineBaseline

Baselines run @ 90Baselines run @ 90° to P.M.° to P.M. Monumented and latitude north of equator.Monumented and latitude north of equator. 2 BL in IL2 BL in IL

BL for 2BL for 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd P.M. are the same - 38°28’20”N P.M. are the same - 38°28’20”N BL for 4BL for 4thth P.M. - 40°00’30”N P.M. - 40°00’30”N

Point of intersection (BL&PM) often called Point of intersection (BL&PM) often called Cardinal Point.Cardinal Point.

Standard ParallelsStandard Parallels E-W lines parallel to baseline at intervals of 24 E-W lines parallel to baseline at intervals of 24

miles N and S of the baseline.miles N and S of the baseline. Guide meridiansGuide meridians

Lines running N-S and 24 miles each side of P.M.Lines running N-S and 24 miles each side of P.M.

This 24 mile square is a Quadrangle and contains This 24 mile square is a Quadrangle and contains 16 Townships16 Townships

TownshipsTownships

Township lines are E-W lines 6 miles apart Township lines are E-W lines 6 miles apart north or south of the baseline.north or south of the baseline.

Range lines are N-S lines 6 miles apart east or Range lines are N-S lines 6 miles apart east or west of the principal meridian.west of the principal meridian.This 6 mile square is called the TownshipThis 6 mile square is called the Township

Townships are divided into 36 – 1 mile square Townships are divided into 36 – 1 mile square sections.sections. Numbering system called boustrophedonicallyNumbering system called boustrophedonically

Error CorrectionsError Corrections

Correction Lines (Standards of Parallel)Correction Lines (Standards of Parallel) Each acts as a new Baseline for townships to the North.Each acts as a new Baseline for townships to the North. Due to the convergence of meridians, compensation is Due to the convergence of meridians, compensation is

needed.needed.

B.L.M. RulesB.L.M. Rules1.1. Boundaries of the public lands, when approved & Boundaries of the public lands, when approved &

accepted are unchangeable.accepted are unchangeable.2.2. Original townships, section, and ¼ section corners Original townships, section, and ¼ section corners

must stand as the true corners which they were must stand as the true corners which they were intended to represent whether in the place shown intended to represent whether in the place shown by field notes or not.by field notes or not.

3.3. ¼, ¼ section corners not established in original ¼, ¼ section corners not established in original surveys shall be placed on line connecting section surveys shall be placed on line connecting section & ¼ corner & midway between, except in the & ¼ corner & midway between, except in the north and west ½ mile of townships & fractional north and west ½ mile of townships & fractional sections.sections.

B.L.M. RulesB.L.M. Rules

4.4. Center lines of a section are to be straight, running Center lines of a section are to be straight, running from ¼ corner to ¼ corner with center of section at from ¼ corner to ¼ corner with center of section at the intersection.the intersection.

5.5. In a fractional section where no opposite In a fractional section where no opposite corresponding ¼ corner has been or can be corresponding ¼ corner has been or can be established, the center line must be run from established, the center line must be run from proper ¼ corner as nearly cardinal as parallelism proper ¼ corner as nearly cardinal as parallelism with sectional boundaries allow.with sectional boundaries allow.

Principles of ProcessPrinciples of Process1.1. Original surveys create boundaries. They must be Original surveys create boundaries. They must be

considered in any conveyance made for the purpose of considered in any conveyance made for the purpose of identifying land on the ground prior to or as a identifying land on the ground prior to or as a consideration of a conveyance.consideration of a conveyance.

2.2. Resurveys of original surveys are for the purpose of Resurveys of original surveys are for the purpose of relocating the original surveyor’s lines in the same relocating the original surveyor’s lines in the same position as they were originally marked and thus they can position as they were originally marked and thus they can only be conducted by the entity that created the original only be conducted by the entity that created the original boundaries.boundaries.

3.3. A subsequent surveyor who follows after the original A subsequent surveyor who follows after the original surveyor, except one who may be in privity with the surveyor, except one who may be in privity with the original surveyor, only conducts a retracement, and such it original surveyor, only conducts a retracement, and such it is open to collateral attack.is open to collateral attack.

Principles of ProcessPrinciples of Process

4.4. Original surveys which divide land are or may be Original surveys which divide land are or may be regulated by statute or other legislative action, but once regulated by statute or other legislative action, but once conveyance is made according to the land division, the conveyance is made according to the land division, the location of the land parcels described is to be interpreted location of the land parcels described is to be interpreted by the courts.by the courts.

5.5. The boundary surveyor has no judicial authority when The boundary surveyor has no judicial authority when resurveying or retracing boundaries for clients. The force resurveying or retracing boundaries for clients. The force of the property surveyor’s authority is derived from of the property surveyor’s authority is derived from reputation and respect. Judicial authority can only be reputation and respect. Judicial authority can only be granted by and through the courts.granted by and through the courts.


6.6. The surveyor must uncover sufficient facts about the The surveyor must uncover sufficient facts about the property being retraced: in this sense the surveyor property being retraced: in this sense the surveyor becomes a fact finder. The surveyor must then reach becomes a fact finder. The surveyor must then reach conclusions from the facts; it is the quality of these conclusions from the facts; it is the quality of these conclusions that is the mark of a professional.conclusions that is the mark of a professional.


7.7. As a minimum, a boundary surveyor who decides to make As a minimum, a boundary surveyor who decides to make a survey or a retracement from a written conveyance a survey or a retracement from a written conveyance assumes the responsibility of obtaining copies of:assumes the responsibility of obtaining copies of:

1.1. Necessary adjoiner conveyances called for in the legal Necessary adjoiner conveyances called for in the legal description furnished.description furnished.

2.2. All maps called for.All maps called for.

3.3. Pertinent recorded adjoining surveys.Pertinent recorded adjoining surveys.

4.4. Public agency maps that are available.Public agency maps that are available.

5.5. In GLO states, government township plats and field notes.In GLO states, government township plats and field notes.


8.8. The final decision of which documents should be used to The final decision of which documents should be used to locate a parcel should be made by the surveyor.locate a parcel should be made by the surveyor.

9.9. The boundary surveyor does not decide who owns land or The boundary surveyor does not decide who owns land or rights in land. The surveyor’s responsibility is only to rights in land. The surveyor’s responsibility is only to locate land boundaries and, except for special agreements locate land boundaries and, except for special agreements with respect to unwritten rights, only to locate land in with respect to unwritten rights, only to locate land in accordance with written documents.accordance with written documents.


10.10. Surveyors should never agree to locate all existing Surveyors should never agree to locate all existing easements relating to or affecting property; the surveyor easements relating to or affecting property; the surveyor should merely agree to locate those easements in should merely agree to locate those easements in accordance with furnished descriptions and those that are accordance with furnished descriptions and those that are visible or of public record.visible or of public record.

11.11. In a description, no one corner, whether monumented or In a description, no one corner, whether monumented or not, is superior to any other corner. Each has equal survey not, is superior to any other corner. Each has equal survey and legal weight in retracing a description.and legal weight in retracing a description.


13.13. The surveyor should hunt and search in the field until the The surveyor should hunt and search in the field until the best available evidence is found on which to base the best available evidence is found on which to base the boundary retracement survey.boundary retracement survey.

Time should not be a consideration.Time should not be a consideration.

14.14. Possession may memorialize original survey lines and as Possession may memorialize original survey lines and as such may be the best or worst evidence of original lines.such may be the best or worst evidence of original lines.


12.12. Except where a senior right is interfered with, record or Except where a senior right is interfered with, record or legal monuments, if called for in a conveyance and if legal monuments, if called for in a conveyance and if found undisturbed, indicate the true intent of original found undisturbed, indicate the true intent of original parties and as such control.parties and as such control.

If called for, monuments that cannot be found or if If called for, monuments that cannot be found or if they are found disturbed, their former position they are found disturbed, their former position may be identified by competent witness testimony may be identified by competent witness testimony or acceptable physical indicators of boundaries.or acceptable physical indicators of boundaries.


15.15. An original monument found undisturbed usually An original monument found undisturbed usually expresses the intent of the parties of the conveyance, fixes expresses the intent of the parties of the conveyance, fixes the point as between the parties, and as such has no error the point as between the parties, and as such has no error in position. All restored monuments established by in position. All restored monuments established by measurement have some error in position.measurement have some error in position.

16.16. The magnitude of permissible uncertainty of The magnitude of permissible uncertainty of measurements is always determined by a courts measurements is always determined by a courts interpretation.interpretation.


17.17. The error of measurement originally permitted when tying The error of measurement originally permitted when tying original monuments together is independent of the original monuments together is independent of the accuracy required to reestablish an original lost monument accuracy required to reestablish an original lost monument position.position.

18.18. In the absence of the owner specifying an unusually high In the absence of the owner specifying an unusually high precision coupled with an accurate survey, it’s presumed precision coupled with an accurate survey, it’s presumed that the surveyor will work to that precision consistent that the surveyor will work to that precision consistent with the purpose for which it will be used or the standards with the purpose for which it will be used or the standards of the profession in that locality.of the profession in that locality.


19.19. Every property survey should result in the preparation and Every property survey should result in the preparation and delivery of a report or plat, whether or not it’s to be delivery of a report or plat, whether or not it’s to be recorded.recorded.

20.20. The surveyor should conduct each survey as if it will The surveyor should conduct each survey as if it will ultimately be presented in court.ultimately be presented in court.

Fact FindingFact Finding

There are 4 areas of fact finding:There are 4 areas of fact finding:1.1. Facts furnished by clientsFacts furnished by clients

2.2. Searching pertinent written records and public records Searching pertinent written records and public records – deeds, adjoining descriptions, maps and old field – deeds, adjoining descriptions, maps and old field books.books.

3.3. Fieldwork – searching for monuments, locating Fieldwork – searching for monuments, locating possession and making measurements.possession and making measurements.

4.4. Seeking testimony and information from old residents Seeking testimony and information from old residents and other surveyors.and other surveyors.

Field NotesField Notes

Items to include in field notes:Items to include in field notes:1.1. Date, name, and address of client.Date, name, and address of client.2.2. Names of party personnel, position, and duties.Names of party personnel, position, and duties.3.3. Weather conditions and observed temperature.Weather conditions and observed temperature.4.4. Equipment used (with serial numbers)Equipment used (with serial numbers)5.5. North arrow with origin of bearing.North arrow with origin of bearing.6.6. Description of monuments called for, found, not Description of monuments called for, found, not

found and set.found and set.7.7. Measurements actually made.Measurements actually made.8.8. Corrected distances and angles.Corrected distances and angles.

Field NotesField Notes

9.9. Description of monuments set and ties taken to Description of monuments set and ties taken to features.features.

10.10. Relation of possession to survey lines.Relation of possession to survey lines.

11.11. Outline of parcel surveyed (highlighted in pencil).Outline of parcel surveyed (highlighted in pencil).

12.12. Sketch of parcel staked, showing important Sketch of parcel staked, showing important features.features.

13.13. Oaths of witness evidence (if applicable).Oaths of witness evidence (if applicable).

14.14. Names and addresses of adjoiners, old residents.Names and addresses of adjoiners, old residents.

15.15. Reference to any records relied on or called for.Reference to any records relied on or called for.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTUNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Cubit = 18.92”Cubit = 18.92” Span = 1/2 cubitSpan = 1/2 cubit Palm = 1/6 cubitPalm = 1/6 cubit Digit = 1/24 cubitDigit = 1/24 cubit

Foot = 2/3 cubit, about 12.16”Foot = 2/3 cubit, about 12.16” InchInch Perch = 16.50’Perch = 16.50’ Chain = 66’Chain = 66’

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTUNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Arpent = 192.50’ Arpent = 192.50’ 1 sq. arpent = .8507 Ac1 sq. arpent = .8507 Ac

Exceptions: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and NW Exceptions: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and NW Florida - 1 sq. arpent = .84625 Ac.Florida - 1 sq. arpent = .84625 Ac.

Vera = 2.7778’Vera = 2.7778’ 36 veras = 100.00’36 veras = 100.00’

Exceptions: Florida, Mexico, California, TexasExceptions: Florida, Mexico, California, Texas

LAND SURVEYING LAND SURVEYING DEVELOPEMENTDEVELOPEMENT

1.1. Started in Egypt 1400 BC to relocate property for Started in Egypt 1400 BC to relocate property for tax purposes long the Nile River.tax purposes long the Nile River.

2.2. Babylonians – divided circle into 360Babylonians – divided circle into 360°°

3.3. Greeks – developed dioptaGreeks – developed diopta

4.4. Romans – refined surveyingRomans – refined surveying

Romans Influence on SurveyingRomans Influence on Surveying

Corpus AgrimensorumCorpus Agrimensorum AgrimensorsAgrimensors GromaGroma CenturiaCenturia Organized training for surveyorsOrganized training for surveyors Julius Caesar – founder of surveying Julius Caesar – founder of surveying

profession due to its wide use in military profession due to its wide use in military and colonization.and colonization.

Formal Surveying InstructionsFormal Surveying Instructions

Main lines run N-S or Main lines run N-S or E-WE-W

Methods of Methods of determining Northdetermining North

Merkhet

Early Surveying in U.S.Early Surveying in U.S.

Early settlements in colonies was by grants and Early settlements in colonies was by grants and patents.patents. Descriptions often ambiguous and far reaching.Descriptions often ambiguous and far reaching. Prior to revolutionary war most land was in private hands Prior to revolutionary war most land was in private hands

or direct possession of the colony.or direct possession of the colony. At end of war all lands owned by England went to At end of war all lands owned by England went to

respective colony without description.respective colony without description. Many of the early surveys consisted of running 2 line on Many of the early surveys consisted of running 2 line on

the ground with 3 corners witnessed.the ground with 3 corners witnessed.

COLONIAL SURVEYSCOLONIAL SURVEYS

VIRGINIAVIRGINIA ORIGINAL LAND GRANT WAS 400 MILES WIDE CENTERED ORIGINAL LAND GRANT WAS 400 MILES WIDE CENTERED

ON OLD POINT COMFORT FROM SEA TO SEA.ON OLD POINT COMFORT FROM SEA TO SEA. AFTER REVOLUTIONARY WAR 400 AC. TRACTS WERE AFTER REVOLUTIONARY WAR 400 AC. TRACTS WERE

GIVEN AS PAYMENT TO SOLDIERS.GIVEN AS PAYMENT TO SOLDIERS. EARLY SURVEYS WERE POOR, RUN WITH COMPASS AND EARLY SURVEYS WERE POOR, RUN WITH COMPASS AND

HAD POOR BOUNDARY MARKERS.HAD POOR BOUNDARY MARKERS.

CAROLINAS & GEORGIACAROLINAS & GEORGIA SURVEYS WERE POOR OR DID NOT EXIST.SURVEYS WERE POOR OR DID NOT EXIST. CAROLINAS WERE THE FIRST PLACE TO CALL FOR 640 AC. CAROLINAS WERE THE FIRST PLACE TO CALL FOR 640 AC.

TRACTS.TRACTS. BETWEEN 1693-1729: NO SURVEYOR ALLOWED TO SURVEY BETWEEN 1693-1729: NO SURVEYOR ALLOWED TO SURVEY

MORE THAN 640 AC. INTO ONE TRACT.MORE THAN 640 AC. INTO ONE TRACT.

CONNECTICUT:CONNECTICUT: MUCH OF EARLY SETTLEMENT LANDS TAKEN FROM INDIANS.MUCH OF EARLY SETTLEMENT LANDS TAKEN FROM INDIANS. EARLY SURVEY SYSTEM ONE OF THE POOREST WITH RESPECT TO EARLY SURVEY SYSTEM ONE OF THE POOREST WITH RESPECT TO

RETRACEMENT.RETRACEMENT. A SYSTEM OF NON-CONNECTED METES & BOUNDS PARCELS AND A SYSTEM OF NON-CONNECTED METES & BOUNDS PARCELS AND

POSSESSION LINE CLAIMS.POSSESSION LINE CLAIMS.

DELAWAREDELAWARE:: POOR SURVEYSPOOR SURVEYS

MASSACHUSETTSMASSACHUSETTS::DEVELOPED BY MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONIES.DEVELOPED BY MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONIES.ORGANIZED THE LAND INTO GRANTS TO PROMOTE THE ORGANIZED THE LAND INTO GRANTS TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS.DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS.

ADDITIONAL GRANTS OF “TOWNSHIPS” – 6 TO 8 ADDITIONAL GRANTS OF “TOWNSHIPS” – 6 TO 8 MILES SQUARE.MILES SQUARE.

IN WHAT IS NOW VERMONT, MUCH OF THE IN WHAT IS NOW VERMONT, MUCH OF THE TOWNSHIPS WERE TOWNSHIPS WERE DIVIDED INTO 64 – 360 AC. TRACTSDIVIDED INTO 64 – 360 AC. TRACTS

NEW HAMPSHIRENEW HAMPSHIRE: : EARLY TITLES VERY HARD TO RETRACE.EARLY TITLES VERY HARD TO RETRACE.1870: HITCHCOCK MADE A SURVEY OF ENTIRE STATE1870: HITCHCOCK MADE A SURVEY OF ENTIRE STATE

- SURVEY IS ONLY FAIR IN ACCURACY, BUT USABLE.- SURVEY IS ONLY FAIR IN ACCURACY, BUT USABLE.

NEW YORK: ( 1883 RESURVEY)NEW YORK: ( 1883 RESURVEY)MANY DIFFERENT SYSTEMS EXIST, MANY DUE TO PURCHASESMANY DIFFERENT SYSTEMS EXIST, MANY DUE TO PURCHASES

MACOMB PURCHASE: IRREGULAR TRACT OF 3.6+ MILLION AC ALONGMACOMB PURCHASE: IRREGULAR TRACT OF 3.6+ MILLION AC ALONG

THE EAST END OF LAKE ONTARIO.THE EAST END OF LAKE ONTARIO.

BASED UPON A VERY BROAD & GENERAL DESCRIPTIONBASED UPON A VERY BROAD & GENERAL DESCRIPTION

NO FIELD NOTES EXIST, ONLY A BASIC MAPNO FIELD NOTES EXIST, ONLY A BASIC MAP

HOLLAND PURCHASE: IN WESTERN NEW YORK, TIED TO THE NORTHHOLLAND PURCHASE: IN WESTERN NEW YORK, TIED TO THE NORTH

LINE OF PENNSYLVANIA.LINE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

LINES RUN NORTH DIVIDING LAND INTO 6 MILE SQUARE LINES RUN NORTH DIVIDING LAND INTO 6 MILE SQUARE “TOWNSHIPS”, THEN DIVIDED INTO 64 LOTS.“TOWNSHIPS”, THEN DIVIDED INTO 64 LOTS.

SURVEYS MADE BY JOSEPH ELLICOTT STARTING IN 1797.SURVEYS MADE BY JOSEPH ELLICOTT STARTING IN 1797.

LANDS IN CENTRAL NEW YORK USED FOR MILITARY GRATUITY &LANDS IN CENTRAL NEW YORK USED FOR MILITARY GRATUITY &

DIVIDED INTO 10 MILE SQUARE TRACTS AND THEN INTO 1 MILE SQ.DIVIDED INTO 10 MILE SQUARE TRACTS AND THEN INTO 1 MILE SQ.

MARYLAND:MARYLAND:ORIGINAL SURVEYS POORORIGINAL SURVEYS POOR

COMMISSIONER OF THE LAND OFFICE DEVELOPED RULES COMMISSIONER OF THE LAND OFFICE DEVELOPED RULES RELATIVE TO SURVEYS OF ORIGINAL LINES, MUST BE RELATIVE TO SURVEYS OF ORIGINAL LINES, MUST BE FOLLOWED.FOLLOWED.

BOUNDARY DISPUTE WITH PENNSYLVANIA – NORTH LINE.BOUNDARY DISPUTE WITH PENNSYLVANIA – NORTH LINE.

PENNSYLVANIA:PENNSYLVANIA:FAMOUS BOUNDARY LINE DUE TO DISPUTE WITH MARYLAND.FAMOUS BOUNDARY LINE DUE TO DISPUTE WITH MARYLAND.

OVER THE SOUTH BOUNDARY.OVER THE SOUTH BOUNDARY.

MASON – DIXON LINE: 39MASON – DIXON LINE: 39THTH PARALLEL – PARALLEL – CHARLES MASON CHARLES MASON &&

JEREMIAH DIXON ( ROYAL GEOGRAPHERS)JEREMIAH DIXON ( ROYAL GEOGRAPHERS)

SURVEYED FROM 1763 – 1767: 244 MILES MONUMENTEDSURVEYED FROM 1763 – 1767: 244 MILES MONUMENTED

ONLY 2” ERROR IN LATITUDEONLY 2” ERROR IN LATITUDE

EARLY TRACTS POORLY SURVEYED AND IRREGULAREARLY TRACTS POORLY SURVEYED AND IRREGULAR

STATE SURVEYED ALL LANDS PATENTED SINCE 1779 & HAVESTATE SURVEYED ALL LANDS PATENTED SINCE 1779 & HAVE

GOOD RECORDS.GOOD RECORDS.

3 Rules Established Governing 3 Rules Established Governing Relocation in PennsylvaniaRelocation in Pennsylvania

1.1. Marks or monuments (natural or artificial) on ground are the best Marks or monuments (natural or artificial) on ground are the best evidence of true location.evidence of true location.

2.2. Calls for adjoining tracts of land as boundaries are the next best Calls for adjoining tracts of land as boundaries are the next best evidence.evidence.

3.3. Courses and distances as shown on draft of deputy surveyor are the Courses and distances as shown on draft of deputy surveyor are the next best evidence, with distance being the weakest.next best evidence, with distance being the weakest.

Most retracement processes follow the “Journal of the Most retracement processes follow the “Journal of the Engineers Society of Pennsylvania”Engineers Society of Pennsylvania”

ESTABLISHED BY STATE COURTSESTABLISHED BY STATE COURTS

TEXAS:TEXAS:A SEPARATE NATION FOR A PERIOD OF TIME & UPON A SEPARATE NATION FOR A PERIOD OF TIME & UPON BECOMING A STATE IT RETAINED ALL RIGHTS TO PUBLIC BECOMING A STATE IT RETAINED ALL RIGHTS TO PUBLIC LANDS.LANDS.MANY LAND GRANTS EXISTED FROM SPAIN & MEXICOMANY LAND GRANTS EXISTED FROM SPAIN & MEXICO - - GRANTS HAD REQUIRED LAND TO BE SURVEYED IN A RECTANGULAR GRANTS HAD REQUIRED LAND TO BE SURVEYED IN A RECTANGULAR FORMAT, BUT MANY WERE NEVER RUN IN THE FIELD.FORMAT, BUT MANY WERE NEVER RUN IN THE FIELD.

AFTER 1879, IT WAS REQUIRED THAT ALL FIELD NOTES AFTER 1879, IT WAS REQUIRED THAT ALL FIELD NOTES INCLUDE CERTIFICATION THAT SURVEY WAS RUN.INCLUDE CERTIFICATION THAT SURVEY WAS RUN.

KENTUCKY & TENNESSEE:KENTUCKY & TENNESSEE:ORIGINALLY PART OF VIRGINIA & CAROLINASORIGINALLY PART OF VIRGINIA & CAROLINASFIRST TOWN CALLED BOONESBOROUGH (FIRST TOWN CALLED BOONESBOROUGH (DANIAL BOONE)DANIAL BOONE)

1776 – KENTUCKY BECAME COUNTY OF VIRGINIA1776 – KENTUCKY BECAME COUNTY OF VIRGINIA VIRGINIA DID NOT CEDE TO U.S. CLAIMING LAND WAS NEEDED FOR VIRGINIA DID NOT CEDE TO U.S. CLAIMING LAND WAS NEEDED FOR REVOLUTIONARY WAR VETS.REVOLUTIONARY WAR VETS. VET. LAND GRANTS HAD POOR DESCRIPTIONS, ALSO GRANTS GIVEN TOVET. LAND GRANTS HAD POOR DESCRIPTIONS, ALSO GRANTS GIVEN TO

SETTLERS & LAND SPECULATORS – CAUSED MANY LAND DISPUTESSETTLERS & LAND SPECULATORS – CAUSED MANY LAND DISPUTES

TENNESSEE HAD SIMILAR PRACTICES AND MUCH THROUGH TENNESSEE HAD SIMILAR PRACTICES AND MUCH THROUGH OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION

HAWAII:HAWAII:WAS A SOVERIGN POWER OF ITS OWN AND MOST LAND WASWAS A SOVERIGN POWER OF ITS OWN AND MOST LAND WAS

GIVEN IN THE FORM OF GRANTS PRIOR TO BECOMING A U.S. GIVEN IN THE FORM OF GRANTS PRIOR TO BECOMING A U.S. TERRITORY.TERRITORY.

OF ALL COLONIAL AREAS, NEW ENGLAND OF ALL COLONIAL AREAS, NEW ENGLAND CAME CLOSEST TO DEVELOPING STANDARD CAME CLOSEST TO DEVELOPING STANDARD METHODS OF SURVEYING & LAND GRANTSMETHODS OF SURVEYING & LAND GRANTS

U.S. PUBLIC LAND SYSTEMU.S. PUBLIC LAND SYSTEM

IT IS NECESSARY FOR THE SURVEYOR DOING IT IS NECESSARY FOR THE SURVEYOR DOING RETRACEMENT TO KNOW & UNDERSTAND THE RETRACEMENT TO KNOW & UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE USPLSS TO ALLOW THEM TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE USPLSS TO ALLOW THEM TO “FOLLOW IN THE FOOTSTEPS”.“FOLLOW IN THE FOOTSTEPS”.

U.S. CONGRESS RESOLUTIONS:U.S. CONGRESS RESOLUTIONS:

SEPT., 1780 – COLONIAL STATES ASKED TO CEDE WESTERN SEPT., 1780 – COLONIAL STATES ASKED TO CEDE WESTERN HOLDINGS TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENTHOLDINGS TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

OCT., 1780 – RECOMMENDATION THAT CEDED TERRITORY BE FORMEDOCT., 1780 – RECOMMENDATION THAT CEDED TERRITORY BE FORMED

INTO STATESINTO STATES

NOV., 1780 – RECOMMENDATION THAT CEDED LAND BE OPENED FOR NOV., 1780 – RECOMMENDATION THAT CEDED LAND BE OPENED FOR SETTLEMENT & FORMED INTO STATES WITH NO STATE EXCEEDINGSETTLEMENT & FORMED INTO STATES WITH NO STATE EXCEEDING

130 SQUARE MILES.130 SQUARE MILES.

- LAND SHOULD BE LAID OUT IN 6 MILE SQUARE TOWNSHIPS- LAND SHOULD BE LAID OUT IN 6 MILE SQUARE TOWNSHIPS

U.S. WAS IN DESPERATE NEED OF FUNDS AND HAD AN U.S. WAS IN DESPERATE NEED OF FUNDS AND HAD AN ABUNDANCE OF LAND.ABUNDANCE OF LAND.

- RAISE MONEY AND ENCOURAGE SETTLEMENT TO PROTECT- RAISE MONEY AND ENCOURAGE SETTLEMENT TO PROTECT

HOLDING FROM BRITISH AND AMERICAN INDIANS.HOLDING FROM BRITISH AND AMERICAN INDIANS.

CONGRESSIONAL AGREEMENT TO DIVIDE THE NORTHWEST CONGRESSIONAL AGREEMENT TO DIVIDE THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY INTO NO MORE THAN 5 STATES – OHIO, INDIANA, TERRITORY INTO NO MORE THAN 5 STATES – OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN & WISCONSIN.ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN & WISCONSIN.

1784: THOMAS JEFFERSON HEADED COMMITTEE TO DEVELOP 1784: THOMAS JEFFERSON HEADED COMMITTEE TO DEVELOP PLANS FOR USPLSS & IS GENERALLY CREDITED FOR IT.PLANS FOR USPLSS & IS GENERALLY CREDITED FOR IT.

- RUFUS PUTNAM PROVIDED MUCH IMPORTANT IMPUT.- RUFUS PUTNAM PROVIDED MUCH IMPORTANT IMPUT.

- ORIGINAL PROPOSAL TO DIVIDE LAND INTO SQUARES- ORIGINAL PROPOSAL TO DIVIDE LAND INTO SQUARES

BASED UPON THE NAUTICAL MILE.BASED UPON THE NAUTICAL MILE.

- SECOND PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP INTO TOWNSHIPS 7 MILES- SECOND PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP INTO TOWNSHIPS 7 MILES

SQUARE WITH 49 – 640 AC. TRACTSSQUARE WITH 49 – 640 AC. TRACTS

An Ordinance for Ascertaining the Mode An Ordinance for Ascertaining the Mode of Locating & Disposing of Lands in the of Locating & Disposing of Lands in the

Western Territory. May 20, 1785Western Territory. May 20, 1785

1.1. Position of Geographer of United States Position of Geographer of United States established to direct surveys.established to direct surveys.

2.2. Land divided into townships 6 mi. square by lines Land divided into townships 6 mi. square by lines run due N-S and other lines crossing at right run due N-S and other lines crossing at right angles. No allowance for convergence. Originally angles. No allowance for convergence. Originally N-S lines were true meridians, after May 1786, N-S lines were true meridians, after May 1786, they were allowed to run on magnetic meridians.they were allowed to run on magnetic meridians.

Ordinance of 1785Ordinance of 1785

3.3. First line to be N-S starting at Ohio River at a First line to be N-S starting at Ohio River at a point due north from the west end of the south point due north from the west end of the south boundary of Penn. (Ellicott’s P.M.) and the E-W boundary of Penn. (Ellicott’s P.M.) and the E-W line starts at the same point and runs west across line starts at the same point and runs west across territory (Geographer’s line).territory (Geographer’s line).

4.4. Townships and fractions to be numbered from Townships and fractions to be numbered from south to north always starting with number 1 at the south to north always starting with number 1 at the Ohio River.Ohio River.

5.5. Ranges to be numbered westward from the P.M.Ranges to be numbered westward from the P.M.


6.6. Townships to be divided into 36 lots one mile Townships to be divided into 36 lots one mile square. Numbered 1 @ SE Cor. and progressing square. Numbered 1 @ SE Cor. and progressing south to north.south to north.

7.7. External boundaries of township marked every External boundaries of township marked every mile. Lots not surveyed in field.mile. Lots not surveyed in field.

1.1. No specifications as to equipment, accuracy or No specifications as to equipment, accuracy or procedures.procedures.

2.2. 2 areas of Ohio surveyed under this ordinance2 areas of Ohio surveyed under this ordinance1.1. Seven Ranges (eastern Ohio) 1785-1789Seven Ranges (eastern Ohio) 1785-17892.2. Western Ohio 1802Western Ohio 1802

3.3. No other rectangular surveys between 1789-1796 and No other rectangular surveys between 1789-1796 and as a result six types of survey methods exist in Ohio as a result six types of survey methods exist in Ohio and parts not on PLSS.and parts not on PLSS.


1.1. Provided that township lines be exactly shown on Provided that township lines be exactly shown on a plat.a plat.

2.2. Must include all mines, salt licks, mill seats, Must include all mines, salt licks, mill seats, watercourses, mountains and other important items watercourses, mountains and other important items to be noted.to be noted.

3.3. Quality of the land was also to be noted.Quality of the land was also to be noted.

4.4. Did not change process, but made record keeping Did not change process, but made record keeping requirements more specific.requirements more specific.

5.5. Plats and field notes required to be submitted.Plats and field notes required to be submitted.

Land Act of May 18, 1796Land Act of May 18, 17965 Major Provisions5 Major Provisions

1.1. Surveyor General replaced Geographer of the U.S. (he Surveyor General replaced Geographer of the U.S. (he was to employ deputy surveyors to survey the lands)was to employ deputy surveyors to survey the lands)

2.2. Lands to be divided into townships six miles square with Lands to be divided into townships six miles square with line run due north/south and others crossing at right angles line run due north/south and others crossing at right angles with no allowance for convergence.with no allowance for convergence.

3.3. Alternate section lines were to be run in alternate Alternate section lines were to be run in alternate townships. Thus monuments now exist around a 2 mile townships. Thus monuments now exist around a 2 mile square tract with monuments set every mile along these square tract with monuments set every mile along these lines. Every other township still not subdivided.lines. Every other township still not subdivided.

4.4. Sections numbered as today (boustrophedonically).Sections numbered as today (boustrophedonically).

5.5. Records and plats are to be submitted.Records and plats are to be submitted.

Land Act of June 1, 1796Land Act of June 1, 1796

Provided for special 5 mile square townships Provided for special 5 mile square townships with monuments set at 2 ½ mile intervals: with monuments set at 2 ½ mile intervals: used in - used in -

1.1. U.S. Military DistrictU.S. Military District

2.2. Connecticut Western ReserveConnecticut Western Reserve

3.3. Society of United BrethrenSociety of United Brethren

all in Ohioall in Ohio

Land Act of March 1, 1800Land Act of March 1, 1800

Corners regularly set by original government Corners regularly set by original government surveyors in the field are to be held as the true surveyors in the field are to be held as the true corners even if later surveys show they had been corners even if later surveys show they had been placed incorrectly, all other provisions remain the placed incorrectly, all other provisions remain the same.same.

Land Act of May 10, 1800Land Act of May 10, 1800

All discrepancies due to convergence and errors would All discrepancies due to convergence and errors would be placed in the north and west tier of sections in a be placed in the north and west tier of sections in a township.township.

All section lines to be run in the field.All section lines to be run in the field. Monuments to be set every ½ mile on the north and Monuments to be set every ½ mile on the north and

south sides of the section, no provision for ¼ south sides of the section, no provision for ¼ corners on the east and west side.corners on the east and west side.

Land Act of March 3, 1803Land Act of March 3, 1803

Provided for disposal of lands south of Tennessee; Provided for disposal of lands south of Tennessee; provided for the appointment of a “SURVEYOR” provided for the appointment of a “SURVEYOR” (with the same powers as Surveyor General) for the (with the same powers as Surveyor General) for the area northwest of the Ohio River.area northwest of the Ohio River.

Land Act of February 11, 1805Land Act of February 11, 1805

Last of the important amendments of Public Land Last of the important amendments of Public Land Survey System and related to Illinois, Indiana, and Survey System and related to Illinois, Indiana, and other states surveyed later.other states surveyed later.

1.1. Provided for completion of townships (alternate Provided for completion of townships (alternate sections in alternate townships) from Act of 1796.sections in alternate townships) from Act of 1796.

2.2. Provided for subdivision of ½ sections purchased Provided for subdivision of ½ sections purchased prior to July 1804 to be surveyed and marked.prior to July 1804 to be surveyed and marked.

Public Land system by 1814 Public Land system by 1814 (Review)(Review)

1.1. Land Divided into townships 6miLand Divided into townships 6mi22 by running lines due by running lines due north and south and due east and west with no allowance north and south and due east and west with no allowance for convergencefor convergence

Magnetic 1786-1796, astronomic thereafterMagnetic 1786-1796, astronomic thereafter

2.2. Townships divided into 36 parcels, after that sections.Townships divided into 36 parcels, after that sections.

3.3. Numbering process of townships and ranges establishedNumbering process of townships and ranges established

4.4. Lines monumented every ½ mileLines monumented every ½ mile

5.5. All discrepancies due to convergence and error in N & W All discrepancies due to convergence and error in N & W tier of sectiontier of section

Public Land system by 1814 Public Land system by 1814 (Review)(Review)

6.6. Corners set as original are held as true corners, even if Corners set as original are held as true corners, even if found wrong later.found wrong later.

7.7. Sections to be divided into quarter sections using straight Sections to be divided into quarter sections using straight lines between ¼ cornerslines between ¼ corners

8.8. Record of survey kept in field book and plat – must be Record of survey kept in field book and plat – must be turned inturned in

9.9. Variations permitted from established system allowed Variations permitted from established system allowed when necessarywhen necessary

10.10. Survey procedures not specified; only equipment Survey procedures not specified; only equipment specified by act was chain; accuracy not prescribed.specified by act was chain; accuracy not prescribed.

General Instructions to Deputy General Instructions to Deputy SurveyorsSurveyors

Jared Mansfield (1804) 2Jared Mansfield (1804) 2ndnd Surveyor General Surveyor General

1.1. Instruments:Instruments:1.1. Ritenhouse CompassRitenhouse Compass

2.2. 2 pole chain of 50 links (must be standardized at Surveyor 2 pole chain of 50 links (must be standardized at Surveyor Generals office)Generals office)

2.2. When prevented from measuring a course, distance is to When prevented from measuring a course, distance is to be obtained by trigonometry or by traverse until true line be obtained by trigonometry or by traverse until true line is returned to.is returned to.

3.3. Course of all navigable rivers which bound or pass Course of all navigable rivers which bound or pass through the area must be surveyed, width to be determined through the area must be surveyed, width to be determined in several places and tie all points that cross section lines.in several places and tie all points that cross section lines.


4.4. Township and section lines to be run as per Land Acts Township and section lines to be run as per Land Acts with all tree hits having 2 notches on each side and all or with all tree hits having 2 notches on each side and all or most of the trees on each side near the line being marked most of the trees on each side near the line being marked with 2 spots or blazes diagonally (quartering toward the with 2 spots or blazes diagonally (quartering toward the line).line).

5.5. Posts erected every ½ mile and mile, if tree exists at the Posts erected every ½ mile and mile, if tree exists at the corner it may be used; post to be at least 3” dia. and rise at corner it may be used; post to be at least 3” dia. and rise at least 3’ above the ground; all mile posts to have notches least 3’ above the ground; all mile posts to have notches cut on 2 sides as distance from the starting point (N & W cut on 2 sides as distance from the starting point (N & W side); township posts have 6 notches on each side; post to side); township posts have 6 notches on each side; post to be perpetuated by 2+ bearing trees be perpetuated by 2+ bearing trees (blazed facing the post (blazed facing the post with notch in blaze, tree near post mark with section number, above with notch in blaze, tree near post mark with section number, above it T with township number, above it R with range number, ¼ section it T with township number, above it R with range number, ¼ section corners marked with 1/2/S).corners marked with 1/2/S).


6.6. Carefully mark in field book all courses and distances, Carefully mark in field book all courses and distances, names and diameter of all corner and bearing trees and names and diameter of all corner and bearing trees and trees that fall on line (station or line trees); course and trees that fall on line (station or line trees); course and distance for bearing trees; all rivers, creeks, and springs; distance for bearing trees; all rivers, creeks, and springs; face of country (terrain) with note as to any special face of country (terrain) with note as to any special features; note any permanent features over which line features; note any permanent features over which line passes; soil quality, location of all mines, salt licks, salt passes; soil quality, location of all mines, salt licks, salt springs, and mill seats.springs, and mill seats.

7.7. All distances are to be level and horizontal.All distances are to be level and horizontal.


8.8. Lines measured with 2 perch chain, distances recorded in Lines measured with 2 perch chain, distances recorded in 4 perch chains; courses and distances placed in left margin 4 perch chains; courses and distances placed in left margin of field book with remarks noted to the right; date to be on of field book with remarks noted to the right; date to be on the close of each days work; notes along with plats to be the close of each days work; notes along with plats to be submitted to Surveyor General.submitted to Surveyor General.

9.9. Plat of each township to be neatly prepared on durable Plat of each township to be neatly prepared on durable paper at a scale of 2”=1 mile; plat must show magnetic paper at a scale of 2”=1 mile; plat must show magnetic meridian and variance; exterior lines of plat must show meridian and variance; exterior lines of plat must show courses and lengths.courses and lengths.

Tiffinn’s Instructions:Tiffinn’s Instructions:

Edward Tiffin – Surveyor General 1815Edward Tiffin – Surveyor General 1815

These are instructions to Deputy Surveyors for These are instructions to Deputy Surveyors for Subdividing Townships.Subdividing Townships.

1.1. When township exterior is complete, begin laying When township exterior is complete, begin laying out sections at the SE corner of township, proceed out sections at the SE corner of township, proceed East to West and South to North with excess or East to West and South to North with excess or deficit falling in the North and West side of the deficit falling in the North and West side of the township.township.


2.2. Sections to be one mile with ¼ corners set at the ½ mile, if Sections to be one mile with ¼ corners set at the ½ mile, if closing a section and distance caries from 80 chains, the closing a section and distance caries from 80 chains, the distance is to be split, on North and West side of distance is to be split, on North and West side of township, establish ¼ corner at ½ mile and measure township, establish ¼ corner at ½ mile and measure remainder, if you do not hit township corner, set post at remainder, if you do not hit township corner, set post at intersection of township line and measure distance to intersection of township line and measure distance to existing corner and note it.existing corner and note it.

3.3. Sections must be made to close by running random line on Sections must be made to close by running random line on north side and ¼ corner to be set by offset.north side and ¼ corner to be set by offset.

4.4. Fractional townships along rivers, the sections are laid out Fractional townships along rivers, the sections are laid out normally and remainder (fractional sections) are to be normally and remainder (fractional sections) are to be carefully measured.carefully measured.


5.5. North-South lines to be run by true meridian and East-North-South lines to be run by true meridian and East-West lines to be at right angles to these.West lines to be at right angles to these.

6.6. Greatest error is in chaining, keep attention to chainmen to Greatest error is in chaining, keep attention to chainmen to ensure they chain horizontally and do not lose talley, ensure they chain horizontally and do not lose talley, using only the provided number of pointed talley pins.using only the provided number of pointed talley pins.

7.7. When section lines cross rivers, obtain direction of course When section lines cross rivers, obtain direction of course and distance to last corner.and distance to last corner.

8.8. In the field you must check chain against one standardized In the field you must check chain against one standardized at Standard Chain in the Surveyor General’s office.at Standard Chain in the Surveyor General’s office.

9.9. All lines (regular or random) are to be noted at time of All lines (regular or random) are to be noted at time of running along with amounts of any variance.running along with amounts of any variance.


10.10. All courses to be measured with compass corrected for All courses to be measured with compass corrected for variation.variation.

11.11. No lines to be run by anyone other than the deputy No lines to be run by anyone other than the deputy surveyor, those under immediate supervision of deputy surveyor, those under immediate supervision of deputy surveyor or authorized by GLO.surveyor or authorized by GLO.

12.12. Deviation from rules will cause forfeiture of contract.Deviation from rules will cause forfeiture of contract.

13.13. Take care that posts are well set and a minimum of 1-2 Take care that posts are well set and a minimum of 1-2 sight trees are marked every ½ mile.sight trees are marked every ½ mile.

General Instructions for DeputiesGeneral Instructions for Deputies

1.1. Good Rittenhouse Compass with nonius divisions and Good Rittenhouse Compass with nonius divisions and moveable sights and a 2 pole chain of 50 links both moveable sights and a 2 pole chain of 50 links both standardized at GLO.standardized at GLO.

2.2. When obstructed, continue by offset or traverse to When obstructed, continue by offset or traverse to continue line.continue line.

3.3. Courses of all navigable rivers must be accurately Courses of all navigable rivers must be accurately surveyed and width taken at points of intersect with surveyed and width taken at points of intersect with township or section lines; distance from intersect to township or section lines; distance from intersect to section corners to be noted; make note of all streams that section corners to be noted; make note of all streams that cross lines taking width and course.cross lines taking width and course.

General Instructions for DeputiesGeneral Instructions for Deputies

4.4. Lines to be run and marked according to Acts; all trees cut Lines to be run and marked according to Acts; all trees cut by the line must have two notches on each side and all or by the line must have two notches on each side and all or most trees near line must be marked with 2 spots or blazes most trees near line must be marked with 2 spots or blazes diagonally toward the line.diagonally toward the line.

5.5. Post to be established at mile and ½ mile (tree may Post to be established at mile and ½ mile (tree may substitute); township corners have 6 notches; all section substitute); township corners have 6 notches; all section corners to have notches on 2 sides at distance from corners to have notches on 2 sides at distance from beginning point; ¼ corner posts to have no notches; post beginning point; ¼ corner posts to have no notches; post to be a minimum of 3” diameter and extend a minimum of to be a minimum of 3” diameter and extend a minimum of 3’ above ground; 2 bearing trees to be established; section 3’ above ground; 2 bearing trees to be established; section corner bearing trees to have R#, T#, S#; at ¼ corners corner bearing trees to have R#, T#, S#; at ¼ corners bearing trees must have ¼ S.bearing trees must have ¼ S.

General Instructions for DeputiesGeneral Instructions for Deputies6.6. Note course & distance, diameter, name of all bearing Note course & distance, diameter, name of all bearing

trees; note all rivers, creeks, springs, and streams trees; note all rivers, creeks, springs, and streams including width and course as they cross lines; note terrain including width and course as they cross lines; note terrain (mountainous, timber type, swamps, ponds, stone (mountainous, timber type, swamps, ponds, stone quarries, coal beds, peat, other common features (special quarries, coal beds, peat, other common features (special note of mines, salt licks, salt springs and mill seats).note of mines, salt licks, salt springs and mill seats).

7.7. All measurements to be horizontal.All measurements to be horizontal.8.8. Measure with 2 perch chain and record in 4 perch.Measure with 2 perch chain and record in 4 perch.9.9. Course and distance at left margin of field book and Course and distance at left margin of field book and

description on right; date each close of days work.description on right; date each close of days work.10.10. Plat for each township at 2”=1 mile with magnetic Plat for each township at 2”=1 mile with magnetic

variance.variance.

Land Act of February 22, 1817Land Act of February 22, 1817

This provided that sections 2, 5, 20, 23, 30, 33 in all This provided that sections 2, 5, 20, 23, 30, 33 in all townships could be sold as ¼ sections (160 acres) or townships could be sold as ¼ sections (160 acres) or ½ ¼ sections (80 acres); division of ¼ section made ½ ¼ sections (80 acres); division of ¼ section made by line running North - Southby line running North - South

Land Act of April 24, 1820Land Act of April 24, 1820

All sections in all townships can be broken into ½ ¼ All sections in all townships can be broken into ½ ¼ sections with division north-south; only exception sections with division north-south; only exception being fractional sections of less than 160 acres must being fractional sections of less than 160 acres must be sold entire; remainder covers land sale be sold entire; remainder covers land sale requirements (land @ $1.25/Ac min.)requirements (land @ $1.25/Ac min.)

Land Act of May 24, 1824Land Act of May 24, 1824

Allows president to depart from ordinary methods of Allows president to depart from ordinary methods of surveying along rivers, lakes, bayou or watercourse; surveying along rivers, lakes, bayou or watercourse; must be in publics best interest; can cause land to be must be in publics best interest; can cause land to be surveyed into 2 acre wide tracts (Water front) and surveyed into 2 acre wide tracts (Water front) and running back a depth of 40 acres (417.42’ x running back a depth of 40 acres (417.42’ x 8348.41’); must be sold entire.8348.41’); must be sold entire.

General Instructions of 1833General Instructions of 1833

Describes Principal Meridian starting points:Describes Principal Meridian starting points:

11stst-Ludlow’s, north from the mouth of the Great -Ludlow’s, north from the mouth of the Great Miami RiverMiami River

22ndnd-Mansfield’s, north through the center of Indiana-Mansfield’s, north through the center of Indiana

33rdrd-Gallatin’s, north from the mouth of the Ohio -Gallatin’s, north from the mouth of the Ohio through Illinois (confluence of Ohio and Mississippi through Illinois (confluence of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers)Rivers)

44thth-North from the mouth of the Illinois river through -North from the mouth of the Illinois river through Illinois and Wisconsin territory Illinois and Wisconsin territory

Provided Contract RequirementsProvided Contract Requirements

Surveying Instruments:Surveying Instruments:1.1. Compass with Nonius and movable sightCompass with Nonius and movable sight2.2. Surveyors chain-33’ with 50 links standardized Surveyors chain-33’ with 50 links standardized

and handles iron or brass at least ¼ inch diameter.and handles iron or brass at least ¼ inch diameter.3.3. Standard chain-used to compare field chain every Standard chain-used to compare field chain every

other day.other day.4.4. Talley Rods-iron, 12” long with ring and red cloth, Talley Rods-iron, 12” long with ring and red cloth,

set of 11 required.set of 11 required.5.5. Needle variance due to mineral deposits, but often Needle variance due to mineral deposits, but often

carelessness.carelessness.

Variations of CompassVariations of Compass Explains line of no variation & declination of needle Explains line of no variation & declination of needle

to line (at time line of no variance ran through to line (at time line of no variance ran through western Pennsylvania and New York).western Pennsylvania and New York).

To locate Polaris when it is at elongation, the star To locate Polaris when it is at elongation, the star Alioth (part of big dipper), Polaris and Gamma Alioth (part of big dipper), Polaris and Gamma (Cassiopeia) form a horizontal line, when these stars (Cassiopeia) form a horizontal line, when these stars form a vertical line Polaris is on the Meridian.form a vertical line Polaris is on the Meridian.

When Polaris is on the Meridian or at elongation, When Polaris is on the Meridian or at elongation, the variance can most easily be computed, however the variance can most easily be computed, however at elongation is best because of longer observation at elongation is best because of longer observation time due to Polaris movement being vertical.time due to Polaris movement being vertical.

Running & Marking LinesRunning & Marking Lines

1.1. Lines run by true meridian (compass adjusted for Lines run by true meridian (compass adjusted for variance).variance).

2.2. Lines marked – 2 notches on each side of station trees, Lines marked – 2 notches on each side of station trees, line trees, or sight trees; all trees within 10-15 links (6.6’-line trees, or sight trees; all trees within 10-15 links (6.6’-9.9’) marked with 2 spots or blazes, diagonally or 9.9’) marked with 2 spots or blazes, diagonally or quartering toward the line.quartering toward the line.

3.3. If course is obstructed, take offsets or traverse or trig to If course is obstructed, take offsets or traverse or trig to pass obstacle.pass obstacle.

4.4. No lines run by anyone except Deputy Surveyor No lines run by anyone except Deputy Surveyor authorized by Surveyor General, no marks made by other authorized by Surveyor General, no marks made by other than Deputy Surveyor or those under immediate direction than Deputy Surveyor or those under immediate direction & in presence.& in presence.

Exterior Township LinesExterior Township Lines

1.1. Celestial observations to determine variance is made at Celestial observations to determine variance is made at least every 12 miles on east-west lines and at the end of least every 12 miles on east-west lines and at the end of 18-24 miles on north-south lines.18-24 miles on north-south lines.

2.2. Method: Township line (baseline) established due east-Method: Township line (baseline) established due east-west across south boundary of tract to be surveyed; west across south boundary of tract to be surveyed; monumented every ½ mile; from township corners run & monumented every ½ mile; from township corners run & monumented range lines, establishing temporary township monumented range lines, establishing temporary township corner at six miles; at the far corner establish a post and corner at six miles; at the far corner establish a post and run line east-west; township corners established at run line east-west; township corners established at intersection points by running line due east or west to intersection points by running line due east or west to close; corner will be the intersection with distance to close; corner will be the intersection with distance to temporary post measured.temporary post measured.

Exterior Township LinesExterior Township Lines

3.3. Surveyor must prepare a map or diagram of lines Surveyor must prepare a map or diagram of lines to a scale of 4 miles = 1 inch.to a scale of 4 miles = 1 inch.

4.4. All measurements to be horizontal.All measurements to be horizontal.

5.5. Monuments other than standard post: Mound – Monuments other than standard post: Mound – 2½’ high with 4’ base with angles in direction of 2½’ high with 4’ base with angles in direction of cardinal points with stone of 3-4 lbs in center of a cardinal points with stone of 3-4 lbs in center of a few handfuls of charcoal, mound often covered few handfuls of charcoal, mound often covered with sod.with sod.

Subdivision of TownshipSubdivision of Township

The east tier of sections run, then return to The east tier of sections run, then return to south line and run next tier with east tier run south line and run next tier with east tier run until the last west tier.until the last west tier.

General Instructions to Deputy General Instructions to Deputy Surveyors in Illinois & Missouri (1834)Surveyors in Illinois & Missouri (1834)

1.1. MonumentsMonuments Post: Standard but 2’ in groundPost: Standard but 2’ in ground Stone: 7”-8” deep, 12” wide, 14” long and 3” thick.Stone: 7”-8” deep, 12” wide, 14” long and 3” thick. Township corner 5” diameter & section corner 4” diameter.Township corner 5” diameter & section corner 4” diameter. Must be squared off at top.Must be squared off at top. Place stones so corners correspond to cardinal directionsPlace stones so corners correspond to cardinal directions Mound: place at least 2 quarts of charcoal at least 3” below Mound: place at least 2 quarts of charcoal at least 3” below

surface over which mound is placed.surface over which mound is placed. Township corner mounds: 3’ high, 5’ square at base and 2’ Township corner mounds: 3’ high, 5’ square at base and 2’

square at top.square at top. 3 stones (at least 5” square and 3” thick) in top of upper stone at 3 stones (at least 5” square and 3” thick) in top of upper stone at

least 3” below surface.least 3” below surface.


Required that section corners on west side of Required that section corners on west side of township be run and corrected thus eliminating township be run and corrected thus eliminating double corners on the west side of township, double corners on the west side of township, but double corners still exist on the north side but double corners still exist on the north side of the township.of the township.


Section corners on both west and north side of Section corners on both west and north side of a township were to close on existing corners.a township were to close on existing corners.

Required baselines, meridians, correction and Required baselines, meridians, correction and township lines to be run with instrument which township lines to be run with instrument which operates independently of the magnetic needle.operates independently of the magnetic needle.

General Instructions of 1846 General Instructions of 1846 (Wisconsin and Iowa)(Wisconsin and Iowa)

Section corners on both west and north side of Section corners on both west and north side of a township were to close on existing corners.a township were to close on existing corners.

Required baselines, meridians, corrections and Required baselines, meridians, corrections and township lines be run with instrument which township lines be run with instrument which operates independently of the magnetic needle.operates independently of the magnetic needle.


Breakdown of a township: run an east-west Breakdown of a township: run an east-west line between sections 13 & 24 (through center line between sections 13 & 24 (through center of township) and monument, run east tier of of township) and monument, run east tier of south ½ then east mile of north ½; proceed south ½ then east mile of north ½; proceed west one tier at a time.west one tier at a time.

Manual of Instructions of 1855Manual of Instructions of 1855 When needle variations are noticed, Burt’s When needle variations are noticed, Burt’s

improved solar compass (invented 1836) or improved solar compass (invented 1836) or equivalent must be used.equivalent must be used.

First “Official” manual.First “Official” manual. Provided for Standard Parallels: every 4 townships Provided for Standard Parallels: every 4 townships

(24 miles) north of baseline and every 5 townships (24 miles) north of baseline and every 5 townships (30 miles) south of baseline (5 townships not in later (30 miles) south of baseline (5 townships not in later manuals, all at 4 townships).manuals, all at 4 townships).

Talley pins (11 in set) up to 14” in length & Talley pins (11 in set) up to 14” in length & weighted to drop vertically.weighted to drop vertically.

Manual of 1881Manual of 1881 Initial point located astronomically.Initial point located astronomically. Baseline direction to be tested every 12 miles.Baseline direction to be tested every 12 miles.

Manual of 1890Manual of 1890 Prohibited use of magnetic needle on major Prohibited use of magnetic needle on major

lines, can be used only for subdividing lines, can be used only for subdividing township and meander lines if local attraction township and meander lines if local attraction does not exist.does not exist.

Manual of 1894Manual of 1894 All surveys independent of needle.All surveys independent of needle.

Manual of 1902Manual of 1902 Initial points to be in conspicuous locations & Initial points to be in conspicuous locations &

perpetuated by indestructible monuments.perpetuated by indestructible monuments.

Manual of 1930Manual of 1930 Error of closure requirement introduced: Error of closure requirement introduced:

distance to close within 12.5 links/mile & distance to close within 12.5 links/mile & latitude / departure to be 1/452 overall.latitude / departure to be 1/452 overall.

Manual of 1947Manual of 1947 Corners to be set when meridian established every 40 Corners to be set when meridian established every 40

chains.chains. Require 2 sets of measurements (double chain) & must Require 2 sets of measurements (double chain) & must

agree within 14 links/80 chains.agree within 14 links/80 chains. Defines a river as 3 chains wide and over as navigable.Defines a river as 3 chains wide and over as navigable. Line trees to be within 50 links of the line.Line trees to be within 50 links of the line. Requires monuments to be standard iron post 30” long, 2” Requires monuments to be standard iron post 30” long, 2”

diameter with brass tablet.diameter with brass tablet. 4 bearing trees (one in each section) (if no trees, mounds or 4 bearing trees (one in each section) (if no trees, mounds or

stones).stones). Instruments: solar transit & steel tape (2-8 chains).Instruments: solar transit & steel tape (2-8 chains). Distances reduced to horizontal and mean sea level.Distances reduced to horizontal and mean sea level.

Manual of 1973Manual of 1973

Permits use of electronic measurement.Permits use of electronic measurement. Requires greater accuracy (overall closure 1/905).Requires greater accuracy (overall closure 1/905).


11stst idea: Boundaries of new states consist of 2 idea: Boundaries of new states consist of 2° ° of latitude with disregard for natural of latitude with disregard for natural boundaries.boundaries.

Changed: Divide N.W. Territory into no more Changed: Divide N.W. Territory into no more than 5 or less than 3 states.than 5 or less than 3 states. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, WisconsinOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin

Beginning of Surveys of Public Beginning of Surveys of Public DomainDomain

Started in area of eastern Ohio – 7 ranges Started in area of eastern Ohio – 7 ranges (2500 square miles).(2500 square miles).

Ohio has as many as 20 different methods of Ohio has as many as 20 different methods of surveying.surveying.

West boundary of Pennsylvania is the initial West boundary of Pennsylvania is the initial reference line with E-W line extended west from reference line with E-W line extended west from Ohio River due north of the SW corner of Ohio River due north of the SW corner of Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

Consists of 6 miles square township with lines in Consists of 6 miles square township with lines in cardinal directions.cardinal directions.

Beginning of Surveys of Public Beginning of Surveys of Public DomainDomain

To be done by 13 surveyors (1 from each state).To be done by 13 surveyors (1 from each state). Started in 1784 – extended Mason-Dixon line 24 Started in 1784 – extended Mason-Dixon line 24

miles to the SW corner of Pennsylvania.miles to the SW corner of Pennsylvania. Then north 63 miles to the Ohio River.Then north 63 miles to the Ohio River.

Actual Survey of 7 Ranges started September 1785.Actual Survey of 7 Ranges started September 1785. When completed (42 miles) an error of 1500’ S. When completed (42 miles) an error of 1500’ S.

occurred.occurred. Large amount of error due to trying to run true meridian, Large amount of error due to trying to run true meridian,

after that it was done using magnetic compass.after that it was done using magnetic compass.

Ohio TerritoryOhio Territory

The territory was divided into no fewer than 19 The territory was divided into no fewer than 19 grants to states, veterans, religious or other groups.grants to states, veterans, religious or other groups.

Boundaries surveyed by Rufus Putnam, but interior Boundaries surveyed by Rufus Putnam, but interior done by owners.done by owners. Connecticut Reserve – surveyed into squares 5 miles on Connecticut Reserve – surveyed into squares 5 miles on

each side (3.5 million acres).each side (3.5 million acres). Virginia Veterans – 4 million acres – surveyed by metes Virginia Veterans – 4 million acres – surveyed by metes

and bounds.and bounds. Best land went to 1Best land went to 1stst claimants, later ones had to fit into their claimants, later ones had to fit into their

tracts.tracts. Many were odd shapes with some having well over 100 sides.Many were odd shapes with some having well over 100 sides.

Beginning Surveys in IndianaBeginning Surveys in Indiana 11stst settled by French in 1671, Vincennes 1690, Ft. settled by French in 1671, Vincennes 1690, Ft.

Wayne 1772.Wayne 1772. Vincennes – on Wabash RiverVincennes – on Wabash River Early French grants had poor descriptions.Early French grants had poor descriptions.

Most were 2-4 arpents wide x 40 arpents deep containing Most were 2-4 arpents wide x 40 arpents deep containing 66-132 acres.66-132 acres.

1778 – area captured by George Rogers Clark 1778 – area captured by George Rogers Clark (surveyor) and later ceded by Virginia.(surveyor) and later ceded by Virginia. 150,000 acres were held by congress for Clark and his 150,000 acres were held by congress for Clark and his

men.men. Clark’s Grant.Clark’s Grant.

Beginning Surveys in IndianaBeginning Surveys in Indiana

11stst town surveyed in Indiana – Clarkville 1783 town surveyed in Indiana – Clarkville 1783 Indiana Territory formed July, 1800.Indiana Territory formed July, 1800. 1802 Gov. Harrison ordered survey of Vincennes 1802 Gov. Harrison ordered survey of Vincennes

Tract.Tract. Thomas Freeman ordered to survey exterior boundary .Thomas Freeman ordered to survey exterior boundary .

Done in 1803 with notes returned to Jared Mansfield.Done in 1803 with notes returned to Jared Mansfield. Ebenezer Buckingham, Jr. – hired by Mansfield to survey Ebenezer Buckingham, Jr. – hired by Mansfield to survey

control for Vincennes Tract.control for Vincennes Tract.

Beginning Surveys in IndianaBeginning Surveys in Indiana Section 13 of Land Act 1804 – land once surveyed Section 13 of Land Act 1804 – land once surveyed

is to be divided into survey districts with a district is to be divided into survey districts with a district surveyor for each.surveyor for each. To be subdivided into sections, ½ sections and ¼ To be subdivided into sections, ½ sections and ¼

sections.sections. 1805 – William Rector – began survey of baseline 1805 – William Rector – began survey of baseline

to control area south of Vincennes Tract.to control area south of Vincennes Tract. Baseline was 24 miles south of Buckingham line.Baseline was 24 miles south of Buckingham line.

Mansfield was aware of problem of convergence in Mansfield was aware of problem of convergence in 1804 and recommended correction lines placed at 6, 1804 and recommended correction lines placed at 6, 12, 18, or 24 mile intervals.12, 18, or 24 mile intervals.

Beginning Surveys in IndianaBeginning Surveys in Indiana

Survey of Land North of Vincennes Tract: Survey of Land North of Vincennes Tract: Ten O’clock – One O’clock Line.Ten O’clock – One O’clock Line. West line of tract was to be distance a man could ride in West line of tract was to be distance a man could ride in

2½ days.2½ days. Indians did not trust compass and used split of shaft Indians did not trust compass and used split of shaft

shadow between 10 and 1.shadow between 10 and 1. Original Survey of West line of Indiana surveyed in Original Survey of West line of Indiana surveyed in

1824, John McDonald.1824, John McDonald. POB on Wabash River, 46 miles due N. of Vincennes.POB on Wabash River, 46 miles due N. of Vincennes. Reached Lake Michigan at 159 miles, 44 chains.Reached Lake Michigan at 159 miles, 44 chains.

Surveys in IllinoisSurveys in Illinois

No part of the public lands in Illinois were surveyed in full No part of the public lands in Illinois were surveyed in full compliance with land acts.compliance with land acts.

Surveyor Generals interpreted land acts, deputy surveyors Surveyor Generals interpreted land acts, deputy surveyors also allowed leeway in following instructions.also allowed leeway in following instructions.

Cases exist where up to 4 methods of subdividing sections Cases exist where up to 4 methods of subdividing sections were used with in a township.were used with in a township.

Early section corners monumented with posts.Early section corners monumented with posts. Areas which lack trees-mounds erected with charcoal under.Areas which lack trees-mounds erected with charcoal under.

Many corners found today perpetuated by stones set by Many corners found today perpetuated by stones set by district or county surveyors.district or county surveyors.


11stst settlers: settlers: French – 1674 (Starved Rock); 1690 (Cohokia); 1969 French – 1674 (Starved Rock); 1690 (Cohokia); 1969

(Chicago).(Chicago). Fall of 1805 due to treaty with Indians, Rector ordered to Fall of 1805 due to treaty with Indians, Rector ordered to

extend system of Indiana and Illinois.extend system of Indiana and Illinois. Began survey of auxiliary baseline (36 miles S.) on Oct. 11, Began survey of auxiliary baseline (36 miles S.) on Oct. 11,

1805.1805. Reached Mississippi River Oct. 24 at 103 miles, 29.5 ch.Reached Mississippi River Oct. 24 at 103 miles, 29.5 ch. December 28, 1805 – Rector began Gallatin Meridian (3December 28, 1805 – Rector began Gallatin Meridian (3rdrd) )

from a post at confluence of Ohio and Mississippi.from a post at confluence of Ohio and Mississippi.


Rector then began surveying the land along the Rector then began surveying the land along the south boundary of Section 31, Township 6S, Range south boundary of Section 31, Township 6S, Range 1E of the 31E of the 3rdrd PM. PM.

The Rector brothers caused Collision Zone (3The Rector brothers caused Collision Zone (3 rdrd and and 22ndnd meet). meet). Surveying from West to East between Saline and Wabash Surveying from West to East between Saline and Wabash

Rivers.Rivers. R11E, 3R11E, 3rdrd from T5S to T31N. from T5S to T31N.

Rector has a contract to survey all of the area south of Rector has a contract to survey all of the area south of auxiliary Baseline. auxiliary Baseline.


Section6, Act 1810; approved location and survey of Section6, Act 1810; approved location and survey of town on the Ohio.town on the Ohio. Shawneetown, began January of 1811 by William Shawneetown, began January of 1811 by William

DobbinsDobbins 1812; Josiah Meigs replaced Mansfield as Surveyor 1812; Josiah Meigs replaced Mansfield as Surveyor

General.General. Gave William and Nelson Rector contracts to survey 47 Gave William and Nelson Rector contracts to survey 47

townships in southern Illinois.townships in southern Illinois. 1814; Nelson Rector was attacked and almost killed 1814; Nelson Rector was attacked and almost killed

by Indians near Norris City, IL.by Indians near Norris City, IL.

Work to William Rector1805-1823

Surveys in IllinoisSurveys in Illinois October 1814 – Edward Tiffin, surveyor GeneralOctober 1814 – Edward Tiffin, surveyor General February 1815 – Jacob May and Robert Cook set true February 1815 – Jacob May and Robert Cook set true

Cardinal Point.Cardinal Point. Recovered 1973 by L.E. ChapterRecovered 1973 by L.E. Chapter

March 1815 – Tiffin ordered to have 6 million acres of March 1815 – Tiffin ordered to have 6 million acres of military land surveyed.military land surveyed. 2 million each Michigan, Missouri, and Illinois.2 million each Michigan, Missouri, and Illinois.

44thth PM ordered to be run. PM ordered to be run. Area in Illinois to be between Illinois and Mississippi Rivers with Area in Illinois to be between Illinois and Mississippi Rivers with

beginning point to be confluence.beginning point to be confluence. 3 Surveyors (Enoch Moore, J. Milton Moore, and John Messinger).3 Surveyors (Enoch Moore, J. Milton Moore, and John Messinger). Found line crossed to E. side of Illinois River and out of area Found line crossed to E. side of Illinois River and out of area

governed.governed. Extended line north until Illinois River crossed and established Extended line north until Illinois River crossed and established

Cardinal Point, Baseline, and Meridian.Cardinal Point, Baseline, and Meridian.

Surveys in IllinoisSurveys in Illinois April 1816 – William Rector “Surveyor of Public Lands in April 1816 – William Rector “Surveyor of Public Lands in

Territories of Illinois and Missouri.”Territories of Illinois and Missouri.” Had same authority as Surveyor GeneralHad same authority as Surveyor General ¼ lines to be run parallel to sides between which they run.¼ lines to be run parallel to sides between which they run. Between 1805 and 1813 received contracts for:Between 1805 and 1813 received contracts for:

Auxiliary baseline; 3Auxiliary baseline; 3rdrd PM to aux. baseline; area south of aux. baseline; PM to aux. baseline; area south of aux. baseline; private claims in Kaskaskia District; and 34 additional townships.private claims in Kaskaskia District; and 34 additional townships.

Much of this work was subcontracted, which was made illegal.Much of this work was subcontracted, which was made illegal.

From 1816-1823 issued 713 Township contractsFrom 1816-1823 issued 713 Township contracts 213 of these to 5 relatives.213 of these to 5 relatives.

Removed from office in 1824, no one has been given this level of Removed from office in 1824, no one has been given this level of authority again until 1839.authority again until 1839.

Surveys in IllinoisSurveys in Illinois 1817 – 41817 – 4thth PM extended N. to T14 & 15N with standard PM extended N. to T14 & 15N with standard

lines runlines run Area south of baseline never monumented or marked on ground.Area south of baseline never monumented or marked on ground.

1821 – 31821 – 3rdrd PM extended to Illinois River PM extended to Illinois River 1822 – Standard Parallels established to T31N1822 – Standard Parallels established to T31N

Southern ones at irregular intervals with those in north at normal Southern ones at irregular intervals with those in north at normal 24 mile intervals.24 mile intervals.

PM, Baseline, & Standard lines generally not run with any PM, Baseline, & Standard lines generally not run with any more care than other linesmore care than other lines Variations in compass or closing generally corrected every 6 Variations in compass or closing generally corrected every 6

miles.miles. Many problems existed in direction.Many problems existed in direction.

Evidence of instructions in contracts.Evidence of instructions in contracts. 1826-contract contains instructions allowing use of stones.1826-contract contains instructions allowing use of stones.


1837 – discovered that standard chain (S.G. office) 1837 – discovered that standard chain (S.G. office) was 2” long.was 2” long. Correction of 0.004386’/chain/year for areas 1837-1797 Correction of 0.004386’/chain/year for areas 1837-1797

or 0.350880’/mileor 0.350880’/mile 4.91’/mile in 1811 9.82’/mile in 18254.91’/mile in 1811 9.82’/mile in 1825

Last Gov. Contract in Illinois to Alexander Walcott Last Gov. Contract in Illinois to Alexander Walcott T37N, R14E 3T37N, R14E 3rdrd December of 1877 (Resurvey) December of 1877 (Resurvey) Most had been completed by 1855-1856Most had been completed by 1855-1856

USPLSS Relevant to MissouriUSPLSS Relevant to Missouri Arkansas and Missouri are the only states west of the Arkansas and Missouri are the only states west of the

Mississippi River that were surveyed based on Tiffin’s Mississippi River that were surveyed based on Tiffin’s instructionsinstructions

1815 – 51815 – 5thth PM surveyed from mouth of Arkansas river to the PM surveyed from mouth of Arkansas river to the Missouri River (317 miles, 35.76 chains) – was later Missouri River (317 miles, 35.76 chains) – was later continued to the Mississippi Rivercontinued to the Mississippi River Baseline surveyed west from the mouth of the St. Francis River Baseline surveyed west from the mouth of the St. Francis River

with the Mississippi River west to the Arkansas River in 1815, line with the Mississippi River west to the Arkansas River in 1815, line was continued west to Range 19W in 1818 and finally reaches the was continued west to Range 19W in 1818 and finally reaches the West line of Missouri in 1841. West line of Missouri in 1841.

Initial point of the 5Initial point of the 5thth PM is 57 miles, 60.5 chains north PM is 57 miles, 60.5 chains north from mouth of Arkansas River and 26 miles, 30 chains west from mouth of Arkansas River and 26 miles, 30 chains west of mouth of St. Francis River. of mouth of St. Francis River. Position of both river mouths has since changes westwardPosition of both river mouths has since changes westward

Arkansas River site is not Beulah LakeArkansas River site is not Beulah Lake St. Francis mouth has moved approx. 1 mile south.St. Francis mouth has moved approx. 1 mile south.

Township 21 N, Range 28 W, 5Township 21 N, Range 28 W, 5thth PM is very unusual. PM is very unusual. It contains 54 sections and 12 fractional sectionsIt contains 54 sections and 12 fractional sections Arkansas portion surveyed N from standard section, Missouri Arkansas portion surveyed N from standard section, Missouri

surveyed S from standard sectionsurveyed S from standard section Overall, a difference of more than 3 miles existsOverall, a difference of more than 3 miles exists

USPLSS Relevant to Missouri USPLSS Relevant to Missouri (con’t)(con’t)

55thth PM established on W. side of Mississippi River PM established on W. side of Mississippi River to avoid having to connect survey systems across to avoid having to connect survey systems across Mississippi RiverMississippi River In areas where 5In areas where 5thth PM would cross river, (T53N) surveys PM would cross river, (T53N) surveys

were laid out from Guide Meridianwere laid out from Guide Meridian Generally 4Generally 4thth and 5 and 5thth PM are only about 25 miles apart PM are only about 25 miles apart

Generally Guide Meridian governs surveys of the area of Generally Guide Meridian governs surveys of the area of Missouri north of Mississippi RiverMissouri north of Mississippi River

Guide MeridianGuide Meridian

Procedure of Legal SurveyProcedure of Legal Survey1.1. Obtain legal description of property abstractObtain legal description of property abstract2.2. Courthouse Courthouse

1.1. Original government surveyOriginal government survey2.2. Past surveys of area and adjoiningPast surveys of area and adjoining3.3. Deeds of adjoiningDeeds of adjoining4.4. Monument recordMonument record5.5. Misc. record and ROW recordsMisc. record and ROW records6.6. Co. Tax AssessorCo. Tax Assessor7.7. Co. Highway Comm.Co. Highway Comm.8.8. Other sources – if adjoining R.R. or power lines – see them Other sources – if adjoining R.R. or power lines – see them

3.3. Obtain Photos – map libraryObtain Photos – map library4.4. Analyze data, plan field work, and talk to property ownersAnalyze data, plan field work, and talk to property owners5.5. Monument searchMonument search6.6. Do prelim field workDo prelim field work7.7. Calc and analyze field dataCalc and analyze field data8.8. Set final pointsSet final points9.9. Prepare final plat and legal descriptionPrepare final plat and legal description

Monument SearchMonument Search

1.1. Obtain all available informationObtain all available information1.1. Aerial photosAerial photos

2.2. Past surveys, field notesPast surveys, field notes

3.3. ROW mapsROW maps

2.2. Compile info and determine place to lookCompile info and determine place to look

3.3. Field searchField searcha.a. Metal detectorsMetal detectors

b.b. ProbeProbe

c.c. Watch for clues – old fence lines, tree lines, etc.Watch for clues – old fence lines, tree lines, etc.

4.4. Talk with elderly in the areaTalk with elderly in the area

5.5. Based on what is found, determine what is to be tiedBased on what is found, determine what is to be tied

Proportionate MeasurementProportionate Measurement When comparing original vs. current measurements it is assumed that When comparing original vs. current measurements it is assumed that

differences occurred in all parts of the line, unless the contrary can be differences occurred in all parts of the line, unless the contrary can be proven beyond a reasonable doubtproven beyond a reasonable doubt

Principle of Proportionate Measurement: new values given to several Principle of Proportionate Measurement: new values given to several parts (by re-measurement) shall bear the same relationship to the parts (by re-measurement) shall bear the same relationship to the record lengths as the new measurements of the whole line bear to that record lengths as the new measurements of the whole line bear to that record.record.

Government monuments were set by two methods:Government monuments were set by two methods: Single line – township lines and ¼ cornersSingle line – township lines and ¼ corners Checkerboard fashion with cross ties – section and township cornersCheckerboard fashion with cross ties – section and township corners

Single Proportionate MeasurementSingle Proportionate Measurement – – applied to a new measurement made on applied to a new measurement made on a line to determine one or more positions on that linea line to determine one or more positions on that line

Single line cornersSingle line corners Adjusting new survey to be in proportionate agreement with original surveyAdjusting new survey to be in proportionate agreement with original survey Proportionate measure can not extend beyond a fixed monument and is good only Proportionate measure can not extend beyond a fixed monument and is good only

between existing monumentsbetween existing monuments Corners on standard parallels and E-W township lines were originally set along curved Corners on standard parallels and E-W township lines were originally set along curved

lines and this must be taken into account.lines and this must be taken into account.

Proportionate MeasurementProportionate Measurement

Double Proportionate MeasurementDouble Proportionate Measurement – applied – applied to new measurements made between four to new measurements made between four known corners, two each on intersecting known corners, two each on intersecting meridional and latitudinal lines for the purpose meridional and latitudinal lines for the purpose of relating the intersection of bothof relating the intersection of both Checkerboard – township and section cornersCheckerboard – township and section corners A retracement survey must be made in all four A retracement survey must be made in all four

directions from corner (lost) to nearest existing directions from corner (lost) to nearest existing corners.corners.

Legal SearchLegal Search Original Government SurveysOriginal Government Surveys

Large book – Township Plat and Field Notes for it are togetherLarge book – Township Plat and Field Notes for it are together When you copy on one section, copy also any section touching it.When you copy on one section, copy also any section touching it.

Past SurveysPast Surveys Surveyor’s RecordSurveyor’s Record

Plats of surveys by county surveyors and more recently plat of survey by all R.L.S.’sPlats of surveys by county surveyors and more recently plat of survey by all R.L.S.’s Normally indexed by Township and RangeNormally indexed by Township and Range

Plat RecordPlat Record Plats of SubdivisionPlats of Subdivision Indexed alphabetically, by name of Subdivision, but Section, Township, and Range Indexed alphabetically, by name of Subdivision, but Section, Township, and Range

are shownare shown Monument RecordationMonument Recordation

DeedsDeeds Grantor-Grantee IndexGrantor-Grantee Index

Grantor – person selling Grantee – person buyingGrantor – person selling Grantee – person buying Indexed by year and then alphabeticallyIndexed by year and then alphabetically Explain how to trace backExplain how to trace back

DescriptionsDescriptions

A description is to furnish the information which A description is to furnish the information which is necessary to identify the boundaries of a is necessary to identify the boundaries of a particular tract of property.particular tract of property.

Proper composition of a description requires a Proper composition of a description requires a knowledge of both law and surveying.knowledge of both law and surveying.

Kinds of Descriptions:Kinds of Descriptions:1.1. Natural objects and adjoiners without numerical dataNatural objects and adjoiners without numerical data2.2. Metes and boundsMetes and bounds3.3. Public Land SystemPublic Land System4.4. Urban subdivisionsUrban subdivisions(Many descriptions contain components of several of these)(Many descriptions contain components of several of these)

DescriptionsDescriptions1.1. Natural objects – refer to trees, center line of a road, Natural objects – refer to trees, center line of a road,

thread of a stream, or a boundary line may be described by thread of a stream, or a boundary line may be described by giving no information except the names of adjoining giving no information except the names of adjoining owners owners (This type no longer used)(This type no longer used)..

2.2. Metes and bounds – these include all pieces of land not in Metes and bounds – these include all pieces of land not in the first class, which can not be described by the public the first class, which can not be described by the public land system or urban subdivision. The description begins land system or urban subdivision. The description begins by carefully describing the point of beginning, then a by carefully describing the point of beginning, then a distance and direction are given for each line around the distance and direction are given for each line around the tract; the marker at each corner is also described.tract; the marker at each corner is also described.

3.3. Rectangular System – this includes all regular tracts Rectangular System – this includes all regular tracts within the area covered by the U.S. Rectangular System.within the area covered by the U.S. Rectangular System.

4.4. Subdivisions – tract in a platted subdivision.Subdivisions – tract in a platted subdivision.

Requirements of a Valid DescriptionRequirements of a Valid DescriptionIn essence, the basic requirements are that is shall be clear, In essence, the basic requirements are that is shall be clear,

accurate, and brief.accurate, and brief.1.1. Clarity – a legal description should be so clear that it is Clarity – a legal description should be so clear that it is

subject to only one interpretation at any time, present or subject to only one interpretation at any time, present or future.future.

North – used only to indicate due north – this being the direction North – used only to indicate due north – this being the direction parallel with the reference meridian of the survey.parallel with the reference meridian of the survey.

Northerly – may be any direction up to 15Northerly – may be any direction up to 15° ° from north in the 1from north in the 1stst or 4or 4thth quadrant. quadrant.

Punctuation is also very important.Punctuation is also very important. The “Point of Beginning” shall be a corner of a tract surveyed The “Point of Beginning” shall be a corner of a tract surveyed

and not the monument to which the tract as a whole is referred.and not the monument to which the tract as a whole is referred.

2.2. Accuracy – it is best that a description be preceded by a Accuracy – it is best that a description be preceded by a present survey of the tract.present survey of the tract.

3.3. Brevity – this is essential because it enhances clarity.Brevity – this is essential because it enhances clarity.

Interpretation of DescriptionsInterpretation of Descriptions In retracing deeds the surveyor often finds that items may In retracing deeds the surveyor often finds that items may

have been omitted or it may contain conflicting calls.have been omitted or it may contain conflicting calls.4 General Rules in Interpretation:4 General Rules in Interpretation:

1.1. Best interpretation is that which most plainly and Best interpretation is that which most plainly and completely gives effect to the intentions of the parties to completely gives effect to the intentions of the parties to the deed, as revealed by all the evidence available.the deed, as revealed by all the evidence available.

2.2. In regards to conflicts between calls the order of In regards to conflicts between calls the order of precedence is:precedence is:

a)a) Senior rightsSenior rightsb)b) A natural corner or boundary will stand against artificial.A natural corner or boundary will stand against artificial.c)c) Artificial corner or boundary that is identifiable, will control Artificial corner or boundary that is identifiable, will control

over calls of direction, distance, or area.over calls of direction, distance, or area.d)d) When a conflict between dimensions and area, the dimensions When a conflict between dimensions and area, the dimensions

will govern as long as they are consistent with evidence as to will govern as long as they are consistent with evidence as to monuments.monuments.

Interpretation of DescriptionsInterpretation of Descriptions

3.3. If a description is faulty due to an obvious error or If a description is faulty due to an obvious error or omission of essential data, every attempt is made omission of essential data, every attempt is made to render it valid rather than void.to render it valid rather than void.

4.4. If 2 interpretations are possible, the one that most If 2 interpretations are possible, the one that most benefits the purchaser will be used.benefits the purchaser will be used.

General Comments:General Comments: Where a description calls for a certain area, this Where a description calls for a certain area, this

area should be included within four lines forming area should be included within four lines forming a square, as nearly as possible.a square, as nearly as possible.

Definition of words:Definition of words:

1.1. Along or upon a road: means to the centerline of Along or upon a road: means to the centerline of the road.the road.

2.2. More or less: the purchaser accepts approximate More or less: the purchaser accepts approximate acreage.acreage.

Note: a description which fails to identify the county, Note: a description which fails to identify the county, state, ¼ section, township, and range in which the state, ¼ section, township, and range in which the property is located is ineffective unless the property is located is ineffective unless the property can still be identified.property can still be identified.

Private SurveysPrivate Surveys Authority of the surveyorAuthority of the surveyor

In all states surveyor is licensed by statute and it In all states surveyor is licensed by statute and it enables to surveyor to do certain functions and enables to surveyor to do certain functions and excludes others who are not licensed.excludes others who are not licensed.

Basis of Land surveys:Basis of Land surveys:1.1. Every parcel of land whose boundaries are surveyed and Every parcel of land whose boundaries are surveyed and

monumented by a land surveyor should be made conformable monumented by a land surveyor should be made conformable with the record boundaries of such land.with the record boundaries of such land. The relationship of possession lines and deed lines should be shown The relationship of possession lines and deed lines should be shown

on a plat or in a report furnished to the client.on a plat or in a report furnished to the client. Clients want to know if possession and title lines are the same.Clients want to know if possession and title lines are the same.

2.2. It is the obligation of the surveyor to inform the client as to It is the obligation of the surveyor to inform the client as to what documents are needed for the performance of a land what documents are needed for the performance of a land survey and he/she should base his/her survey on a satisfactory survey and he/she should base his/her survey on a satisfactory description from a document.description from a document. Includes recorded deed, easements, or other conveyances and the Includes recorded deed, easements, or other conveyances and the

research needed to confirm the descriptions exactness.research needed to confirm the descriptions exactness.

Research:Research:1.1. The surveyor examines all documents called for or implied in The surveyor examines all documents called for or implied in

the client’s conveyance.the client’s conveyance.2.2. Obtains copies of all maps or drawings called for.Obtains copies of all maps or drawings called for.3.3. Obtains copies of available documents and surveys of Obtains copies of available documents and surveys of

adjoining parcels made by public or private surveyors and adjoining parcels made by public or private surveyors and such other documents that describe interests.such other documents that describe interests.

3 main causes of disagreement between surveyors:3 main causes of disagreement between surveyors:1.1. Failure to locate all of the documents that give essential information Failure to locate all of the documents that give essential information

about the area being surveyed.about the area being surveyed.2.2. Inadequate field search for monumentation.Inadequate field search for monumentation.3.3. Incorrect interpretation of evidence or the meaning of documents.Incorrect interpretation of evidence or the meaning of documents.

Ownership:Ownership: The surveyor does not decide who owns land or property rights, The surveyor does not decide who owns land or property rights,

he locates boundaries in accordance with legal descriptions.he locates boundaries in accordance with legal descriptions. Encroachments:Encroachments:

The surveyor locates lines of possession that do not coincide The surveyor locates lines of possession that do not coincide with the written conveyances and informs clients of such facts with the written conveyances and informs clients of such facts in writing.in writing.

Search for monuments:Search for monuments: It is the obligation of the surveyor to search for all monuments It is the obligation of the surveyor to search for all monuments

called for, either directly or indirectly in the description and called for, either directly or indirectly in the description and find all available information pertaining to them.find all available information pertaining to them.

Search must prove either existence or explain nonexistence.Search must prove either existence or explain nonexistence. Do not place full weight on findings of another surveyor.Do not place full weight on findings of another surveyor. A thorough, diligent, and complete search of all evidence is the A thorough, diligent, and complete search of all evidence is the

fundamental essence of land surveying.fundamental essence of land surveying.

Possession Marking Original Survey Lines:Possession Marking Original Survey Lines: Because original lines marked and surveyed by an original Because original lines marked and surveyed by an original

surveyor control other elements in a deed, the surveyor surveyor control other elements in a deed, the surveyor should determine whether or not a line of possession should determine whether or not a line of possession represents a line marked by the original survey.represents a line marked by the original survey. It is the surveyors responsibility to investigate whether a line of It is the surveyors responsibility to investigate whether a line of

possession represents the original line of a so-called survey or whether possession represents the original line of a so-called survey or whether possession cane about for other reasons.possession cane about for other reasons.

At times possession may be the best available evidence remaining, but At times possession may be the best available evidence remaining, but such determination should only be made after a complete analysis of such determination should only be made after a complete analysis of all evidence.all evidence.

Evidence:Evidence: The surveyor locates land boundaries in accordance with the The surveyor locates land boundaries in accordance with the

available evidence.available evidence. A valid conveyance of land has a definite location on the ground and A valid conveyance of land has a definite location on the ground and

the mere loss of evidence does not invalidate the conveyance..the mere loss of evidence does not invalidate the conveyance.. The surveyor must have knowledge of the order of importance of The surveyor must have knowledge of the order of importance of

evidence.evidence.

Setting Monuments:Setting Monuments: All monuments set on a survey should be marked to indicate All monuments set on a survey should be marked to indicate

who set the monument.who set the monument. Plats:Plats:

A land survey should result in the delivery of a plat to the A land survey should result in the delivery of a plat to the client showing and describing the following:client showing and describing the following:a)a) All monuments found or set (described in detail)All monuments found or set (described in detail)

b)b) The basis of bearingsThe basis of bearings

c)c) The bearings and distances of all boundary linesThe bearings and distances of all boundary lines

d)d) The location of all lines of possessionThe location of all lines of possession

e)e) The location of encroachmentsThe location of encroachments

f)f) The identification and location of easementsThe identification and location of easements

Liability:Liability: The property surveyor is liable for damages resulting from facts The property surveyor is liable for damages resulting from facts

not in agreement with his certificate and is liable for failure to not in agreement with his certificate and is liable for failure to do what an ordinary prudent surveyor would do under the same do what an ordinary prudent surveyor would do under the same conditions.conditions.

To reduce liability it is wise for the surveyor to do more than the To reduce liability it is wise for the surveyor to do more than the minimum required.minimum required.

If the surveyor has actual or implied knowledge for which the If the surveyor has actual or implied knowledge for which the survey will be used, he/she is responsibility for researching and survey will be used, he/she is responsibility for researching and collecting all of the information covering that parcel and collecting all of the information covering that parcel and possibly adjacent contiguous parcels.possibly adjacent contiguous parcels.

When a surveyor accepts work or a plat of another surveyor, When a surveyor accepts work or a plat of another surveyor, he/she assumes all liabilities for any and all errors that may be he/she assumes all liabilities for any and all errors that may be present.present.

Future of PLSFuture of PLS

At crossroads:At crossroads: Regain Professionalism – equal to engineer in public Regain Professionalism – equal to engineer in public

eye.eye. Become Technicians – working under engineerBecome Technicians – working under engineer Key is Education – incoming and publicKey is Education – incoming and public Key is Pricing – as long as we undercharge for our Key is Pricing – as long as we undercharge for our

work we will get nowhere.work we will get nowhere.


Needs:Needs: Survey Authority:Survey Authority:

2 Branches: 1 Chicago area – 1 Rest of state2 Branches: 1 Chicago area – 1 Rest of state 2 Major Duties: 2 Major Duties:

Review all surveys to assure compliance to standardsReview all surveys to assure compliance to standards Depository for all surveys performedDepository for all surveys performed

Must be independent of political influenceMust be independent of political influence Funding based upon recording feeFunding based upon recording fee

Additional work on re-monumentationAdditional work on re-monumentation Re-Define Profession:Re-Define Profession:

Clarify what work falls under licenseClarify what work falls under license Broaden scopeBroaden scope GPSGPS


GISGIS What is the surveyors roleWhat is the surveyors role Is this going to eliminate the need for L.S.Is this going to eliminate the need for L.S. L.S. should be “supervisor” (legally required) of GIS work during L.S. should be “supervisor” (legally required) of GIS work during

certain phases.certain phases. When tied to control coordinate systemsWhen tied to control coordinate systems When representing cadastreWhen representing cadastre

California Law; Policy resolution 98-03: any person supervising California Law; Policy resolution 98-03: any person supervising the creation, preparation or modification of a GIS in areas the creation, preparation or modification of a GIS in areas connected with the state’s definition of land surveying must be connected with the state’s definition of land surveying must be licensed as a PLS or registered as a PE authorized to practice land licensed as a PLS or registered as a PE authorized to practice land surveying.surveying.

Surveyor must prepare to tie all surveys to State Plane Coordinates Surveyor must prepare to tie all surveys to State Plane Coordinates as a basis for GIS.as a basis for GIS.

Resurveys of Sectionalized LandsResurveys of Sectionalized Lands

The Bureau of Land Management has control of all The Bureau of Land Management has control of all government surveysgovernment surveys

Resurvey: a reconstruction of land boundaries and Resurvey: a reconstruction of land boundaries and subdivisions accomplished by rerunning and remarking the subdivisions accomplished by rerunning and remarking the lines represented in the field notes or on the plat of a lines represented in the field notes or on the plat of a previous official survey.previous official survey.

Retracement: merely measures lines and identifies Retracement: merely measures lines and identifies monuments or other marks of an established prior survey monuments or other marks of an established prior survey without restoration of lost corners or the reblazing of lines without restoration of lost corners or the reblazing of lines in timber.in timber.

Courts hold that original survey of public lands does not Courts hold that original survey of public lands does not ascertain boundaries, but creates them.ascertain boundaries, but creates them.


The original survey is the approved survey that creates the The original survey is the approved survey that creates the parcel of land. An original monument is one set or called parcel of land. An original monument is one set or called for in an original survey.for in an original survey.

Prior to approval, the government can make a “corrective Prior to approval, the government can make a “corrective survey”.survey”.

If more than one approved survey for a parcel exists, the most If more than one approved survey for a parcel exists, the most recent survey controls.recent survey controls.

When resurveying or dividing federally created sections of When resurveying or dividing federally created sections of land, federal rules for resurvey are followed:land, federal rules for resurvey are followed:

1.1. When the final court of adjudication resides in a federal court.When the final court of adjudication resides in a federal court.

2.2. When the state court has approved the federal rules.When the state court has approved the federal rules.


Types of resurveysTypes of resurveys

1.1. Dependent resurvey: first a retracement of all recoverable Dependent resurvey: first a retracement of all recoverable evidence of the original corners and lines and the evidence of the original corners and lines and the reestablishment of lost or obliterated corners and lines in reestablishment of lost or obliterated corners and lines in accordance with the best available evidence and accordance with the best available evidence and applicable rules of survey.applicable rules of survey.

Depends upon recovery of original corners and evidence of lines.Depends upon recovery of original corners and evidence of lines.

2.2. Independent resurvey: casts aside the original survey and Independent resurvey: casts aside the original survey and creates all new monuments and corners and may include creates all new monuments and corners and may include the establishment of new township lines without reference the establishment of new township lines without reference to the original survey.to the original survey.


Generally once completed these resurveys replace the Generally once completed these resurveys replace the original.original.

Federal Patent: means by which federal government grants Federal Patent: means by which federal government grants land to private individuals or corporations by way of a land to private individuals or corporations by way of a release or quit claim without warranty of title.release or quit claim without warranty of title.

Provided that a superior right is not interfered with or a Provided that a superior right is not interfered with or a fraud committed, the boundaries of the public land, when fraud committed, the boundaries of the public land, when approved, and patented are unchangeable.approved, and patented are unchangeable. Burden of proof is now on retracement surveyor to locate lines as Burden of proof is now on retracement surveyor to locate lines as

they were actually placed on the ground, not where they should they were actually placed on the ground, not where they should have been.have been.

Must Must “track in the footsteps”“track in the footsteps” of the original surveyor based on evidence. of the original surveyor based on evidence.

Resurveys of Sectionalized LandsResurveys of Sectionalized Lands The original township, section, and ¼ section corners (but The original township, section, and ¼ section corners (but

not closing corners) must stand as the true corner which not closing corners) must stand as the true corner which they were intended to represent, whether in the place shown they were intended to represent, whether in the place shown by field notes or not.by field notes or not.

The plat and all the original field notes become apart of the The plat and all the original field notes become apart of the grant. Errors on a plat are subordinate to the field notes.grant. Errors on a plat are subordinate to the field notes. Field notes are the main source of information which the Field notes are the main source of information which the

descriptive information concerning corners, monuments, descriptive information concerning corners, monuments, accessories, and line information can be found.accessories, and line information can be found.

Best evidence of how and where lines were run are in the notes.Best evidence of how and where lines were run are in the notes.

Resurveys of Sectionalized LandsResurveys of Sectionalized Lands A closing corner not actually located on the line that was A closing corner not actually located on the line that was

closed upon will determine the direction of the closing closed upon will determine the direction of the closing line, but not its legal terminus; the correct position is at the line, but not its legal terminus; the correct position is at the true point of intersection of the two lines.true point of intersection of the two lines.

After a line is run and established, it can’t be altered at a later After a line is run and established, it can’t be altered at a later date if a closing corner monument was not placed, the line can’t date if a closing corner monument was not placed, the line can’t be changed to fit the new corner, the closing corner must be be changed to fit the new corner, the closing corner must be moved to the line closed upon.moved to the line closed upon.

After making due allowances for natural changes, a After making due allowances for natural changes, a monument to be identifiable should not differ greatly from monument to be identifiable should not differ greatly from the following:the following:

1.1. The character and dimensions of the monument in evidence The character and dimensions of the monument in evidence should not be widely difference from the record.should not be widely difference from the record.

2.2. Markings in evidence should not be inconsistent with the record.Markings in evidence should not be inconsistent with the record.3.3. The nature of the accessories in evidence, including size, The nature of the accessories in evidence, including size,

position, and markings, should not vary greatly from record.position, and markings, should not vary greatly from record.


Make sure appropriate field notes are checked.Make sure appropriate field notes are checked. Most common monuments are posts, stones, stone mounds, and Most common monuments are posts, stones, stone mounds, and

dirt mounds with pits.dirt mounds with pits. Many original monuments have been replaced by county surveyors with Many original monuments have been replaced by county surveyors with

minimal records.minimal records. If monuments different than those called for are found, reputation and If monuments different than those called for are found, reputation and

common usage must be relied on.common usage must be relied on. Bearing trees called for have equal dignity with the corner itself.Bearing trees called for have equal dignity with the corner itself.

If scribes exist, they must be consistent with notes.If scribes exist, they must be consistent with notes.

Where an acceptable map or plat indicates and depicts the Where an acceptable map or plat indicates and depicts the found location of an original corner, the corner, if found location of an original corner, the corner, if obliterated, may be relocated from said map. (Co. Surveyor obliterated, may be relocated from said map. (Co. Surveyor Records, Highway Maps)Records, Highway Maps)

Resurveys of Sectionalized LandsResurveys of Sectionalized Lands The original location of a corner may be restored at a spot The original location of a corner may be restored at a spot

pointed out by an old resident, who saw the original corner pointed out by an old resident, who saw the original corner and knows where its former location was.and knows where its former location was. The witness evidence no more weight than would be given in court The witness evidence no more weight than would be given in court

and should not be hearsay.and should not be hearsay. Obtain signed affidavit by the witness.Obtain signed affidavit by the witness. Care should be taken against prejudiced testimony.Care should be taken against prejudiced testimony. Make sure that statements taken under oath contain facts as to the Make sure that statements taken under oath contain facts as to the

witnesses personal knowledge.witnesses personal knowledge. Under special conditions a corner location can be accepted Under special conditions a corner location can be accepted

by common usage of position.by common usage of position. Roads which have been placed on section lines and over a period Roads which have been placed on section lines and over a period

of time have become the accepted line and best evidence of the of time have become the accepted line and best evidence of the line location.line location.


Identification of Original Lines RunIdentification of Original Lines Run Where the direction of a line can be determined from the mean Where the direction of a line can be determined from the mean

position of line trees or blaze markers of the original survey, the position of line trees or blaze markers of the original survey, the direction established can be controlling where the corner direction established can be controlling where the corner monument is lost. At times a stream or some other natural feature monument is lost. At times a stream or some other natural feature may become controlling, especially if the natural feature is in close may become controlling, especially if the natural feature is in close proximity of the corner.proximity of the corner.

Many original notes give distances to natural objects as they were crossed Many original notes give distances to natural objects as they were crossed by the line.by the line.

Subdivision of SectionsSubdivision of Sections

Protraction is the method of breaking a section downProtraction is the method of breaking a section down Regular sections on plat have dotted lines connecting ¼ corners Regular sections on plat have dotted lines connecting ¼ corners

to indicate they are to be subdivided by running straight lines to indicate they are to be subdivided by running straight lines between ¼ corners.between ¼ corners.

Further breakdown is to be done in the same manner unless Further breakdown is to be done in the same manner unless irregular conditions exist.irregular conditions exist.

Under irregular conditions, dotted lines exist for breakdown into ¼, ¼ Under irregular conditions, dotted lines exist for breakdown into ¼, ¼ with distance and areas shown.with distance and areas shown.


1.1. Where an original ¼ corer was not originally set, place the Where an original ¼ corer was not originally set, place the missing corner on the correction, range, or township line at missing corner on the correction, range, or township line at a point between the found or relocated closing section a point between the found or relocated closing section corners a distance that is proportional to the measurement corners a distance that is proportional to the measurement used for the acreage calculations on the original plat.used for the acreage calculations on the original plat.

The missing corner is usually set midway between closing section The missing corner is usually set midway between closing section corners in section six where it is usually 40 chains proportional corners in section six where it is usually 40 chains proportional measure from the northeast or southeast closing section corner.measure from the northeast or southeast closing section corner.

Applies in the following:Applies in the following:

1.1. Sections closing on a correction lineSections closing on a correction line

2.2. Sections closing on a range line with double or triple cornersSections closing on a range line with double or triple corners

3.3. Sections closing on a township line with double or triple cornersSections closing on a township line with double or triple corners


2.2. The method to be followed in the subdivision of a section The method to be followed in the subdivision of a section into ¼ sections is to run straight lines from the established into ¼ sections is to run straight lines from the established ¼ corners to the opposite ¼ corner; the point of ¼ corners to the opposite ¼ corner; the point of intersection is the legal center of the section.intersection is the legal center of the section.

From 1849-1851, Butterfield, Commissioner of the General From 1849-1851, Butterfield, Commissioner of the General Land Office issued special instructions which directed that the Land Office issued special instructions which directed that the center ¼ corner be located at the midpoint of a line connecting center ¼ corner be located at the midpoint of a line connecting the east and west ¼ corners.the east and west ¼ corners.

If it can be shown that a corner was set be this method during this period, If it can be shown that a corner was set be this method during this period, the corner is the true center of section.the corner is the true center of section.

Often the use and possession point and true center of section Often the use and possession point and true center of section does not agree.does not agree.

The surveyor must investigate this difference, the possession point may The surveyor must investigate this difference, the possession point may control the property, but is not the true center of section.control the property, but is not the true center of section.

Subdivision of SectionsSubdivision of Sections3.3. Prior to the subdivision of ¼ sections, ¼, ¼ or 16Prior to the subdivision of ¼ sections, ¼, ¼ or 16 thth corners corners

will be established at points midway between the sections will be established at points midway between the sections and ¼ section corners and between the ¼ section corners and ¼ section corners and between the ¼ section corners and the center of section, except on the last half mile of and the center of section, except on the last half mile of the lines closing on township boundaries.the lines closing on township boundaries.

In the last ½ mile they are placed at 20 chains counting from the In the last ½ mile they are placed at 20 chains counting from the regular ¼ section corner.regular ¼ section corner.

When 16When 16thth corners are set, lines will be run straight between corners are set, lines will be run straight between opposite corresponding ¼, ¼ corners. The intersection of the opposite corresponding ¼, ¼ corners. The intersection of the lines thus run will determine the legal center of ¼ section.lines thus run will determine the legal center of ¼ section.

4.4. Center lines of fractional sections where no opposite Center lines of fractional sections where no opposite corresponding corner exists or can be relocated, the corresponding corner exists or can be relocated, the boundary lines shall be run from the established corners boundary lines shall be run from the established corners due north, south, east, or west as needed to the water-due north, south, east, or west as needed to the water-course, Indian boundary, or other external boundary of course, Indian boundary, or other external boundary of such fractional township.such fractional township.


5.5. Surveyors should always rely on original corners to set or Surveyors should always rely on original corners to set or position lost corners.position lost corners.

Never rely on 16Never rely on 16thth corners to reestablish ¼ corners corners to reestablish ¼ corners Retracement surveyors should not go from within a section to set Retracement surveyors should not go from within a section to set

a corner along the section line.a corner along the section line. Measurements from interior corners should only be used to provide Measurements from interior corners should only be used to provide

evidence as to the correct location on a section line.evidence as to the correct location on a section line.

6.6. Procedure for Retracement survey:Procedure for Retracement survey:a.a. Should be planned in advance so nothing is overlookedShould be planned in advance so nothing is overlookedb.b. Suggested steps:Suggested steps:

1.1. Obtain all necessary original field notes and township plats pertaining to Obtain all necessary original field notes and township plats pertaining to the area being surveyed.the area being surveyed.

2.2. Search all records for subsequent surveys conducted by private or public Search all records for subsequent surveys conducted by private or public parties.parties.

3.3. Contact old residents concerning ancient land boundaries.Contact old residents concerning ancient land boundaries.


4.4. Examine all pertinent deeds of landowners long the lines to be surveyed Examine all pertinent deeds of landowners long the lines to be surveyed and any record documents that may show easements or encumbrances.and any record documents that may show easements or encumbrances.

5.5. Make a diligent search for all necessary corners and apply the rules of Make a diligent search for all necessary corners and apply the rules of evidence to determine whether a corner is original, obliterated, or lost.evidence to determine whether a corner is original, obliterated, or lost. If it is lost, reposition corner using proper rules of survey.If it is lost, reposition corner using proper rules of survey.

6.6. Set new monuments for new position and replace and deteriorated Set new monuments for new position and replace and deteriorated monuments.monuments.

7.7. Subdivide the section and set any required subdivision corners according Subdivide the section and set any required subdivision corners according to applicable rules of survey.to applicable rules of survey.

8.8. Prepare and file a record of survey indicating the dignity of all points Prepare and file a record of survey indicating the dignity of all points recovered or set and identify all pointsrecovered or set and identify all points Furnish client with report of methods used, monuments set, and decisions Furnish client with report of methods used, monuments set, and decisions

made.made.

7.7. In Illinois – file Monument Record on all original corners.In Illinois – file Monument Record on all original corners. IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE RETRACEMENT SURVEYOR TO IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE RETRACEMENT SURVEYOR TO FOLLOW IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEYOR AS NEARLY FOLLOW IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEYOR AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE.AS POSSIBLE.

Restoration of Lost CornersRestoration of Lost Corners

1.1. Relocate lost cornersRelocate lost cornersa)a) All lost corners are to be relocated by proportionate measure All lost corners are to be relocated by proportionate measure

with due regard to the principle of the precedence of one line with due regard to the principle of the precedence of one line over another of less original importance. over another of less original importance.

2.2. Proportionate Measure or ProrationProportionate Measure or Prorationa)a) In proportionate measure, the new values given to several parts In proportionate measure, the new values given to several parts

as determined by the re-measurement, shall bear the same as determined by the re-measurement, shall bear the same relation to the record lengths as the new measurement of the relation to the record lengths as the new measurement of the whole line bears to that record.whole line bears to that record.

b)b) Single proportionate measurement – is applied to a new Single proportionate measurement – is applied to a new measurement made on a line to determine one or more positions measurement made on a line to determine one or more positions on that line.on that line.

By court ruling, original monuments, except closing corners, are fixed in By court ruling, original monuments, except closing corners, are fixed in position and can’t be moved.position and can’t be moved.

Not all lines are straight lines.Not all lines are straight lines.


c)c) Double proportionate measurement – are applied to Double proportionate measurement – are applied to new measurements made between four known corners, new measurements made between four known corners, two each on intersecting meridional and latitudinal for two each on intersecting meridional and latitudinal for the purpose of relating the intersection of both.the purpose of relating the intersection of both.

d)d) Importance of on line over another – as between single Importance of on line over another – as between single and double proportionate measurement, the principle of and double proportionate measurement, the principle of precedence of one line over another of less original precedence of one line over another of less original importance is recognized, thus limiting the control of importance is recognized, thus limiting the control of each method.each method.

Corners on township line, not those set laterCorners on township line, not those set later Order of precedence based on how set, township then interior Order of precedence based on how set, township then interior

from SE corner.from SE corner.


3.3. Restoration of Lost Standard Corners on Standard Restoration of Lost Standard Corners on Standard Parallel, Correction Lines and Base Lines.Parallel, Correction Lines and Base Lines.

Lost standard corners will be restored to their original position Lost standard corners will be restored to their original position by single proportionate measurement on the true line connecting by single proportionate measurement on the true line connecting the nearest identified standard corners on opposite sides of the the nearest identified standard corners on opposite sides of the missing corner. Proper adjustment should be made to secure the missing corner. Proper adjustment should be made to secure the correct latitude curve.correct latitude curve.

Closing corners are not to be used for either direction or Closing corners are not to be used for either direction or measurement.measurement.

Standard corners are all corners which were established on the Standard corners are all corners which were established on the standard parallel during the original survey of that line.standard parallel during the original survey of that line.


4.4. Restoration of Lost Township Corners on Restoration of Lost Township Corners on Principle Meridians and Guide MeridiansPrinciple Meridians and Guide Meridians

when the principle meridian or guide meridian was when the principle meridian or guide meridian was established by alignment in one direction only, lost established by alignment in one direction only, lost township corners on such lines shall be restored by township corners on such lines shall be restored by single proportionate measurement.single proportionate measurement.

Where guide meridians were established as part of Where guide meridians were established as part of original contract, the township corners located thereon original contract, the township corners located thereon should be relocated by double proportionate should be relocated by double proportionate measurement.measurement.


5.5. Restoration of Lost Township and Section Corners Restoration of Lost Township and Section Corners Originally established with cross ties in four directions Originally established with cross ties in four directions will be relocated by double proportionate measurement.will be relocated by double proportionate measurement.

6.6. Restoration of lost corners along township lines will be Restoration of lost corners along township lines will be restored by single proportionate measurement.restored by single proportionate measurement.

Exception to this principle will be noted in case of any exterior Exception to this principle will be noted in case of any exterior with a record deflection in alignment between township cornerswith a record deflection in alignment between township corners

Township lines were established before subdivision of sections.Township lines were established before subdivision of sections.

7.7. Restoration of lost township and section corners where the Restoration of lost township and section corners where the line was not established in one direction.line was not established in one direction.

The record distance will be used to the nearest identified corner The record distance will be used to the nearest identified corner in the opposite direction.in the opposite direction.


8.8. Restoration of lost corners where the intersecting lines Restoration of lost corners where the intersecting lines have been established in only two directions, the record have been established in only two directions, the record distances to the nearest identified corners on those two distances to the nearest identified corners on those two lines will control the position of the temporary points, lines will control the position of the temporary points, then from the latter the cardinal offsets will be made to fix then from the latter the cardinal offsets will be made to fix the desired point of intersection. the desired point of intersection.


9.9. QUARTER-SECTION Corners in regular section within QUARTER-SECTION Corners in regular section within the township will be restored by single proportionate the township will be restored by single proportionate measurement between adjoining section corners, after the measurement between adjoining section corners, after the section corners have been identified or relocated.section corners have been identified or relocated.

An exception occurs when original lines had angular deflection.An exception occurs when original lines had angular deflection.

10.10. Quarter-section corners where only part of a section was Quarter-section corners where only part of a section was originally surveyed will be restored by record bearing and originally surveyed will be restored by record bearing and distance, counting from the nearest regular course which distance, counting from the nearest regular course which has been identified or restored.has been identified or restored.


11.11. A lost closing corner on a standard parallel will be reestablished on A lost closing corner on a standard parallel will be reestablished on the true line that was closed upon and at the proper proportional the true line that was closed upon and at the proper proportional interval between the nearest regular corners to the left and right.interval between the nearest regular corners to the left and right.

The only corners that will control the direction of the line being closed upon The only corners that will control the direction of the line being closed upon are:are:

a)a) Standard township, standard section, and standard ¼ corners.Standard township, standard section, and standard ¼ corners.b)b) Meander corners terminating the survey of the standard parallelMeander corners terminating the survey of the standard parallelc)c) Closing corners in those cases where they were originally established by Closing corners in those cases where they were originally established by

measurement along the standard line as points from which to start a survey.measurement along the standard line as points from which to start a survey.

12.12. Lost North Quarter corner in a closing section which was originally Lost North Quarter corner in a closing section which was originally set, the lost corner will be reestablished on the closing line at a set, the lost corner will be reestablished on the closing line at a point at the proper proportionate interval between the nearest found point at the proper proportionate interval between the nearest found or relocated corners to the right and left.or relocated corners to the right and left.

land surveying

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