Research Report On Land Surveying

Contents Introduction 3

History of Land Surveying in Australian Capital Territory 3

Site selection 3

The Role and Responsibilities of the Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development

Directorate Formally Known and ACT Planning and Land Authority 4

What Education and Training is required to become a Land Surveyor 5

1. Fundamental elementary school classes 5

2. Interface a degree in Surveying Methods 5

3. Bachelor’s Degree Programs 5

4. Master’s Degree 5

5. Licensing Requirements 6

The General Role and Responsibilities of a Register Surveyor in the ACT 6

Describe and list the Various Hand Tools and Optical Instruments that a Land Surveyor would

have used at the Beginning of the 19 th Century 7

1. Units of measurement 8

2. The surveyor’s chain 9

3. The Circumferentor 11

4. The Theodolite 12

5. The Plain Table 13

6. The level 15

7. The Semicircle 16

8. Protractors 17

9. Surveyor’s field books 19

10. The perambulator 20

11. The Pantographia 21

Describe and list the various hand tools and optical instruments that a Land Surveyor Would

Use in Current Times 22

1. Surveying Tripod 22

2. Prism Pole and Prism 22

3. Magnetic Locator. 23

4. Brush Axe 24

5. Surveyors Safety Vest 24

6. Surveyors Roll Flagging 25

Conclusion 25

Reference 26

Introduction Land surveying is defined as the activities intended to identify the features and boundaries of

lands to determine the ownership of that land (Hendricks, 1876). The surveyors are employed in

the construction projects which have been ranging from building fences to entire cities. A land

survey can also be defined as a scientific process of calculating and measuring the dimensions

of a particular area on earth’s surface which includes directions, angles, horizontal distances

and elevations. There are three major types of land surveying which are Geodetic Survey,

Topographic Survey and the Cadastral Survey. Throughout this research report, we will be

exploring the history of land surveying in Australian Capital Territory and thus hereby conducting

a research on the surveyors roles and responsibilities and the instruments they have been used

in past and present.

History of Land Surveying in Australian Capital Territory The very initial practice of land surveying was conducted by measuring the ACT/NSW border

from 1910 to 1915 (Mackerras, 2010). During this period, Field books were used to take the

records of the survey details with the marking of boundaries to identify what was referred to then

as the Federal Capital Territory.

● Site selection

In 1910, there were many sites for the Federal Capital Territory which is now known as ACT

were considered for the land surveying but until the year of 1908, there was no final site

selection. The region of Yass-Canberra was selected for the Federal Capital as the first Seat of

Government Act. Charles Robert Scrivener (1855-1923) was employed as the Department

District Surveyor for Hay, NSW at that time for the task to identify the best site as Canberra’s

Capital City. Later he had worked as the NSW Department of Lands Surveyor at Hay and

Wagga Wagga and then he joined Commonwealth and identified the potential best sites for the

Federal Capital Territory at Dalgety and Yass-Canberra (Mackerras, 2010). He was also

awarded for Imperial Service Order on his retirement in the year of 1915. Scrivener chose a

village centered area of Canberra. The Federal Capital Advisory Board then approved his

references but was unable to adopt its border proposals for the Territory. It was because of the

reluctance of New South Wales losing an important regional center (Queanbeyan) and to uproot

and resettle the residents of the Molonglo-Queanbeyan River basins. NSW provided the Naas

and Gudgenby river basins as substitutes (Mackerras, 2010).

In October 1909, the Prime Minister and Prime Minister of New South Wales approved the area

that could have been sold by New South Wales to the Commonwealth. The Federal District was

born with two offices complementing government business in 1909 (delivered by NSW and

accepted by the Community), which allocated land to the Commonwealth on 1st January, 1911.

After selecting the new capital location, it was necessary to conduct a survey of the regions to

provide more accurate information about the Commonwealth and, in particular, to provide basic

topographic surveys for future design competitions in Canberra. The Scrivener Land and Survey

Bureau prepared the contour map for the city area and conducted further investigations into the

supply of water, roads, railways and land divisions.

The Role and Responsibilities of the Environment, Planning and

Sustainable Development Directorate Formally Known and ACT

Planning and Land Authority

The Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate basically focuses on

leading the nation towards achieving developed and sustainable outcomes to create a livable as

well as sustainable city. The key responsibility of the Directorate is developing and then

implementing a various and wide range of policies, processes and programs regarding city

planning and development and controlling the impacts of climate change as well as

environment. (Roosa, 2004) The Directorate has been divided into two divisions with the

dedication to the delivery of developed and sustainable outcomes for the Territory (Arrowsmith

and Williamson, 1990). These two divisions are:

● The Environment Division: This division is responsible for the conservation research,

water management, heritage, conservation policy, and environmental protection policy,

also including the ACT Parks as well as the Conservation Services.

● The Climate Change and Sustainability Division: The second division is responsible

for providing 100% of renewable energy by the end of 2020, and carbon neutrality by the

end of 2050 in accordance with the latest climate adaptation activities. (Mahmuda and

Webb, 2016) Efficiency Improvement Program, Actsmart program and the Energy and

the Neutral Carbon Government provide energy savings in this area. (Watson et al.,

2017)

The role and responsibilities of the Directorate’s planning include the land authority’s

management of development assessment and the planning under the Planning and

Development Act 2007. The Authority likewise runs a territorial arrangement that gives an

Approach Structure to Arranging Administration in ACT (Mackerras, 2010). Direction for other

arranging related capacities incorporates development arranging, renting, LAN data, arranging

based research, street and rural names, arrive advancement undertakings and arranging

arrangements, including the Public Housing Renewal Taskforce and Asbestos Response

Taskforce (Williamson, 1987). However the overall the role and responsibilities of the

Directorate and the Authority include the following:

● To ensure a fully sustainable as well as creative city of Canberra.

● To build up a community which will be socially inclusive a conceding and supporting the

vulnerable and needy people and enabling them to reach their highest potential.

● To create a center of economic growth as well as innovations

● Building up a place enriched with natural beauty.

● Creating the capital of the nation and the pre-eminent cultural institutions of it.

What Education and Training is required to become a Land Surveyor It takes a considerable measure of particular preparing before the individual turns into a

surveyor. These experts require inside and out learning of mapping, geology and land laws and

drafting keeping in mind the end goal to effectively total their activity obligations.

1. Fundamental elementary school classes

While in secondary school, understudies wishing to wind up land investigators must take the

geology class, since this will help them to know the distinctive attributes of the territory.

Mechanical illustration courses, drawing and PC innovation can likewise be helpful, as this

learning is frequently utilized by questioners. Numerical materials including trigonometry,

geometry and variable based math are likewise prescribed for potential meters. (Land surveyors'

examination, 1914)

2. Interface a degree in Surveying Methods

Rural instruction for the most part starts with a member in connected science in the field of land

looking over, topographic innovation or cartography. One of these evaluations is generally

offered at the Junior college and can take up to two years to finish. Over the span of this course,

a few courses may incorporate arrangement arranging, PC helped composing and task

administration. In some cases you can spend in the field while taking some of these lessons.

The cost of acquiring this certificate is about $ 25,000, which incorporates the cost of instruction,

books and charges.

3. Bachelor’s Degree Programs

While attaining a degree, understudies will depend intensely on cutting edge innovation and will

figure out how to utilize GPS and GIS to decide land limits. A few courses incorporate mapping

of the development site, prologue to geomatics and urban advancement. Numerous schools

likewise expect understudies to finish an entry level position program with a neighborhood

overseer before graduation. Yearly expenses can extend from $ 6,500 to $ 20,800. Books can

add an extra $ 1000 to $ 1400 to this figure and the yearly expense can reach $ 400.

4. Master’s Degree

Accomplishing the Bachelor’s degree, it might take a few years to finish a Master’s degree in

geology. To qualify, a few classifications that might be vital are the legitimate parts of studying,

looking over devices, and point estimation. The cost of training can be about $ 16,400 a year.

Books and supplies can cost around $ 1100, nourishment and convenience $ 10,880 and

incidental costs about $ 1000. (Land surveyors' examination, 1914)

5. Licensing Requirements

All states require that land auditors have consent to hone. The State Board of Designers is

generally in charge of checking topographic licenses. With a specific end goal to get a permit,

hopefuls must exhibit that they have preparing or a farming master. Subsequent to doing as

such, they will have the capacity to direct an examination covering laws identifying with land

resources and divulgence systems, among others. The cost of directing a test can run between

$ 40 and $ 100, and the individuals who wish to work in excess of one state must get a permit

from every ward. (Smith, 1972)

In spite of the fact that surveyors utilize innovation all the time, quite a bit of their preparation

may incorporate the utilization of old archives or maps. Controllers can keep on using these

verifiable records later on, which implies that the ideal preparing system will incorporate old and

new discovery methods (Land Surveyors Examination. Australia and New Zealand, 1914).

The General Role and Responsibilities of a Register Surveyor in the ACT A register Surveyor plays an important and irreplaceable role in the Planning and Land Authority

Directorate Authority Functions. (Morgan, 1965) A register Surveyor in the ACT:

● Sets up rules for the direct of the survey, in meeting with the Warning Panel on

Operational Examinations

● Research and resolve objections against surveyors

● Keeps up an enroll of overseers and decides their qualification for enlistment

● Counsel key approach issues identified with revelation rehearse

● Confirmation of reviewers' work

● Counsel and educate the Priest preceding taking pastoral orders on the act of

geology

● Keeps up an electronic ground database in ACT

● Checks the length estimation in ACT.

● Guarantees saved plans

● Performs assignments identified with landscape to distinguish land and property

limits.

● The chief surveyors is additionally an individual from the Government Commission

for the Re-division of Voting public in the Australian Capital Domain, a redistribution

advisory group for the Administrative Gathering of the Australian Capital District,

speaking to ACT in the surveys and survey discussions (Land Surveyors

Examination. Australia and New Zealand, 1914).

● Leads records administration exercises and directing authentic and legitimate

property inquire about.

● Bolster estimation and field plan.

● Advancement and examination of agreements for land distinguishing proof projects.

● Leading standard figuring to decide the zones, statures and sizes of field

perceptions.

● Reads, utilizes and translates venture illustrations and topographic maps.

● Performs essential figuring utilizing information from field perceptions.

● Studies, learns and deciphers computer aided design applications.

● Bolster land product offering organizer and inside plan group.

● Executes as a specialist on the cadastral issue as an individual from the group.

● Executes as a venture chief for extensive inner task mapping and mapping.

● Gives steady and top notch documentation for surveys, projects and development

projects for all customers in the locale.

● Contribution in the usage of mapping and surveying contracts for unspecified quality

(IQ).

● Executes as a specialized delegate for temporary workers (COTR) for a planner.

● Gives vertical and even control maps and government cost gauges for mapping and

survey projects.

Describe and list the Various Hand Tools and Optical Instruments that a Land Surveyor would have used at the Beginning of the 19 th Century An exact instrument is the most fundamental weapon in the surveyor's armory and the basic

issue of its capacity to work legitimately. Land instruments in the eighteenth and mid twentieth

hundreds of years are not by any means unfamiliar to present day typographers, yet numerous

contrasts fundamentally from current forms on account of mechanical and innovative

improvements more than two centuries (Ancient Surveying Instruments, 1929) . The

accompanying segments will analyze the different survey instruments utilized amid the

eighteenth and mid nineteenth hundreds of years, and additionally assess their utilization and

conceivable blunders that may happen.

1. Units of measurement

Discussions and descriptions of units of measurement can be found in some of the oldest

topographic guides and treaties that are kept in Irish bookstores. Valentine Leigh describes the

most profitable and praiseworthy topography (London, 1577). These units were used in the

sixteenth century and their relations with each other:

● Three Barley cones faire and round, taken out of the myddest of the ear, makes an inch.

● Twelve inches make a foot.

● Three foot makes a yard.

● Five yards and a half makes a perch, which in some countries men call a pole or rod.

● Four perches make a day work.

● Tenne daye work or forty perches makes a rode or quart of an Acre. A hundredth and Ir

perches or two rods make an acre.

Figure 1: Scale bar with Irish (top) and English (bottom) measurement systems, William Petty, Hiberniae Delineato (London, 1685).

2. The surveyor’s chain

The oldest and most basic instrument of surveyors was the surveyor’s chain which was

available in the 18th century. It has been used to measure distance, but can also be adapted to

angular measurement if necessary. The first documented guide to using the surveyor's chain in

Ireland was during exploration at the Wexford Farm in 161766, but it is likely to have been used

in different forms for eras before.

Figure 2: Putti with a surveyor’s chain, William Leybourn, The complete surveyor (London, 1674), preface.

Figure 3: Gunter’s Chain, National Science Museum, St. Patrick’s College Maynooth/NUIM, 362.802.1.This particular chain was made by J. C. Chesterman, Sheffield

(1790).The symbol ‘4P’ was stamped on each handle indicating four perches in length (photo taken by F.

3. The Circumferentor

At the beginning of the 18 th century, the circumferentor was the instrument chosen by the land

surveyors, but at the end of that century it slowly disappeared in the background with a

replacement of a theodolite. However, contemporary land surveying theses tell the story of how

the fate of the past circumferentor was as closed as the remnants of the past. The evolution of

optics and production techniques of manufacturing theodolite technology, united with the

intrinsic defects of the circumferentor, resulted into its demise.

Figure 4: Two Irish surveyors and their Circumferentors

4. The Theodolite

It was at the bleeding edge of the eighteenth century survey and has since been in a

predominant position. Regardless of the joining of PC programs, estimating the separation of

speed of light and GPS gear (GPS) on board, the fundamental ideas of telemetry innovation are

as yet the same as in the eighteenth century. The instrument is worked around two circles, one

even and one vertical, each separated into degrees, minutes and seconds. The even circle is

utilized to gauge the flat edge from the situation of the gadget to the perception point. The

vertical circle is utilized to gauge the vertical edge between the point and the face. 167 The

expansion of a vertical circle makes an unmistakable favorable position over the sea, where the

pillar can be utilized to amass focuses above or beneath the instrument skyline.

Figure 5: An eighteenth century Theodolite including inbuilt circumferentor, Samuel Wyld, The practical surveyor (London, 1725), preface.

5. The Plain Table

The basic table, otherwise called Panorganon, Paralleleppedon or Geometrical Table, is a

device for all intents and purposes vanished from present day surveys. Notwithstanding amid

the eighteenth century, the regular table was viewed as obsolete and once in a while said in

Irish survey arrangements.

Figure 6: A plain table, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia (2 vols. Dublin, 1741) ii, 19

Figure 7: Intersection using a plain table, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia (2 vols., Dublin, 1741), ii, 19.

6. The level

The level was basically a device in the nineteenth century started to discover its force in the

eighteenth century. There are moderately few composed contemporary postulation expositions,

few if the 18 th century levels are not accomplished in Dublin and most maps of this period do

not have any wellspring of rise. Among the numerous significant settlements counseled in this

exploration, there were just a couple of the above changes, with Dwindle Kalan's postulation on

the survey in Ireland (Drogheda, 1758) and Richard Castell's article on simulated route (Dublin,

1730).

Figure 8: Surveyor’s level, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia (2 vols, Dublin, 1741), ii, 19. Callan referred to levelling as ‘… the art ... to be deemed the business of the most

ingenious mathematicians’221 and over the course of the eighteenth century few Irish

7. The Semicircle

Figure 9: The semicircle, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia (2 vols, Dublin, 1741), ii, 19.

8. Protractors

Figure 10: A 360° protractor, Samuel Wyld, The Practical Surveyor (London, 1725), preface.

Figure 11: A 180° protractor, Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia (2 vols, Dublin, 1741), ii, 19x.

9. Surveyor’s field books

The surveyor’s field books were little note pads with a hard cover that looked like an advanced

A5 page (148.5 x 210 mm). The chancellery books were partitioned into sections and columns

by the assessor, proposing that they were ordinary books of clear pages that had been adjusted

by the reviewers and were not created particularly for recognition. The main time that one of the

surveyors did not require a field book was the point at which he was working with the regular

table, while the survey notes were drawn straightforwardly on the sheets

Figure 12: Example field book entry, Noble, Geodaesia Hibernica, p. 40, annotated by F. O’Cionnaith. This measurement system, using chain lengths rather than physical

distance, is radically different to modern land surveying techniques. It should be noted that ch

10.The perambulator

The perambulator was more appropriate for low-determination surveys, for example, street

separations, since tough landscape could cause wrong outcomes because of wheel slipping. In

any case, it gives a simple to-utilize elective for location strings when the accuracy got from the

strings isn't required.

Figure 13: A surveyor, possibly John Rocque with a perambulator

11.The Pantographia

The surveyors used Pantographia for reducing maps from one scale to the other throughout a

simple method of ratio conversion.

Figure 14: The pantographia, Samuel Wyld, The practical surveyor (London, 1725), preface.

Describe and list the various hand tools and optical instruments that

a Land Surveyor Would Use in Current Times There are lots of similarities in the hand tools and optical instruments of the surveyors in the

current century with the past 18 th and 19 th centuries. The instruments used in current century are

just technically developed and more useful. Here a list of current time hand and optical

instruments is given for the Land Surveyors. (Macdonald, 2002)

1. Surveying Tripod

Figure 15: Surveying Tripod

2. Prism Pole and Prism

Figure 16: Prism Pole and Prism

3. Magnetic Locator.

Figure 17: Magnetic Locator.

4. Brush Axe

Figure 18: Brush Axe

5. Surveyors Safety Vest

Figure 19: Surveyors Safety Vest

6. Surveyors Roll Flagging

Figure 20: Surveyors Roll Flagging

Conclusion Concluding the report, we can reach to the point to analyze the history of land surveying in

Australian Capital Territory and further we did a research on the roles and responsibilities of the

Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate Authority and besides that, we

have taken a short overview on the roles and responsibilities of a register surveyor in ACT.

Thus, the aim of this report is to understand the roles and responsibilities of a land surveyor and

to learn the basic requirements to become a register land surveyor in ACT. Thereby, in the last

section of the report a list of old and new instruments for the surveyors have been discussed to

widen their knowledge about the instruments and equipment of a land surveyor.

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