saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #3 (56), 201356)_2013.pdf„mefe liris“ scenuri interpretaciis...

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa

da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#3 (56), 2013

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (56), 2013

gamomcemloba `kentavri~

Tbilisi _ 2013

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)

s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (56), 2013

saredaqcio sabWo

maia goSaZeandro enuqiZelia kalandariSvili

literaturuli

redaqtorebi

marika mamacaSvilimaka vasaZe

garekanis dizaini

levan dadiani

dakabadoneba

ekaterineoqropiriZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZemaka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli

masala uzrunvelyofili unda

iyos Sesabamisi samecniero

aparatiT. Tan unda axldes

monacemebi avtoris samecniero

kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul

da inglisur enebze, agreTve

naSromis inglisurenovani

reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema

egzavneba sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis

gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti,

II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728

mob: +995 (95) 305 060

+995 (77) 288 750

E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #3 (56), 2013

Editorial GroupMAIA GOSHADZEANDRO ENUKIDZELIA KALANDARISHVILI

Literary EditorMARIKA MAMATSASHVILIMAKA VASADZE

Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientifi c appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualifi cation and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

4

sarCevisarCevi

TeatrmcodneobaTeatrmcodneoba

Tamar bokuCavaTamar bokuCava

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi

tipologiuri da esTetikuri Taviseburebis

Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde ....................................11

Tamar quTaTelaZeTamar quTaTelaZe

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia ......................................25

Tamar cagareliTamar cagareli

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _

mTeli msoflios ena .....................................................................38

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZesuliko (lamara) kirvaliZe

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis

meore naxevris erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi ...................................................................................................50

kinomcodneobakinomcodneoba

maia levaniZe maia levaniZe

sazogadoeba da pirovneba

miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam

gugulis budes gadaufrina~ ................................................63

lela oCiauri lela oCiauri

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze

gadasasvlelad ...................................................................................69

doqtorantTa doqtorantTa samecniero statiebisamecniero statiebi

maka vasaZemaka vasaZe

robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana

nawili IV

`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ ...............................87

5

paata iakaSvilipaata iakaSvili

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis

qarTul kinoSi ......................................................................................111

marika mamacaSvilimarika mamacaSvili

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi .........................123

laSa CxartiSvililaSa CxartiSvili

„liris“ geografia

„mefe liris“ scenuri interpretaciis ruka me-20 saukunis

meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi ...................................................138

nanuka xuskivaZenanuka xuskivaZe

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo

xelovnebaSi ............................................................................................145

6

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIES

Tamar BokuchavaON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICAL PECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICAL PROCESS FORM 1960-IES AND AFTER ......................................................161Tamar KutateladzeDRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELI ..................................163Tamar TsagareliYOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS A LANGUAGE OF WORLD ............................................................165Suliko (Lamara) KirvalidzeGEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography) ..............................................................................167

FILM STUDIES

Maia LevanidzeSOCIETY AND PERSONMilos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ ..............................................................................170Lela OchiauriGEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVE ON THE OTHER BANK ............................................................171

UNIVERSITY’Ph.D PROGRAM

Maka VasadzeROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN Part IV“What you will or Twelfth nights” .........................................175

7

Paata IakashviliTHREE LIVES ...............................................................................177 Marika MamatsashviliINVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUES ................................178Lasha ChkartishviliLEAR’S GEOGRAPHY“THE KING LEARS“ MAP OF SCENIC INTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF 20S OF EUROPEAN THEATRE ...........................................179Nana KhuskivadzeACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTING ...................180

9

Teatrmcodneoba

11

Tamar bokuCavaTamar bokuCava

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis

zogierTi tipologiuri da esTetikuri zogierTi tipologiuri da esTetikuri

Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan

dRemdedRemde1

`sadReisod, ara mxolod yoveli tradiciuli

erToblioba iqca babilonad, sadac erTmaneTs Seeria enebi

da gaqra saerTo rwmena, aramed dRes TiToeuli adamianic

aseTive babilonia, radgan misi arsebobis safuZvelSi

ukve aRar devs RirebulebaTa monoliTuri erToblioba~,

werda eJi grotovski werilSi `Teatri da rituali~,

romelic 1968 wels Tavisi mTavari speqtaklebis dadgmis

Semdeg gamoaqveyna.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskis werilis es citata

naTlad cxadyofs im realobas, romlis winaSec dadga

Tanamedrove Teatri da romlis wiaRSic unda moeZebna

mas Tavisi axali identoba. problema swored Teatris

ontologiuri statusis gadaxedvaSi, Teatris xelaxal

TviTdadgenaSi mdgomareobda. es TviTdadgena axali

kulturul-istoriuli realobis pirobebSi, masTan

mimarTebaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. es realoba

ki tradiciul RirebulebaTa da cnebaTa totaluri

gadafasebis process warmoadgenda. dasavleTis

filosofiurma da kritikulma azrovnebam gviani

modernisa da gansakuTrebiT postmodernis epoqaSi

dasavluri kulturis tradiciul msoflmxedvelobis

sabaziso debulebaTa gadasinjva ganaxorciela. maT

Soris gadaixeda adamianis anTropologiuri identobis

racionalisturi safuZvlebic, dairRva adamianis,

1 es naSromi avtorma saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi 2012 wels Catarebul konferenciaze

`XX saukunis saxelovnebo procesebi 1960-2000~ waikiTxa

12

rogorc mTlianobis xedva. gaCnda iseTi mimarTulebebi,

rogorebicaa scientizmi da transhumanizmi, romlebic

adamians ganixilaven rogorc tranzaciis procesSi myof

arss da ara rogorc Semdgar mTlianobas.

realobis, WeSmaritebis, enis adamianis, istoriis,

codnis, Tavad filosofiis cnebebi kritikis obieqti

gaxda. 1967 wels gamovida frangi filosofosisa da

kritokosis esse saxelwodebiT `avtoris sikvdili~.

bartis azriT mwerali teqstTan erTad ibadeba da

araviTari yofiereba ar gaaCnia arc manamde, arc mere.

faqtobrivad, mwerali mxolod erTgvari Camweria

(skriptoria), im informaciisa da mravlobiTi sazrisebisa,

romlebsac teqsti TavisTavad da upirovnod awarmoebs.

avtoris nivelirebis, misi `sikvdilis faqti~ dasavluri

logocentruli cnobierebis krizisis mauwyebelia.

`evropuli filosofiuri kosmogoniebisaTvis samyaros

formirebisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis iseTi modelebia

damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic sawyisi subieqtis - kosmiuri

procesis momwyobis da iniciatoris fiqsirebasa da

gamoyofas gulisxmobs. amdenad, kosmogoniuri procesi

ganixileba rogorc mocemuli subieqtis mizandasaxuli

saqmianobis Sedegi da, Sesabamisad, sawyis mizansa da

gonivrul logikas eqvemdebareba”.1

avtoris sikvdili dasavluri cnobierebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli logocentrizmisa da sazrisis

mimniWebeli sawyisis princips auqmebs. teqsti adamianis

cnobierebis produqtad aRar ganixileba. am logikiT,

pirovneba, rogorc subieqturi mTlianoba, rogorc

kosmogoniuri procesis avtori da warmmarTveli,

TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am garemoebam adamianis

anTropologiuri identobisa da mTlianobis problemac

wamoWra.

1 Можейко М.А. Смерть Автора, Новейший философский словарь, http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/New_Dict/722.php

Tamar bokuCava

13

dasavleli adamianis identobis RerZis dekonstruqciam,

ra Tqma unda, Teatraluri xelovnebis Teoriuli

safuZvlebic Searyia da Teatri ontologiur krizisSi

Seiyvana. ra unda daupirispiros aseT viTarebas

Teatrma?

albaT, swored am kiTxvaze surda gaeca pasuxi

polonel reJisors eJi grotovskis, romelmac 1958 wels

ludovik fliaSenTan erTad qalaq opoleSi `13 rigis~

laboratoriuli Teatri daaarsa. grotovskis Ziebebi

e.w. Raribi Teatris mimarTulebiT warimarTa, romlis

centralur figurad swored adamiani, kerZod ki msaxiobi

iqca. rodesac werilSi ̀ Raribi Teatrisaken~ grotovski

Tavisi Teatraluri Ziebebis e. w. meTodologias aanalizebs,

is daaskvnis, rom misi qmedeba TeatrisaTvis araarsebiTis

uaryofisa da gamoricxvis principiT xorcieldeboda.

`Cven vcdilobT ganvTavisufldeT ekleqtizmisagan,

Teatris aRqmisagan, rogorc sxvadasxva xelovnebaTa

sinTezisa anu /veswrafviT/ imis zust gansazRvras, Tu ra

warmoadgens Teatris Taviseburebas, gansakuTrebulobas

da ar SeiZleba iyos dublirebuli sxva sanaxaobaTa

mier... Teatris arsad Cven msaxiobis sulieri da sasceno

teqnika migvaCnia~.1 Sesabamisad, grotovski gamoricxavs

misive gansazRvrebiT `mdidari Teatris~ ekleqtur

praqtikas, Teatris arss aSiSvlebs da msaxiobamde dahyavs.

Tumca is aqac gaurbis swavlebis, wvrTnis, xelobis raime

deklarirebul racionalur principebs da transis

teqnikebs SeimuSavebs, romlebic `msaxiobis yvela

sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis integraciasa da intimur-

instiqturidan `gasxivosnebisaken~2 aris mimarTuli.

grotovskis meTodi, rogorc TviTonve ambobs, miznad

isaxavs, rom msaxiobma `treiningisadmi winaaRmdegoba~

Sewyvitos, gaqres gansxvaveba Sida impulssa da

1 Гротовский Ежи, К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.2 iqve;

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiuri

da esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde

14

gamovlenil reaqcias Soris, esaa erTgvari ̀ via negativa anu ara CvevaTa dajameba, aramed winaaRmdegobaTa mocileba~.1

rac Seexeba Teatraluri gamomsaxvelobis kodur niSnebs,

grotovski aqac zedmetis mocilebis, mokveTis gziT midis.

mis mizans ar warmoadgens raime tipis cxovrebiseuli

realobis imitacia, adamianis tipiuri qmedebebisa da

reaqciebis asaxva. `Cven rols vagebT, rogorc niSanTa

sistemas, - wers igi, - romlebic imas aSiSvleben, rac

yoveldRiurobis niRabqveSaa damaluli. ai, isic, adamianis

qcevis dialeqtika~.2

grotovskis e.w. sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia miTisa da umartivesi adamianuri viTarebebis Temas.

magram amas reJisori `raRac xelovnebis filosofiis~

meSveobiT ki ara, xelobis obieqturi kanonebis

meSveobiT aRwevs. `am TvalsazrisiT, wers grotovski,

sartrs daveTanxmebodi, imaSi rom `yovelgvari teqnika

metafizikisaken midis~. rac Seexeba teqsts, grotovskis

azriT, is warmodgenaSi Semodis ara gareSeE sazrisis

saxiT, aramed adamianis, aqtioris meSveobiT, intonaciiT,

bgeraTa SeTanxmebiTa da enis musikalobiT. miTis mimarT

reJisors specifikuri damokidebuleba aqvs, radgan

masSic is ukve mkvdradqceul formas xedvas, romelic

Tanamedrove adamianSi sruli moculobiT ar cocxldeba.

amitomac miTTan damokidebuleba grotovskis TeatrSi

miTTan konfrontaciis gziT xorcieldeba, radgan, misi

TqmiT, Tanamedrove adamians ukve aRar Seswevs Zala

`piradi simarTle universalur simarTlesTan gaaigivos~3.

maSin, rodesac Teatri ukve yalibdeboda, magram jer

kidev religiis wiaRSi arsebobda, is aTavisuflebda

sulier energias miTis sazeimo profanirebiT,

1 iqve;2 iqve;

3 Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.

Tamar bokuCava

15

darRveviT. am energiis gamoTavisufleba Tanamedrove

epoqaSi kombinirebuli midgomiTaa SesaZlebeli, xdeba

miTis morgeba, masSi STagrZnoba da, amave dros, masTan

Signidan dapirispireba sakuTari piradi da istoriuli

gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT. `Tu udidesi TavdamblobiT

vaSiSvlebT sakuTar TavSi yvelaze faruls, idumals,

TiTqos mTlianad veZleviT da msxverplad gaviRebT

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xelSeuxebels, cxovrebiseuli

niRabi imsxvreva.~1

`sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan am brZoliT,

Tavisi konkretulobiT, xelSesaxebobiT, cxovrebiseuli

niRbis moglejis mcdelobiT, TiTqmis fiziologiurobiT,

CemTvis Teatri TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeboda

provokaciasTan, sakuTari Tavis gamowvevasTan, am gziT

mayureblis gamowvevasTanac... aRqmis, xedvisa da gansjis

stereotipebis rRvevasTan, miT ufro ZlierTan da

sastikTan, radgan is adamianis organizmSi aisaxeba,

sunTqvaSi, sxeulSi, Sinagan impulsebSi; es tabus

darRvevis, transgresiis2 problemaa, rac saSualebas

gvaZlevs niRbis moglejiT gancdili Sokis meSveobiT

da sruli gaSiSvlebiT, gaxsniT, ganZarcviT – miveceT

raRacas, risi gansazRvrac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram

imas, rac erossa da karitass3 moicavs~.4

miTTan konfrontaciis, miTis ganzrax profanaciis

grotovskiseul meTods kritikosebi sxvadasxva saxels

uwodebdnen _ `fesvebTan dajaxebas~, `dacinvisa da

gaRmerTebis dialeqtikas~, `RvTisgmobiT gamoxatul

religias da siZulviliT gadmocemul siyvaruls~. Cemi

azriT, grotovskis mizanswrafvas swored adamianis

1 iqve;2 transgresia _ subieqtis mier sazRvrebis gadalaxva, sazRvrebs

miRma gasvla; 3 caritas (lat.) - mowyaleba, samsxverplo siyvaruli;4 Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.», 2009.



16

identobis legitimacia da yalbi danaSrevebisagan

ganTavisufleba warmoadgens. mas surs sicocxlis

ertianobis gancda daubrunos adamians da ideologiur

teqstTa tvirTqveS gaqrobisagan ixsnas.

`Teatrsa da ritualSi~ grotovski logikurad

agrZelebs da aviTarebs Tavis meTodologiasa da

Teatraluri xelovnebis miznebis miseul xedvas

ayalibebs. `Raribi Teatrisagan~ gansxvavebiT, mas aq

totaluri adamianis cneba Semoaqvs. faqtobrivad,

totaluri adamiani, ori figuris gaerTianebis Sedegia

– esaa koleqtiuri (gvarobrivi) da pirovnuli doneebis

gaerTianeba, ris Sedegadac miiReba mesame mTlianoba,

totaluri adamiani. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskis

dialeqtika winaaRmdegobaTa erTianobis miRwevas, balansis

aRdgenasa da umaRles sinTezs eswrafvis.

amasTan, grotovskis Teatri naTeli magaliTia imisa,

Tu rogor poulobs evropuli Teatri Tavisi sicocxlis

sawyisebs sxeulebrivis, mdablis, ̀ qvedas~ tradiciaSi, ris

Sesaxebac werda baxtini wignSi `fransua rable da Suas

saukuneebis xalxuri kultura~. qvemodan, sxeulebrividan,

fizikuridan cdilobs is adamianis anTropologiuri

mTlianobis ganxorcielebas. fizikuridan sulieris,

metafizikuris miRwevas. es procesi gare samyaroze

mimarTuli `fausturi~ zemoqmedebidan sakuTar Tavze

gadmorTviT, sakuTar Tavze produqtiuli ZaladobiT -

`sisastikis~ gziT xorcieldeba.

grotovskisTvis Teatri SeuZlebeli mTlianobis

miRwevis, aq da amwuTas yofierebaSi anTropologiuri

identobis problemis gadaWris SesaZleblobaa. Tu

misi Semoqmedebis pirvel etapebze is mayurebelTan

urTierTobis sakiTxsac did yuradRebas uTmobs, e.w.

paraTeatraluri periodSi Teatraluri sanaxaobis,

mayurebeli-msaxiobis dispoziciidan gadis da sxvadasxva

raodenobis adamianTa monawileobiT warmarTavs ukve

Tamar bokuCava

17

ritualad qceul praqtikas. ramdenadac cnobilia, swored

grotovskis Teatralurma praqtikam Cauyara safuZveli

Tanamedrove Teatraluri kulturis iseT fenomens,

romelsac saTeatro anTropologia ewodeba.

saTeatro anTropologia, rogorc damoukidebeli

swavleba 1980 wels euJenio barbam daafuZna. am swavlebis

TeoretikosTa Soris arian agreTve nikola savanareze,

riCard Sexneri da sxvebi. anTropologiuri skola

Teatris biologiur doneebs swavlobs, erTgvar ̀ teqnikaTa

teqnikebs~, romlebic yvela gansxvavebuli saTeatro

skolisa Tu teqnikebis saerTo safuZvlebs warmoadgens.

am SemTxvevaSic, muSaobis samizne aris ara mxatvruli

saxe, aramed msaxiobis zogadanTropologiuri `biosi~,

arayoveldRiuri `sxeulebrioba~. anTropologiuri

varjiSebis mizans e.w. sawyismieri gamomsaxvelobebis,

`pre-eqspresiuli~ mdgomareobebisa da daZabulobebis

miRweva warmoadgens. saxis, sxeulis, xelebis, moZraobis,

xmis elementuri Semadgenlebis, sivrceSi arsebobis

sawyisismieri principebi da sxv. barba am msaxiobebs

performerebs uwodebs aqtiorisagan gansxvavebiT, radgan

maTi moqmedebis veqtori sxeulis biologiuri sawyisebis

testirebaa Teatralur sivrceSi. aqtiori ki is subieqtia,

romelic mxatvruli saxis konstruirebaze muSaobs.

performersa da msaxiobs eJi grotovskic ganasxvavebda:

`performeri, - Tvlida is, - moqmedebis adamiania. es

is ar aris, vinc sxvis rols TamaSobs, is mocekvavea,

qurumi, meomari: is adamiania, romelic xelovnebis

kategoriaze maRla dgas. rituali – es aris performansi,

dasrulebuli moqmedeba, aqti. gadagvarebuli rituali –

es speqtaklia. me ar vapireb raime aRmoCenaTa gakeTebas,

me ubralod daviwyebul raRaceebs vixseneb. iseT Zvel

rameebs, rom esTetikuri kategoriebis mravalferovneba

maTdami gamousadegaria. me speqtaklis maswavlebeli

var. me performers vzrdi... es iniciacia da codnis



18

motacebaa. performeri - es cxovrebis wesia. SeiZleba

mas codnis adamiani vuwodoT.. codnis adamiani flobs

qmedebas da ara ideebsa da Teoriebs... codna qmedebis,

keTebis tolfasia.

performers SeuZlia Tavisi sxeulis sicocxlis

gaxmovaneba (sicocxle, romelic erTiani nakadiT

moedineba, artikulirebuli unda iyos. ritualis mowmis

sicocxle ufro daZabuli xdeba. performeri xidebis

mSenebelia.

performerisTvis warmodgena – es aris gza... gza

sxeuli-da-arsidan sxeuli-arsisaken.

Sida adamiansa da gare adamians Soris iseTive

gansxvavebaa, rogorc casa da miwas Soris.~

es aris nawyvetebi 1987 wels prizSi gamomcemloba

`art-presis” mier gamoqveynebuli grotovskis gamosvlis

teqstisa, sadac grotovski idealuri moswavlis

– performeris Sesaxeb saubrobs. amave gamosvlaSi

grotovski Tavis Tavs maswavlebels uwodebs, xolo

sxeuli-arsis miRwevis sademonstraciod moxucebuli

gurjievis parizSi gadaRebul fotos ixsenebs. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom grotovski am gamosvlaSi Tavisi Teoria

erTgvar logikur dasasrulamde mihyavs.

anTropologiuri mimarTuleba XX saukunis meore

naxevris Teatris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens.

grotovskis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, is scdeba Teatris,

rogorc mxolod xelovnebis farglebs da egzistenciis

ganxorcielebis, anTropologiuri sisrulis miRwevis,

sxeuli-arsis ganxorcielebis gzebze saubrobs. masTan

Teatri es aris codna, romelic sxeuliT miiRweva. sxeuli,

gorotovskisTan, cnobierebis qimerebisagan gansxvavebiT,

adamianis erTaderTi sakuTrebaa, mxolod sxeulisa da

warmodgenis realobis gziT SeiZleba gaikvalo gza

metafizikisaken, sxeuli-arsisaken da Sida adamianisaken.

meoce saukunis 60-ian 70-ian wlebis evropuli

Tamar bokuCava

19

Teatris kidev erTi tipologiuri Taviseburebaa

multikulturli proeqtebis xvedriTi wilis zrda.

es globalizaciis moTxovnebze Teatris pasuxis

erTgvari demonstraciaa, Tumca es proeqtebic adamianis

zogadanTropologiuri Zirebis mignebis surviliTaa

nakarnaxevi. am mxriv, niSandobliv eqsperiments warmoadgens

piter brukis mier qalaq persepolisSi aTarqserqses

akldamasTan ganxorcielebuli proeqti òrgasti~,

romelic reJisorma ted hiuzTan erTad moamzada. am

proeqtisaTvis specialurad, Seiqmna axali ena, romlis

leqsikoni 2000 sityvisagan Sedgeboda da TiToeuls

mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli. es ena universalur

fuZiseul enad iyo miCneuli. meTodologiurad,

òrgastis~ enis Seqmnis e. w. meTodologia grotovskis

Ziebebs gvagonebs. 1971 wlis Taimsis literaturul

damatebaSi1 ted hiuzi ambobda: `warmoidgineT musika,

romelic miwaSia damarxuli ramdenime aTasi welia...

fuZiseuli, ara is srulyofilad struqturirebuli

raime, rasac Cven vicnobT rogorc musikas, swored egaa

risi amoTxrac Cven gvsurs, enisa, romelic im qvemo

dones ekuTvnis, romelzedac gansxvavebebi Cndeba~...

hiuzis interviu gvaCvenebs, rom iseve rogorc

grotovski, bruki da misi Tanamoazreebic fuZiseuli

anTropologiuri bazisis monaxvas, eswrafvian. Tuki

grotovski mdidari Teatris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs,

bruki mkvdar Teatrs amxels. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavis

eqsperimentul ZiebebSi bruki, iseve rogorc grotovski,

Teatris meSveobiT globaluri adamianis anTropologiuri

identobis aRmoCenas eswrafvis.

evropocentrizmis kritikis Taviseburi gamovlineba

iyo ariane mnuSkines mier 1985 da 1987 wlebSi da dadgmuli

speqtaklebi - `sazareli magram dausrulebeli istoria

norodom sihanoukisa, kambojis mefisa~ da ìndiada anu

1 Hughes Ted. The Times literary supplement, 1 October, 1971.



20

maTi sizmrebis indoeTi~. `sinahukSi~ mnuSkine ganzrax

cvlida aziuri samyaros aRqmis tradiciul stereotipebs

da moqmedebaSi CarTul evropul xasiaTebs sasacilod da

egzotikurad warmoadgenda.

evropul kulturaSi mimdinare movlenebze Teatris

reaqciis meore gamoxatulebad e.w. mxatvris Teatris

formireba SeiZleba miviCnioT. gansxvavebiT grotovskis

Teatrisagan, romelmac maqsimalurad ganZarcva

scena da centraluri adgili saTeatro procesis

erTaderT aqtiors – performers mianiWa, kantori

adamianis portrets `umdablesi sagnobrivis realobis~,

`kombinirebuli obieqtebis~, adamianis gamanekenebis da

usulo sagnebze personaJuli funqciebis gadanawilebis

meSveobiT qmnis. is igonebs kombinirebul formebs,

qmnis sagnisa da msaxiobis simbiozs, msaxiobis sxeuls

ganixilavs rogorc erTgvar bio-elements, romelic

SeiZleba kombinirebul iqnes nebismier saganTan Tu

nivTTan – fuTasTan, abazanasTan, kovzTan, karTan, magidasTan,

TojinasTan da sxv. msaxiobi, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis

rekvizitis doneze dadis, ar xdeba misi fsiqologiuri

mxaris gamovlena, individualur SefasebaTa rigis

demonstracia. kantoris SemoqmedebaSi xdeba sulisa

da sxeulis maqsimaluri distancireba, sasceno qmedebis

subieqturobisagan, cocxali sulisagan dacla, sxeulisa

da sulis gaTiSva. Tu grotovski sxeulis meSveobiT

cdilobs erTianobas miaRwios, kantoris TeatrSi

piriqiT xdeba, is TiTqos imis demonstracias axdens,

rom sulma miatova sxeuli, Tu ganvazogadebT, sulma

datova Tanamedroveoba da is formaTa ironiul TamaSad

aqcia. kantoris Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT saintereso

etaps warmoadgens misi `sikvdilis Teatris~ cikli.

ciklis pirvel speqtaklSi `mkvdari klasi~ scenaze

kantoris bavSvobis suraTebi Caivlis, klasis TiToeul

moswavles manekeni-oreuli hyavs. movlenebi scenaze

Tamar bokuCava

21

sizmareuli xilvasaviT viTardeba, maT msvlelobas

ki reJisori scenidanve adevnebs Tvalyurs udidesi

TanalmobiTa da tkiviliT ganmsWvaluli. speqtaklis

dasasruls uzarmazari damlagebeli – sikvdilis

simboluri gansaxiereba - klass alagebs, finalSi ki

mravalxmiani litania JRers – moswavleTa mier sakuTari

Tavis datirebis rituali. kantoris cikli dasrulda

speqtakliT `dRes Cemi dabadebis dRea~, romlis

repeticiaze reJisiori gardaicvala. sikvdilis Teatris

cikli erTgvari reqviemia, romelic tadeuS kantorma

evropul kulturasa da misi iluziebis msxvrevas didi

tkiviliT miuZRvna, Tavad misi gardacvaleba ki bolo

dadgmis saxelwodebasTan mimarTebaSi, erTgvar ironiul

da, amave dros, romantikul simbolod iqca.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad grotovskisa da

kantors Soris arsebuli gansxvavebisa, orive humanistad

da metafizikosad darCa, radgan maTi mizani sxvadasxva

saxiTa da sxvadasxva kuTxiT adamianis arsebobis

reabilitacias warmoadgenda. grotovskim sxeulis

gavliT miaRwia totaluri adamianis metafizikur

mTlianobas, Tundac myisiers, xolo kantorma scenaze

Tavisi fizikuri TandaswrebiTa da TanalmobiT sulieri

refleqsiis materializacia moaxdina. amdenad, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom isini jer kidev metafizikosebi arian, radgan

`yovelgvari humanizmi metafizikuria~.1

postdramatul TeatrSi, romelsac am terminisa da

amave saxelwodebis wignis (1999) avtori hans Tie lemani

tadeuS kantorsac miakuTvnebs, vfiqrob, viTareba, ZiriTadSi

icvleba. rogorc Cans, aq saqme ukve e.w. arahumanistur an

posthumanistur anTropologiasaTan SeiZleba gvqondes,

romelic uaryofs adamianis ucvlel metafizikur pirvel

saxes, ̀ sadac adamiani ukve aRar warmoadgens izolirebul

da samyaros Seudarebel gansakuTrebul elements, raRac

1 Хайдеггер М. Время и бытие. М.: Республика, 1993. С. 197.



22

araCveulebrivi adamianuri arsiT dajildovebuls. is

garemoSia integrirebuli da im sistemis elements

warmoadgens, romlis nawilic aris Tavis garemosTan

erTad.~1 posthumanizmSi adamianis faqtoris gavrceleba

xdeba rogorc biologiur, ise teqnologiur sivrceebze.

adamiani erTgvar Ria, cvalebad, integralur sistemad

ganixileba. postdramatuli Teatris formebic adamianis

Sesaxeb anTropologiuri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad

yalibdeba. performanss, hefenings aRara aqvs pirobiTi

TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ierarqiuli struqtura,

Sekruli narativi, droisa da sivrcis monaduri koncepcia,

rac adamianis Sesaxeb monadur, metafizikur warmodgenas

Seesabameba. aRar moqmedebs mTlianobis kanonebi,

romlebic evropuli azrs antikurobidan gasdevs. es

formebi procesualur, spontanur, iniciator-monawileTa

mier provocirebul, magram bolomde arakontrolirebad

xasiaTs atareben, axasiaTebT moqmedebis simultanuroba

da spontanurobis iluzia, aRqmisa da komunikaciis

Secvlili formebi, improvizaciuli xasiaTi, Tumca ar

aRZraven mizanmimarTul refleqsias da ar eqvemdebarebian

logikur interpretacias.

aris Tu ara postdramatuli Teatri saqarTveloSi? am

kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema erTmniSvnelovnad Znelia. robert

sturuas speqtaklebi `iakobis saxareba~ da `stiqsi~

dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaros gareSe Seiqmna, Tumca, maT

kompoziciasa da struqturaSi mainc arsebobs rogorc

moqmedebis ganviTarebis logikuri dramaturgiuli

principebi, ise `metafizikuri humanizmi~.

1 Ямпольский Михаил. Дегуманизация образа, Новое Литературное Обозрение, №109, 3. 2011.

Tamar bokuCava

23

gamoyenebuli literatura:gamoyenebuli literatura:

Кобина Юлия Антропологизация духовных ценностей в 1. современной культуре Евгеньевна. Дис. канд. филос. наук: 09.00.13: Ставрополь, 2004 156 c. РГБ ОД, 61:04-9/391;http://www.dslib.net/religio-vedenie/kobina.htmlИванов В. От Ретеатрализации Театра к Театральной 2. Антропологии, «Антропологический подход в изучении драматургии» Российско-французская конференция. h t t p : / / w w w. n rg u m i s . r u / a r t i c l e s / a r c h i v e s / f u l l _ a r t .php?aid=100&binn_rubrik_pl_articles=298



25

Tamar quTaTelaZeTamar quTaTelaZe

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiagiorgi wereTlis dramaturgia

naSromSi gaanalizebulia XIX saukunis II naxevris

cnobili mwerlis, publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis,

n. avaliSvilis ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmivi dasis~ (1867)

wevris, giorgi wereTlis dRemde daubeWdavi dramebi:

,,ojaxis asuli~ da ,,daria~. agreTve piesa: `jibri~.

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgias laitmotivad gasdevs

brZola batonymuri Cagvrisa da qalTa uuflebobis

winaaRmdeg, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis

idea. piesebi gamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT da

maTSi sustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~

sawyisi konturebi. originaluri dramaturgiis simwiriT

gamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis giorgi wereTlis

dramaturgia saintereso SenaZens warmoadgenda.

giorgi wereTeli (fsevdonimi ,,Tergdaleuli~)

daibada 1842 wlis 14 maiss, zemo imereTis sofel

gorisaSi, aznaur eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi. igi XIX

saukunis meore naxevris erT-erTi originaluri komediis

,,qorwineba imereTis Tavadisa~ avtoris _ oqropir

wereTlis Zmiswuli iyo. dediT adre daoblebuli giorgis

aRzrda ZiZam da mzrunvelma mamam ikisres. mSobliur

ojaxSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 1851

wels g. wereTelma swavla ganagrZo quTaisis gimnaziaSi,

sadac im xanebSi swavlobdnen _ akaki wereTeli, niko

nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz da besarion

RoRoberiZeebi. quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis mkacri

reJimi da iq gatarebuli wlebi aisaxa g. wereTlis

avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi ,,Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~

(daibeWda Jurnal ,,krebulSi~, 1872-1873).

giorgi wereTelma warmatebiT daamTavra quTaisis

gimnazia (1860), swavla peterburgis universitetis

26

sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze ganagrZo. is i. WavWavaZis

irgvliv Tavmoyril qarTvel studentTa garemocvaSi

aRmoCnda. peterburgSi rusul da evropul revoluciur-

demokratiul da utopiur moZRvrebebs gaecno, romlebmac

gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes misi radikalur-

demokratiuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. g.

wereTeli dakavSirebuli iyo n. CerniSevskis Tanamoazre

rus, polonel da qarTvel studentebTan. 1861 wlis

Semodgomaze revoluciurad ganwyobilma studentebma

ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri politikis sawinaaRmdego

farTomasStabiani saprotesto demonstracia moawyves,

masSi monawileobdaGg. wereTelic. amis gamo sxva

studentebTan erTad daapatimres da sasjels jer petre-

pavles cixeSi, Semdeg ki kronStadtis satusaRoSi

ixdida.

1863 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSi dabrunda. muSaoba

daiwyo qarTuli enis pedagogad jer quTaisSi, Semdeg

Tbilisis n. jabadaris kerZo pansionSi, mogvianebiT

ki realur saswavlebelSi. igi iRvwoda skolebSi

mSobliuri enis swavlebis dasamkvidreblad da Tbilisis

universitetis dasaarseblad.

giorgi wereTlis warmatebuli literaturuli

debiuti Sedga i. WavWavaZis ,,saqarTvelos moambis~

1863 wlis # 5-Si gamoqveynebuli publicistur-

kritikuli statiiT ,,ciskars ra akakanebda?~. am

werilSi avtori gabedulad TanaugrZnobda axali Taobis

demokratiul ideebs da ibrZoda Jurnal ,,ciskris~

konservatiuli tendenciebis winaaRmdeg.Gg. wereTlis

saxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli da ucxouri mwerlobis

klasikosTa popularizacia, Jurnalistikisa da

literaturaTmcodneobis ganviTareba, rac miznad isaxavda

sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, Tvalsawieris

gafarToebas, TviTSegnebis amaRlebasa da erovnuli

siamayis gaRvivebas. swored g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT

Tamar quTaTelaZe

27

gamoica SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani~ (1867–1868),

g. erisTavis ,,Txzulebebis~ ortomeuli, d. guramiSvilis

,,daviTiani~ (p. umikaSvilTan erTad, 1870). manve daafuZna

gazeTi ,,droeba~ (1866), ,,sasoflo gazeTi~ (1869),

Jurnali ,,krebuli~ (1871), sadac ibeWdeboda qarTvel

da ucxoel klasikosTa nawarmoebebi, qarTuli xalxuri

sityvierebis nimuSebi, istoriuli, literaturuli,

eTnografiuli, publicisturi statiebi, feletonebi da

werilebi. ,,krebulSi~ agreTve gamoqveynda Targmanebi: i.

WavWavaZisa da i. maCablis _ Seqspiris ,,mefe liri~, a.

wereTlis _ molieris ,,skapenis oinebi~, g. wereTlis

- goeTes ,,egmonti~.

1873 wels, g. wereTeli evropaSi gaemgzavra da

,,krebulis~ gamocema gadaabara k. lorTqifaniZes.

1874 wels, Gg. wereTlis TaosnobiTa da monawileobiT,

SveicariaSi Catarda amierkavkasiisa da daRestnis

xalxTa kongresi, sadac wamoyenebul iqna amierkavkasiis

federaciuli respublikis Seqmnis idea. sazRvargareT

yofnisas, g. wereTeli daqorwinda niko nikolaZis daze –

olimpiada iakobis asulze, romelic im dros SveicariaSi

swavlobda. 1891 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSi

dabrunda da olimpiada nikolaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg

daqorwinda mixeil TumaniSvilis qaliSvilze _ anastasia

TumaniSvilze, Jurnal ,,jejilis~ damfuZnebelsa da

redaqtorze.

1893 wels g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT dafuZnda

Jurnali ,,kvali~, sadac TanamSroblobdnen: a. wereTeli,

vaJa-fSavela, i. gogebaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, n.

lomouri, e. ninoSvili. ,,kvalsa~ da ,,iverias~ Soris

warmoqmnili polemikisas 1898 wels ki, Jurnali ,,mesame

dass~ gadasca. g. wereTeli gardaicvala 1900 wlis 12

ianvars, dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi.

giorgi wereTeli kritikuli realizmis

warmomadgenelia. ,,XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia

28

erT-erT SedevrSi ,,mgzavris wignebi~, anu ,,kikoliki,

Cikoliki da kudabzika~ (1866-1870),1 asaxa batonymobis

gauqmebis winaperiodis socialur-politikuri

viTareba. avtorma amxila batonymuri urTierTobis

Sedegad adamianis fizikuri da sulieri gadagvareba,

moxeleTa korufciuli saqmianoba, karierizmiT

ganmsWvaluli, mxolod pirad keTildReobaze mzrunveli

fsevdointeligencia, Tavadaznaurobis dakninebuli

mdgomareoba. al. xaxanaSvili werda: ,,mgzavris wignebi~,

anu ,,kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~, mZafri satiraa

Tanamedroveobaze... satiruli maTraxi, romelic man

gaiRo qarTuli sazogadoebis naklovanebaTa gasakicxad,

Cveulebrivi saSualeba ar iyo im drois Cvens

mwerlobaSi~.2

saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis miwuruls ganviTarebuli

movlenebi STambeWdavad aisaxa agreTve g. wereTlis

romanSi ,,pirveli nabiji~. igi ,,pirveli romania qarTul

literaturaSi, sadac moqmedeba imier-amierSia gaSlili~.3

(daibeWda quTaisSi gamocemul literaturul krebulSi

,,cda~, 1889-1891). ,,pirvel nabijSi~ avtori xatavs

saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis damkvidrebis logikur

Sedegebs, burJuaziasa da Tavadaznaurobas Soris

warmoqmnil konfliqts. romani asaxavs TavadaznaurTa

gaRatakebis, dacemisa da zneobrivi gadagvarebis suraTs.

igi uCvenebs swavlaze gulacruebuli axali Taobis

TavadiSvilTa yofas, mejlisebiTa da banqoTi maT

gatacebasa da kriminalizacias. avtori amxels ruseTis

biurokratiuli aparatis korufciul, danaSaulebriv

qmedebebs, marTlmsajulebis sisastikes, mfarvelisa da

dausjelobis sindromis Camoyalibebas.

qarTvel 60-ianelTa msgavsad, g. wereTelic did

1 axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2010, gv. 161;2 xaxanaSvili, al. ,,qarTuli sityvierebis istoria~, 1918, gv. 226;

3 axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 167.

Tamar quTaTelaZe

29

mniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs eris sulieri aRzrdis

saqmeSi da sinamdvilis ,,Seuferavad~ gadmocema miaCnda

mwerlobis miznad. igi eswrafvoda, Tavadac aqtiuri

monawileoba mieRo qarTuli Teatris aRdgenasa da mis

efeqtur funqcionirebaSi. g. wereTeli iyo n. avaliSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT formirebuli qarTuli Teatris

ganaxlebisaTvis mebrZoli ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmivi

dasis~ (1867) wevri da monawileobda g. jafariZisa

da n. beklemiSevis ,,maikosa~ da g. erisTavis ,,Zunwis~

dadgmebSi. g. wereTels garkveuli Rvawli miuZRvis

qarTuli Teatris repertuaris gamdidrebaSic. man

Targmna goeTes ,,egmonti~ da Sileris ,,vilhelm teli~

(romlis erTi nawilic daibeWda 1868 wlis ,,droebaSi~).

manve Seqmna sami originaluri, Tanamedroveobis

umZafresi problemebis amsaxveli dramaturgiis nimuSi:

,,jibri~ (dawerilia 1870, daibeWda 1870 wlis Jurnal

,,krebulis~ # 2-Si, pirvelad daidga 1871) da dRemde

daubeWdavi dramebi: ,,ojaxis asuli~ (dawerilia 1874,

daidga 1880 wlis 13 Tebervals) da ,,daria~ (dawerilia

1880, daidga 1880).G

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgias leitmotivad gasdevs

brZola batonymuri Cagvris da qalTa uuflebobis

winaaRmdeg. ,,jibri~ avtoris mier formulirebulia

rogorc komedia, Tumca mas kritikosebi umTavresad

tragikomediad an dramad miiCneven. piesa warmoaCens

saglexo reformis winaperiodSi arsebul tradiciul

batonymur urTierTobebs, Tavadaznauruli ojaxis

dakninebisa da dacemis process. ,,jibris~ moqmedeba

zemo imereTis mebatone bekiCas ojaxSi mimdinareobs.

konfliqti umTavresad gacxadebulia bekiCas

Sinaymebis, dilavardisasa da mgelias brZola-jibrSi

privilegirebuli mdgomareobisa da sargebliani adgilis

mosapoveblad. pirveli maTgani gamdelis movaleobas

asrulebs, xolo meore – mouravisas.


30

,,jibris~ personaJebis saxelebi simboluria.

dilavardisas saxeliT avtori migvaniSnebs batonis

ojaxs Sewiruli axalgazrda qalis silamazeze. mgelias

saxeliT ki, fariseveli mouravis mtaceblur xasiaTze.

bekiCas mojamagire kikola qarTul komediografiaSi

cnobili enamoswrebuli da moxerxebuli msaxuris

tradiciuli tipia. piesaSi igi dilavardisas mgelias

siZulvils Caagonebs, xolo mgelias dilavardisas

winaaRmdeg aqezebs. ,,wamkidebelo wahkide, orives Tavi

wawyviteo~1 _ aseTia kikolas samoqmedo programa, rac

misTvis warmatebuli finaliT mTavrdeba. piesis bolos

dilavardisasa da mgelias Soris gaCaRebul Cxubs, sadac

gakapasebuli msaxurebi umowyalod amxelen erTmaneTs

wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT mier Cadenil TaRliTobebSi,

Seeswreba batonic. ganrisxebuli bekiCa brZanebs,

daapatimron misi ojaxis mZarcveli mgelia, gaaZevon

ukve xandazmuli dilavardisa da kikolas gadaabaron

misTvis saocnebo mouravoba.

Seubralebeli da gulqva mebatone bekiCa, mojamagireebis

umowyalo eqspluataciasTan erTad, moparuli cxenebis

gayidviTac mdidrdeba da ymaTa mkvlelobazec ar

ambobs uars. sakuTari borotmoqmedebis nakvalevs

igi ,,naCalnikTan~ garigebebiT agvarebs. g. wereTlis

mier TavadaznaurTa kriminalizaciis mxilebasTan

erTad, kritikis maxvili mimarTulia korumpirebuli

biurokratiis winaaRmdegac.

,,jibri~ tragikomediis Janrs uaxlovdeba. igi

dawerilia gamarTuli saliteraturo eniT, Tumca masSi

uxvadaa imeruli dialeqtic. kolizia eqspoziciur

nawilSivea gamokveTili, konfliqti sustad viTardeba.

personaJTa xasiaTebi ar aris sakmarisad qmediTi. piesa

gadatvirTulia vrceli monologebiT, rac aferxebs

movlenebis dinamikur ganviTarebas.

1 Jurn. krebuli, 1871, gv. 59.

Tamar quTaTelaZe

31

giorgi wereTlis ,,jibri~ 1870 wels, dawerisTanave

warmoudgeniaT saCxeris raionis sofel gorisaSi.

sayuradReboa sofel argveTSi, iaSvilebis ojaxSi

Semonaxuli afiSa, Sedgenili paolo iaSvilis papis,

iosebis mier. Ees afiSa gvauwyebs, rom g. wereTlis

,,jibri~ argveTSi 1874 wels daudgamT.1 1876 wels

,,droebaSi~ dabeWdili recenzia gvamcnobs, rom ,,jibri~

sofel baxvSic warmoudgeniaT da quTaisSic, msaxiob e.

ioselianis benefisze 1881 wlis 25 ianvars.

giorgi wereTlis ,,jibrs~ gamoqveynebisTanave

gamoexmaura qarTuli kritika. s. mesxi maRal Sefasebas

aZlevda komedias da werda: ,,g. wereTlis ,,jibri~

namdvili suraTia maSindeli Cveni cxovrebisa... karga

xania ar dawerila iseTi dramatuli Txzuleba,

romelic SeZlebda mayureblis gacinebasTan erTad,

mis dafiqrebasac... ai, amnairi jibri dabada CvenSi im

senma, romelsac Cven batonymobas veZaxdiT~.2 n. nikolaZe

SeniSnavda: ,,am komediaSi Cven namdvil, Seuferavad cocxal

nacnobebs vxedavT simarTliT gamoxatulebs... Cvens

Tvalwin ixateba maTi namdvili xasiaTi~.3 ,,jibrSi~ arc

somexi vaWaria da arc ,,ruseTume~ moarSiye axalgazrda.

,,jibris~ personaJebi qarTul dramaturgiaSi axali

adamianebi arian.... ,,jibri~ oqropir wereTlis komediis

,,qorwili imereTis Tavadisa~ Semdeg, pirveli dramatuli

nawarmoebia, romelSic aisaxa imereTis batonymuri

cxovrebis dacema da daknineba~,4 – werda a. gaCeCilaZe.

giorgi wereTlis 4-moqmedebiani drama ,,daria~ jer ar

dabeWdila. igi inaxeba saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi. piesa exmianeba 70-ian wlebSi qalTa pirovnuli

TavisuflebisaTvis gaaqtiurebul moZraobas. rogorc

1NgaCeCilaZe a. Jurn. ,,sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1960., #6;2 ,,droeba~, 1871, #40;

3 gaCeCilaZe a. ,,XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris literaturuli Zie-

bani~, Tb., 1988., gv. 25;

4 gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, gv. 83.


32

cnobilia, swored im xanebSi gamovidnen sazogadoebriv

asparezze pirveli feministuri talRis warmomadgeneli

saxelovani qarTveli mandilosnebi: pelo nacvliSvili,

ekaterine meliqiSvili, kato da olimpiada nikolaZeebi da

olRa guramiSvili. maT umaRlesi ganaTleba SveicariaSi

miiRes. qalebis aseTi ,,siTamame~ ki, saqarTveloSi ar

iyo popularuli. maT miznebs umTavresad TanaugrZnobda

axali Taoba _ g. wereTeli, s. mesxi da n. nikolaZe.

giorgi wereTeli mtkiced icavda qalisa da

mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis ideas da misi ,,dariac~

qalTa emansipaciis periods asaxavs. piesaSi naCvenebia

qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba. maTi swrafva ganaTlebis

misaRebad da im droisaTvis uswrafesad mosagvarebel

problemad aRiarebuli qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis, misi

aqtiuri, progresulad moazrovne kadrebiT Sevsebis

aucileblobis rwmenac.

piesis mTavari moqmedi gmiriD daria apirebs

peterburgis universitetSi swavlasa da samsaxiobo

moRvaweobas.Dmis miznebs TanaugrZnobs axali Taobis

warmomadgeneli, peterburgis universitetis studenti

erekle omaniZe. axali Taobisagan gansxvavebiT, dramaSi

warmodgeniliAufrosi Taoba kvlav cdilobs moZvelebuli

tradiciebis ganmtkicebas. isini eswrafvian qaliSvilebis

karCaketili cxovrebis wesis uzrunvelyofas maTi mdidar

an ganaTlebul sasiZoebze gaTxovebiT. darias mSoblebi, -

levan da irine margiselebi, qaliSvilis Canafiqrs ojaxis

Seuracxyofad miiCneven da ZaliT aTxoveben SeZlebul

daviT giJberiZeze. ,,ded-mamis ganusazRvreli uflebebis

gamo TviTmkvlelobas, iZulebuliTi qorwineba varCie,

xolo daviTi winaaRmdegi ar iyo Cemi peterburgSi

gamgzavrebis~, _ acxadebda daria mogvianebiT.

meore moqmedebidan piesaSi Semodis paraleluri

siuJeti. darias naTesavma qaixosro Savgulelma ver SeZlo

Tavisi asuli efemia misTvis sasurveli sasiZosaTvis,

Tamar quTaTelaZe

33

ereklesaTvis mieTxovebina da ganrisxebulma dariasTan

saeWvo megobrobaSi dasdo mas brali. Seqmnili situaciiT

isargebla giJberiZis dedinacvalma. man axalgazrda col-

qmars Soris urTierToba daZaba da rZals sawamlaviT

mouswrafa sicocxle. piesis bolos darias unebisyofo

qmari acnobierebs, rom misi coli feodaluri ojaxis

moZvelebuli tradiciebis msxverpli gaxda. ,,diax, Cven

movkaliT daria~, - wuxs igi da aRiarebs sakuTar

danaSauls.

,,dariaSi~ g. wereTelma qarTul mwerlobaSi

pirvelma asaxa pirovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli

qalis saxe. marTalia, g. erisTavma ,,SeSlilSi~ tasos

saxiT ukve dagvixata protestanti qarTveli qali,

magram taso ibrZoda qorwinebis vaWrobis obieqtad

gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. misTvis jer kidev ucxo iyo

sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlis mtkice survili

da mebrZoli suliskveTeba, rac damaxasiaTebelia

dariasaTvis. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ,,dariaSi~ Seqmnilia

maWanklis axali saxe. maWankali spiridoni dakninebuli

da gadagvarebuli aznauria, romelic yvela damamcirebel

xerxs mimarTavs Tavisi samaWanklos misaRebad. igi d.

kldiaSvilis solomon morbelaZis winaparia.

piesa moklebulia winaaRmdegobaTa simZafres,

fabulis sxart ganviTarebas, kolizia ar aris sakmarisad

gamokveTili da konfliqtic nela viTardeba. vrceli

dialogebi didaqtikuri paTosiTaa gajerebuli. xasiaTebi

sqematuria da piesac kompoziciurad daSlilia.

giorgi wereTlis ,,darias~ Semonaxul xelnawers Tan

axlavs reJisoruli SeniSvnebi, moqmedi pirebis zogadi

daxasiaTeba, scenis gaformebis Canaxatebi da rolebis

ganawilebis sia. speqtakli pirvelad 1880 wlis 8

dekembers warmoudgeniaT Tbilisis sazafxulo TeatrSi.

masSi monawileobdnen qarTuli scenis korifeebi: k.

yifiani, m. safarova, v. abaSiZe, k. mesxi, e. gabaSvili


34

da n. orbeliani. gazeT ,,droebis~ 1880 wlis #260-Si

gamoqveynebul recenziaSi, publikaciis avtori maRal

Sefasebas aZlevda mesame da meoTxe moqmedebas.

giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxis asulis~ xelnaweri

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi. avtorma

piesas komedia uwoda. kritikosebma m. duduCavam da a.

gaCeCilaZem ki igi samarTlianad ,,miakuTnes dramas~.1

piesa asaxavs qarTuli ojaxis degradacias, axali Taobis

sixarbesa da fuqsavatur yofas. igi exmianeba ,,axali

dramisaTvis~ popularul memkvidreobiTobis princips.

,,ojaxis asulSi~ moqmedeba mimdinareobs meqrTameobis

gamo samsaxuridan gaZevebuli Cinovnikis _ domenti

gordelaZis ojaxSi. misi asuli efemia SeZlebul

,,stolonaCalnik~ rostom Rlontze apirebs gaTxovebas

da ocnebobs momavali ojaxis evropul yaidaze mowyobas.

efemias umziTvod gaTxovili debis, elenesa da makrinesagan

gansxvavebiT, igi mSoblebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovs

mziTevs. misi sixarbe da sijiute ki, mSobliur ojaxSi

ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis inspiratori xdeba.

efemias agresiiT gaxelebuli efemias debi da siZeebic

axali kanoniT imuqrebian, rac maT mziTvis gamosaZalad

xelsayrel pirobas uqmnis. ojaxSi damkvidrebul

ayalmayals ganridebuli efemias banqos moTamaSe,

mdidari sacolis maZiebeli ,,polkis adiutanti~ Zma_

grigoli ki, saxelmwifo Tanxebis miTvisebisaTvis

datusaRebuli, Svelasa da patiebas SesTxovs mSobels.

Tavzardacemuli ojaxis ufrosi acnobierebs, rom ver

SeZlo Svilebis Sromismoyvare adamianebad aRzrda.

sazogadoebaSi pativayrili, meqrTame mamis STamomavloba

memkvidreobiTobis msxverpli gaxda.

kolizia dasawyisSive Casaxulia, Tumca konfliqti

arasakmarisad viTardeba, piesa daSlilia, personaJebi

umoqmedoa, xasiaTebi ar aris gamokveTili. ivane maCabeli

1 saluqvaZe S. ,,giorgi wereTeli~, Tb. 1967., gv. 75.

Tamar quTaTelaZe

35

g. wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuls~ ,,sxvadasxva naWrisagan

Sekeril sabans adarebda da sust, um nawarmoebad

miiCnevda~.1 miuxedavad amisa, originaluri dramaturgiis

simwiriT gamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis g.

wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuli~ mainc saintereso SenaZens

warmoadgenda. masSi kvlav vxvdebiT msaxur-SeyvarebulTa

saxeebs. amjerad tradiciul wyvils qmnian moaxle

gogo da fostalioni. piesa mkafiod ganicdis rogorc

winamorbedi komediografiis, ise mwerlis Tanadroul,

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dramaturgiaSi mimdinare

procesebis gavlenas.

pirvelad 1880 wels, giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxis

asuli~, kote yifianis sabenefisod, dramad warmoudgeniaT

mudmivmoqmedi Teatris scenaze. speqtaklSi saxelovani

qarTveli msaxiobi grigolis rols asrulebda. dadgmaSi

monawileobdnen agreTve qarTuli scenis korifeebi: m.

safarova, n. gabunia, v. abaSiZe. rogorc presa iuwyeboda,

warmodgenis dRes Teatri xalxs ver itevda. dramaturgi

ramdenjerme gamoiwvies scenaze da mquxare taSiT

daajildoves. imave 1880 wels, g. wereTlis ,,ojaxis

asuli~ daidga quTaisis TeatrSic. warmodgenas daeswro

piesis avtoric. mTavar rolebs asrulebdnen: kote mesxi

da efrosine kldiaSvili. speqtaklma didi mowoneba

daimsaxura. ,,droebis~ recenzenti 1880 wlis # 39-

Si werda, rom g. wereTeli bravos ZaxiliT samjer

gamoiyvanes scenaze.

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, g. wereTeli agrZelebs

g. erisTavis kritikuli realizmis tradiciebs da

misi piesebic realur faqtebs efuZneba. Gg. wereTels

aRiareben rogorc realistad, ise naturalistad,

Tumca Tavad, ,,Seulamazebel realizms~ miakuTvnebda

Tavis Semoqmedebas. giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia

gamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT. garda amisa, masSi

1 saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv. 80.


36

sustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~ sawyisi

konturebi. v. gunia werda: ,,g. wereTlis piesebs etyoba

cxovrebis codna, Tanamedrove senis Segneba~.1 rogorc a.

gaCeCilaZe SeniSnavs: ,,g. erisTavis komediebSi asaxulma

TavadaznaurTa Sinagani rRvevis, gayrisa da davis

procesma, g. wereTlis dramebSi axali saxiT iCina Tavi~.2

SoTa saluqvaZe miiCnevs, rom ,,g. wereTeli cremlnarevi

sicilis mimdevaria... qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli Cveni

xalxis yvela ubedurebis wyarod batonymobas miiCnevda

da cdilobda xalxs sakuTari ubedureba Seecno~.3

Teatri g. wereTels miaCnda eris sulieri cxovrebis

mniSvnelovan sferod, sinamdvilis asaxvis garkveul

formad, ,,grZnoba-gonebis mwvrTnelad~. ,,scena unda

iyos sazogadoebis Skola, mwvrTneli da mamxilebeli

naklulevanebisa da ara misi Semaqcevari samasxarao

oxunjobiTa~4 werda igi. iseve, rogorc qarTvel

60-ianelTa liderebi, g. wereTelic gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tanadrouli problemebis amsaxveli

erovnuli dramaturgiis Seqmnas da kritikulad iyo

ganwyobili qarTul scenaze axali evropuli dramaturgiis

damkvidrebis tendenciisadmi. ,,gveyo amdeni gadmokeTebuli

da ucxo xalxis cxovrebidan amoRebuli drama-komediebis

cqera, Cveni sazogadoeba imaTgan verafers did magaliTs

ver miiRebs, radgan ucxo cxovreba daSorebulia Cvens

yofa-mdgomareobisagan~,5 _ werda g. wereTeli da misi

Sexedulebebi mravalmxriv enaTesaveba iliasa da akakis

Tvalsazriss axali evropuli dramaturgiis Taobaze.

magram aq mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni sasiqadulo

moRvaweebis es pozicia, axali dramis ideur-esTetikuri

1 gunia v. qarTuli Teatri, 1889., gv. 84-85;

2 gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, 1960., gv. 83;

3 saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv.73; 4 ,,kvali~, 1893., #2;

5 axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 147.

Tamar quTaTelaZe

37

tendenciebis miuRebloba, aSkarad ver uwyobda xels

qarTuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebas, mis organul

dakavSirebas zogadkacobriul problemebTan da maTi

warmosaxvis axal xerxebTan. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas,

rom ganaxlebis es procesi Seuqcevadi xasiaTisa iyo da

igi mogvianebiT, marTalia, met-naklebi warmatebiT, magram

mainc gamovlinda qarTuli dramaturgiis genezisSi.


38

Tamar cagareliTamar cagareli

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli

msoflios enamsoflios ena

rogorc cnobilia, Zvel indoeTSi, msaxiobad kurTxeva

Semdegi sityvebiT iwyeboda: `Seni sxeuli _ samyaroa,

Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena~.

mogexsenebaT, rom indoelTa fuZe religia moicavda

magiasa da msxverplSewirvas, mravalricxovan legendebs,

miTebs sxvadasxva RmerTebze, ritualebs, locvebsa da

sagaloblebs, romelTac TandaTan iwerdnen. ase Seiqmna

veda, rac sanskritze niSnavs codnas. veda induri

literaturis uZvelesi Zeglia. igi aerTianebs sakulto-

saRvTismetyvelo literaturas, umTavresad _ himnebis

krebuls. vedebis ritualebi _ sakulto ceremoniebi

_Seicaven dramatuli warmodgenis elementebs. eseni iyo:

cekvebi cecxlis garSemo avi sulebis gansadevnad, qalTa

cekva qorwinebis ceremonialis dros, samgloviaro,

bunebis, amindis da sxva. swored es ritualuri

cekvebi miaCniaT mecnierebs induri dramis sawyisad.

esaa ZiriTadad oTxi veda – (sxvagvarad – samhita anu

gulaxdiloba):

a) qebaTa codna _ yvelaze arqauli da mniSvnelovania

rigvedebi, dawerilia sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT da

dayofilia 10 ciklad (mandalad). aqaa aTasze meti

qeba anu himni RvTaebaTadmi. Sedgenilia daaxloebiT

3000 wlis winaT (qarTulad, giorgi axvledianma 1914

wels Targmna ori qeba: `dasabami nivTTa~ da `cisa da

dedamiwisadmi~.)

b) Samanveda (simReraTa veda. Saman _ simRera). es veda

Seicavs sanoto niSnebs, rac saintereso xdeba induri

musikis istoriis TvalsazrisiT.

g) iajurvaveda (samsxverplo veda) _ msxverplSewirvis

39

dros warmosaTqmeli formulebi da locvaTa teqsti,

xSirad prozauli, romelsac komentarebis saxe aqvs;

mogvianebiT maT daemataT:

d) aTharvaveda, romelic Seicavs magiur formulebs

da Selocvebs, gamoirCeva xalxuri xasiaTiT.

SedarebiT gvianaa Seqmnili:

1. brahmana (axsna-ganamrteba), 2. araniaka (tyis

wigni), 3. upaniSadebi (komentarebi) da bolos danarTis

saxiT 4. sutra (sityvasityviT: Zafi, samarTi, Targi).

Samhita, brahmana, araniaka da upaniSadebi miCneulia

RmerTis _ brahmas _ sityvad, mis RvTaebriv gamocxadebad.

maT erTianobaSi ewodebaT Sruti (mosmenili, gagonili),

misi sapirispiroa sutra _ politikuri xasiaTis teqsti

da kanonTa krebuli.1

brahma aris samyaros suli, romlisaganac Sedgeba

yoveli da romelic yvelgan sufevs realurad da

arsobrivad. brahma samyaroSia da samyaro brahmaSi.

esaa panTeisturi Tvalsazrisi, rasac efuZneba indusTa

kosmologia.

brahma moiazreba viSnusa da SivasTan erTad. esaa

trimurti, rac enaTesaveba erTarseba-samebis qristianul

dogmats.

trimurti sanskritze niSnavs samebas. trimurtis

gamosaxavdnen samTavian arsebad: SuaSi brahma, marjvniv

viSnu da marcxniv Siva.

davubrundeT brahmas, samyaros Semqmnels, swored

misi TxovniTa Tu brZanebiT Seuqmnia bharatas, indoeTSi,

Teatri daaxloebiT Zv. welTaRricxviT II-I saukuneebSi:

`maSin miTxra RmerTma (brahmam) es aris samavara - rac

Seqmnilia Cems mier _ ai is warmodgena, romelic unda

gaaTamaSo _ es asuldgmulebs da axarebs RmerTs~. RmerTs

surs warmoadginos da gaaTamaSos misi Seqmnili. ̀ is rac

exeba RmerTs, aranair kritikas ar eqvemdebareba da is

1 induri eposi `bhagavadgita~. mTargm: Cxenkeli T. TvaraZis r.

winasityvaobiT; red: aleqsiZe e. Tbilisi; nakaduli, 1963.

40

rac ekuTvnis RmerTebs, saukeTeso da ganumeorebelia.~1 Teatris mizani gamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultis

damkvidreba, amitomac dasis valdebuleba Tavad bharatam

daakanona, rom msaxiobebs daecvaT ara marto teqstis

yoveli niuansi, romelic warmoadgenda warmodgenis

safuZvels: religiuri motivebi, religiuri teqstebi

ritualiT aRvsili, romelic warmodgenisas, ZiriTadad,

JestikulaciiT unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli.

RmerTebi Tavad CaerTnen axal xelovnebSi:

Siva asrulebda mZafr da Smag cekvas – tandavas.

parvati _ misi meuRle _ naz da vnebian cekva

lasias.

viSnu Txzavda leqsebs da maT warmodgenis dros

kiTxulobda.

Semdeg bharatas daevala, es RvTiuri veda ufro

ubralo da xalxisTvis misawvdomi yofiliyo.

Zv.w.aR. II-I saukuneebSi (savaraudod, Zv. w. aR II –

ax. w. aR II) indoeTSi Seqmnila indur-sanskrituli

monografia, romelic ekuTvnis bharata-natia sastras,

gaaCnda gamorCeuli, sagangebo misia, rogorc qurums

da ara RvTaebas, raTa saZirkveli Seeqmna saTeatro

praqtikis Teoriuli gansjisTvis. `natiaveda~ - ase

ewodeba V vedas da sityvasityviT qarTulad iTargmneba,

rogorc gulaxdiloba Teatralur xelovnebaze. pirveli

oTxi vedidan _ saRmrTo wignebidan _ bharata msgavsi

elementebis amokrebiT da SerwymiT qmnis V vedas,

romelsac erTianobaSi `natiasastra~ ewodeba. avtori

Teoriuli gansjaniT/traqtatiT `natiasastra~ (sansk.:

Nātyaśāstra) safuZvels uyris sanaxaobriv kulturas

da perspeqtivis miniWebiT induri klasikuri Teatris

tradiciasac moiazrebs. induri Teatri xom, mkacri

dadgenili, dogmaturi imperativiT Camoyalibda da misi

1 The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated by George Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008;.

Tamar cagareli

41

ganviTarebac ucvleli kanonebis Sesabamisad yalibdeboda,

romlis safuZvelic adamianTa damTmenoba, morCileba da

sruli simSvide iyo. sanacvlod, religia anu oficialuri

ideologia mas netar imqveyniur cxovrebas hpirdeboda,

romelzec zrunva adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis erT-

erT umTavres momentad iqca.

Zveli induri arsi da gasaRebi, cneba kompleqsuri

gonebrivi aqcia, qmedeba ese igi ̀ raza,~ romelic Sedgeba

sami fazisgan: 1. scenaze gansaxierebuli emociebi, 2.

esTetikuri bgeradobis gamowveva mayureblis gulSi da

3. gonebrivi gaTavisuflebis bednierebis mdgomareoba.

`Cven gagvaCnia ori termini, imisaTvis rom aRvweroT

adamianis qceva: lokadharmi niSnavs qcevas (dharmi) yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (loka); naTiadharmi ki qcevas cekvisas (naTia)~, _ vkiTxulobT traqtatSi.

mocekvave/msaxiobi Zvel indoeTSi RmerTis mier

warmogzavnilad iTvleboda da amitomac TiToeuli

maTganis ikirTxeboda ritualis Sesrulebis win:

`ANGIKAM BHUVANAM YASYA VACHIKAM SARVA VANGMAYAM AHARYAM CHANDRA TARADI TAM VANDE SATTVIKAM SIVAM~ _ `Seni sxeuli _

samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaa, varskvlavebi

da mTvare gicavs Sen, Sen Sivas mier xeldasmuli da

dalocvili xar.~1

cekva, sayovelTao rwmeniT, magiis erT-erTi

uZvelesi formaa. yoveli rokva es aris gardasaxvaTa

pantomima (rasac xSirad niRabic esaWiroeboda),

romelmac mocekvave zearsebad unda gadaaqcios. cekvis

ritmuli da eqstatiuri moZraobani mraval kulturaSi

samyaros wrebrunvasTan aris asocirebuli. TiToeuli

moZraoba, Jesti, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da xSirad

gandobilTaTvisaa gasagebi. cekva casa da miwas akavSirebda,

1 The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated by George Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008; P.:52

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena

42

samyaros harmonias gamoxatavda. am kosmiuri funqciis

yvelaze mkafio magaliTia induisturi panTeonis `didi

triadis~ erT-erTi warmomadgeneli Siva _ `RvTaebrivi

mocekvave~, romlis dafdafis xmac da rokvac samyaros

morig gaRviZebas da misave ritmSi amoZravebas moaswavebs,

magram, misganve momdinare ngrevasac. ar aris gasakviri,

rom swored Sivas samSobloSi _ indoeTSi Camoyalibda

ritualuri cekvis klasikuri kultura: induistebi

Tvlian, rom samyaro Sivam swored Tavisi kosmiuri

cekvis dros Seqmna. samxreT indoeTSi ver naxavT taZars,

romelSiac `natarjas~ (`mocekvave Sivas~) brinjaos

gamosaxuleba ar iyos. am saTayvanebeli RvTaebis cekvebis

sakraluri Sinaarsi gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT

aRibeWda Sivasadmi miZRvnili taZris – Cidibaramis _

bareliefSi, romelSic saukunod gaqvavda Sivasa da misi

RvTaebrivi meuRlis parvatas sakraluri rokvis as rva

(108) sacekvao poza. swored am `qvis qoreografias~

emyareba induri klasikuri cekvis msoflioSi uZvelesi

skola _ `baxrat natiani.~ induri plastikis ena sami

komponentisagan Sedgeba: esaa `patana~ (Patahna) _ poza, `mudra~ (sansk.Mudra `bednierebis momtani~) _ xelis

simboluri Jesti an sxeulis poziciaa induizmSi,

tantrizmSi, iogasa da budizmSi, romelic Sesabamisad

religiuri, ritualuri, tradiciuli da sxva

mniSvnelobis gamomxatvelia. arsebobs uamravi mudra,

romelTa mniSvneloba ubralo misalmebis (namaste-mudra) Jestidan dawyebuli indoeTis klasikuri

cekvis bharatnatiamisa da iogas asobiT poziciazea

gavrcelebuli da `abxinaia~ (Abkhinaya) _ mimika. am urTulesi enis wyalobiT indoel mocekvaves SeuZlia

urTulesi dramatuli teqstis gadmocema.

traqtatis Tanaxmad, warmodgena oTx formaSi Warbobs:

cekva da musika, qmedeba, sityva da poezia, romlis

Sinaarsic ZiriTadad gamoixateboda Jestikulaciis eniT

Tamar cagareli

43

anu vizualurad, rasac Semdeg mohyveboda emociebi,

gamowveuli Semsruleblis mier.

TxzulebaSi gamokveTilia dramis formis

kanonzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac, dramis Temebia

_ `adamianis zneoba~ da `msoflios wabaZva~. dramis

forma ganisazRvreba `sruli~ da erTmoqmedebiani

dramiT, da dramatul formebs asxvavebs moqmedebiTa

da gmirebis vinaobis mixedviT. gansazRvrulia agreTve

cxra tipi gmiri qalisa, romlebic ZiriTadad indras

wargzavnilebi arian da romelTac gaaCniaT mxolod da

mxolod `mudra.~ yoveli drama bharatas kanoniT unda

damTavrdes _ harmoniulad, rac sanskritis dramaSi

tragizmis uadgilobas ganmartavs. Teatris mizani

gamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultis damkvidreba, amitomac

dasis valdebuleba bharatam daakanona, rom msaxiobebs

daecvaT ara marto teqstis yoveli niuansi, romelnic

warmoadgenen dramis safuZvels: religiuri motivebi,

ritualiT aRvsili religiuri teqstebi, amave dros _

Jestikulacia. induri sasceno xelovneba prioritets

vizualur mxares aniWebda, romlis safuZvelzec

aRmocenda erovnuli klasikuri cekvis oTxi skola:

bharat-natiami, katakali, kaTaki da manipuri. Sesabamisad,

induri saTeatro kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens cekva,

qmedeba da musika, rac sanskrituli dramis cnebaSia

Caqsovili: ̀ nataka~ _ ̀ natia~ _ ̀ nat~ da niSnavs cekvasa

da erTi rolis TamaSs. dramis Sinaarsis, kompoziciis

gadmocemisTvis, mocekvave Jestebis mravalferovan ̀ enas~

iyenebs, mimikiTa da samsaxiobo xelovnebis CvenebiT,

romelsac abhinaia (Abhinaya) ewodeba, gamoixateba

msaxiobis udidesi donis ostatoba. arsebobs abhinaias

oTxi tipi:

1. angika abhinaia (Āṅgika Abhinay) dakavSirebulia

sxeulis moZraobasTan da mis nawilebTan (xelebi, fexebi,

mxrebi, mkerdi), sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sacekvao pa.


44

2. vaCika abhinaia (Vāchika Abhinaya) _ verbaluri

aqti, sacekvao aqtis Sesrulebis dros musikis fonze

wamRereba/locva.

3. aharia abhinaia (Āhārya Abhinaya) _ grimi,

kostiumi, Semsruleblis morTuloba, ris gareSec,

iTvleboda, rom gamomsaxvelobiTi forma ar iqneboda

srulyofili.

4. satvika abhinaia (Sāttvika Abhinaya) _ `satva~ sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc, sisufTave, niSnavs

srulyofilebas da emociis gulwrfel gamoxatvas,

romelsac mocekvave scenaze ganicdis: Sinagani emociiT

gamowveuli JrJolva da amis Sedegad kanze egreT

wodebuli `WianWvelebis~ dayra, Sublze oflis

wveTebi, xmis cvalebadoba, saxis feris Secvla, kankali,

cremlebi da ase Semdeg, anu realuri, cxovrebiseuli

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare msgavsi reaqciebi. mocekvavis

ZiriTadi samsaxiobo ostatoba (abhinaia) Seadgens cxra

mTavar xasiaTsa (navarasas) da emociis Sedegad gamowveul

ormocdaaTamde vizualuri efeqtis gamoxatulebas.

Sringara (Shringara) – siyvaruli

hasia (Hasia) – mxiaruleba

karuna (Caruna) – mwuxarebavira (Vira) – heroizmirudra (Rudra) – siZulvili, rogorc abstraqtuli

SegrZneba

adbhuta (Adbhuta) – gakvirvebabhaianka (Bhaianca) – SiSibibhasta (Bibhasta) – siZulvili, rogorc

ganpirovnebuli persona

Santa (Shanta) – simSvidenatia sastra mocekvavis sxeuls eqvs ZiriTad, eqvs

meorexarisxovan da Tormet patar-patara nawilad

yofs:

ZiriTadi nawilebi anu angaa (Anga):

Tamar cagareli

45

Tavi, mklavebi, torsis ZiriTadi nawili, weli,

mkerdi, terfi.

meorexarisxovani anu pratangaa (Pratanga):muceli, beWi, xelebi, zurgi, fexis kunTebi da

wvivebi.

patar-patara nawilebi anu upanga (Upanga):Tvalebi, warbebi, wamwamebi, Tvalis gugebi, cxviri,

loyebi, nikapi, tuCebi, ena, kbilebi, yba, saxe.

msaxiobis urTulesi amocana xdeba swored zemoT

CamoTvlili sxeulis nawilebis koordinirebuli marTva,

romelsac mocekvave udidesi Sromisa da varjiSis Sedegad

aRwevs. traqtatis mixedviT, arsebobs warmodgenis ori

tipi: `sukumara~, ese igi `nazi da mgrZnobiare~ cekva da

`avida~ – `damangreveli, brZoliseburi~, sadac mxolod

mamakacebi monawileobdnen.

bharata bevrTagan gamoyofs cekvis or formas: ̀ lazia~

_ qalebis faqizi, sasiyvarulo cekva da `tandava~

an `tandavu~ _ RmerTis sadidebeli sacekvao forma,

Zalismieri, mkacri cekva mamakacebisa, romelic Seiqmna

induri RmerTis SivasTvis da Tavdapirvelad, anu Seqnis

dRidan am cekvas Turme, induri miTologiis Tanaxmad,

Siva asrulebda. Sivas tandava energiuli cekvaa, romelic

warmoadgens Seqmnis, SenarCuneba/Senaxvis da aRorZinebis

ciklis wyaros.

esaa ilustrirebuli alegoriuli cekva, romelic

moicavs mudmivi energiis xuT ZiriTad gamovlinebas:

`Shrishti~ _ creation, evolution _ Seqmna, ganviTareba `Sthiti~ _ preservation, support _ SenarCuneba, dacva `Samhara~ _ destruction, evolution _ ganadgureba,

evolucia

`Tirobhava~ _ illusion _ iluzia

`Anugraha~ _ release, emancipation, grace _

gaTavisufleba, emansipacia, madliereba.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom tandavas cekvis dros


46

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kidurebis anu xelebisa da

fexebis siZliereze, radganac cekvis Sesrulebisas

ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia xelebisa da fexebis

moZraobaze, sadac TiToeul Jestikulacias Tavisi niSani

gaaCnia, rac erTobliobaSi qmnis zemoT CamoTvlil xuT

ZiriTad gamovlinebas.

traqtatis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT

ritualze, rogoricaa odisi, romelic Semdgom

saTeatro xelovnebaSi cekvis formiT damkvidrda. odisi

induri klasikuri rva cekvidan erT-erTia. es cekva

Seiqmna aRmosavleT indoeTSi, orisis saxelmwifoSi.

arqeologiuri gamokvlevebidan irkveva (bhubaneSbaras

maxloblad, udaugris mTaze, aRmoCenilia I aTaswleuliT

daTariRebuli bareliefi, sadac moixsenieba da

gamokveTilia cekva odisi), rom odisi istoriulad

yvelaze Zveli cekvaa. induri klasikuri Teatris

traqtat _ `natiasastraSi~ cekva odisi moixsenieba

paralelurad meore saxeliT – `odra-magadhi~ (Odra-Magadhi).1

cekva odisi induri klasikuri cekvebisgan

gansxvavdeba sami damaxasiaTebeli niSniT: esaa sxeulis

nawilTa erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli moZraobebi. Tavis,

mkerdisa da menjis moZraoba qmnis kvadratul pozicias.

es moZraoba cnobilia (chauka) Caukas saxeliT. odisis

cekvis tradicia indoeTis sam skolaSi arsebobda:

maharaSi (Mahari), nartakiSi (Nartaki) da gotipuaSi

(Gotipua). es skolebi dafuZnebulia qalTa monastrebTan.

am cekvas asrulebdnen religiur dResaswaulebze da

cekva miiCneoda, rogorc wminda rokva, romelic induri

poeziis, dafuZnebuli locvaze, interpretaciaa. mas

Semdeg, rac britaneTma daipyro indoeTi, cekva odisi

mefis sasaxleSi gadaitanes da amave dros, ramdenadac

ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos, saxelmwifo donis

1 Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005. с.:14.

Tamar cagareli

47

sasamarTloebi am cekvis SesrulebiT ixsneboda.

cekva odisi musika odisis akompanementiT sruldeba.

musika odisi esaa oTxi klasis musikis sinTezi:

dhruvapada (dhruvapada), Citrapada (chitrapada), Citrakala (chitrakala) da panCali ( panchal).

miuxedavd imisa, rom induri Teatris kostiumebi

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rogorc sakmaod mdidruli

da mravalferovani, odisis sacekvao kostiumebi mainc

gamoirCeva Tavisi mdidrulobiTa da mravalferovnebiT

yvela sxva danarCenisagan. Zvirfaseuloba Sesrulebulia

filigrinirebuli oqroTi da vercxliT, romlis

damuSavebac sakmaod Zviri jdeba. kostiumi Sekerilia

yvelaze Zvirfasi atlasiT da naqargi ki xeliTaa

damuSavebuli, rac TavisTavad sakmaod Zviri samuSaoa.

swored amgvari kostiumiT Semosili, saocrad

gulSiCamwvdomi musikis fonze unda Sesruldes cekva

odisi. amitomac pasuxismgebloba didia da Sesabamisad

mocekvaveTa varjiSic did drosa da energias moiTxovs,

radganac maTi sxeulis TiToeuli nawili unda iyos

moqnili, elastikuri, plastikuri, raTa mayurebelma

gaigos da igrZnos im dramis Sinaarsi, rasac warmoadgenen

odisis mocekvaveebi. induri sacekvao xelovnebis

ganxilvisas, indur traqtatSi, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

agreTve balis cekvebis sakmaod Zvel tradiciaze, romelic

agreTve kunZul balis macxovrebelTa religiurobis

gamoxatulebaa. balis cekva sam tradiciul kategoriad

iyofa: barongi (Barong), legongi (Legong) da kesaki (Kecak). droTa ganmavlobaSi mas daemata epikuri

warmodgenebi, iseTi, rogorebicaa mahabharata da ramaiana.

gansakuTrebuli religiuri dResaswaulebisas, soflis

taZrebSi ki warmoadgendnen cekva-dramis specialur

warmodgenas: miTiuri personaJis, jadoqar rangdas

(Rangda – borotebis gansaxiereba) brZolas barongTan

(Barong – lomi an drakoni, sikeTis gansaxiereba).


48

yovelive es ki sruldeba cekviT, plastikiT. TiToeul

maT JestikulaciaSi gamoxatulia personaJis xasiaTi,

ganwyoba, xolo dramis Sinaarsi gadmocemulia cekviT.

balis cekvebi ZiriTadad gamelanis ritmze iyo da

aris agebuli. esaa musikaluri instrumentebis erTiani

kompleqti, romlis damkvrelebsac gamelanebi ewodebaT.

bharata yuradRebas amaxvilebs Teatris msaxiobis/

mocekvavis niWze, risi gamomuSaveba misi azriT

SesaZlebeli iyo tahaniT anu `winaaRmdegobis gawevis

unariT~. igive koncefcia udevs safuZvlad Cinur Teatrs.

imisaTvis rom aRniSnon msaxiobis ostatobis done, amboben,

rom mas gaaCnia kun-fu, rac Cinurad sityvasityviT

niSnavs `winaaRmdegobis gawevas~. dasavleTSi, msaxiobis

donis gamosaxatavad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT termini:

`gaZlebis unari.~ momavali indoeli msaxiobebi,

gansakuTrebiT momavali mocekvave gogonebi, dedebisgan

ukve Zalian patara asakidan, rogorc xelobas, ise

swavlobdnen cekvas da ukve 10-11 wlisani profesionali

mocekvaveebi xdebodnen. mravalsaxeobrivi Sinaarsis mqone

mimikis gamoxatva saxeze, TvalebSi, xelis, mkerdisa Tu

barZayis, fexebis koordinireba, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi

moZraoba da am moZraobiT dramis Sinaarsis gamoxatvaa.

ai esaa induri Teatris damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli

niSan-Tviseba.

bharata aRniSnavs Teatris anu `saTamaSo saxlis~

mizansac, rom moemsaxuros, rogorc veda oTxive varnas.

momsaxurebaSi Sedis: garToba, aRzrda da garkveuli

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba, religiur-didaqtikuri

msoflgageba. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZleblad mimaCnia

aRvniSno, rom es aris Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli

Zegli, sadac ikveTeba ara marto repertuaris Sinaars,

aramed mayurebelTa da artistTa Soris damyarebul

urTierTobaTa zemoqmedebis formebi. amasTanave, sanaxaoba

gamiznuli iyo yvela fenisaTvis, rogorc codnis (veda)

Tamar cagareli

49

gavrcelebis saxeoba. aseTi varna indoeTSi oTxi wodeba

iyo: brahmanebi anu qurumebi _ umaRlesi fena, Satriebi

anu meomarTa klasi, vaiSeri _ rigiTi TanamoZmeni,

Sudrebi _ Temis msaxurni. Zvel indoeTSi saTeatro

saxilveli imarTeboda samlocveloebSi an mis gverdiT,

specialurad agebul SenobebSi, mogvianebiT ki ukve mefis

sasaxleebSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom `natiaSastraSi~

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia `saTamaSo saxlis~ Senobaze,

romlis agebac brahmam ubrZana saRmrTo ostats viSva-

karmans (Vishvakarma),1 rac qarTulad niSnavs yvelafris

Semsrulebels, yvelafris Semqmnels. is warmoadgenda

arqiteqturisa da mSeneblobis ostatis RmerTs.

indoelTa azriT, igi gaxldaT universaluri arqiteqtori,

romelmac daaproeqta da Seqmna samyaros arqiteqtura.

es magaliTic sakmarisia imis warmosadgenad, Tu raoden

didi mniSvneloba hqonda Teatrs Zvel indoeTSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda gagvikvirdes is faqti,

romelsac traqtatidan vigebT, rom didi yuradRebiTa

da pativiscemiT sargeblobdenen sanaxaobis monawileni/

Semsruleblebi da, raRa Tqma unda, Tavad warmodgenis

avtori da damdgmeli. `natiasastraSi~ gamokveTilia,

Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqva, e. w. specialuri muxli

Teatris dacvisa, radganac `saTamaSo saxls~ gaaCnia

is privilegia, rom igi ideologiis gavrcelebis

sayovelTao da masStaburi saSualebaa. Seiqmna kanoni

scenis ostatebis dasacavadac.

amrigad, saSualeba gveZleva davaskvnaT, rom indoeTSi

ukve xdeboda samarTlebrivi aqtis ganxilva, miuxedavad

dogmaturi sasceno Semoqmedebisa, Teatri saxelmwifo

instituti xdeba.

1 Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005. с.:32.


50

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe,suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe,

istoriul mecnierebaTa

doqtori profesori

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore

naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSimoZraobaSi

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba

yovelTvis iqcevda qarTveli istorikosebis yuradRebas.

mkvlevarTa yuradReba umTavresad gamaxvilebuli iyo

XIX saukunis meore naxevris erovnuli moZraobis

azvirTebisadmi, magram specialuri monografia am periodis

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaze dReisaTvis mainc

ar dawerila. CvenTvis sayuradRebo masalebs am mimarTebiT

vxvdebT im mkvlevarTa naSromebSi, romlebic ikvleven

XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriasa

da qarTveli inteligenciis erovnul profils.

mkvlevarTa yuradReba, romelic XIX saukunis

socialuri da erovnuli brZolis sakiTxebs exeba,

erovnuli moZraobis medroSis _ ilia WavWavaZis

cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas eqceva. magram ZiriTadi

sakiTxi _ qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba _ rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs profesori

ak. surgulaZe, Tavidanve erTgvar CrdilSi moeqca. kvlav

kvlevis sagnad darCa, Tu ra wyaroebiT sargeblobda

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XIX saukunis

meore naxevarSi, ra iyo misi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebani, ra

roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnuli SekavSirebisa

da sulieri amaRlebis saqmeSi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli gamoRviZebisTvis erTgvari

dadebiTi roli unda Seasrulos qarTulma Teatrmac. am

mimarTulebiT kvleva ki qarTveli istorikosebis mier

ar warmoebula.

51

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos ideur

cxovrebaSi dawyebuli am rTuli moZraobis raobis axsna

unda veZioT erovnuli moZraobis mamamTavris _ ilia

WavWavaZis da misi saxelovani TanamebrZolebis _ ak.

wereTlis, n. nikolaZis, g. wereTlis, i. gogebaSvilis,

vaJa-fSavelas, s. mesxis, s. mgalobliSvilisa da sxvaTa

TxzulebebSi, sadac ganmartebulia qarTveli xalxis

upirvelesi saWirboroto sakiTxebi da mocemulia maTi

gadawyvetis saSualebebi. sul sxva saqmea da axleburad

saWiroebs gaazrebas, Tu ramdenad sworad iyo gagebuli

eris ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis daniSnuleba da

rogori iyo gza am misiis Sesasruleblad. am mxriv

Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqceva qarTvel samocianelTa

erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli _ giorgi

wereTeli, romelmac Seajama Tavisi TaosnobiT

dawyebuli erovnuli moZraobis Sedegebi da moaxdina

Tavisi dasobrivi klasifikacia. giorgi wereTlis mier

warmodgenili Sefaseba didxans iyo gabatonebuli

qarTul istoriografiaSi.

giorgi wereTelma XIX saukunis meore naxevris

sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba ,,liberaluri

axalgazrdobisa~ da ,,progresul-demokratiul~ dasebad

gaTiSa.

Jurnal ,,kvalSi~ N#46, 1887w. statiaSi _ ,,kita

abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba` giorgi wereTeli werda:

,,qarTuli literaturis xanas Cven im periods vuwodebT,

romelic saqarTveloSi batonymobis ganTavisuflebis

wina wlebidan iwyeba, saxeldobr, 1861 wlidan, rodesac

ilia WavWavaZem axali xmauri atexa jer kidev ,,ciskarSi~

da gars Semoikriba Tavisi sakuTari wre. am wreSi moqmed

pirebad iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe _ rogorc meTauri, p.

nakaSiZe, g. yazbegi, i. poltaracki, mix. yifiani, g. Ciqovani,

al. savaneli da sxvebi~.1

1 Jurn. `kvali~ N#46. 1887w. kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba

gv. 17.

52

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe

g. wereTlis aRniSvniT, ,,am cocxalma moZraobam sul

erTi weliwadi gaatara~. „saqarTvelos moambem~, rogorc

maSindelma axali Taobis Jurnalma, erT weliwads

icocxla, masTan erTad dalia suli i. WavWavaZis axali

Taobis wremac, romlis wevrebmac axali saxelmwifo

samsaxuri moZebnes. es jgufi, g. wereTlis azriT,

sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas 70-iani wlebis miwuruls

daubrunda, magram 1887 wels Jurnal „iveriis~ gamosvlis

dRidan axali aRaraferi SemouTavazebia.

1866 wlidan gamoCnda meore dasi. es dasi Sejgufda

da SekavSirda krebul „droebis~ redaqciaSi. am dasis

namdvili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: n. nikolaZe, g. wereTeli,

s. mesxi, k. lorTqifaniZe da p. umikaSvili. amaTve

SeuerTda gankerZoebulad moRvawe poeti ak. wereTeli.

es meore dasi progresul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis

mimdevari iyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom g. wereTlis aseT klasifikacias

imdroindeli progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebis

umravlesoba ar iziarebda, g. wereTlis dasebis Teoria

mainc sakmaod gamZle aRmoCnda.

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi daiwyo XIX saukunis meore naxevris

ideuri memkvidreobis kritikuli Sefaseba. gaCaRda

sxvadasxva partiebs Soris polemika, romelic Seexo

erovnul sakiTxebsac. erovnuli burJuazia gamovida

socfederalistebis damcvelad. federalistebis erT-

erTi lideri _ al. jorjaZe werda: ̀ farTo inteligencia,

romelic Semdgari iyo umetesad Tavad-aznaurobisagan

da xalxs daSorebuli iyo, ver Seasrulebda eris

ganmaTavisuflebis misias. misi azriT, axali Taoba

Tavis daniSnulebas mxolod maSin Seasrulebda, roca

samarTlianad daafasebda Zveli Taobis naanderZevs,

aRadgenda qarTul vinaobas da erovnuli warmatebisaTvis

53

gamosadeg TariRad iqceoda~.1 jorjaZe ar eTanxmeboda

ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikur programas, ilaSqrebda mis

mier wamoyenebuli wodebaTa Serigebis winaaRmdeg da

wodebaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis mizezs TviT am wodebis

wyobasa da Sinagan arsebaSi xedavda.

XIX saukunis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

sakiTxebs exeba kita abaSiZe. naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom

iliasa da akakis moRvaweobaSi erovnul sakiTxs uWiravs

gansakuTrebuli adgili. kita abaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom ilia

WavWavaZis meTaurobiT daibada didi azri da survili

eris wylulisa da tkivilis gankurnebisa. ilia „Tavs

dastrialebs Tavis samSoblos, rogorc misi oTaraanT

qvrivi Tavis ganZsa da anderZsa da Tavis ojaxs aravis

SearCenen xolme, javrs erisas, tyuilubralod aravis

daeCagvrinebian~.2

rogorc naSromidan Cans, kita abaSiZes erovnuli

konsolidaciisaTvis brZola keTilSobilur saqmed

miaCnda. misi azriT, wodebaTa Soris Catexili xidis

gamrTeleba ucxo Zalis mier Cagrul xalxs marTlac

sWirdeboda, raTa Tavi fizikuri gaqrobisagan gadaerCina.

magram kita abaSiZes mainc es brZola miaCnda politikur

romantizmad, romelsac ganwmenda eloda. amave naSromSi

kita abaSiZe akaki wereTels miiCnevda erovnuli moZraobis

did moamaged, romlisTvisac samSoblos trfiali mxolod

maSin aris poeziis sagani, roca samSoblo gansacdelSia.

akakisaTvis samSoblo momxibvleli da gulwarmtaci

satrfoa, _ acxadebs kita abaSiZe. Cven migvaCnia, rom

kita abaSiZis mier qarTveli samocianelebis SefasebaSi

bevri marTebuli da misaRebi azria gamoTqmuli, bevric

sadavo da sakamaToa, romelsac Cveni kvlevis dros did

yuradRebas davuTmobT da saTanado adgils mivuCenT.

erovnuli moZraobis sakiTxebs exeba n. Jordania,

1 jorjaZe al. TxulebaTa tomi 2, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 117 2 etiudebi XIX saukunis literaturis istoriidan, Tbilisi 1962,

gv. 213

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meore

naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi

54


romelic federalistebis Sexedulebebs akrikitebs. n.

Jordania cdilobs daasabuTos azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

XIX saukunis meore naxevramde erovnuli moZraoba

saqarTveloSi ganuviTarebeli iyo, amas imiT adasturebs,

rom presa iZulebuli iyo demokratiuli azrebi eqadaga

ara xalxis demokratiisaTvis, aramed „erTi muWa~

Tavadaznaurebisa da aristokratiisaTvis. is Tavis ideebs

ver agebinebda maT, visac elaparakeboda.

p. geleiSvilma naSromSi „ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc

poeti da publicisti~ ilia WavWavaZe reaqciuli

Tavadaznaurobis ideologad miiCnia, qarTvel

samocianelTa mTeli keTilSobiluri saqmianoba ki

xalxisadmi mtrul moZraobad gamoacxada.

gr. gorgaZem narkvevebSi Tergdaleulebi, romelTa

warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad Tavadaznauruli wridan

iyvnen gamosuli, TavadaznaurTa ideologebad gamoacxada.

TergdaleulTa moRvaweobaSi gorgaZem ver dainaxa is didi

erovnuli brZola, romelic mTeli xalxis interesebs

Seesabameboda. marTalia, avtori did adgils uTmobs

d. yifianis, i. WavWavaZis, ak. wereTlis Rvawls eris

interesebis dacvaSi, magram aRniSnul moZraobaSi mainc

erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba dakninebulad

aris warmodgenili.

simon xundaZe jansaRi poziciebidan Seexo ilia

WavWavaZisa da misi mimdevrebis damsaxurebas erovnuli

moZraobis winaSe. man amxila yalbi Sexeduleba imis

Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos ilia arasodes yofila aramcTu Tavad-

aznaurebis winaaRmdegi, aramed batonymobis mospobis

momxrec. mas mxolod surda, rom batonymobisaTvis ufro

lmobieri da humanuri xasiaTi mieca. simon xundaZem am

SromaSi gviCvena ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuri

programis samarTliani xasiaTi. marTalia, aRniSnul

naSromSi aris rigi sakiTxebisa, romelTac simon

xundaZe araswori poziciebidan ixilavs, magaliTad,

55

TergdaleulebSi ver xedavs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis ideologias, magram aRniSnul naSroms didi

mniSvneloba aqvs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

sakiTxis Sesaswavlad.

profesori pr. ratiani naSromSi: „TergdaleulTa

sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebis klasobrivi

bunebis gagebisaTvis~ da „ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweoba

da azrovneba~ samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom ilia

WavWavaZe da qarTveli samocianelebi socialuri

ukuRmarTobis winaaRmdeg da amasTanave koloniuri

Cagvris winaaRmdeg dausrulebel brZolas eweodnen.

erovnul sakiTxs maT moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebis

Semdeg. prokofi ratiani erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel

moZraobas saqarTveloSi 60-70-ian wlebSi ixilavs,

rogorc carizmisa da ruseTis koloniuri politikis

winaaRmdeg brZolas, xolo 80-ian wlebSi ki saqarTvelos

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis amocanad saxavs

ruseTis saxelwifos farglebSi brZolas qarTveli

xalxis erovnuli uflebebis mosapoveblad. fiqrobs,

rom amis Sesabamisad unda Secvliliyo qarTveli xalxis

erovnuli lozungi: Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso,

prokofi ratianma ilia WavWavaZe da TergdaleulTa

politikuri moZraoba ZiriTadad marqsizmis poziciidan

ganixila, riTac man Tavdapirvel logikur azrovnebas

azri daukarga.

profesorma leo gorgilaZem naSromSi: „qarTuli

sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan~ vrclad

mimoixila TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

Sexedulebani da isini Tavis drois revoluciur movlenad

da glexTa ideologiis gamomxatvelad miiCnia. profesori

i. anTelavam naSromSi „sazogadoebriv-politikuri

moZraoba da sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan

saqarTveloSi~ l. gorgilaZis mier gamoTqmuli azri

ilia WavWavaZis glexTa ideologad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb



56


mecnierulad swor da damajereblad CaTvala. igive azri

gaiziara v. sifraSvilma naSromSi `rusi-revolucioner-

demokratebisa da TergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba~.

sifraSvili iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom ilia

WavWavaZe 60-ian wlebSi specialurad gamoemgzavra

saqarTveloSi ajanyebis mosawyobad, magram male

darwmunda saqarTveloSi mebrZoli Zalebis ar arsebobaSi

da amitom ajanyebaze xeli aiRo da mxolod ideur-

politikuri brZola gaaCaRao. sifraSvilis azriT,

ilias jgufma win wamoswia erovnuli problema da mas

dauqvemdebara klasobrivi brZolis sakiTxi, riTac es

jgufi ascda swor gzas.

profesori a. kikviZe „saqarTvelos istoria XIX

- XX s.s naw.2~ iziarebs profesor l. gorgilaZis

azrs TergdaleulTa dasebad dajgufebis Sesaxeb,

meore dasis aRmoCenebis sakiTxad miiCnevs 1866 wels

da fiqrobs, rom pirveli da meore dasi erTmaneTs

scildebodnen erovnuli wamyvani Zalebis gagebis

sakiTxSi. rac Seexeba socialur sakiTxs, _ wers abel

kikviZe, orive dasi ufro miuaxlovda kapitalizmisagan

gamowveuli drois moTxovnilebas da iwyo samrewvelo

amxanagobebisa da rigi warmoebaTa daarsebis propaganda.

aseve, kapitalisturi progresis gezisaken miuTiTebda

qarTvel xalxs ilia WavWavaZec, Tumca es iyo memamuluri

meurneobis kapitalizmSi gadazrdis gza. abel kikviZis

es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara profesorma iuri kaWaravam.

iuri kaWarava naSromSi „socialur-politikuri

cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTa

revoluciuri moZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi~.

erovnul moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebs miiCnevs burJuaziisa

da gaburJuizebis gzaze damdgar ideologebad.

profesori iuri kaWaravas meore naSromSi _ „qarTuli

istoriografiis sakiTxebi~ erovnul moZraobaSi

proletariatis gamoCenisas, Tergdalelulebi gamoriyul

Zalad miiCnia, romlebmac iwyes TanamSromlobis

57

propaganda da xeli aiRes brZolis revoluciur

meTodebze. aqve minda SevniSno, rom ilias mxedvelobidan

ar gamorCenia da is udides rols aniWebda qarTul

scenas erovnuli moZraobisa da ganviTarebis da agreTve

erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saqmeSi.

profesori mixeil gafrindaSvili naSromSi _

„qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi~ gamoTqvams azrs, rom

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi XIX saukunis

60-70-ian wlebSi mTavar rols qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi

asrulebdnen. exeba ra s. mesxisa da g. wereTlis erovnul

programas, profesor iuri kaWaravas miaCnia, rom giorgi

wereTlisa da sergei mesxis erovnuli programis mTavari

motivia ruseTis meSveobiT saqarTvelos mTlianobis

aRdgena da dacva, qveynis Semdgomi demokratizacia,

saqarTveloSi rusebis mier kolonizaciis Sewyveta,

qarTveli xalxisTvis moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis miniWeba,

saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis SemoReba da

skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba, qarTuli kulturis

xelSeuxebloba.

niko nikolaZe, gafrindaSvilis azriT, erovnul

sakiTxs meorexarisxovan sakiTxad acxadebda, Tumca,

mkacrad akritikebda rusifikacias da eqspluatacias.

pativcemuli mkvlevaris azri Cven aramarTebulad

migvaCnia, radgan cnobilia, Tu rogori aqtiurobiT

ebrZoda niko nikolaZe katkovsa da mis momxreebs,

romlebic Seuracxyofdnen qarTvel xalxs da maT

erovnul moZraobas.

profesori zaqaria SveliZe naSromSi „revoluciuri

xalxosnuri moZraobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi~

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs exeba erovnul

moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebisa da misi medroSis ilia

WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxs. miaCnia, rom

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Tergdaleulebi erovnul

moZraobaSi liberalebis gzas adgnen da am droidan ilia

WavWavaZis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma Tvalsazrisma



58


dakarga winandeli demokratiuli Sinaarsi. z. SveliZes

qarTveli didi moazrovneebi: niko nikolaZe, i. jabadari,

e. ioseliani, g. yifiani, an. furcelaZe separatizmis

mowinaaRmdegeebad miiCnda. avtoris azriT, isini wminda

imperializmis xazis gamtareblebi iyvnen. pativcemuli

avtoris es Tvalsazrisi kvlav Tanamedroveobis

poziciidan unda iqnas Seswavlili.

profesor vaxuSti kotetiSvils naSromSi „qarTuli

literaturis istoria XIX saukuneSi~ aRniSnuli aqvs,

rom ilias moRvaweobaSi erovnuli sakiTxi moicavda mis

mTel samoqmedo programas, romliTac datvirTuli iyo

ilias „mgzavris werilebi~.

mkvlevarma pavle ingoroyvam TxzulebaTa sruli

krebulis pirvel tomSi, ganaviTara azri, rom

saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas

axali Sinaarsi misca iliam, roca samwerlo asparezze

gamosvlisTanave ori sabrZolo mizani daisaxa _ brZola

eris Tavisuflebisa da brZola socialuri Cagvris

winaaRmdeg.

profesori m. duduCava 1960 wels gamoqveynebul

narkvevSi „ilia WavWavaZis esTetika~ miuTiTebda, rom

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebma

yvelaze xelgaSlilad moixades xarki. isini aRWurvilni

iyvnen mebrZoli demokratiuli ideebiT. mamia duduCava

TergdaleulTa Rvawls sxvadasxva kuTxeebis dakavSirebisa

da amaTSi erTobis grZnobis gaRviZebisaTvis „mTliani

eris Teoria~ uwoda da samarTlianad miiCnia, rom

„Tu ilias SemoqmedebaSi Warbobs glexTa sakiTxi, misi

gadawyvetisadmi miswrafeba, es imitom, rom glexoba

mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas Seadgenda~.

profesori daviT gamezardaSvili „ilia WavWavaZe

axali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebeli~ ixilavs

erovnuli mTlianobis mniSvnelobas socialuri Cagvris

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

s. bocvaZe naSromSi „s. mesxi da 60-80-iani wlebis

59

qarTuli presa~ midis im daskvnamde rom Cvenma saxelovanma

mamuliSvilebma: ilia WavWavaZem, iakob gogebaSvilma

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi mTavar amocanad

miiCnies, rom erovnuli problemis mogvarebasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli eris yvela sakiTxi, maT Soris socialuri

sakiTxis gadawyvetac.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura:

Jordania n. nawerebis krebuli erovnuli sakiTxebis •

Sesaxeb, Tb. 1922w.

xundaZe s. socializmis istoria saqarTveloSi t. 1, Tb. •

1927w.

gorgaZe gr. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi saqarTveloSi •

batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg, Tb. 1928w.

ratiani pr. TergdaleulTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri •

Sexedulebis klasobrivi bunebis gagebisaTvis, Tb. 1965w.

ratiani pr. ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweoba da azrovneba, Tb. •

1965w.

gorgilaZe l. sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba da •

sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tb.

1972w.

SveliZe z. rusi-revolucioner-demokratebisa da •

TergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba, Tb. 1962w.

kikviZe ab. saqarTvelos istoria XIX -XX s.s. naw 2, •

Tb. 1959w.

kaWarava i. socilur-politikuri cxovrebis •

gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTa revoluciuri

moZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1959w.

kaWarava i. qarTuli istoriografiis sakiTxebi, wigni 2, •

Tb. 1962w.

gafrindaSvili v. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi, Tb. 1966w.•

kotetiSvili vax. qarTuli literaturis istoria XIX •

saukuneSi, Tb. 1959w.

gamezardaSvili d. ilia WavWavaZe axali qarTuli •

literaturis fuZemdebeli, Tb. 1957w.

statiis stili daculiastatiis stili daculia



61

kinomcodneoba

63

maia levaniZe maia levaniZe

sazogadoeba da pirovnebasazogadoeba da pirovneba

miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam

gugulis budes gadaufrina~gugulis budes gadaufrina~

sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTqmedebis

procesi yvelaze mwvaved Caketil sivrceSi vlindeba, iq,

sadac sazogadoeba samarTlianobis saxeliT agresiulad

cdilobs sistemaSi moaqcios adamianis, pirovnebis

Tavisufali neba. miloS formanis `viRacam gugulis

budes gadaufrina~ pirveli amerikuli namuSevaria,

sadac `socialisturi sivrcidan~ wamosuli reJisori

cdilobs alegoriulad mogviTxros im samyaroze, sadac

adamianebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis, xasiaTis da

cxovrebis stilis gamo idevnebian, sadac individualizmi,

protestantizmi danaSaulTan asocirdeba. swored amitom

masTan ufro mwvaved dgeba adamianisa da sazogadoebis

urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis problema.

Tu formanis biografias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom

CexeTSi moRvaweobis periodSic reJisors popularoba

filmebma: `qera qalis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavali~

(1965 w.) da `mexanZreTa mejlisi~ (1967 w.) moutana.

satiruli Janris nawarmoebebi praRis gazafxulis

movlenebs asaxavda, ris gamoc filmebi CexeTis cenzuram

akraZala.

samSobloSi arsebuli rTuli politikuri situacia

gaxda is ZiriTadi mizezi, romelmac aiZula reJisori

daetovebina qveyana. amerikaSi _ axal Tavisufal,

demokratiul sivrceSi reJisori TiTqos cdilobda

distanciidan gaeazrebina sakuTari qveynis problemebi,

masStaburi, zogadsakacobrio problemebis WrilSi

moeqcia is, esaubra imaze, rac misTvis yvelaze nacnobi

da axlobeli iyo. formanis amerikuli namuSevrebi:

64

`viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~ (1975), `Tma~

(1979), `valmonti~ (1989), `xalxi lari flintis

winaaRmdeg~ (1996) da sxva Caketili sazogadoebisa

da meamboxe gmiris urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis

problemis irgvliv moZraoben.

1970-iani wlebis dasawyisi amerikul kinoSi `axali

holivuduri kinos~ Camoyalibebis periodia, sadac is

Temebi da ganwyobebi, romlebic cota xnis win arc

ki iyo ekranze, TandaTanobiT meinstrimi xdeba (seqsi,

Zaladoba, hipebi, uxamsi leqsika da sxva). swored am

cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo miloS formanis damkvidrebas

holivudSi da saSualeba misca emuSava iseT saintereso

msaxiobebTan, rogorebicaa: jek nikolsoni, luiza

fletCeri da sxvebi. pirveli amerikuli filmi `viRacam gugulis

budes gadaufrina~ ken kizis romanis ekranizaciaa.

zogadad formanis Semoqmedebas Tu gadavxedavT, misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli xdeba literaturuli namuSevris

Tavisufali interpretacia. amis magaliTad SegviZlia

moviyvanoT Tundac `valmonti~, romelsac formani

laklos `saSiSi kavSirebis~ mixedviT iRebs. erTi

gmiris TvaliT danaxuli istoria, axla, SeiZleba iTqvas,

tragikul Seferilobas iZens. sazogadoebis msxverpli,

adamiani, iZulebulia, angariSi gauwios sazogadoebriv

azrs da marionetad qceulma uari Tqvas sakuTar

grZnobebze. valmonti iseTive msxverplia garemoebebis,

rogorc filmis `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~

gmiri makmerfi. Tumca gansxvavebulic, vinaidan makmerfi

ibrZvis da ewireba, valmonti ki TamaSis wesebs ver

arRvevs da TviTganadgurebamde midis.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSne, 1968 weli CexeTSi studentTa

aqtiur gamosvlebs sabWoTa jarebis mier CexeTis

teritoriis xelaxali okupacia mohyva. formani Caketili

sivrcidan Tavisufal, demokratiul qveyanaSi miemgzavreba.

maia levaniZe

65

iq, sadac Tavisufali sityva, demokratiuli Rirebulebebi

qveynis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens, Tumca,

evropuli qveynidan danaxuli saocnebo samyaro arc ise

idealuria. aqac gansxvavebulad moazrovneni, isini, vinc

ver eguebian saxelmwifo struqturebis mier dadgenil

normebs, sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli arian. sazogadoeba

iseTive Caketili da konservatiulia, rogorc iq,

CexeTis, gansxvavebul garemoSi. `viRacam gugulis

budes gadaufrina~ am samyaros mikromodelia, sadac

adamianebi xSirad demokratiul Rirebulebebs sakuTari

Zalauflebis dasamkvidreblad iyeneben, manipulireben da

sxvebisTvis gausaZlis samyaros qmnian.

Txrobis procesSi miloS formani cdilobs, ar

daakonkretos dro. kadrSi asaxuli berlinis kedlis

movlenebi, albaneTSi rasobriv niadagze momxdari

konfliqti da sxva drois faqtorebis aqcentirebiT

reJisori problemas masStaburs xdis. filmSi am

faqtorTa mravalferovani aqcentirebiT asociaciebi

Cndeba axlo warsulis movlenebTan: 50-iani wlebis

makartizmis xanasTan, 60-ianelebis studentur amboxTan

(yovelgvari akrZalvebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli) da 60-

ianelebis amboxis Sedegad aRmocenebul 70-ianelTa

konformizmTan.

filmSi Txroba sami gmiris _ makmerfi, eqTani reCedi reCedi

da indieli _ da indieli _ irgvliv igeba. reCedis urTierToba kirgvliv igeba. reCedis urTierToba klinikis

binadrebTan rTuli, despoturia. misi zrunva sakuTari

nebiT `datyvevebuli~ pacientebis gamojanmrTelebaze

iluziaa, vinidan eqTani yoveldRiuri jgufuri SexvedriT

ufro da ufro cdilobs maTSi gaamwvavos arsebuli

kompleqsebi da fsiqologiuri problemebi. reCedisTvis

es erTdroulad saavadmyofos keTildReoba da sakuTari

egos dakmayofilebis mcdelobaa. saavadmyofos mTavari

eqimis ndoba eqTani reCedis mimarT ganukirTxaobis,

absoluturi Zalauflebs iluzias uqmnis mas.


miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~

66

saavadmyofoSi erTferovani dRis ganrigi, rutinuli

garemo, TiToeul pacients garkveul CarCoSi aqcevs,

sadac mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari survilebis dakmayofileba,

arCevanis gakeTeba. eqTan reCedisgan gansxvavebiT makmerfi

cdilobs maTSi warsuli SegrZnebebi gaaRviZos, raTa Tavi

sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad igrZnon. TiToeuli

maTgani gaaRviZos, aamoZraos da aRmoaCinos sadRac

dakarguli, uaryofili `me~. dakarguli, uaryofili `me~.

rendel patrik makmerfirendel patrik makmerfi cixesa da fsiqiatriul

saavadmyofos Soris arCevans akeTebs. ramdenime Tve

fsiqiatriulSi, Tundac ramdenime weli, misTvis

procentulad ufro met TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba,

vidre cixe. pirvelive kadrebSi policielebis mier

xelborkilebisgan gaTavisuflebuli is Sinaganad

Tavisufldeba. TiTqos ukve erTi nabijia miznamde

da am mizans mondomebiT uaxlovdeba. saavadmyofos

xelmZRvanelsa da ramdenime eqspertTan urTierToba

misTvis saintereso, azartulia. am dros, is TiTqos

garkveul zRvarze _ sigiJisa da normalurobisa _

cdilobs darCes, raTa miiRos sasurveli Tavisufleba.

auzSi laRad mocurave makmerfi sanitars niSnis mogebiT

esaubreba _ ramdenime dRe da is Tavisufali iqneba. da

swored aq pirvelad dgeba uxeSi realobis winaSe. is

xvdeba, rom miRebuli `Tavisufleba~ iluzorulia. is

iseTive tyvea am samyarosi, rogorc sxva pacientebi,

romlebsac ukve yovelgvari protestis grZnoba aqvT

dakarguli. romlebic mieCvivnen sxvaTa brZanebiT, sxvaTa

nebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT arsebobas da mxolod sakuTari

dafaruli gancdebis rTul samyaroSi arseboben.

filmis siuJetis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze

moqmedeba ufro qaoturi, laRi da Tavisufalia, rasac

Semdgom epizodebze ver vityvi. daugegmavi, xSirad

azartuli dapirispireba, TamaSi Segnebul protestSi

gadaizrdeba. agresiulad cdilobs makmerfi Caketili

maia levaniZe

67

sivrcis garRvevas da ewireba kidec.

makmerfisa da sxva pacientebis urTierToba

erTdroulad TanagrZnobiT, interesiT, axlis Secnobis

surviliTaa gamsWvaluli. saavadmyofos gatacebuli

avtobusiT qalaqSi mogzauroba, tbaze Tevzaoba

garkveuli droiT abrunebs maT realur samyaroSi. es

mSvenieri gancda pacientebisTvis droebiTia. is isev

Cveuli rutiniT icvleba, vinaidan wlebis manZilze

eqimi reCedis mier SemuSavebuli ganrigi, gamomuSavebuli

Cvevebi maTi yoveldRiurobaa, romlis darRvevac maT ar

SeuZliaT.

saavadmyofoSi mowyobili Ramis wveulebiT, darbeuli

oTaxebiT da reCedis gakicxvis sceniT reJisori xazs

usvams mmarTveli Zalis survils, sakuTari wesebis

upirobo aRiarebis da morCilebisa. eqTani reCedi,

romelic swored am Zalis simboloa, Cumi agresiiT

cdilobs sxvebis damonebas. filmis erT-erT epizodSi

ymawvili kaci (bili) Tavis istorias yveba, axalgazrda

momxiblel qalze, romelic uyvarda da dedaze, romelmac

moaxerxa sakuTari kompleqsebis zegavleniT masSi

danaSaulis grZnoba, garkveuli SezRudvebi gaeRviZebina.

filmis dasawyisSi moTxrobili istoria xdeba is iaraRi,

romliTac reCeds surs gauswordes bils _ daamciros,

daaSinos. aiZulos, gasces meamboxe.

makmerfisa da reCedis dapirispireba ori gansxvavebuli

msoflmxedvelobis Widilia. makmerfisTvis cxovreba

grZnobaTa, emociaTa samyaroa, sadac wesrigi damangreveli,

miuRebelia, xolo reCedisTvis samyaro sruli wesrigia,

sadac yoveldRiuroba erTi Sinagani wesiT regulirdeba

da piradi gancdebi, grZnobebi umniSvnelo xdeba.

erTaderTi adamiani, romelTanac SeuZlia urTierToba,

romelic mdumared akvirdeba mimdinare movlenebs,

makmerfisa da reCedis Cum oms da romelSic nel-nela

iRviZebs protestisa da Tavisuflebis mopovebis survili,


miloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~

68

es indieli `beladia~`beladia~. .

Tavisufal miwaze,Tavisufal miwaze, Tavisufali suliTa da

gansxvavebuli tradiciebiT mcxovrebi amerikis indieli

tomebis warmomadgeneli `beladi~, romlis Rirsebac

Selaxes, tradiciebi SezRudes, daangries da dadgenil

normebSi moaqcies, protestis formad dumils irCevs.

swored dumiliT cdilobs misTvis agresiul garemoSi

adaptirebas. TiTqosda is elodeba makmerfis msgavs

gmirs, rom iwamos sakuTar TavSi arsebuli Zala. filmis

finalur scenaSi beladi gaqcevis gadawyvetilebas

iRebs. makmerfis sawolTan Camomjdari TvalebanTebuli

Cumad umxels megobars _ `me sakuTar TavSi mTas

vgrZnob~, magram makmerfi ukve gatexilia sazogadoebis,

mmarTveli Zalis mier. beladi mxolod ramdenime wuTis

Semdeg SeniSnavs mis mdgomareobas da xvdeba, rom is

sulierad aRar arsebobs. beladisTvis miuRebelia

damorCilebuli, Tavisufali sulis, meamboxe makmerfis

monobaSi arseboba. sulis gareSe darCenili daucveli

sxeulis arsebobas xelovnurad wyvets beladi da garbis.

finalur kadrSi garRveuli kedeli, erT-erTi pacientis

`gamarjvebis yiJina~, moRerebuli muSti gaiJRerebs,

rogorc adamianebis Sinagan samyaroSi Tavisuflebisken

swrafvis simbolo, romelic TiToeul CvenganSi, TiTqmis

instinqtis donezec ki Zalze Zlieria.

maia levaniZe

69

lela oCiauri lela oCiauri

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze qarTuli kino gaRma napirze

gadasasvleladgadasasvlelad

xelovnebis esa Tu is nawarmoebi yovelTvis atarebs im

drois niSnebs, rodesac isini iqmneba, dawyebuli avtoris

moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan, saTqmelidan mxatvruli

gadawyvetis Taviseburebebamde, formis siaxlemde,

mimarTulebis TavisTavadobamde da a.S. erT-erTi

dargi, romelic „mowodebulia~ asaxos da gaaanalizos

problemebi, sakiTxebi, faqtebi Tu movlenebi, is, rac

sazogadoebaSi xdeba _ kinematografia, magram, Tu

dokumenturi kino, ZiriTadad, mainc istoriis Tanmdevi

procesia, mxatvrul kinos kidev erTi „kanoni~ aqvs – is

Sefasebisas distancirebas unda axdendes da mis axal

xatebs qmnides, garkveuli drois gasvlisa da momxdaris

„gadaxarSvis~ Semdeg.

axali dro da viTareba, TavisTavad, axali garemoebebis

Seqmnis pirobebs gansazRvravs. SeiZleba, swored amitom,

wlebis ganmavlobaSi (iqneb sxva mizeziTac) qarTul

kinoSi, TeatrSi, literaturaSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis

garda (magaliTad, goga xaindravas „ocnebebis sasaflao~,

romelsac „pirdapiri reportaJi sabrZolo moqmedebebis

epicentridan~ SeiZleba vuwodoT), afxazeTis omisa da misi

Sedegebis, omgadaxdili adamianebisa da maTi samSoblos

bedis Sesaxeb araferi Seqmnila. maSin, rodesac aseTi

qmedeba bevri ramis gamoa mniSvnelovani, moqalaqeobriv

poziciasa Tu adamianuri gulistkivilis gamoZaxilze

rom araferi vTqvaT.

„reJisors, kinomsaxiobebs, scenaris avtorebs, filmis

yvela Semqmnels, Tavisi nawarmoebiT, raRacis Tqma surs

CvenTvis. maTi filmi _ mayureblebisadmi gagzavnili

werilis msgavsia. magram imisTvis, rom gzavnili

70

amoicno, saWiroa misi enis codna. Semdeg Cven mogviwevs

enis bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtTan Sexeba im doziT,

ra doziTac es kinos mxatvruli arsis Sesacnobad

dagvWirdeba~.1

afxazeTis omis Semdeg 20 weli gavida. am omma

da mis Semdgomma periodma, saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianobis darRvevam, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma,

mSobliur saxlebs mowyvetilma aTasobiT adamianma,

asobiT daRupulma mebrZolma Tu mSvidobianma moqalaqem

Cveni qveynis istoriaSi, piradi Tu koleqtiuri

istoriiT, erT-erTi utragikulesi furceli

Caweres.

movlenebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi (da ara marto

saqarTveloSi – kavkasiaSi) sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis

Semdeg da misi reanimaciis mcdelobebisa Tu sxva

mizezebiT, meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarda

(samoqalaqo Tu omebi teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis:

saqarTveloSi – ara mxolod afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi

_ CeCneTSi, yarabaRsa Tu kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi),

romlebmac am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani, radikaluri

cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, ramac samyaro „konfliqtis

zonebad~ dahyo _ radikalurad da pirvel rigSi,

swored adamianebis, sazogadoebebis cxovreba Secvales,

maT bedze, awmyosa da momavalze iqonies gavlena.

am xnis ganmavlobaSi daibada da gaizarda, Camoyalibda

axali Taobebi _ aqeTa da gaRma napirebze, romlebsac

am urTierTobis, erTad cxovrebis istoria ar hqoniaT

da ar ician, ra xdeboda maSin, vidre samyaros omi

gaxleCda. is, vinc yovelives momswrea, mouSuSebel

tkivils atarebs da erTi _ mTavari imediT cxovrobs

_ Sin dabrunebis imediT!

pirveli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT mxolod bolo

1 Лотман И., Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд. Вести Таамат 1973, ст.3

lela oCiauri

71

6-7 welia gadaidga _ qarTvelma reJisorebma da

dramaturgebma „gabedes~, „dumili daarRvies~ (Tumca

mTavari _ „Wirveuli~ _ dumilis damTavrebamde

jer Soria) da 90-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis, omisSemdgomi istoriebisa da am kuTxiT,

Cveni samSoblos momavlis problemaze „alaparakdnen~.

amis dasturad SeiZleba CavTvaloT TeatrSi, ramdenime

wliT (2005) adre ganxorcielebuli _ Temur CxeiZis

„zRva, romelic Soria~, guram odiSarias piesaze (samefo

ubnis TeatrSi, soxumis Teatris dasis monawileobiT)

da filmebi – levan TuTberiZis „gaseirneba yarabaRSi~

(2005), vano burdulis „konfliqtis zona~ (2009),

giorgi ovaSvilis „gaRma napiri~ (2009), giorgi

sixaruliZis „bambaziis samoTxe~ (2010) da zaza uruSaZis

„mandarinebi~ (2013), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi,

maTSi asaxuli movlenebidan aTze meti wlis Semdeg da

erTi-meoris TanmimdevrobiTa Tu paralelurad Seiqmna.

rodesac moqmedeba ukve dasrulebulia, dasrulebulia

uSedego mogzauroba da filmi mTavrdeba, ekranze

warwera Cndeba _ sul ramdenime sityviani - „vuZRvni

Cems samSoblos~ da es, TiTqos, „banaluri~, „plakaturi~,

„Cveulebrivi~ fraza kvlav dasawyisSi gabrunebs,

rogorRac amTlianebs da kravs yvelafers, rac moxda,

Semdeg „Tavisive~ CarCoebs arRvevs da axal masStabSi,

ganzomilebaSi gadadis.

am warweriT mTavrdeba giorgi ovaSvilis mxatvruli

filmi „gaRma napiri` (2008-2009), romelSic

moTxrobilia afxazeTidan devnili patara biWunas

istoria. igi dedasTan erTad cxovrobs, mama omis dros

afxazeTSi darCa. Tedos bedi, Sesabamisad, im omis, im

Zaladobis, koSmaris (romelic Zalian ginda, rom ara

realoba, aramed sizmari iyos) yvela niSans atarebs,

romelic saqarTvelom gadaitana; Tedos cxovreba ki,

romelic momxdaris, arsebuli viTarebis Sedegia, qveynis

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad

72

istoriis gagrZelebaa, romelsac Zaladobam, agresiam,

siZulvilma bevri daakargvina.

rodesac bavSvebs ufrosebi veRar icaven, rodesac

maTze aRaravin fiqrobs an, saerTod, aRaravin hyavT

amqveynad, isini iZulebuli xdebian, sakuTar Tavze TviTon

izrunon, moZebnon TavSesafari, arsebobis saSualeba,

amisTvis ki, iqurdon, danaSauli Caidinon. Semdeg

isini cixeSi xvdebian, TviTonve xdebian moZaladeebi,

sadRac kvlav garbian da kvlav rCebian marto, umweo da

miusafari. sasowarkveTili Tedo ki, rodesac CaTvlis,

rom erTaderTi gza aqvs, romelic ixsnis da Svebas

moutans _ afxazeTSi midis, gaRma napirze, am „napiris~

realobas gaurbis, midis iq, sadac mama eguleba, midis

mis, saxlis sapovnelad, maSin, rodesac da sadac aravin

eZebs da aravin elodeba.

Tedo midis da iwyeba misi, TiTqos jojoxeTSi

mogzauroba (romelic, aravin icis, ramden xans

grZeldeba), mdinaris erT da meore mxares, ulamazesi

bunebiT garSemortymul ganadgurebul da dacarielebul

samyaroSi, ganadgurebul qalaqebSi, ucxo Tu gaucxoebul

adamianebTan _ keTilebTan, borotebTan, maTTan, visac

saxe jer kidev ar daukargavs da maTTan, vinc mkvlelad,

moZaladed qceula. simartove sivrceSi Cakarguli Tedos

xvedria.

„esqatologiuri molodinis moxsnis kvalobaze xdeba

kosmosis (yofierebis) TavisTavadobis, TviTmyofobis

reabilitacia. es sofeli (saeculum), romelic iyo

xidi RvTis sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad, amieridan

xdeba myari sadguri, sadac adamiani mkvidrdeba im

iluzoruli rwmeniT, rom sabolood damkvidrebulia

am miwaze. miuxedavad warmavlobis yoveldRiuri mware

gamocdilebisa, igi aRar ganicdis Tavs mgzavrad,

wuTisoflis stumrad (es gamoTqma sityvis masaladRa

SerCa enas); waSlilia principi `kidec da arc~. es

lela oCiauri

73

sofeli aRar aris gansacdeli, es sofeli erTaderTia;

icvleba mimarTeba sikvdilis faqtTan: maradiul

cxovrebaSi gadamyvani xidi (es sofeli, sawuTro) axla

Tavad aris samudamo samyofeli. maradiuli cxovreba

xidze. saSualebaTa miznad qceva, roca aRar Cans saboloo

mizani. sxva Tvalsazrisi adamianis aRsasrulze, Tu ara

rogorc mis xorciel-sulier ganadgurebaze, sekularul

adamians ara aqvs. da dRemde awvalebs adamians, romelic

qristianad Tvlis Tavs: aris iq rame?~1

giorgi ovaSvili gviambobs, Tu ra moxda maSin,

rodesac omma adamianebi erTmaneTs daaSora, orad gahyo

da samyaro Suaze gaxliCa; rodesac dairRva mSvidoba da

aman adamianebis cxovreba iseve daangria, rogorc maTi

saxlebi, quCebi Tu qalaqebi; rodesac qveyanaSi sazRvari

gaevlo, romelic dRes erT xidze gadis.

es mdinare, es xidi Tu sazRvari sazogadoebis, qveynis

istorias hyofs orad. Suaze hyofs Tedosa da bevri

adamianis (ara mxolod maTi, vinc afxazeTidanaa devnili

da arc uSualod maTi, vinc TedosaviT, devnilobaSi

gaizarda da Zveli cxovreba _ bavSvoba, saxli Tu

mSobliuri qalaqi, sofeli, asakidan gamomdinare,

bundovnad an saerTod ar axsovs) hyofs or napirad, or

nawilad _ omamde da omis Semdeg, rodesac yvelaferi

daingra da rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTs daSordnen,

rodesac maT erTmaneTi dakarges, dakarges normaluri

(elementaruli) cxovrebis pirobebi; dakarges ufleba

_ ar etanjaT, rodesac bavSvoba, siTbo, siyvaruli,

mzrunveloba maTi sinamdvilidan sadRac gaqra.

swored es xidi udevs win Tedosac, sanam meore

napirze gadava, gamyofi da amave dros, „am~ da „im~

cxovrebis, warsulisa da awyos damakavSirebeli. es

xidic, engurze, iseve, rogorc mTeli filmi, rogorc

ambavi erTdroulad realuricaa da metaforulic,

1 kiknaZe z., istoriuli xedi, varskvlaviani ca, 24 saaTi, 21.01. 2011


74

iseve, rogorc adamianebi (zRapris idumal, „jadosnur~

personaJebs rom gvagoneben) _ gaRma Tu gamoRma napirze.

isini qmnian wres bavSvis garSemo, misi cxovrebis

ganuyofeli nawili Tu SemTxveviTi Tanamgzavrebi arian,

reJisoris mier ostaturad awyobil mikrosamyaroSi,

sadac yvelas Tavisi da erTmaneTs gadajaWvuli bedi da

tragedia aqvs _ afxazsac da qarTvelsac.

SiSis, daZabulobisa da avis molodinis SegrZneba

Zlierdeba da daZabulobis (ara mxolod ambidan,

aramed sareJisoro gadawyvetidan, Txrobis stilidan,

movlenaTa ganviTarebis jaWvidan gamomdinare) SegrZneba

izrdeba. mayurebeli qvecnobierad, Camoyalibebuli

stereotipebidan gamomdinare, elis gansacdels, rac

Tedos xids iqiT SeiZleba elodes. aq TiTqos yovel

nabijze xifaTia Casafrebuli, TiTqos yovel wuTs grZnob,

raRac moxdeba, rac ufro Rrmad Sedis Tedo mSobliur

mxareSi. midis iq, sadac aravin elodeba da aRaravin

xvdeba, naxevraddangreuli, carieli da gaZarculi,

fanjrebCamsxvreuli binis garda, sadac ramdenime wlis

win, misi ojaxi cxovrobda; iq, sadac carieli saxlebi,

carieli quCebi, mkvdari qalaqebi, nisli da erTeuli,

kantikuntad, aqa-iq Semxvedri adamianebia.

„daujerebeli~ istoriaa, TiTqos zmanebasaviT,

datvirTuli emociurad da saTqmeliT, Tumca, esaa

Tedosa da masTan erTad Cveni mogzauroba, Cveni

ocnebisken svla, mcdeloba, vipovoT mama _ mSoblebi

_ saxli da miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavari gmiris

survili ausrulebeli rCeba, mizani miuRweveli

_ es mainc gamarjvebaa, am patara bavSvis, romelmac

TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad Sin dabruneba itvirTa;

gviCvena, ra SeiZleba gaakeTos adamianma samSobloSi

Tu samSoblos dasabruneblad. ucnauri da saocari

tragizmiT gajerebulia es istoriac, daundobelica da

SemaSfoTebelic, Semzaravi gulaxdilobiT, pirdapirobiTa

lela oCiauri

75

da simarTliT, araadamianurobisa da adamianis sulieri

gaZlebis SesaZlo zRvarze rom meryeobs... da amave dros,

esaa albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze keTilSobili da imediani

istoria, romelic saqarTvelos uaxlesi warsulis,

albaT erT-erT yvelaze umZimes, erT-erT yvelaze

dramatul movlenebs ukavSirdeba.

„erTi da igive arseba usasrulod sxvadasxva

movlenaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes. amitomac SesaZlebelia,

rom ararsebuli da SeTxzuli movlenac imave arsebas

amJRavnebdes, rac agreTve sinamdvilis arsebas Seadgens…

yovelive amis mixedviT, gasagebia, Tu, saxeldobr,

raSi gamoixateba sinamdvilis xelovnebiseuli asaxvis

specifika – xelovnebis nawarmoebi ki ar asaxavs, aramed

mTlianad Tu nawilobriv mainc Txzavs movlenebs,

anu konkretul adamianebs, maT garemomcvel nivTebs,

maT saqciels, ambavsa da Tavgadasavals; magram am

SeTxzuli movlenebis arsebis saxiT, anu am SeTxzuli

cxovrebis ganmgebeli idealisa da Sesabamisi tipuri

mizandasaxulobebisa da tendenciebis saxiT imaves

uCvenebs, rac namdvil cxovrebas ganagebs, mis arsebas

Seadgens da rasac, maSasadame, xelovneba ki ar Txzavs,

aramed swvdeba da asaxavs~1.ra SeiZleba uwodo qarTveli dedis ambavs, romelic

mravali welia, erTaderTi ocnebiT cxovrobs _ ipovos

Svilis saflavi da daitiros?! da meore mxriv, ra

SeiZleba uwodo afxazi dedis amdenivexnian molodinsa

da martoobis amdenivexnian, aseTive gaZlebas _ ipovos

Svilis mkvlelis deda da am mkvlelobisTvis patieba

aTxovninos?! an, SeiZleba damSvidde, gaTavisulde

mtanjveli mogonebebisa Tu dacarielebuli awmyosgan

an bolos da bolos Seeguo faqts, rom adamianebma

axloblebTan, SvilebTan, saxlTan, sixarulismomgvrel

1 kakabaZe z. saubari xelovnebis Temaze, http://burusi.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/zurab-kakabadze/


76

yoveldRiurobasTan erTad erTmaneTi dakarges da

erTad gatarebuli wlebi warsulSi, Tavadve gavlebul

zRvarsmiRma darCaT?! siyvaruli da sikeTe ki, romelic

maT Soris arsebobda _ siZulvilma da SurisZiebis

survilma Secvala?!

afxazeTis omis Semdeg didi droa gasuli.

saqarTvelos romeliRac qalaqSi, am omis Sedegad

devnilebi cxovroben _ yofili maswavlebeli _ elene,

misi yofili moswavleebi da omSi daRupuli Svilis,

ratis megobrebi _ leqso da laura.

swored elene eZebs Svilis saflavs (romelic sadRac,

afxazeTSia), magram uSedegod. xangrZlivi wvalebis Semdeg,

igi rogorRac ukavSirdeba afxaz axalgazrdas, baTus,

romelic micvalebulebiT „vaWrobs~ da misi daxmarebiT,

am saflavs poulobs. ucnauri bedisweris wyalobiT,

rati baTus daRupuli Zmakacis mkvleli aRmoCndeba da

rogorc Semdeg irkveva, sarisko saqmianobis mTavari mizani

_ swored „elenes~ povnaa. ambis tragizms kidev metad

amZafrebs faqti, rom ratis saflavi swored am afxazi

axalgazrdas, alxasis gverdiTaa, cxedris sanacvlod ki,

alxasis deda (romelic am saflavebs ramdenime welia

uvlis, erTs _ siyvaruliTa da monatrebiT, meores _ boRmiTa da molodiniT) elenesTan Sexvedras iTxovs.

molodinis aRsrulebis droc dgeba da dedebi xvdebian

erTmaneTs.

aseT ucnaur da emociurad mZime istorias gviambobs

dramis reJisori, giorgi sixaruliZe, Tavisi pirveli

kinonamuSevriT _ „bambaziis samoTxe~, romelic nino

sadRobelaSvilis scenariT gadaiRo da romelic

ramdenime wlis win, quTaisis lado mesxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo TeatrSi warmoadgina.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom „bambaziis samoTxe~

mxolod afxazeTSi TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis win

ganviTarebul movlenebsa da maT Sedegebs ar asaxavs.

lela oCiauri

77

giorgi sixaruliZe zusti misamarTebis miuxedavad,

ambis, problemis ganzogadebas axdens. amave dros, rasac

akeTebs, ra ambavsac da ra konteqstSic mogviTxrobs,

aris marTlac mniSvnelovani simboluri xidi, romelic

SeiZleba qarTvel da afxaz sazogadoebas (sazogadoebas!!!)

Soris realuradac kvlav gaidos.

esaa Tanamedrove (Tumca, albaT, arc mxolod

Tanamedrove da arc mxolod konkretul movlenebTan

dakavSirebuli) drama. filmis gmirebi (da isinic, visac

personaJebi simbolurad asaxiereben) erTi warsulidan (da

aramarto erTi, zRvispira qalaqidan) modian. maT odesRac

uyvardaT erTmaneTi... magram Semdeg, rac moxda, rogorc

aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba nebismier qveyanaSi, pirvel

rigSi, adamianebis cxovreba, es kavSirebi, es qalaqebi

da rac mTavaria, siyvaruli daangria. rasac siZulvili

da gaucxoeba, angariSsworebis gamanadgurebeli survili

da SurisZiebis aRsrulebisken swrafva mohyva.

„tragedia – stilis yvelaze didi skolaa.

is ufro adamianuri dramis interpretacias

gvaswavlis, vidre am dramis gadatanas.

tragediis did epoqebSi adamianebma SeZles mieRwiaT

arsebobis tragikuli xedvisaTvis da SeiZleba

erTaderTjer is ar iyo Teatri, romelic cxovrebis

imitacias akeTebs, aramed sicocxle, romelmac

Teatrisagan miiRo Rirseba da WeSmaritad meomruli

suli. amgvarad, am epoqebSi da am urTierTgacvlaSi

scenasa da samyaros Soris realizdeba stilis erTianoba,

romelic nicSes sityvebiT gansazRvravs kulturas.

imisaTvis, rom daimsaxuros tragedia, sazogadoebis

koleqtiurma sulma unda miaRwios kulturis garkveul

safexurs da ara codnis kulturas, aramed stilis

kulturas.

yalbi kulturiT dazianebul masebs SeuZliaT sakuTar

bedSi dramis simZime igrZnon: isini kmayofildebian


78

dramis dones da avrcoben dramatizmis SegrZnebas

TavianTi cxovrebis uwvrilmanes movlenebamdis. dramaSi

maT xiblavT egoizmis siWarbe, romelic sababs aZlevs

usasrulod moTqvamdnen sakuTari ubedobis umniSvnelo

detalebamdis da es, sxvaTa Soris, aqrobs yovelgvar

pasuxismgeblobas~.1 amave dros, omma bevri adamianis bedi gaaerTiana da

bevric, vinc erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTi

uyvarda, daaSora erTmaneTs. maTi gzebi, pirvelad, Soreul

warsulSi gadaikveTa, jer maSin, rodesac mSvidoba iyo,

Semdeg, meored, omis dros da axla kvlav ikveTeba,

oRond sruliad sapirispiro mxares. isini, SemTxveviT

Tu gamiznulad, kvlav xvdebian erTmaneTs, erTmaneTisken

midian, elian am Sexvedras, raTa sabolood aRasrulon

mTavari, rac SeiZleba, rom adamianebma erTmaneTs

gaukeTon _ apation da erTad, erT enaze, xmaSewyobili

simReriT, amisken yvelas mouwodon. erTmaneTisken savali

gzebi ipovon da sazRvari, romelic odesRac gaivlo,

rogorc baTum da leqsom, rogorc elenem da afxazma

dedam, swored erTmaneTis daxmarebiT, erTad gadalaxon.

gadalaxon Rvinis SesmiT, tyviaCagdebuli fialidan,

afxazuri „nanaTi~ da SvilebisTvis patiebis TxovniT _

yvela uZilo RamisTvisa da marto gatarebuli dRisTvis,

yvela omisTvis... siZulvilisTvis. magram, sanam es

moxdeba, maT rTuli da grZeli gza aqvT gasavleli da

ar ician, ra eliT mis dasasruls.

istoriis safuZveli mravali wlis win, soxumSi

datrialebuli tragediaa. magram, vin daTvlis, ramdeni

aseTi istoria iyo im omSi, ramden dedasa Tu mamas

moukles Tvalwin Svili da ramden Svils dauxvrites

Tvalwin deda Tu mama; ramdens moukles Zmakaci am omSi

da ramdenma cocxladgadarCenilma dado fici, rom Surs

1 barti r. kultura da tragedia, http://lib.ge/book.php?author=1368&book=8548

lela oCiauri

79

iZiebda am sikvdilisTvis.

mravali „pirdapiri~ niSnisa Tu konkretikis

miuxedavad, filmSi yvelaferi ganzogadebulia. rogori

konkretulica da drois, realobis ama Tu im movlenis

amsaxvelic unda iyos ambavi, reJisori Slis droisa

Tu geografiuli ganzomilebebis sazRvrebs. erTi,

Tundac ramdenime adamianis bedi saerTo saTqmelamde,

saerTo problemamde zogaddeba. konkretuli istoria im

tragediis metaforad warmodgeba, rac afxazeTSi moxda

da saerTod, rac omma, ngrevam, siZulvilma, Zaladobam

da sisastikem SeiZleba moutanos adamianebs. da imis

metaforadac, rac Sendobas, Rirseul saqcielsa da

saboloo jamSi, kacTmoyvareobas mosdevs. ris winaSec

ukan ixevs yvela da yvelafri SeiZleba daviwyebas

mieces. mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rom Svili mogiklan

da Sen SegiZlia apatio. SegiZlia muxlebze daemxo

dedis winaSe, romelsac Senma Svilma Svili moukla

da sanacvlod, didi xnis lodinis Semdeg, uari Tqva

miznis aRsrulebaze da kvlav mosavlelad miabaro

saflavi, romelSic „mkvlelica~ da msxverlic erTad

ganisveneben. „swored is Tviseba, rom niSnebi ar arseboben, rogorc calkeuli, danawevrebuli movlenebi, aramed

asaxiereben organizebul sistemebs, warmoadgens enis

ZiriTadi mowesrigebulobis mizezs. Tumca, semantikuri

mowesrigebulobis garda, ena gulisxmobs kidev sxva,

kerZod, sintaqsur mowesrigebulobasac. maT miekuTvneba

calkeuli niSnebis TanmimdevrobiTi SeerTebis wesebi,

romlebic Seesabameba am enis normebs. enis aseTi, sakmaod

farTo aRqmiT, erTiandeba sazogadoebaSi moqmedi

komunikaciuri sistemebis mTeli wre. kiTxva _ „aqvs Tu

ara kinos Tavisi ena?~ _ sruliad sxvagvarad daismis:

„gvevlineba Tu ara kino komunikaciur sistemad?~ _

magram, mgoni, amas aravin eWvobs~.1

1 Лотман И. Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд. Вести Таамат 1973, ст.7


80

giorgi sixaruliZis filmSi pirveli epizodebidanve

igrZnoba faruli Tu aSkara daZabuloba _ wyvdiadis

meufeba, pirvel rigSi, adamianebis sulebi rom moucavs da

mosvenebas ar aZlevs maT, romlebic, erTi mxriv, Zvirfas

danakargs ganicdian da meore mxriv, usiyvarulobas.

elene, jer kidev axalgazrda qali, dards moutexavs

da moxucs hgavs. sulieri daavadeba xSirad ereva.

leqsoc warsulis, omis kvals, rogorc Sinaganad, saxezec

atarebs _ wonasworobadarRveuli da adgildakarguli,

galoTebuli, nerviuli da saxenaiarevia. calxela baTuc

am omisa da Zaladobis msxverplia da iZulebulia, akeTos

is, risi keTebac ar unda. icxovros ise, rasac misi

buneba ewinaaRmdegeba. niJarebis gamyidvelic msxverplia

da sasowarkveTili, saxlTan siSorisa gamo...

Tumca, yvelafrisda miuxedavad, cxovreba mainc

grZeldeba. esec xom realobaa. mTavari ambis paralelurad,

Cveulebrivad miedineba da reJisori mis yoveldRiur

ritms, epoqis arsebobas araerTi detaliTa Tu niuansiT

gamokveTs. da radganac cxovreba grZeldeba, mas SeuZlia,

viRacas kvlav moutanos bedniereba. es xazi lauras

personaJSi ikveTeba, romelic, erTi mxriv, warsulsa da

qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis simbolod ikiTxeba.

rogorc irkveva, igi alxasTis Seyvarebuli yofila,

visgan datovebul beWedsac baTu mravali wlis Semdeg

gadascems. amJamad, ki, lauras cxovrebaSi axali megobari

_ giorgi Cndeba, romelsac elene ratis uwodebs da

amiT, iseve, rogorc leqso, TiTqos aRiarebs mas.

baTu da leqsoc mravali wlis Semdeg xvdebian.

odesRac isinic icnobdnen erTmaneTs, xSirad iyvnen

erTad da axla kvlav erTad arian, svamen TasiT,

romelSic tyviaa Cagdebuli da es Taviseburi rituali,

maT Soris arsebul da TiTqos gadaulaxav bariers

ucbad CamoSlis.

„abaSiZe, arCaia, aCba, gogoxia, danelia, Tarba~... _

kiTxulobs filmis erT-erT yvelaze dramatul epizodSi,

lela oCiauri

81

Tavisi Zveli mowafeebis warmosaxviT sias, romeliRac

saklaso oTaxSi (sadac mas araferi esaqmeba), Rrma

sulieri krizisis mdgomareobaSi myofi elene. SeiZleba

am siidan _ qarTul da afxazuri gvarebs monacvleobiT

rom aerTianebs, bevri aRarcaa amqveynad. an, SesaZloa,

odesme isinic kvlav Sexvdnen „jadosnur mxareSi~

erTmaneTs.

moqmedeba kulminaciisken midis. isedac daZabuli da

daWimuli (rogorc adamianebis nervebi) atmosfero ufro

da ufro imuxteba. bolos gadamwyveti da mTavari wami

dgeba. elene im, mTavar, sazRvars gadadis da Svilis,

amdeni xnis nanatr, saflavs uaxlovdeba. man yvelaze

sastiki xarki unda gaiRos _ patieba unda iTxovos

imisTvis, rac ar Caudenia... marTalia, es scena sul

ramdenime wams grZeldeba, magram usasrulo Cans... da

uecrad, am daZabuli lodinis Semdeg elene patiebas

sTxovs ara dedas, romelic amas daJinebiT imeorebs,

aramed ratisa da alxass, Svilebs, imisTvis, rom dedebma

maT gareSe iswavles cxovreba... da alxasis dedac sTxovs

patiebas, imisTvis, rom adamianebi gaurbian erTmaneTs,

rom erTmaneTis moZebna ezarebaT, amdeni xnis siCumisTvis

sTxovs patiebas... ori, gaubedurebuli da mZime tvirTiani

qali patiebas imitom iTxovs, rom swored maT – dedebma

da mamebma Svilebi gansacdelisgan, verc omisa da verc

sikvdilisgan ver daifares.

uecrad elene kidev erT da gamaognebel

gadawyvetilebas iRebs _ „xeli gauSvi, Cemi Svili

aq darCeba, _ eubneba igi saflavis amosaTxrelad

niCabmomarjvebul baTus da aCerebs, _ es ratis saxlia,

ratis samoTxea, Cveni yvelasi, _ da Semdeg alxasis

dedas, orazrovani sityvebiT mimarTavs, _ droebiT Sen

gitoveb. me male davbrundebi~.

„nu vifiqrebT, rom es abstraqtuli da konteqsts

mowyvetili midgoma sruliad usargebloa. magaliTad,

iudauri Teologia katafatikur meTods saerTod ar


82

scnobs. swored es uZevs safuZvlad paradoqsebiT

datvirTul Seudarebel ebraul iumors. magram miwieri

cxovreba mxolod sicil-xarxariT ar aSendeba _ viciT,

sad xdeboda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, rom xalxi

sakuTar samzareuloebSi dascinoda gareT gamefebul

gapartaxebas. es xalxi marTalic iyo, magram realobis

aRsawerad, masSi swori orientaciisaTvis sulac ar

aris sakmarisi WeSmaritebis codna _ arsebiTia is, Tu

sakuTriv romeli WeSmariteba viciT: jer arasodes

yofila, rom liftSi gaWedili kvanturi meqanikis

meSveobiT gamosuliyos gareT~.1

„bambaziis samoTxis~ naxva da amaze dafiqreba

aucilebelia, Tundac imitom, rom xidebi, romlebic

odesRac afxazeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris

Caingra da saqarTvelos Tavisi miwa moglija _ aRdges

da yvelam, visac jer kidev axsovs (da Zalian bevrs

axsovs), rogor cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi da afxazebi (Tu

afxazeTSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebis adamianebi) omamde

erTad, rogor uyvardaT erTmaneTi, rogor megobrodnen,

rogor swavlobdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT, rogor pativs

scemdnen erTmaneTs _ mSvidobiani momavlisken mimarTon

mzera.

es filmi kidev erTi da mniSvnelovani gzavnilia

afxazebisken, romelic, imedia, ara ubralod, rogorc

adresatebamde, aramed, pirvel rigSi, maT gulebamde,

cnobierebamde miaRwevs. maTac unda naxon „bambaziis

samoTxe~, raTa gaigon, ras fiqroben qarTvelebi

movlenebze, rac afxazeTSi _ yvela Cvenganis samoTxeSi

_ omis dros ganviTarda; rogor afaseben am yvelafers,

ras ganicdian da ras grZnoben dRes, im tkivilebsa da

danakargebze, rasac wlebia atareben ara mxolod sakuTari

Tavis, aramed afxazebis gamoc, maTTan mimarTebaSi da im

warsulisa (omamdeli Tu omisdroindeli) da momavlis

1 ladaria n., samSoblos dasacavad daRvril sisxlsac ki Segnebis

natamali ar moaqvs. 24 saaTi, 10. 02. 2013.

lela oCiauri

83

gamo, romelic erTi iyo da yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlav

erTia. simboluri saflavi, sadac ori axalgazrda _

qarTveli da aseve, qarTveli-afxazi _ erTad, gverdigverd

ganisvenebs, Serigebisa da erTiani miwis _ Cveni yvelas

samoTxis _ metaforaa, romelic gviyvars, gvenatreba

da romelic male, aucileblad dagvabrunebs.

rodesac „bambaziis samoTxes` naxav, aucileblad

gangiaxldeba yvela tkivili, rac afxazeTs ukavSirdeba da

Wrilobebi, romlebic ver xorcdeba, isev Tavidan ixsneba.

Senc, elenesa da alxasis dedis msgavsad, gadixar gzas,

romelzec ukve mravali welia, Sens qveyanasTan erTad

dgaxar; gadadixar „gaRma napirze~ romelic arasodes

migitovebia; gadixar im sazRvarsac, romelic jer kidev

winaa, romelic gasavleli gaqvs da ici, aucileblad

unda gaiaro. radgan Cven bevri gvaqvs gasaxsenebelic,

mosayolic da erTmaneTisTvis saTqmelic.

rodesac omi iwyeba, is SeiZleba aRarasodes damTavrdes

da gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, visi gzebic erTxel ukve

gadaikveTa, visSic sikeTe da siyvaruli siZulvilma da

mrisxanebam Secvala da vinc sasowarkveTaSi Cavarda.

am gamanadgurebeli grZnobebisgan TavdaRweva ukve

SeuZlebelia. SurisZiebis grZnoba yvelafers jobnis

da faravs _ sikeTesac, romelsac adamianebi jer kidev

atareben, gaunelebel siyvaruls cocxlebisa da albaT

ufro metad gardacvlilebis mimarT, sakuTari warsulis

mimarT, rasac mTeli ZaliT eWidebian da rac aZlebinebT,

rom ar SeiSalon... magram, rogorc ki erTxel ityvi

mSvidobaze uars, gadaabijeb zRvars, romelic warsuls

omisSemdgomi cxovrebisgan mijnavs, svlas iqiTken iwyeb,

sadac araferia.

sanam isev iqneba omi, romelic yvelafers spobs

da angrevs, romelsac aTasobiT adamianis ufleba _

icxovros normaluri, mSvidi da mSvidobiani cxovrebiT,

Zaladobrivad aravin da araferi dakargos _ ewireba,


84

yovelTvis iqneba warsulis ukan dabrunebisa da axali

tragediis, axali SurismaZieblebis gaCenis, axali

danaSaulis Cadenis, axali msxverplis saSiSroebac.

da swored imitom, rom, rac moxda, aRarasodes

ganmeordes, arc erT adamians ar mouwios sakuTari

saxlidan wasvla da masTan damSvidobeba, arc erT dedas

ar darCes Svilis saflavi (rogorc mSobliuri miwis

metafora) sxvis anabarad, aRaravin iyos iZulebuli,

SurisZiebis surviliT iarsebos da am grZnobam

gaaZlebinos; swored imitom, rom uari Tqva omze da

sabolood daemSvidobo iaraRs „Senianisa~ da ara mtris

winaaRmdeg, yvela biliki, yvela gza da saSualebaa

mosaZebni gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad, gamyofi xidis

SemaerTebel xidad gadasaqcevad.

lela oCiauri

85

doqtorantTa

samecniero statiebi1

1 naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.

statiebis stili daculia

87

maka vasaZe,maka vasaZe,

Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili

robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspirianarobert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana

nawili IVnawili IV

`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~

robert sturuam Seqspiris komedia `rogorc

geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi

2001 wels ganaxorciela. Seqspirologebis azriT,

es aris `hamletamde~ dawerili Seqspiris pirveli

periodis bolo mxiaruli komedia. Seqspirisdroindel

inglisSi Sobis meTormete Rame Sobis Semdgomi, zamTris

dResaswaulebis dasasruli gaxldaT, am meTormete

Rames naTlobis Ramesac uwodeben. amboben, rom Seqspirma

pirvelad es piesa mayureblis winaSe swored am meTormete

dRes iTamaSa. es aris mxiaruli, raRac TvalsazrisiT,

SeiZleba, cinikuri, `situaciebis komedia~. robert

sturuas interpretaciiT komedia rusTavelis Teatris

scenaze tragifarsad iqca. warmodgena ironiiT, sevdiT,

xumrobebiT da imavdroulad udidesi sevdiT aris savse.

piesa xelaxla Targmnes robert sturuam da lili

fofxaZem da speqtaklis koncefcias moarges. garda amisa,

warmodgenaSi reJisorma komediis msvlelobaSi CarTo

saxarebis siuJetebi, paraleluri scenebi erTimeoreSi

moulodnelad gadasuli. bolo periodSi dadgmul

speqtaklebSi sturuas TiTqos aRar ainteresebs adamiani-

personaJebis piradi, wvrilmani problemebi. igi adamians

TiTqos ufro maRal kosmiur ganzomilebaSi xedavs da

klasikur piesebTan mimarTebiT, erTi SexedviT, sruliad

moulodnel istoriebs gadaxlarTavs xolme. ase moxda

am SemTxvevaSic, rodesac `rogorc geneboT, Sobis

meTormete Rames~ Caaqsova saxarebis epizodebi. speqtakli

88

iwyeba qristes SobiT da mTavrdeba golgoTiT, jvarcmiT.

reJisoris mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli xerxi _

adamianTa codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebis

Cveneba vnebebiT aRsavse codvilTa fuWi cxovrebiseuli

oromtrialis fonze _ komediis intrigas srulebiT ar

amZimebs. am xerxiT robert sturuam komediis siuJeti

sul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan daanaxa mayurebels.

robert sturua postmodernisti xelovania.

aqedan gamomdinare igi sazrdoobs sxvadasxva epoqis

kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimdinareobebiT da

kravs maT erT mTlianobaSi. robert sturuas sareJisoro

enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva Teatraluri

Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba.

gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es gamoCnda ̀ meTormete RameSi~.

aq, am speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan dawyebuli,

yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul dramas, mirakls,

misterias, farss, pastorals, ̀ komedia delartes~ msgavs

bufonadas... reJisorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janruli,

gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas, polistilistika

am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.

scenuri xelovnebis magiuri mimzidvelobis

saidumloeba Zneli amosaxsnelia. gansakuTrebiT Znelia,

rodesac uyureb robert sturuas momnusxvel, karnavalur

speqtaklebs, romelTa zemoqmedeba mayurebelze

SeiZleba SevadaroT federiko felinis filmebs.

sturuas speqtaklebi, iseve rogorc felinis filmebi,

erTdroulad aris karnavaluri, sanaxaobiTi, mxiaruli,

sevdiani, Rrma filosofiuri azriT gamsWvaluli,

romelTa miRma arsebobs uzarmazari Seucnobadi samyaro.

varskvlavebiT da angelozebiT moWedili ca `meTormete

RameSi~ _ kosmosis aRmniSvneli simbolo _ erTdroulad

gizidavs da Tanac gaxsenebs, Tu ramdenad daSorebulia

Cveulebrivi mokvdavi irealur samyaros. scenaze ki

TamaSdeba adamianuri vnebebiT aRsavse tragi-komedia,

maka vasaZe

89

codvilTa sevdis momgvreli karnavali.

Seqspiris am komediisagan, adre, albaT, arasodes

Seqmnila ase filosofiurad gajerebuli, sasacilo da

amave dros tragizmiT aRsavse speqtakli. mayurebeli

keTilganwyobili xarxariT ajildoebs malvolios

(zaza papuaSvili) yovel sabaleto pas da idiotiviT

dakreWil kbilebs, mTrTolvare grafinia olivias

(lela alibegaSvili) sasiyvarulo SeSlilobas da

zigzagisebur siaruls, agreTve eqscentrulobas misi

moaxle qalisa (nanuka xuskivaZe), wiTuri takimasxarisa,

patara CiraRdnisa, romlis wiaRidan ismis kapasi wripina

xma.

speqtakli, iliriis, Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos

monologis nacvlad, iwyeba Suasaukuneebis stilizebuli

misteriiT _ `xarebis~ epizodiT. ufro sworad, jer

mariamis ̀dawindvis~ scenaa. iwyeba speqtakli da mayureblis

Tvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba iSleba (mxatvari gogi

aleqsi-mesxiSvili). scenografia ar aris gadatvirTuli

dekoraciebiT. scenaze daqanebuli samkuTxa sibrtyea,

romelzedac TeTri tiloa gadaWimuli. scenis siRrmeSi,

ukana kedelze varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans.

samkuTxa sibrtyis kideebSi TeTri, sakraluri kravebi

da sxvadasxva feris buStebi aris ganlagebuli. scenis

SuagulSi Camokidebulia TeTri tiloebi, romlebic

ialqniani gemis da zRvis asociacias badeben mayurebelSi.

scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia, ufro sworad, mkrTalad

aris ganaTebuli. scenaze mariami da iosebi dganan.

iosebi mariams dawindavs. amis Semdeg scenis siRrmeSi

sami angelozi Cndeba, romlebic amcnoben mayurebels

mariamTan mTavarangeloz gabrielis gamocxadebas, da

rom, masze suliwminda gadmovida da Ze RvTisa SeeZineba.

zevidan nel-nela eSveba mTavarangelozi da mariams

axarebs RvTismSoblobas.

mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva, ratom gadaxlarTa


nawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~

90

reJisorma saxarebis siuJetebi Seqspiris am komediasTan.

SeiZleba es Tavad piesis saTauridan gamomdinareobs.

robert sturuas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi surda

siuJetebis ganxorcieleba saxarebidan. `meTormete

Ramem~ amis saSualeba misca. Sobis meTormete Rames

sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebs da xumrobebs igonebdnen

da gaiTamaSebdnen xolme da ratomac ar SeiZleba amas

yvelafers daematos siuJetebi saxarebidan? robert

sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragedias

Sexedos ironiulad, tragediis scenaze ganxorcielebisas

Caaqsovos komikuri elementebi, mis gmirebs CamoaSoros

paTeturoba da dauaxloos isini dRevandelobas. mas

agreTve ZaluZs udardeli, ̀ situaciebis komedia~ aqcios

Rrma, filosofiuri datvirTvis mqone tragi-farsad.

ase moxda am dadgmaSic, rodesac msubuqi, mxiaruli

komedia Seazava saxarebis siuJetebiT. `xarebis~

epizodis Semdeg, iqve, kostiumebis zezeurad gamocvliT,

warmarTobidan qristianobaSi da piruku gadaxtom-

gadmoxtomiT (rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adamianis

meryevi bunebisaTvis), gmirebi eZeben TavianT siyvaruls,

bednierebas, svamen, mRerian, imedebs ebRauWebian, gegmebs

awyoben, cuRlutoben, xan cirkis msaxiobebs emsgavsebian,

xan bawarze gamobmul marionetebs. robert sturuas

`meTormete Rame~ es aris ̀ Teatri TeatrSi~. am cxovreba

_ TeatrSi, cxovreba _ balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis,

adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis

miRma naTlad Cans sxva, kerZod ki, ganwiruli adamianis

gancdebi.

`meTormete Ramis~ karnavalur-misteriuli Tu

farsul-mirakluri samyaro, sadac personaJebi xan

zesknelidan gvevlinebian angelozis uzarmazari TeTri

frTebiT (am frTebs, zogjer, miwier adamianebsac aTxoveben

xolme), xan qvesknelSi eSvebian da ise qrebian, rogorc

zRvis talRa qviSaSi (lurji abreSumis priala qsovili

maka vasaZe

91

wyaros wylis simsubuqiT Caiwriteba da gaqreba mSvenier

violasTan erTad), xan ki, piriqiT, saswaulebrivi Zala

`iqidan~ aRmoacenebs xolme TvalismomWrel, brWyviala

naZvis xes, romlis irgvliv karnavals marTaven komediis

gmirebi, bibliuri personaJebi da, maT Soris is saxedaric,

romelmac ierusalimSi Seiyvana macxovari~1.

robert sturuam speqtaklSi saxarebidan CarTuli

siuJetebi warmoaCina, rogorc oliviaze (lela

alibegaSvili) unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos

(levan berikaSvili) sasaxlis karze TavSesaqcevad

gaTamaSebuli speqtakli-maskaradi. personaJebi xSirad

mimarTaven zecas da warmoTqvamen sityvebs `RmerTi~,

`bediswera~. emorCilebian ra zemdgom Zalas, isini

ibrZvian siyvarulisTvis, ver itanen erTmaneTs, xlarTaven

intrigebs, uxariaT, itanjebian. scenaze SigadaSig

erTgvari `taxtrevani~ moZraobs zevidan qveviT da

piriqiT, romliTac mogzauroben saxarebis personaJebad

gadacmuli speqtaklis gmirebi. imavdroulad zogierTi

personaJi efeqturad amoZvreba miwidan, rogorc

qvesknelidan da isev eSveba masSi.

robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna

daxlarTuli, sabediswero peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis

morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs. am xerxiT,

eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa

uxilavi mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi

ufro naTlad warmoaCina. speqtaklSi ostaturad

aris gadaxlarTuli saxarebis siuJetebi sasiyvarulo

intrigebTan. am yvelafers ki efeqturobasTan erTad

Tavisi azrobrivi datvirTvac aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,

speqtakli iwyeba `xarebiT~, finali ki `golgoTis gza~

da qristes jvarcmaa. saxarebis epizodebma, codvili

adamianebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebiseuli gzis

1 gurabaniZe n. rogorc genebos, maria! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001. #2. gv. 9.



92

Cvenebam, romlebic gadaxlarTulia piesis personaJebis

cxovrebiseul peripetiebSi, moulodneli rakursi

mianiWa piesis siuJets.

`nu ganikiTxavT _ naTqvamia bibliaSi da aq ar

ganikiTxaven, ar Zraxaven codvebisa da cuRlutobisaTvis,

Tavqariani da daufiqrebeli qmedebebisaTvis. aq TiTqos

Sen TavTan pirispir gtoveben, gibiZgeben ra im azrisaken,

rom RmerTi ki ara (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amqveyniur

cxovrebaSi), Tavada xar Seni Tavis msajuli~1.

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri personaJebi

kvlav da kvlav mogvevlinebian scenaze da saRvTo werilis

kvaldakval gviyvebian iesos ambavs, dawyebuli dabadebidan,

dasrulebuli jvarze gakvriT. es epizodebi xSirad iWreba

piesis siuJetis qsovilSi. sturua TiTqos cdilobs

aCvenos ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara marto

scenaze, aramed Tavad adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri

arsebobaa, realuri samyaroa, meore ki _ metafizikuri

_ sadac yvelafers Tavisi WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs.

adamianebs imdenad iTrevs amqveyniuri amaoeba, rom isini

veRar amCneven, veRar xedaven im sxva, sulier samyaros.

robert sturuam speqtaklSi gaaerTiana es xiluli da

uxilavi samyaro. mayurebels kidev erTxel mouwoda,

SeCerdes, gamoeTiSos amqveyniur amaoebaTa-amaoebas,

Caixedos sakuTar sulSi da cotaxniT mainc dafiqrdes

WeSmarit Rirebulebebze. yvelafer amas ki xels uwyobs

gogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis sada, daxvewili, efeqturi

scenografia da gia yanCelis STambeWdavi musikaluri

gaformeba. mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakonuria

ferTa gama. speqtaklSi mTeli scena aris amoqmedebuli _

scenis maRla damagrebuli Zelebis, saorkestro ormos,

scenisa da darbazis gamyofi parapetis CaTvliT. scenis

siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze xan varskvlavebiT moWedili ca

1 SurRaia n. ara mSvidobiT, maxvilad movel! J. ̀ Teatri da cxovreba~.

2001. #2 gv. 5.

maka vasaZe

93

moCans angelosebis gamosaxulebebiT, xan ki es ca qreba

da scenaze rCeba samyaro, rogorc uzarmazari, TeTri

udabno. robert sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am

dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis ena harmoniulad aris

Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan, rac

mTlianobaSi qmnis, araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel

da dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.

keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis

aluziebi, triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis,

improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis,

aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss. yvelaferi

es ki gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma

filosofiur azrTan. robert sturuas speqtaklSi

adamiani iwvevs mayureblis TanagrZnobas. adamiani Tavad

qmnis mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, avsebs da alamazebs.

reJisori ganwyobas da Sinagan mdgomareobas TiTqos

arafrisgan qmnis, minimaluri dekoraciiT, ganaTebiT da

gia yanCelis musikiT, SigadaSig qoralis gamoyenebiT.

sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am dadgmaSic

ostaturad da efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi

formebi. lurji atlasis naWeri, romelic mayurebelSi

zRvis asociacias iwvevs, SeiZleba violasTan (nino

kasraZe) erTad moulodnelad gaqres scenis xvrelSi

(ormoSi, lukSi), amave ormodan, aseve moulodnelad

Cndebian scenaze jambazi, an herode. efeqturia e. w.

taxtrevniT saxarebis Tu piesis personaJebis atyorcna

zecisken da miwaze daSveba. yvelaferi es ki minimaluri

dekoraciis gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs

usvams, rom am samyaroSi araferia mudmivi, miTumetes,

sagnebi. sagnebi sxvadasxvagvaria, maTi Secvla advilad

SeiZleba, WeSmariteba ki erTia da mudmivi.

`magram roca im ironiiTa da sevdiT, xumrobebiTa

da udidesi tkiviliT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis (sadac

yvela Teatraluri Janrisa da mimarTulebisaTvis



94

moiZebna adgili), msaxiobTa STagonebuli TamaSiTa, Tu

speqtaklis uCveulo stiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba

odnav mainc dacxreba, mixvdebiT, Tu ra TamaS-TamaSiT,

iolad Segvityues speqtaklis sivrceSi, WeSmaritebisaken

mimaval gzaze rom gaveyvaneT, mis miRma ki Seulamazeblad

gamoCndeba adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris~1.

robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc

piesaSi, moqmedeba `zRaprul~ iliriaSi viTardeba. es

aris samyaro, sadac Tavi mouyriaT mbrZaneblebsa Tu

qveSevrdomebs, brZen takimasxarebsa da sulel brZenebs,

e. w. raindebs, romlebsac raindobis araferi scxiaT,

loTebs, romlebic SigadaSig `brZnul~ gamonaTqvamebs

wamoisvrian xolme. aq erTmaneTi uyvarT, sZulT, erTmaneTs

amasxaraveben. aq TiTqmis yvela personaJi Tavis patar-

patara speqtakls dgams, am speqtaklebis reJisorebi

da Semsruleblebi ki Tavad arian. speqtaklSi CarTul

epizodebs saxarebidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oliviaSi

unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercogi orsino dgams, raTa

guli gadaayolos. olivias ki Tavis samflobeloSi Zmis

daRupvis gamo gadaWarbebulad Teatralizebuli glova

aqvs gamocxadebuli. gemis boboqar zRvaSi daRupvis

Semdeg gadarCenili viola cezariod moevlineba hercog

orsinos, violas moaxle maria (nanuka xuskivaZe), masxara

(goga gvelesiani), violas loTi biZa ser tobi (guram

saRaraZe) da `raindi~ ser endru malvolios (zaza

papuaSvili) gasamasxaravebel speqtakls dgamen, Tavis

speqtakls dgams TviT malvolioc... mokled, speqtaklSi

yvela sakuTar patara, TavSesaqcev maskarads dgams.

`dawindvisa~ da `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg scena

TandaTan naTdeba, Sua scenaze lurji atlasis naWeria

dafenili (SemdgomSi mayurebeli xvdeba, rom es lurji

atlasi zRvis simboloa), romlis qveSidan viola

gamoZvreba. viola dabneuli da ususuria, ar icis, sad

1 SurRaia n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 3.

maka vasaZe

95

moxvda, gaocebuli iyureba aqeT-iqiT. masTan erTad aris

masze uimedod Seyvarebuli kapitani (Temiko WiWinaZe).

rodesac viola gaarkvevs, Tu sad moxvda da imasac

Seityobs, rom iliriis mmarTveli erTob momxibvleli

hercogi orsinoa, gadawyvets mis karze samsaxuris

dawyebas da orsinos gulis monadirebas. hercogis karze

samsaxuris dasawyebad ki mas mouwevs kacad gardaqmna.

viola lurj qsovilze dgeba da ormoSi Casrialdeba,

TiTqos zRvis talRam STanTqa. Semdeg scenaze Cndebian

olivias msaxuri maria, viTomda masxaras mxrebze Semdgari,

buStiT xelSi. mariasac masxaras kostiumi acvia, Tavze

ki adevs pariki, romelic zRarbis eklebs mogvagonebs.

es ori personaJi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis `komedia

del artes~ mxiaruli bufonadidan mogvevlinnen. isini

avanscenisken moemarTebian, erTmaneTs emasxaravebian,

Semdeg mayureblebs SeamCneven, Cerdebian da mayurebels

Tavs ukraven, gvamcnoben, rom warmodgena iwyeba da misi

avtorebi ki isini arian. nel-nela uaxlovdebian ormos,

romelSic viola gauCinarda, jer SigniT iWyitebian,

mere ki, TiTqos TokebiT viRacas eqaCebian, Rrmulidan

amodis cezariod gadacmuli viola da iwyeba mis mier

Cafiqrebuli speqtakli. kapitanma is hercog orsinos

karze unda waradginos. isini violas Canafiqris mixedviT

yvelaferze moilaparakeben da epizodi mTavrdeba kapitnis

sityvebiT; `ki batono, Tqven cvedani xarT da me ki

munji~. cezario-viola da kapitani scenidan SeTqmuli-

gamarjvebulebis nabijebiT miabijeben da gadian scenidan.

scenaze maria, masxara da ser tobi Semodian, ser tobi

gorgolaWebze damagrebul did yanws moasrialebs

ise, rogorc patara bavSvebi asrialeben xolme Tokze

mobmul usayvarles saTamaSoebs. mariasa da ser tobis

dialogidan mayurebeli igebs, rom olivias, Zmis daRupvis

gamo glova aqvs gamocxadebuli, xolo mxiarulebisa da

smis moyvaruli ser tobi am ambiT Zalian ukmayofiloa,



96

_ vis gaugia aseTi zRvargadasuli glovao, _ acxadebs

ser tobi, yvelafers Tavis sazRvari aqvso. maria ki mas

gamousworebel beber loTs, uwodebs, Tanac ayvedris _

Seni bralia yvelaferi...

Seqspiris piesebSi masxarebs, pampulebs, enamaxvil

adamianebs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli niSa aqvT damkvidrebuli.

am masxarebs mis sxvadasxva piesebSi gansxvavebuli

datvirTva aqvT, isini brZenni, filosofosebi, cxovrebis

av-kargianobaze mofiqrali personaJebi arian, zogjer

ki mxiaruli takimasxarebi, romlebic dResaswaulebriv-

karnavalur, saxaliso ganwyobilebas qmnian scenaze.

swored aseTebad warmoaCina robert sturuam maria,

masxara da, nawilobriv, ser tobi da ser endru `Sobis

meTormete RameSi~.

`Seqspirs gansakuTrebiT uyvars Tavisi masxarebi,

pampulebi, enamaxvili angalebi, gamTamaSebelni, gadacemis

ostatebi, isini misi STamagonebeli moednisa da

bazrobebis Teatris personaJebi arian, dResaswaulebriv-

karnavaluri, saxaliso ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelni,

romelTac sakuTari cxovreba daukargavT da mis povnas

am saxaliso zeimebSi an sxvaTa naklovanebebis komediur

gaTamaSebaSi cdiloben~1.

robert sturuas speqtaklSi personaJebi cuRlutoben,

oinbazoben, xandaxan daufiqreblad moqmedeben, rogorc

Tavqarian adamianebs sCveviaT, magram isini ar ganikiTxaven.

adamiani am dadgmaSi TanagrZnobas iwvevs. speqtaklSi

mayurebels TiTqos sakuTar TavTan pirispir toveben, rom

Cafiqrdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul Rirebulebaze...

speqtaklSi waSlilia zRvari realursa da irealurs

Soris. aq yvelaferi dasaSvebia. qali kacad iqceva da

SavebSi Cacmuli viola-cezario, xan frTebiTa da xan

ufrTeboT, naTeli da keTilSobili arseba Tanaarsebobs

kuziani masxaras, Tu wiTelTmiani, maxinji marias

1 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 10.

maka vasaZe

97

cinizmTan, romelic amave dros WeSmaritebad qceuli

sisulelea. aqve arian cxovrebis azrdakarguli raindi

ser endru (zurab Saria) da loTobaSi am cxovrebis

azris maZiebeli ser tobi (guram saRaraZe). robert

sturuam speqtaklis msvlelobisas isini raRac momentebSi

gamofituli papiemaSes Tojinebad warmogvidgina.

siuJeturi realiebi dadgmisaTvis mxolod mizezia

imisa, rom warmoaCinos Cveni arsebobis sxva mxare.

mayurebeli amas sabolood finalSi xvdeba. manamade

ki gafacicebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs iliriaSi mcxovreb

adamianTa amwuTier, moCvenebiT garegnul yofas.

mayureblis winaSe mSvenieri iliriaa _ varskvlavebiTa

da angelozebiT moxatuli ca. aqeT-iqiT mimobneuli

amaRelvebeli saaRdgomo kravebiT da nairferadi

buStebiT. ukidegano TeTri sivrciT, romelzec

drogamoSvebiT cisferi zRva airekleba, masze moSriale

romantikuli TeTri afrebiT. sxvadasxvagvarad morTul-

mokazmulia am qveynis binadarTa lamazi samosi. maTi

metyveleba da plastikac Taviseburi da uCveuloa.

amasTanave mayureblisTvis nacnobi da axlobelia maTi

survilebi, vnebebi, intrigebi, tkivili, sixaruli... levan

berikaSvilis hercog orsinos oliviasgan uaryofili

siyvarulic yvelas dasanaxad gamotanili grZnobaa. esec

TiTqos mis TavSesaqcevad gamogonili erT-erTi TamaSia.

levan berikaSvili ganasaxierebs qaliviT mgrZnobiare

naz Seyvarebuls, mozRvavebuli grZnobebisagan gulic

ki SeiZleba wauvides. mas uyvars olivia, magram amave

dros izidavs cezariod gadacmuli viola. igi TiTqos

Sinaganad, gumaniT grZnobs, rom cezario sinamdvileSi

qalia. erT epizodSi orsino da cezario ealersebian

kidec erTmaneTs. aseve, sxvebis dasanaxad TamaSobs

olivia daRupuli Zmis zRvargadasul glovas. lela

alibegaSvilis olivia xan melanqoliuria, xan Wirveuli,

xolo rodesac moulodneli siyvaruli daatydeba Tavs,



98

igi am erTgvarad gaqvavebul monotonur garegnul garss

gaarRvevs da gaafTrebuli iwyebs brZolas am siyvarulis

mosapoveblad. olivia TiTqos cdilobs ZaZebSi damalos

Tavisi dauokebeli vnebebi. magram, rogorc ki viola-

cezario gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, es vnebebi gaarRvevs

mis garegnulad mkacr pozas, raRac momentSi igi muSts

icems gulSi, raTa siyvaruliT mZlavrad aZgerebuli

daaokos da daaSoSminos. olivias uimedo siyvaruli

mayurebelSi sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis magier sicils

iwvevs, radganac es siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi qalisadmi

mimarTuli, absurduli da komikuria. garegnuli da

Sinagani pompezurobis magaliTia zurab Sarias ser

endru, e. w. raindi, romelic sinamdvileSi TagviviT

mSiSaraa. robert sturuam sxvebTan erTad speqtaklSi

Semoitana herodes personaJi. baCi leJavas herode _

mosulelo, nayrovanebas gadayolili, wingamogdebuli

`RipiT~, Senelebuli moZraobebiT, idiotis STabeWdilebas

tovebs. reJisorma igi adamianis da imperiis msxvrevisa

da gaxrwnis simbolod warmoaCina.

bedisweram swored am samyaroSi gadmoisrola

cxovrebis gzaze axalfexSedgmuli, gamoucdeli,

sufTa da gulwrfeli viola. nino kasraZis violaSi

Zlieria momavlis rwmena, amitomac mas sjera, rom

misi tyupiscali sebastiano (daTo gociriZe) gangebam

masaviT gadaarCina boboqar zRvaSi daRupvas. vinaidan

nino kasraZis violas warmoudgenlad miaCnia, rom am

saocar da mSvenier samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdes

mwuxareba, Seityobs Tu ara kapitnisgan, rom iliriis

mmarTveli ubrwyinvalesi hercogi orsinoa, rogorc

aRvniSne, maSinve gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurs da,

Tu SeZlebs, misi gulis monadirebasac. hercogis karze

samsaxuris misaRebad ki iZulebulia mamakacis samosSi

gamoewyos. nino kasraZisaTvis pirveli ar gaxlavT aseTi

saxis metamorfoza (kacad gadacmas vgulisxmobT). aseTi

maka vasaZe

99

gamocdileba man jer kidev sadebiuto rolSi miiRo,

rodesac iTamaSa keTili Sen te da boroti Sui ta robert

sturuas speqtaklSi `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~. misi

cezario garegnuli manerebiT da plastikiT Sui tas,

xolo Sinagani bunebiT Sen tes mogvagonebs. es Serwyma

mSvenivrad gamouvida nino kasraZes. igi zedmiwevniT kargad

flobs stils, mis TamaSSi aris faqizi emociurobac.

swored nino kasraZis violaSi yvelaze metad SeigrZnoba

im sxva samyaros arseboba da masTan miaxloebis cda.

es daxlarTuli peripetiebis morevi speqtaklis

danarCen gmirebsac CaiTrevs. eqstremaluri situaciebi

ki personaJTa uxilav mxareebs gamoavlens, warmoaCens

maTSi im metamorfozebs, romlebic am situaciebma

gamoiwvies.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

piesaSi aqcentebis gadaadgileba. speqtaklSi _ ̀ rogorc

geneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ _ reJisorma

aqcentebi iseTnairad Secvala, rom moqmedebis mTavari

da mamoZravebeli gmirebi: malvolio_zaza papuaSvili,

maria _ nanuka xuskivaZe, masxara_goga gvelesiani da ser

tobi _ guram saRaraZe arian.

ser tobi belCi guram saRaraZis SesrulebiT usargeblo

yofisagan da siberisagan Tavis dasaRwevad xsnas Rvinosa

da sxvadasxva saxis garTobaSi eZebs. amis xazgasasmelad

reJisorma scenaze pirveli gamoCenisas igi gorgolaWebze

damagrebuli, Tokze gamobmuli yanwiT warmoaCina. es

gaxlavT renesansuli personaJi, romlisTvisac ucxo ar

aris cxovrebaze `filosofiuri~ msjelobebi, romelsac

sxva araferi darCenia, garda imisa, rom cxovreba arcTu

ise uwyinari xumrobebiT gaixalisos. ser tobi cdilobs

Tavisi loToba gaamarTlos da ambobs: `es qveyana

fxizelma xalxma daangria~. igi mayureblis Tvalwin

TandaTan gardaiqmneba wvrilman gaiZverad. misi pirveli

msxverpli ser endru egiuCikia, romelsac ser tobi



100

Tavisi diswulis, olivias, xels hpirdeba, amis sanacvlod

ki cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti fuli dascinclos

zRvargadasul RreobebSi dasaxarjad. swored igi ubiZgebs

Tavis megobar-Tanameinaxeebs malvolios winaaRmdeg

`SeTqmulebis~ mowyobas. speqtaklSi ser tobi da ser

endru ganuyreli wyvilia. robert sturuam maTi arsis

gamosavlenad raRac momentebSi isini marionetebis msgavs

arsebebad warmoaCina. saorkestro ormodan amoizrdebian

ser tobis da ser endrus sxeulebi da marionetebiviT,

arabunebrivad moZraoben, TiTqos maT viRac marTavs,

aTamaSebs. am epizodebSi, maTi xma firzea Cawerili. maTi

dialogi filosofianarevi absurdia. `Tu gvianobamde ar

daiZine, aRar daiZino, adre adgomaSi CageTvleba. adre

adgoma ki janmrTelobis sawindaria~. anda: `Tu guliT

ginda, SeuZlebels umegobrodac SeZleb~, an, `siyvaruli

gaqra, ocnebebi _ daasamares~, an kidev, `Cveni cxovrebis

arsia Wama da sma, sma da Wama~. ra SeiZleba mosTxovo am

marionetebad qceul adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebis arsi

absurdamdea dayvanili.

robert sturuas da nanuka xuskivaZis maria `komedia

del artes~ groteskuli personaJia. biWurad Cacmuli,

wiTeli atlasis pantalonebSi da bzinvare mosacmelSi

gamowyobili, romelsac Tavs zRarbisebri pariki umSvenebs.

misi moZraobebi eqscentrikulia, musikis ritmze agebuli

mkveTri, xazgasmulad Teatraluri qmedebebiT, SigadaSig

ucnauri wamoZaxilebiT. erTi SexedviT, es roli TiTqos

mTlianad garegnul efeqtebzea agebuli. nanuka xuskivaZem

rolis am garegnul formas adamianuri siTbo da azri

SesZina. igi ar gaxlavT komikuri Tojina_ marioneti,

aramed mxiaruli, cocxali masxaraa. maria srulebiTac

ar fiqrobs, rom mis mier gaTamaSebul intrigas

aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. `me, batono, yoveli

TiTis wverze, TiTo xumroba maqvso~ _ ambobs maria.

marTlac, marias xelT upyria intrigis Zafi. swored

maka vasaZe

101

misi ideaa olivias msgavsi xelweriT malvoliosadmi

sasiyvarulo werilis miwera. formis simkveTriTa da

xasiaTis cxovelmyofelobiT nanuka xuskivaZis maria

bunebrivad erwymis robert sturuas, am speqtaklSi

SemoTavazebul, karnavalur stils. reJisoris mier

msaxiobisTvis SeTavazebuli farsul-groteskuli forma

nanuka xuskivaZis SesrulebiT ki ar anelebs, aramed

amZafrebs efeqturobas. swored marias mier mofiqrebuli

intrigis meSveobiT xdeba malvolios provocireba da

misi ampartavneba saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad iqceva.

`sasiyvarulo werilis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg saxecvlili

malvolio _ zaza papuaSvilis yoveli gamoCena sul

sxva, komikurobiT da, raRac TvalsazrisiT, tragizmiT

aRsavse atmosferos qmnis scenaze. marias muqara _ `Tu

eg qveynis sasacilo ar gavxade, maSin neba gaqvT ifiqroT,

rom loginSi gamarTulad wola ar SemZlebiao~ _

zedmiwevniT aRsrulda. aseT Sedegs Tavad ̀ SeTqmulebic~

ki ar elodnen. maria speqtaklSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani

funqciis matarebelia. amas kargad grZnobs msaxiobi da

reJisoris mier dasmul amocanas mSvenivrad arTmevs

Tavs. intrigis CaxlarTvaSi mas partniorobas uwevs goga

gvelesianis _ brZeni, cinikuri, bedisagan daCagruli,

garegnulad kuziani _ masxara. misi `sisulele xom

mzesaviTaa da Tavs dastrialebs dedamiwas~. masxaras

usmenen, endobian, magram ar ujereben. misi Tavisufleba

marionetad qceuli adamianis Tavisuflebis tolfasia.

robert sturuas masxarebi erTmaneTs avseben, erTad

moqmedeben da erTad qmnian komikur intrigas. nanuka

xuskivaZis marias Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba

aqvs speqtaklis sxva personaJebTan _ masxarasTan, ser

tobisTan, ser endrusTan, oliviasTan da gansakuTrebiT

malvoliosTan. masxaras igi Tavis Tanaswor partniorad

aRiqvams. guram saRaraZis ser tobis mimarT ki

moridebulobis, gadaWarbebuli, komikurobamde misuli



102

pativiscemis grZnoba aqvs, vinaidan swored ser tobia

am intrigis Tavi da Tavi da marias STamagonebeli. igi

kargad xedavs da aanalizebs am personaJebis `SecdomaTa

komedias~. uimedod Seyvarebuli, vnebaaSlili olivias

gancdebs, ser tobis udardelobis, TavaSvebuli Rreobis

Sedegebs. maria erTgvarad tragikuli personaJic aris,

mas xom aravin aRiqvams qalad. swored SurisZieba aris

marias mamoZravebeli motivi malvolios winaaRmdeg

intrigis SeTxzvisa, radganac TviT malvolioc ki

ar aRiqvams mas qalad. finalisken, roca marias mier

SeTxzuli `sasiyvarulo werilis~ Sedegebi naTeli

xdeba, roca aRmoCndeba, rom mosulelo malvoliosac

gaaCnia Rirsebis grZnoba, marias sinanulis da monaniebis

gancda daeufleba. im momentSi misi sinanuli da monanieba

alalia, WeSmaritia, magram mayurebeli xvdeba, rom maria

meore wuTs isev Caidens aseTive `codvas~, radgan mas

sxvanairad ar ZaluZs, aseTia misi buneba.

adamiani, robert sturuas dadgmaSi, iwvevs

TanagrZnobas. TanagrZnobas iwvevs mosulelo,

ampartavani malvolioc, romelic Tavisive qedmaRlobis

msxverpli xdeba. malvolio reJisoris CanafiqriT da

zaza papuaSvilis brwyinvale Sesrulebis, virtuozuli

improvizaciebis wyalobiT speqtaklis mTavar gmirad

iqca. robert sturuam violas, olivias, orsinos

da sebastianos Tavgadasavali ki ar gadaswia ukana

planze, aramed malvolios personaJi kidev ufro

gaamravalferovna.

`vinaa sxva, Tu ara maria, avtori provocirebisa,

romelic malvolios pativmoyvareobas da TviTdajerebas,

saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad aqcevs, ̀ Segdebul~ werilze

gamoabams da `moedanze~ gamoiyvans, rogorc pampulas,

romlis erTi gamoCenac ki sul sxva atmosferos

qmnis?1~.

1 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 11.

maka vasaZe

103

zaza papuaSvilis kudabzika malvolio TeTri

marmaSebiT, ustabaSis medalioniT, kverTxiT xelSi,

TiTiswverebze, msubuqad dafarfatebs scenaze.

malvoliosTvis umTavresia, misi saTayvanebeli

qalbatoni olivia kargad grZnobdes Tavs da yoveli

misi umniSvnelo survilic ki dauyovnebliv aRsruldes.

olivia, sinamdvileSi ki maria, Tavis werilSi malvolios

mosTxovs, misi gulis sabolood mosanadireblad,

daiviwyos naTesavebi, megobrebi, axloblebi da

xelmeored iSvas. ampartavani da qedmaRali malvolio

mzad aris yvela gawiros _ `arc naTesavebs daindobs,

arc _ megobrebs, bolos da bolos xelmeored xom

unda iSvas~. rac mTavaria, satrfos moTxovniT mis

saxeze suleluri Rimilia mudam gamosaxuli. malvolio

Seyvarebulia Tavis qalbatonSi, magram siyvarulis garda,

oliviasadmi mis swrafvaSi sxva mamoZravebeli motivic

arsebobs _ Zalauflebisaken swrafva. realurad olivia

malvoliosTvis e. w. `tramplinia~ didebisaken mimaval

gzaze. sinamdvileSi igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da

yovlis SemZle mmarTvelis statusze ocnebobs.

araCveulebrivi saxierebiT, xatovnad, bufonadisa da

farsis elementebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorciela robert

sturuam malvolios maxeSi gabmis scena.

naxevartonebSi ganaTebul scenaze Semodian

TeTr saRamurebSi gamowyobili SeTqmulebi _ maria,

masxara, ser tobi da ser endru. isini eZeben adgils

malvoliosadmi marias mier olivias saxeliT dawerili

sasiyvarulo werilis mosaTavseblad. bolos, maria am

werils avanscenis erT-erT kuTxeSi daagdebs, ise, viTom

olivias es werili SemTxveviT dauvarda. SeTqmulebi

imalebian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon malvolios reaqcias

werilis povnis Semdeg. scenaze SandliT xelSi

msubuqi, baleronis nabijebiT Semodis malvolio.

iwyebs monologs: `mTavaria, ras mimzadebs bedi,



104

gangeba~..., romlis drosac mayurebeli misi sanukvari

ocnebebis mowme xdeba. komikuri, Rimilismomgvreli

JestikulaciebiT malvolio xmamaRla ocnebobs

oliviaze da imaze, masTan SeuRlebis Semdeg grafi rom

gaxdeba. `qveSevrdomni mowiwebiT Semomcqerian~ _ es

fraza malvolios Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survils

naTlad warmoaCens. oliviaze Seyvarebuli malvolio

aanalizebs misadmi olivias damokidebulebas da imis

SesaZleblobas, rom olivias is SeiZleba uyvardes kidec.

aki erTxel oliviam aseTi fraza warmoTqva _ `Tu

vinmes Seviyvareb, Sen unda ggavdes~. am monologis dros

erTob xatovnad ganasaxierebs malvolio ser tobis da

mis urTierTobas grafad gaxdomis Semdgom. malvolio

olivias savarZelSi mokalaTebuli ser tobis pawawina

mfrinav buzad warmosaxavs. `bzzzz~ bzuis ser tobi,

malvolio mas daiWers da notacias ukiTxavs, magram

manamde ra mowiwebiT esalmeba ser tobi malvolios.

`oliviaze Seyvarebuli misi samefos gulubryvilo

`mmarTveli~ (zaza papuaSvili) ucodvelad afaxulebs

Tvalebs da Tavs ityuebs, rom ser tobi belCisa da

misi amalis mier mowyobil speqtaklSi udanaSaulo

msxverplis rols TamaSobs. isini wmindanebiviT TeTr

anaforebSi gamowyobilni usafrdebian malvolios da

maxes ugeben. malvolio ki TiTqosda iZulebiT gawires

am rolisaTvis. (...) sinamdvileSi olivia misTvis mxolod

erTi safexuria didebisaken mimaval gzaze, sadac

igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da yovlisSemZleobaze

ocnebobs1~.

oliviasa da Zalauflebaze meocnebe malvolio

dafarfatebs scenaze da uceb werils SeamCnevs. wamierad

Seyovndeba da Semdeg gaWimuli aRmavali intonaciiT

warmosTqvams; `es ra gdia aq Cvens fexebTan~? `me Tqven

1 wulaZe x. me is ara var, visac vTamaSob. gaz. `droni~. 2001. #

61. 08.06.

maka vasaZe

105

gekiTxebiT, ra gdia aaaaq~? maria ki Tavis samalavidan

ambobs: ̀ yuradReba, iwyeba!~ malvolio gars uvlis werils

_ ès namdvilad misi xelia, misi stili, misi leqsika,

beWedic misia~. wamieri yoymanis Semdeg malvolio gaxsnis

werils. am dros ismis ser tobis xma samalavidan _

`RmerTo, xmamaRla waakiTxe~. malvolio iwyebs werilis

kiTxvas. mTeli misi arseba Sinaganad TrTis werilis

kiTxvisas. zaza papuaSvili ostaturad gadaxlarTavs

erTimeoreSi mimikas, Jestikulacias, xmis sxvadasxva

modulacias. igi TiToeuli sityvis ilustrirebas axdens.

malvolio orgvarad kiTxulobs werils, TavisTvis, ise

rogorc weria da mayureblisTvis _ Teatralizebulad,

misi warmosaxvis prizmaSi gatarebuls. ostaturad

gaTamaSebul zmanebas ki amTavrebs saxeze idiotis

Rimilis niRbiT da vardiT xelSi olivias savarZelSi

gaSeSebul pozaSi mjdomi. SeTqmulebi gamoZvrebian

samalavebidan, gaxalisebulebi maTi intrigis Sedegad

malvolios mier mowyobili sanaxaobiT. werilis avtori

maria ki acxadebs _ àxla ki unda CavusafrdeT da

mowmeni gavxdeT maTi pirveli paemanisa. warmoidgineT

sevdiani olivia da uazro RimiliT gasxivosnebuli

malvolio~. da ai, malvolios da olivias pirveli

Sexvedris Jamic dadga. msubuqi, sacekvao hangebis fonze

sazeimod gamowyobili malvolio narnariT, saxeze

aRbeWdili uazro RimiliT, Semodis scenaze. mas ukan

maria mohyveba maluli nabijebiT. malvolios ucnauri

saqcieliT gaognebuli da Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba:

`Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? `mSvenivrad~ _

saxeze Rimilgaqvavebuli gamometyvelebiT upasuxebs

malvolio. malvolios ucnauri saqcieliT Sewuxebulia

ara marto olivia, aramed intrigis Tavi mariac.

Jestikulaciis uxvi gamoyenebiT zaza papuaSvilis

malvolio mTeli grZnobiT sonets ukiTxavs olivias:

òRond moswondes Cems meufes, oRond eamos, mTeli



106

samyaro rom gadamidges _ gameRimeba~. zaza papuaSvilis

arSiyi gulis satrfosTan komikuri elementebiT uxvad

aris gajerebuli, rac mayurebelTa darbazis xarxars

iwvevs. sabolood siyvarulisgan gaTanguli iqve

avanscenis parapetze wamowveba da CaTvlems. Sewuxebuli

olivia brZanebas gascems, kargad mouareTo. scenaze

marto malvolio rCeba. igi gamofxizldeba da netari

saxiT mimarTavs mayurebelTa darbazs: `gaigoneT ra

Tqva? adamians mimixedeTo, malvolios ki ara, msaxurs

ki ara, adamianso!~ bednieri, netari malvolio scenis

siRrmisken miemarTeba, SeTqmulebi, maria, masxara da ser

tobi ukan misdeven. erTob efeqturad aris dadgmuli

es epizodi. malvolio kverTxiT xelSi, amay pozaSi

amaRlebul adgilas gaSeSebula. viTom Sewuxebuli

SeTqmulebi sxvadasxva JestikulaciiT da mimikiT

ekiTxebian malvolios: `ra dagemarTa malvolio~? `Tavs

rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ _ pirvel frazas masxara

warmoTqvams, meores _ ser tobi. maria ucnaur moZraobs

akeTebs da samiveni malvoliosken miemarTebian. maTTan

zurgiT mdgari malvolio Semotrialdeba da kverTxs

auqnevs, TiTqos eubneba maT: gamSordiT, Tavi damanebeT,

TqvennairebTan araferi maqvs saerTo. es, erTi da

igive, qmedeba ramdenjerme meordeba. Semdeg malvolios

aRmoxdeba: `me Tqven ar gicnobT~. samive SeTqmuli

SeSfoTebis gamomxatveli amoZaxiliT avanscenisken

gamorbis da isev imeoreben: `ra dagemarTa, malvolio~?

`Tavs rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ malvolio ki

abezrebisagan Tavmobezrebuli gaRizianebuli upasuxebs:

`momwydiT Tavidan, ver xedavT rom adamiani azrovnebs?~.

avanscenaze SeTqmulebi erTmaneTs uziareben malvolios

saqcieliT gamowveul STabeWdilebebs. `es rom TeatrSi

menaxa, vityodi, rom abdaubdaa-Tqo~ _ ambobs maria. ser

tobi ki amaze upasuxebs: ̀ eh, Cemo kargo, mTeli cxovreba

abdaubdaa, da Tanac rogori~.

maka vasaZe

107

`malvolio _ zaza papuaSvili idiotis rols

TamaSobs da kmayofilia, yurebamde pirgaxeuli Sescinis

olivias da kinovarskvlaviviT Tavis publikas ekekluceba,

xiblavs Tavisi gamogonebiT. Tavis qveSevrdomebis winaSe

ki kverTxze dayrdnobili, Cafiqrebuli dgas hamletis

pozaSi, abezari buzebiviT daifrens maT da upasuxebs:

`me Tqven ar gicnobT!~.1

ser tobi gadawyvets am abdaubdas bolo mouRos

malvolios sardafSi CaketviT. oliviac daajeres,

rom malvolio gagiJda, axla ki droa, is gakoWon da

sardafSi Caagdon. olivias ki etyvian, rom gagiJebuli

malvolio sadRac gaqra. malvolio grZnobs xifaTis

moaxloebas da aRelvebuli aqeT-iqiT iwyebs siaruls

Cqari, nervuli nabijebiT. es epizodi ki mTavrdeba

SeTqmulebis TavdasxmiT malvolioze, misi gakoWviT da

sardafSi gamomwyvdeviT.

malvolios saxeze Seyinuli idioturi Rimili

Tavidan mayurebels sicils hgvris, Semdeg ki Secodebis

grZnobas iwvevs. olivias bolomde ar sjera SeTqmulTa

moyolili malvolios ucabedi gaqrobis ambavi. dro dadga

malvolios ganTavisuflebisa. intrigis daxlarTul

qselSi gabmul didebaze da siyvarulze meocnebe

malvolios mayurebeli TanaugrZnobs kidec. gansakuTrebiT

maSin, rodesac mas farSevangze amxedrebuls, eklis

gvirgviniT Tavze Semoagoreben SeTqmulebi scenaze. am

epizodSi sicilis da dacinvis obieqti malvolio TiTqmis

tragikulobamde misul personaJad warmogvidgeba.

mayurebeli mowme xdeba im metamorfozisa, romelic am

personaJma ganicada. `miSveleT!~ _ ambobs malvolio,

`damamcires, giJad momnaTles~ _ imdenad gulwrfelia

malvolios es sulis amoZaxili, rom mayurebeli raRac

momentSi guldamZimebuli ucqers am gmiris sulier

tanjvas. isini, vinc TavianT Tavze aiRo malvolios

1 wulaZe x. dasaxelebuli naSromi.



108

dasja, misTvis Wkuis swavleba da giJad Seracxa, Tavadac

codvilebi arian. TeTr samoselSi, TeTri gvirgviniT

Tavze gamogvecxadeba `SeSlili~ malvolio. `me mefe

var suliT da xorciT~ _ ambobs is da gaacnobierebs

imas, razec manamde arc ki ufiqria: `aq sibnelea, mTeli

samyaro bneleTma STanTqa~. reJisorma es epizodi ise

daasrula, TiTqos malvolio gardaicvleba. mis saxeze

kvlav gamoisaxeba idioturi Rimili da malvolio

SeSdeba. SeTqmulebs hgoniaT, rom igi gardaicvala.

Cveulebisamebr, gardacvlil adamians Tvalebs uxuWaven,

malvolios ki cdiloben Rimili CamoaSoron saxidan

da pirs uxuraven, magram amas ver SeZleben. mis saxes

aRar Sordeba es Rimili, TiTqos saxes Rimiliani niRabi

samudamod Seezarda. robert sturuam es scena warmoaCina,

rogorc malvolios golgoTis gza, rogorc simbolo

codvili, amaoebaSi gadavardnili, gamasxaravebuli

mTeli kacobriobisa. speqtaklis finalSi malvolio

isev gvecxadeba. `situaciebis komediis~ kvanZi TiTqos

gaxsnilia, yvelaferi garkveulia, sebastiano da olivia,

grafi orsino da viola SeuRlebas da qorwilis gadaxdas

olivias sasaxleSi apireben. goga gvelesianis masxara

taSis dasakvrelad gamzadebul mayurebels tuCebTan

TiTis midebiT aCumebs, TiTqos aniSnebs, jer yvelaferi ar

damTavrebulao. scenis lukidan Tmagawewili, Camoxeul-

Camokonkili samosiT, gaubedurebuli malvolio iwyebs

amosvlas. yvela SeSinebulia, malvolio xom zogierT

maTgans gardacvlili hgonia. Secbunebuli olivia

ekiTxeba: `Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? razec

gamwarebuli da sasowarkveTili malvolio upasuxebs:

`kmara, kmara, Tqven me sastikad SeuracxmyaviT, kmara!~

sul male malvolio igebs, rom werili marias dawerili

yofila. igi miemarTeba TavCaRunuli, Tavisi saqcielis

SedegiT damwuxrebuli mariasaken, jer TiTqos surs

muSti uTavazos TavSi, magram iqve gadaifiqrebs da

maka vasaZe

109

Tavze xels gadausvams. marias ekliani pariki xels

daususxavs. Semdgom igi Tavis mokvlasac cdilobs,

magram bedi TiTqos aqac dascinis, iaraRi ar gaisvris.

maria da masxara cdiloben mis damSvidebas. masxara

eubneba: ̀ Zalian gTxov, nu brazdebi, arc Sen xar frTiani

angelozi. asea, ase, dro yvelafers dagvanaxebs, adre

Tu gvian codvebi yvelas mogvekiTxeba~. damwuxrebuli,

qancgawyvetili malvolio ki upasuxebs: `marTali

xar, Tqveni gankiTxvis dRec dadgeba, ar SegarCenT

Cems damcirebas!~ malvolio scenidan gadis. robert

sturuam zaza papuaSvilis malvolios Carli Caplinis

moZraobebi Seasrulebina _ igi Carlis gmiriviT aagdebs

haerSi quds da akeTebs moZraobas, TiTqos gakvetebul

Sarvals isworebs. es Carli Caplinis cnobili Jestebia,

romlebiTac TiTqmis yvela misi moklemetraJiani filmi

mTavrdeba. amiT reJisorma pirdapiri miniSneba gagvikeTa

malvolios personaJis tragi-komikurobaze.

`malvolio jvars ecva, magram ara qristes jvars.

igi jer qristes marjvniv jvarcmuli avazakia, romelic

sazareli tanjvis fasad Seicnobs umTavress (malvolio,

gaigebs ra, rom es yvelaferi marias oinebia, mimteveblobiT

Tavze xels gadausvams celq qalbatons. am dros iqneb

is cotaTi qristesac uaxlovdeba?), magram bolos iesos

marcxniv ikavebs adgils~.1

robert sturuas `meTormete RameSi~ Zalauflebis

simbolo gvirgvinis nacvlad angelozis frTebia. es

frTebi mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi

gadadis. xan hercogis mxrebzea mibmuli, xan viola-

cezariosi, xan masxaris, xan ki am frTebs malvolio da

olivia aTamaSeben.

speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. finalis droc

dadga. reJisorma speqtakli daiwyo imiT, rac piesaSi ar

1 CubiniZe m. mokle Sinaarsi. J. `arili~, 2001. #6, gv. 32.



110

aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis mier SemoTavazebuli

dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis.

malvolios gamoklebiT speqtaklSi monawile yvela

personaJi avanscenaze dgas. olivia TiTqos mayurebelTa

darbazs mimarTavs: `ucnaurma SiSma Semipyro~... am dros

SeSinebuli sebastianos SeZaxili gaismis, yvelani

saorkestro ormoSi iyurebian, scena nel-nela bneldeba

da gia yanCelis Semzaravi musikis fonze TeTr burusSi

gaexveva. ormodan amoimarTeba figura, romelic zurgiT

moaTrevs uzarmazar xis jvars, scenis siRrmisken

miemarTeba da uCinardeba. speqtaklis gmirebi SiSiTa

da ZrwoliT mimoifantebian. gaismis CaquCis uxeSi

kakunis xmebi da guldamZimebuli mayureblis Tvalwin

Cveni codvebisaTvis golgoTaze jvarze gakruli mesia

aRimarTeba.

speqtaklis finalSi golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba,

maSin rodesac `situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis gaxsnis

Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda dasrulebuliyo, Sokis

momgvrel STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze. albaT,

amitomac hercog orsinos damawynarebeli toniT naTqvami

sityvebi: `damSviddiT, gTxovT damSviddiT, udardeli

dReebi gvelis, bedniereba da sixaruli ar moakldeba

Cvens qveyanas~... susti argumentia mayureblisaTvis.

amisdamiuxedavad, mayurebelTa darbazSi TiTqos

amosunTqvis xma ismis. robert sturua speqtaklSi

warmoCenil codvisa da monaniebis Temas moulodnel

gamosavals usadagebs. amgvari moulodnelobebi ki,

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, damaxasiaTebelia misi sareJisoro

xelwerisaTvis.

maka vasaZe

111

paata iakaSvili,paata iakaSvili,

kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli prof. _ giorgi gvaxariaxelmZRvaneli prof. _ giorgi gvaxaria

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis

qarTul kinoSiqarTul kinoSi

`sami sicocxle~ antisemitizmis braldebiT

akrZaluli filmia, a. ustiaSvilis scenari ar

SemorCenila. amitom Tu films SevudarebT giorgi

wereTlis romans `pirveli nabiji~, davrwmundebiT, rom

literaturuli pirvelwyaros siuJeti sagrZnoblad

aris Secvlili, filmSi ar Sesula bevri epizodi,

romlebSic ikveTeboda personaJTa xasiaTi, amasTan

amovarda ramdenime moqmedi piri, daemata zogierTi

axali, romelTagan gaamarTla mxolod erTma da amis

Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT.

filmis ZiriTad Temad reJisorma aqcia sasiyvarulo

samkuTxedi, amitomac qvia films ̀ sami sicocxle~, radgan

g. wereTlis romanis i. perestianiseul interpretaciaSi

dauokebeli vnebaTaRelva sami adamianis daRupvis mizezi

xdeba...

filmSi baxva fulava gamoyvanilia, rogorc fulis,

oqros yovlisSemZleobaSi darwmunebuli adamiani,

romelic vaWrobiT did simdidres daagrovebs, cxovrebas

moiwyobs, sayvarel qalsac SeirTavs colad, magram

filmSi esmas kinosaxe isea gaazrebuli, Tavidanve iqmneba

STabeWdileba, rom misi bedniereba droebiTia, xolo Tavad

dasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. baxvasa da esmas ubedurebis

mizezi ieremia warba `sabediswero mamakacia~, romlis

avxorcobas, siSmages, veragobasa da sisastikes jer esma

emsxverpla da Semdeg baxva, xolo ieremiam sasjels Tavi

validas meSveobiT daaRwia. suraTSi valida gamoyvanilia

maRali wris kurtizan qalad, romelsac polkovniki

112

paata iakaSvili

lobovi yvela survils usrulebs. am `sabediswero

qalis~ daxmarebiT sasamarTlo marcxdeba, boroteba ki

zeimobs da bolos, sentimentaluri melodramisaTvis

tipiuri finali: baxva xanjliT klavs mZinare ieremias

da misi mkerdidan gadmodenili sisxliT TeTr zewarze

TiTiT wers sanukvar saxels èsma~...

`sam sicocxleSi~ yvelaferi emorCileba

kinoilustraciis princips, magaliTad aviRoT esmas

motacebis mizezi: ekranze vxedavT baxva fulavas

saxlis makets, viRacis xelebi makets saxuravs axdis,

rom mayurebelma dainaxos, ra xdeba saxlSi. Semdeg

maketi aseve saxuravmoxdil dekoraciad gadaiqceva.

miuxedavad aseTi xerxisa, romlis mizania dawvrilebiT

gviCvenos motacebis ambavi, reJisorma es sakmarisad

ar miiCnia da cdilobs, warwerebis meSveobiT auxsnas

mayurebels gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi. ekranze Cndeba

warwera: ùbedureba ki karze iyo momdgari~. Semdeg

vxedavT mZinare baxvas, am dros odis aivanze ieremia

warba da misi megobrebi moZvrebian... Semdeg gviCveneben

ayefebul ZaRls, romlis xma saxlis patrons ar esmis.

Tavdamsxmelebi daniT aReben fanjaras, gadaZvrebian...

Semdegi warwera: `modiT, maTTan erTad SevideT~ (es

aSkarad reJisoris mimarTvaa mayureblisadmi) am gziT

is cdilobs moqmedebaSi CarTos mayurebeli, romelsac

daatarebs da saintereso epizodebs uCvenebs... ai, am dros

axdis is ori xeli makets saxuravs da mayurebelic

xedavs dekoraciaSi gaTamaSebul ambavs. am dros kvlav

Cndeba warwera: èsec mTeli saxli~. ekranze Cans,

rogor Sedian mZinare esmas oTaxSi ieremia warba da misi

megobrebi da kvlav warwera: `gaiRviZe, baxva!~ (amjerad

reJisori personaJs mimarTavs).

cxadia, mTeli filmi ase detalurad ilustrirebuli

da komentirebuli ar aris. magram romanis (iseve,

rogorc moTxrobis) kinoilustracia i. perestianisaTvis

113

saTqmelis gamoxatvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo _ esec

faqtia.

amave dros is ar icnobs kinoenas, romelsac 20-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropeli da amerikeli

kinematografistebi flobdnen; bundovani warmodgena

aqvs montaJze, paralelur da Sidakadrul montaJze,

xedebis monacvleobis dramatul mniSvnelobaze. ivane

perestianis mier kinospecifikis codna zedapirulobiT

xasiaTdeba. amiT Sors verc sabWoTa periodSi wavida,

ver aiTvisa sabWoTa kinoavangardis monapovari, ubralod,

axla aqtualuri sxva Tema iyo da is Zveli mxatvruli

xerxebiT iRebda mas.

`sam sicocxleSi~ ar aris revoluciuri da

socialuri brZolis epizodebi. giorgi wereTlis

romani bolSevikuri revoluciis poziciebze mdgari

reJisorisaTvis imiTac iyo saintereso, rom mwerlis

simpaTia arc `gadagvarebuli~ aristokratiis mxarezea

da arc axalfexadgmuli burJuaziisa. sainteresoa,

rom i. perestiani aseT obieqturobas ver iCens da

baxva fulavas saxes orad xleCs _ filmis pirvel

naxevarSi is momxveWeli burJuaa, romelic Tanadgomas

ar imsaxurebs, meore naxevarSi ki _ usamarTlobis

msxverplia da reJisori mis reabilitacias cdilobs;

romanis avtori gviCvenebs monarqiuli ruseTis

samxedro biurokratiuli sistemis korumpirebulobasa

da gaxrwnilobas. amas dasjerda i. perestiani, rogorc

Cans, komunisti ideologebic. am TvalsazrisiT filmma

daakmayofila oficiozis koniunqturuli moTxovnebi.

filmis es mxare kinokritikamac SeniSna:

`kino-mrewvelobis mier aqamdis gamoSvebul suraTebSi

mTavar moments Seadgenda socialur-revoluciuri da

yofa-cxovrebis motivebi.

`sami sicocxle~ ki aris pirveli cda `mocemul

iqnes Cvens ekranze fsiqologiur-socialuri mxatvruli

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSi

114

paata iakaSvili

drama~1 `sam sicocxleSi~ msaxiobTa TamaSis manera

SedarebiT realisturia, rac udavod dadebiTi movlena

iyo.

filmSi erTi metad saintereso personaJia _ ebraeli

makleri meira. is romanSi ar aris, misi xasiaTis

dramaturgiul safuZvels mTlianad Saqro beriSvili

qmnida, amasTan, sakmaod ostaturadac. man gamoZerwa

siTboTi da iumoriT gajerebuli saxe baxva fulavas

partniorisa da megobris, qarTveli ebraelis, meirasi.

qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu rogor daafrTxo ruseTSi komunisti

ideologebi kulaSeli ebraelis, Saqro beriSviliseulma

interpretaciam.

mravali nakli hqonda, magram `sami sicocxle~

`saxkinmrewvis~ mainc yvelaze warmatebuli filmi iyo.

miuxedavad amisa, is mravali faqtoriT aRmoCnda saeWvo

sabWoTa cenzorebisaTvis da 1924 wlis 9 oqtombers

egreT wodebulma mTavarma sarepertuaro komitetma

akrZala ~sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba... ruseTis

sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis

farglebSi.

undoblobisa da miuReblobis am faqtma qarTvelebs

da maT Soris ara mxolod `saxkinmrewvis~ mesveurebs,

aramed mmarTveli koloniur-komunisturi reJimis

warmomadgenel `qarTvel amxanagebsac~ mdgomareobidan

gamosavali moaZebnina. amis Taobaze kinoreJisori siko

doliZe Tavis mogonebaSi werda: `glavrepertuarSi~

zogierTma pasuxismgebelma pirma ebraeli meieris

saxeSi ratomRac suraTis antisemituri tendenciebi

dainaxa da mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia filmis ekranze

gamoSveba. `saxkinmrewvis~ direqtorma germane gogitiZem

daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa sakavSiro cakis mdivans abel

enuqiZes, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sTxova anatoli

lunaCarskis, rogorc ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars, enaxa

1 ix. J. `CiraRdani~, #22. gv. 8, 1924 w.

115

filmi `sami sicocxle~ da daxmareboda `saxkinmrewvs~.1

a. lunaCarski gamoexmaura qarTvelTa Txovnas da

dawera 1924 wlis 29 dekembriT daTariRebuli werili,

romlis aslic `mTavarpolitganis~ sammarTvelosTan

arsebul kinos saqmeTa samxatvro sabWos gaugzavna.

anatoli lunaCarskim filmi naxa da akrZalvis mizezSic

mSvenivrad gaerkva, magram cdilobs, ar gaamJRavnos da

mxolod miniSnebebs sjerdeba, amitom Tavis werilSi

amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqvams aseT mosazrebas: `me, ra

Tqma unda, ar vici, ra politikurma mosazrebebma gamoiwvia

aseTi, mxatvruli da sameurneo TvalsazrisiT dauSvebeli,

gadawyvetileba, Tumca unda mivxvedriliyavi, radgan

didi dakvirvebiT gavsinje es filmi da darwmunebuli

var, rom imis garda, rac me masSi davinaxe, veravin mets

ver dainaxavda~.2 am citatidan naTlad gamoCnda, rom a.

lunaCarski winaaRmdegia filmis akrZalvisa, amave dros,

cdilobs, ar dauSvas suraTis imgvari interpretacia,

rom mas raime politikuri mniSvneloba mieniWos. amitom

werilis dasawyisSi vrclad ilaparaka ̀ sami sicocxlis~

Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobaze: `me mgonia, gadameteba ar

iqneba imis Tqma, rom cxovrebis mware sinamdvilis,

yofiTi masalisa da warmtaci dramatizmis mxriv,

agreTve kinoteqnikis TvalsazrisiTac, es filmi aramc

Tu utoldeba saukeTeso sazRvargareTul nawarmoebebs,

romelTaganac igi gamoirCeva Tavisi realizmiT, aramed

Sors itovebs ukan mTel rig sabWoTa nawarmoebebs.

teqnikis mxriv saukeTeso suraTebic ki: `aelita~,

`sasaxle da cixesimagre~, `mosselpromis mepapirose~

(Tu aviRebT yvelaze gansxvavebul Janrebs) ubralo

diletentobas warmoadgenen suraT `sam sicocxlesTan~

SedarebiT, jer marto im maRalmxatvrulobis gamo,

romelic usaTuod xalxSi did warmatebas moipovebs

1 doliZe s. mogonebebi, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tb., 1984w. gv. 89.2 lunaCarski a. v. werili kinosuraT `sami sicocxlis~ Sesaxeb, J.

`sabWoTa xelovneba~ #10, 1962 w. gv. 58.


116

paata iakaSvili

da romelic, rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, Cveni

kinomrewvelobis cxovelmyofelobis sasiqadulo

mowmobas warmoadgens. uaryofiTi azris gamoTqmisas,

gansakuTrebiT ki akrZalvisas, unda meti sifrTxile

gamoeCinaT, magram am garemoebas kidev sxva ram

emateba~.1 aq ssrk-s ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari Tavad

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT laparakobs im mizezebze,

romelTa gamoc filmis akrZalva dauSvebeli iyo:

`suraTze didZali Tanxaa daxarjuli, sabWoTa mokavSire

saxelmwifos warmoebis mier. saxelmwifo, romelsac

Tavisi gansaxkomisa da umaRlesi partiuli instanciis

azriT, miaCnia, rom es filmi Rirsia yovelmxriv farTod

gavrceldes, rogorc am qveynis mravalsaxieri yofisa da

axali warsulis socialuri wyobis amsaxveli. sabWoTa

saqarTvelos ara Tu mxolod mniSvnelovani Tanxebi

aqvs daxarjuli am suraTze, aramed, yvelas TvalSi

ecema, Tu ra didis siyvaruliTaa igi gakeTebuli, radgan

didi artistuli, reJisoruli Tu sxva saxis Sromaa

masSi Cayrili. agreTve gvgonia, rom suraTi Zalze

uvargisic rom iyos politikurad, momWirne sabWoTa

muSaki, romelsac ar surs sabWoTa mrewvelobas ziani

maiyenos, miT umetes, usiamovno urTierToba Camoagdos

mokavSire saxelmwifosTan, romlis mimarT, saerTod,

gansakuTrebuli sifaqizea saWiro, pirvel yovlisa,

ecdeba rogorme gadaarCinos suraTi~.2

citata yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi diplomatiurobiT,

roca a. lunaCarski ase TavgamodebiT icavda `mokavSire

saxelmwifos~ interesebs, amas koloniur-komunisturi

reJimisaTvis politikuri qulebis dagrovebis mizniT

akeTebda, anu ase Wirdeboda maSin ruseTis komunistur

imperias; amitom iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom

saqarTvelos da qarTvel komunistebs angariSs uweven.

a. lunaCarskis argumentad mohyavs sameurneo xarjebic,

1 iqve, gv.57-58;2 iqve, gv. 58.

117

erTi sityviT, `nemsis yunwSi Zvreba~, rom Tavis mizans

miaRwios da akrZalva moxsnas. misma mondomebam ar unda

Segvacdinos, es ar yofila cxovrebis gamovlena _

situaciiT nakarnaxevi gamosavali iyo da es rom asea,

amas adasturebs xuTi wlis Semdeg momxdari ambavi: 1929

wels komunisturma cenzuram akrZala kote miqaberiZis

filmi `Cemi bebia~, am suraTis dasacavad Tavi aravis

gamoudvia, _ cxadia, arc anatoli lunaCarskis, magram

`sami sicocxlis~ SemTxvevaSi is Zalian cdilobda filmi

gadaerCina, amitom msjeloba ise warmarTa, rom suraTis

gadaReba gaemarTlebina, Tumca obieqturobisaTvis,

unda iTqvas, rom films kritikulad ganixilavs da

poulobs oTx nakls. amaTgan pirveli, saboloo jamSi,

films dadebiT mxared gadaaqcevs. a. lunaCarski amas ase

axerxebs: `suraTis mTavari nakli is aris, rom masSi

aRebulia epoqa, roca klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobda

ara proletariatsa da burJuazias Soris, aramed

burJuazias, gansakuTrebiT kulakobasa da aristokratias

Soris. marTalia scenaris avtori yvelanairad cdilobs

filmis dasawyisSi xazi gausvas im uaryofiT mxareebs,

rac Tan axlavs gamdidrebas, ris meoxebiTac gmirma

fulavam da misma megobarma meiram simdidres miaRwies,

magram Semdeg (an Sedegad?) mayureblis mTel simpaTias

swored es glexobidan gamosuli fulava ipyrobs,

radgan igi gaugonar devnas ganicdis aznaur warbasagan.

mere isic irkveva, rom kolonizatorebi, am SemTxvevaSi

rusebi, da maTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli adgilobrivi

Tavadaznauroba, erTmaneTs mxars uWeren da am gziT

aiZuleben fulavas, xeli mihyos individualur terors

da warbas TviTneburi mkvleloba Caidinos.

TvalSi sacemia, rom, viwro midgomiT, es TiTqos

Cveni ideologia araa, rom ar unda gamogvyavdes

simpaTiur gmirad adamiani, romelic Tavisive moZmeTa

xarjze, aTasnairi TaRliTobisa da komerciuli oinebis


118

paata iakaSvili

gziT gamdidrda. es didi nakli aixsneba imiT, rom

films safuZvlad udevs wereTlis romani, romelic

amJamad socialurad ukve moZvelebulia. sakmarisi

iqneboda, es nakli, rom magaliTad sagazeTo recenziaSi

aRniSnuliyo. marqsistulma kritikam es filmi Tavis

adgilze unda daayenos, magram, rasakvirvelia, is ziani,

rac mohyveba fulavasadmi simpaTias, romelic, Tumca,

kulakia, magram mainc glexobidan aris gamosuli da

romelic kolonizatoruli xelisuflebisa da sakuTari

Tavadaznaurobis msxverplia, ar SeiZleba mniSvnelovani

iyos. xolo amasTanave mas axlavs didi dadebiTi

mxareebic. marTlac da mTeli suraTi gamsWvalulia

kolonizatorebisadmi siZulviliT, am SemTxvevaSi ki

kolonizatorebad gamodiodnen TviT `veliko~ rusebi,

e. i. suraTi pasuxobs im moTxovnilebebs, romelsac

ayenebda v. i. lenini, e. i. yovelnair mxilebas Cveni

sakuTari imperializmisa axlo warsulSi~.1

a. lunaCarskis werilis zemoT moyvanili citata

ideologiuri moTxovnilebiT gamowveuli demagogiis

kargi magaliTia. a. lunaCarski aRiarebs, rom im drois

TaviseburebasTan mimarTebaSi, roca `sami sicocxle~

gadaiRes, giorgi wereTlis romani socialurad

aqtualuri aRar iyo, radgan aRar arsebobda dapirispireba

burJuaziasa da aristokratias Soris, axla koloniur-

komunisturi reJimi upirispirdeboda da anadgurebda

orive klass. magram a. lunaCarski aqac poulobs

gamosavals. iSveliebs leninis moTxovnebs warsulis

kritikis Taobaze da sagangebod aRniSnavs im kritikul

paToss, riTac filmSi Zveli droa asaxuli. amrigad,

is, rac SeiZleba filmis minusi yofiliyo, mis plusad

iqca...

aseTi gaxlavT a. lunaCarskis mier gamoTqmuli

pirveli SeniSvnis xasiaTi. mis mier dasaxelebuli filmis

1 iqve, gv. 58.

119

bolo ori nakli mcired mniSvnelovania. amaTgan erTi

exeba filmis warwerebs, romelTac araferi aqvs saerTo,

g. wereTlis romanTan, arc a. ustiaSvilis scenarTan

da i. perestianis Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens, rac

a. lunaCarskis gonebamaxvilur mignebad ar mosCvenebia.

amas garda, a. lunaCarski Caufiqrebia filmis metraJs

_ 12 nawili anu ori saaTi ekranuli droisa, _ Tumca

aseTi xangrZlivoba raime gansakuTrebul movlenad ar

miuCnevia da filmis Semoklebis sakiTxisaTvis principuli

mniSvneloba ar miuniWebia.

ase, rom, ssrk ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris mier

aRmoCenil naklTagan arc pirveli, arc mesame da arc

meoTxe ar Seicavs raime iseT Tvisebas, ris gamoc filmi

SeiZleboda aekrZalaT; amitom mTeli yuradReba bunebrivad

moemarTa e. w. meore naklze. msjelobisas anatoli

lunaCarski misdauneburad amJRavnebs `sami sicocxlis~

akrZalvis aqamde dafarul mizezs: ̀ suraTis meore naklia

zerele, vodeviluri komizmi, romelic ukavSirdeba

pirvel rigSi ebrael meiras namdvilad sasacilo

figuras. gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda is, rom wamdauwum

ar ejaxebodes wyliT savse vedroebs, ar ecemodes yovel

uadgilo adgilas. zogierTi masTan dakavSirebuli

`efeqtebi~ SesaZlebelia sul amovardniliyo, magram amis

gamo, rom films raRac politikuri minusi mivaweroT,

rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia. bolos da bolos es ebraeli

Zalian gulTbilad aris mocemuli da Rrma simpaTias da

Sebralebas iwvevs. diax, igi wvrili vaWaria, cdilobs

yovelgvari spekulaciebiT gamdidrdes, igi uaRresad

samoqalaqo tipia, cudad zis cxenze, cudi msrolelia,

yovelive amis gamo, cota ar iyos, sasacilod gamoiyureba

mTis xalxis fonze, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom

meira gulkeTilia, rom igi mTlad gadahyva Tavis megobar

fulavas, romelic namdvilad Seuyvarda, rom cxovrobs

misi bednierebiT, Rrmad ganicdis mis ubedurebas. mTeli


120

paata iakaSvili

misi figura mocemulia wrfeli, gulTbili iumoriT.

Tu aseTi midgma antisemitizmad CaiTvleboda, maSin

pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom Tqveni mizezianoba am mxriv

herkulesis svetebs aRwevs. am didebuli filmis akrZalva

mxolod imitom, rom masSi uSno ebraelia gamoyvanili,

rasakvirvelia aravis mouva TavSi~.1

maS ase, rusma ebraelebma `sam sicocxleSi~

makler komikuri personaJis saxiT antisemitizmis

gamovlena dainaxes. maTgan antisemitizmis maZieblobas

Tavisi mizezic hqonda: monarqistul ruseTSi hyvaoda

antisemitizmi, amitom bolSevikur revolucias uamravma

ebraelma dauWira mxari. gausaZlisi erovnuli Cagvris

pirobebSi `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb bolSevikuri

Tezisi maTTvis namdvili xsna iyo, Sesabamisad, isini

aqtiurobdnen revoluciuri moZraobis dros da ruseTis

axali komunisturi imperiis e. w. ssrk-s partiul da

biurokratiul ierarqiaSi uamravma ebraelma daikava

Tanamdeboba (marto is rad Rirs, rom leninis cnobili

TanamebrZolebi: trocki, zinovievi, kamenevi ebraelebi

iyvnen). ebraelTa es mravalricxovani da politikurad

aqtiuri masa mZafrad reagirebda yvelaferze, rac, misi

azriT, SeiZleba antisemitizmis gamovlineba yofiliyo,

amitom sruliad ar aris gamoricxuli, _ rom ebraeli

meiras _ uvnebeli, sascilo, gulkeTili adamianis _

ekranuli saxe, Seuracxyofas da masxrad agdebas miCveul

rus ebraelebs, ebraelTa dacinvad mieRoT. da Tu es ase

moxda, mxolod imitom, rom rusma ebraelebma ver gaiges

is damokidebuleba, rac saqarTveloSi iyo qarTveli

ebraelebisadmi. swored am damokidebulebidan Seiqmna

meira makleris (romelsac uamravi realuri prototipi

hyavda qarTvel ebraelTa Soris) kinosaxe, romlis

Taobaze ivane perestiani Tavis mogonebaTa wignSi ase wers:

`romeliRaca Tavisufal wuTs Cemma administratorma,

1 iqve, gv. 58-59.

121

SemdgomSi kinoreJisorma Saqro berikaSvilma gverdiT

gamiyvana:

_ ivane nikolaeviC, xom ar SeiZleba, rom me wavimuSao

romelime epizodSi?

me mas Sevxede.

_ axlave gsurT? aq makleris Separeba SeiZleba,

aseTi qarTveli ebraelisa _ Slapianis?

_ diax, diax.

roca Saqro naxevari saaTis Semdeg gamoCnda,

gadacmuli da sanaxevrod grimgakeTebuli, me maxsovs,

rom misi saxe Zalian momewona.

es gadaReba Cven uaxloes meoTxed saaTSi davamTavreT,

Semdeg ki erTmaneTs miewyo samuSao dReebi. erTxel,

Semdgomi obieqtis gadaRebis win, gembanze, diliT

SaqrosTan administraciul sakiTxebze saubrisas,

gamaxsenda misi roli da misda gasaxarad SevTavaze:

_ Tu gsurT, Tqvenc gadaicviT.

ai, ase gaCnda filmSi organulad Semosuli ebraeli

meiras niWierad naTamaSevi roli, romlis Sesaxebac

romanSi miniSnebuli ar aris.

ai, ras niSnavs msaxiobi reJisorisaTvis. me araviTar

SemTxvevaSi araviTari sababiT, ar daviwyeb Cemi saqcielis

kanonzomierebis mtkicebas arc avtoris mimarT da arc

SemoqmedebiTi xaziT; magram, SemTxvevis uCveulo xasiaTi

da misi rezultati iseTi iyo, rom, me mgonia, Rirs

masze laparaki.

roli Cveni avanazRaureT, rogorc ̀gauTvaliswinebeli

xarjebi~.

filmis gamosvlidan, daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg,

moskovSi mgzavrobisas, me gamovelaparake mezobeli kupis

mgzavrs ase ormoci wlis metad elegantur mamakacs.

gamoirkva, rom is Cveni saelCos erT-erTi mrCeveli iyo


122

safrangeTSi da movismine misgan gamaognebeli fraza:

_ iciT, `sami sicocxlidan~ Tqveni ebraelisaTvis

unda gadagkocnoTo~.1

ratom unda gadaekocna ivane perestiani im

kinosaxisaTvis, Saqro beriaSvilma rom Seqmna, CemTvis

gaugebaria Tumca isic cxadia, rom im diplomatisaTvis,

romelmac meiras kinosaxeSi ebraelebisadmi TanagrZnoba

dainaxa, filmis avtori reJisori iyo da bunebrivia, mas

uxdida madlobas.

`sam sicocxlesTan~ dakavSirebulma ambavma naTelyo

rusuli da qarTuli eTnokulturuli tradiciebis

iseTi gansxvaveba, romelic seriozulad uSlida xels

`kulturaTa dialogis~ warmarTvas. am konkretul

SemTxvevaSi es Seexeba ̀ ebraelTa sakiTxs~: qarTul-ebraul

urTierTobaTa xasiaTi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda

rusul-ebrauli urTierTobebisagan, amitomac gamoiwvia

S. beriSvilis kinogmirma aseTi araadekvaturi reaqcia

ruseTSi rus ebraelebs Soris.

a. lunaCarskis Carevis Semdeg 1925 wlis 25 ianvars

`sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba sakavSiro ekranze

SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tumca, filmma mcireodeni cvlileba

ganicada: amoiRes zogierTi epizodi da Seamcires

warwerebi...

1 Перестииани И. 75 лет жизни в искусстве, изд. «Искусство», М., 1962, стр. 328.

paata iakaSvili

123

marika mamacaSvili,marika mamacaSvili,


xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Tamar bokuCava

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebicvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi

piter brukis reJisoruli Ziebani miznad isaxavs

Teatris metafizikuri arsis gamovlenas. aseTi arsis

gamosavlenad ki aucilebelia Teatraluri qmedebis

metaenis povna. es sruliadac ar niSnavs TeatrSi

literaturuli sawyisis, piesis teqstis uaryofas, magram

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom misi azriT, metafizikur

TeatrSi sityva aris ara mxolod mxatvruli samkauli

an moqmedebis iaraRi, aramed sakraluri mniSvnelobis

fenomenic.

bunebrivia, rom Teatris arsis kvleva SeuZlebeli

iqneboda misi genezisis gaazrebis gareSe. magram

brukisTvis Teatris istoriuli ganviTarebis gaazreba

ar aris sakuTriv racionaluri procesi. ufro metic,

Tavad kvlevis procesSi igi upiratesobas aniWebs

intuicias, movlenis instinqtur xedvas. igi YTvlis,

rom mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli Teatris

Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaSi mimaluli wesrigis aRmoCena.

misi azriT, swored aq aris ganTavsebuli Teatris

metaena, misi ucvleli sidide. magram brukisTvis

Teatris metaenis Zieba sulac ar niSnavs istoriuli

ganviTarebis uaryofas. misi Rrma rwmeniT (rac man

daadastura kidec Tavisi praqtikiT), Teatri Sedgeba

ucvleli da cvladi faseulobebisagan. maTi sinTezia is

ideali, riskenac unda iswrafvodes Tanamedrove Teatri.

Tumca, upiratesoba, cxadia, eniWeba ucvlel sidideebs.

es ki misTvis niSnavs iseTi iracionaluri impulsebis

gamosxivebas scenidan, rac daamyarebs umWidroes kavSirs

scenasa da mayurebelTa darbazs Soris.

124

xSir SemTxvevaSi, brukis Teoriuli naazrevis

araswori interpretaciis gamo, iracionaluri scenuri

impulsebis Zieba gaigivebulia fabulis, siuJetis

uaryofasTan. brukisTvis Teatri namdvilad aris is

adgili, sadac yvebian istorias da sadac msaxiobebi

erToblivad uamboben mayurebels cxovrebis erT an

ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlenis Sesaxeb. magram

Txrobac aris da Txrobac. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,

rom Teatraluri `Txroba~ Sedges, aucilebelia ambis

qsovilis sruli gancda da masSi ganzaveba. msaxiobma

`taniT~ (da ara gonebiT) unda upasuxos piesaSi asaxul

movlenebs, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba scenisa

da mayurebelTa darbazis damakavSirebeli uxilavi

sakraluri Zafebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mayurebelTan kontaqtis uxilavi

Zafebis Zieba damaxasiaTebeli iyo naturalisturi

Teatraluri skolisTvisac. magram maTgan gansxvavebiT,

bruki personaJis daxasiaTebis procesSi eZebs ara

mxolod im uxilav impulsebs, rasac Cveulebriv

warmoqmnis moqmedebis gaucnobierebeli motivebi, aramed

maTi mxatvruli gamosaxvis gzebsac. magram es sruliadac

ar niSnavs rolis stilizacias an gamomsaxvelobiTi

ornamentebis Ziebas. mxatvruli saxis garegnuli

gamomsaxveloba brukisTvis iseTive saidumloebiTaa

moculi, rogorc personaJis suliereba, misi fsiqikuri

Taviseburebani. amitomac eZebs `mTlian vels~, saidanac

unda aRmocendes gmiris daxasiaTebis rogorc Sinaarsi,

ise forma. misi azriT, mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli

`xarisxis~ mopoveba, rac, misi azriT, warmoadgens kidec

Teatraluri warmodgenis saboloo mizans.

winamdebare SromaSi Cven araerTxel ganvixileT

`xarisxis~ sakiTxi, radgan brukis Teoriul naazrevSi

mas sakvanZo mniSvneloba aqvs. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,

rom mayurebelSi aRvZraT sakraluri gancdebi, saWiroa

marika mamacaSvili

125

msaxiobma Tavad igrZnos movlenis mniSvneloba, Tavad

aiyvanos igi sasurvel xarisxSi. bruki Tvlis, rom imisda

mixedviT, Tu ras da ra saxiT vaniWebT mniSvnelobas,

warmoiSoba axali fsiqologiuri sibrtye `xarisxis~

saxiT. igi Tvlis, rom amis gareSe Teatraluri qmedeba

moklebulia yovelgvar mimzidvelobas da ar SeuZlia

zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mayurebelze. amasTanave, raki

nebismieri aqti TeatrSi xorcieldeba `aq da axlave~,

aucilebelia, rom `xarisxis~ SegrZneba mayurebels

gauCndes warmodgenis dawyebisTanave, gayves mas mTeli

speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi da mis Tanamgzavrad iqces

warmodgenis damTavrebis Semdgomac. ai maSin ki, brukis

azriT, Teatri gadaiqceva Seucvlel adgilad, adamianebis

upirveless moTxovnilebad. misi Rrma rwmeniT, mxolod

`xarisxs~ SeuZlia gaaufasuros an udidesi mniSvneloba

mianiWos erTsa da imave movlenas. es efeqti, misi

azriT, Zalian mogvagonebs egzistencialur situacias

da uSualod enaTesaveba magiur, ezoTerikul aqts.

rac ufro xSiria is wami, roca mayurebelTa darbazi

Sekrulia absoluturi erTsulovnebiT, miT didia

interesi speqtaklis mimarT. `xarisxis~ misaRwevad

ar aris aucilebeli gansakuTrebuli vnebebis frqveva,

sxvadasxva poeturi pasaJis gamoyeneba. `xarisxi~

SesaZloa daibados srul siCumeSi, garegnulad sruli

simSvidis dros.

bruks drois fuW kargvad da amao mcdelobad miaCnia

`xarisxis~ misaRebad garegnuli reJisoruli xerxebis

gamoyeneba. msaxiobs da mxolod msaxiobs SeuZlia

gamosaxos `uxilavi~, mxolod mas ZaluZs Caagonos

mayurebels movlenis mniSvneloba. aseT dros TavisiT

ibadeba gamomsaxveli saSualebebi. swored intuicia

karnaxobs msaxiobs saWiro detals, saWiro mimikas,

plastikas, Jests. Tuki msaxiobi amas SeZlebs, saTqmeli

TavisiT daibadeba. aqdan gamomdinare, reJisura brukisTvis

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi

126

uSualod dakavSirebulia msaxiobis xelovnebasTan. misi

azriT, yvelaferi, risi Tqmac surs reJisors, gadmoicema

mxolod msaxiobis SemweobiT.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs brukis mier damxmare scenuri

xerxebis uaryofas. musikaluri foni, scenografia,

sinaTlis da sivrcis sxvadasxva efeqti, iseve

rogorc maxvilgonivruli mizanscenebi, xels uwyobs

speqtaklis aRqmas da dadebiTad moqmedebs mayureblis

STabeWdilebaze. magram ùxilavis~ gadmocema SeuZlia

mxolod msaxiobs. ùxilavis~ gadmocema ki Teatris

yvelaze didi faseulobaa. ùxilavi~ aris is faruli

energia, gonebisa da grZnobis is gansakuTrebuli vibracia,

romelic aseve uxilavi gziT gadaecema mayurebels da

samudamod rCeba mis mexsierebaSi. reJisorma xeli unda

Seuwyos msaxiobs ̀ uxilavis~ gamosaxvaSi da amis miRweva

SesaZlebelia mxolod stilisturad da kompoziciurad

Sekrul, mwyobr speqtaklSi.

arcTu iSviaTad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu

ara mistikuri brukis Sexedulebani Teatris Sesaxeb.

Tavad bruks naklebad ainteresebs sakuTari xedvis

filosofiuri mxare. igi praqtikosia da ainteresebs

Sedegi. Sedegebma ki igi swored aseT daskvnebamde

miiyvana.

sxva sakiTxia, rom bruki udides mniSvnelobas

aniWebs reJisorul gamomgoneblobas. reJisorma unda

SeZlos piesis teqstis gacocxleba, simboloebis da

metaforebis moSvelieba, ritmisa da tempis organizeba.

magram aq sizuste aucilebelia. reJisori ar unda

gaitacos Tavisma gamomgoneblobam, sakuTari fantaziis

TamaSma, Torem Sedegad mayureblis aRqmis miRma darCeba

umTavresi faseuloba – ùxilavi~, romlis gareSe

nebismieri Teatraluri sanaxaoba aucileblad mosawyeni

xdeba. mowyeniloba ki, brukis azriT, Teatris mTavari

mteria.

marika mamacaSvili

127

ritms brukis sasceno TeoriaSi miniWebuli aqvs

sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili. aqac, iseve rogorc

sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi dauSveblad miiCnevs speqtaklis

ritmis xelovnuri gziT Camoyalibebas. ritmic, iseve

rogorc saerTod scenuri moqmedeba, unda warmoiSvas

spontanurad, movlenisa da moqmedebis mniSvnelobidan

gamomdinare. Tuki scenuri moqmedeba organulia da

warmoSobs ̀ uxilavs~, am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis grZlioba

uSualod msaxiobis intuiciazea damokidebuli. xolo

imisaTvis, rom intuicia amoqmeddes, aucilebelia

personaJis sulieri cxovrebis labirinTebSi Sesvla. iq

da mxolod iq aris pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze da msaxiobi

swored iq ipovnis rolisTvis yvela saWiro detals Tu

Strixs.

nebismieri ambavi ganTavsebulia drosa da sivrceSi.

Teatris specifikidan gamomdinare, reJisors SeuZlia

pirobiTi xerxebis gamoyenebiT Tavis Canafiqrs moargos

droisa da sivrcis kompoziciuri ganlageba. magram,

brukis azriT, aq aucilebelia garkveuli sazRvrebis

dacva. Teatri misTvis aris mxatvrulisa da realuris

iseTi Serwyma, sadac mayureblis poeturi fantazia avsebs

sinamdvilis deficits. magram am `deficitma~ ar unda

gadaaWarbos dasaSvebis, SesaZleblis zRvars. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, brukis azriT, aucileblad warmoiSoba

damajereblobis nakleboba, rac ueWvelad gaTiSavs scenasa

da mayurebels Soris arsebul uxilav kavSirs. rogorc

araerTxel aRvniSneT, bruki am uxilav Zafebs aniWebs

gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas mowyenilobasTan brZolis

saqmeSi. aq ki droisa da sivrcis swori organizeba, misi

azriT, erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtoria.

jer kidev sareJisoro karieris dasawyisSi brukma

udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa dramatuli muxtis sakiTxs

speqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. cxadia, dramatul

muxtebs warmoSobs piesaSi asaxuli konfliqti. cxadia,


128

mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis mniSvneloba da siRrme

ganapirobebs scenuri qmedebis dramatulobas. sakmarisia,

aq Tavi iCinos raime siyalbem, amao gaxdeba rogorc

reJisoris, ise msaxiobebis yovelgvari Zalisxmeva.

amitom, misi azriT, aucilebelia, kargad gaverkveT

problemis arsSi, kidec gaviazroT da kidec SevigrZnoT

igi. ar SeiZleba problemis mimarT mza receptebis

gamoyeneba. es, brukis azriT, xels SeuSlis dramatuli

muxtebis warmoSobas. am sakiTxTan mibmulia energiis

gamoTavisuflebis problemac, rac aseve naklebad aris

damokidebuli scenaze Seqmnil garegnul moZraobasTan.

energiis warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba msaxiobis

sulSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs da amasTanave

dakavSirebulia rogorc partnioris, ise mayureblis

reaqciasTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom procesualobis TvalsazrisiT,

bruki ar ganasxvavebs speqtakls repeticiisagan.

rogorc erTi, ise meore procesi misTvis dausrulebeli

Ziebis wyaroa da swored es Zieba ganapirobebs

rogorc repeticiis, ise speqtaklis ganviTarebis

moulodnelobas, mis improvizaciulobas. es yovelive

misTvis imdenad organulia, rom warmoudgenladac ki

miaCnia sxvagvari midgoma da principulad winaaRmdegia

imisa, rom amas ewodos muSaobis eqsperimentuli meTodi.

da raki speqtaklis qmnadoba aris mogzauroba uval

gzebsa da labirinTebSi, maSasadame, es ar SeiZleba iyos

eqsperimenti. Tavad gza, Tavad labirinTi moiTxovs aseT

midgomas.

TeatrSi asaxuli nebismieri movlena Seicavs Tavis

arguments da kontrarguments. swored maTi Widili

warmoSobs speqtaklis mCqefarebas. bruki winaaRmdegia

imisa, rom xelovani dadges erT romelime poziciaze.

TviT WeSmaritebac ki misTvis fardobiTi cnebaa da

speqtaklSi unda daibados xelaxla, moqmedebis logikidan

gamomdinare.

marika mamacaSvili

129

Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom brukma ara mxolod

gaiziara sruliad gansxvavebul winamorbedTa Teoriuli

mosazrebani, aramed SeZlo kidec maTi sinTezi. erTi

SexedviT, warmoudgenelicaa stanislavskis, meierxoldis,

artos, brextis, grotovskis Teatraluri poziciebis

erT fokusSi Tavmoyra, magram faqtia, rom brukma aseTi

sinTezi ganaxorciela. swored amitom, igi miCneulia

postmodernizmis erT-erT mamamTavrad. man SeZlo

modernistuli da fsiqologiuri Teatris sinTezi,

anu, faqtobrivad, polaruli sawyisebis gaerTianeba da

es namdvilad aris misi udidesi damsaxureba msoflio

Teatris winaSe.

modernistul mxatvrul stilizacias da subieqturi

aRqmis meTods brukma dauZebna uaRresad efeqturi da

damajerebeli Teatraluri argumentebi. misi azriT (da man

es praqtikiTac daamtkica), fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT

Teatralur xelovnebaSi gamonagoni SesaZloa iqces

uaRresad damajerebel, sruliad bunebriv movlenad

da aranakleb damajereblad, vidre bunebis pirdapiri,

uSualo mibaZvaa. aq kvlav aRiZvris `xarisxisa~ da

`uxilavis~ sakiTxi. TviT uaRresad xelovnuri Jestic

ki, SesaZlebelia gamarTldes msaxiobis mxridan, Tuki

mas misadagebuli aqvs Sesabamisi fsiqologiuri ganwyoba.

am SemTxvevaSi aseTi Jesti SesaZloa iqces gamosaxvis

udides iaraRad. igive iTqmis msaxiobis metyvelebis,

plastikis da mimikis Sesaxebac. igive kanoni moqmedebs

reJisoruli mizanscenebis, speqtaklis scenografiis

da musikalur-bgeriTi gaformebis mimarTac. amasTanave,

misTvis ar arsebobs gamosaxvis meorexarisxovani

movlenebi. yovelive is, rasac SeuZlia iqonios zemoqmedeba

mayureblis aRqmaze, misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani

komponentia. zemoqmedebis aseT komponentebad miiCnevs igi

fers, bgeras, asimetrias, simetrias, disonans, konsonans.

da rac mTavaria, maT warmoSobasac igi ukavSirebs


130

spontanur SemoqmedebiT process. es aramc da aramc

ar aris analizis Sedegi an winaswar mofiqrebuli ram.

gamosaxvis palitra, iseve rogorc sxva yvelaferi, unda

daibados speqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. da miuxedavad

imisa, rom bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimes

dakanonebisa TeatrSi, aRniSnul midgomas igi absolutur

kriteriumad miiCnevs.

aqve warmoiSoba postmodernizmisTvis saWirboroto

Tema, rac dakavSirebulia stilur sakiTxebTan. aqac

bruki absoluturad gasagebad da Tanmimdevrulad

ayalibebs Tavis pozicias. ra Tqma unda, igi iziarebs im

debulebas, rom stili Tavad adamiania, Tavad xelovania.

magram sastikad winaaRmdegia stiluri karCaketilobis.

mas warmoudgenlad miaCnia erT gasaRebSi, erTi da

imave grZnobaTa bunebiT da gamosaxvis xerxebiT TamaSi

Seqspirisa da Cexovis, Jarisa da vaisis. misi azriT,

yoveli dramatuli nawarmoebi moiTxovs ara mxolod

Sesatyvis scenur garemos, aramed misi sulierebis

gamJRavnebas, mis mxatvrul arsSi wvdomas. cxadia, aseTi

midgoma gamoricxavs stilur gameorebas, rameTu yvela

avtori da nawarmoebi Taviseburad unikaluri movlenaa.

swored am unikalobis gamovlenaa Teatris amocana da

bruki amas eswrafvis Tavis speqtaklebSi da amasve

qadagebs Tavis Teoriul naSromebSic.

sainteresoa brukis damokidebuleba Teatraluri

stereotipebis mimarTac. igi Sors aris im azrisagan, rom

stereotipebs warmoSobs dro an romelime didi xelovanis

avtoriteti. misi azriT, stereotipebis warmoSobas

aqvs Tavisi myari logika da misi gauTvaliswinebloba

dauSvebelia. magram stereotipebis tyveobaSi yofnas

igi miiCnevs kidev ufro did borotebad, vidre maT

gauTvaliswineblobas. meore mxriv, ra gziT aris

SesaZlebeli stereotipebis rRveva? bruki xedavs mxolod

erT gamosavals – nawarmoebic da gmiris fsiqologiac

marika mamacaSvili

131

gaazrebul unda iqnes axleburad, droisa da problemis

aqtualobis Sesatyvisad. am SemTxvevaSi stereotipi

irRveva umtkivneulod, yovelgvari pedalizaciis gareSe

da Sedegadac vRebulobT stilur gardaqmnasac, gmiris

daxasiaTebis sruliad axal Strixebs da detalebs.

imave sakiTxs ukavSirdeba Teatraluri formis

stereotipis rRvevac. klasicisturi nawarmoebi,

bunebrivia, scena-kolofSi JRers ukeTesad, vidre

nebismier sxva sivrceSi, magram hepeningisaTvis, ra

Tqma unda, ufro Sesaferisi iqneba scena-kolofis da

mayurebelTa darbazis sruli gaerTianeba. magram aqac

aucilebelia `sazRvris gadakveTis~ dasaSvebi normis

dacva, aqac aucilebelia mayureblis xedviTi wertilebis

SerCeva, sinaTlis da musikalur-bgeriTi anturaJis

efeqturi gamoyeneba da, rac mTavaria, warmodgenis

ritmis SenarCuneba.

yovelive zemoTqmuli brukis Teoriul naazrevSi

yalibdeba mxatvrul koncefciad, romelsac ewodeba

`cocxali Teatri~. am cnebaSi Tavmoyrilia misi

Teatraluri msoflmxedveloba, sareJisoro kredo,

ZiebaTa yvela mimarTuleba. aq nagulisxmebia

piesis mizanmimarTul xarisxSi ayvana, Teatralur

qmedebaSi uxilavis warmoqmna, stereotipebis rRveva

axali mxatvruli da Sinaarsobrivi konteqstebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

wyalgamkveTis gamosavlenad, bruki bevrs gvesaubreba

ùsicocxlo Teatris~ Sesaxeb. igi ganmartavs, rom

ùsicocxlo Teatri~ ar niSnavs Teatrs, romelic

ukve mokvda. misi azriT, usicocxlo Teatrs aqvs

gasaocari unari _ kargad SeiniRbos, Tavi mogvawonos

prestiJulobiT da akademizmiT. sinamdvileSi ki igi

aris ùxilavs~ moklebuli warmodgena da swored amis

gamo – saocrad mosawyeni da arafrismTqmeli.

usicocxloa is Teatric, romelsac, erTi SexedviT,

yvelaferi wesrigSi aqvs, magram ar gaaCnia azrobrivi


132

swrafva, ar gaaCnia suliskveTeba. igi gulgrilia imis

mimarT, rasac warmoadgens da es gulgriloba gadaecema

mayurebelsac. Sedegad vRebulobT isev da isev mosawyen

sanaxaobas.

`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli

niSani – igi tanjvaSi ibadeba. reJisors piesaSi izidavs

`raRac~, magram kerZod ra, amis Sesaxeb araferi icis.

Tavis am mizidulobas igi msaxiobebs gadasdebs sruliad

uxilavi gzebiT, ufro rwmeniT, vidre logikuri

dasabuTebiT. Semdgom amisa iwyeba Ziebis, povnisa da

dakargvis, cdisa da Secdomis mtkivneuli procesi. magram

ai, uceb gaCnda scenuri naperwkali. axla saWiroa, igi

mogugune koconad gadavaqcioT. magram es arcTu ise

ioli saqmea. amisaTvis aucilebelia gaerTiandes mTeli

dasi, mTeli sadadgmo jgufi. cxadia, amis miRweva

SeuZlebelia TanamoazreTa dasis gareSe. brukis mTeli

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba aris kidec dakavSirebuli aseT

TanamoazreobasTan.

`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi Tviseba, romlis

Sesaxeb bruki vrclad laparakobs, aseTi Teatri

aucileblad sakraluria, anu masSi wamoWrilia

wmidaTawmida sakiTxebi da Temebi. mis azriT, mxolod

aseT TeatrSi uxilavi (ukeTesi iqneboda Tu vityodiT

– mouxelTebeli) xdeba xiluli (anu gacxadebuli). aqve

bruks moaqvs magaliTebi xelovnebis sxva dargebidan,

sadac uxilavi xiluli xdeba ritmisa da formis

SemweobiT. aseTi xelovnebis dargebia musika da

qoreografia. anu, bruks imis Tqma surs, rom saTqmeli

SesaZlebelia mogvewodos ̀ sufTa formis~ (hegelis mier

Semotanili terminia) SemweobiT. aSkaraa, rom antonen

artos gavleniT (Tumca misgan sruliad gansxvavebulad)

bruki TeatrSic eZebs `sufTa formas~, im Teatralur

enas, romlis SemweobiT yvelafris Tqma SeiZleba

sityvebis dauxmarebladac. mTavari problema is aris,

rom jer msaxiobma da reJisorma unda igrZnon uxilavi

marika mamacaSvili

133

da Semdgom aRmoaCinon is forma, romliTac SeZleben

`uxilavis~ xilulad gadaqcevas. aq, cxadia, wamoiWreba

Teatraluri semiotikis problemac, romelzec igi

vrclad saubrobs Tavis wignSi `drois Zafebi~. magram

isic gasarkvevia, Tu ra iwvevs sakralurobis efeqts.

brukis pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – is mdgomareoba,

roca mayurebeli iviwyebs Tavis kerZo, pirad, egoistur

miznebs da amocanebs; roca igi interesdeba sayovelTao,

sakacobrio problemebiT; roca sxva adamianis beds

ganicdis rogorc sakuTars; da bolos, roca pasiuri

moqalaqidan gadaiqceva moqmed aqtiur Zalad. ai efeqti,

romelsac TeatrSi eZebs reJisori bruki, ai mizani,

romelsac igi mTeli cxovreba emsaxureba.

bruks reJisoris upirveles daniSnulebad miaCnia

repeticiebze SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos Seqmna. aq udides

rols TamaSobs SemoqmedebiTi jgufis da mTlianad

dasis daintereseba momavali speqtaklis CanafiqriT.

jgufis, dasis yovel wevrs unda mieces Ziebis sruli

Tavisufleba. sxvadasxva cdis dros marcxis SemTxvevaSi

reJisori valdebulia gaamxnevos msaxiobi, STaberos

mas rwmena momdevno ZiebisaTvis, masTan erTad Seudges

ukeTesi variantis Zebnas, ukarnaxos mas Ziebis gzebi

da saSualebebi. da ai, aq igi wamoWris problemas,

romelic dgas yvela drois reJisorebis winaSe. es aris

im `gadamwyveti momentis~ SegrZneba, roca calkeulma

Ziebebma erT fokusSi unda moiyaron Tavi da gadaiqcnen

erTian, myar mxatvrul sistemad. Tu rodis dadga es

`gadamwyveti momenti~, reJisors veravin ukarnaxebs. es

damokidebulia mis profesiul alRosa da gamocdilebaze.

es mdgomareoba SegviZlia SevadaroT speqtaklis

kulminacias, romlis Semdeg xdeba kvanZis gaxsna.

brukis azriT, swored aseT `kvanZis gaxsnas~ mohyveba

energiis gamoTavisufleba, rac iwvevs Semoqmedebis axal

aRmavlobas.

bruki Teatris anTropologias ikvlevs mxolod erTi


134

mizniT, raTa axsnas is garemoeba, Tu ratom iyo warsulSi

Teatri adamianebis cxovrebis ganuyreli nawili da

ratom iqca Semdgom maTi cxovrebis mxolod danamatad.

misi pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – es aixsneba imiT, rom

warsulSi Teatrs hqonda sakraluri mniSvneloba,

romelic man dakarga socialuri da moraluri formaciebis

cvlis Sedegad. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tuki Teatri

ver daibrunebs Tavis sakralur mniSvnelobas, ver

gascdeba formaluri ritualis sazRvrebs da verasodes

daibrunebs adamianTa sazogadoebis winamZRolis rols.

amitom iTxovs Zveli formebis ngrevas, mayurebelTan axal

urTierTobebs, axal sivrceebsa da axal nagebobebs. da es

misTvis eqsperimenti ki ara, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

movlenaa. misi Rrma rwmeniT, aucilebeli cxovrebisa da

Teatris gaerTianeba, gamTlianeba.

saerTod xelovneba da, bunebrivia, maT Soris Teatric,

aris pirovnuli TviTgamoxatvis vrceli asparezi.

magram aqvea Casafrebuli Teatraluri moRvawisTvis

saxifaTo meCeCi: TviTgamoxatvis dros man ar unda

daiviwyos saTnoeba, romlis gareSe Teatri gadaiqceva

uaryofiTi muxtebis gavrcelebis adgilad. Teatraluri

xelovnebis umTavresi postulati – swrafva adamianebis

urTierTSekavSirebisaken, brukisTvis uryevi WeSmaritebaa

da igi ar saWiroebs gadaxedvas. aseT viTarebaSi Teatri

ver gadaiqceva uaryofiTi ideebis hipnoturi Cagonebis

arenad. misi mowodebaa _ sulieri srulyofisken ubiZgos

mayurebels.

bruki Segvaxsenebs, rom Teatri ar aris didaqtikuri

ideebis saqadago adgili. speqtakls igi adarebs sixarulis

momniWebel sports. aq erTmaneTs ejibrebian msaxiobTa

vnebebi, maTi samsaxiobo monacemebi, energetikuli

potenciali. Sedegad vRebulobT jansaR metoqeobas,

esoden aucilebels nebismieri winsvlisaTvis. aseTi

energetikuli urTierTgacvla bruks savsebiT dasaSvebad

miaCnia.

marika mamacaSvili

135

samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi bruki udides mniSvnelobas

aniWebs msaxiobis unars _ ̀ gadaabijos rampas~ da moicvas

Teatraluri nagebobis mTeli sivrce. erTi SexedviT es

ubralo WeSmariteba xSirad gadaulaxav dabrkolebad

aris gadaqceuli maTTvis, visac ara aqvT gamTlianebuli

energetikuli potenciali da samsaxiobo ostatoba.

yvelafris Tavi da Tavi rolis xarisxSi ayvanis unaria.

msaxiobi, romelsac ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos es aqti,

mayureblis aRqmis miRma rCeba. amasTanave, aseTi msaxiobi

aris reJisoris energiis wyaroc. swored aq isaxeba

energetikuli urTierTgacvla msaxiobsa da reJisors

Soris.

Teatraluri dasis Tanamoazreobaze saubris dros

bruki pirdapir miuTiTebs urTierTSemakavSirebeli

erTiani miznis arsebobis aucileblobaze. magram

marto mizani arasakmarisia, Tuki igi ar gadaiqceva

jer mxatvrul meTodad, xolo Semdgom mxatvrulad

Camoyalibebul Teatralur skolad. skola ukve Seicavs

aRzrda-ganviTarebis yvela elementsa da segments.

gulisxmobs rogorc fsiqoteqnikis gamomuSavebas, ise

msaxiobis fizikuri monacemebis wrTobasac. brukis azriT,

msaxiobi ar unda Semoifarglos mxolod repeticiebiT da

speqtaklebis TamaSiT. man sxva saSemsruleblo xelovnebis

warmomadgenlebis darad, yoveldRiurad unda izrunos

fizikur da fsiqikur mzadyofnaze. samsaxiobo xelovneba,

iseve rogorc saerTod Teatri, moiTxovs xelovanis

mTeli sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis mobilizebas. da es

brukisTvis sruliad uwyveti procesia.

brukis Teoriul naazrevSi mravlad aris mocemuli

meToduri miTiTebani msaxiobis Tavis Tavze muSaobis

Sesaxeb. TiToeuli maTgani miznad isaxavs, msaxiobs

Seuqmnas fsiqofizikuri niadagi, Seamzados mayureblis

winaSe warsadgomad. brukisTvis msaxiobis xelovneba

warmoudgenelia SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenis gareSe. Tvlis,

rom savarjiSoebs SeuZliaT msaxiobSi SemoqmedebiTi


136

potencialis gaRviveba, energetikuli muxtebis

gaZliereba.

bruki did yuradRebas uTmobs samsaxiobo dualizmis

problemas. cnobilia, rom gardasaxvis procesSi

msaxiobSi xdeba sakvirveli gaoreba, roca igi cxovrobs

gmiris sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebiT da amave dros

rCeba Tavisive Tavad, scenuri gmiris Semoqmedad. es

Teatraluri aqti brukisTvis arsebiTia da amasTanave

uSualod dakavSirebulia rolis ara mxolod emociur,

aramed inteleqtualur wvdomasTanac. igi amas uwodebs

erTdroul arsebobas or samyaroSi. am TvalsazrisiT

brukis mosazrebebi mTlianad emTxveva samsaxiobo

xelovnebis msoflio Teoriasa da praqtikas. magram

bruks gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs msaxiobis rolSi

gardasaxvis procesis mimarT. Tuki brukamdeli Teatris

Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi msaxiobis rolze muSaobas

iwyebdnen gmiris qcevis zusti fsiqologiuri niuansebis

ZiebiT, bruks dasaSvebad miaCnia am procesis ukusvliT,

ukukavSiriT ganxorcieleba. misi azriT, xelovnurad

Seqmnil Jests, mimikas, plastikas, metyvelebasac ki

SeuZlia gamoacocxlos msaxiobis fantazia, magram

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi gaiTavisebs maT. misi

azriT, kargad mofiqrebuli rolis detali SesaZlebelia

iqces marcvlad iersaxis Camoyalibebis gzaze. rolSi

gardasaxvas igi moniSnavs sruliad martivi sityviT _

`yofna~. es igive uSualoebaa, magram mopovebuli ara

spontanurad, aramed dauRalavi SromiT da ostatobiT.

amasTanave, uSualobaa is niadagi, saidanac aRmocendeba

STagonebad wodebuli SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena. iq sadac

ar aris aseTi aRmafrena, ar aris `yofnac~. brukisTvis

uSualoba da STagoneba urTierTdakavSirebuli

procesebia.

sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT brukis Semoqmedebas da

aseve mis Teoriul naSromebs, rom TavisTavad mwifdeba

daskvna – yvelgan da yvelaferSi igi miiswrafvis

marika mamacaSvili

137

polaruli debulebebis sinTezisaken. da rom aseTi sinTezi

SesaZlebelia, man daamtkica Tavisi sareJisoro praqtikiT.

stanislavskisagan man isesxa grZnobaTa siwrfele da

rolis gancdis sistema, artosagan _ msaxiob-ieroglifis

Teoria, meierxoldisagan – rolis plastikuri gaazrebis

mniSvneloba, brextisagan – rolTan gaucxoebis praqtika.

bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimes dakanonebisa

Teatralur xelovnebaSi, magram sxvadasxva dros

sxvadasxva xerxiT iyenebs winamorbedTa mier mopovebul

WeSmaritebebs. anu, uSualod gamomdinareobs praqtikuli

saWiroebidan da yvela Teorias misaRebad miiCnevs, Tuki

igi xels Seuwyobs speqtaklis gacocxlebas.

bruki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs sivrces, sadac

unda gaTamaSdes moqmedeba. misi azriT, erT zedmet,

arasaWiro detalsac ki SeuZlia daarRvios scenuri

simyudrove da moqmedebaSi Seitanos disharmonia. amitomaa,

rom speqtaklis scenografia misTvis pirvelxarisxovani

mxatvruli movlenaa da xSirad gansazRvravs kidec

warmodgenis azrobriv arss.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom bruki speqtaklze

muSaobas iwyebs swored scenografiuli monaxazis

SeqmniT. aq igi ukve ganaTavsebs Canafiqrs, romelic jer

kidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli. speqtaklis

saboloo forma yalibdeba muSaobis procesSi da bruki

dauSveblad miiCnevs am procesis daCqarebas.

Teatraluri procesis dinamika, polaruli mxatvruli

xerxebis sinTezi, movlenis xarisxSi ayvanis unari, wvdoma

da yofna – ai, is Semadgeneli nawilebi, romelTaganac

Sedgeba piter brukis sareJisoro meTodika. es aris

mwyobri sistema, romelsac momavali TaobebisaTvis gzis

gakvlevis unari Seswevs.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Brook Peter, The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. 1988.2. The Continuum Companion To Twenieth Centure Theatre, Edited

By Camber C., Continuum, London, New York, 2005


138

laSa CxartiSvili,laSa CxartiSvili,


xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi cqitiSvili

„liris~ geografia„liris~ geografia

„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka XX „mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka XX

saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSisaukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi

meoce saukunis evropuli Teatris Seswavlisas

SeuZlebelia gverdi auaro sam yvelaze cnobil,

popularul da gavlenian Teatralur „samonastro

kompleqsebs~: stredfordis samefo Teatrs, milanis

pikolo Teatrs da rusTavelis Teatrs. am samma

Teatralurma keram umniSvnelovanesi da gardamtexi

wvlili Seitana msoflio Teatralur azrovnebaSi,

SemoqmedebiTi procesebis winamZRolebad ki am

Teatrebis maSindeli samxatvro xelmZRvanelebi _

piter bruki, jorjo streleri da robert sturua

gvevlinebian. maTi Ziebebis mwvervalebs ki Seqspiris

„mefe liri` warmoadgens, romlebmac gardamtexi

roli Seasrules TiToeulis SemoqmedebaSi. ucnauria,

is rom am sam speqtakls erTmaneTTan erTi aTeuli

weli aSorebs da maTi dadgmebis periodulobis

diagramis agebisas srul harmoniulobas da mkacrad

dacul periodulobas miviRebT. (ixileT suraTi 1.)

139

cnobilia da dadgenili faqtia, rom piter brukis

speqtaklis premiera stredfordis samefo TeatrSi

1962 wels gaimarTa, jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~

Tavis pikolo TeatrSi 1972 wels dadga, xolo robert

sturuam „mefe liris~ pirvel variantze muSaoba 1982

wels daasrula da rusTavelis Teatris remontis gamo

speqtaklis oficialuri premiera 1987 wels gaimarTa.

cnobili faqtia, rom sturuas „mefe liri~ gacilebiT

adre hqonda dadgmuli, vidre misi oficialuri premiera

Sedgeboda. speqtaklis dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri

„profkavSirebis saxlSi~ muSaobda. Teatrmcodne da

sturuas Semoqmedebis mkvlevari nodar gurabaniZe Tavis

wignebSi „reJisori robert sturua~, „fantastikuri

ramaz CxikvaZe~, „klasikuri dramaturgia rusTavelis

Teatris scenaze~ dawvrilebiT aRwers im speqtakls,

romelic man „profkavSirebis saxlSi~ 1982 wels naxa.

gamodis, rom speqtakli am droisTvis ukve dadgmuli

iyo, Tumca misi oficialuri premiera ar gamarTula.

asec rom ar iyos, brukis, streleris da sturuas

speqtaklebis dadgmebis aTwliani intervalis skala

mainc ar irRveva, radgan sturuas speqtaklis TariRi

ar gadadis momdevno aTeulSi. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom evropaSi aRiarebuli sami mniSvnelovani

speqtakli, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes

Seqspiris piesebis scenur interpretaciaSi, zustad

aTi wlis periodulobiT idgmeba. TiToeuli dadgmis

aucilebloba ki ganpirobebulia reJisorTa qveynebSi

gamowveuli politikur-socialuri mdgomareobiT.

zemoT aRniSnuli speqtaklebi gamoirCeva Seqspiris

teqstis originaluri interpretaciiT, piesis

tradiciuli gaazrebis ignorirebiT, axleburi da Tamami

gadawyvetiT. qronologiurad Seqspiris „mefe liris`

pirveli originaluri da Tamami gadawyveta britanel

reJisor piter bruks ekuTvnis, meore italiel jorjo

140

strelers, xolo mesame qarTvel robert sturuas.

maT TavianTi moRvaweobiT Seqmnes erTgvari Teatraluri

samonastro kompleqsebi, laboratoriebi, sadac urTulesi

SemoqmedebiTi problemebi gadaiWreboda. maTi Ziebebis da

eqsperimentebis masStabebi imdenad globaluri iyo, rom

scildeboda konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs.

Cveni kvlevis mizania Seqspiris „mefe liris`

evropaSi sami gamorCeuli scenuri interpretaciis

magaliTze SeviswavloT „liris~ dadgmebis geografia

meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, im Teatraluri

kera-monastrebis magaliTze, romelTa Teatraluri

kvlevebi da aRmoCenebi gadamdebi iyo sxva evropuli

TeatrebisaTvis. Tu kvlevisas gamoviyenebT tipiur

geografiul samecniero kvlevis meTodebs, aRmovaCenT,

rom am speqtaklebs Soris aris xiluli harmoniuloba

da logikuri kavSirebi.

pirvelyovlisa TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom

sami arCeuli speqtaklidan pirveli ganxorcielda

ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi (didi britaneTi,

stredfordi eivonze), meore, Suagul evropaSi (italia,

milani) da mesame _ ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT

evropaSi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi). rukaze „liris~ scenuri

interpretaciis evoluciis procesi dasavleTidan-

aRmosavleTisaken ase gamoiyureba: (ixileT suraTi 2).

stredfordi eivonze erT-erTi uZvelesi samefo

qalaqia britaneTSi, romelic londonidan 81 km-iT

aris daSorebuli, Sesabamisad is londonis regionSi

moiazreba da ganTavsebulia imave grZedze da ganedze,

razec britaneTis dedaqalaqi londoni.

laSa CxartiSvili

141

suraTi 2

stredford-eivonze mdebareobs:

grZedi: 51° (51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W)ganedi: -1 , jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~ italiis qalaq

milanSi, dedaqalaqidan 477 km-iT daSorebiT dadga.

qalaqi milani mdebareobs:

grZedi: 45° (45°27′51″N 09°11′25″E)ganedi: 9

rac Seexeba Tbiliss, igi ganTavsebulia:

grZedi: 41 ° ( 41°43′0″N 44°47′0″E) ganedi: 44 Tu am monacemebs (51-45-41) erTmaneTs SevadarebT, maT

Soris garkveul, maTematikur kanonzomierebas SevniSnavT

intervalebSi. am sam monacems Soris intervali aris

xuTi erTeuli, xolo pirvelsa da bolos Soris 10.

grafikulad es monacemebi ase gamoiyureba:

„liris~ geografia

„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka

XX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi

142

suraTi 3

rac Seexeba kilometraJs: stredfords milanamde

aSorebs 1020 km, milans Tbilisamde 2876, xolo

pirveli da bolo geografiuli wertili erTmaneTTan

daSorebulia 3553 km-iT. Tu ki kilometraJis diagramas

avagebT, maT Soris intervali yovel meaTase kilometrSi

Tavisuflad Tavsdeba.

laSa CxartiSvili

143

suraTi 5

am diagramidan kargad Cans, rom speqtaklis „mefe

liri~ Seqmnis adgilebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia ara

mxolod aT wliani, aramed aTaskilometriani intervaliT.

Tu ki stredfords da milans erTmaneTTan aSorebs

1020 km, milans TbilisTan aSorebs 2876 km, TiTqmis

ori imdenze, ramdenic stredfordsa da milans, Tuki

kilometraJis daTvlisas aviRebT 4 000-ian intervals,

miviRebT erT e.w. „amovardnil~ mniSvnelobas. Tu am

logikiT mivudgebiT sakiTxs, aRmoCndeba, rom robert

sturuas speqtakli yvelaze metad daSorebulia brukisa

da streleris speqtaklebs, vidre Tavad brukisa da

streleris speqtaklebi.

realurad, TeatrmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiTac,

robert sturuas „mefe liris~ interpretacia yvelaze

metadaa daSorebuli brukisa da streleris speqtaklwbs

ara mxolod reJisoruli koncefciis TvalsazrisiT,

aramed scenografiul-mxatvruli gadawyvetiTac, aseve

musikaluri gaformebiT da speqtaklis qoreografiuli

monaxaziT.

„liris~ gamorCeuli da gansakuTrebuli dadgmebis

geografiuli rukis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania isic,

„liris~ geografia

„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka

XX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi

144

rom progresuli ideebi da konceptualuri evolucia

SeiniSneba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. aRmosavleT

evropis Teatri, kerZod, robert sturuas „mefe liri~

marTlac ajamebs me-20 saukunis meore naxevris Ziebebs

Seqspiris samyaroSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura: gamoyenebuli literatura:

Brook Peter, 1. The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. 1988. Skorniakova, Mariia Grigor’evna, Giorgio Strehler and “Piccolo Teatro di Milano”, 2012. uruSaZe, p. Seqspiri da aRdgenili qarTuli Teatris 2.

SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, J. `Teatraluri moambe~, 1986, #4

gugunava l. Seqspiri da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTveli 3.

moRvaweeebi., `qarTuli Seqspiriana~, t.3. Tb. 1972.

mumlaZe d. Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb. 1973.4.

laSa CxartiSvili

145

nanuka xuskivaZe,nanuka xuskivaZe,

dramis fakultetis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli prof. _ daviT kobaxiZe

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo

xelovnebaSixelovnebaSi

warmodgenili naSromis es nawili msaxiob-pirovnebas,

adamianis sxvaTagan gansxvavebul fsiqotips Seexeba _

adamians, romelsac udidesi Jini, survili aqvs grZnobebis

sajarod gamoxatvisa (Tumca es, rogorc SesavalSi

aRvniSne, mainc zedapiruli aRqmaa msaxiobisa). msaxiobi

_ zeemociuri, zemgrZnobiare, zegulubryvilo, zeeWviani

tipia adamianisa. empaTiis, warmosaxvisa da zusti

ganwyobis SemuSavebis didi unariT dajildovebuli

arseba. swored amgvari, SeiZleba iTqvas, gansakuTrebuli

Tvisebebi (rasac uamravi mecnieruli kvlevac adasturebs)

ganapirobebs mis cxovrebas TeatrSi da Teatrs gareT.

adamians, msaxiobis profesia SemTxveviT Tu aqvs arCeuli,

misi cnoba SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SesaZlebelia.

aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom sceniuri xelovnebis

fsiqologia _ adamianis Semecnebis is erT-erTi

saSualebaa, romelic avtorisa da reJisoris mayurebelTan

urTierTobis sakiTxs moicavs da is emociebic, romlebic

msaxiobsa da mayurebelSi aRiZvris, mudam ormxrivi

xasiaTisaa.

Teatri sinTezia `mravali~ xelovnebisa, sadac

erTmaneTTan kavSirSia literatura, musika, ferwera,

vokaluri Tu sacekvao xelovneba. msaxiobis xelovneba

maTgan damoukidebelad erTaderTia, rac mxolod Teatrs

ekuTvnis.

samsaxiobo xelovnebis pedagogTa winaSe urTulesi

amocana dgas: msaxiobis xelovnebis fsiqologiuri

aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRzardos unikaluri,

146

gansakuTrebuli pirovneba.

saintereso da sagulisxmoa, Tu rogor xdeba

Serwyma-Serigeba, pirovneba-msaxiobis fsiqotipsa da

msaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnil saxeTa Soris. scenaze

xom mxolod sakuTari grZnobebis gancdaa SesaZlebeli

da imavdroulad maswavlebels isic xom evaleba,

gaxsnas intuituri `SemoqmedebiTi~ me _ swored is

SemoqmedebiTi individualoba, rac Cadebulia damwyebi

msaxiobis bunebriv monacemebSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania

msaxiobisTvis, Seimecnos fsiqologiuri Tavisebureba

sakuTari pirovnebisa da Semdgom ki ar `iTamaSos~ raime

saxe, aramed yvela detali `gamoiZios~ da Seimecnos

sakuTari Tavidan gamomdinare. paradoqsi ki is aris, rom

msaxiobi rac ufro metad `warmoadgens~ sakuTar Tavs,

miT ufro uaxlovdeba igi mis mierve Seqmnil sceniur

saxes. interesi, bunebrivia, gardasaxvaSi mdgomareobs,

mxolod cnobier gardasaxvaSi, romelic ostaturad

unda iyos warmosaxuli.

`msaxiobis xelovneba, sceniuri TamaSi

ganuxorcielebeli survilebis ganxorcielebis iluziaa,

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari procesebis sarkea.

TamaSi, ̀ sarkisebri asaxvis~ miuxedavad, axalwarmoqmnili

ramaa, gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, saswauli, romelic

Sesrulebis momentSi sruliad damoukideblad arsebobs~.1

Semoqmedeba adamianis idumali mdgomareobaa. yvelas ar

SeuZlia Cawvdes am idumalebas da, gasagebia, swored es

idumaleba rom ganasxvavebs msaxiobs berikasagan.

dReisaTvis (TviT akademiur TeatrTa scenazec ki)

sagrZnoblad momravlda speqtaklebi, sadac mTavari

maxvili warmodgenis sanaxaobiT mxarezea gadatanili

_ salaRobo-gasarTobi xasiaTisaa ufro metad, vidre

piraduli fiqris, gansjisa Tu Sinagani Wvretis sagani.

amgvar, arsebiTad, msubuq (zogjer absurdul) siuJetur

1 TumaniSvili m. `axla ki farda~, 2011, gv. 13.

nanuka xuskivaZe

147

kargad warmodgenil speqtaklebSi grZnobismieri

STabeWdileba SedarebiT xanmoklea, SeiZleba iTqvas

zedapirulic, rogorc ityvian, wuTieri, vidre

xangrZlivad da siRrmiseulad Tanamdevi. da ra gasakviria,

rom dRevandeli sasceno Semoqmedeba metwilad Ria

cis qveS gamarTul, cekva-TamaSiT Tu sxva garTobiT

gajerebul im saxalxo dResaswaul-maskaradis Soreul

gamoZaxilad aRiqmebodes, romelic Cvens tradiciul

yofaSi berikaobad iwodeboda.

es Tu asea, maSin sakiTxavia, riT emijneba msaxiobi,

principulad individualobis armqone, sxva yvela

danarCen monawilesTan gaTanabrebul berikas?!

berika _ uwinaresad yovlisa, ritualis monawilea,

sadac yovelive windawin aris gansazRvruli

(warmodgeniTad mainc, monawileTa cnobierebaSi); misgan

garkveuli moqmedebani moiTxoveba, mTavars, arsebiTs ki

qmedebaSi niRabi gansazRvravs; is _ personaJis niSania

mxolod (ganasxvavebs `niSans~ `ganxorcielebulisgan~ _

es ukanaskneli mxatvruli xatebis Tvisebaa); 1 isic ki

araa savaldebulo, rom is ramenairad marjved asrulebdes

danakisrebs, roli mainc Sesruldeba, ise rogorc aravin

Sewyvets wirvas mRvdels Tu xma Cauwyda; amasTan,

`berikaoba~ gardasuli ritualia da misi pirvandeli

sakraluri saxec dakargulia, birTvi gamkrTalebulia,

naxevradgaucnobierebadic da Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebas

seriozulobac ki ar moekiTxeba. es _ garTobaa, sportul

Sejibrebaze naklebad gulmisatani, radgan jobnasa Tu

marcxsac ki ar gulisxmobs.

msaxiobi _ dramaturgiuli da, amdenad,

msoflmxedvelobiTi naazrevis ganxorcielebaa, saxe

cocxali arsisa, romelSic aTasgvar konkretul Sinaarsad

gamosWvivis mwerlis konkretuli msoflxedva _ Tan

orgzis, jer reJisoris, Semdgom ki msaxiobis grZnoba-

1 Вейдле В. Умирание исскуства, М. 2001. ст. 218

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi

148

gonebaSi asaxul-gardatexili, maT mier Seferili. is

imgvari qmedebis monawilea, romelmac zegavlena unda

moaxdinos rogorc mxatvrulma mTelma, Sesabamisad ki

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs swored Sesrulebis yovelJamier

xarisxs, rac gonebriv-mSvinvier daZabvasa da sxeulebriv

gawvrTnilobasac moiTxovs. metic, Teatris warmodgenac

dReisaTvis, TiTqos aRaraa odindeliviT rituali,

magram, mix. TumaniSvilis gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT,

`qadagebaa~, erTgvari msaxureba, sxvaTa TanagrZnobad,

Tanagamgebad gamiznuli TviTgaReba.

zemoT rogorRac Sevecade, damaxasiaTeblad Tav-

TavianTi niSan-Tvisebebis miniSnebiT erTmaneTisgan

gamemijna samsaxiobo warmodgenis ori uSualo monawile

_ berika da msaxiobi. sxvaoba maT Soris metad

gamoaSkaravdeba, Tu msaxiobis xelovnebaSi yuradRebas

mis pirovnul Taviseburebebze gavamaxvilebT.

oRond, zogad-istoriuli konteqstis moSveliebiT,

jer pirovnebis raoba, misi bunebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani

unda warmovadginoT, romliTac, vfiqrob, Cvens TemasTan

mimarTebiT da amdenad, swored rom TanamedroveobasTan

Sesatyvisad, ukeT gamoikveTeba is, amJamad SedarebiT

damcrobili adamianuri fenomeni, romelsac pirovnebad

moviazrebT.

`renesansad~ wodebuli epoqa, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, marTlac antikuris aRorZineba iyo,

radgan adamianis yuradReba transcedenturi RvTaebis

Wvretidan kvlav nivTier qveynierebaze iqna gadatanili.

amave dros ki, pirvelad istoriaSi, adamiani Tavad gaxda

Semecnebis Tavi da bolo, misi amosavalica da mizanic,

am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT _ samyaros centri,

Tan savsebiT damoukidebeli da potenciurad mainc, _

yovlisSemZle (es pirdapirve (es pirdapirve aqvs naTqvami piko de la

mirandolas – XIV sauk.)1. azri, TiTqos yoveli adamianis

1 Джованни Пико дела Мирандола, Речь о достоинстве человека, wignSi: Эстетика Ренессанса, т. I Москва, 1981, gv. 249.

nanuka xuskivaZe

149

SesaZleblobani usazRvroa, TiTqos yoveli Cvenganis

survili da neba winaRudgomelia da a.S. dResac xSirad,

SelocvasaviT meordeba, magram Zalian didi xania es

mxolod da mxolod `liberaluri~ fuWsityvaobaa,

romlis miRma srulebiT sxva TviTcnobiereba imaleba.

pirveli `dartyma~ renesansul msoflgagebas

heliocentruli sistemis gacnobierebam da qveynierebis

fizikuri usasrulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenam miayena.

aRmoCnda, rom dedamiwac da TviTkmar-yovlismbrZanebel

adamianis namcecis namcecebiRaa usazRvro sicarieleSi

Cakarguli. sakuTari `titanurobisa~ ar iyos, am

msoflxatsac Tavidan namdvili eiforia axlda –

etyoba, sakuTari inteleqtualuri siTamamis gancdiT

gamowveuli. aseTi aRfrTovaneba, aseTi – `SemomxedeT,

raoden uSiSaria Cemi goneba, rogor arafers epueba,

arafris win ar ixevs ukan~ _ mas aqeT araerTxel

gameorebula: XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblebTan, XIX

saukunis pozitivistebTan Tu XX saukunis aTeist-

egzistencialistebTan. mis Tanadroulad ki, sul ufro

Rrmavdeba sapirispiro TviTgancda (aRarafers vityvi

im TiTqmis komikur `aRmoCenaze~ sakuTari sipatarave-

umweobasa, rasac xSirad sasowarkveTamde miuyvania

Tavdajerebuli optimistebi – magaliTad, namdvili

isterika, rac gamoiwvia lisabonis miwisZvram volterTan,1

mravali romantikosis – yvelaze gamoxatulad jorj

gordon noel baironTan,2 _ `pesimizmi~ da a.S.). misi

simZafre naTlad amoikiTxeba ukve blen paskalTan –

Tumca, igi erTi imaTgania, visac usasoobam rwmenisaken

mibrunebis gza uCvena. namdvili drama garegnulad

ganuzomlad mSvid rene dekartTan isaxeba. sawyisi misi

fiqrisa isaa, rom adamianis cnobierebam aRaraferi icis

garemosa Tu sakuTar Tavze. amas xom jer kidev antikuri

skepticizmi acxadebda _ adamianis gonebis daskvnebi ar

1 Вольтер, Кандит или оптимизм, М. «Ламартис», 2006; 2 История Всемирной литературы, т. VI, М., 1989, с. 104-106.


150

ariso sando. axla ki kiTxva ismis sazogadod qveynierebis

arsebobaze, risame codnis ki ara, aRqmis sandoobaze,

risame realobaze. mizezi amisa umartivesia – adamianis

TviTkmaroba, misi zemniSvnloba mas sakuTar TavSi

Caketilobad Semoubrunda. rene dekarti1 gamosavals

gonebis, azrovnebis ZalmosilebaSi poulobs, romelic

Tavidan aagebs misTvis, subieqtisTvis saeWvod da saTuod

qceul sinamdviles. mas mimdevrebic hyavda, magram

ufro Zlierni is moazrovneebi aRmoCndnen, romlebic

ambobdnen: adamiani mTlianad Tavis SegrZnebebzeao

damokidebuli. es e.w. empiristebi TiTqos myar niadagze

idgnen, arada, maleve aRmoCnda, rom raki Tavad SegrZnebaa

subieqturi, amdenad arc is kmara risame obieqturobis

uzrunvelsayofad. ukve XVIII saukuneSi lordma devid

hiumma aforistulad gamoTqva, is, Tu raSi mdgomareobs

axali drois adamianis namdvili drama: `Cemsa da

qveynierebas Soris Cemi SegrZnebebis kedelia Camdgari~.

kacma rom Tqvas, amaze Sors aRarc vin wasula da mZlavri

kontr-dinebebis miuxedavad (religiuri romantizmi,

hegelianoba...), `avtonomiuri adamianis~ Tvalsazrisi

mainc dauZleveli aRmoCnda.

kidev erTi sayuradRebo nabiji XVIII saukuneSive

imanuil kantma gadadga. man, arsebrivad, ar uarhyo d. hiumis

debuleba, oRond dasZina – codnis obieqturoba isaa,

rom SegrZnebebi yvela adamians cnobierebis erTgvarovani

meqanizmis mier gadamuSavebuli miewodeba, Tumca ra dgas

maT miRma sinamdvileSi, CvenTvis Seucnobelia. metic,

adamiani sakuTar `me~-sac ki SegrZnebiT icnobs – anu ar

icnobs mas da ueWvelad mxolod is icis, rom arsebobs

raRac, romelic SeigrZnobs, iazrebs da a.S.

amgvarma cnobierebam XIX saukuneSi adamianis

SegrZnobilze, fsiqikis movlenebze dakvirveba, misi

1 baqraZe k. axali filosofiis istoria, Tbilisis sax. universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1969 w.,

nanuka xuskivaZe

151

gaazreba Tu asaxva moitana. Sedegad ki didi codna

dagrovda, maT Soris, adamianis fsiqikazec. SeuZlebeli

ki iyo, imavdroulad Tavi ar eCina am msoflmxedvelobis

safuZvels – sxvaTa da sakuTari Tavis principul

Seucnobadobas. XX saukuneSi aman gamoxatuleba hpova,

erTi mxriv, azris Tu mxatvruli qmnis TamaSad qcevaSi,

meore mxriv, ukidures principul egocentrulobaSi,

Rirebulebebis egoistur gansjas daqvemdebarebaSi,

yvelaferi imis faseulobiT gaTanabrebaSi rac nafiqri

da Seqmnilia. amas erTvis ̀ demokratiuli~ Sexedulebebi,

romlebic adamianTa TanasworobiT (didwilad

iluzorulis) aRiarebiT daiwyo da yovelgvari

mosazrebis, yovelgvari adamianismieri gamovlenis

TanabarRirebulebis – dasasrul ki, adamianTa principuli

erTnairobis qadagebiT dasrulda.

amrigad – Tumc istoriuli sinamdvile ganuzomlad

ufro rTuli da mravalferovania da sxvagvari

ganwyobilebisa da xedvis nayofi Zalze bevria, _

XX saukunis azrovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

did nakadSi qreba individualoba nebismieri azriT:

Tvalsazrisis Camouyalibleblobis gamo veraferi

iTqmis sxvaze, ar arsebobs raime gamokveTili azri,

Cndeba bunebrivi daeWveba sakuTar simarTleSi,– aqedan

`postmodernuli~ msoflmxedvelobrivi da emociuri

sifuturove, is, rasac `avtoris gauCinarebac~ ki

daerqva.

amgvari tendenciis arseboba, SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev

ufro damaxasiaTeblad warmoCinda im filosofiur

naazrevSi, romelsac egzistencializmad moixsenieben1.*

egzistenciis filosofia, anu egzistencialuri

filosofia Tanamedrove filosofiur mimdinareobaTagan

(neoTomizmi, personalizmi) erTaderTia, romelic

1KbaqraZe k. ekzistencializmi, Tb., 1962. П. Гайденко, Экзистенциализм и проблема культуры, М., 1963.


152

mxolod adamianis arsebas exeba; amasTan, misi ZiriTadi

ideebi literaturasa da xelovnebaSi iqna `saxierad~

gamovlenili (J.p. sartri, a. kamiu, s. bouari, g. marseli)

da amdenad, gasagebia, Tu ratomaa CvenTvis upiratesad

sagulisxmo.

egzistencializmi gamoxatavs dasavleTis

inteligenciis radikalur sulier kriziss, ramac

gansakuTrebiT ori msoflio omis Sedegad iCina Tavi;

aRmoCnda, rom industriuli civilizaciis pirobebSi,

adamiani araadamianur pirobebSia moqceuli, gaucxoebulia,

dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba da pirovnuloba. amgvar

yofaSi, adamiani ucxo da misgan Seucnob Zalebs sulieri

da bolos fizikuri katastrofisken mihyavs. es maSin,

roca ̀ egzistencialistebs~ adamianis namdvil arsebobad

Tavisuflebis, `TviTmimarTvis~, pirovnulobis aRiareba

miaCniaT, xolo adamianis gardauvali daqvemdebareba

garegani Zalebisadmi mis aranamdvil arsebobad*. swored

es aRmoCena da masTn Sesatyvisi ganwyobileba gansazRvravs

egzistencialuri azrovnebis zogad xasiaTs.

adamianSi pirovnul TaviseburebaTa damcrobis

TandaTani procesi TiTqosda saxezea da gasagebia, Cveni

droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `masebis amboxi~ (ortega

xose i gaseti)1 adamianis ganumeoreblad erTaderTobis

gamovlenad ki ara, mis nivelirebad rom moiazreba.

adamiani-pirovneba, myar mecnierul kvlevaze

damyarebuli, Tanamedrove internet-sivrceSi moaruli

ganmartebiT ase moiazreba:2 `cneba pirovneba asaxavs

adamianis socialur bunebas, ganixilavs mas rogorc

sociokulturuli cxovrebis subieqts, gansazRvravs

individualuri sawyisis matarebel arsebas, romelic

socialuri damokidebulebebis, urTierTobebisa

da sagnobrivi moRvaweobis konteqstSi moixileba.

1 ortega xose i gaseti, masebis amboxi, Targmani b. bregaZis, gam.

`xomli~, 1993.2 http:\\ru. wikipedia.org\wiki\Личность

nanuka xuskivaZe

153

`pirovnebad~ miiCneva: 1. adamianis individi, rogorc

damokidebulebebisa da Segnebuli moRvaweobis subieqti

(`piri~ _ sityvis farTo gagebiT) an 2. individisTvis,

rogorc ama Tu im sazogadoebis wevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

myari sistema. Tumc, isic xom aris _ terminologiurad

es savsebiT gansxvavebuli ori cneba _ piri, rogorc

adamianis mTlianoba (laT. persona) da pirovneba, rogorc misi socialuri da fsiqologiuri saxe _ zogjer ise

moiazreba, rogorc sinonimi~. da kidev _ `pirovneba

gulisxmobs realurad moqmed konkretul adamians,

magram konkretuli pirovnebis yvela Tavisebureba ar

Sedis misi arsebis gansazRvrebaSi. Yyovel pirovnebas

aqvs individualurad gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebani,

romlebic vlindeba sxva wevrebTan urTierTobaSi. es

Taviseburebani damokidebulia im konkretul pirobebze,

romlebSic cxovrobs da saqmianobs individi~.

rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa

sxvadasxvagvari niSan-TvisebaTa warmoCeniT cdilobs

pirovnebis raobis dadgenas. antikuri filosofiisaTvis

pirovnebis bunebis gansazRvrisaTvis amosavali unda

iyos adamianis mimarTeba sazogadoebasTan; mogvianebiT

ki _ r. dekarti, j. loki, i. kanti da sxva _ sakuTar

TavTan. kvlevis ama Tu im etapze, marTalia, gamoikveTeba

pirovnebis problemis zogierTi aspeqti, magram safuZveli

kvlevisa mudam erTi mxriv iyo mimarTuli _ sazogadoebisa

da pirovnebis bunebis mkvlevarebi metafizikurad

ganixilavdnen da TiToeulis Sesaxeb arsebiTad mainc

ganyenebuli msjelobiT kmayofildebodnen.

esec, am saxiT mocemuli ganmarteba, raRa Tqma

unda, sagulisxmoa da gasaTvaliswinebeli, magram isic

xom cxadia, _ pirovnebis bunebis mecnieruli axsna

movlenis raobas mxolod `mSrali~ debulebis saxiT Tu

warmogvidgens. sakvlev TemasTan mimarTebiT ki, vfiqrob,

misi fsiqologiuri aspeqti, misi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas,


154

qvedaSreebiseuli `intimuri~ sazrisi unda iyos metad

sagulisxmo.

pirovnuloba, rac ganumeorebel individualobas

gulisxmobs, aucilebeli pirobaa SemoqmedebiTi

procesisa. yovelgvari Semoqmedeba ki amaRlebulisa da,

amdenad, amamaRlebeli siyvarulis Sedegia – Sedegi imisa,

Tu ragvarad daiZlia yvela CvenganSi sxvadasxvagvari

odenobiTa da siZlieriT mTvlemare biologiuri

qmnileba.

vgoneb, swored es Segvaxsena antuan de sent-

egziuperim Tavisi saqveynod cnobili zRapris ori

ZiriTadi personaJis – patara ufliswulisa da melakudas

TavgadasavliT.

maTi pirveli Sexvedra savsebiT prozaulia.

melakudas, romelSic, yvela biologiuri qmnilebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli, mxolod gadarCenisa da gamravlebis

instinqti budobs, erTaderTi ram ainteresebs: patara

ufliswulis samyofelSi arseboben Tu ara misTvis

saZulveli monadireni. uaryofiT pasuxs saswrafod

Seenacvleba momdevno kiTxva – qaTmebi, qaTmebi Tu

ariano da roca gairkva, rom iq arc qaTmebia, melakudam

yovelgvari interesi dakarga im planetisadmi, sadac

patara ufliswuli saxlobs.

gamoxda xani. patara ufliswulma moiSinaura melakuda

_ melakudam ki Seiyvara patara ufliswuli. oRond esaa

_ rac am qveynad iwyeba, uTuod, ganurideblad mTavrdeba

kidec da dgeba patara ufliswulis miwieryofnis

dasasrulis Jami. megobrebis gayris, maTi ganSorebis

minorul intonaciaSi gamokrTeba erTi SexedviT

TiTqosda moulodneli metaforulad poeturi pasaJi.

`melam Tqva _ cotac da avtirdebi... yanis feri Sens

Tmebs gamaxsenebs... Semdeg daumata:

_ vardebi moinaxule. mixvdebi, rom Seni vardi

erTaderTia am qveynad. mere modi da damemSvidobe, me ki

nanuka xuskivaZe

155

erT saidumlos gagandob.

patara ufliswuli vardebis sanaxavad wavida:

_ Cems yvavilTan axlosac ver moxvalT... aravis

mouSinaurebixarT da aravin mogiSinaurebiaT. Cemi melac

aseTi iyo, asiaaTasi melasgan ver gamoarCevdi, magram

davmegobrdiT da igi erTaderTia CemTvis...

mere isev melasTan dabrunda:

_ mSvidobiT.

_ mSvidobiT, _ uTxra melam. _ Cemi saidumlo erTob

martivia, gagandob: dasanaxs mxolod guliT dainaxav,

mTavari TvalisTvis uxilavia...

_ adamianebs aRar axsovT es WeSmariteba, _ Tqva

melam, _ Sen ki gaxsovdes. mudam pasuxs ageb imisaTvis,

vinc moiSinaure...~

bunebisagan kodirebuli instinqtebis sanacvlod

gaCnda feri da mogonebis, uZilo RamesTan Tanaziari

msubuqi sevda _ is, rac aucilebelia, raTa adamiani,

sxvebis msgavs biologiur qmnilebaTagan gansxvavebiT,

mosiyvarule, pirovnuli cnobierebiT damuxtul sulier

arsebad gardaiqmnas.

sulier simaRleTa wvdomis Znelad dasaZlev gzaze

ki, upirvelesi Semwe, mxolod da mxolod siyvaruliT

arsebuli, Cvenive religiuri aRmsareblobaa: `kacTa da

angelozTa enebzec rom vmetyvelebde, siyvaruli Tu ar

maqvs, mxolod rvali var moJRriale, mxolod wkriala

tintili. winaswarmetyvelebis madli rom mqondes,

vicode yvela saidumlo, da mqondes mTeli rwmena, ise,

rom mTebis daZvra SemeZlos, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs,

arara var. mTeli Cemi qoneba rom gaviRo glaxkaTvis da

dasawvavad mivce sxeuli, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs, aras

margia~1 (I kor., 13.1-3).

qristianoba erTaderTia yvela sxva religiaTa

Soris, romelmac adamiani pirovnebad moiazra (da ara

1 gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~ axali aRTqma, 2006.


156

qristianobamdel, warmarTul `personad~, rac karg,

wesier moqalaqes niSnavs). metic _ adamiani-pirovneba

RvTaebrivi sazrisiTac datvirTa, riTac pirovnebam, axla

ukve, sulismieri Tvisebac SeiZina (suli, astraluri

sxeuli srulad imorCilebs fizikur sxeuls).

msaxiobi-pirovneba upirvelesad Semoqmedia, `ciT

daniSnuli~ Semoqmedi _ Tavisive Semoqmedebis procesSi

ara mxolod erTaderTis, sulismierad ganumeorebelis

maZiebeli, aramed, sxvaTa asamaRleblad, mis mierve

moZiebulis uSurvelad gamcemi.

amdenad, msaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnili roli

ilustracia ki ar aris dramatul nawarmoebSi aRwerili

ama Tu im personaJis raime qmedebisa, aramed, msaxiobis

swored rom pirovnuli TvisebebiT _ maxsovrobiT,

inteleqtiT da nebelobiT _ gamoaSkaravebuli swrafvaa

im axali realobis warmosaqmnelad, sadac igive personaJi

aseve pirovnuli TvisebebiT iqneba damuxtuli.

xelovnebis nebismieri dargis arsi (da amdenad mizani)

xom xiluli realobis miRma arsebuli realobis Cvenebaa,

wvdoma WeSmariti realobisa (romelic mravalaspeqtiania

da amitomac gansxvavdeba SemoqmedTa sxvadasxvagvar

saxeTa Seqmnis ganumeorebloba). saTeatro xelovnebac

am CarCoSia moqceuli.

msaxiobi-xelovanis gansakuTrebulobis erTi aspeqti

isaa, rom mas Tavissave SemoqmedebiT procesSi xvdeba

mza, sxvis mier warmoqmnili teqsti, romlis scenaze

gadatanasac, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, scenaze teqstis

gansxeulebas aseve sxva (reJisori) axorcielebs. amis

miuxedavad, sasceno xelovnebis upirvelesi da amdenad,

umniSvnelovanesi qmnileba msaxiobia! msaxiobi xom

pirovnuli TvisebebiT damuxtuli is Semoqmedia, visi

meoxebiTac erTian mxatvrul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba

CvenTvis, mayureblisTvis manamde dafaruli, mravalmxrivi

azriT datvirTuli da siRrmiseulad danaxuli axali

nanuka xuskivaZe

157

realoba.

artisti (sanam igi scenazea) ori mudmivad

gansxvavebuli (SesaZloa erTmaneTisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli) pirovnebis mocemulobaa _ sakuTari

„me~-si da im rolisa, romelsac asaxierebs (Tumca,

amgvar konteqstSi, SesaZloa, misi sakuTari xedva

reJisoris xedvas daupirispirdes). amitom mas mudmivad

uxdeba, rogorc ityvian xolme, danis pirze moZraobac

da arsebobac, raTa erTi romelime mxare ar gaxdes

dominanturi, ramac SesaZloa kraxi gamoiwvios.

fenomenologiurad es urTulesi mdgomareobaa, romlis

drosac artisti warmodgenilia erTdroulad rogorc

xelovnebis nawarmoebis avtori da Semsrulebeli. igi

xom TviTon, Tavidan qmnis scenaze piesas da yovelTvis

Tavidan, yoveli Sesrulebis dros, axorcielebs mis

mier Seqmnil rols ise, rogorc mas „uCvena~ reJisorma;

da isec, rogorc mas Sinaganad ukarnaxa misi cxovrebis

mniSvnelobiT didma gamocdilebam _ misma pirovnebam

Tandayolili niSan-TvisebebiT, niWiT, unariT... da es

yovelive qmnis axleburad danaxul, mxolod artistis

retrospeqtiviT SesaZlebel erT mTlianobas, erTian

axal struqturas.

artistis aucilebel, damaxasiaTebel arsobriv

niSans misi gardasaxvis unari da qmedeba warmoadgens.

magram gardasaxvisa raSi? SeiZleba sagnad, personaJad,

movlenad... gardasaxva SesaZlebelia garegani formebiT,

an iqneb saxis Sinagani bunebis gaxsnis saSualebiT da

sxva. amisaTvis aucilebelia gageba, wvdoma, _ es ki

damokidebulia mis gonierebaze, intuiciaze, pirovnul

gambedaobaze, Tavisuflebis gagebaze... (vgulisxmob

polaruli saxis wvdomis SesaZleblobas). rac ufro

mravalferovania artistis saxviTi saSualebani –

xerxebi, aqcentebi, xmis modifikacia, mimoxvra, mimika-

gamometyveleba, enobrivi specefeqtebi... miT ufro


158

masStaburia artisti da miT ufro masStaburi, Tu es

xerxebi ar aris daStampuli, anu brmad mibaZvis Sedegad

miRebuli.

magram gana marto es aris pirovnuli TvisebebiT

damuxtuli artisti? savaraudoa, rom igi didi

unaris mqone pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos

momavali. vfiqrob, rom es iqneba erTdroulad

rogorc mizanmimarTuli, aseve intuitur-impulsur

miswrafebaTa mTeli Tanavarskvlavedi. es aris niWi,

unari, Zlieri moTxovnileba, romelTa saSualebiTac

artisti SeaRwevs, rogorc sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi,

aseve gansaxorcielebel, mis mierve „Seqmnili~ gmiris

rolSi (da es yovelTvis axalia, igi aravis imeorebs

_ arc sxvas da arc Tavis Tavs). igi aravis imeorebs,

upirveles yovlisa, im azriT, rom, rogorc pirovneba, is

mxolod da mxolod Tavis unikalurobas axorcielebs

da ara sxvisas...

es unari, arsobrivad dakavSirebulia adamianis

yvelaze adamianur SesaZleblobasTan _ warmosaxvasTan,

romelic yovelTvis mimarTulia momavlisaken. artistis

damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba aris swored am unaris

(warmosaxvis) mravalferovneba, mravalsaxioba, mudmiv

cvalebadobaSi gamoxatuli _ rogorc erTmaneTisagan

mkveTrad gansxvavebuli saxisa Tu rolis, ise erTi da imave

saxisa Tu rolis gansaxierebaSi. es Tanamdevi unari aris

misive pirovnebis mravalsaxiobis, mravalmaxasiaTeblobisa

da mravalferovnebis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tviseba.

artistis pirovnul TaviseburebaTa mravalmxrivobazea

damokidebuli gansaxorcielebeli saxeebis mravalgvaroba

_ aris mxolod tragikuli Tu komikuri saxis Semqmneli,

Tu isic da isic, orivesi erTad.

nanuka xuskivaZe

159

SeniSvnebi:SeniSvnebi:

*MXX saukunis 20-iani wlebis germanul filosofiur

naazrevSi warmoqmnili mimdinareoba (m. haidegeri,

k. iaspersi) sxva qveynebSic farTod gavrcelda

(gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi _ J.p. sartri, a. kamiu).

egzistencializmis wyaroebad miCneulia sicocxlis

filosofia (f. nicSe, v. dilTai, a. bergsoni) da

transcendentaluri fenomenologia (e. huserli).

* Tanamedrove fsiqolog-egzistencialistebis

mier (rolo mei, jim biujentali, irvin ialomi)

deklarirebulia pirovnebis 5 safuZvelmdebare

postulati: 1. adamiani, rogorc mTliani arseba metia

vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. adamiani ar SeiZleba

axsnil iqnes misi calkeuli funqciebis mecnieruli

Seswavlis safuZvelze. 2. adamianis yofiereba

xorcieldeba adamianur urTierTobaTa konteqstSi

(adamiani ar SeiZleba axsnil an gagebul iqnes Tavisi

kerZo, calkeuli funqciebiT, romelSic, angariSi ar eweva

urTierTqmedebis gamocdilebas). 3. adamiani axorcielebs

sakuTar Tavs. adamiani ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes

iseTi fsiqologiiT, romelic angariSs ar uwevs misive

TviTcnobierebis uwyvetobas. 4. adamians moniWebuli

aqvs Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba _ igi ar warmoadgens

Tavisi arsebobis pasiur damkvirvebels, da Tavad qmnis

Tavissave gamocdilebas. 5. adamiani intencionaluria _

misi cnobiereba mudam raRac obieqtzea mimarTuli. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom yovelTvis mimarTulia momavalze, mis

cxovrebas aqvs mizani, Rirebuleba da sazrisi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:gamoyenebuli literatura:

antuan de sent egziuperi, patara princi, Targmani g. 1.

ekizaSvilis, Tb. 2005.

revaz naTaZe, fsiqologiis mokle kursi, `Tbilisis 2.

universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1983 w.


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nodar gurabaniZe, mixeil TumaniSvilis Teatri, w. me-4. 3.


saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2010 w.

mixeil TumaniSvili, reJisori Teatridan wavida, 4.


saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2011 w.

mixeil TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, saqarTvelos 5.

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2008 w.

Miserandino, M. (2011) Personality Psychology. Boston, MA: 6. Person Academic.Pervin, L.A. (1996) The Science of persomality. New York: John 7. Wiley & Sons.Fridman, H.S., & Schustack, M. W. (2011) Personality: Classic 8. Theories and modern Research (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Brody, N., & Ehrlicman, H. (1998) Personality Psychology: 9. Science of Individuality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

nanuka xuskivaZe

161

THEATRE STUDIES Tamar Bokuchava,

Full Professor,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

ON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICAL PECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICAL

PROCESS FORM 1960-IES AND AFTER1

Summary

The article discusses some ontological and anthropological aspects of contemporary theatrical process and world theatre’s response to them. The issue is based on the point of view that contemporary human being is like a Babylon, “there is no monolithic unity in the basement of its existence”. From this angle is seen the theatrical process practiced by Grotovski – his seek for total man and pure physicality. Confronting myths, fi ghting ideological idols, through the process of transgression actor-performer reaches the level of live pure existence, what is seen as a way bringing us to the roots of our real nature. Grotovki’s Theatre is an example of that how the European theatre looks for the origins of its life in physicality, in the tradition of the “lower” and of the “bottom” of life and culture (as Bakhtin did in his medieval culture studies). Grotovski’s experiments are compared to the practice of Peter Brook and Ted Hughes and their “berried language” they were trying to dig out, “language belonging to the deepest level” where the differences arise. The next comparison comes with Kantor’s theatrical practice connected to the “theatre of death”. The 1 In the work, the author read The Art processes of XX century at the Shota Rurtaveli Theatr34e and Film Georgian State University on the conference of 2012, “ Art processes” 1960-2000

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opposite method used by cantor is belittling the actor as live being, overcoming the opposition of live subject to “dead” object and putting them on one level through bio objects.

In the conclusion the article applyes to Hans Thies Lehmann’s postdramatic theatre theory and considers that we are looking at “posthumanistic” or “nonhumanistic” anthropology where human being is no more the isolated and uncomparable element of the universe, gifted by extraordinary essence. It is integrated in the system as one of its elements and particles.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Full professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She works in World Theatre studies and teaches on all three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with the teaching practice she leads the scientifi c work in theatre studies and writes critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she is three times awarded for the best article of the year by Georgian Theatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar has published more than 20 scientifi c articles and about 70 critical assays and interviews. She works on university textbooks and supplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 years Tamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli State Theatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer and Theatrical programs’ host.

163

Tamar Kutateladze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

DRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELI

Summary

Original plays, the member of stage lovers constant groupIn the work, there are original plays’ analysis of Giorgi

Tsereteli, the member of N. Arakishvili’s ‘Stage lovers constant group’, who is the well-known writer, publicist and public fi gure in the second half of XIX century: ‘compete’ and unpublished dramas till now: ‘The family’s daughter’ and ‘Daria’ Estimation about the plays and organized stagings are presented on the basis of the left reviews in the work.

‘Compete’ by the dramatist Okropir Tsereteli, who worked in 40-50s of XIX century was the fi rst drama work after his comedy ‘The wedding of Imereti prince’, in which there is the fall and impairment of Imereti Serf life. G Tsereteli was the fi rst man in Georgia who refl ected the image of the woman striving for her personal freedom in ‘Daria’, but the matchmaker Spiridon is the ancestor of Solomon Morbeladze by D. Kldiashvili. G. Tsereteli’s “Familiy’s daughter’ shows the degradation of the Georgian family, greediness and light-mindedness of the new generation. He responds to the popular principle of heredity ‘For the new Drama’. The play sharply experiences the infl uence of the processes not only of the preceded comediography but also writer’s contemporary dramaturgy of 80s in XIX century.

Giorgi Tsereteli continues the traditions of critical realism of G. Eristavi and his plays were based on real facts. G. Tsreteli is recognized as the realist and also naturalist, though he thought that his creation belonged to ‘Unvarnished realism’. His dramaturgy is distinguished with publicistic severity. Also there are weakly revealed initials, outlines of the ‘New drama’. For

164

the Georgian theatre, which is distinguished by the scarcity of original dramaturgy, the plays of Giorgi Tsereteli, presented an interesting acquisition. The social-political, cultural atmosphere and writer’s struggle for inculcating the native language at school or foundation of Tbilisi University was presented in Giorgi Tsereteli’s work.

Popularization of Georgian and foreign classics’ literature, development of journalism, literature-studying and translational working are also connected with the name of Giorgi Tsereteli. In the work, there are refl ected the writer’s considerations about the theatre art, dramaturgy, translations of foreign plays or repertory politics.

ABOUT AUTHOR

She graduated faculty of theatre science of the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She obtained academic de-gree of the doctor (PhD) in arts studies on the theme: “Direc-tor Shalva Gatserelia’s theatrical aesthetic, «she works in Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Shi is working on the manual “History of the Georgian Dramaturgy” (together D. Mumladze). Her publications systematically published in the journal “Theatre and Life.” Mob: + 995 577- 551 – 666Mail: [email protected]

165

Tamar Tsagareli,Doctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professor


YOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS A LANGUAGE OF WORLD

Summary

The Natya Shastra (Sanskrit: Nāṭyaśāstra) is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music. It was written during the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE in classical India and is traditionally attributed to the Sage Bharata.

The Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope. While it primarily deals with stagecraft, it has come to infl uence music, classical Indian dance, and literature as well. It covers stage design, music, dance, makeup, and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft. It is very important to the history of Indian classical music because it is the only text which gives such detail about the music and instruments of the period. Thus, an argument can be made that the Natya Shastra is the foundation of the fi ne arts in India. The most authoritative commentary on the Natya Shastra is Abhinavabharati by Abhinavagupta.

The Natya Shastra ranges widely in scope, from issues of literary construction, to the structure of the stage or mandapa, to a detailed analysis of musical scales and movements (murchhanas), to an analysis of dance forms that considers several categories of body movements, and their impacts on the viewer. It also educates the spectator in observing correct behaviour while watching a performance. It also deals with the theory of Rasa.

Bharata describes 15 types of drama ranging from one to

166

ten acts. The principles for stage design are laid down in some detail. Individual chapters deal with aspects such as makeup, costume, acting, directing, etc. A large section deals with meanings conveyed by the performance (bhavas) get particular emphasis, leading to a broad theory of aesthetics (rasas).

Four kinds of abhinaya (acting, or histrionics) are described – that by body part motions (angika), that by speech (vAchika), that by costumes and makeup (AhArya), and the highest mode, by means of internal emotions, expressed through minute movements of the lips, eyebrows, ear, etc. (sAttvika).

Natyashastra remained an important text in the fi ne arts for many centuries; so much so that it is sometimes referred to as the fi fth Veda. Much of the terminology and structure of Indian classical music and Indian classical dance were defi ned by it. Many commentaries have expanded the scope of the Natya Shastra; most importantly we may include Matanga’s Brihaddesi (500–700 CE), Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati (which unifi es some of the divergent structures that had emerged in the intervening years, and outlines a theory of artistic analysis) and Sharngadeva’s Sangita Ratnakara (13th century work that unifi es the raga structure in music). The analysis of body forms and movements also infl uenced sculpture and the other arts in subsequent centuries. The structures of music outlined in the Natya Shastra retain their infl uence even today, as seen in the seminal work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande from the early 20th century.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Doctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professorShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State UniversityShe was a leading science – worker of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s scientifi c research center, theatre historian.

167

She has translated of some books; she is the author of about 20 scientifi c works and 150 reviews. Since 2003 Member of Youth house network. She gained grant from “Youth house”(USA). She is a coordinator of the program of “All kind of mind”.Tamar Tsagareli is laureate of Society for Georgia Theatre (Creative Union) for the best review (2009-2010 seasons)Tel: + 995(32) 299 94 11E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]

Suliko (Lamara) Kirvalidze,Tbilisi Independent University «Adjara»

The doctor of History Sciences, professor

GEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE SECOND

HALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography)

Summary

As soon as Georgia was conquered by Russia, the Russian tsarism announced the Georgia as his property and it intensifi ed working to russifi cate the Georgian people, tried to take away the culture, national language and instead of it inculcating reactionary spirit in Georgian people for their national degeneration.

The powerful wave of national-liberational movement set off.

All the society was involved in fi ghting for freedom. The Georgian theatre joined the national movement which aimed to wake up the national feeling of people. From the stage it showed the Georgian people’s rich history, how they overcome the

168

diffi culties, and defended their identity from the strong attacks of enemy.

Such Georgian cultural workers like Ilia Chavchavadze, Dimitri Kipiani, Sergei Meskhi, Rafi el Eristavi and others had strived against Ianovski, Katkovi, Voroncovi and others, who had been trying to enclose the Georgian Culture in ‘Velikorussian’ quotes.

In the program of national liberation called ‘One who had drunk the water of the Terek’, The founder of the Georgian theatre Giorgi Eristavi gave the main role to the maintenance of nation’s originality and strengthening the spirituality, underling that main purpose of the Georgian stage, is to tell the people, that the strength is in Unity.

Distinguished statesmen of Georgian theatre art, Dimitri Kipiani, Kote Meskhi, Nato Gabunia and others together with G. Eristavi set the Georgian stage in the service of national liberational movement. Bringing the plays of G. Eristavi on the Georgian stage sounded courageously. ‘ We belong to ourselves’ and we must fi ght for national independence.

The Georgian stage introduced the ideas of bravery, devotion, selfl essness, equality and liberty by dramatizing the plays of A. Tsereteli ‘ Tamar insidious’ Vaja Pshavela ‘Host and Guest’ ‘The story the roebuck’ ‘Snake eater’ and etc.

Scene hoped the viewer that injured eagle would be recovered and Georgia would breath out with relief, that the future is ours, it doesn’t need prediction, loudly sounded from the stage: Ts. Jorjadze’s comedy, ‘What I was looking for and what I found’ Avk. Tsagareli’s ‘What you have seen, you can never see again’.

The Gerogians, Azerbaijanians and others should fi ght with united forces against conquerors. Ak. Tsereteli ‘Kinto’, ‘The Sulk’, ‘Kudur Khanum’ and etc. The Gerogian stage had become the home of national liberational movement.

Presented ‘Homeland’ on the Georgian stage by D. Eristavi

169

had become the symbol of national-liberational movement. Staging director M. Bebutashvioli, the author of the play is French dramatist Sardou/ the performance was perceived by the Georgians as the reminder of heroic struggle against the vicious Shah, appealing the struggle for freedom of homeland. The Georgian theatre contributed the development of national-liberational movement and protection of national dignity.

ABOUT AUTHOR

The doctor of history sciences, professor, fi nished Iv. Javakhishvili State University, The history faculty, post-graduate studies, two years courses of French language studies, existed at the Ilia State University (1965-1976yrs) worked at the Ivane Javakhishvili State University. (1976-2006yrs), Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, was a science worker of researching centre at the same institute. At the same time, she was a lecturer in some different institutes.Now she is: A lecturer of Tbilisi Independent University ‘Adjara’.An author of many scientifi c works and the newspaper articles.The correspondent of the Georgian Orthodox newspaper ‘Kandeli’.Published works in the recent years: The performance ’Homeland’ in the Georgian national-liberation movement, ‘Culture of antique Greece’, ‘Russian aggression towards Georgian and Ossetians attempt of capturing the Georgian lands’. ‘The great martyr queen Ketevan ‘and others.

170

FILM STUDIES

Maia Levanidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State

University

SOCIETY AND PERSON Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’

Summary

The process of mutual behavior of the person and society is severely revealed in the locked space, where the society is aggressively trying to put human’s free will in the system by the name of justice. Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ retells us about the people, who are infl uenced by the State machines for trying to adapt to ugly space. In the hospital, ill people depending on the despot doctors are gradually losing their past and also future. Protest against the violence is forcing Mcmurphy to confront actively to the ruling force, because fi ghting for freedom, dignity of the person and human rights are very important question but unsuccessful for him. He arises the whim of struggle and hope in the people of having ill spirit and forgotten by everyone. Temporarily but still they are becoming the needful and valuable members of the society, which denied them. Even temporary but still they are returning to reality of feeling the fragrance of beautiful life.

Milos Forman ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is the fi rst American work, where the director coming from the Soviet space is trying to retell allegorically about the Universe, where the people of having different point of view , character and life style are being persecuted and individualism or Protestantism are associated with the crime. That’s why, the problem of

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human and society is actual for him. The problems of society, mutual infl uence, violence,

freedom or personal choice was analyzed in the theme on the example of Milos Forman’s fi lm ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Doctor of Art Science. Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK, 1993). Area of interest: Genre Theory, Media Studies. Since1994 she has been engaged in pedagogical and scientifi c activities of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Tel: + 995 (32) 76 61 98 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Lela Ochiauri, Doctor Of Art Studies, Full Professor

Shota Rustaveli Theatre And Film Georgian State University

GEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVE ON THE OTHER BANK

Summary

The dramatic, I would say even tragic events, which took place in Georgia (and not only in Georgia, but in the whole Caucasus) after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly in 90-ies of the 20th century (civil wars in Abkhazia and Shida Kartli, in Chechnya, Karabakh and/or other Caucasian republics that caused radical changes, in result of which our world was

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divided into “confl ict zones”), has immensely impacted the social life, personal life, destiny, the present and the future of many people in Georgia.

New times and conditions usually bear new circumstances . . . but despite of such events taking place in Georgia almost nothing was fi lmed about the biggest tragedy which took place in Georgia in XX century: about the Abkhazian war, post war outputs and the victims of the war (the only exception was the fi lm made by Goga Khaindrava ‘Graveyard of Dreams’ which was later named as Direct Reportage from the Epicenter of War Activities).

First steps in this direction were made only 3-4 years ago. Georgian fi lm-makers started to describe their attitudes towards the events happening in Abkhazia in 90-ies, post-war situations, Georgian-Abkhazian relationships and problems in the country following the above-mentioned events.

I would underline the following three fi lms: “Confl ict Zone”, fi lmed by Vano Burduli; “The Other Bank” (Gaghma Napiri), fi lmed by Giorgi Ovashvili; “Flannel Paradise” (Bambaziis Samotkhe), fi lmed by Giorgi Sikharulidze, “Tangereens”, fi lmed by Zaza Urushadze. Made in the fi rst decade of the 21-st century and after, more then ten years later of the events described in the fi lms.

When a war starts it may never stop, especially for those whose love and kindness have turned into hate and anger, for those who has been frustrated. . . It is almost impossible to get rid of such destructive feelings. The feeling of revenge exceeds all other feelings, including kindness which still exists in the hearts of the people who had undergone the war; it even overwhelms the feeling of unquenchable love to the live people and even more, to the deceased ones; and fi nally it overwhelms the respect to the past, which they still try to grasp badly and which still makes them survive from getting crazy . . . If one would even once says no to peace and steps over the edge, he/

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she will drop boundaries between the past and the postwar life and start to move to nothing, to the direction that is empty. . .

There is no question that the three fi lms of the Georgian fi lm-makers are dedicated to everyone who experienced the horror of Abkhazian war, was sacrifi ced to the motherland, and who turned to be a victim of the war. They are dedicated to Abkhazians and Georgians, to the people who expected to be happy and beloved but were unlucky, to those who still are supposed to live and love in future.

It is necessary to think about it. The main reason for that is to reestablish the bridges between Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia, which were destroyed due to the war and in result Georgian territories were torn away. Those who remember (and many people do remember) how Georgians and Abkhazians (and people of other nationalities living in Abkhazia) were related to each other before the war, how they loved and respected each other, need to strive towards peaceful future.

The fi lms contain important messages to Abkhazia, which hopefully will reach not simply the addressees but fi rst of all, they will reach the hearts and cognition of Abkhazians. The fi lms are to be shown to Abkhazians as well to understand what Georgians think about the events which developed in Abkhazia - the paradise for all of us - during and after the war. They should understand how the things are estimated by Georgians, by those who stayed on the other bank; what do Georgians feel about the loss and suffer from pains which they carry during the years not only for their own but for Abkhaxia’s sake as well, for past (before and during the war) and future’s sake which was and even now is common for both.

When watching the fi lms you will again feel the pain related with Abkhazia and remember about the wounds that are not cicatrized. Likewise the heroes of the fi lms you pass the same way taking you to the country for which you have stand since long, you move on the ‘other bank’, which you have never

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abandoned; you step over the boundary which you still have to pass and you are sure that you can overcome it by all means.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Film Critic; Ph.D in Art Studies; Full professor at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University; Culture Analyst; Editor of Culture department at Resonansi Newspaper Galaktioni.Author of the texts for the books: Litera, Gogi Ochiauri, 2008; Kadrireba by Otar Ioseliani.Author of the books: The sculpture and Art of Gogi Ochiauri; Nova Science Publishers, in New York, 2011.Author and editor of many books or publications.Received Professional Awards:1986 – Union of cinematography of Georgia Award for the best work “Nostalgia”;1991 – Newspaper Caucasus Award for the best publication “Mama Roma”;2010 – Regional Union of Adjara Theatre Associates award for the articles published on their performances;2011 – Theatre Association of Georgia Award for the article “Performance on Georgia, with a Mask Removal Pudding of Banana and Quince Dipped in Rome and Cognac” published in the Newspaper Resonance;Editor and reviewer of tens of books, text-books, journals, scientifi c collections and publications Participant of tens conferences, Symposiums, Projects.

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UNIVERSITY'Ph.D PROGRAM

Maka Vasadze,PhD student


Head of the program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili

ROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN Part IV

«What you will or Twelfth nights»

Summary

Mystery of magic attraction of scenic art is diffi cult to solve. It is especially diffi cult, when you watch Robert Sturua’s hypnotizing carnival plays, The infl uence of those on viewer, we can compare to the fi lms of Federico Fellini. Sturua’s performances, as well as Fellini’s fi lms at the same time are imbued with carnivaling, sighting, joyful, sad and deep philosophical opinion, beyond of which, there is Vast unknown Universe,

In the play, Robert Sturua presented the stories from gospel as the play masquerade played for entertaining the Herzog Orsino, who had been inconsolably in love with Olivia.

As if, Sturua is trying to show the existence of two parallel Universes, not only on the stage, but also itself in the human. One is real earthly existence in the real Universe, another is metaphysical one – where everything has got it’s own values. In Robert Sturua’s performance as well as in play, the activity is being on in fabulous Illyria. This is the Universe, where the lords or subordinated people , wise jesters or fool wise men, so called knights, who has got nothing of knighthood,

drunkards, who occasionally says some wise statements are gathered together. Here everybody love , hate and laugh at each other. Almost all characters stage their small performances and they themselves are the directors and performers as well.

Bound between the reality and unreality is erased in the performance. Here everything is allowed. The plot realities are only the reason for staging to show the other side of our existence. Viewer guesses it in the end. Earlier viewer attentively watched the instant imitative and external life of the people living in Illyria. The accents’ movement is characteristic for the theatre language of Robert Sturua. Robert Sturua in his performance of ‘What you will or Twelfth nights’ director changed the accents in such a way that the main heroes of actiities are: Malvolio (Zaza Papuashvili), Maria (Nanuka Khuskivadze) Jester (Goga Gvelesiani) and Sir Toby (Guram Sagharadze).

The Human in Robert Sturua’s staging, couses sympathy, so does the fool and arrogant Malvolio, who becomes the victim of his arrogance. sturua’s intention way to make Malvolio the man charecter of the performance and The thanks to Zaza Papuashvili’s excellent performance and masterly improvisations it happend so.

Robert Sturua further more diversifi ed the character of Malvolio, than put the characters of Viola, Olivia, Orsino and Sebastian on the back burner.

The symbol of power in ‘Twelfth Night’ of Robert Sturua is the wings of Angel instead of crown. These wings are moving from hand to hand during the play. Sometimes they are tied to the shoulders of Duke, Viola, Cesario and Jester or Malvolio and Olivia are playing the wings.

Performance is full of unexpected motions, characteristic for the theatre language of Robert Sturua. Start of the performance isn’t in the play, but suggested end by director is absolutely unexpected for the audience. In fi nal of performance, playing the scene of Calvary, when the “Situations Comedy’ must have

177

end happily after undoing the knot, it shockingly impresses the audience. Therefore the words were spread by the Duke Orsino with calmative tone. ‘Calm down, please calm down, we will have careless days, happiness and gladness will always have our country’ is very weak argument for audience. Though voice of breathing is hardly sounds in the hall. Theme of sin and regret in sturua’s play is followed by an unexpected way out. These kind of unexpectedness is characteristic for his directing signature.

Paata Iakashvili,PhD student


Head of the program: Prof. Gogi Gvakharia

THREE LIVES

Summary

Birth of another form of censor in 20s of Soviet Film is examined in the work ‘Ethnic censor in the mute Film period of Georgia”, According to which Jewish communists considered the characters of Jewish origin as the detection of anti-Semitism in the spectacular fi lm such as ‘Three lives’ and as a result Lunacharsky the USSR commissar of education stepped in to fi nd out it.After delivering the Jewish functionaries from the government

in 30s, the Ethnic censor started to protect the characters of Russian origin. This fact meant that the Ethnic censor existed

in the Soviet Film despite having had the contrary declaration.

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Marika Mamatsashvili,PhD student


Head of the program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava

INVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUES

Summary

Dynamics of theatre processes, synthesis of polar art methods, the ability to sort out the event in the quality, access and presence – are component parts of Peter Brook’s directing methods. This is sequenced system, is able to give the way to the future generations.

It is natural, that researching the theatre essence would have been impossible without realizing its genesis, but understanding the historical development of theatre isn’t the rational process itself for Brook. Even more he prefers the intuition and instinctive vision of events in the process of researching. He thinks that this is the only way to discover the order, which is hidden in fecundity and development of the theatre. Here is placed the meta-language of the theatre and its invariable magnitude. Though, the research of the theatre meta-language doesn’t mean the denial of historical development, with his deep belief (what he had confi rmed with his practice) the theatre consists of invariable and variable values. Their synthesis is the ideal, for what should aspire the contemporary theatre, though the preference of course is given to invariable magnitudes, what means for him to express such irrational impulses from the stage, which will tie very close connection between the stage and the hall of audience.

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Lasha Chkartishvili,PhD student


Head of the program: Prof. Giorgi Tskitishvili

LEAR'S GEOGRAPHY'THE KING LEARS 'MAP OF SCENIC

INTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF 20S OF EUROPEAN THEATRE

Summary

According to the research, there revealed that among the Brook’s, Streller’s and Sturua’s masterpieces the “Lear” is the special event, but among these radically different stagings, are noticeable many common signs.The scenic interpretation of “Lear” in the second half of the 20th century was met with huge resistance. Not only one unsuccessful staging was preceded to each of the staging of the same play, and new interpretations gave the way to the other directors in their native countries researching the Shakespeare’s dramaturgy, what was in the concrete plays of these directors. The process which has started in the West Europe after the 10 years interval was continued in the middle West, what forwarded the Shakespeare’s innovative experiments, but an important process of researches was fi nished in the Georgian theatre in particular, everything what had started in East after 10 years interval and postmodern theatre achievements were summarized.

In reality and also with the vision of theatre study, Robert Sturua’s interpretation of the “king Lear” is mostly separated from the Brook’s and Streller’s plays not only with the conception’s directional point of view, but also with the musical design.

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The progressive ideas and conceptual evolution is noticeable from the West towards the East, what is important during the process of making the Geographical map of “Lear’s special stagings. Eastern Europe’s theatre and Robert Sturua’s “king Lear” summarizes the researches in Shakespeare’s Universe in the second half of the 20 th century.

Nana Khuskivadze,PhD student


Head of the program: Prof. Davit Kobakhidze

ACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTING

Summary

Nowadays (even on the stage of an academic theatre) the number of plays has increased greatly in which the main emphasis is put on the aspects of show – they are of entertaining character more than the subject of personal thinking, reasoning or inside contemplation. Thus, the impression caused by feeling in plays presented essentially with light (sometimes absurd) plot is comparatively short, it can be said that it is even surfi cial, as it is said, momentary rather than lasting and deeply accompanying. And it is not surprising that today’s theatrical activity should be considered as the past recollection of public holiday- masquerade with a lot of dancing and fun held outside, in the streets. Such kind of entertainment was called “Berikaoba” in our traditional existence.

The objective of the study is to generally separate an actor – a person and “Berika”.

“Berika”, fi rst of all, is a participant of a ritual where

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everything is previously defi ned (imaginary in the consciousness of participants); he will carry out certain actions and the main, essential in the action is defi ned by mask; it is only a sign of a character. It is not necessary for him to carry out the task skillfully. Besides, “Berikaoba” is an old ritual and its initial sarcastic importance is lost, the essence is faded, half unconscious, and the seriousness during the action is not necessary, accordingly. It is a fun, less attractive than a sports competition as it does not include winning or losing.

An actor – is the realization of dramaturgical and, thus, the ideological reasoning, the picture of live concept in which a writer’s concrete viewpoint is given in a numerous specifi c content – with double ways, at fi rst described in a director’s and then an actor’s feeling and mind, colored by them. He is a participant of such an action that will exert infl uence both as an art whole and, accordingly, the permanent quality which demands the tension of mind and skills of the body is of great importance. Moreover, nowadays a performance is not a ritual as it was in the past, but applying to Micheil Tumanishvili’s expression, it is “preaching”, a kind of service, purposeful sacrifi ce to sympathize, condole others.

saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #3 (56), 201356)_2013.pdf„mefe liris“ scenuri interpretaciis...

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