gamomcemloba universali · li iyo. saxelovani mefe erekles svilisvilisatvis dadiantan qorwineba...

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gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2012

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Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

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`UNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2012

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

1(11)

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2012

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uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984

saredaqcio kolegia: EDITORIAL BOARD:

irakli gabisonia

zurab gamezardaSvili

gia gelaSvili SoTa vadaWkoria

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

luiji magaroto

(veneciis universiteti)

voicex materski

(poloneTis mecnierebaTa

akademia)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

niko javaxiSvili

Irakli Gabisonia Zurab Gamezardashvili Gia Gelashvili Shota Vadachkoria Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Luiji Magaroto (Venice University) Wojciech Materski (Academy of sciences of Poland) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili

© ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis

instituti, 2012 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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S i n a a r s i

Contents

The History of the Georgia

lela miqiaSvili ....................................................................................................... 12

samegrelos dedofali nino bagrationi-dadianisa

Lela Mikiashvili Nino Bagrationi – Dadiani the Queen of Samegrelo

dodo WumburiZe ....................................................................................................... 23

rusi mefisnacvlebis _ mixeil voroncovisa da aleq-

sandre bariatinskis TbilisSi cxovrebisa da moRvawe-

obis zogierTi detali

Dodo Chumburidze Some Details of Lives and Activitiesof the Russian Vicegerents – Mikhail Voroncov and Alexander Bariatinskiin Tbilisi

gela saiTiZe ............................................................................................................... 40

ilia xonelis ekonomikuri naSromebi

Gela Saitidze Economic Works of Ilia Khoneli

giorgi CxikviSvili ................................................................................................. 57

niko nikolaZe qarTuli demokratiis Sesaxeb

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Niko Nikoladze about Georgian Democracy

oTar gogoliSvili ................................................................................................. 64

daviT kldiaSvili _ baTumSi qarTuli tradiciebis

danergvisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi dauRalavi

mebrZoli

Otar Gogolishvili Davit Kldiashvili - a Person, Who Fought for Inculcation and Consolidation of Georgian Traditions in Batumi

SoTa vadaWkoria........................................................................................................ 71

saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri sabWouri

avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli sinamdvile (werili II)

Shota Vadachkoria Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian Reality (second Letter)

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lela saraliZe .......................................................................................................... 90

saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebSi evrokavSiris

misiis moRvaweobis istoriidan (2008 wlis oqtomberi -

2012).

Lela Saralidze From The History of The European Union Mission Activity in the Conflict Regions of Georgia (October, 2008-2012)

Georgia and the World

igor kveselava .........................................................................................114 saqarTvelo da garesamyaro (XIX saukune _ XX saukunis

dasawyisi)

Igor Kveselava Georgia and the Universe(XIX and XX century)

niko javaxiSvili ...................................................................................................... 129

polonelebis mimarT qarTvel saxelmwifo, politikur

da sazogado moRvaweTa damokidebulebis istoriidan

(XIX_XX saukuneebi)

Niko Javakhishvili From the Attitude History of the Georgian State,Political and Public Figures towards the Poles (in the 19th-20th C.)

qeTevan saganeliZe ................................................................................................... 143

osmaleTis interesebi pirvel msoflio omSi da

saqarTvelo

Qetevan Saganelidze Ottomans Interests in the World war I and Gaorgia badri cxadaZe ............................................................................................................ 154

somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili qarTveli

mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili meore: fridon xalvaSi,

rezo amaSukeli)

Badri Tskhadadze The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking (Letter 11: Fridon Khalvashi and Rezo Amashukeli )

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The History of the Caucasus

mzia tyavaSvili ......................................................................................................... 159

ruseTis xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi muhajirTa

samSobloSi dabrunebis SesaCereblad (1859-1861 ww.)

Mzia Tkavashvili Measures of Russia’s Government for Stopping of Muhajirs from Homecoming (1859-1961)

The History of the World

ediSer gvenetaZe ....................................................................................................... 172

novoCerkaskis tragedia_sabWoTa xelisuflebis

dasasrulis dasawyisi

Edisher Gvenetadze Novocherkaskis the Beginning of the end of the Soviet tragedy zurab kvetenaZe .........................................................................................................179

ramdenime aspeqti ruseT-CineTis Tanamedrove

urTierTobebidan

Zurab Kvetenadze Some Aspects from the Modern Relations between Russia and China

marika mamforia ...................................................................................185

irlandiis teroristuli organizacia “ira”-s

moRvaweoba XX saukuneSi

Marika Mamphoria The Activity of Terrorist Organization `IRA~ in Ireland in XX Century

The Policy

juli bankanaSvili ................................................................................................. 192

politikuri liderobis arsi da Teoriebi

Juli Bankanashvili The essence of Political Leadership and the Basic Theories

Tamar darCia................................................................................................................ 201

konfrontacia aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSiris

urTierTobebSi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis pirvel naxe-

varSi

Tamar Darchia Confrontation between the United States of America and the Soviet Union in the first term of Ronald Reagan’s office

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Military History

nato sonRulaSvili ............................................................................................... 211

jariskacis erovnuli cnobierebis formireba

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi

Nato Songhulashvili Formation of a Soldjer’s National Conscience During the Period of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

Religion. The History of the Church

avTandil sonRulaSvili..................................................................................... 226

islami da gare samyaro

Avtandil Songhulashvili Islam and the World

irina arabiZe ............................................................................................................... 241

afxazeTis eparqiaSi saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiq-

ciis aRdgenis sakiTxisaTvis(mitropolit ambrosis (xe-

laia) 1918 wlis 17 seqtembris moxsenebis mixedviT)

Irina Arabidze The Problem of Restoring Jurisdiction of the Church of Georgia in Abkhazia Eparchy (According to the report of the Metropolitan Ambrosi (Khelaia) dated to September, 17, 1918)

nino RambaSiZe ............................................................................................................ 253

qarTul-azerbaijanuli religiuri urTierTobebi qve-

mo qarTlSi dmanisis raionis magaliTze

Nino Ghambashidze Georgian-Azerbaijanian Religious Relations in Kvemo Kartli on The Example of Dmanisi Region

Historiography

merab kalandaZe ......................................................................................................... 268

saqarTveloSi aSS-s axali istoriis Seswavlis

ZiriTadi etapebi

Merab Kalandadze Main Stages of the Studying the Modern History of the United States in Georgia

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Source-Studies

gia gelaSvili............................................................................................................. 275

iulius klaproti osebis Sesaxeb

Gia Gelashvili Julius Klaproth about Ossen

Education end Culture

qeTevan kobiaSvili .................................................................................................. 312

lado gudiaSvili da qvaSveTis taZris mxatvroba

Qetevan Kobiashvili Lado Gudiashvili and Kashveti Painting

caca CxartiSvili..................................................................................................... 324

saqarTvelos kulturuli cxovreba quTaisis beWduri

mediis furclebze Tsatsa Chkhartishvili The Cultural Life of Georgia According to the Press Published in Kutaisi

nana naTelaZe .............................................................................................................. 331

qarTuli xalxuri zRapris dasawyisisa da dasasrulis

Targmnis Sesaxeb

Nana Nateladze About the Translation of the Opening and the End of the Georgian Folk Tale

Demography

sulxan aleqsaia ........................................................................................................ 337

afxazeTis mosaxleobis statistikuri aRwerebi

(XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)

Sulkhan Aleksaia Materials Describing the Population in the Territory of Abkhazia in the 20s of the XX Century

Tourusm

Tamar lazariaSvili ............................................................................................... 347

saqarTvelos agroturistuli regionebis

konkurentunarianoba

Tamar Lazariashvili Competitive Ability of Agrarian Tourism in Regions of Georgia

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View Point irma yruaSvili.......................................................................................................... 353

platon ioseliani da aleqsandre orbeliani erekle

mefis gamaerTianebeli politikis Sesaxeb

Irma Kruashvili Platon Ioseliani and Alexander Orbeliani about the Integration policy of King Erekle II

The Information

profesor niko javaxiSvilis samecniero mivlinebebi

poloneTsa da litvaSi..................................................................358

The Scientific Missions of Professor Niko Javakhishvili in Poland and in Lithuania

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krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer

krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT

presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da

Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli

telefoni: 93 41 37

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lela miqiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane ja-vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-yofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

samegrelos dedofali nino

bagrationi-dadianisa

samegrelos dedofali nino dadiani (1772-1847 ww.) giorgi

XII-isa da misi pirveli meuRlis — qeTevan andronikaSvilis asu-li iyo. saxelovani mefe erekles SviliSvilisaTvis dadianTan qorwineba imTaviTve politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo da, ro-gorc misi moRvaweobidan Cans, mas es kargad unda hqonoda gac-nobierebuli. mkvlevarTa azriT, XVIII s-is bolosaTvis dasav-leT saqarTveloSi gamefebuli daZabuli situaciis gamosas-woreblad (rac imereTis mefis solomonisa da samegrelos mTavris grigol dadianis dausrulebel dapirispirebaSi gamo-ixateboda) orive mowinaaRmdege mxare drodadro daxmarebi-saTvis isev erekles mimarTavda; sabolood, maTi xangrZlivi droiT dazavebis uzrunvelsayofad, ereklem miiRo gadawyve-tileba: 1791 wels sakuTari SviliSvili nino colad SerTo grigol dadians xolo am ukanasknelis da _ mariami _ solo-mon II imerTa mefes (1789-1810 ww.) [3, 121; 4, 209; 5, 174]. am ori ”diplomatiuri”qorwinebis wyalobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis erTi aTeuli wlis manZilze marTlac mSvidobam dai-sadgura, TumcaRa, SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis ze-gavleniT, es mSvidoba metad xanmokle da myife aRmoCnda.

sakiTxSi ukeT garkvevis mizniT, mokled mimovixilavT dasavleT saqarTveloSi im droisaTvis arsebul viTarebas: grigol dadianma mamis (kacia dadianis) gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1788 wels daikava samTavros taxti. imereTis mefem daviT II-m (1784-1789) gadawyvita grigolis mcirewlovanebiT esargebla da samegrelos samTavros dasamorCileblad da leCxumis xelSi Casagdebad odiSi dalaSqra. grigolma Tavi leCxums Seafara,

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imerTa mefem ki mTavrad grigolis umcrosi Zma _ manuCari dasva da tyveebiTa da alafiT datvirTuli ukan gabrunda; ase ganaxlda is SinaaSliloba, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi saukuneTa manZilze ar cxreboda. sagulisxmoa isic, rom imer-Ta mefes, garda imisa, rom qveynis SigniT bevri mteri hyavda, daZabuli urTierToba hqonda axalcixis faSasTanac; amasTana-ve, misi ZmisSvili _ daviT arCilis Ze, romelic erekles Svi-liSvili iyo (elene batoniSvilis vaJi) da mis karze izrdeboda, xelsayrel SemTxvevas eloda imereTis taxtze asasvlelad [4, 208-209]. Tavis mxriv, samegrelos Tavadaznaurobac or banakad daiyo: erTi nawili manuCars emxroboda, meore ki grigols. aqve unda iTqvas, rom grigolis erTgulTa Soris iyo leCxumis sar-dal-mouravi qaixosro gelovani da saxlTuxucesi giorgi Ciq-vani, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari. maTi rCeviT grigolma daxmareba sTxova erekle II da TavisTan miiwvia daviT arCilis Ze (momavali imerTa mefe solomon II), romlis gamefe-bis sakiTxi erekles adreve hqonda SeTanxmebuli imereTis sa-mefo karTan (rogorc cnobilia, solomon I-s vaJi aleqsandre 1780 w. gardaicvala, da imerTa mefem sakuTari Zmiswuli Tavis sicocxleSive aRiara memkvidred, Tumca imereTis didebuleb-ma, romlebic erekles SviliSvilis gamefebis SemTxvevaSi amer-imeris gaerTianebis safrTxe dainaxes, taxtze aiyvanes daviTi, solomonis biZis — giorgis vaJi). Tumca daviT giorgis Ze tax-tis daTmobas ar Cqarobda. ereklem isargebla imerTa mefisa da dadianis konfliqtiT da imereTSi gamogzavna jari, romlis daxmarebiTac daviT arCilis Zem da grigol dadianma 1789 wlis 11 ivliss maTxojis brZolaSi daamarcxes daviT giorgis Ze. es ukanaskneli axalcixeSi gaiqca, imereTSi ki daviT arCilis Ze gamefda solomon II-is saxeliT; Tavis mxriv, grigol dadianmac daibruna odiSis samTavro taxti.

Tumca mokle xanSi am or yofil TanamebrZols Soris gan-xeTqileba Camovarda leCxumis gamo. im droisaTvis imereTis samefoSi leCxumi calke administraciuli erTeuli iyo da mas sardal-mouravebi ganagebdnen gelovanTa sagvareulodan. da-dians leCxumi odiSis samTavros ganuyofel nawilad miaCnda, solomon II ki miznad isaxavda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos ga-erTianebas, amitomac ar surda misi daTmoba. mefem dadians mi-sive umcrosi Zma manuCari daupirispira, romelsac 1792 wels samegrelos taxtic daakavebina, grigoli ki iZulebuli gaxda axalcixeSi gaqceuliyo. man kvlavac erekles mimarTa daxmare-bisaTvis (rogorc siZem), am ukanasknelmac kidev erTxel ikisra Suamavloba, magram amjerad solomon mefem gadawyvetileba ar

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Secvala da saxelovan papas uariT upasuxa. aseT viTarebaSi ma-nuCarma 7 weli dahyo mTavris taxtze [4, 223-230].

1799 w. grigolma Tavisi biZis — giorgi dadianisa da leC-xumis mourav qaixosro gelovanis daxmarebiT SeZlo samegre-loSi Sesvla da noRas cixeSi gamagrda. solomonma da manuCar-ma alyiTac ver SeZles cixis aReba da imerTa mefe iZulebuli gaxda kvlav garigeboda grigols, romelmac daibruna dadia-noba, xolo manuCars sanacvlod ergo salipartiano [4, 229].

taxtis dabrunebis miuxedavad, grigolis xelisufleba jer kidev susti iyo, im dros rodesac realurad qaixosro ge-lovani gacilebiT didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda mTel odiSSi; amave dros, samomavlod grigol dadianis momZlavreba arc imerTa mefis gegmebSi ar Sedioda, amitomac es ukanaskneli Seecada Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina qaixosro gelovani, magram grigolma martivad gadawyvita problema: imave wels man qaixosro moakvlevina. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am faqtma ki-dev ufro gaamwvava imerTa mefesa da dadians Soris faruli mtroba. 1802 w. solomonma kidev erTxel CamoaSora taxts gri-gol dadiani da mis nacvlad misive umcrosi Zma — tarieli gaam-Tavra. Seqmnil viTarebaSi grigolma daxmarebisaTvis ruseTs mimarTa (Tumca manamde igive nabiji afxazeTis mTavrisken ga-dadga, magram am ukanasknelma ufrosi vaJi levani mosTxova mZevlad, rac misTvis miuRebeli iyo): am aqtiT igi imerTa mefi-sagan Tavis daxsnas da samTavros “damoukideblobis” gadarCe-nas cdilobda.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ruseTis xelisuflebam saTa-visod gamoiyena Seqmnili viTareba da dadianis Txovna imerTa mefis dasasusteblad SesaniSnav variantad miiCnia: ruseTis mfarvelobaSi odiSis samTavros miRebis Taobaze konstanti-nopolidan Tanxmobis miRebamde pavle cicianovi imperatoris davalebiT saswrafod Seudga moqmedebas; 1803 w. ivlisSi man samfarvelo xelSekrulebis teqsti SeimuSava da dadians er-Tgulebis ficic miaRebina. imereTis mefe yovelmxriv cdilob-da am procesis SeCerebas, akavebda Suamavlebs, sTavazobda da-dians miwebs, oRond mas rusTa jari ar SeeSva samegreloSi, ama-ve mizniT mas Tavisi meuRle mariami (grigolis da) da sexnia wulukiZec miugzavna, magram es mcdeloba uSedegod damTav-rda [1, 151]. amave wlis 2 oqtombers dadianma xeli moawera xel-Sekrulebas, romelic ZalaSi Sevida dekemberSi, mas Semdeg, rac osmaleTma oficialurad “dauTmo” odiSi rusebs. 1804 w. iv-lisSi mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba aleqsandre I-ma daamtkica da odiSis samTavro ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida

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SezRuduli avtonomiis uflebebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT sa-gulisxmoa samegreloSi myofi erT-erTi rusi moxelis SeniS-vna: “Сам покойный Дадиан покровительства Государя стал искать тогда, когда все средства к спасению жизни и сохранению княжества потерял. Крайность, а не добрая воля заставила его прибегнуть к сему средству» [1,148].

imereTis samefosaTvis es didi dartyma iyo: solomoni mixvda, rom samegrelos dakargviT mTeli imereTis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe dgeboda.

1804 w. gr. dadiani gardaicvala. gavrcelebuli mosazre-bis Tanaxmad, igi misma mowinaaRmdege Tavadebma mokles, Tumca igive braldebas moaruli xmebi mTavris qvrivis mimarTac aye-nebdnen, rasac, savaraudod, safuZvlad edo dadianis mier Ta-vad CiCuas qalTan droebiTi kavSiri (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveq-neba saubari). dadiani martvilis sakaTedro taZarSi dakrZa-les. am dros misi memkvidre levani 12 wlis iyo, mis srulwlo-vanebamde (20 wlis Sesrulebamde) ki nino batoniSvili regen-tad gamocxadda.

aseT rTul viTarebaSi mouwia nino bagrations saxelmwi-foebriv asparezze moRvaweoba. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom igi Ta-visi qmris sicocxleSic aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli am saqmianobaSi, rasac adasturebs xSir SemTxvevaSi piradad misi, meuRlisagan damoukideblad warmoebuli mimowera ruseTis xelisuflebis sxvadasxva warmomadgenelTan [2, III, 201-203].

imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom Cvenamde moRweuli istoriu-li dokumentebis Seswavlisas nino batoniSvilis saxelmwifo-ebrivi azrovneba sakmaod araerTgvarovan STbeWdilebas to-vebs; am mxriv sagulisxmoa Tamar papavas erTi fraza: “es iyo ganwiruli mcdeloba ruseTis mxedrobis da politikuri gav-lenis patara samegrelos mier saTavisod gamoyenebisa, magram cda bedis menaxevre iyo da 1803 wlis aqtis Semdeg dedofals sxva gza ar darCenoda Tu am mxriv mivudgebiT, misi pirovneba bevrad ufro naTeli saxiT gamoCndeba, vidre aqamde Cven vico-diT da vidre oficialuri dokumentebi saamiso sabuTs iZlevi-an. am SemTxvevaSi marTlac SegveZleba avxsnaT ucnauroba im bi-likebisa, romelsac es qali umZimes wlebSi mtkiced mihyvebo-da. arc is gagvaocebda, rom es bilikebi rusuli imperializmis farTo gzebs uerTdeboda” [5, 179].

marTlac, gaocebas iwvevs erekles STamomavali batoniS-vilis erTi SexedviT araSorsmWvreteli politikis mimdevro-ba. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis

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samefos gauqmebis Semdeg imereTis mxridan winaaRmdegoba nino batoniSvils saTaveSive ganwirulad esaxeboda da albaT Tan-daTan, rogorc meuRlis Tanamoazre, fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mfarvelobiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda samegrelos samTavros av-tonomiis SenarCuneba; magram aq ori momentia gasaTvaliswine-beli: pirveli _ rac Seexeba meuRlisadmi mis damokidebule-bas, arsebobs daviT batoniSvilis 1802 wliT daTariRebuli we-rili knoringisadmi, sadac vkiTxulobT: “Cemma siZem, odiSis batonma dadianma Cemi da nino gauSva da Tavad CiCuas qali Seir-To colad. am saqcieliT Cems ojaxs didi sircxvili miayena” [3, 121-122; 6, I, 715]. Tumca SemdgomSi nino da grigol dadianebi Se-rigdnen (aq unda gavixsenoT moaruli, magram sabolood dausa-buTebeli xmebi mis mier qmris mowamvlis Taobaze); meore da albaT umTavresi: iseT gonier mandilosans, rogorc nino de-dofali iyo, sruliad realuri daskvna unda gamoetana qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT ruseTis mier gatarebuli politikis Sedegebidan da miT ufro ar unda hqonoda imedi, rom misi mxri-dan nebismieri, Tundac maqsimalurad daxvewili politikuri Zalisxmevis SemTxvevaSic ki patara da susti samegrelos sam-Tavro avtonomiur statuss SeinarCunebda imperiis xelSi. meo-re mxriv, nino batoniSvili rom ruseTis xelisuflebis cbie-rebas kargad acnobierebda da misdami ndobiT namdvilad ar iyo gamsWvaluli, dasturdeba erTi sabuTidanac [7, IV, 378-379, 501], sadac saubaria solomon II-Tan erTad axalcixeSi gadaxve-wili momxreebis ojaxis wevrTa mZevlad ayvanaze; simonoviCis ganmartebiT, am xalxs Tavdapirvelad sayovelTao Sewyalebas dapirdnen da dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi xelSeuxeblobac aRuT-qves, magram es winadadeba aravis miuRia, adgilobriv mosaxle-obaSic rusebs ndoba ver moupovebiaT da maTac amis Semdeg ga-dauwyvetiaT mefis momxreTa ojaxis wevrebis mZevlad ayvana “чтобы их понудить к учинению убедительного вызова беглецов... беглецам же, если они и затем не согласятся отстать от царя, поставить в виду, что жены их и дети в наших руках и потому опасно им отважится приходить в Имеретию с неприязненным намерением.... Впрочем, не могу я хвалиться особенною к себе доверенностью имеретинцев, хотя с своей стороны и стараюсь оную в них вселять и едва-ли скоро в том успею после того, как присягал царю в присутствии народа пред крестом и Евангелием, что он не будет взят нами под караул, но он взят и из-под онаго бежал; как царицу клятвенно уверял, что она будет жить в Тифлисе, но она в России, и как оказавшим нам усердие и верность, а многим за оныя жестоко пострадавшим обещал милости и награды,

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но они их доселе не получают. Примером недоверия к нам местных народов служит следующее обстоятельство: в бытность пред сим в Поти одна Гуриельская княгиня объявила мне, что когда Мингрельская правительница княгиня Нина Георгиевна, собрав своих митрополитов, сказала им, что Тариел Дадиани желает иметь поручительное от них письмо, что ему со стороны ея с. никакого вреда сделано не будет и имение будет возвращено, если он явится из Ахалциха, и когда митрополиты отозвались, что они охотно письмо таковое дадут, - сказала будто она им, что хотя она ничего Тариелу не сделает, но сами русские его, конечно, тогда поймают и отправят в Сибирь, хотя и обещают, ему покровительство, подобно как поступили они с имеретинским царем и царицею...» (Рапорт ген.-м Симоновича ген. Тормасову от 5 июля 1811 года). vfiqrobT, es faqti erT-erTia im diplomatiur svlebs Soris, nino dadiani rom mi-marTavda sakmaod xSirad: aq kargad Cans, Tu rogor cdilobs dedofali iribad mianiSnos tariel dadians, rom rusebis fi-cis ndoba ar SeiZleba.

am fonze, SesaZloa, erTgvar gulubryvilobad aRviqvaT nino dadianis erTguli samsaxuri ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi: ase magaliTad, 1809 w. tormasovis TxovniT dedofali odiS-leCxumelTa laSqriT foTis cixis aRebaSi monawileobs; 1819 w. igi sursaTiT exmareba polkovnik simonoviCis jars da a. S. [2, IV, 393]; TumcaRa, es imiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, rom dedofali miz-nad isaxavda rusuli iaraRisa da diplomatiis meSveobiT Tavi-si samflobelos sazRvrebis gafarToebas, rac samomavlod amave gziT afxazeTis SemoerTebasac gulisxmobda. amaze mow-mobs misi araerTi mimarTva imperiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisadmi [2, III, 201, 370], sadac igi xazs usvams odi-Sis samTavros istoriul uflebas afxazeTis teritoriaze. igi ufro Sorsac midis da, ostaturad usaxavs ra rusebs im mate-rialuri Tu strategiuli xasiaTis sargebels, rasac afxaze-Tis SemoerTeba Sematebs imperias, iTxovs jarebs Tavisi siZis — giorgi ServaSiZis dasaxmareblad da Tan iqve daurTavs, rom es xelsayreli momenti ar unda gauSvan da afxazeTis momijnave, jiqebiTa da alanebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebis SemoerTeba-sac sTavazobs maT. am periodSi aseve aqtualurad idga samur-zayanos sakiTxic, romelic dadian-ServaSiZeTa Soris mudmivi davis sagani iyo: sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samurzayanoze dadianis uflebebi swored ruseTis mTavrobis aSkara xelSew-yobiT ganmtkicda (1813 w. manuCar ServaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, levan dadianis mier sakuTari diswulebis — samurzaya-

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nos mflobelebis mimarT gamoCenili sisastikis miuxedavad, rusebi mas Riad mfarvelobdnen). marTalia, afxazeTis mTavre-bi, maT Soris mixeil ServaSiZec, bolomde ibrZodnen am gadaw-yvetilebis winaaRmdeg, magram sabolood ruseTma or samTav-ros Soris dapirispireba kvlavac Tavis sasargeblod gamoiye-na da 1840 wels samurzayano dadiansac CamoarTva da iq rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo, mTavars ki kompensaciis saxiT 23 000 ma-neTi gadauxada, ramac mixeil ServaSiZis samarTliani gulis-wyroma gamoiwvia.

rusulma xelisuflebam nino dadianic aseve ostaturad gamoiyena afxazeTSi sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad; ro-gorc ukve aRvniSneT, dedofali cdilobda ruseTis meSveobiT ganemtkicebina Tavisi samTavro da gaefarTovebina misi saz-Rvrebi, ruseTma ki dedoflis xeliT sakuTari saqme moagvara afxazeTSi: rogorc dedoflisadmi tormasovis erT-erTi we-rilidan irkveva, 1810 w. soxumis aRebis Semdeg (rac TavisTavad namdvilad ar iyo sakmarisi afxazeTis samTavros dasamorCi-leblad) rusebi kvlavac mxardaWeras aRuTqvamdnen giorgi ServaSiZes (nino dadianis siZes), amasTan, tormasovi Cveuli fa-risevlobiT wers, rom es mxolod dedoflis piradi pativisce-miT xdeba, Tan iqve moaxsenebs, rom ganagrZobs zrunvas peter-burgis samefo karze mis gasamgzavreblad imperatorTan Sex-vedris mizniT da Semdeg Semparavad daurTavs: "Остается только чтобы светлейший дом мингрельский через Вас или (ninos peterbur-gSi gamgzavrebis SemTxvevaSi — l.m) через вашего сына - владетельного князя Левана ревностно занялся вспоможением Сефер-Али-бею в утверждение его на владение абхазском и в исполнении тех обещаний, кой неоднократно были повторяемы о преданности к Сефер-Али-бею абхазского народа и о повиновении ему, когда взята будет Сухумская крепость» (tormasovis werili ninosadmi, 1810 wlis 9 agvisto) [7, IV, 398]. rogorc am werilidan Cans, rusebi isev ni-nosa da safar-beis xeliT apirebdnen afxazeTis damorCilebas, sabolood ki orive samTavro _ samegreloca da afxazeTic im-periis xelSi aRmoCndeboda.

kidev erTi epizodi, romelic rusuli xelisuflebis mzakvrul, TumcaRa unda vaRiaroT _ metad Wkvianur politi-kaze miuTiTebs: ninosa da grigol dadianis erT-erTi qaliSvi-li _ mariami (sul maT 6 Svili hyavdaT _ ori vaJi da oTxi qa-li) pirveli qorwinebisas giorgi daviTis Ze erisTavze, meored ki beri qaixosros Ze gelovanis vaJze _ rostomze (igive tato) iyo gaTxovili. rogorc dokumenturi masalebidan irkveva,

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1810-1811 wlebSi nino dadians ukiduresad daeZaba urTierTo-ba gelovanebTan; saqme iqamde mivida, rom man simonoviCsa da tormasovsac ki mimarTa TxovniT, raTa leCxumis mouravoba ge-lovanis nacvlad niko dadianisTvis (ninos mazlisaTvis) daem-tkicebinaT. garda amisa, 10 wliani col-qmrobis Semdeg mas ukan wamouyvania Tavisi qaliSvili mariami da oficialurad iTxov-da qmarTan mis gayras. aqvea darTuli samegrelos eklesiis warmomadgenelTa werili ninosadmi, sadac isini mkacrad gmo-ben am qorwinebas (calke kvlevis sagania, aqamde ratom pasiu-robdnen, Tumca amave werilSi isini aRniSnaven, rom amis Taoba-ze Tavidanve ganucxades protesti grigol dadians, magram uSedegod). raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, pasuxad rusi Ci-novnikebi araerTgzis _ xan TxovniT, xan ki muqaranarevi to-niT mouwodeben dedofals, Secvalos mkacri pozicia beri ge-lovanis mimarT; ufro metic, isini sruliad daufaravi ciniz-miT saubroben memkvidreobiTi uflebebis xelSeuxeblobaze, amis nimuSia tormasovis werili dedoflisadmi (1811 wlis 3 marti), sadac am ukanasknels Seaxsenebs, rom rodesac giWirdaT gelovanebi didad dagexmarnen da axla, roca Cveni mfarvelo-bis qveS moZlierdiT, isini aRar gWirdebian da amitomac ar-TmevT mamulebsac da Tanamdebobasaco. sagulisxmoa, rom Ta-vis werilSi tormasovi utifrad acxadebs: «Вы по власти, данной вам ... могли в угодность свою лишить его лечхумского моуравства, хотя оно у него наследственное, но отнять собственное его имение, купленное его отцом и им самим приобретенное – не имеете никакого права...», Sem-deg ki ganagrZobs, rom iZulebulia, CaerTos am ojaxur davaSi da Seaxsenos dedofals, rom «законы российские ограждают безопасностью собственность каждого и никакая насильственная власть лишить оной не может!» [7, IV, 401]. werilis bolos torma-sovi mouwodebs dedofals, daubrunos qaliSvili sakuTar qmars da Tavadac Seurigdes gelovanebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-Si Sefarulad emuqreba kidec: imperators imgvarad movaxseneb am yvelafers, rom misi keTilganwyobis imedi aRar unda gqon-deTo.

sinamdvileSi Tu ratom zrunavdnen ase TavgamodebiT ru-sebi beri gelovanze, es ukve sxva dokumentidan _ simonoviCis werilidan Cans (simonoviCis pataki tormasovisadmi): «...сего Бери Геловани предки издавна пользовались по наследственному праву сим моуравством, не упоминая о том, что сей последний отличным своим усердием и деятельностью много пособил с лечхумским войском покорить под власть России провинции Окрибу и Рачу, столь

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многолюдные и крепкие как местоположением, так и крепостями; где он и теперь еще продолжает ревностно свои подвиги; и наконец, полагаю я быть противным системе нашей здешней политики, отдать царевичу, что всем равно было-бы, что и самому царю Соломону, столь крепкое место, как Лечхум, который может держать в обуздании не только Мингрелию, но и саму Имеретию..., ио во избежание вредных следствий, которые после таковой перемены могли бы воспоследствовать, я не отважился ни засвидетельствовать эту грамоту, ни согласиться на перемену в Лечхумском моуравстве кн. Бери Геловани вышеозначенным Нико Батонишвили-Дадиани» [7, IV, 395]; swored amaSia saqme, rom rusebs mSvenivrad esmiT leCxumis strategiuli mniSvneloba da amitomac ar surT, rom igi dadia-nebis kontrolqveS moeqces, radgan, rogorc Cans, srulebiTac ar arian darwmunebulni dedoflis erTgulebaSi da arc solo-mon mefesTan misi naTesauri kavSiri ar aviwydebaT.

aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom nino dadiani udavod didi av-toritetiT sargeblobda, rac kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli rus moxeleebs, amitomac aris, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom de-doflis Txovnas uariT pasuxoben, imavdroulad mas uniSnaven jamagirs 3 000 maneTis odenobiT, aZleven jildoebs, epatiJe-bian peterburgSi imperatoris karze (rogorc Semdgom aRmoC-nda _ samudamod) da sTavazoben Svilis gamwesebas kadetTa korpusSi.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, samegrelos dedoflis poli-tikaSi ormagi TamaSis elementebi ruseTis xelisuflebas ar gamohparvia, rasac adasturebs nino dadianis cxovrebis bolo periodis amsaxveli dokumenturi masala: mas Semdeg, rac de-dofali darwmunda, rom misi damsaxurebani ruseTma mxolod sakuTari imperiis sakeTildReod gamoiyena, 1811 wels igi miem-gzavreba peterburgs. aq iwyeba misi moRvaweobis meore, sruli-ad gansxvavebuli periodi: umcrosi vaJi giorgi, romelic nino dadians Tan axlda peterburgSi, kadetTa korpusis dasrule-bis Semdeg oficris wodebiT (20 wlis asakSi) dedam sagangebo davalebiT gamoamgzavra saqarTveloSi, sadac imereTis ajanye-ba mzaddeboda. ruseTis xelisuflebis Tvali asaxvevad iTqva, rom giorgi preobraJenskis polkidan Svebulebis gasatareb-lad miemgzavreboda samSobloSi. radganac Tavad nino dadiani “sapatio tyve” iyo da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ufleba aRar hqonda, man jer kidev 1819 wlis gazafxulze daiwyo zrunva am-boxebis regionTan axlos mosaxvedrad da imperatorisagan sa-gangebo nebarTva iTxova “avadmyofobis gamo” kavkasiis samkur-

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nalo wylebze gasamgzavreblad. 1820 wlis zamTarSi igi ukve georgievskSia. maleve gamoirkva, rom giorgi dadiani imereTis amboxebis meTaur ivane abaSiZesTan (solomon I-is SviliSvili, darejanis vaJi) imyofeboda. TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, am ociode wlis Wabuks did angariSs uwevdnen SeTqmulebic da TviT axalcixis faSac, radgan masSi Wkvian da gavlenian dedo-fal ninos Tvisebebs xedavdnen.

imereTis ajanyebaze aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, mxo-lod aRvniSnavT, rom gadamwyvet momentSi levan dadiani (gi-orgis ufrosi Zma) gorCakovis gverdiT dadga da amboxebulTa (maT Soris sakuTari Zmis) winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. nino dadiani georgievskSi ukve mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofeboda: saidumlo dazvervisaTvis cnobili gaxda misi gegmebi, ermo-lovis miTiTebiT kavkasiis xazidan dedofals peterburgsa da moskovSi Casvla aukrZales da sacxovreblad riazanSi gaamwe-ses. mogvianebiT igi Seiwyales da peterburgSi cxovrebis neba darTes, aqve gardaicvala 1847 wels da dakrZalulia aleqsan-dre nevelis lavraSi.

samegrelos dedofalma sicocxle devnilobaSi daamTav-ra, magram saukunenaxevris Semdeg, 2010 wels samSobloSi dab-runda misi portreti, romelic amerikaSi mcxovrebma dadianTa samTavro saxlis STamomavalma viqtor dadianma Seisyida soT-bis auqcionze.

zemoT moyvanili masala, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom amomwuravad SevafasoT nino dadianis moRvawe-oba, es sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs. vfiqrobT, rom sa-megrelos dedoflis mier gatarebuli politikis araerTgva-rovani xasiaTis damadasturebeli masalebi jer kidev ar aris moZiebuli da saTanadod Seswavlili.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 1957.

2. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. III, Тифлис, 1869.

3. m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. II, Tbili-si, 1983.

4. m. rexviaSvili, imereTi XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1982.

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5. Tamar papava, didi saxeebi patara CarCoebSi, Tbilisi, 1990.

6. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. I, Тифлис, 1866.

7. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. IV, Тифлис, 1870.

Lela Mikiashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-researcher of the Depart-ment of Modern and Contemprary History

Nino Bagrationi – Dadiani the Queen of Samegrelo

Summary

The Queen of Samegrelo Nino Dadiani (1772-1847) was the

daughter of George XII . Her marriage to Grigol Dadiani was a result of political decision : Erekle II tried to suppress the endless contradiction between the King of Imereti and the Prince of Samegrelo through “diplomatic” wedding and he married off his granddaughter to Grigol Dadiani , and Mariam, the sister of the prince to the King of Imereti, Solomon II.

As seen from the activities of Nino Dadiani, she was well aware of the political essence of this marriage.

Since 1804 (after the death of Grigol Dadiani) Nino independently ruled the Principality of Samegrelo. His activities are not yet properly studied scientifically. The article discusses some of the material, which confirms the Queen's ambiguous attitude towards the Russian authorities, and allows us to evaluate her activities in a different aspect.

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dodo WumburiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, axali da uaxlesi istoris ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

rusi mefisnacvlebis _ mixeil voroncovisa

da aleqsandre bariatinskis TbilisSi

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogierTi detali

mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba ruseTis imperiaSi pirvelad

ekaterine II-m SemoiRo 1775 wels. imperatoris es gadawyveti-leba ganapiroba emeliane pugaCovis ajanyebam da SiSma, aseTi ram aRar ganmeorebuliyo. mefisnacvali iniSneboda volgis-pireTSi, astraxanis guberniaSi da kavkasiis im nawilSi, ro-melic amdroisTvis ruseTs emorCileboda. ekaterines gar-dacvalebis Semdeg, 1796 wels, imperatorma pavle I-ma es Ta-namdeboba gaauqma. 1801 wels dapyrobil qarTl-kaxeTis same-foSi da Semdeg danarCen saqarTveloSi, romelic ruseTma nawil-nawil daikava, dawesda mTavarmmarTeblis Tanamdebo-ba.

1844 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam kavkasiaSi kvlav Se-moiRo mefisnacvlis posti, romelsac gacilebiT farTo uf-lebebi hqonda, rac am moxeles unda gamoeyenebina kavkasiis sruli damorCilebisaTvis. im urTules periodSi marTlac sagangebod SerCeul pirs Tu miecemoda amgvari davaleba. kavkasiaSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg didi omi mimdinareobda. miu-xedavad imisa, rom omSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg mTeli kavkasia ver gaerTianda, daRestnis imam Samilis meTaurobiT gamar-Tuli es omi mainc Zneli iyo ruseTis vrceli imperiisaTvis. amas ara marto sabrZolo teritoriis geografiuli sirTu-le ganapirobebda, aramed is Tavisuflebismoyvare suli da Tavdadeba, rac kavkasiis mTielebs hqondaT.

rusuli imperiuli davalebis SesrulebaSi gamorCeuli roli iTamaSa orma mefisnacvalma _ mixeil simonis Ze vo-roncovma da aleqsandre ivanes Ze bariatinskim. voroncovma TiTqmis aTi weli gaatara kavkasiaSi, bevri ram gaakeTa da garkveuli kvalic datova mxaris sazogadoebriv-politikur

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da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi. moRvaweobis da-sasruls upatakebda kidec imperator nikoloz I-s, rom dava-leba Seasrula, moaxerxa ruseTis imperiasTan kavkasiis gam-Tlianeba, Tumca Samilis sabolood damarcxeba da kavkasiis sruli damorCileba-daCoqeba ruseTis winaSe mxolod baria-tinskis ergo wilad.

es ori rusi moxele, romelTac umaRlesi samxedro Ci-nebi da jildoebi hqondaT, profesionaluri Tu ubralod, adamianuri TvisebebiT bevri ramiT gansxvavdebodnen erTma-neTisagan. upirvelesad, es maTi xasiaTi, ganaTlebis done da zneobrivi principebi iyo. da mainc, aris raRac, rac, am, mar-Tlac gansxvavebul adamianebs, aerTianebT.

voroncovisa da bariatinskis bedi, garda kavkasiis sruli damorCilebisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolisa, erTma-neTs imiTac daemsgavsa, rom am ori, udavod Zlieri pirovne-bis cxovrebaSi gamorCeuli roli iTamaSes qarTvelma qaleb-ma, romelTa saxeli da gvari identuria, orives elene erqva da orive orbeliani iyo.

bariatinskim qmars waarTva da colad SeirTo elene di-mitris asuli orbeliani, voroncovi ki imdenad iyo gatace-buli da moxibluli qarTveli qvriviT, _ elene luarsabis asuli orbelianiT, rom misi cxovrebis wesi, saocari pasu-xismgebloba, saqmisadmi erTguleba zogjer aviwydeboda, rasac ver malavdnen maSindeli rusi moxeleni da mogonebeb-Si am urTierTobis faqtebs xSirad gadmoscemdnen. es mogo-nebebi srulad mxolod XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi gamoma-val rusul presas SemorCa, Tema nawilobriv, qarTul epis-tolur literaturaSic aisaxa.

elene orbeliani-erisTavi _ manana orbelianis mazlis _ luarsab orbelianis ufrosi qaliSvili iyo. mis umcros das mariami erqva. am ori qaliSvilis meti mSoblebs ar hyav-da. isini Zalian lamazebi da amdroindel sazogadoebriv movlenebSi CarTulebi iyvnen. am axalgazrda qalebma 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi erTgvari wvlili Seitanes. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan maTze Zalian didi gavlena hqonda bico-las _ manana orbelians, romelic gogonebs gamorCeulad uyvardaT, manana ki SeTqmulTa suli da guli, yvelas naTesa-vi, axlobeli, mesaidumle da TanamgrZnobi iyo.

elene orbelianis mamis, luarsabis saxli iyo is adgi-li, sadac 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis xelmZRvanelebs dagegmili hqondaT rusi samxedroebis mipatiJeba da amoxocva. amito-mac, debi _ elene da mariami rogorc SeTqmulebis, aseve

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momdevno wlebis movlenebis epicentrSi iyvnen. orbelianeb-Tan ikribebodnen qarTuli da rusuli sazogadoebis yvela-ze rCeulni, aq erovnuli sulic trialebda da rusi samxed-roebisadmi qarTvelebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli mowiwebis gamoxatulebac igrZnoboda.

elene orbeliani zaqaria giorgis Ze erisTavze iyo gaTxovili. is 1836 wels daqorwinebula [1, 43]. misi da _ ma-riami, igive maiko ki _ Tbilisis samoqalaqo gubernatoris _ niko falavandiSvilis meuRle iyo, im niko falavandiSvi-lis, romelsac Zmam _ iase falavandiSvilma gaando SeT-qmulTa saidumlo, man ki, qarTveli patriotebi rusul xe-lisuflebasTan daasmina.

zaqaria erisTavi cnobili generlisa da senatoris _ giorgi erisTavis vaJi iyo.

1850 wels zaqaria erisTavi asrulebda War-belaqnis mazris ufrosis Tanamdebobas. amave wlis ivlisSi Tanamde-bobidan is moxsna lekeT-kaxeTis xazis ufrosis movaleobis droebiTma Semsrulebelma generalma belgardma. zaqaria umizezo ganTavisuflebis gamo Seuracxyofili darCa da TbilisSi wamovida, raTa momxdari mefisnacvlisTvis moexse-nebina. alaznis piras mdebare sadgur muRanlosTan mas Tavs daesxnen yaCaRebi da erisTavi mohkles. misi saSinlad dasa-xiCrebuli gvami Tanmxlebma pirebma da oficrebma daibrunes da TbilisSi gadmoasvenes. am mkvlelobam Tavis droze didi miTqma-moTqma da Worebi gamoiwvia. zaqarias mkvlelobas ab-ralebdnen mis xelqveiT oficrebs. mixeil voroncovma bel-gardi imiT dasaja, rom kavkasiidan gadaiyvana, xolo sasa-marTlo organoebs saqmis obieqturi gamoZieba daevala. ru-si samxedro da samoqalaqo moRvaweebi, romelTa Soris kav-kasiis istoriis cnobili avtori zisermanic iyo, mkvlelo-bas SemTxveviTobas miawerdnen, maTi azriT, yaCaRebis Cveu-lebriv Tavdasxmas Seewira zaqaria erisTavis sicocxle, Tumca bolomde simarTle gauxsneli darCa. Tu gaviTvalis-winebT belgardsa da erisTavs Soris konfliqts, imas, rom erisTavi voroncovTan saCivlelad modioda, unda vivarau-doT, rom mowinaaRmdeges SurisZiebis sababi namdvilad eqne-boda. voroncovis mier gamoCenilma interesma da zaqarias mkvlelebisadmi misma poziciam, vfiqrob, kidev ufro ganam-tkica mefisnacvlis avtoriteti mkvlelis axloblebSi, maT Soris elene orbelian-erisTavSi.

elene orbeliani Zalze faqizi bunebis, Tavaziani, moy-varuli gulis da silamaziT gamorCeuli qali iyo, evropuli

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garegnobis, vidre qarTuli an aRmosavlurio, _ igoneben mi-si Tanamedroveni. elene da mariami megobrobdnen WavWavaZee-bis asulebTan, isini xom maTi mamidaSvilebi iyvnen (aleqsan-dre WavWavaZis meuRle salome orbeliani da iyo daviT da luarsab orbelianebisa).

lev tolstoi `haji muratSi~ xazs usvams manana orbe-lianis siaxloves mefisnacvalTan [2, 27], magram, rogorc ru-si avtorebis mogonebebidan irkveva, kavkasiis mefisnacvli-saTvis, evropaSi aRzrdil-ganswavluli mixeil simonis Ze voroncovisaTvis mxolod elene yofila namdvili gatacebis sagani da ukanaskneli sasiyvarulo istoriis gmiri. Tumca, es siyvaruli ufro romantikuli ocnebis samyaroSi darCa da misi realuri ganxorcieleba romanis gmirebs cxovreba-Si, ra Tqma unda, arc ucdiaT. amis mizezi marto asakovani da ukve janmrTelobaSeryeuli rusi moxelis mdgomareoba ki ara, qarTveli qalis maRali zneoba da didbunebovneba iyoo, amtkiceben memuaristebi.

voroncovi rom namdvilad moxibluli da gatacebuli yofila elene orbelianiT, amas amtkicebs elenes deidaSvi-lis, barbare giorgis asul TumaniSvilis meuRlis, mixeil voroncovis piradi eqimis _ erast andreevskis mogoneba, aseve, m. i. volSevskis, a. a. xaritonovis, baron tornaus da sxvaTa nawerebi.

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis saqarTvelodan wasvlis 10 wlisTavze, 1865 wis 25 marts TbilisSi gaixsna mixeil vo-roncovis Zegli. andreevskis werili am faqts mieZRvna. an-dreevskis colis _ barbare TumaniSvilis deda, aseve sila-maziT saxelganTqmuli maia Tamazis asuli orbeliani da elenes deda _ana orbeliani mkvidri debi iyvnen. maTi Zma _ mamuka orbeliani iyo baraTaSvilis uaxloesi adamiani, ro-melmac waiyvana poeti ganjaSi samuSaod. cxadia, erast an-dreevskisTvis elenesa da voroncovis urTierToba ojaxuri ambebis nawili iyo da kargad uwyoda rasac werda. qarTuli tradiciis kargad mcodne andreevski am ambavze rom wers, imaze metyvelebs, rom ambavi ufro mZafri iyo, vidre eqimis CanawerSia gamJRavnebuli.

mixeil voroncovi da misi politikur-diplomatiuri moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi sxvadasxvanairad fasdeboda da dRemde asea. bevria iseTi, vinc mis Rvawls adidebs da Tun-dac adamianur axlo urTierTobebs rus moxelesa da qarTve-lebs Soris misi qarTvelebisadmi siyvarulis, pativiscemis niSnad miiCnevs. arian iseTebi, romlebic voroncovs daxve-

27

wil diplomatad, imperiuli interesebis moxerxebul gamta-reblad Tvlian. maTi azriT, inglisuri diplomatiis mcod-ne, evropaSi aRzrdili voroncovi, kargad Cawvda kavkasiis Taviseburebas da rusul imperiasTan mxaris mSvidobianad SerwymisaTvis yvelaferi gaakeTa. qarTvelebTan misi urTi-erTobac rusi imperialistis diplomatiuri Canafiqris na-wili iyo.

mixeil simonis Ze voroncovi (1782-1856) ruseTisaTvis marTlac gamorCeuli liberalurad moazrovne ojaxidan iyo. mamamisi _ simon romanis Ze voroncovi TiTqmis 40 weli inglisSi diplomatiur samuSaos asrulebda, deda_eliza-veta aleqsis asuli seniavina-voroncova 1784 wels, mou-lodnelad, swrafi WleqiT gardaicvala. simon romanis Ze voroncovi daqvrivda da mTeli Zal-Rone Svilebis _ mixei-lisa da ekaterines aRzrdas Sealia. mixeilis biZac cnobili politikuri moRvawe da diplomati gaxlda. sxvaTaSoris, Zmebi voroncovebi iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebic ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi, novosilcevsa, koCubeisa da Cartoriis-kisTan erTad, ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos imperias-Tan SeerTebis ideas.

mixeil voroncovis mamida _ ekaterina voroncova-daSkova ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis pirveli preziden-ti, mwerali da sazogado moRvawe iyo.

mixeil voroncovma ganaTleba londonSi miiRo, mamis xelmZRvanelobiTa da mamisave Sedgenili saswavlo progra-miT, sadac rusuli suliskveTebisa da patriotizmis ideebi umTavresi iyo. niWier da bejiT mixeil voroncovs yvela gza profesiuli winsvlisaTvis evropaSi gaxsnili hqonda, mag-ram guli ruseTisken, samSoblos samsaxurSi Cadgomisken mi-uwevda. aleqsandre I-is epoqis ruseTi evropis winaSe didi da demokratiuli saxelmwifos saxeliT gamodioda da iwo-nebda Tavs. misi armiebi ibrZodnen rusuli imperiis Sors ga-dasawevad, rusebi moskovis mesame romad gadaqcevaze ocne-bobdnen. niWierma rusma Wabukmac datova evropa, Seelia iqa-ur simSvidesa da warmatebuli cxovrebis perspeqtivas da samSobloSi dabrunda, Sevida rusul armiaSi da airCia kavka-siis mTebSi, osmaleTisa da sparseTis frontebze, misTvis uCveulo pirobebSi, sikvdilTan axlos xetiali, daumTavre-beli omebi da faTerakebi ruseTsa Tu misi sazRvrebis iqiT...

misi Cin-medlebis CamoTvlac ki Znelia. es jildoebi aramarto rusuli warmoSobis iyo, aramed msoflios mrava-li qveynis samxedro pativs warmoadgenda. es iyo: safrange-

28

Tis, britaneTis, avstriis, prusiis, SvedeTis, saberZneTis, osmaleTis da sxva samxedro ordenebi da medlebi. Tu mis cxovrebas Rrmad CavxedavT, marTlac didi organizatori, reformatuli sulis adamiani da dauRalavi maZiebeli iyo. novorosiasa da besarabiaSi, sadac 20 welze meti moRvaweob-da rogorc SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone mmarTveli (es uf-lebebi imperatorisagan piradad hqonda miniWebuli), mar-Tlac uamravi ram gaakeTa: gaxsna sxvadasxva tipis skolebi, kulturuli da saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi, mas ukavSir-deba yirimuli vazis jiSebis moSeneba, mevenaxeobisa Tu sxva sameurneo kulturebis aRorZinebisaTvis vazis da xexilis saukeTeso nimuSebis Semotana evropisa da amerikis qveynebi-dan, gzebisa da gzatkecilebis gayvana, rasac gulgrili ru-si moxeleebic ki aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavda. misi adamianuri guliTadoba yvelas moswonda, fizikur Sromasac ar eride-boda, ar Takilobda ubralo cxovrebis wess. misi maRali zneobis dasaxasiaTeblad sxva uamrav faqtTan erTad asaxe-leben parizSi, rusuli saokupacio jaris meTaurobisas (1814-1818) rus jariskacTa valebis gadaxdas, rac samxedro xarjebSi ar Sedioda. voroncovma mamidisgan datovebuli samemkvidro mamuli gayida ruseTSi da jariskacTa drosta-rebis dros dadebuli valebi gadaixada, riTac pirnaTeli gaxada rusuli armia msoflios winaSe, moswminda mas marodi-orobis laqa.

voroncovma coli gvian SeirTo. misi meuRle _ eliza-veta qsaveris asuli branickaia (1792-1880), ekaterine II-is favoritis _ pavle potiomkinis naTesavi (disSviliSvili), rusuli aristokratiis warmomadgeneli, momxiblavi qali iyo. pirvelad is 28 wlis asakSi gaemgzavra sazRvargareT, pa-rizSi Sexvda 37 wlis rusuli korpusis meTaurs mixeil simo-nis Ze voroncovs, mTel ruseTSi saxelganTqmuli ojaxis warmomadgenels. erTmaneTi moewonaT, iqorwines da 4 weli darCnen sazRvargareT. 1823 wels voroncovi imperatorma gamoiZaxa da novorosiisa da besarabiis general-gubernato-roba Caabara [3]. es wlebi mZime iyo ara marto samsaxurebrivi, aramed ojaxuri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiTac. axlgaz-rda wyvils hqonda problemebi, xSirad ver ugebdnen erTma-neTs, gansakuTrebiT damZimda maTi urTierToba mas Semdeg, rac kiSiniovidan odesaSi didi rusi poeti aleqsandr puSki-ni gadavida. ganaTlebuli da Tavisuflad moazrovne voron-covi Tavidan poets advilad daumegobrda, magram Semdeg, rodesac cxadi gaxda puSkinis didi gataceba voroncovis

29

coliT, megobroba mtrobiT Seicvala. rogorc maSin fiq-robdnen, mowoneba arcTu calmxrivi iyo. aman voroncovi aRaSfoTa, sxva dros TavSekavebuli, zizRsa da mtrobas ve-Rar malavda, werils werilze agzavnida peterburgSi, impe-ratorTan asmenda puSkins da samxreT ruseTidan mis saswra-fod moSorebas urCevda. arc puSkini rCeboda valSi: werda epigramebs, amcirebda voroncovs da sazogadoebaSi saxels utexda.

Cven ar viciT, ras werda mixeil simonis Ze imperators, magram sayovelTaod gaxda cnobili puSkiniseuli Sefaseba ruseTSi pativdebuli da ganaTlebul adamianad miCneuli voroncovisa. `Воронцов _вандал, придворный хам и мелький эгоист. Он видел во мне колежского секретарья а я признаюсь , думаю о себе что-то другое...“_ werda aRSfoTebuli puSkini. misi epigrama ki rus moxeles imdenad amcirebda, rom yvela grZnobda _ ra zedmeti iyo misi amgvari Seuracxyofa. «Полу - милрод, полу- купец, полу_мудрец, полу -невежда, полу_ подлец, но есть надежда, что будет польным наконец»...

puSkini male mSobliur mixailovskoeSi gaamweses, ris Semdeg ojaxuri viTareba voroncovebSi mogvarda.

qmarTan erTad, elizavetac saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas eweoda da gulmowyalebas iCenda xelmokle adamianebis mi-marT. imdenad didi saxeli hqondaT odesaSi, rom 1856 wlis noemberSi mTelma odesam gulwrfelad daitira mxaris gu-bernatori da qalaqis kaTedralur spaso-preobraJenskis (macxovris feriscvalebis) taZarSi dakrZales. odesaSi ama-ve wels daidga misi Zeglic. 1880 wels voroncovis meuRlec qmris gverdiT daikrZala. maTi erTaderTi vaJi _ simon mi-xeilis Zec odesis gubernatori iyo da 1882 wels gardaicva-la (uSvilod gadaego) da mSoblebis gverdiT dakrZales. 1936 wels, sayovelTao aTeizmisa da bolSevikuri vandaliz-mis xanaSi, voroncovebis neSti bolSevikebma amoTxares, ta-Zari daangries, metalis kubodan, sadac generlis neSti ido, amoiRes iaraRi, Zvirfasi ordenebi da micvalebulebis nar-Cenebi ubralod quCaSi gadayares. xalxma es narCenebi moipa-ra da Cumad miabara miwas odesis slobodis sasaflaoze. 2005 wels rusulma eklesiam Zvelis adgilze agebul axal taZar-Si, Zvel saflavSi gadaasvena voroncovebi. iqve dgas misi Zeglic, romelic aRdga, rogorc rusuli iaraRisa da sam-xedro didebis simbolo [3].

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mixeil voroncovi 63 wlis asakSi gaxda kavkasiis mefis-nacvali. mas Zveli Tanamdebobac SeunarCunda. 1844 wels, rodesac es axali Tanamdeboba miiRo, kavkasiaSi ukompromi-so omi mimdinareobda. voroncovi am adgilebsac kargad ic-nobda da omis sirTulesac. misi pirveli samxedro nabijebi pavle cicianovis armiaSi, general guliakovTan erTad sam-saxurs, alaznispirebSi lekebis winaaRmdeg brZolebs ukav-Sirdeboda. cicianovisagan miiRo wminda giorgis me-4-e xa-risxis ordeni _ mis cxovrebaSi pirveli saukeTeso samxed-ro jildo. mere iyo, ruseTis samamulo omi da qarTveli ge-nerlis, saxelganTqmuli petre bagrationis korpusSi ib-rZoda. qarTvelebsac icnobda omebidan, magram mainc gauk-virda SeTavazeba. megobars, aleqsi petres Ze ermolovs wer-da: ` sayvarelo aleqsi petres Zev! Sen ueWvelad gaocdi al-baT, kavkasiaSi Cemi daniSvnis ambavi rodesac gaige. ar dagi-malav, mec gavvocdi, rodesac es Tanamdeboba SemomTavazes _ me xom samocdasami wlisa var...~

aseTi biografiisa da sulieri simtkicis mqone adamiani Camovida saqarTveloSi da mouxda im samxedro Tu samoqala-qo aristokratiasTan urTierToba, romelic, marTali rom vTqvaT, Tavadac ver garkveuliyo, ra undoda. axali Cavlili iyo SeTqmulebis ambavi, erTmaneTis dasmenisa da Tavis mar-Tlebis samarcxvino korianteli. cota vinmem Tu SeinarCuna Rirseba da mtkiced daicva erovnuli interesi.

iyo urTierTgadabraleba, gadasaxlebebi, zogi Seewi-ra, zogi rusulad gadainaTla da xelisuflebis mexotbe gaxda... rusuli xelisuflebac cdilobda metad daeyvavebi-na qarTvelebisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom maTi gulisnadebi gaiges, Tanac aqve, omi iyo, samkvdro-sasicocxlo, sadac qarTuli samxedro niWi yvelaze gamorCeul sityvas ambobda. mefisnacvlis axali Tanamdeboba raRac damoukideblobis dozas Seicavda, iluzias mainc damoukideblobaze. axali me-fisnacvali ubralo rusi generali ki ara, evropuli masSta-bis moazrovne iyo, uganaTlebulesi da ubrwyinvalesi Tava-di, tituli Sinaarss zustad rom Seesabameboda. bevrma qar-Tvelma gaikafa maSin gza odesisken, bevri qali daqorwinda rus samxedro moxeleze, bevri Zalian bednieri iyo amiT. co-ta Tu Wvretda Rrmad, kritikulad... isini ufro sulelebad aRiqmebodnen. Tundac puplia, Tekla batoniSvilis Ze da ru-sebTan Seurigebeli _ aleqsandre orbeliani. sakmarisia mo-vitanoT aleqsandre orbelianis Sexeduleba saxelganTqmul rus moxeleze: `dro varancovisa saqarTveloSi... sul sxvag-

31

vari mosatyuebeli dro iyo Cveni varancovisagan. bevris kai-kacobis alersiTa miTom kaikacobas gviCvenebda, namdvilad... vinc ruseTis interesebze iqceoda, amasTan xelgaSlili Ci-nebs da sxva jildoebs iZleoda, Tan bevri Seqceva da gan-cxroma hqonda xolme... qarTvelebs ase egonaT, saqarTveloSi es ambavi ase darCeboda. imisTana jildoebi, imisTana gan-cxroma-Seqcevani, imisTana Teatr-literaturoba, imisTana Tavisuflebani da amitom varancovis saxels adidebdnen _ es ra RvTiuri kaci mogvividao...~ [4, 49].

Tavad mixeil voroncovi, kavkasiaSi Tavisi moRvaweo-bis dasasruls ase upatakebda imperator nikoloz II-s: ` me gulmodgined Sevasrule yvela Tqveni davaleba imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo mravalerovnuli kavkasiis Serwyma da Sesis-xlxorceba ruseTTan~[5, 369].

Tavadac Seesisxlsorcnen Cveni aristokratiis mowina-veni ruseTs, is ki arada, erTma isic ganacxada, qarTulad nu-Rar vwerT, patara eri varT da rusulze gadavideTo.

ruseTsa da voroncovze, yvelaze kargad rom daamax-sovra Tavi qarTvelebs da dRemde gvakamaTebs erTmaneTTan _ voroncovis rolis Sefasebis gamo, vfiqrob, bevri arafe-ria sakamaTo. 1923 wels, suzdalis cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli qarTveli mamuliSvili grigol lorTqifaniZe, Tavis poli-tikur traqtatSi _ `fiqrebi saqarTveloze ~ _ werda: `ru-seTi mudam da yovelTvis, miuxedavad imisa _garegnulad liberalobda Tu reaqcionerobda, atarebda erTsa da imave xazs, emsaxureboda erTsa da imave mizans, saxeldobr, saqar-Tvelos politikurad waSlisa da qarTveli eris denaciona-lizaciis saqmes. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored vo-roncovis liberalizmis xana saqarTveloSi erovnul-poli-tikuri mxriT iyo Savbneli periodi, swored am epoqaSi ga-mefda aramcTu politikuri oportunizmi, aramed erovnuli sulis sruli modreka da daCoqeba ucxoeTis despotiis wina-Se. politikurad qarTveli xalxis mowinave nawili TiTqos sruliad gatyda welSi, qedi moixara da ambori dauwyo im xels, romelic mas rusuli `knutiT~ (maTraxiT) uWrelebda zurgs~ [6, 69]. vfiqrob, savsebiT sworad sjida Cveni winapari.

ramdenime enis mcodne voroncovs, arc ucdia qarTu-lis swavla, magram qarTvelebs gauxsna Teatri, misca Jurna-li, ubarlod, adamianurad moefera. dapyrobil saqarTve-los meti arc undoda. qarTvelebma ar icodnen, rom es sul arafers niSnavda, amgvari qceva meTodic iyo evropaSi aR-zrdili diplomatisTvis da Cveulebrivi cxovrebis wesic.

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an, SeiZleba maSinac icoda zogma, aleqsandre orbelianiviT, magram 32-is Semdeg, daSinebulebi da morCilni, udrtvinve-lad mihyvebodnen dros. garegnulad mainc, mefisnacvals qarTvelebic iseve uyvarda, rogorc odeselebi, peterbur-gsa da moskovSi ufro wyindeboda da ver poulobda adgils. aqauri sazogadoeba emociuric iyo da Rirseulic, qalebi _ lamazebi, gonierebi, magram cota gadaWarbebulad gatace-bulni rusuli iaraRis samsaxurSi Camdgari moxeleebis Tay-vaniscemiT. yvela qarTvel qals eamayeboda rusi mefisnac-vlis gamorCeuli yuradReba da, albaT, samagiero flirtsac ar eridebodnen. voroncovis Tavmoyvareobasac aseTi damo-kidebuleba TviTkmayofilebasa da bednierebis gancdas ani-Webda.

da ai, am faqts yuradReba miaqcies rusma mwerlebma da moxeleebma. jer lev tolstoim gamoiyvana `haji-muratSi~ voroncovTan saeWvod daaxloebuli manana orbeliani, mere sxvebma mogonebebi daweres, ufro metad saqarTveloSi mom-saxure rusma moxeleebma. XIX saukunis mdidar qarTul epis-tolur memkvidreobaSi aseTi faqtebi cota ironiuli miniS-nebebiT gakrTa: baraTaSvili da misi saxelovani biZa _ gri-goli Tanamemamule qalebs daviwyebasa da sxva cnobilebze Tu asakovan, modaSi Semosulebze gacvlas sayvedurobdnen. es modaSi Semosulebi iyvnen bariatinski Tu voroncovi, bo-rozdini Tu baron nikolai, gagarini Tu Jelixovski... andre-evskic erTi imaTgani iyo, qarTvel qalze rom daqorwinda. medicinis doqtori erasti stefanes Ze andreevski 1837 wels dainiSna voroncovis diviziis eqimad. 1845 wels Camohyva me-fisnacvals kavkasiaSi, axlda mas dargos eqspediciaSi CeC-neTsa da daRestanSi, 1847 wels droebiT marTavda saeqimo nawils kavkasiaSi, imyofeboda jarSi salTis aRebisas daRes-tanSi, 1854 wels dainiSna samedicino sabWos wevrad. is, ro-gorc elenes naTesavi da voroncovis TanamSromeli, dawvri-lebiT aRwerda voroncovis Zeglis gaxsnis ceremonials TbilisSi 1865 wlis 25 marts, Zvel ambebsac ixsenebda da ukavSirebda axals.

`elena dapatiJebul stumrebs Soris iyo. zeimi sadili-Ta da muStaidis baRSi gamarTuli saRamoTi dasrulda. war-momidgenia, am zeimma ra mogonebebi gaaRviZa arcTu Sor-smxedveli, cota Tavqariani, magram Zalian keTili da sayva-reli qarTveli qalis sulSi.

voroncovs uyvarda elene. magram uyvarda Tavisebu-rad, da es Taviseburi siyvaruli Zalze umanko iyo. asec xde-

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boda: mefisnacvali mividoda xolme masTan sadilobamde co-ta adre cxeniT, cxenebs saxlSi gaagzavnida da elenasTan sa-aTobiT ijda, mere saxlSi fexiT brundeboda~...

elene orbelianTan voroncovis damokidebulebis sain-tereso yofiTi detalebia gadmocemuli andreevskis mogo-nebaSi: `dilidan gzavnida Taigulebsa da tkbileuls, xanda-xan raime mcire, ufro ZviradRirebul saCuqars. rodesac jdeboda masTan saTamaSod da kniaginia elenas ar umarTleb-da, sakuTar colsa da Tavis Tavs moparavda fiSkas da Cumad Seaparebda elenes da a. S... sxvaTaSoris, yvelaferi es Rirse-uli, misi sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli angarebis gareSe xde-boda. is arafers iTxovda qalisgan. didi, didi, Tavads saku-Tari TavisTvis kniaginia elenas xelze kocnis ufleba mieca. aRdgoma dRes ki, uCumrad, rusuli Cveulebisamebr samjer eamboreboda xolme. sxva yvelaferSi maTi urTierToba um-wikvlo iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi sruliad ucodveli. is arc axalgazrdobaSi yofila didi meqalTane, asakSi Sesvlis Sem-deg ki, miTumetes. Tavadma mixeil simonisZem Tavis anderZiT elenes araferi dautova. vaJisadmi miweril werilSi is mia-niSnebda, rom mas CemTvis (e.i. andreevskisaTvis)unda moeca 6 aTasi maneTi, Tuki moviTxovdi, magram me es narTauli miniS-neba ver Tu ar gavige da araferi momiTxovia...

... da rodesac saSobao zeimze iyo, muStaidis baRSi, Cav-lili, tkbili, aw ukve gardasuli droidan ramdeni ramis warmodgena da gaxseneba SeeZlo, ramden rames miwvdeboda sabralo elenes Sinagani mzera. is albaT bednieric iyo im didebuli da bednieri dReebis gaxsenebiT, romelic bevrad sjobda sinamdviles~[7, 322].

aranakleb sainteresoa m. i. olSevskis mogonebebi, ro-melic 1894 wels `ruskaia starinis~ 81-e nomerSi gamoqvey-nda. elene orbelianis Sesaxeb mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: `elena e., qvrivi, imdenad silamaziT ki ar iyo gamorCeuli, ramdenadac TavazianobiTa da moyvarulobiT. erTi moxuci aristokrati ( igulisxmeba m. voroncovi) iseTi gatacebiT eTayvaneboda mas, rom saaTobiT mis gverdiT myofs, sakuTa-ri Rirsebac aviwydeboda da mxaris saqmeebic. magram qalis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom mas gulTampyrobelis siyvaru-liTa da ndobiT borotad arasdros usargeblia. rogorc ki im kacma tfilisis didi moxelis posti datova, qalma daib-runa qarTuli kostiumi da sruliad karCaketili cxovreba daiwyo~... [8,81].

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`ruskaia starinas~ imave nomerSi (gv.152) gamoqveynebu-lia a. a. xaritonovis mogonebebi, sadac saubaria voronco-vis gatacebaze elene orbelian-erisTaviT. mogonebidan ir-kveva, rom 1852 wels, voroncovi isvenebda borjomSi, mas mo-umizezebia rZlis _ maria vasilis asul voroncovas dabade-bis dRe da borjomidan wamosula kojorSi, sadac imyofebo-da rZali. voroncovi erTi Tve darCenila kojorSi, yovel-dRe Camodioda TbilisSi da saaTobiT rCeboda Tavis ukanas-knel siyvarulsa Tu gatacebasTan _ elene orbelianTan [8,152].

elene orbelianis silamazes bevri rusi moxele igoneb-da. baroni tornau, aRwerda ra baron rozenis sasaxleSi Ca-tarebul sxvadasxva wveulebebs, balebsa da mejlisebs, ga-mohyofda mis silamazes da werda: vis daaviwydeba silamaziT gamorCeuli mSvenieri elene orbeliani da misi dao. lapara-ki iyo elenes daze _mariam _maiko orbelianze, niko fala-vandiSvilis colze.

elene orbelians, siberis Jams, igonebs mariam jamba-kur-orbeliani, poet vaxtang orbelianis asuli, romlis me-uRle iyo aleqsandre orbeliani, samxedro piri( mariamis bi-Zac, mamis Zma, aleqsandre orbeliani iyo, Tekle batoniSvi-lis vaJi. qmari misi Soreuli naTesavi iyo, Cven `mesameebi vi-yaviTo, mamaCemi da misi bebia biZaSvilebi iyvneno, _ werda mariam orbeliani).

mariam jambakur-orbelianis mogonebidan: ` Cvens dab-runebisTanave Cemma dedamTilma (ojaxi poloneTSi mogzau-robidan dabrunda _ d. W.) moikiTxa Tavisi naTesavebi: mux-ran-batonebi da erisTavebi... inaxula agreTve Tavisi sayva-reli megobari elene erisTavisa, romelic mec Zalian miy-varda. igi Cveni didi xnis megobari iyo da xSirad davdiodi maT saxlSi, romlis aivani mtkvars gadahyurebda kukiis xi-dis yurTan aleqsandres baRis pirdapir. Zalian miyvarda yofna am saucxovo moxucTan. dRisiT, ra droc ar unda yo-filiyo, Cemi dedamTili da is sagareod unda yofiliyvnen Cacmulni (Cems dedamTils evropulad ecva, xolo misi mego-bari qarTuli gemovnebiT Sekeril kabas atarebda). isini sul mudam alersianni iyvnen, sulieri silamazis patronni, rac naTlad etyobodaT maT tkbil saxeebze. elene erisTavs, ro-gorc ambobdnen, voroncovi daCoqili unaxavs mis fexebTan, magram imdenad saTno yofila, rom aravis smenia, rom misi sa-xeli odnavac SebRaluliyo. darbazSi erT-erT magidaze Ta-

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visi Tayvanismcemeli voroncovis suraTi edga, feradi wam-lebiT daxatuli...~[9, 94].

mariam jambakur-orbelianis am mogonebebSi gadmoce-mulia maTi poloneTSi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebic. po-loneTSi orbelianebma moinaxules kavkasiis yofili mefis-nacvali aleqsandre ivanes Ze bariatinski, romelsac colad mariam orbelianis biZaSvili, dimitri orbelianis asuli, (isic elene orbeliani) hyavda.

grigol orbeliani xSirad axsenebs werilebSi elenesa da mis deidaSvils, samxedro eqim andreevskis cols _ barba-res. poeti-generali amayobda Tavisi Cin-medlebiT da rus generlebze aRtacebul qarTvel qalebs, maT Soris elene-sac, xSirad niSnismogebiT uTiTebda Tavis jildoebze. 1849 wels, ilia orbelianisadmi werilSi, Zmas Txovda: `Cemmagier uTxari elenesa da barbare andreevskisasa, rom Tqveni baria-tinski xidqveS-Tqo, me xalaTebzec mikeria varskvlavebi da is ki ar ici, vina brZandeba?~[10, 200].

Tu vis ejibreboda poeti samxedro jildoebSi, miv-xvdebiT, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT, Tundac zereled, mogviane-biT kavkasiis mefisnacvlisa da feldmarSlis, aleqsandre ivanes Ze bariatinskis biografias. 1835 wlidan bariatinski ukve Seudga samxedro karieras. is mxolos 1856 wels iqna da-niSnuli kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlad da mefisnacvlad, manve Seipyro Samili 1859 wels aul RunibSi. bariatinski (1815-1879) am samxedro warmatebam marTlac rCeuli gaxada, Tumca misi gamarjveba bevrad ganapiroba qarTveli samxed-roebis, maT Soris orbelianis, Tavdadebam da kavkasiis mTebSi brZolis gamocdilebam.

elene (elisabed) dimitris asuli orbeliani (1833-1899) iyo didi qarTveli mefis _ erekle meoris SvilTaSvili (Tekla batoniSvilis SviliSvili). mamamisi _ dimitri vax-tangis Ze orbeliani (1806-1882) 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aqti-uri monawile, rusuli xelisuflebisagan Sewynarebuli, 40-50-ian wlebSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze iyo, kavkasiis mefis-nacvlebis _ mixeil voroncovisa da aleqsandre bariatin-skis keTilganwyobiT sargeblobda. elenes dedac orbelia-nis qali iyo _ mariam luarsabis asuli (1812-1866). elene 1833 wels daibada. pirvelad daqorwinda rus samxedro moxe-leze _vladimir aleqsandres Ze davidovze (bariatinskis-Tan duelSi gardaicvala 1862 wels), Semdeg ki _ bariatin-skis meuRle gaxda. es qorwineba da dueli, rogorc vite aR-

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niSnavs Tavis mogonebebSi, uCveulo ruseTisTvisac ki sensa-cia iyo.

kavkasiis mefisnacvali bariatinski (1856-1862 ww.) ru-seTis warCinebuli boiaris, voevodebisa da samxedro pire-bis, riurikebis STamomavali, iyo Zalze eqscentruli adami-ani, uari Tqva nikoloz I-is mier SeTavazebul sacoleze, ro-melic stolipinebis warCinebuli sagvareulos ekuTvnoda, Tanac, lamazic iyo da mdidaric, risTvisac mefe gaanawyena. axalma mefem aleqsandre II_m gamogzavna kavkasiis mefisnac-vlad [10]. mopovebuli gmirobisaTvis, _ aul Runibis aRebi-sa da Samilis datyvevebisaTvis, _ 44 wlisam miiRo feldmar-Slis umaRlesi wodeba, is yvelas TvalSi gmiri gaxda, maT So-ris qalebisTvisac, romelTa Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen. Se-uyvarda adiutantis qarTveli coli _ elisabed orbeliani. bariatinskis simamri dimitri orbeliani (1797-1868) iyo ge-neral-maiori, kavkasiis omebis monawile, tfilisis Tavadaz-naurobis winamZRoli (marSali). dimitri orbeliani da misi Zmebi _vaxtangi (poeti) da aleqsandre orbelianebi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aqtiuri monawileni iyvnen. bariatinski meqalTaneobiT iyo ganTqmuli da aravis gakvirvebia misi ar-Siyoba adiutantis moxiblav colTan, verc veravin warmoid-genda, rom es urTierToba seriozul saxes miiRebda. yvela-feri ki imiT damTavrda, rom bariatinskim moitaca adiutan-tis coli,is evropaSi waiyvana da `sazRvargareT mkurnalo-bis~ momizezebiT sapatio Tanamdeboba miatova. maSindeli rusuli kanoniT, am qmedebiT man Tavis warmatebul karieras jvari dausva. misi Txovna mxolod 1862 wels daakmayofiles, rodesac cxadi gaxda yofili mefisnacvlis gadawyvetilebis Seucvleloba. Seuracxyofilma qmarma masTan duelic ki ga-marTa da daiRupa kidec. duelSi mebrZoli feldmarSali sensacia iyo maSindeli ruseTisaTvis. elenes gulisTvis gai-Ro man es didi msxverpli, rasac igonebs grafi sergei iulis Ze vitte: `mis adiutantTa Soris iyo polkovniki davidovi, romelic kniaJna orbelianze iyo daqorwinebuli. kniaJna orbeliani saSualo tanis( arcTu maRali), Cveulebrivi aRna-gobis qali iyo, magram saxe hqonda Zalian metyveli, kavkasi-uri tipis. bariatinskim Tavisi adiutantis cols dauwyo ar-Siyoba... yvelaferi ki imiT damTavrda, rom erT mSvenier dRes bariatinski kavkasiidan gaemgzavra da Tan adiutantis coli gaitaca. kavkasiis mTielTa msgavsad, man qali iseT ad-gilze gadamala, sadac veravin miagnebda da ver waarTmevda. ai, sinamdvileSi ra imaleboda misi sityvebis ukan: sazRvar-

37

gareT vmkurnalobo~. gasagebia, rom sxvis colTan gaqceva mokle droSi ukan dabrunebas ar iTvaliswinebda~...[11].

bariatinskim colTan 20 weli icxovra. marTlmadideb-lur ruseTSi amgvari qorwineba isjeboda, amitom generalma samudamod dakarga samSobloSi Casvlis ufleba. Tumca, ru-seTisTvis gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis, bariatinskis ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre II-m aCuqa varSavis axlos mamuli skernevici. bariatinskis qarTvel meuRles ase ixsenebda ma-riam jambakur-orbeliani: `1875 wels me, Cemi meuRle, dedam-Tili da misi msaxuri dedakaci sofio varSavaSi gavemgzav-reT. biZa dimitri skernevicidan movida Cvens wasayvanad. me-tad alersianad dagvixvdnen col-qmari bariatinskebi. Cemi biZaSvili liza sixarulisagan tiroda. me is pataraobidanve ar menaxa da TiTqmis ar vicnobdi, magram erTmaneTs maSinaT-ve davuaxlovdiT. liza bariatinskisa eSxiani iyo. metad la-mazi Tvalebi hqonda, Wkvianobis gamomxatveli, cocxali, er-Ti bewo sitlanqe ar etyoboda. masac Cveni ojaxis sxva wev-rebiviT metad uyvarda Cemi Zma nikolozi da undoda misi cxovrebis ambavi dawvrilebiT gaego. gamomkiTxa ambavi Cemi da Tavisi naTesav-megobrebisa, vinc saqarTveloSi datova da visi naxvis imedic samudamod dahkargvoda. roca is lapa-rakobda, etyoboda saSinlad naRvlobda yvela im warsuli-saTvis, romlis ukan dabruneba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. qmarTan Tavs bednierad vera hgrZnobda, im qmarTan, rome-lic qalebis mususad iTvleboda da TiTqo Tavs evleba Ta-vis colso da mainc moxucebulobis drosac ki Tavisas ar iS-lida, lamaz qalebs ar eSveboda. vgrZnobdi, rom liza ube-duri iyo, srulebiT gulgrilad ucqeroda im fufunebas, romelic mas gars exvia da mec umetesad Semiyvarda~[9, 99].

col-qmar bariatinskebs hyavdaT Svili _ kirili _ ki-ril aleqsandres Ze bariatinski (1871-1937), romelmac rep-resiebis SiSiT, 1916 wels gadaikeTa gvari da dokumentebiT gaxda kiril meTodes Ze obrazcovi. 1937 wels daxvrites `samSoblos mtris~ iarliyiT. kirils hyavda vaJi _vasil ki-rilis Ze bariatinski-obrazcovi, dabadebuli 1920 wels, romelic sabWoTa armiis oficeri iyo, II msoflio omSi daiW-ra da miiRo kontuzia, dajildoebuli iyo samxedro ordene-biT. igi 1993 wels gardaicvala. bariatinskis SviliSvili olga SCerbatova 1940 wels colad gahyva qarTvel emig-rants, aleqsandre WavWavaZis STamomavals, qaquca ColoyaS-vilis TanamebrZols _ merab jorjaZes. olgas dedisgan na-

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Cuqari hqonda bariatinskis kuTvnili qarTuli jvari, rome-lic qmris surviliT saqarTvelos daubruna. ai, is rac ele-ne orbelianisa da aleqsandre bariatinskis STamomavlebze viciT.

mefisnacvali bariatinski JenevaSi, 1879 wels gardaic-vala. mas anderZi Seusrules da ruseTSi, mSobliur kurskis guberniaSi,sofel ivanovskSi dakrZales.

elene (elizaveta) orbeliani-bariatinskisam amis Sem-deg, marTalia oci weli icocxla, magram, rogorc Cans, mi-Rebuli sulieri tramvebi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom moxuce-buli gagiJda. igi specialur klinikaSi, aaxenSi, berlinis axlos, 1899 wels gardaicvala. dasaflavebulia ivanovskSi, kurskis guberniaSi, qmris gverdiT.


1. grigol orbeliani, werilebi, akaki gawerelias redaqto-robiTa da SeniSvnebiT, wigni I, Tbilisi, 1936.

2. Л. Н. Толстой, Собрание сочинений в восьми томах, Т. 7, Москва, 1996.

3. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Воронцов, Михаил Семёнович. 4. XIX saukunis qarTveli moRvaweni, zaza abzianiZis redaq-

torobiT, Tbilisi, 2009. 5. Акты Собранные Кавказской Ахеографической Комисией, ред. Ад.

Берже, т. X, Тифлис, 1885. 6. grigol lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi,

1995. 7. Э.С. Андреевский, «Воспоминания», «Кавказ», 1893. 8. «Русская старина», июнь, 1894. 9. mariam jambakur-orbelianis mogonebebi, XIX saukunis

qarTveli moRvaweni, zaza abzianiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009.

10. www.ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Барятинский, Александр Иванович; www. hrono.ru; www.liveinternet.ru

11. www.lib.ru. /Витте Ю. , Воспоминание, Москва, 1923.

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Dodo Chumburidze

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Some Details of Lives and Activitiesof the Russian Vicegerents –

Mikhail Voroncov and Alexander Bariatinskiin Tbilisi

Summary

The post of vicegerent in the Russian empire was first established by Ekaterina II in 1775. In 1796 Emperor Paul I abolished this post. In 1801 the post of vicehent was established in occupied Kartl-Kakheti kingdom and lately in other parts of Georgia which were gradually occupied by Russia. In 1844 Russian government re-established the post of vicegerent with much more rights in the Caucasus. This official should have to use granted rights for complete enslavement of the Caucasus. Outstanding role in fulfilling the mission of the Russian empire was played by two vicegerents - Mikhail Voroncov and Alexander Bariatinski. Voroncov spent nearly 10 years in the Caucasus. He did a lot and even left his own trace in the social-political and cultural-educational spheres. At the end of his activity he should have to report Nikolai I that the mission was fulfilled if not Shamil’s final defeat and complete capture of the Caucasus by Russia that became a lot of Bariatinski only. These two Russian officials who had supreme awards and military ranks differed by professional or just personal features. First of all it was their nature, education and moral principles. And still, there is something that united these two different persons, something that they have in common.

Voroncov’s and Bariatinski’s fate, except the devoted fight for complete capture of the Caucasus, was alike. Georgian women played an outstanding role in the lives of these undoubtedly strong persons. The names of these two Georgian women were identical. The first name of both was Elene and the second one Orbeliani.Russian officials of those days often were telling about the facts of these relations. The memories are preserved only in Russian lingual press of the 19th century that was issued in Georgia. These relations were partly represented in the epistolary literature. Except the details of Voroncov’s and Bariatinski’s lives, memoirs of the Russian authors: Andreev, Volshevski, Kharitonov, Vitte, Tornau andalso Georgian memoirists: Mariam Jambakur-Orbeliani and Elisabeth Eristavi are given in the article. They tell us the stories of their lives in Tbilisi. These materialsrepresent Tbilisi every-day social life of the 1950sfrom the interesting angle.

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gela saiTiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profeso-ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvi-lis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

ilia xonelis ekonomikuri naSromebi

XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

azris istoriaSi, ilia xonels (baxtaZes) (1859-1900), rogorc ka-lamnayofier publicists, erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili uka-via. misi narkvevebi, feletonebi, literaturul-kritikuli werilebi, moTxrobebi, etiudebi, eskizebi, istoriuli statie-bi - kavkasiaSi im dros gamomaval TiTqmis yvela periodul ga-mocemaSi ibeWdeboda. isini didi mowonebiT sargeblobdnen ro-gorc qarTul, ise rusulenovan mkiTxvelTa Soris.

ilia xonelma, rogorc principulma da gonebamaxvilma Jurnalistma, jer kidev peterburgis universitetSi swavlis dros, yuradReba miiqcia, s. mesxis „droebis“ furclebze ga-moqveynebuli feletoniT - „vitiroT Tu vicinoT?“, romel-Sic gamokveTilad Canda axalgazrda avtoris „gonebamaxvilo-ba, azris siTamame da niWi kerZo sakiTxebis farTo sazogado-ebrivi TvalsazrisiT warmoCenisa“ [8, 168]. feletonSi, ker-Zod, saubari iyo imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobasa da taxtze axali imperatoris aleqsandre mesamis kurTxevis faqtze. axalma imperatorma Tavisi gamefeba erTgvari libe-raluri nabijebiT daiwyo. imperiaSo Semavali „inorodcebis“ warmomadgenlebs misgan zogierTi wyalobis miRebis imedi ga-uCndaT. amiT dauyovnebliv isargebles polonelebma da maTma delegaciam, graf zamoiskis xelmZRvanelobiT da peticia mi-arTva aleqsandre mesames maTi samefos saxelmwifo dawesebu-lebebSi, erobebsa da nafic msajulTa institutebSi polonu-ri enis SemoRebis ufleba daerTo. maTi Txovna ZiriTadad dakmayofilebuli iqna. rac Seexeba quTaisis guberniis Tava-daznaurTa warmomadgenlebs, maT umaRles xelisuflebas gan-svenebuli imperatoris saxsovrad „inorodcebisaTvis“ mxreb-

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ze dasakravi axladdawesebuli niSani - e.w. „venzelebi“ moT-xoves da miiRes kidec...

axalgazrda Jurnalisti, adarebda ra erTmaneTs cariz-mis batonobis qveS myofi am ori eris warmomadgenelTa saxel-mwifoebrivi azrovnebis dones, mwared SeniSnavda: „vitiroT Tu vicinoT?“-o.

movitanT, zogierT amonarids il. xonelis xsenebuli feletonidan...

„mogexsenebaT, - werda feletonisti, - 1 martis ubedu-rebis gamo, peterburgSi Seikribnen deputatebi ruseTis sxva-dasxva kuTxeebidan.

Camovidnen Cvenebic, kavkasiidam. deputatebma aRasru-les TavianTi daniSnuleba, Tayvani sces micvalebuli xelmwi-fis gvams, gamoucxades mis udidebulesobas, axal xelmwifes, Tavisi qveSevrdomiTi grZnobebi da dafiqrdnen, ra vqnaT ax-lao?

...yvela deputatebSi orma miizida peterburReli sazo-gadoebis yuradReba: polSisam da saqarTvelosam (gulisxmobs quTaisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa warmomadgenlebs - g.s.) es gasakvirvelic ar aris. orive es mxareebi ar Seadgenen ruse-Tis bunebiT nawils, orives politikuri mdgomareoba axla erTi da igivea [10]

il. xonelis TqmiT, polSis deputaciis wevrs, graf za-moiskis peticia miurTmevia xelmwife imperatorisaTvis, raTa mis imperatorobiT udidebulesobas, polSisaTvis sxvadasxva Semsubuqebani mieniWebina... kerZod, nacionaluri ena aRedgi-na, rogorc saswavleblebSi ise samsjavroebSi da sazogadod, oficialur miwer-moweraSi... xelmwife imperators mousmenia es patriotuli Txovna da zed iseTi pasuxi daurTavs, „rogo-ric ekadreboda keTilSobilis qvenynis keTilSobil Svilso“ (iqve).

polonelTa mibaZviT, qarTvel deputatebsac gasCeniaT survili, raime TxovniT miemarTaT gvirgvinosnisaTvis da me-ti veraferi moufiqrebiaT, garda „venzelebisa“ – „yvelasaT-vis miuciaT da Cven ki gamogvtoveso“. mouxerxebiaT kidec er-Ti maRal-xarisxovani piris daxmarebiT“ am Txovnis dakmayo-fileba...

il. xonelis aRniSnul feletons „droebis“ momdevno nomerSi akaki wereTeli [12] da sxvebi gamoexmaurnen.

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il. xonelma Tavisi praqtikuli Jurnalisturi moRvawe-obis oci wlis manZilze, STamomavlobas metad Rirebuli pub-licisturi memkvidreoba dautova. igi 42 wlis asakSi gamoak-lda qarTvel kalmosanTa rigebs. im xanebSi ar darCenila ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed imperiis sataxto qalaqebSi gamoma-vali beWduri organoebic ki, romelsac Tavisi mkiTxvelebi-saTvis misi gardacvalebis ambavi ar ecnobebinos. mag., peter-burgis gazeT „Россия“-Si dabeWdilma al. amfiTeatrovis sit-yvebma ki yvela gulis siRrmemde SeZra. „kavkasiam jer ar icis, vin daჰkarga gansvenebulis saxiT. bevri dro gaivlis, sanam mis savarZels sxva vinme daiWerdes kavkasiis mwerlobaSi... qarTvel ilia baxtaZes badali ar ჰyavda rogorc feleto-nists ruseTis Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi“ [17]

* * *

il. xonelis publicistur da samwerlo moRvaweobaze aq saubars aRar gavagrZelebT da ufro vrclad mis ekonomikur da eTnologiuri xasiaTis gamokvlevebze SevCerdebiT, rom-lebsac, rogorc pirvelwyaros, dRemde ar daukargavT mniS-vneloba. marTalia, isini araerT qarTvel mkvlevars aqvs da-mowmebuli (geronti qiqoZe, paata guguSvili, daviT nacvala-Ze, gela saiTiZe, elguja Caduneli da sxv.), magram sagangebo kvlevis sagnad dRemde aravis gauxdia.

ilia xoneli jer kidev gazeT „droebaSi“ TanamSromlob-da, roca ruseTis xelisuflebis iniciativiT, amierkavkasiis saxelmwifo glexTa ekonomikuri yofa-mdgomareobis Sesas-wavlad masalebis Segroveba daiwyo.

1883 wels imperiis saxelmwifo qonebaTa ministri, stat-mdivani m.n. ostrovski TbilisSi yofnis dros regionis saxel-mwifo glexTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT dainteresda, mag-ram adgilobrivi dawesebulebebis dokumentebSi ver monaxa ra zusti monacemebi, gankarguleba gasca _ dauyovnebliv Sedgomodnen am kategoriis glexTa Sesaxeb masalebis mokvle-vas. 1884 wlis dasawyisidan ukve dawyebuli iqna calkeuli mazrebis mixedviT saWiro cnobebis Segroveba. saqmes ruseTis Sida guberniebidan mowveuli specialistebi awarmoebdnen, magram maT mier Sesrulebuli samuSaoebi uxarisxo aRmoCnda, vinaidan momkvlevT enis ucodinrobis gamo adgilobriv mo-saxleobasTan Tarjimnebis daxmarebiT uxdebodaT urTier-

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Toba. amitom ministrma kavkasiaSi Tavis rwmunebuls i.i. tixe-evs daavala, am saqmeSi adgilobrivi mkvidrni CaebaT, romel-Tac umaRlesi ganaTleba eqnebodaT miRebuli. am mizniT mobi-lizebuli 18 axalgazrda specialistidan 10 adgilobrivi mo-saxleobis warmomadgeneli iyo. eseni iyvnen: e.o. ioseliani, a.m. arRuTaSvili, m.v. maCabeli, g.n. kuWaevi, s.p. zelinski, d.p. nosoviCi, i.l. baxtaZe da sxv.

1884 wels dawyebuli muSaoba 1885, 1886, 1887 wlebSic grZeldeboda. komisiis muSaobas i. tixeevi xelmZRvanelobda. mis mier saxelmZRvanelod Sedgenili instruqcia da programa iseT sakiTxebze pasuxis gacemas iTvaliswinebda, rogoric iyo: dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da sazogadoebebis dasaxeleba; mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi kuTvnileba; mekomurTa raode-noba; mamakacTa da dedakacTa suladobrivi raodenoba; miwe-bis sakmarisoba; glexobis damokidebuleba saxelmwifo tyee-bisadmi; sazogadoebebis damokidebuleba saxelmwifo ialaRe-bisa da yiSlaRebisadmi; glexobis damokidebuleba sakuTar mflobelobaSi mqone miwebisadmi da a.S.

moZiebuli masalebi TviT momkvlevTa mier klasificir-deboda da Tavdapirvelad „nakveTebis“ saxiT gamodioda, xo-lo Semdeg i. tixeevis gankargulebiTa da winasityvaobiT to-mebad daibeWda saerTo saTauriT: „Материалы для изучения экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказского края“ („masalebi amierkavkasiis mxaris saxelmwifo glexTa ekonomi-kuri yofa-cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis“). „masalebis“ sul Svidi tomi gamovida; tomebi TbilisSi, libermanis tipografiaSi daibeWda.

pirveli tomis winasityvaobaSi, romelSic il. xonelis (baxtaZis) vrceli gamokvlevacaa dabeWdili, i. tixeevi werda: winamdebare gamocema moicavs am „masalebSi“ moTavsebul mo-nacemebs, cal-calke mazrebisa da mazrebis nawilebis Sesa-xeb... da rom krebulSi Setanili monacemebi safuZvlad daede-ba saxelmwifo glexTa miwis mtkice mowyobis saqmeso; glexo-baze zrunviT aris gadadgmulio da a.S [1, 1-2].

„masalebis“ pirveli tomi 700-ze met gverds moicavs da sami nawilisagan Sedgeba. TiToeul nawils Tavisi avtori ჰyavs. tomis TiTqmis naxevari - i. baxtaZis kalams ekuTvnis. mis gamokvlevaSi, romelic Sesavlisa da oTxi Tavisagan Sedge-

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ba,saubaria mxareSi ruseTis batonobamde arsebul xarkisa da begaris formebze, ruseTis xelisuflebis mier Zveli, e.i. tradiciuli saxarko da sabegro gadasaxadebis gauqmebasa da axlis damkvidrebis Taobaze da a.S.

Tavisi moculobiT yvelaze ufro vrcelia meoTxe Tavi, romelic Tavis mxriv, rva qveTavad iyofa.

TiToeuli Tavi dawerilia saqmis codniT; avtori ey-rdnoba problemis irgvliv arsebul istoriul masalebs; qar-Tul, somxur, rusul qronikebs; Zvel sigel-gujrebs; calke-ul mkvlevarTa naSromebs da a.S. yovelive es sarwmunos xdis im obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezebs, romlebzec damokidebu-li iyo amierkavkasiis mSromeli glexobis ekonomikuri mdgo-mareobis cvlilebani.

il. baxtaZes miaCnda, rom TiToeuli faqti, romelic xalxis cxovrebis ama Tu im mxares axasiaTebda, ganxiluli unda yofiliyo warsulTan mis kavSirSi, romelzec dafuZne-buli iqneboda misi Tanamedrove yofa.

„Лишь путём такого безпристрастно-исторического изследован-ия могут быть объяснены те несообразности, от которых не застрахо-вано никакое дело и, которому слишком беглый, поверхностный взгл-яд могут привести к ложным выводам и обобщениям. Тем более в сфе-ре экономических явлении это правило должно быть признано зак-оном, исключающим всякую возможность иного отношения к воп-росу. Зависимости между фактами тут сильнее, чем в какой либо дру-гой области, ибо и самый вопрос жизненне для народа практический смысл которого отрицающий вообще всякую слишком резкую пер-емену в существующем порядке вещей, в настоящем случае ещё более усугубляет свою осторожность“ [1, 13].

il. baxtaZe amierkavkasias eTnografiul-sarwmunoebri-vi Taviseburebebis mixedviT qarTul, somxur da maჰmadianur (musulmanur) provinciebad ჰyofs da aRniSnavs, rom TiToe-ul am raions istoriulad gaaCnda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sagadasaxado sistema, rac gansakuTrebul ganxilvas moiT-xovda. misi TqmiT, saqarTveloSi ruseTis mmarTvelobis Ses-vlamde oTxi sazogadoebrivi fena iyo: Tavadebi, aznaurebi, sasuliero wodeba da glexoba. glexoba, romelic xarkisa da begaris gadamxdel ZiriTad klass warmoadgenda, Tavis mxriv, kidev iyofoda saxaso, sabatono, saeklesio da Tavisufal, anu Tarxnebad. „Tarxnebi“ xarksa da begaras ar ixdidnen. ru-

45

seTTan SeerTebamde „Tarxnoba“ yoveli glexis miswrafebas warmoadgenda, magram misi damsaxureba SeeZlo mxolod imaT, vinc gansakuTrebiT gamoiCenda Tavs mefisa da qveynis winaSe, umetesad brZolebis dros.

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli iyo xarkis gadaxdis pirobebic. magaliTad, aRmosavleT sa-qarTveloSi gadasaxadebi ori saxis iyo - fuladi da natura-luri.

gadasaxadis yvela naturalur formas ჰqonda Tavisi Se-sabamisi fuladi gamoxatuleba. anu glexs, xarkis damdebTan SeTanxmebiT, SeeZlo Tavisi naturaluri gadasaxadi fulad gadaexada.

il. baxtaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, glexTa Soris yvela-ze daCagrulni da uufleboni „mojalabeni“ iyvnen. isini co-taTi Tu gansxvavdebodnen monebisagan da, rogorc piradi nivTebi, mebatonis sakuTrebas warmoadgendnen. maTgan umete-soba moaxleTa ukanono Svilebi, samxedro tyveebi, migdebu-li bavSvebi an sxvisi glexebi iyvnen...

sasuliero glexobis mdgomareoba zustad igive iyo, ro-gorc sabatono glexobisa, - wers il. baxtaZe, - mitropolite-bi da episkoposebi iTvlebodnen iseTive miwis mflobelebad, rogorc Tavadebi... isini glexobas begravdnen TavianTi Sexe-dulebisamebr ise, rom aravis winaSe angariSs ar abarebdnen.[1, 17-18].

il. baxtaZe, rogorc mkvlevari, dadebiTad afasebs erekle mefis gonivrul gadawyvetilebas erTmorwmune ru-seTTan saqarTvelos SeerTebis Sesaxeb; Tumca iqve daufara-vad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra udides da uxeS Tavnebobas Cadi-odnen rusi moxeleebi adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mimarT. „moxeleebi, - wers igi. - romlebsac raime damokidebuleba ჰqondaT begaris aRebasTan, pirdapir Zarcvavdnen xalxs da arasodes ufiqriaT TavianTi moqmedebis dafarvaze“. isini yo-velmxriv „Seuracxyofdnen glexobis ojaxur sindissa da Tav-moyvareobas“, amasTan, damatebiT sxva umsgavsobebmac rusis moxeleebis mxridan, gamoiwvia glexTa didi ajanyebani, ro-gorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. [1, 16].

„saxazino gadasaxadebis saqmeSi arc ruseTis batono-bis damkvidrebis Semdeg momxdara raime cvlileba, - wers il. baxtaZe, da iseve grZeldeba dResac, rogorc winaT arsebob-

46

dao. Sromis dasasruls, igi miuTiTebda: „gamokvlevaSi cif-rebi da faqtebi, mkvlevaris mxridan gamosakvlevi adgilmde-bareobebis axlos nacnobobis nayofia, rom igi marto gamo-kiTxvas ar eyrdnoboda, aramed guldasmiT akvirdeboda Tvi-Tonac glexobis yofa-cxovrebas, agreTve sargeblobda mona-cemebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebuli iyo Zvel da axal perio-dul gamocemebSi.

g. qiqoZis TqmiT: ilia xonelis Sromebi saxelmwifo qonebaTa sammarTvelos dakveTiT iyo Sesrulebuli, magram misi daskvnebi ewinaaRmdegeboda oficialuri xelisuflebis Sexedulebas qarTveli glexkacobis mdgomareobaze baton-ymobis mospobis Semdeg... igi amtkicebda, rom xiznebis da moi-jaradre glexobis Zlieri konkurencia, miwis simciriT ga-mowveuli, maT monebis mdgomareobaSi agdebs memamuleebis mi-marTo: „es igive batonymobaa, mxolod moklebuli im patriar-qalur urTierTobas, romelic mas nakleb samZimod xdida kav-kasiaSi“ [8, 178].

il. baxtaZis meore ekonomikuri gamokvleva - „Экономический быт государственных крестьян Рачинского уезда Кутаисской губернии“, „masalebis“ meore tomSia dabeWdili da isic ZiriTadad adgilze uSualod gamovlenil faqtebs ey-rdnoba.

aRniSnuli naSromi 160-mde gverds moicavs. SesavalSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli raWis - saqarTvelos am erT-erTi SesaniSnavi kuTxis, geografiuli da topografiuli Tavise-burebani, miwis zedapiris geognostikuri da niadagis struq-turuli agebulebani; mdinareebi da maTi gamoyeneba mosaxle-obis mier. avtors gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo da saintereso masalebi aqvs warmodgenili im qveTavSi, romelSic am kuTxis mineraluri wylebis simdidrezea laparaki. il. baxtaZe swo-rad miuTiTebs, rom „yvela es mineraluri wyaroebi, savsebiT mitovebulni arian, anda yvelaze primituli saSualebebiT iyeneben. aravis aqamomde ar uzrunvia maTi qimiuri analizisa da avadmyofobisaTvis daniSnulebisamebr gamosayeneblad”.

mkvlevari iqve ayenebs sakiTxs: uwerisa da bugeulis mi-neraluri wylebis Seswavlisa da samkurnalod gamoyenebis, agreTve iq misul damsvenebelTa sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. igi raWas sam klimatur zonad ჰyofs: qveda, Sua da zeda nawilebad.

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„niadagisa da klimatis sxvadasxva Tvisebebi am sami rai-onisa, sxvadasxvanairad apirobeben iq mcxovrebi mosaxleobis saqmianobis xasiaTs, akavSirebs mas soflis meurneobis amaTu-im dargTan. [1, 17-18]

zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg il. baxtaZe uSualod iwyebs programiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis kvlevas.

naSromi Sesavlis garda Seicavs rva ZiriTad Tavs, ese-nia: 1) mosaxleoba; 2) miwis sakmarisoba 3) sazogadoebebis da-mokidebuleba saxazino-saagarako tyeebisadmi; 4) sazogadoe-bebis damokidebuleba saxelmwifo sazafxulo da sazamTro saZovrebisadmi (ialaRebi da yiSlaRebi); 5) sazogadoebebis damokidebuleba saxelmwifo saRalo muxlebisadmi; 6) sazoga-doebebis damokidebuleba kerZo sakuTrebis miwebisadmi; 7) glexTa Semosavlis wyaroebi da 8) saxarko dabegvra.

gamokvlevis pirveli Tavi raWvelebis cxovrebis metad saintereso eTnografiul masalebs Seicavs. masSi mimoxilulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aRnagobis, Cacmulobis, metyvele-bis (dialeqtis), mosaqmeobis, zne-Cveulebis, yofa-cxovrebis da sxva damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze. avtori samarTlianad Se-niSnavs, rom „zneobrivi da sulieri TvisebebiT, isini ucilob-lad maRla dganan danarCen imerlebze: gulwrfeloba, patios-neba, xSirad gulubryvilobamde misuli pirdapiroba, - maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia“. garda amisa, avtori aRniSnavs, rom raWvelebi gamoirCevian udidesi SromismoyvareobiT da sauke-Teso xelosnobiT, rac Taobidan Taobaze gadadiso.

avtori gulistkiviliT SeniSnavs, rom gonebrivi ganvi-Tarebis mxriv im periodis raWvelebi TiTqmis uvicebi iyvnen. „wigniereba Zalian sustadaa ganviTarebuli da adamianTa ricxvi, romlebmac wera-kiTxva ician, yvelaze umniSvnelo procentia“. am faqts mkvlevari nawilobriv ekonomikuri pi-robebiT xsnis, roca glexi bavSvSi solidur samuSao Zalas xe-davda da misi ojaxidan mocileba da swavlisaTvis mocdena Za-lian eZneleboda.

cud ekonomikur pirobebs miiCnevs il. baxtaZe imis mize-zadac, rom mazraSi Zalze umniSvnelo iyo mosaxleobis rao-denobrivi zrda. amas ganapirobebda siRaribe da mciremiwia-noba; amasTanave, antiჰigienuri pirobebis gamo gavrcelebuli yofila epidemiuri avadmyofobani, rac adamianTa masobriv sikvdilianobas iwvevda. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT umweo da

48

unugeSo yofaSi yofilan umiwawylo raWveli ebraelebi, rom-lebic Tavs wvrili xelosnobiT irCendnen. mazris 9.676 Sromi-sunariani mcxovrebidan sul umiwawylod darCenili yofila 180 suli, aqedan 120 kaci da 60 qali. [1, 35-36]

il. baxtaZis TqmiT, raWvelisaTvis TiToeuli mtkaveli miwa, rac ar unda Zneli iyos masTan midgoma, iTvleba saxna-vad, Tu igi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc daTesa... mi-wis damuSavebis dros glexi xSirad iZulebulia daqanebul ferdobze safexurebi amoWras, Zirs rom ar dagordeso.

iqve avtori CamoTvlis saojaxo da miwis dasamuSavebel iaraRebs (Toxi, bari, farcxi, celi, namgali, najaxi, waldi, sasxlava, forCxi, niCabi... kavi, saxvneli, saxnisi, xela, uReli, saxnav-uReli, mkevris uReli, mokle uReli, tabikebi da sxv.) iZleva yvela zemoT CamoTvlili xelsawyo-iaraRis mokle da niSandobliv aRwera-daxasiaTebas. 130 wlis winaT gakeTebul amgvar Canawers gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTu-li sasoflo-sameurneo terminologiis gaazrebis Tvalsaz-risiT...

mazraSi ZiriTadad marcvleulis eqvsi saxeoba yofila gavrcelebuli: qeri, xorbali, diya, simindi, Romi da fetvi. xorbleulis oTxi saxeoba gamoiyeneboda: maxa, zanduri, xu-lugo (uTavTavo, gemrieli puri - SeniSvna i. baxtaZis - g.s.) da puri. simindeuli aseve oTxi saxisa yofila gavrcelebuli: kowolia simindi - adgilobrivi jiSis; „graniculi“ - sazRvar-gareTuli da mTis simindi - adgilobrivi jiSi.

xorbali da simindi iTeseboda qv. raWaSi, xolo diya da qeri - zemo raWaSi.

qvemo raWa, gansakuTrebiT bugeulis ubnis meSveobiT, ZiriTadad Tavs adgilze moyvanili pureuliT ikmayofileb-da. rac Seexeboda zemo raWas - iq uweras, glolas, gansakuT-rebiT Wiorasa da Rebs, maT yovelwliurad uwevdaT marcvle-ulis SeZena qvemo raWaSi, an qeds gadaRma - alagirSi, rome-lic TiTqmis 100 versiT iyo daSorebuli [1, 49-60]

SromaSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli maTi daTesvis, mov-lis da mosavlis aRebis wesi.

marcvleuli kulturebis Semdeg, raWaSi yvelaze gav-rcelebli mevenaxeoba yofila.

sadReisod did mniSvnelobas iZens il. baxtaZis nakvle-vis is nawili, romelic raWis mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganvi-Tarebas exeba XIXs-is 80-ian welbSi.

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„miwaTmoqmedebis Semdeg, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, gansa-kuTrebuli siyvarulis sagania raWvelisaTvis. raWis mazraSi am saqmiT dakavebulni arian ara marto qvemo, aramed mTis raWis mcxovrebni. es ukanasknelni cdiloben venaxebi SeiZinon sadme qvemo raWaSi, sadac isini yovelwliurad miemgzavrebian Tavi-aTni zvrebis dasamuSaveblad. Tumca aseTebi cotani arian, raWveli arasdros ar daTanxmdeba nebayoflobiT gayidos vena-xi, Tu igi iZulebuli ar Seiqmna, raime mZime viTarebis gamo.

mevenaxeobis zona ganfenilia mazris das. sazRvridan xi-dis karamde qv.raWaSi, xolo xidiskaridan sof. uweramde - ze-mo raWaSi.

mazraSi mevenaxeobis ganviTarebisas gamoiyofa sami sa-zogadoeba: ambrolauris, bugeulis da xvanWkaris... amas gana-pirobebs kiriani niadagi, Tbili klimati, unestianoba, rac ase arasasikeTod moqmedebs qvemo imereTis venaxebze.

venaxebis, rogorc wesi, gaSeneba xdeba mTis ferdobebze, Tu SesaZlebelia samxreTis da samxreT-dasavleTis kalTebze, ramdenadme qarisagan dacul adgilebSi, sadac dRis manZilze, mze didxans acxunebs.

avtori, Semdeg yuradRebas amaxvilebs savenaxe miwebis momzadebasa da vazis Casayrelad gamzadebaze.

Semdeg xazgasmiT miuTiTebs imazec, rom raWis venaxebi mxolod „dablaria“, rom am mxareSi vazis 50 kulturul jiSs iTvlian da asaxelebvs 25 sorts: 1. kapistona, 2. arabeuli, 3. naguTavneuli, 4. xixva, 5. mwvane, 6. TeTra, 7. muJureTuli, 8.ka-xuri, 9. rqawiTeli, 10. mokaTuri, 11. mobazuri, 12. rcxili, 13. wiwiliani, 14. WroWina, 15. Savxuani, 16. melikudi, 17. feruani, 18. yornisTvali, 19. wvivani, 20. gZel-tevniani 21. Smaga, 22. Ci-ginauri, 23. TiTa, 24. saabi, 25. bulRva da sxv.

„maTgan yvelaze saukeTesod iTvleba „kapistona“, ro-melsac sxvanairad „aleqsandrouls“ uwodeben, imereTis me-fiswulis aleqsandres sapativsacemo, romelmac pirvelad Seitana es jiSi im mxareSi“. (gv. 63).

aRniSnuli jiSis venaxebi sxvebsac aqvT, magram maTi Rvi-noebi arafriT ar gavs „yifianurs“, rac, ra Tqma unda, maTi da-yenebis weszea damokidebuli.

rTveli iwyeba seqtemberSi da mTavrdeba oqtombris pirvel ricxvebSi.

rTveli, yurZnis krefa, namdvili zeimia soflisaTvis. am dRes qalian-kacianad, bavSvebian-moxucebianad yvela muSa-

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obs. krefaven erTianad da daxarisxebis gareSe yrian sawna-xelSi. erTi dRis Semdeg SiSveli fexebiT wuraven mtevnebs[1, 65-66].

„raWuli Rvino, - ganagrZobs il. baxtaZe, - yifianuris garda, ar gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli RirsebebiT. isini mJa-vea, mwklarte da arasasiamovno gemosi. raionis gareT gasayi-dad ar gadis. umeteswilad mas yiduloben zemoraWvelebi, naklebad mcnobni (gamrCevni) gemosi“.

avtori sworad miuTiTebs, rom raWaSi SesaZlebelia mexileobis aranaklebi ganviTareba, vidre kaxeTsa da qar-TlSi, saukeTeso klimaturi pirobebis gamo, magram am saqme-Sic xelisSemSlel pirobad, isev miwebis simcire miaCnia.

il. baxtaZis gamokvleviT, raWis mazraSi mesaqonleoba soflis meurneobis damoukidebeli dargi ar yofila, aramed igi warmoadgenda ojaxis aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dakma-yofilebis damxmare saSualebas. Tumca, zemo raWis ganapira soflebi (Rebi, glola, uwera da sxv.) ZiriTadad mesaqonleo-bas (msxvilfexa pirutyvi) misdevda. mazraSi naklebad iyo gan-viTarebuli meRoreoba, magram iqauri lori (adgilobrivi „vetCina“) da „SaSxi“ (Sebolili qaTami) cnobili yofila raWis farglebs gareTac. „maTi gamzadebis xelovnebaSi raWvelebs marTlac aravin ჰyavT mocile“, - SeniSnavs il. baxtaZe.

bolo, merve TavSi il. baxtaZe mimoixilavs mazraSi sa-xelmwifo glexobaze gaweril gadasaxadebs. mazris yvela so-felSi sakomlo gadasaxadis erTnairobaze, rac gaumarTleb-lad miaCnia mkvlevars. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „ver uZ-lebs kritikas“, radgan yvelgan xom erTnairi niadagi, klima-turi pirobebi, adgilmdebareoba da a.S. ar aris?

aqedan gamomdinare, il. baxtaZe daaskvnida: „amrigad, mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom sakomlo gadasaxadis odenoba gamosakvlev soflebSi ar SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iqnas ara-viTari TvalsazrisiT da warmoadgens Sedegs ubralo Sem-TxveviTobisas, anda sufTa TviTnebobisas“. igi Tvlida, rom „dabegvris aseTi sistema arasamarTliani iyo da amitom auci-leblad unda mowesrigebuliyo sagadasaxado gaweris saqme“.

amis Semdeg gamokvlevis sakmao nawili daTmobili aqvs mazraSi samimosvlo gzebisa da xidebis, maTi vargisianobis sa-kiTxs. dasaxelebulia is ZiriTadi gzebi, romelic mazris da-saxlebul punqtebs akavSirebda sxva raionebTan. maT Soris,

51

yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli quTais-onis (130 versi), quTais-ma-misonis uReltexilis (164 versi), quTais-alagiris (300 versi), oni-saCxeris, xidiskari-ambrolauri-naqeralas: abaris gzas, romelic oseTis samxedro gzas uerTdeba da akavSirebda ze-mo raWis soflebs: lixeTs, abarsa da uravs.

„yvela es gzebi wlis sxva dros TiTqmis miuvalia mi-mosvlisaTvis, amitom telefonis uqonlobac, wlis ramdenime Tvis manZilze raWis mazras sxva samyarosagan mowyvetils xdis.“ [1, 76]

qveTavSi „gareSe samuSaoni“ il. baxtaZe SesaniSnavad ik-vlevs im gardauval mizezebs, romlebic aiZulebda raWvel glexkacs, ojaxis SenarCunebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis Sesagro-veblad didi xniT mietovebina karmidamo, mSobliuri kuTxe da bedis saZieblad wasuliyo.

„miwaTmoqmedebisa da soflis meurneobis sxva darge-bisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebi, rogorc zemo, ise qvemo raWvelebs, erTnairad aiZulebda Tavisi sameurneo deficiti gareSe SromiT SeevsoT“. avtoris SeniSvniT, aseTi Sroma Tu qvemo raWvelebisaTvis damatebiTi, zemoelTaTvis ZiriTadi Semosavlis wyaroT iyo qceuli. gare samuSaoze midioda yve-la srulwlovani mamakaci da ojaxebi mxolod qalTa, moxucTa da bavSvTa amara rCeboda. „winaT, sanam miwa iyo sakmarisi, sam-Soblodan ase wasvla ar SeiniSneboda, magram mosaxleobis zrdam miwis nakleboba gamoiwvia, amis gamo moqmedebis aspare-zic gafarTovda“, SeniSnavs il. baxtaZe.

SromaSi vrcladaa moTxrobili saSovarze wasuli „muSe-bis“ mdgomareobaze, maT aTasgvari tanjva-wvalebiT aRvsil gzaze.

„muSaTa“ amgvari fenis Semdeg yvelaze mravalricxovani yofilan xelosnebi, romlebic aseve yovelwliurad mieSure-bodnen saSovarze. maTi ricxvi mazris saxelmwifo glexTa sa-erTo raodenobaSi, il. baxtaZis gaangariSebiT yofila: xuro-ebi - 562 kaci, mxerxavebi - 748, mWedlebi - 84, mzareulebi 92, me-pureebi -20, meduqneebi - 17, durglebi - 20, monadireebi - 24, mRebavi - 1, mebaRe - 1, zeinkali - 1, pirutyvis mrewveli - 1.[1,103].

„yvela isini, Tavisi saqmis brwyinvale ostatebi arian, amitom maTgan absolutur umravleobas samuSao mudam Tavze-sayrelad aqvT, rogorc TviT raWaSi, ise saqarTvelos sxva

52

kuTxeebSi - imereTSi, samegreloSi, guriaSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi da a.S“,-o SeniSnavda avtori.

garda zemoaRniSnuli mizezebisa, raWvelebis masobrivi migraciisaTvis xeli Seuwyvia 1882 wels mTels mazraSi srul mousavlianobas, roca jer zamTris usaSvelo Tovlsa da yin-vas, xolo gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze gamudmebul kokispi-rul wvimebs da zafxulis Takara mzes mTlianad gaunadgure-bia rogorc erTwliani, ise mravalwliani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi. adamianebTan erTad sakvebis gareSe darCenila pirutyvi da frinveli, ugzoobisa da usaxsrobis gamo mazris gareT maTi gayidvis SesaZleblobac ar yofila. xolo TviTon raWvelTa Soris muqTi myidvelic ki arsad moipovebodao. yo-fila SemTxvevebi, roca zemo raWis zogierTi soflis mcxov-rebni, veRar uZlebdnen ra mSieri pirutyvis tanjvis cqeras, Tavisi xeliT masobrivad xocavdnen maTo. [1, 105].

mosaxleoba, romelic aseT umweo ekonomikur mdgomare-obaSi iyo Cavardnili, moklebuli iyo saxelmwifos mxridan droul daxmarebas... gamokvlevaSi naTqvamia, rom sursaTis sa-Wiro raodenobiT gagzavnis nacvlad, gaWirvebulTa dasaxma-reblad fuladi asignobani gaugzavniaT, magram isic mcire raodenobiT da Tanac, Zalian dagvianebiT. ase rom, 1882 wels dazaralebulT es mcire daxmarebac 1884-1885 wlebSi miuRiaT.

aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil raWvel glexkacs raRa darCenoda, Tu ara is, rom mTeli ojaxiT ayriliyo da iqiTken wasuliyo, sadac ojaxis gadarCenis meti imedi ჰqonda. ratom airCies raWvelebma maincadamainc alagiri? „es faqti Zalian martivad SeiZleba aixsnas,- wers il.baxtaZe, - igi ase Tu ise yvelaze nacnob adgilad iTvleba gadmosaxlebulTaTvis. raWvelebi xSirad miemgzavrebodnen iq gare samuSaoebze, an xorblis da sxva produqtebis Sesasyidlad da a.S. da Tavisi TvliT ჰqondaT nanaxi iqauri pirobebi... bolos da bolos alagiri TiTqmis aRTqmul miwad iqca raWvelTaTvis... il. bax-taZis TqmiT „alagiri - erTi patara daba Tergis olqSi, gaSe-nebuli yofila md. ardonis napiras... garegnulad igi araf-riT ganirCeoda amierkavkasiis dasaxlebebidan, magram mosax-leobis SemadgenlobiT Tavisebur adgils warmoadgenda. ala-giris mcxovrebni TiTqmis yvela gadamdgari jariskacebi, an samTo qarxnebis muSebi iyvnen, romlebic vercxlisa da tyviis sadnob qarxnebSi muSaobdnen... [1, 93]. magram iq wasulnic „vais gaveyare da vuis Seveyares“ mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilan, rac

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umiwobiT, samuSaos uqonlobiT, usaxlkarobiT, aTasgvari avadmyofobiT, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mtrulad SexvedriTa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uyuradRebobiT yofila gamow-veuli. magram ukan dabrunebis Tavic aRaravis ჰqonia. ase gaC-nda samSoblos miwas mowyvetili raWvelebis sakmaod didi ko-lonia daba alagirSi.

* * *

il. xonelis (baxtaZis) mier dawerilma ekonomikurma ga-mokvlevebma maSinve miipyro TanamedroveTa yuradReba.

„Взятый на себя труд по изучению экономического быта казенных крестьян в Раче, - werda Semdgom cnobili publicisti d. soslani, - Ил. Хонели выполнил со своиственным ему талантом и добросовестностью. Тихеев его отличил и предложил очень выгодное место по Министерству Государственных Имуществ, но он отказался“, radgan kancelariis Cinovnikoba mis sulier moTxovnebs ver daakmayofilebda. [6.4]

aseve maRal Sefasebas aZlevs il. xonelis ekonomikur Sromebs Tavis mogonebebSi cnobili moRvawe g. TumaniSvili. „man (e.i. xonelma - g.s.) Seadgina Zalian saintereso ekonomiu-ri narkvevi raWisa da Sorapnis mazris saxelmwifo glexobis Sesaxeb, romelmac maRali Sefaseba miiRo Tavis droze da am-Jamadac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba saqarTvelos imdroinde-li ekonomiuri pirobebis Sesaswavlad“ [7, 10]

kritikosi g. qiqoZe il. xonelisadmi miZRvnil etiudSi zemoxsenebuli ekonomikuri gamokvlevebis Sesaxeb wers: Tum-ca es Sromebi saxelmwifo qonebaTa sammarTvelos dakveTiT iyo Sesrulebuli, magram misi daskvnebi ewinaaRmdegeboda oficialuri xelisuflebis Sexedulebas qarTveli glexka-cobis mdgomareobaze baton-ymobis mospobis Semdeg. ilia xo-neli amtkicebs, rom xiznebis da moijaradre glexebis Zlieri konkurencia, miwis simciriT gamowveuli, maT monebis mdgoma-reobaSi agdebs memamuleebis mimarTo“ [8, 178]

kidev erTi mecnieris gamoTqmasac moviSveliebT: „eko-nomiuri yofierebis warsulisa da Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia saxalxo-meurneobrivi da kul-turuli mSeneblobis mecnieruli swori perspeqtivis dasax-va. momavlis TvalsazrisiT Tanamedroveobis gagebis SesaZ-leblobas mxolod warsuli cxovrebis istoriis Rrma codna

54

iZleva“ [3, 10] am TvalsazrisiT Tu mivudgebiT ilia xonelis ekonomikur naSromebs, maSin isini kidev ufro met mniSvnelo-bas iZenen dRes, rogorc warsulis erT-erTi utyuari da mniS-vnelovani dokumentebi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. Бахтадзе И. А, Экономический быт государственных крестьян

Рачинского уезда, Кутайсской губернии, См. в сбор: „Материали для изученя экономического бытя государственных крестьян Закавказского края”, Том II, Тифлис, 1886.

2. Бахтадзе И. А., Экономический быт государственных крестьян Шорапанского уезда, Кутайсской губернии. См. в сбор. „Материали для изученя… Том V. Тифлис 1887, стр.167-237.

3. guguSvili paata, saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis ekono-miuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss, monografiebi, t. V, Tbili-si. 1962.

4. nacvalaZe daviT, ilia xoneli, baTumi, 1957 w. 5. saiTiZe gela, mgznebare publicisti, gaz. „literaturu-

li saqarTvelo“ ,1964 , 5 ivnisi. 6. Сослани Давид, Памяти друга и товарища по перу. Ил. Хонели

(Бахтадзе), Тифлис, 1901. 7. Туманов Георгий, Характеристики и воспоминания. Книга I,

Тифлис, 1913. 8. qiqoZe geronti, literaturuli narkvevebi, Tbilisi, fe-

deracia, 1938. 9. Caduneli elguja, qarTuli ekonomikuri azris ganviTa-

rebis istoriidan Tbilisi, 1998 w. 10. gaz. „droeba“, 68, 1881, 31 marti. 11. gaz. „droeba“, 70, 1881, 2 aprili. 12. gaz. „droeba“, 71,1881, 3 aprili. 13. gaz. „iveria“, 1900 14. gaz. „cnobis furceli“ - 1900 wlis - 15. gaz. „kvali“ - 1900 wlis - 16. gaz. „Кавказ“ 190, 20/VII, 1900 г. ст.р 2.

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17. gaz. „Россия“, - 1900 18. gaz. „cxovreba“ 5, 1916, maisi 19. Хонели Илия, К 100-летю Крцанисской бытвы /1795-1895/.

Тифлис, 1895.

Gela Saitidze

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Main Scientific Researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Professor

Economic Works of Ilia Khoneli

Summary

In the history of Georgian public opinion in the last quarter of the

19th century, Ilia Khoneli (Bakhtadze) has an important place as a productive writer.

His feature-stories, feuilletons, literary criticism, stories, sketches and historic articles were published in almost every periodical issued in the Caucasus at that time.

Literary society noticed Ilia Khoneli already when he was a student at the State University of Saint Petersburg after, his smart and principal feuilleton called “should we cry or should we laugh?” was published in May, 1881 in “Droeba”, edited by S. Meskhi.

During 20 years of his journalism, Ilia Khoneli has written many important publications. He passed away at the age of 42. Lots of letters were published in the newspapers and magazines of the Caucasian and Russian capital cities about his death (in those days). A Russian writer and publicist Al. Amfiteatrov in the newspaper “Russia” wrote: “The Caucasus doesn’t know yet what he has lost … It will take a long time until someone else takes his place. Georgian Ilia Bakhtadze had no equal as a feuilletonist in contemporary Russian writing”.

Apart from publicist works, interesting economic studies belong to Ilia Khoneli, which as a primary sources still have a great importance. They are about the economic life of the Caucasian state peasantry. In the

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government committee studying the subject, among others was Ilia Khoneli (Bakhtadze). He was the part of study committee of the conditions of peasantry in the Shorapani and Racharagions of Kutaisi province. In 1886-1887 years, researches written by members of the committee during 1884-1887 years were published in separate volumes under the common name: “Materials for the Study of the Economic State of the State Peasants Transcaucasia Region ” “Материалы для изучения экономического быта государственных крестьян Закавказскогокрая”. Works included in these volumes were ordered by Russian Ministry of the State Property and the researchers were the limits of [vergavigeraundaitqvas – n.gh.]instructions and programs prepared in advance. But the conclusions made by Ilia Khoneli were against “official government views…” (G. QiQodze). It was because, that “the numbers and facts brought by him were the result of close knowledge of the researched case”. As the author writes himself: “he paid close attention to the local life of peasantry and he used the materials published in old and new periodicals”.

The numbers and facts, materials found locally by the author, his evaluations contain many new information for contemporary researcher-economists, ethnologists, historians and specialists interested in the agriculture to study Georgian political and public opinion in the 80es of the 19th century.

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giorgi CxikviSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

niko nikolaZe qarTuli demokratiis Sesaxeb

termini demokratia uaRresad farTo da konteqstua-

luri mniSvnelobisaa. politologebi devid kolieri da sti-ven levicki demokratiis 550 `qvesaxeoba~-s asaxeleben [1, 15]. yvela SemTxvevaSi es cneba moicavs mmarTvelobis Tavisufa-li arCevanis SesaZleblobas da adamianis fundamenturi uf-lebebis minimalur dakmayofilebas.

maT kvaldakval mecnierebi, gansxvavebiT warsulisa-gan, sul ufro aqtiurad saubroben demokratiis mravalva-riantulobaze da amtkiceben, rom `demokratia ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT erTxel da samudamod damyarebul sistemad, mo-culobad an Tundac calkeul statistikur modelad, rom-lis gamoyeneba nebismieri qveynis realobaSi iqneba SesaZle-beli. demokratia ganviTarebadi sistemaa. is TandaTanobiT mdidrdeba yovel calkeul qveyanaSi, romelic iziarebs mis principebs da esadageba im ekonomikur, teqnologiur da kulturul Rirebulebebs, romelTa gavlenasac nebismieri dRevandeli dinamikuri da Ria sazogadoeba ganicdis~ — wers portugaliis revoluciis Semoqmedi da prezidenti mario soaresi [2, 55].

`Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT civilizaciis maxasiaTeblebi, niSan-Tvisebebi Cvevebi da tradiciebi da TiToeuli eris mentaliteti, Zalian Zneli iqneba zustad Sefaseba ... ra formiT SeiZleba aq demokratiis damkvidreba~ _ dasZens igi [2, 60].

kolieramde da levickamde gacilebiT adre, XIX sauku-nis 70-ian wlebSi qarTul realobaSi niko nikolaZe saubrobs qarTul demokratiaze, sadac demokratiis universalur ka-nonebTan erTad Serwymuli iqneboda qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, qarTuli mentaliteti da tradiciebi. man dasavleT evropis progresul azrovnebas sakuTari qar-Tuli niadagi Seufarda da Seqmna Rrma erovnuli msof-lmxedveloba da sakuTari social-politikuri koncefcia. `niko nikolaZis saxeli dakavSirebulia im TaobasTan, _ wers simon xundaZe, _ romelic CvenSi batonymobis Semdeg

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gamovida samoRvaweod...arc erT maSindel Cvens moRvawes ar ugrZvnia epoqis suli ise, rogorc n. nikolaZem igrZno. ara-vis ar Semoutania CvenSi imdeni progresuli da evropuli azri (am sityvis kulturuli mniSvnelobiT), ramdenic Semoi-tana n. nikolaZem~ [3, 182]. geronti qiqoZes n. nikolaZe miaC-nda evropuli azrovnebis pirvel warmomadgenlad saqarTve-loSi.

sazogadod, demokratiuli wyoba n. nikolaZes idealu-rad ar miaCnia. `kacobriobas, _ wers is, _ arc erTi ganwyo-bileba, arc erTi Cveuleba ar hqonia da arc exla aqvs iseTi, rom samudamod keTili da SeucvlelaT gamosadegi yofili-yos. yovelifers niadagis gaumjobeseba esaWiroeba... yvela-feri niadag unda icvlebodes, axldebodes da umjebesdebo-des~ [4, 343].

magram arsebuli politikuri sistemebidan yvelaze mi-saReb humanur da praqtikiT Semowmebul sistemad n. nikola-Ze demokratiul sistemas Tvlis. mogvianebiT didi inglise-li saxelmwifo moRvawe u. CerCilic ityvis: `demokratia sa-Zaglobaa, magram ukeTesi kacobriobas jer araferi mougo-niao~ [5, 144].

`rogorc Wkviani irCevs tansacmels mas ra moergeba da ra mouxdeba sakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve unda moiqces eri ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas — wer-da n. nikolaZe. _ jer erTi, Tu SeuZlia, is moZRvreba, rac mas sWirdeba, man TviTonve unda Seqmnas, meorec, Tu amisaT-vis Wkua-goneba ar yofnis da aucileblad sxvas unda daeses-xos, maSin is unda aiRos, rac mas ueWvelad gamoadgeba, Tum-ca amasac didi goniereba sWirdeba~ [6, 174]. marTlac, isto-riulad demokratiis unificirebis cda yvelgan kraxiT dam-Tavrda. amitomac Tvlida n. nikolaZe, rom aucilebeli iyo Seqmniliyo demokratiis erovnuli modeli, sadac, raRa Tqma unda, gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda ucxoeTis dadebiTi ga-mocdilebac. xelisuflebis StoTa gadanawilebisa da daba-lansebis, demokratiis, TviTmmarTvelobis, federalizmisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebis dasavlur ide-ebs ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs niko nikolaZis politi-kur memkvidreobaSi.

niko nikolaZem aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas miuZ-Rvna Tavisi naSromebi: `mokle ganxilva mmarTvelobis sxva-dasxva formebisa~, `absoluturi da konstituciuri monar-qia da respublika~, `bulgaria~ da sxv.

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vinaidan demokratiis stabilurobisa da efeqtianobi-saTvis gadamwyveti gaxda XIX-XX saukuneebSi evropasa da, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seqmnili cen-traluri saxelmwifo institutebi, n. nikolaZec aSS-is maga-liTiT xelmZRvanelobs, rodesac ayalibebs Tavis azrs de-mokratiul respublikaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom qveyanaSi kar-gad aris mowesrigebuli sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sakiTxi. `sami ufleba: sjulis-damdebi, aRmasrulebeli da samsjavro SeerTebuls StatebSi ukeT da ufro swored aris gansazRvruli, vinem evropis kon-stituciurs saxelmwifoebSi. samive ufleba xalxisagan war-mosdgeba~ [7, 383]. n. nikolaZe aRmafreniT miuTiTebs xalxis farTo masebis monawileobaze yovelgvar saqmianobaSi da Statebis TviTmmarTvelobis damoukideblobaze. gaz. `rus-kaia voliaSi~ gamoqveynebul statiebSi igi demokratiad mi-iCnevs politikuri wyobilebis iseT formas, romelic aRia-rebs xalxis xelisuflebas, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi organoe-bis arCeviTobas, moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobasa da politikur uflebebs dafiqsirebuls konstituciaSi. konstituciis diqtats da amis safuZvelze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas n. nikolaZe demokratiis ganvi-Tarebis aucilebel Sedegad Tvlis. misi SexedulebiT, sa-marTals demokratiul sazogadoebaSi unda hqones zekla-sobrivi xasiaTi da mas unda emorCilebodes sazoagdoebis yvela fena da wevri, dawybuli rigiTi moqalaqidan, damTav-rebuli prezidentiT. imis nimuSad, Tu rogor unda moxdes demokratiis ZiriTadi principis — moqalaqeTa Tanasworobi-sa da Tavisuflebis principis — ganuxreli dacva n. nikola-Zes mohyavs aSS-is magaliTi statiaSi `absoluturi da kon-stituciuri monarqia da respublika~. igi aRfrTovanebuli mogviTxrobs, rom kanonis darRvevis gamo TviT prezidenti jonsonic ki 1868 wels `samarTalSi misces da kinaRamac da-sajes~. demokratiis am principebs niko nikolaZe miiCnevs de-mokratiis universalur principebad, romelic qarTul rea-lobaSi Sexamebuli unda yofiliyo qarTuli cxovrebis wes-Tan. mas samagaliTod miaCnia iaponiis magaliTi. meiZis revo-luciis~ periodi, romlis drosac qveyanam uzarmazari Tvi-sebrivi naxtomi gaakeTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da es SeZlo gonivrulad warmoebuli erovnuli po-litikis wyalobiT, romelSic axali cxovrebis sawyisad aRi-arebuli iyo sakuTari xalxis kulturuli mekvidreoba,

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tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebebi da iaponuri cxovrebis wesis mdidari erovnuli Sinaarsi.

nikos samagaliTod miaCnda mokle droSi qveynis aseTi aRorZineba da qarTul sazogadoebasa da momaval Taobas amaze sagangebod mianiSnebda: `iaponia erTob did da naTel magaliTs warmogvidgens imisas, Tu ra advili yofila TiT-qmis sruliad veluri da ukan CamorCenili xalxisaTvis swav-liTa da rigiani wesiT welSi gamarTva da Zalis SeZena, roca mas gonieri mTavroba hyavs da bejiTi survili aqvs, rigiani adgili daikavos sxva erTa da samefoebis Sua~ [8, 272]. nedle-uliTa da sxva resursebiT simwiris miuxedavad iaponiis gaZ-liereba Sromis Wkvianurma organizaciam da saSemsruleblo disciplinis maRalma donemac ganapiroba, rac mas sanimuSod miaCnda da iaponiis msgavsad saqarTvelos dawinaurebaze ocnebobda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, niko xazs usvamda im gare-moebasac, rom `Zala da Zleva ricxvsa da sivrces ki ara, cod-nas, organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess, disciplinas~ [8, 272]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi swored am principis amoqmede-biT dawinaurdnen dasavleTis patara qveynebi: Svecia, bel-gia, dania, niderlandebi da sxv., romlebmac SeZles ganeviTa-rebinaT sawarmoo Zalebi, teqnika, codna da disciplina.

skandinaviis qveynebis socialuri saxelmwifos poli-tikuri modelis konturebi Teoriuli saxiT gacilebiT ad-re Camoayaliba niko nikolaZem.

rogorc moqalaqe agebs pasuxs saxelmwifos winaSe, ase-ve saxelmwifosac ekisreba pasuxismgebloba daicvas yovel-gvari TviTnebobisagan moqalaqeTa uflebebi. am amocanis ganxorcieleba Tanamedrove pirobebSi n. nikolaZes warmo-udgenia kerZo seqtorSi saxelmwifo seqtoris Carevis xa-risxis gazrdili doziT misi regulaciis mizniT. 1868 w. `ev-ropis cxovrebaSi~ n. nikolaZe miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi Tavisuflebis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi, mis umaR-les stadiaze, roca sazogadoeba izrunebs `raTa yvela mis wevrs Tanabari Sansi hqondes arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gasa-marjveblad~ [7, 417].

etatikuri tendenciebi gansakuTrebiT saWiro da Zlie-ri unda iyos kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze, _ Tvlis n. nikolaZe Tavis werilSi _ `vidre sazogadoeba yrua amgvari moTxovnilebelisadmi, calke misi wevrebi, romel-nic dajgufebulni arian asociaciebsa da msgavs sazogadoe-bebad, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaRweven raime warmatebas,

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rodesac isini gaerTianebuli SromiT _ saerTo Zalebis, xo-lo gaerTianebuli moxmarebiT da uSualo gacvla-gamoc-vliT, saerTo simdidris ekonomizacias moaxdenen~ [9, 176].

mogvianebiT, am azrs daadasturebs cnobili iaponeli ekonomisti suburo okita, romelic Tvlis, rom Tu qveyanas ar gaaCnia Tavisufali bazris meqanizmis garkveuli tradi-cia, gamocdileba da Sesabamisi socialuri kultura, kapita-lizmis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze gansakuTrebiT saWi-ro xdeba uSualo samTavrobo xelmZRvaneloba. aseT gare-mocvaSi saxelmwifo dagegmarebisa da sabazro meqanizmebis urTierTSewyobis aucilebloba gamowveulia wminda istori-uli mosazrebiT, xolo aseT SemTxvevaSi martooden Tavisu-fali bazari panacead ver iqceva.

n. nikolaZis koncefciis mixedviT Tavisufal Taosno-basTan erTad kanonzomierad iqneba agreTve Serwymuli admi-nistraciuli regulirebis formebi, sadac kerZo sakuTreba-ze dafuZnebuli ekonomika amave dros mewarmeobis, komerci-uli da finansuri saqmianobis sinTezi gaxdeba, xolo meurne-obriv saqmianobaSi mmarTveli organoebis Carevis Sedegad moxdeba Tavisufali konkurenciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Ta-vidan acileba. rogorc vxedavT, saxeze gvaqvs socialuri sa-xelmwifos tipiuri suraTi.

n. nikolaZe erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne politikosia, ara marto qarTul sinamdvileSi, aramed globaluri masSta-biTac, romelic orientirs iRebs socialuri tipis saxel-mwifosa da social-demokratiul ideologiaze, romelsac Tanamedrove politologiur literaturaSi `mesame gzasac~ uwodeben. es koncefcia mogvianebiT mraval qveyanaSi sxva-dasxva politikuri Zalebis mier iyo wamoweuli. aSS-Si `axa-li demokratebisa~ da bil qlinTonis mier, britaneTSi _ toni bleris mier. es ideebi dRes evropaSi Zalian popula-rulia, risi damadasturebelia is faqti, rom 2012 wels ev-ropis udides qveyanaSi safrangeTSi saprezidento arCevneb-Si gaimarjva fransua olandma. am ideebma Teoriuli dasabu-Teba hpova Tanamedrove politikuri skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, nobelis premiis laureatis, holandieli profesoris i. tinbergis wignSi `ekonomikuri politika~, ag-reTve konvergenciisa da teqnoidiliis sxva TeoretikosTa SromebSi. praqtikulad ki xorci Seasxes Sveciis, daniis, norvegiis, fineTis, Sveicariisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa poli-tikur modelebSi, romlebic msoflioSi cnobilia dasavle-Tis demokratiuli socializmis saxeliT.

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demokratiis transformirebis es forma, rodesac ze-modan momdinareobs iniciativa da Sesabamisad gardaqmna xdeba mTel sazogadoebaSi dRes realuri da msoflio praq-tikaSi aprobirebuli formaa. niko nikolaZe sazogadoebis ganviTarebis evoluciur gzas uWers mxars. misi Sexedule-biT `rac ufro win wava xalxis politikuri gamocdileba, es WeSmariteba TandaTan ufro metisaTvis cxadi Seiqmneba, rom qarTvelobas am mimbaZav ukiduresobisagan araviTari sikeTe ar moelis~ da iqve dasZens: `qarTvelobis miznebi ki marto zomierebis gziT miiRweva~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zomiereba rac ase iSviaTia Cvens yo-faSi, n. nikolaZis pirovnebis xasiaTis ganuyofeli Tviseba iyo. misi umcrosi Zma konstantine nikolaZe igonebs: `nikos Zalian uyvarda drois gatareba, mxiaruli da moZravi kaci iyo. nadimSi Zalian ilxenda, Rvinosac svamda, magram zomie-rad. damTvrali Cems sicocxleSi ar minaxavs. cxovrebis wesi evropuli hqonda~. `me yovelTvis viyavi da dRemde vrCebi ubadlo `meTandaTanobiTed~, Zveli yaidis liberalad, in-glisuri dinastikuri gagebiT, e.i. iseT adamianad, romelic reformebs mxolod zemodan moelis xolme, principuli mo-winaaRmdegea revoluciebisa~ _ ase axasiaTebs Tavad n. niko-laZe sakuTar pirovnebas. amitomac iyo, rom ruseTis mmar-Tvelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ajanyebas igi Tvlida udi-des avantiurad, romelsac SeeZlo saqarTvelo mieyvana ka-tastrofamde. `erovnul miswrafebaTa gadaWarbebas SeuZlia miiyvanos saqarTvelos im sasaklaomde, sadac amaswinaT tya-vi gaaZres poloneTs da sadac mTlad sisxli gamoswoves Cer-qezebs~ [7, 264-265]. es sifrTxile n. nikolaZem 1913 welsac gamoamJRavna, roca ymawvilkacobaSi dastambul striqonebs daumata: `didi samefoebis mWedeli pawia ers gana uSvelis?~ [10, 165].

konstituciuri liberalizmi istoriulad dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si ganviTarda. saqarTveloSi pirdapir libe-ralur demokratiaze gadasvla SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan ar arsebobda moqmedi demokratiuli praqtika da masSi monawi-leobisTvis aucilebeli ingredientebi; amitomac CvenTan demokratiuli moZraoba odiTganve mTlianad gaigivebuli iyo nacionalur moZraobasTan. niko nikolaZem ara mxolo SeZlo dasavluri Rirebulebebis Semotana da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, aramed dasavluri Rirebulebebis qarTul niadagze morgeba da saetapo Rirebulebebis Seqmna, romelic logikur gagrZelebas warmoadgenda qarTuli politikuri

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azrovnebis im mravalsaukunovani tradiciisas, romelic yo-velTvis gaurboda viwro naWuWSi Caketvas da yovelive qar-Tuls msoflio azrovnebis simaRleebidan sjida. kolieram-de da levickamde didi xniT adre niko nikolaZem daasabuTa demokratiis mravalvariantuloba da SemogvTavazes poli-tikuri formula qarTuli demokratiis Sesaxeb, sadac de-mokratiis universaluri kanonebi Serwymuli unda yofili-yo qarTul mentalobasa da cxovrebis wesTan.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. g. JorJoliani, T. berikaSvili, g. musxeliSvili, de-

mokratizacia, Tbilisi, 2001. 2. n. rurua, Tavisuflebis kanoni, Tbilisi, 2003. 3. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTve-

loSi, t. I, Tbilisi, 1931. 4. n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1933. 5. vladimer WanuyvaZe, politikuri dialogebi, Tbi-

lisi, 1998. 6. v. SubiTiZe, o. qoCoraZe, politologia, Tbilisi,

2001. 7. n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t. I, Tbilisi, 1931. 8. qarTuli mwerloba, t. XIV, Tbilisi, 1997. 9. bzignev bzeJinski, didi cvlilebebi, Jurn.: `sazoga-

doeba da politika~, 1, Tbilisi, 1996.

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Doctoral student of the Georgian Technical University

Niko Nikoladze about Georgian Democracy

Summary

In this article of Giorgi Chkhikvishvili - ,,Niko Nikoladze about

Georgian Democracy’’, is analyzed privacy of Democracy development in Georgia. He conformed progressive Western Euporean thinkings to Georgian social-political idea, in which Universal laws of democracy will be united with Development of Georgian society, mentality and traditions.

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oTar gogoliSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori So-Ta rusTavelis saxelobis baTumis sa-xelmwifo universitetis sruli pro-fesori

daviT kldiaSvili _ baTumSi qarTuli tradiciebis

danergvisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi

dauRalavi mebrZoli

XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze ,,axali cxovrebis sio’’

baTumis samxedro nawilebSic SeiWra da koreqtivebic Seita-na rusul saldafonur cxovrebaSi. progresulad moazrovne oficrobac ukve sxva TvaliT uyurebda samxedro samsaxurs. win iwevda liberaluri, zogadadamianuri Rirebulebebi. aseT fonze erovnulad moazrovne, socialuri da pirovnu-li TavisuflebisTvis mebrZol qarTvel oficrebs ormagi pasuxismgebloba ekisrebodaT. samxedro nawilebSi maT unda etvirTaT erovnuli interesebisaTvis brZolis gaerTianeba da am TvalsazrisiT jariskacTa gaTviTcnobiereba, maTTvis elementaruli ganaTlebis, saerTod cxovrebiseuli codnis micema. amosavali wertili, ra Tqma unda, zogadadamianuri idealebi iyo. samxedro nawilebi xom mravalerovnuli gax-ldaT.

saqmes is uadvilebdaT, rom mWidro urTierToba ჰqon-daT qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebTan. zogi qalaqis mmarTve-lobis xmosanic iyo da aqtiurad monawileobda sazogado saqmianobaSi. am droisaTvis arnaxulad aqtiurdeba muSaTa moZraobac da, zogadad, saerTod mSromeli sazogadoebis protesti arsebuli CamorCenili sinamdvilisadmi. TviT umaRles samoqalaqo da samxedro mmarTvelobaSic gamoC-ndnen liberalurad moazrovneni. es yvelaferi, ra Tqma un-da, xelsayreli iyo progresulad moazrovne oficrebisaT-vis, magram mowinaaRmdege reaqcionerebsac, cxadia, ar eZi-naT. mxars uWerdnen „mkacr mmarTvelobas“ da Sesabamis Ro-nisZiebebsac mimarTavdnen. am niadagze sul ufro izrdebo-da winaaRmdegoba maT Soris. marTlac saocaria maSindeli, mkacrad ierarqiuli rusuli samxedro reJimis pirobebSi, rogor axerxebdnen progresulad ganwyobili oficrebi ja-riskacTa Soris zogadadamianuri faseulobebis Setanas, maT

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gaTviTcnobierebas, elementaruli codnis micemas da saer-Tod, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaobas, rasac xSirad ziani da msxverplic moჰyveboda, magram sxvagvarad arc SeeZ-loT da arc ჰqondaT moqcevis ufleba. amas avalebdaT saku-Tari samSoblosa da xalxis interesebi, romelTa „ sisxli sisxlTagani da xorci xorcTagani“ qveynis yoveli kuTxidan baTumSi Camosuli muSa axalgazrdebi da jariskacebi iyvnen. samxedro nawilebSi es misia progresulad moazrovne ofic-robas unda ekisra, qarTvel oficrobas ki erovnuli cnobie-rebis gaZlierebisaTvis unda ezruna. istoriam baTumis sam-xedro nawilebSi momsaxure bevri aTasi oficris saxeli Se-mogvinaxa, bevric jer kidev gamosamzeurebelia. maT mamam-Tavrad savsebiT samarTlianadaa miCneuli didi qarTveli mwerali da ჰumanisti, sazogado moRvawe, podpolkovniki da-viT kldiaSvili. ZiriTadad swored misi memuaruli Canawe-rebidan vigebT im drois samxedro mmarTvelobaSi, baTumis samxedro nawilebSi arsebuli viTarebis, movlenaTa da pi-rovnebaTa Sesaxeb. [1, 45-46]

muSaTa moZraobis aRmavlobis, jariskacTa Soris mRelvarebis dawyebisa da saerTod, qarTuli sazogadoebri-obis gamoRviZebis kvalobaze, baTumSi moRvawe Cveni mamu-liSvilebi friad seriozuli da delikaturi viTarebis wina-Se aRmoCndnen–rogor moexerxebinaT ise, rom reaqciuli mmarTvelobis da gamkacrebuli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis pirobebSi es yvelaferi saziano da ubedurebis momtani ar yofiliyo xalxisaTvis. qalaqis mmarTvelobis saqmianoba ivane andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, aqeTkenac unda yofili-yo mimarTuli. es progresulad moazrovne oficrebsac unda gaeTvaliswinebina.

daviT kldiaSvili didi simpaTiiT ixsenebs saolqo sam-xedro Stabis moliberalo umaRles oficrobas, generlebs _ Satilovs, reSetins, berxmans, cixis garnizonis Stabis uf-ros polkovnik niko dumbaZes, polkovnik giorgi kiknaZes; Tavis samxedro nawilSi momsaxure Tanamoazre oficrebs nestor iaSvils, niko imnaZes, nodar jayels, sergo kamoevs da sxvebs, romlebic TanaugrZnobdnen jariskacebs, zrunav-dnen maTze da xels uwyobdnen maT gaTviTcnobierebas. „jer pirovneba var da moqalaqe, Semdeg ki samxedro mosamsaxure“ _ daviT kldiaSvilisa da mis Tanamoazre oficerTa amgvari pozicia sruliad miuRebeli iyo samxedro manqanisaTvis.

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cxadia, miuRebeli iyo maTi saqmianobac, ganaTlebisa da kulturis donis amaRlebisaTvis, miTumetes, erovnuli cno-bierebis gaZlierebisaTvis zrunva. [1, 67-69]

„Seni samSoblo ruseTia da Senc, durako, rusi xar, Seni movaleobaa gwamdes RmerTi mefe da usityvod, morCilad em-saxuro mas“ - ase uCiCinebdnen nawilis ufrosebi jariska-cebs.[2, 32]

magram cxovreba Tavisas Svreboda. TviT uaRresi reaq-cionerebic ki iZulebuli iyvnen ramdenadme mainc angariSi gaewiaT axali viTarebisaTvis, imisTvisac, rom daviT kldi-aSvili warCinebuli oficeri iyo, nawilSi samsaxuris dawye-bisTanave Caabares mas Tof-iaraRis saxelosno, romelic mokle droSi sanimuSo gaxda. sanimuSo iyo SemdgomSi misi ja-riskacTa gundic (razmi). samxedro samsaxuris bolo wlebSi xSirad asrulebda samxedro nawilis ufrosis movaleobas da aseT dros nawilSi simSvide da wesrigi sufevda, risTvisac madlobas eubnebodnen cixis garnizonis meTaurebi, romel-Tac misi samxedro nawili eqvemdebareboda. amas aRwevda swo-red jariskacebze zrunviT, maTTan adamianuri damokidebu-lebiT, rac danaSauladac ki iyo miCneuli imdroindel sam-xero samsaxurSi. amitomac politikurad arasaimedod Tvlidnen. daviTis msgavsi progresulad moazrovne ofic-rebi, cxadia, miuRebeli iyo iseTi Sovinisti, reaqcioneri da xalxTa moZule generlebisaTvis, rogorebic iyvnen griaz-novi, alixanov - avarski, liaxovi, voronocov–daSkovi, par-kau. maT ukan idgnen mTavarmarTeblebi golicini, dundu-kov–koraskovi, romlebic Zalismieri mmarTvelobis mqada-geblebi iyvnen.

swored griaznovma Seadgina e.w. „veluri“ nawilebidan gadmoyvanili jariskacebisagan didi razmi, SeaiaraRa arti-leriiT, sardlad daniSna generali alixanov-avarski da cecxliTa da maxviliT moarbevina TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo TviT qobuleTis CaTvliT. ar daundviaT aravin, bavSvi da qalic ki, vinc odnavi xmis amoReba gabeda mtarval-Ta winaaRmdeg. gadawves, gadabuges, CamoaxvrCes, daxvrites da amiT viTomda aRadgines mSvidoba da wesrigi. razmis erT-erTma polkovnikma giorgi kiknaZem mouwoda jariskacebs, Tavi SekavebinaT sisastikisagan, risTvisac dasajes. aseve dasajes oficeri evangelidi, romelmac ar Seasrula barba-rosuli brZaneba, barkasze gadaeyvana cixeSi Camwyvdeuli muSebi, Ria zRvaSi gaeyvanaT da iq CaeZiraT, gadawvas upireb-

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dnen muSaTa kvartalebsac, e.i „wiTeli mamali“ unda aefri-naT qalaqSi, magram ar gamouvidaT. [3, 13-14]

,,valmoxdil’’ razms mkacri mmarTvelobis momxreebma sazeimo saRamo mouwyves baTumSi. ,,Sedegebis Sejamebis’’ dros erTma qarTvelma polkovnikma siamayiT ganacxada: „me Cemi sakuTari sofelic ki ar davindeo“. am polkovniks sa-kadrisi pasuxi gasca da xma Caakmendina generalma reSetinma.

,,polkovniko, ajobebda CumaT yofiliyaviT; veraferi sanaqebo saqme SeasruleT; vandalebs emsgavsebgiT... vis wvav-diT? vis xocavdiT? Tqvenianebs, Tqvens naTesavebs’’. [2, 56]

griaznovma moarbevina guria Tavisi veluri razmiT ge-neral krilovs, romelmac mainc ver modrika gurulebi da sulierad da fizikurad moRlil-gamofituli, RamiT, zRviT Cumad gaapares baTumidan, rom ar moeklaT.

griaznovs ufro saSineli gegmac ჰqonda. rogorc da-viT kldiaSvili wers da istoriidanac cnobilia, mas surda Seedgina 20 aTas kaciani samxedro razmi, artileriiT da sa-damsjelo operaciis gziT moerbia mTeli amierkavkasia, qve-yanas marTlac daqceva emuqreboda, magram mtarvals ar das-calda. arsena jorjiaSvilma yumbariT daifliTa igi Sua-gul TbilisSi.

,,jorjiaSvilma mospo mtarvali, gadaarCina qveyana ubedurebas, misgan gadauxdelad davalebulia Cveni qveyana da xalxi, davalebuli var piradad mec. misi wyalobiT SemrCa sicocxle’’[2, 71]. saqme isaa, rom griaznovis brZanebiT, rome-lic maSin kavkasiis samxedro saolqo Stabis ufrosi iyo, da-viT kldiaSvili sam dReSi unda gaegzavna daRestanSi, samu-rais polkSi, sajarimo nawilSi, rogorc revoluciuri idee-bis TanamgrZnobi da politikurad arasaimedo.

gagzavna griaznovis sikvdilma Seaferxa. male ajan-ydnen am polkis jariskacebi. daxoces yvela oficeri da yve-laferi gaanadgures. daviTic gadarCa.

aseT fonze marTlac daujereblad moCans, rogor axerxebdnen progresulad ganwyobili oficrebi jariskacTa Soris kulturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaobas, adamianuri faseulobebis qadagebas, saerTod, gamaTviTcnobierebel saqmianobas. swored daviT kldiaSvilisa da misi Tanamoazre oficrebis mcdelobiT nawilSi gaixsna klubi da saCaie, sa-dac tardeboda leqciebi, saubrebi, ewyoboda sxvadasxva xa-

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siaTis saRamoebi, kulturul–saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebe-bi, warmodgenebi, cekvebi. aq oficrebi da jariskacebi, aseve maTi ojaxebi uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs. aseve tardeboda gakveTilebi, romelzec aswavlidnen rusul da qarTul we-ra–kiTxvas. imarTeboda saubrebi sazogadoebis, Sromisa da sabrZolo iaraRebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb da a.S.[3, 88-91]

ase rom, oTx wliani samsaxuris Semdeg es axalgazrde-bi, sruliad gamocvlilni, gaTviTcnobierebulni, namdvil adamianebad ubrundebodnen mSobliur keras. Tan miჰqondaT miRebuli codna, axali cxovrebis ideebi da momavlis rwmena.

– Cveni ded-mama tiroda, roca aqeT movdiodiT, magram axla metismetad uxariaT, Cven ase sasikeTod gadasxvafere-buls rom gvxedaven. mxecebi viyaviT da kacebad davbrundiT saxlSi Tqvenis wyalobiT... _ ase eubnebodnen daviTs da sxva moamage oficrebs samsaxurdamTavrebuli axalgazrdebi. ,,nawilSi samxedro samsaxurisTvis Cven saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxidan mogvdioda erTmaneTze ukeTesi vaJkacebi, magram sruliad gamousvlelni cxovrbaSi, dabeCavebul glexur yo-faSi gazrdilebi, romelTac ufro uaress umzadebda rusu-li yazarmuli cxovreba. is xom faqtobrivad Trgunavda pi-rovnebas da morCil manqanaT aqcevda mas. aba, mamuliSvilis guls rogor unda moesvena, rogor unda gaemetebina isini iseTi bedisaTvis. bevrma rusuli ki ara, qarTulic ar icoda wesierad. magaliTad, samurzayanoelebma da e.w samuslimano saqarTvelos mkvidrebma. aucilebeli iyo maTi cxovrebiseu-li gaTviTcnobiereba, elementaruli ganaTlebis micema, kulturuli Rirebulebebis SeTviseba. amas vakeTebdiT ro-gorc SegveZlo’’, –igonebs daviT kldiaSvili Tavis memua-rul CanawerebSi. aseTi saqmianobisaTvis daviT kldiaSvili politikurad arasaimedod cnes da aiZules 26-wliani samsa-xuris Semdeg Tavi daenebebina samxedro saqmisaTvis.

,,Подполковнику Клдиашвили его сиятелство граф Воронцов Дашков, нашел своевовременным чтобы вы подали в отставку ’’. ase-Ti iyo umaRlesi verdiqti. Tumca warCinebuli oficeri msoflio omis dawyebisTanave kvlav gaiwvies saxedro sam-saxurSi . [2, 77-81]

did mweralsa da ჰumanists, erovnul moRvawes arc am-jerad uRalatia Tavisi mrwamsisaTvis. zogadadamianuri da erovnuli idealebisaTvis, rasac kinaRam Seewira kidec. man brZoliT ganvlo gza baTumidan lazistanamde, sadac piro-

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nikis komendatad dainiSna. Cveulebisamebr ewinaaRmdegebo-da uazro saldafonuri xelmZRvanelobis, uniWo sardlobis gadawyvetilebebs. akritikebda uSedego samxedro operaci-ebs, icavda jariskacebs usamarTlo, araadamianuri damoki-debulebisagan.

igi gulistkiviliT aRwers baTumidan pironikamde ra saSineli dRe daayenes mTel mxares da mis mosaxleobas Turqebma. Semdeg Tavisi sisastikiT ganTqmulma rusma yazax plastunebma gaZarcves, daangries da dawves yvelaferi, ris Sedegadac daiRupa didZali mosaxleoba. daviT kldiSvili lazistanSic dauaxlovda adgilobriv mosaxleobas, esaub-reboda maT istoriaze, saqarTveloze. misive iniciativiT, Tbilisidan saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam lazebSi samuSaod gagzavna konstantine kobaxiZe. male iqve gamoCnda cnobili erovnuli moRvawe da mkvlevari ioseb yifSiZe. mamuliSvil-Ta am sameulma didi Sroma gaswia iqauri lazebis gasaTviT-cnobiereblad.

erTxel daviTTan pirokineli lazebi mividnen da Txoves daxmareba saRvTo tyis gadarCenaSi, romelsac lia-xovis brZanebiT gaCexva-gadawvas upirebdnen mesangreebi. daviTma dacva Caayena da saRvTo tyes axlos ar gaakara isini. es omis pirobebSi frontis xazze, isic oficrisagan, gaugo-nari saqcieli iyo. mas samxedro tribuna da sastiki sasjeli emuqreboda, magram raRac mizezebis gamo saqmis warmoeba Se-ferxda. amasobaSi Tebervlis revoluciam mouswro. mefe ga-dadga, imperias droebiTi mTavroba Caudga saTaveSi da da-viT kldiaSvilisTvis aRaravis ecala. [1, 108-11]

mamuliSvilebs ukve sxva safiqrali gauCndaT. kvlav sasworze ido qveynisa da xalxis bedi. aravin icoda ra moჰyveboda didi qveynebis mier msoflios axal gadanawile-bas. kerZod, ra bedi eweoda e.w samuslimano saqarTvelosac da gansakuTrebiT baTums, romelic axla ukve mozrdil ev-ropul qalaqad qceuli da damSvenebuli, kvlav meomari qveynebisa da sxvaTa interesis sagani da sapirwone iyo.

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1. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, № 56, saq. 123.

2. d. kldiaSvili, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi, 1980. 3. aWaris saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 1 a, aRw. 1, saq. 245.

Otar Gogolishvili

Professor of Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Davit Kldiashvili _ a Person, Who Fought for Inculcation and

Consolidation of Georgian traditions in Batumi

Summary On boundary of 19th and 20th century " The Breeze of New life"

invaded in Batumi's military part and amened in life of Russian army. Officers, who were progressive thinking ,started to look at the military service with another side. Liberalism and value of humanity started advancing. On this background officers, who were fighting for freedom were imposed double responsibility. In military parts they had to consolidate soldiers to fight for unity, they had to give them elementary education and vital knowledge. The main was human ideals, because military parts were international.

The history has reserved many names of officers, who were served in military parts of Batumi, but many of them are still unknown. The head of military is considered great Georgian writer, humanist, public man, lieutenant-colonel Davit Kldiashvili. Exactly from his memoirs we find out about situation in Batumi's military parts, about facts and people

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SoTa vadaWkoria

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri

sabWouri avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli

sinamdvile (werili II)

osi separatistebis mier 1921 wlis seqtemberSi miRebu-li `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis konstituciisadmi darTuli `mokle ganmartebiTi baraTi~ 5 nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1)`samxreT oseTis~ geografiuli mdeba-reoba da mosaxleobis raodenoba; 2)`samxreT oseTis~ ekono-mikuri mdgomareoba da misi mosaxleobis kulturuli ganvi-Tarebis done; 3)istoriul _socialuri ganviTareba; 4)`sam-xreT oseTis~ RaribTa revoluciuri brZolis istoria da 5)daskvna.

aRniSnuli dokumentis pirveli nawiliT, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis teritori-ad, osebis mier 6-8 seqtembers miRebuli proeqtiT gavle-buli sazRvaria miCneuli, romlis mixedviTac, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi goris, du-SeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebis didi nawilia Setani-li. am teritoriis farglebSia moazrebuli osuri mosax-leobis is statistikuri monacemebi, romelic 1917 wlis aRweras eyrdnoba da romlis mixedviTac, imave dokumen-tSi osTa raodenoba 92100 kaciTaa gansazRvruli. `mokle ganmartebiTi baraTis~ gansakuTrebuli tendenciuroba imaSiac mdgomareobs, rom masSi araferia naTqvami im 47 qarTuli soflis Sesaxeb, romlebic osebma TviTneburad `samxreT oseTis~ respublikis SemadgenlobaSi moaqcies. isini qarTvelTa ricxobrivi raodenobis Sesaxebac du-mils amjobinebdnen. arada, 1917 wlis aRweris mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa respublikad moazrebul teri-toriaze mcxovrebi qarTvelebis raodenoba aSkarad sWar-bobda osebs. magaliTad: TamaraSenis, cxinvalis, wunaris, dirbis, avlevis, mereTis, ortevis, beloTis sasoflo sa-

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zogadoebebSi 11619 qarTveli da 1100 osi cxovrobda rac Seexeba uSualod goris mazraSi kompaqturad dasaxlebu-li osebis raodenobas, imave aRweris mixedviT 32 aTas suls Seadgenda. aseTi faqtebis win wamoweva os separa-tistebs xels ar aZlevda, radgan `mokle ganmartebiT ba-raTSi~ `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respub-likis Seqmnis aucileblobis dasasabuTeblad, eTnogra-fiuli, geografiuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebis `erTia-nobis~ damajerebel fons ver Seqmnidnen. imave `mokle ganmartebiTi baraTis~ meoTxe nawili, ZiriTadad 1917-1921 wlebs exeba da masSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebis lanZRva_ ginebaa wina planze wamoweuli. imavdroulad, faqtebisa da movlenebis Segnebulad dama-xinjebidan gamomdinare, araobieqtur Sefasebebs Seicavs. am fonzea gakeTebuli dokumentis 4 punqtiani Semajamebe-li daskvniTi nawili, romlis mixedviTac; 1)osebis mier Sedgenili sazRvris proeqtis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, a)TiT-qos erT mTlian erTeuls warmoadgenda; b)misi mosaxleoba eTnografiulad erTgvarovani iyo; g)ramdenadac aq macxov-rebel osebs, maTi `mtkicebiT~ gansakuTrebuli erovnuli, yofiTi Tvisebebi da specifikuri niSnebi axasiaTebda, aRniS-nuli teritoriidan `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialistu-ri respublikis Seqmna aucileblobad iyo gamocxadebuli. am SemTxvevaSi osi separatistebi aSkarad tyuodnen, im mxriv, rom saqarTveloSi_ Sida qarTlSi geografiuli da istori-uli TvalsazrisiT `samxreT oseTi~ ar arsebobda. aqedan ga-momdinare, goris, duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebisadmi xelovnurad CamoWrili teritoriebis safuZvelze Sekowiwe-buli `samxreT oseTis~ politikuri warmonaqmni_ geogra-fiuli, hidrografiuli da orografiuli pirobebis gaTva-liswinebiT, erT mTlian erTeulad ver CaiTvleboda. amis Sesaxeb Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari b. kvirkvelia, saqarTvelos revkomisadmi wardgenil moxsenebaSi (1921 wlis 27 seqtemberi) xazgasmiT werda: `samxreT oseTi_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi,_ rogorc mTliani geografiu-li erTeuli ar arsebobs. aris mxolod osebiT dasaxlebu-li calke raionebi, romelTac urTierT Soris araviTari damokidebuleba ara aqvs_ arc geografiulad da arc eko-nomiurad. TiToeuli am raionTagani warmoadgens ganuyo-fel organul nawils sxvadasxva geografiul da sameur-neo provinciebisas. es raionebi erTi meorisgan daSore-

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buli arian gadauvali mTebiT da amasTanave TiToeul maT-gans aqvs sruliad Tavisufali gamosavali mxolod barSi. isini erTi meores mowyvetilni arian wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime TviT da TiToeuli maTgani ekonomiurad dakav-Sirebulia im velTan, romelTanac dakavSirebulia geog-rafiulad.~ aRniSnuli debulebis dasadastureblad, igi-ve b.kvirkvelia im geografiul da topografiul faqto-rebs asaxelebs, romelic goris, duSeTis da raWis mazre-bis urTierTdakavSirebas SeuZlebels xdida. mis mier mo-tanili monacemebis mixedviT; 1)goris mazrasa da misi mo-sazRvre raWis mazris Casavlis sazogadoebas, ramdenadac erTmaneTisagan 9000 futis simaRlis mTebi hyofda, Casav-lis sazogadoebis mcxovrebT ekonomikuri kavSirurTier-Tobis daWera mxolod onis raionTan SeeZlo (10-7 versiT oyo dacilebuli); 2)goris mazris osebiT dasaxlebul soflebs, duSeTis mazris kobis raionis osebis soflebi-sagan 11333 futis simaRlis mTebi acalkevebda, romlis sauReltexilo gza wlis ganmavlobaSi 7-8 Tvis manZilze Tovlis safariT iketeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, goris mazrasTan kobis raions aranairi ekonomikuri urTierTo-ba ar gaaCnda. igi faqtobrivad duSeTis mazrasTan iyo da-kavSirebuli; 3)goris mazris osebiT dasaxlebuli didi da patara liaxvis da frones xeobebi (aq 32000 suli osi cxov-robda), ekonomikurad erTmaneTisgan iyo mowyvetili. mag. yornis_ wunaris raioni e.i. frones saTave, am mdinaris xeobiT mxolod qarelis raions- tirifonas ukavSirdebo-da. didi liaxvis xeobidan mas 6230_ 5684 futis simaRlis rusTav- zarikojaxis qedi hyofda. rac Seexeba didi da pa-tara liaxvis xeobebs, 11000_ 6000 futis simaRlis mTebiT iyo gamoyofili, zamTarSi sacalfexo bilikebic iketebo-da da erTmaneTisgan sruliad mowyvetilni iyvnen. samagi-rerod, orografiulad, hidrografiulad, geografiu-lad da rac mTavaria, kargi saurme gziT qarelis vels ukavSirdeboda.

Cvens mier zemoT motanili faqtebis gaTvaliswine-bidan gamomdinare, imave moxsenebaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnu-li rom, `adgilobrivi topografiuli da sameurneo piro-bebi... SeuZleblad xdian qarTlis da raWis osuri mosax-leobisgan erTi mazris gamokveTas, radgan osebis mier da-saxlebuli raionebi moklebuli arian geografiul mTli-anobas da Seadgenen geografiulad da ekonomiurad sxva-dasxva provinciebis nawilebs. aseTi CamonaWrebidan xe-

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lovnurad Semdgari administraciuli erTeulis Seqmna ganuxorcieleblad unda CaiTvalos topografiuli pi-robebis gamo da sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba am raionebis sa-meurneo mdgomareobas.~

rac Seexeba meore sakiTxs_ osi separatistebis mier `samxreT oseTad~ moazrebuli teritoriis farglebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba TiTqos erTgvarovani (osuri) iyo, im etapze sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda da isini aqac tyuodnen. amis damadasturebeli faqtebi b.kvirkvelias imave moxsene-baSia motanili. konkretulad Tu romel raionebSi cxov-robda kompaqturad dasaxlebuli osebi, amis Sesaxeb doku-mentSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTveloSi osebi mosaxleoben: 1) goris mazraSi_ didi liaxvis xeobaSi sof. kexvamdis, xolo am soflidan dawyebuli samxreTiT marto qarTvelebiT da-saxlebuli soflebia, sadac osebis ricxvi mcxovrebTa 15 % ar aRemateba; 2) patara liaxvis xeobaze, sofel vanaTamdis; vanaTs zeviTac CrdiloeTiT mdebareoben ramdenime qarTu-li soflebi: beloTi, ori xoSura, sacxene, awrisxevi da sxva; 3) mdinare frones saTaveze yornisis da wunaris raionebSi, sadac osTa mosaxleoba mcxovrebTa 88 % ar aRemateba; 4) du-SeTis mazraSi _ md. aragvis da qsnis saTaveze; 5)raWis mazra-Si_ mdinare jejoras saTaveze. TiToeul am raions erTi me-orisgan yofs gadauvali mTebi da maTi dakavSireba geogra-fiul _ topografiuli mizezebiT SeuZlebelia.~ am fqtebis wina planze wamoweviT, osi separatistebis mier siyalbeze agebul `mtkicebulebebs~ b.kvirkveliam mkacri ganaCeni ga-moutana. unda aRiniSnos, rom TavianTi miznebis ganxorcie-lebaSi, zemoT dasaxelebuli xelSemSleli dabrkolebebis mniSvnelobas, osebis partiuli elita SesaniSnavad acnobie-rebda. amitom, geografiulad da ekonomikurad erTmaneTis-gan mowyvetili soflis sazogadoebebis xelovnurad dakav-Sirebas daCqarebuli tempiT maqsimalurad cdilobda. amis damadastureblad, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier saqar-Tvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetisadmi wardgenili moxseneba (1921 wlis 12 maisi) gamodgeba. am dokumentis mi-xedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi kategoriuli formiT mo-iTxovda, raTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebas dauyovnebliv daewyo saurme gzis mSenebloba cxinvali _ rokis, cxinvali _ kudaros, cxinvali_ beloTis, cxinvali _ yornisis da sxva mimarTulebiT.[1, 167]

Cems mier motanili faqtebis gaTvaliswinebidan ga-momdinare, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom 1) gareg-

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nuli moCvenebiTi fasadis Seqmnis mizniT, osi separatis-tebi `samxreT oseTis~ politikur erTeulSi moazrebuli teritoriis farglebSi mcxovrebi qarTuli, ebrauli da somxuri mosaxleobis arsebobas Segnebulad ukeTebda ig-norirebas. 2) `mokle ganmartebiTi baraTis~ daskvnis mixed-viT, `samxreT oseTis~ klasobrivi dayofisa da mSromeli ma-sebis Segnebis xarisxi TiTqos imdenad maRali iyo, rom igi savsebiT uzrunvelyofda respublikis kulturuli da eko-nomikuri Zalebis normalur ganviTarebas; 3) `samxreT ose-Tis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmna, sabWoTa xe-lisuflebis mmarTvelobaSi `samxreT oseTis~ mSromelTa mi-sazidad sasurvel niadags Seqmnida. xels Seuwyobda skole-bis, sasamarTlosa da sxva dawesebulebebis nacionalizaci-as, im `erovnuli Cagvris~ grZnobis aRmofxvras, romelsac osebi TiTqos damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droidan ganic-dida.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, ismeba kiT-xva: a) saqarTveloSi osi mSromeli masebis Segnebis xaris-xi Tuki imdenad maRali iyo, rom igi osebis respublikis kulturuli da ekonomikuri Zalebis normalur ganviTa-rebas uzrunvelyofda, ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda am mxriv ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali Crdilo kavkasiis oseTis osuri mosaxleoba. samecniero literaturaSi da-dasturebulia, rom osebis istoriul samSobloSi im etapze ara Tu respublikis, aramed avtonomiuri olqis Sesaxebac sityvis Tqmasac ver bedavdnen; b) osebis sabWo-Ta respublikis Seqmna, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mmarTve-lobaSi Tuki osebis mizidvis, skolebis, sasamarTlosa da sxva dawesebulebebis nacionalizaciis niadagis Seqmnis saukeTeso saSualeba gaxdeboda, Crdilo kavkasiis oseTis mosaxleoba am moTxovnas sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe ratom ar ayenebda? riT iyo ganpirobebuli maTi dumili Crdilo kavkasiis oseTSi, osuri saxelmwifo war-monaqmnis arSeqmnasTan mimarTebaSi? es kiTxvebi XX sau-kunis 20-iani wlebis arc os separatistebs, arc sabWoTa istoriografias da miTumetes dRevandel os istoriko-sebs ar dausvams. bunebrivia, igi dRemde maTi mxridan pa-suxgaucemeli rCeba.

saqarTvelos `waRma-ukurma gadaxvnis~ mizniT, krem-lis maRalCinosnebi os separatistebs gaavebul avCarka-saviT saqarTveloSi `ayefebdnen,~ xolo saqarTvelos ma-Sindeli marionetuli xelisufleba da kavbiuro am `ye-

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fis~ monuri Semsrulebeli iyo. qarTveli eris saxelmwi-foebrivi interesebi, qarTvelebze Semomwyral naqarTve-lar gabolSevikebul politikosTa kaprizebs ewireboda. miuxedavad amisa, rusi da osi istorikosebi qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg usafuZvlo braldebebs dRemde mimarTaven. au-gad ixsenieben im ers, romelsac osuri eTnosisa da misi kul-turis gadarCenaSi lomis wili aqvs Setanili. 4) imave `mokle ganmartebiTi baraTis~ daskvnis mixedviT, `samxreT oseTi-saTvis~ Tavisufali, warmatebuli kulturuli da ekonomi-kuri ganviTarebis pirobebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seiqmne-boda, Tuki `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi Sereuli mosax-leobis im soflebs Seiyvandnen, romlebic `samxreT oseT-Tan~ TiTqos organulad iyo dakavSirebuli, mis erTad _ erT kulturul da ekonomikur centrs warmoadgenda.[2, 163]

osi separatistebi aqac tyuodnen, radgan a) im teri-toriis farglebSi, romlis mixedviTac `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa respublikis Seqmnas apirebdnen, goris, duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi arsebuli osur- qarTuli soflebis organulad erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, geogra-fiuli, hidrografiuli da orografiuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, rogorc zemoTac gvqonda miTiTebuli, im etapze SeuZlebeli iyo; b) isini arafers ambobdnen goris mazris im 47 wminda qarTuli soflis Sesaxeb, romelic osebs `samxreT oseTis~ respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Se-yavda. zemoaRniSnuli dokumentis SedgeniT, osma separa-tistebma faqtiurad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTav-robis mimarT 1919 wels wayenebuli pretenziebi `gaacoc-xla.~ Tu maSin kantons iTxovdnen da mis dasabuTebas eko-nomikuri, demografiuli, kulturuli da sxva faqtore-biT cdilobdnen, igive meTodi osuri respublikis Seq-mnis gasamarTleblad moimarjves. risi miRwevac osebma 1918-1920 wlebSi ver SeZles, oficialurad 1921 welidan mis realizacias Seecadnen. osi separatistebis pretenzie-bi imdenad zRvargadacilebul formas atarebda, rom igi ga-sabWoebuli saqarTRvelos xelisuflebis zogierTi maRal-CinosanisaTvisac ki miuRebeli aRmoCnda. am SemTxvevaSi ga-damwyveti roli qarTvelma `nacional_uklonistebma~ Seas-rula, romlis erT_ erTi warmomadgeneli Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari b. kvirkvelia iyo. mis udao Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos, roca Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan osur sakiTxze Seqmnil komisiaSi uaRresad mcodne da am problematikaSi siRrmiseulad Caxeduli pirovneba _ gr.

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gvelesiani sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze rom iqna daniS-nuli. maTi erToblivi muSaobis Sedegs warmoadgenda is mox-senebiTi baraTi, romlis Sesaxebac zemoTac mqonda saubari da romelic 1921 wlis 27 seqtembers saqarTvelos revkoms gansaxilvelad gadaegzavna. imave moxsenebisadmi Tandar-Tul werilSi (xels xaxanaSvili da gr.gvelesiani awerda) vkiTxulobT: `Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, komisa-ris davalebiT... gigzavniT moxsenebas samxreT- oseTis cal-ke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb da gTxovT igi SeitanoT revkomis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad.~ saqarTve-los revkomis fondebSi daculi masalebis Seswavlis miuxe-davad, misi ganxilvis faqts ver mivakvlieT. imave saarqivo masalebiT dasturdeba, rom aRniSnulma uwyebam igi saqar-Tvelos centralur komitets gadaugzavna. am uaRresad sa-yuradRebo moxsenebas, qveynis partiulma organom samwuxa-rod ignorireba gaukeTa. es gakvirvebas ar unda iwvevdes im TvalsazrisiT, rom aseTi saxis dokumentis SeqmniT, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati saqarTvelos revkomis, cen-traluri komitetisa da kavbiuros pozicias aSkarad daupi-rispirda. igi ara Tu `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialis-turi respublikis, aramed `samxreT oseTis~ administra-ciuli samazro erTeulis mizanSewonilobasac ki SeuZ-leblad miiCnevda. `samxreT oseTis calke administraci-ul erTeulad gamoyofa samazro erTeulis uflebebiT_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi,_ geografiuli da ekonomiuri mosazrebebiT, sakiTxis detalurad Seswavlis Semdeg Si-nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats SeuZleblad miaCnia... xelovnuri gamokveTa samazro erTeulis osebisaTvis go-ris, duSeTis da raWis mazrebidan SeuZlebelia. maSasada-me, osebis mosaxleoba TiToeuli am mazrebisa unda dar-Ces im mazraSi, romelSiac iyo aqnobamdis. amasTanave, Ti-Toeul am raionSi garda wvrili administraciuli erTeu-lisa _ Temisa, unda Seiqmnas saraiono erTeuli. aseTebi iqneba: Casavlis- raWis mazraSi; kobisa _ duSeTis mazra-Si; yornisisa, wunarisa, didi liaxvis xeobisa da patara liaxvis xeobisa _ goris mazraSi. amave dros TiToeuli am mazris revkomSi osur mosaxleobas eyoleba warmomad-geneli, romelic daicavs osTa interesebs mTeli mazris masStabiT.~

Tuki Cems mier zemoT motanil amonawers Caukvirde-biT, masSi ori ZiriTadi sakiTxis gamoyofa SeiZleba: a) osuri samazro administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis SeuZ-

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leblobis mtkiceba; b) goris, duSeTisa da raWis mazrebSi mxolod osuri wvrili Temebisa da 6 saraiono (anu sazo-gadoebis) erTeulis arsebobis daSvebis mizanSewoniloba. am SemTxvevaSi, b. kvirkvelia damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sakonstitucio komisiis mier eTnikuri umciresobebis mowyobis Sesaxeb 1920 wels damtkicebul saTemo-saerobo TviTmmarTvelobiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs sTava-zobda osebs. osuri sakiTxis am formatSi gadawyveta, ga-sabWoebuli saqarTvelos revkomisa da kavbiuros xel-mZRvanelobisaTvis principulad iyo miuRebeli. arsebu-li dokumenturi masalis Seswavlis Sedegad iseTi STabeWdi-leba iqmneba, rom Sida qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis adminis-traciuli erTeulis formis SerCevas, zemoaRniSnul saxe-lisuflebo organoebs TiTqos romeliRac zemdgomi uwyeba karnaxobda. es niuansi osi separatistebisaTvis im etapze Se-umCneveli ar darCenila da winaswar dasaxuli miznebis gan-saxorcieleblad_Sida qarTlSi osuri politikuri warmo-naqmnis Sesaqmnelad SesaSuri energiiT muxlCauxrelad moq-medebdnen. siyalbeze agebuli moxsenebebiT, umaRles parti-ul organoebSi delegacias_ delegaciaze agzavnidnen. amis udao Sedegs kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtombris sxdomis dad-genileba warmoadgens, romelic S. eliavas moxsenebis safuZ-velze iqna miRebuli. am dokumentis pirveli muxli geogra-fiulad ararsebul `samxreT oseTs~ avtonomiuri olqis uf-lebebs aniWebda.[2, 67; 3, 106] es faqti, xelisuflebis umaR-les eSelonebSi osuri sakiTxis araoficialurad winaswar gadawyvetaze mianiSnebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, im etapze problemis safuZvlianad Seuswavleloba da cxinvalis raio-nis qarTuli mosaxleobis principuli pozicia, nebismieri dampyroblis mier dasmul xelisuflebasac ki, auCqareblo-bisa da kompromisuli gzebis Ziebis aucileblobis winaSe da-ayenebda. am mimarTulebiT nabijis argadadgma imis dadastu-rebaa, rom kavbiuro, sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufalTa uSualo dakveTas asrulebda da osebisaTvis Tavis droze veqsilis saxiT micemuli dapirebis daCqarebuli tempiT Sesrulebas moiTxovda. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom kavbiuros zemoaRniSnuli dadgenileba, osi separatistebis udidesi gamarjveba iyo. maTi Zalisxmevisa da sabWoTa ruseTis ma-RalCinosanTa mfarvelobis Sedegad, avtonomiuri olqis statusi geografiulad ararsebul da xelovnurad gamogo-nil eTnoistoriul saxelwodebas amofarebul `samxreT oseTs~ mieniWa. ramdenadac kavbiuro im etapze umaRles

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mmarTvelobiT organod iTvleboda, misi dadgenileba saqar-Tvelos yvela saxelisuflebo uwyebisaTvis savaldebulo iyo. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, osuri av-tonomiiis statusi kavbiurom yovelgvari sajaro ganxilvis, Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobisa da saqarTvelos saxel-mwifoebrivi interesebis ignorirebiT winaswarve gadawyvi-ta. amierkavkasiis umaRlesi saxelisuflo organos_ kavbiu-ros mier miRebuli es dadgenileba, im periodis opoziciu-rad ganwyobili politikuri azris warmomadgenelebma dis-kusiis saganad aqcia. maTi damsaxureba imaSiac mdgomareobs, rom osuri avtonomiis statusTan mimarTebaSi TiTqmis `ga-saidumloebuli~ formiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, pre-sis furclebze gamoitanes da qarTuli sazogadoeba saqmis kursSi Caayenes. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gazeT `socialist-federalistSi~ mebrZolis fsevdonimiT dabeW-dili publikacia _ `presis magier~ iqcevs. masSi gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba saqarTveloSi erovnuli sakiTxis gadaW-ris mniSvnelobazea gamaxvilebuli. am fonze, mcire erovnu-li jgufebis dacvisa da misi ufleba_ movaleobebis aRia-rebis dasmis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda yofiliyo gaTva-liswinebuli eTnikur umciresobebis ama Tu im qveyanaSi xe-lovnurad Casaxlebis procesi, e.i. misi araaborigenoba. ima-ve avtoris mtkicebiT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs _ gansakuTrebiT osebs, erovnul ufle-bebze yalbi warmodgena qondaT. qarTvelebTan mimarTeba-Si maTi yoveli moqmedeba siZulvilis da revanSis saxes atarebda. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, osebisaTvis javis saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis formirebaze saubars igi danaSaulebriv qmedebad miiCnevda da iqve dasZenda: a) dauyovnebliv gaetarebinaT praqtikuli zo-mebi, raTa saqarTveloSi partikularizms gasavali ar qo-noda; b) SenarCunebuli yofiliyo saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifos teritoriuli erTianoba. `mci-re erebs _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _ unda mieces ara poli-tikur _ saxelmwifoebrivi, aramed kulturuli uflebe-bi. mcire erovnuli jgufebis politika unda ganisaz-Rvros personaluri politikis principiT, rac... Seina-xavs saqarTvelos, rogorc mTlian arsebas da mianiWebs mcire erebs kulturuli cxovrebis garantiebs.~ am amona-weris mixedviT kargad Cans, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis da maT Soris osebisaTvis, werilis avtori mxolod kulturuli avtonomiiis mini-

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Webaze acxadebda Tanxmobas da am mimarTulebiT gadad-gmuli nabiji, mas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTliano-bis SenarCunebis garantad miaCnda. sxva mxriv, osuri problemis gadawyvetas, maSindeli opoziciuri politi-kuri azris mesveurebi SeuZleblad Tvlidnen, radgan Si-da qarTlSi osuri avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis aRmocene-bas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sawinaaRmde-god gadadgmul nabijad ganixilavdnen. aRniSnul sakiT-xTan mimarTebaSi gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas p.mirianaSvilis statia òsebis sa-kiTxis gamo~ iqcevs. avtoris azriT, saqarTvelos teri-toria bedmlaSe, bedSavi, bedkruli da bedmwiri gamodga. am èpitetebidan~ igi gansakuTrebiT bedmwirs gamoyofda da iqve dasZenda; ès saxifaTo sityvaa da imas niSnavs, rom xalxi iyves Tavis qveyanaSi, magram mas aravin arafrad ag-debdes,... imis qveynis bedi sxvis xelT iyves.~ p.mirianaSvi-lis es Tvalsazrisi sinamdviles rom Seesabameba, amas Cvens mier zemoT motanili saarqivo masalebic adastu-rebs. marTlacda, osuri sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, saqarTve-los maSindeli xelisufleba da kavbiuro, Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobisa da TviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebs naklebad iTvaliswinebda. xelisuflebis ideo-logiuri propaganda osebis sasargeblod muSaobda. am fonze xdeboda yvela im debulebebis ignorireba, romelic saR azrovnebaze iyo dafuZnebuli da osuri Sovinizmis mxilebas, misgan gamomdinare mosalodneli safrTxis dasa-buTebas Seicavda. miuxedavad amisa, xelisuflebisadmi opo-ziciurad ganwyobili qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi cdas ar aklebda da Seusmenel mdgomareobaSi myofi gasabWoe-buli saqarTvelos mmarTvel wreebs, presis saSualebiT Seax-senebda: 1)Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, rao-denobrivad osebi umciresobas warmoadgendnen; 2)Sida qar-TlSi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg gamefebuli Sovninizmi Seuwyna-rebeli iyo; 3)oseTi saqarTveloSi ki ara, CrdiloeT kavkasia-Si unda eZiaT. problemis am mimarTulebiT gaSuqebis fonze, p.mirianaSvili bolSevikuri ideologiis mesveurTa misamar-TiT imave statiaSi gamwyrali toniT werda: `dRes araviTari samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs. arian mxolod qar-TvelTa Soris Camosaxlebuli osebi, romelnic maCablebs da sxva memamuleebs TavianTi piradi sargeblobisaTvis mkvidri glexebis dasaCagrad xiznebad SemouyvaniaT. saqarTvelos osebis avtonomia iseTi absurdia, romelic dauskvnia an did

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veragobas,... an did gulubryvilobas... erovnul_ kulturu-li ganviTareba saqarTvelos osebis jer aravis Seuferxebia da arc momavalSi Seferxdeba. istoria gveubneba, rom jer ki-dev meTvramete saukuneSi vaxtang sjulmdebelis TaosnobiT xucuri asoebiT daubeWdiaT osuri saeklesio wignebi osebi-saTvis. cilis wameba iqneba qarTvelebs vuwodoT Sovinisti. sxva erovnebebis moZule.~

Cems mier motanili es vrceli amonaweri, obieqturi si-zustiT asaxavs sinamdviles. amitom iyo, rom osuri avtono-miis momxreebma, p.mirianaSvilis vercerTi debuleba ver gaa-baTiles. statiis avtoris mimarT isini mxolod muqariTa da `socialist _ Sovinistad~ gamocxadebiT dakmayofildnen. amis dadasturebas gazeT `komunistSi~ dabeWdili mowinave statia_ `socialist _ Sovinistebi~ warmoadgens. aRniSnu-li publikaciidan irkveva, rom gazeT `tribunaSi~ dabeWdi-li p.mirianaSvilis statia, am gazeTis daxurvis erT- erTi mizezTagani gamxdara. gazeT `komunistis~ redaqciis azriT, p.mirianaSvilis Tavxedobas `sabWoTa mTavrobam lmobieri pasuxi gasca da mxolod gazeTis SeCerebiT dakmayofilda. mirianaSvilebs aqedan is daskvna gamohyavT, rom ganaxlebul gazeTSiac nacionalizmis ali ar unda Caqres... es iwereba sabWoTa respublikaSi, ibeWdeba sabWoTa stambaSi, sabWoTa qaRaldze.~ am mimarTulebiT obieqturi saxis statiebi rom ar gamoqveynebuliyo, p.mirianaSvilis msgavsi saRad moaz-rovne adamianebis mimarT, gazeTi `komunisti~ sabWoTa xeli-suflebas Semdegi saxis `samkurnalo recepts~ sTavazobda: `sruli WeSmariteba iqneba _ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ zog sa-arqivo socialists vuwodoT Sovinisti da maSasadame moveq-ceT Sesaferisad. ar gavafuWebinoT qaRaldi erovnuli si-Zulvilis gasaRviveblad, davasadguroT sxva arqivSi, sadac is ramdenimeT mainc igrZnobs mSromelTa diqtaturas, rom-lis daniSnulebaa iseTi mdgomareoba Sehqmnas sabWoTa sa-qarTveloSi, rom marTla `diogenes fanriT~ saZebari gaxdes inteligenti Sovinisti.~ am amonaweris mixedviT, p.mirianaS-vili, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT sajarod iqna damuSave-buli da simarTlis TqmisaTvis, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtrad gamocxadda. aseTi fonis SeqmniT gazeT `komunistis~ igive saredaqcio werili petre mirianaSvilisa da msgavsi in-teligentebis mimarT, xelisuflebis mxridan represiuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas moiTxovda. saxelisuflebo ofici-oziT gakeTebuli aseTi muqarisa da Sida qarTlis osi sepa-ratistebisadmi lobirebis miuxedavad, mmarTveli politi-

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kuri partiis mcdari erovnuli politikis mxilebas, opozi-ciurad ganwyobili maSindeli politikuri Zalebi kvlavac ganagrZobda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas T.Rlon-tis statia òsebis avtonomia~ iqcevs. didZali faqtobrivi masalis analizis safuZvelze, aRniSnul publikaciaSi da-sabuTebuli iyo, rom Sida qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~ av-tonomiuri politikuri erTeulis Seqmna danaSaulebriv qmedebas warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, xelisufle-bis mesveurT igi kategoriuli formiT Seaxsenebda,_ sa-qarTvelos sxeulze avtonomiebis Seqmnis eqsperimente-bis Catarebas maqsimalurad morideboda, radgan yoveli axali saxelmwifo warmonaqmni qveynisaTvis samomavlod damRupveli Sedegebis momtani aRmoCndeboda. am debule-bis dasasabuTeblad T.Rlontma dawvrilebiT ganixila sa-qarTveloSi osebis Camosaxlebisa da qarTul miwebze maTi gansaxlebis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi. dokumentur masa-laze dayrdnobiT motanili faqtebis safuZvelze, osuri sakiTxis merkantilizmis poziciidan ganxilva kategori-uli formiT dagmo da problemis gadasawyvetad, saqar-Tvelos sinamdvilisaTvis misaRebi gza SesTavaza xeli-suflebas. misi samarTliani mtkicebiT, ramdenadac osebi saqarTvelos mkvidr mosaxleobas ar warmoadgenda da Si-da qarTlSi sxvadasxva dros iyvnen Camosaxlebulni, te-ritoriuli avtonomiis nacvlad maTTvis kulturuli av-tonomia unda miecaT. aseTi poziciis dafiqsirebis para-lelurad, T.Rlontma sazogadoebis im nawilis winaaRmde-gac gailaSqra, romlebic Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxle-bul mTian zonas òseTad~ moixseniebda. `Cvens sazogado-ebaSi~ _ wers T. Rlonti _ xSirad gaigonebT xsenebas òseTi.~ rasakvirvelia, saqarTveloSi oseTi ar arsebobs, es bavSmac icis mSobliuri geografiidan, magram arian osebi, gansakuTrebiT goris mazraSi Casaxlebulebi, ro-melTac msxvilma memamuleebma misces samuSao adgilebi.~ rac Seexeba goris mazraSi osTa raodenobis garkvevas, am mizniT T.Rlontma 1886 wlis saojaxo aRweris statistika gamoiyena. mis mier motanili cifrebis mixedviT, cxinval-Si, suramSi, xidisTavSi, mejvrisxevsa da borjomSi 1727 qarTveli da 547 osi cxovrobda. imave monacemebiT, cxin-valis sammarTvelo ubanSi, osTa raodenoba 63 % ar aRema-teboda. aRniSnuli ubani 37 sasoflo sazogadoebad iyo dayofili, romelSiac 198 qarTuli sofeli Sedioda. ase-Ti preambulis Semdeg, T.Rlonti cxinvalis ubnis 37 sa-

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soflo sazogadoebis mcxovrebTa erovnuli Semadgenlo-bis garkvevas Seecada. mis mier motanili statistikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, zemoaRniSnul sasoflo sazoga-doebebSi 53045 qarTveli da 33683 osi cxovrobda. iqve isi-caa dazustebuli, rom 37 sasoflo sazogadoebidan 15 wminda qarTuli, xolo 22 osuri sazogadoeba iyo. aRniS-nulidan gamomdinare, 33 aTasi osisaTvis Sida qarTlSi teritoriuli avtonomiis micema T. Rlonts SeuZleblad miaCnda. `rasakvirvelia _ wers igi, _ laparakic ki SeuZ-lebelia osebis avtonomiaze, rogorc politikur siste-maze. ra Taqma unda es imas ar niSnavs, rom osebis kultu-rul_ nacionaluri uflebebisaTvis ar vizrunoT. maTi deda ena, adaTi, Cveuleba, skola, mmarTveloba farTo ad-ministraciuli TviTmmarTvelobis fargliT... unda mieni-Wos, rogorc yvela SesamCnev eTnikur Zalas. sxva ufle-bebze laparaki faqtiurad SeuZlebelia... didi sifrTxi-le gvmarTebs aseTi sakiTxis gadaWrisas.~ am debulebis sisworis dasadastureblad igi saqarTvelos samxreT_ aRmosavleTis regions asaxelebda da iqve dasZenda; `sa-qarTveloSi Cven ara erT sazogadoebas vnaxavT, gansakuT-rebiT borCalos mimarTulebiT, axalqalaqisa da axalci-xis xaziT da yvelgan Tu avtonomiaze vilaparakeT, maSin deda saqarTvelo dagvrCeba diogenes fanriT saCxreki. aseT politikas unda veridoT, Tundac es droebiTi taq-tikuri zoma iyos.~

aRniSnuli faqtebidan gamomdinare, T. Rlonti ara marto osebisaTvis, aramed saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis politikuri avtonomiis micemis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo. misaRebad mxolod kul-turuli avtonomia miaCnda da saqarTvelos teritoriu-li mTlianobis SenarCunebis samomavlo garants, praqti-kulad mis realizaciaSi xedavda. es saRi azri, kosmopo-litizmis WaobSi Cafluli maSindeli gasabWoebuli sa-qarTvelos xelisuflebisa da misi ideologebisaTvis mi-uRebeli aRmoCnda. amis erT_ erT dadasturebas gazeT `ko-munistSi~ r.k. (raJden kalaZe) fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli statiebis seria `erovnuli politika Tu klasobrivi?~ war-moadgens. werilis avtoris `mtkicebiT~, yovelgvari saxis erovnuli politika wvrilburJuaziuli iyo da nacionaliz-mis elementebs Seicavda. aqedan gamomdinare, kategoriuli formiT uaryofda saxelmwifoebriv erovnul_ politikur kurss da upiratesobas klasobrivs aniWebda. am fonze, damo-

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ukidebeli saqarTvelos (1918-1921 ww.) mTavrobis mier eTni-kuri umciresobebis mimarT miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqte-bis mixedviT gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, mis mier sabWoTa xe-lisuflebisaTvis miuReblad iyo gamocxadebuli. `Cven bev-rjer vTqviT da exlac vimeorebT_ werda igi,_ rom Cveni xalxi menSevizmiT da nacionalizmiT ukve mowamlulia. ami-tom,... am sawamlavisgan ganTavisuflebuli unda iqnas.~ am `seniT daavadmyofebul~ politikur mimdinareobaTa Soris, r.kalaZe memarcxene socialist _ federalistebsac asaxe-lebda. werilis avtori imiT iyo gaRizianebuli, rom memar-cxene socialist _ federalistebma, osi separatistebis Se-tevebisgan Sida qarTlis qarTvelebis dacva da erovnuli saxelmwifosaTvis Sesatyvisi politikuri kursis gatareba saqarTvelos revkomisagan kategoriulad moiTxova. r.kala-ZisaTvis isic miuRebeli aRmoCnda, roca imave socialist- federalistebma `ucxo nacionalizmis gveleSapisadmi Tavis gaWeWyvis~ sakiTxi daayenes da amis aucilebloba Sesabamisi faqtebiT daasabuTes. ramdenadac werilis avtorma memar-cxene socialist_ federalistebis argumentebis gabaTi-leba ver SeZlo, qveynis SigniT Seqmnili urTulesi proble-mis ganxilvas Tavi aarida da msjelobis formas demagogiuri saxe misca. `gamodis, rom qarTvelma xalxma_ wers r.kala-Ze_ Tavi unda gauWeWyos ucxo nacionalizms da ara Sinaurs, e.i. brZola unda gamoucxadon `ucxoelebs~ Tundac isini mu-Sebi iyvnen da es ucxoelebi Tavis saxelmwifoebriv far-glebSi ar gaaWaWanon.~[4] erovnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sa-qarTveloSi arsebuli urTulesi problemebis ganxilvas, r.kalaZe Segnebulad aridebda Tavs da memarcxene socia-list_ federalistTa samarTlian pretenziebs gaukuRmar-Tebuli formiT sTavazobda mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tuki aRniSnul Sefasebas mikerZoebulad miiCneven, aseTma adamianebma pasuxi unda gascen kiTxvas: osebis mier Sida qarTlis qarTul mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi (arasrulwlovanTa Zaldatanebi-Ti gaupatiurebebi, qarTvelebis mizanmimarTulad amoxoc-va, adamianebis sabZelSi dawva, qarTvelTa qonebis dataceba da saxlebis gadawva, mamapapeuli sacxovrisidan qarTvelTa Zalismieri meTodiT gamodevna, qarTveli glexebis kuTvni-li pirutyvisa da Wirnaxulis dataceba da a.S.) saWiroebda Tu ara Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis saxelmwi-foebriv doneze damcavi meqanizmis amoqmedebas, osuri sepa-ratizmisadmi droulad Tavis gaWeWyvas, Tundac aRniSnuli

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danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi osi mSromelebis mier yofiliyo ganxorcielebuli. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom erovnul Rire-bulebebs moklebuli gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos xelisuf-leba da kavbiuro, qarTvelTa yvela samarTlian moTxovnaSi `qarTuli nacionalizmis gveleSaps~ xedavda. saxelmwifoeb-rivi ideologiuri manqana am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad moqme-debda, xolo misi msaxurni, osur avtonomiasTan mimarTebaSi antisaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri kursis gamarTlebas maq-simalurad cdilobda. amis dadasturebas, saqarTvelos Si-nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis Jurnal `moambeSi~ da-beWdili saredaqcio werili_ `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri erTeulis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens. aRniSnuli statia, erTa-derT amocanas_ gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da kavbiuros mcdari, antisaxelmwifoebrivi erovnuli kur-sis gamarTlebas emsaxureboda. masSi motanili ZiriTadi de-bulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1) sabWoTa xelisufleba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis mSromelTa interesebs icavda. es debuleba savsebiT sworia, radgan, rogorc Cvens mier zemoT motanili dokumenturi ma-salebiT iqna dadasturebuli, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eT-nikuri umciresobebis, maT Soris osebis uflebebi da separa-tistuli interesebi maqsimalurad iyo daculi. es xdeboda qarTveli xalxis, Sida qarTlis qarTuli soflis mSromeli mosaxleobis interesebis ignorirebis xarjze; 2) proleta-riatis mtrebi, erTa solidarobis gasatexad nacionaluri SuRlis gaRrmavebas cdilobdnen da provokaciuli saSuale-bebiT osur sakiTxs iyenebdnen. `am provokacias da borot saqmes_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ menSevikebi xelmZRvanelo-ben, romlebsac surT maxvili Cascen sabWoTa mTavrobas.~

nebismieri saRad moazrovne adamiani, romelic Sida qarTlis qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da misadmi daqvemdebarebuli uwyebebis mier gatarebuli teroristuli xasiaTis damadas-turebel saarqivo masalebs, gansakuTrebiT Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan arsebuli komisiis daskvnebs gaecno-ba, dameTanxmeba, rom osebis danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis saaS-karaoze gamotana, provokaciul miznebs namdvilad ar emsa-xureboda. aseTi faqtebis win wamoweviT, memarcxene socia-list_ federalistTa partiis liderebi, osuri separatiz-mis gansakuTrebuli Setevisagan Sida qarTlis qarTuli mo-saxleobis damcavi meqanizmis droulad SemuSavebis da de-mografiuli balansis SenarCunebis saWiroebis aucileblo-

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bas Seaxsenebda arsebul xelisuflebas. progresulad moaz-rovne da erovnul sawyisebze mdgomi pirovnebebis `prole-tariatis mtrebad~ da `nacionaluri SuRlis gamRviveblad~ gamocxadeba, gakvirvebas ar iwvevs, radgan sabWouri ideo-logiis msaxurT, oponentTa dasamarcxeblad dokumenturi masaliT gamagrebuli argumentebi ar gaaCnda. maT mxolod ioli gza airCies da simarTlis mTqmelni maTTvis misaRebi `epitetebiT~ Seamkes. am faqtiT, `boroti saqmis mkeTebel menSevikTa~ siaSi moxvedrili adamianebis winaaRmdeg, repre-siebis gatarebis garkveuli safexuri Seamzades; 3) cxinvali-sa da qarTuli soflebis `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri ol-qisadmi gadacemis winaaRmdeg qarTuli mosaxleobis perma-nentuli xasiaTis protests, igive saredaqcio statia gau-gebrobis da menSevikebis agitacia_ propagandis nayofad acxadebda. `saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobas_ vkiTxulobT werilSi,_ xSirad mosdioda momarTvebi cxinvalis raionis qarTvel mcxovrebTagan imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu cxinvali ose-Tis avtonomiur olqs gadaeca, maSin iq mosaxle qarTvelebs ar SeuZliaT arseboba da mSvidobiani cxovreba. aseTi gan-cxadebebi srul gaugebrobazea aSenebuli. is aris Sedegi menSevikebis nacionalistur_ provokatoruli propagan-da_ agitaciisa. adgilobriv qarTvelebs hgoniaT, rom Tu cxinvali oseTs gadaeca, maSin aRaravin izrunebs maTi inte-resebis dacvaze. maT hgoniaT, rom... saqarTvelos da oseTis avtonomiuri mmarTveloba... angariSs ar gauwevs maT intere-sebs da moTxovnilebebs. aseTi Sexeduleba amtkicebs, rom cxinvalis qarTvelobas kargad ver gauTvaliswinebia ose-Tis avtonomiuri olqis daarsebis namdvili mizezebi.~[5, 20] es iyo gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos politikurad meZavi xe-lisuflebis mier sazogadoebis mosatyueblad sicrueze agebuli propaganda. Tuki saqarTvelosa da `samxreT ose-Tis~ xelisuflebas marTlacda Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa interesebis dacvis survili amoZravebda, ratom araferi ar iRones Sida qarTlSi osuri separatizmis asalagmavad, Sida qarTlis soflebidan gamoqceuli qarTvelebis qone-bisa da saxlkaris dasacavad, mamapapeul sacxovrisze devnilTa ukan dasabruneblad? samwuxaroa, magram faq-tia, rom 1921 wlis martidan 1925 wlis CaTvliT, saqarTve-los revkomis, kavbiuros, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa sa-xalxo komisariatis, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis, sruliad saqarTvelos centra-luri aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier miRebul iseT do-

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kuments ver mivakvlieT, sadac osi separatistebis das-jis, an `samxreT oseTis~ xelmZRvanelobis da misadmi daq-vemdebarebuli uwyebebis damnaSave xelmZRvanelTa sis-xlis samarTlis pasuxisgeblobis sakiTxi iqneboda das-muli. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis da `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saolqo komitetis mier momzadebul moxsenebaSi mxolod Sida qarTlis ose-bis gaWirvebaze, misadmi daxmarebis aucileblobazea yu-radReba gamaxvilebuli. erTi winadadebiTac ar aris nax-senebi Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa gausaZlisi yofis Sesaxeb. isini mxolod menSevikuri ideologiis mimdevrebad, kon-trrevolucionerebad da sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis mi-uRebel elementebad arian gamocxadebulni. aqedan gamom-dinare, am adamianebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebis aucilebloba, imave dokumentebSi pirvelxarisxovan amo-canad iyo miCneuli. am motiviT, `samxreT oseTis~ revko-mis da `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saolqo komitetis xel-mZRvaneloba im qarTvelebs devnida, romlebic Sida qar-Tlis qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobaSi maRali avtorite-tiT sargeblobda, osebis xelisuflebis Zalmomreobas ver urigdeboda da Rirsebis SesanarCuneblad, qarTvele-bis konstituciur farglebSi moqmedebas edga saTaveSi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan, osuri separatizmis asalagmavad da Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa dasacavad, im etapze aranairi meqanizmi ar amoqmedebula; 4)imave stati-aSi cxinvalis da misi mimdebare qarTuli soflebis `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi arSeyvanis qar-TvelTa daJinebuli moTxovna_ srul gaugebrobad, saqmis viTarebis argaTvaliswinebad da absurdad iyo gamocxadebu-li im motiviT, rom q. cxinvali da mTeli `samxreT oseTis~ olqi saqarTvelos respublikas isedac ekuTvnoda. Sida qar-Tlis mTiani zona, romelic ratomRac `samxreT oseTad~ iwodeboda, saqarTvelos ganuyofel teritoriul nawils rom warmoadgenda, es qarTulma mosaxleobam SesaniSnavad icoda. aRniSnuli statiiT iseTi fonia Seqmnili, TiTqos Si-da qarTlis qarTveloba, am mimarTulebiT gaucnobierebeli iyo da misi `swor gzaze~ dayenebis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli statiis avtori garkveul pretenziasac acxadebda.

amrigad, Cvens mier motanili dokumenturi masalis analizidan gamomdinare, Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis Se-saZlebloba gveZleva: 1) `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis par-tkomisa da pasuxismgebeli partiul muSakTa gaerTiane-

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bul sxdomaze (1921 wlis 6- 8 seqtemberi) miRebuli 15 mux-liani `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-kis konstituciis proeqti,~ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi `samxreT oseTis~ respublikis federaciuli principiT Sesvlas iTvaliswinebda. am aqtiT, saqarTvelos xelisuf-lebas, qveynis mowyobis sabWoTa ruseTis federaciis mo-dels sTavazobda osi separatistebi. rac Seexeba imave do-kumentisadmi darTul `mokle ganmartebiT baraTs,~ osu-ri sabWouri respublikis Seqmnis aucileblobis `mtkice-bas~ istoriuli faqtebis gayalbebaze agebda. b. kvirkve-lias mier saqarTvelos revkomisadmi 1921 wlis 27 seqtem-bers wardgenili moxseneba, zemoaRniSnuli osuri proeq-tis ZiriTadi debulebebis mecnierulad dasabuTebul uaryofas Seicavda. masSi naCvenebi iyo: a) `samxreT ose-Tis~ rogorc mTliani geografiuli erTeulis ararsebo-ba; b) ekononmikuri, orografiuli da hidrografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, mezobeli mazrebis CamoWrili teritoriebis bazaze osuri adminis-traciuli da samazro erTeulis Seqmnis SeuZlebloba; g) saqarTvelos sinamdvilidan gamomdinare, mxolod wvri-li osuri Temebis Seqmnis mizanSewoniloba. am moxsenebis mixedviT, Sida qarTlis mTiani zolis osebs b. kvirkvelia, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sakonstitucio komisiis mi-er 1920 wels SemuSavebuli saTemo_ saerobo TviTmmar-TvelobiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs sTavazobda. doku-menturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom osuri sakiTxis aRniSnuli formiT gadawyveta, saqarTvelos revkomisa da kavbiuros xelmZRvanelobisaTvis principulad iyo miu-Rebeli; 2) samTavrobo komisiebis saboloo daskvnis dade-bamde, kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtomberis dadgenilebiT geografiulad ararsebuli `samxreT oseTisaTvis~ avto-nomiuri olqis daCqarebuli tempiT miniWebis faqti, aR-niSnuli organos mxridan, sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufalTa dakveTis Sesrulebaze mianiSnebs. damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, f. 14. aRw. 1, saq. 48, furc. 167.

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2. l. ToiZe, rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri ol-qi, Tbilisi, 1991. 3. a. sonRulaSvili, samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi?!, Tbilisi, 2009. 4. gaz. `komunisti~ 1921, 15 seqtemberi. 5. Jurn. `moambe~ 1922, 28.

Shota Vadachkoria

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of senior research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian Reality (second Letter)

Summary

On the basis of documentary material in the work is stated that: 1)

The “Constitution Project of the South Ossetia Soviet Socialist Republic” received at the united meeting of the revolutionary committee, party committee and high-ranking party members of the “South Ossetia” (September, 2-8, 1921),consisted offifteen paragraphs, aimed uniting “South Ossetian” Republic with Georgia on a federative principle. With this model Ossetian separatists were offering to Georgian government Russian federative model of the government mechanism. 2) B. Kvirkvelia’s paper read at the meeting of the revolutionary committee of Georgia in September, 27, 1921 was scientifically provednegation of the main principles. As for the office of the Caucasuswhogave faster the status of autonomous district (oblast) by resolution (the resolution of October, 31, 1921) to geographically not existing “South Ossetia” (before the decision of the special commission), shows that this political organization carried out an order of the Soviet Russia government.

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lela saraliZe istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis sa-xelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-ti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTno-logiis institutis axali da uaxlesi isto-riis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-Tanam-Sromeli

saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebSi evro-

kavSiris misiis moRvaweobis istoriidan (2008

wlis oqtomberi - 2012)

2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqar-

TveloSi ganxorcielebulma srulmasStabianma samxedro ag-resiam, romelic daiwyo cxinvalis regionSi, xolo meore fronti ruseTis mier gaxsnili iqna afxazeTis regionSi, sam-Svidobo procesis warmarTvis mcdelobebi CaSala. interven-ciis Sedegad, eTnikuri qarTvelebisgan gaiwminda, aseve, ko-doris xeoba. ruseTis xelisuflebis agresiuli reaqcia, sa-qarTvelos nato-Si integraciisken swrafviT iyo gamowveu-li. civi omis Semdeg, evropis saxelmwifoTa liderebi axali safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris ngreva msofliosTvis martivi procesi ar iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, ruseTSi axali ideologiuri proeqti Semu-Savda, rac imperiuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, yofili sab-WoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, pirdapiri an arapirdapiri gziT, ruseTis mmarTvelobis gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad. swored, yofili ssrk-is sazRvrebi miaCnia ruseTis amJamin-del xelisuflebas ruseTis strategiul sazRvrad. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ruseTSi uaryofiTad fasdeba.

2008 wlis agvistos rusuli agresiis Semdeg, konfliq-tis daregulirebis da misi Semdgomi eskalaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris meTvalyureTa misia daarsda. mas Semdeg, rac euTos da gaeros misiebi, ag-vistos omis Semdeg, ruseTis vetos gamo daixura, qarTuli mxare evrokavSiris sadamkvireblo misias usafrTxoebis er-TaderT saerTaSoriso garantad ganixilavs.

evrokavSiris misiis dawyeba evrokavSiris SuamavlobiT miRweuli 12 agvistos 6 punqtiani SeTanxmebis da misi Sesru-lebisTvis saWiro RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb 8 seqtembris SeTan-xmebis Sedegad moxda. evrokavSiris yvela wevri saxelmwifos

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mxardaWeris wyalobiT, misia 200 damkvirvebelTan erTad, mandatis Sesrulebas 2008 wlis 1 oqtombers Seudga. igi ev-rokavSiris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikis istoria-Si drois yvelaze mokle periodSi dawyebuli misiaa. manda-tis mixedviT, evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misia moicavs saqarTvelos mTels teritorias, qveynis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi, magram afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis de faqto xelisuflebebi maT mier kon-trolirebad teritoriebze evrokavSiris damkvirveblebis Sesvlaze uars acxadeben. misiis mandati oTx mniSvnelovan komponents moicavs. esenia: 1. stabilizacia; 2. normaliza-cia; 3. ndobis aRdgena; 4. angariSgeba briuselTan, raTa ev-rokavSiris warmomadgenlebs adgilze arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb zusti informacia hqondeT [1]. normalizacia pirve-li da yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocana iyo, romelic Tavda-pirvelad evrokavSiris misiis wevrebis winaSe idga. moRvawe-obis dasawyisSi misiis mcdelobebi iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom afxazeTTan da e. w. samxreT oseTTan administraciuli sazRvrebis mimdebare teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleo-bis da saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad gadaadgilebulTa cxovreba normalur kalapotSi dabrunebuliyo. evrokavSi-ris damkvirveblebis mier patrulirebis dawyebidan rva dRis Semdeg, administraciuli sazRvris mimdebare terito-riebidan ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gasvlam, daaxloe-biT 30.000 devnils saSualeba misca sakuTar saxlebSi dabru-nebuliyo. Tumca es ar aris sakmarisi saqarTveloSi devnil-Ta didi xnis problemis mosagvareblad. garda wina konfliq-tebis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebulebisa, dResdReobiT 30. 000 devnili kvlav ver axerxebs cxinvalis regionSi mde-bare TavianT saxlebSi dabrunebas. maTi sacxovreblis ume-tesoba 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros ganadgurda.

2008 wlis Semodgomidan, evrokavSiris misias germane-li diplomati hansiorg haberi xelmZRvanelobda. habers, diplomatiur karieraSi saqarTvelosTan Sexeba, pirvelad, 1996 wels mouwia, rodesac is germaniis sagareo saqmeTa sami-nistroSi gaeros misiaSi germaniis monawileobas kurirebda. misi TqmiT, Tbilisidan miRebuli diplomatiuri telegrame-bi yvelaze rTuli iyo da jer kidev maSin esmoda misi kole-gebisgan, rom ruseTi afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTs saqar-Tvelos sakuTar orbitaze dasabruneblad iyenebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT man ganacxada: `ra Tqma unda, ruseTi iyenebda am or de faqto warmonaqmns, raTa saqarTveloze gavlenis

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berketebi hqonoda, Tu es ase iyo, maSin gamodis rom ruseTis mier am ori regionis aRiarebis Semdeg, suraTi Seicvala. Cven gvaqvs ramodenime niSani imisa, rom aRiarebis gadawyve-tileba mwvave davis sagani iyo ruseTis sagareo istebliS-mentSi... ori regionis aRiarebiT ruseTma dakarga is berke-ti, romelsac iyenebda da saqarTvelos aSantaJebda, raTa is sakuTar axlo samezobloSi daebrunebina“ [2].

germaneli diplomatis TqmiT, 2008 wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris sadamkvireblo misiam muSaoba daiwyo, oficialuri pirebi TbilisSi mas eubnebod-nen, rom ruseTs agvistos omis dros sami mizani amoZravebda: 1. daemxo prezidenti saakaSvili; 2. Ziri gamoeTxara saqar-Tvelos energo-satranzito funqciisTvis da samudamod Se-eSala xeli saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebisTvis. haberis azriT, `TamaSi, romelsac ruseTi axla TamaSobs Jenevis mo-laparakebebze aris mcdeloba, rom sakuTari Tavi ara kon-fliqtis mxared, aramed Suamavlad warmoaCinos, rac, misi TqmiT absurdia... ruseTma kvlav daiwyo moTxovnis wamoyene-ba, rom saqarTvelom Zalis argamoyenebis Sesaxeb werilobi-Ti xelSekruleba soxumTan da cxinvalTan gaaformos. ruse-Ti am xelSekrulebis dadebas jer kidev agvistos omamde iT-xovda; SarSan, rogorc kompromisuli varianti, moskovma SesTavaza Tbiliss Zalis argamoyenebis Taobaze calmxrivi deklaracia gaekeTebina. 23 noembers evroparlamentSi ga-mosvlisas prezidentma saakaSvilma aseTi deklaracia gaake-Ta, Tumca amis Semdeg ruseTi kvlav Tavdapirvel moTxovnas daubrunda da Tbilisisgan soxumTan da cxinvalTan xelSek-rulebis gaformeba moiTxova; Tavad moskovi, im mizeziT, rom sakuTar Tavs konfliqtis mxared ar miiCnevs, aseTi xel-Sekrulebis xelis moweraze uars ambobs. ras akeTeben ruse-bi? axla JenevaSi, magaliTad, maT ganaaxles moTxovna, rom saqarTvelom Zalis argamoyenebis Taobaze werilobiTi ga-rantia warmoadginos, damatebiT im garantiisa, romelic prezidentma saakaSvilma SarSan noemberSi evroparlamentSi waradgina da isini amas ukavSireben moTxovnas, rom ruseTi Zalis argamoyenebis erT-erTi garantori gaxdes, radgan isini Tavs ar miiCneven konfliqtis mxared _ es aSkara ab-surdia, magram CemTvis imis maniSnebelia, rom rusebi ver garkveulan rogor aRadginon TavianTi zegavlena saqarTve-loze... isini garantioris rolis miniWebis moTxovniT cdi-loben iniciativis aRebas; Tumca, maT Zalian kargad ician,

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rom es ar moxdeba. amgvarad, ruseTis politika saqarTvelos mimarT am etapze arc Tu Zalian SemoqmedebiTia“ [3].

haberma saqarTvelos xelisuflebis poziciac Sea-fasa da mas calmxrivi uwoda. misi azriT: `saqarTvelos po-litika ruseTis mimarT aseve ar aris Zalian mravalganzomi-lebiani da is sakmaod calmxrivia. ZiriTadad is Semoifar-gleba saerTaSoriso berketebis gamoyenebiT, raTa ganuw-yvetlad warmoaCinos teritoriuli mTlianobis principis mniSvneloba, rasac, Cven, ra Tqma unda, yvelani vemxrobiT da amitom, teritoriuli mTlianobis principis damatebiTi da-dasturebebi ukve klebadi ukugebis kanonis gamovlenisken ixreba... imis magivrad, rom saqarTvelo pirdapir gavides ruseTTan kontaqtze, amis gasakeTeblad Tbilisi Tavis ame-rikel da evropel partniorebs iyenebs, maTive berketebTan erTad. saqarTvelos zogierTi moTxovna ruseTTan mimarTe-baSi ar uwyobs xels Tbilisis mizans, rom afxazeTis da sam-xreT oseTis reintegracias miaRwios“ [4]. amis magaliTad man ruseTis vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos pozicia moiyvana, sadac Tbilisi ruseTis gawevrianebis Tanxmobaze sanacvlod saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris, afxazeTis da e. w. samxreT oseTis, monak-veTebis gamWvirvalobas da iq arsebul vaWrobaze sakuTari kontrolis damyarebas iTxovs. `samarTlebrivad, es ra Tqma unda, legitimuri moTxovnaa, ganacxada haberma, Tumca iqve dasZina: es moTxovna romc Sesruldes, amiT ra Seicvleba af-xazeTis da samxreT oseTis reintegraciasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos saboloo miznis miRwevaSi? me ver vxedav, rom aman raime wvlili Seitanos am erovnuli miznis Sesrulebis saqmeSi. amgvarad, sakiTxavia saqarTvelos diplomatiuri brZolebis mogeba surs, raTa kidev erTxel gausvas xazi te-ritoriuli mTlianobis princips, Tu surs reintegracia?“ [4]. haberma aseve ganacxada, rom kargi iqneba Tu daiwyeba fiq-ri imaze, rom moxdes afxazeTis da e. w. samxreT oseTis de faqto reJimebTan urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba ise, rom TiTqos ruseTi ar arsebobs da ruseTTan urTierTobebi ki ise, rom TiTqos afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi ar arsebobs. wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqven kidev ufro met berkets aZlevT rusebs, rac aSkaraa, rom ar gsurT“ [4]. evropelma diplomat-ma, aseve, xazi gausva im dapirispirebas, romelic garkveul sakiTxebze moskovsa da cxinvals Soris iCens Tavs: `Cven amas teqnikur donezec ki vgrZnobT, rodesac maT administraci-ul sazRvarTan vxvdebiT... xandaxan maT gamosdiT am dapiris-

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pirebis damalva, xan amas ver axerxeben. am konteqstSi saqar-Tvelos xelisuflebis mier soxumis da cxinvalis reJimebis moskovis srul marionetebad ganxilva, am or regions kidev ufro ubiZgebs ruseTisken da ar uwyobs xels reintegraciis amocanis Sesrulebas... samxreT osuri diplomatia es aris gabrazebuli, mgznebare, gadaWarbebisken midrekili, magram isini mainc ufro axlos arian saqarTvelosTan. afxazeTi gansxvavebulia _ isini ufro zomierebi arian, magram isini saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ufro civebi arian. soxumsa da cxinvals Tbilisis mxridan mkafio da Zlieri niSani Wirde-baT, raTa maTi ruseTTan amJamindeli urTierTobebis al-ternativa seriozulad ganixilon. am mimarTulebiT saqar-Tvelom bevri ram gaakeTa. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo strate-gia okupirebul regionebTan mimarTebaSi, am mxriv, pirveli nabiji iyo, xolo mis samoqmedo gegmas hqonda potenciali ganviTarebuliyo namdvil qmediT programad... amJamad, me da bevr sxva damkvirvebels gvaqvs gancda, rom Cven ver davaRwi-eT Tavi am konfliqts da ver miviwevT win misi mogvarebisken, rac, Cveni azriT, mdgomareobs afxazeTis da `samxreT ose-Tis“ reintegraciaSi an sul cota am ori regionis saqarTve-losTan daaxlovebaSi, rasac Cven yvelani vuWerT mxars“ [3].

aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismieri konfliqtis dros mTavari politikuri interesebia, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes isto-riuli samarTlianoba. istoriuli simarTlis obieqturi gansazRvrisTvis saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis SemuSa-veba, rac dRes ar arsebobs da konfliqtis gadaWra saerTa-Soriso samarTlis principebze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba. saWiroa konfliqtis safuZvlebSi garkveva, problemis siR-rmeebSi Cawvdoma, mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba veZeboT kon-fliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis gzebi. saqarTveloSi arse-buli konfliqtebis mimarT adgili aqvs istoriuli faqte-bis mizanmimarTul damaxinjebas, rasac separartisTa zurgs ukan mdgomi Zalebi axorcieleben.

miuxedavad ruseTis xelisuflebis Zalisxmevisa, dRes eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom konfliqturi regionebi saqar-Tvelos istoriuli teritoriebia. cxinvalis regionis problemebze, aseve, saqarTveloSi ruseTis politikur miz-nebze, saubrobs araerTi ucxoeli avtori. frangi mkvlevari fransua tuali Tavis wignSi `kavkasia: somxeTi, azerbaijani, daRestani, saqarTvelo, CeCneTi“, aRniSnavs, rom `me-18 sau-kunis bolodan kavkasia warmoadgenda, ruseTis carizmis im-

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periis Taiguls, igi ocnebobda kavkasiis saSualebiT gasu-liyo xmelTaSua zRvidan indoeTamde. es ocnebebi pirvelad inglisma daafrTxo, Semdeg iyo ruseTis revolucia, rasac mohyva totalitaruli reJimi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki, rkinis farda aRimarTa sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebsa da ev-ropas Soris. kavkasiis qveynebi, maT Soris saqarTveloc, izolirebuli iqna gare samyarosgan. evropam, faqtiurad da-iviwya maTi arseboba. mxolod 1992 wels, ruseTis imperiisa-gan gancalkevebis Semdeg, sityva kavkasiam kvlav daimkvidra Tavisi adgili saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. av-tori gadmogvcems amierkavkasiis sami qveynis istorias da maT demografiul monacemebs. naSromis bolos oseTze msje-lobisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom osebi warmoSobiT iranelebi iyvnen; tradiciulad isini prorusuli orientaciis arian“ [7, 122-123].

ruseTis agresiul politikas saerTod kavkasiaSi, ase-ve, saqarTveloSi, exeba frangi avtori Jan radvani naSromSi: `postsabWoTa qveynebi, msgavseba, politikuri gardaqmnebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzebi“. avtori aRniSnavs, rom `moskovi kavkasiaSi Tavis poziciebis gansamtkiceblad cdi-lobs moaxdinos saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xelyofa, vinaidan am qveyanas, tradiciulad, strategiuli adgili uWiravs amierkavkasiaSi, TurqeTis sazRvarTan da warmoad-gens erTaderT gzas danarCen msofliosTan dasakavSireb-lad“ [8, 145].

cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTSi ganviTarebul kon-fliqtebs exeba frang mkvlevarTa erToblivi naSromi: `ru-seTi da misi yofili samflobeloebi, postsabWoTa sivrcis xelaxali gadanawileba“, avtorebi saubroben cxinvalis re-gionsa da afxazeTSi konfliqtis ganviTarebaze, z. gamsaxur-diadan dawyebuli, e. SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodam-de. ucxoeli avtorebis naSromebSi afxazeTi da e.w. `samxreT oseTi“ ganxilulia, rogorc sakuTriv saqarTvelos teri-toria [9, 179].

miuxedavad saTanado informaciis arsebobisa separa-tistebi da maT ukan mdgomi ruseTis xelisufleba, TavianTi lobistebis wyalobiT, axerxeben istoriuli simarTlis falsifikacias. es xels uSlis konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT daregulirebas. evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis xel-mZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze Tavisi moRvaweobis Sefasebisas, hansiorg haberma Semdegi daskvnebi gamoitana: 1. konfliqtis

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mogvarebisken ver miviwevT; 2. ruseTma saqarTveloze gavle-nis didi nawili dakarga, man ar icis rogor aRidginos gav-lena; 3. ruseTisadmi mimarTebaSi qarTul politikas Semoq-medebiToba aklia; 4. ruseTma berketi dakarga. 5. evrokav-Sirs da evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misias SeuZlia mxo-lod SesaZleblobebis mqone garemos Seqmna saqarTvelos te-ritoriaze konfliqtebis mosagvareblad, Tavad konfliq-tis mogvareba mas ar SeuZlia, radgan amis gakeTeba mxolod konfliqtis monawileebs ZaluZT. maT sruli pasuxismgeblo-ba unda aiRon konfliqtis mdgradi da xangrZlivi mogvare-bisTvis, regionSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianis momavali ke-TildReobisa da mSvidobiani perspeqtivis uzrunvelsayo-fad.

hansiorg haberma ase Seafasa saqarTvelSi konfliqte-bis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetis saqmeSi evrokavSiris misi-is mier gaweuli muSaoba: `Cven kritikulad vudgebodiT mo-lodinebs, rom ver SevZlebdiT konfliqtis Semdgomi viTa-rebis stabilizacias. Tumca aseTi molodini, sabednierod, usafuZvlo aRmoCnda. vfiqrob, stabilizaciis mxriv bevrs mivaRwieT. amaSi mxolod misias ar miuZRvis wvlili, aramed konfliqtis mxareebmac gadawyvites ase. vfiqrob, Sedegi Za-lian dadebiTia. rac Seexeba ndobis aRdgenas, aqac mivaRwieT progress incidentebis prevenciisa da maTze reagirebis me-qanizmis saSualebiT. is orive SemTxvevaSi muSaobs da yvela monawile dainteresebulia gaimarTos Semdegi Sexvedrebi. rasakvirvelia, yovelTvis aris sirTuleebi. normalizacias rac Seexeba, Tuki amaSi vigulisxmebT iZulebiT gadaadgile-bul pirTa saxlebSi dabrunebas, es moxda dasawyisSi, magram Semdeg winsvla ar yofila. 30 aTasi adamiani, romelmac da-tova e. w. samxreT oseTi, kvlavac Tbilisis mier kontroli-rebul teritoriaze rCeba da ar Cans, rom axlo momavalSi am mxriv raime Seicvleba“ [3].

hansiorg haberis azriT: `moskovma, romlis politika Tbilisis mimarT SemoqmedebiTobas moklebulia, saqarTve-loze gavlenis didi nawili dakarga da axla ver garkveulan rogor aRidginon es gavlena, xolo Tbilisis moskovisadmi politika sakmaod calmxrivi da mravalganzomilebianobas moklebulia“ [2].

evrokavSiris misiis samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas xels uSlis is faqti, rom de faqto erTeulebis xelmZRvanelebi evrokavSiris elCebs okupirebul teritoriebze patruli-rebis saSualebas ar aZleven, Tumca mandatis mixedviT, maT

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amis ufleba aqvT. isini mxolod saqarTvelos administraci-uli sazRvris gaswvriv gadaadgildebian, zogjer de faqto liderebi evropel elCebs konkretuli adgilebis Semowme-bis saSualebas aZlevdnen. es moxda WuburxinjSi, saqarTve-los moqalaqe, yolbaiasTan dakavSirebiT. qarTuli mxaris mtkicebiT, igi enguris samxreT napirze daapatimres, afxa-zebis gancxadebiT ki is Wuburxinjidan gaitaces. Tavdapir-velad, evropel diplomatebs okupirebuli sazRvris gadak-veTis saSualeba 2009 wels, e. w. samxreT oseTSi, miecaT.

evrokavSiri mxars uWers saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. roca saqme exeba incidentebs konkretul adgi-las, evropeli elCebi cdiloben neitraluri pozicia daika-von. haberis gancxadebiT, afxazeTis administraciul saz-Rvarze gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis mxriv, dadebiTi cvli-lebebi SeimCneva. rusi mesazRvreebi akaveben adamianebs, vinc administraciul sazRvars kveTs iq, sadac isini amas xels uS-lian, magram galidan zugdidis mimarTulebiT Zalian didi moZraobaa. samwuxarod, igive ar xdeba sapirispiro mimarTu-lebiT. ZiriTadad, mxolod galSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qar-Tvelebi kveTen sazRvars. igive ar xdeba e. w. samxreT oseTSi, sadac adamianebi sakuTari riskis fasad kveTen pirobiT saz-Rvars.

sadamkvirveblo misiis farglebSi, evrokavSiri Tvals adevnebs devnilTa mdgomareobas, iniSnavs maT problemebs da gamotanil daskvnebs uziarebs, rogorc donorebs, evro-kavSiris CaTvliT, ise im saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, rom-lebic humanitarul daxmarebas axorcieleben, kerZod, gae-ros struqturebs. evrokavSiris misia yovelTvis iswrafvis miukerZoebeli roli iTamaSos im konkretuli sakiTxebis ga-dawyvetaSi, romlebic usafrTxoebis kuTxiT mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen administraciuli sazRvrebis mimdebare teritoriebze, aseve, rigiTi moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze gam-yofi xazis orive mxares.

evrokavSiris misiis farglebSi, 2009 wlis 26 ianvars, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosTan gaformda urTier-Tgagebis memorandumi. SeTanxmebis farglebSi saqarTvelos mxarem, e. w. samxreT oseTis garSemo da afxazeTis samxreTiT detalurad gansazRvrul zolze, calmxrivad aiRo valde-buleba SezRudvebze, rogorc SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, aseve, mZime teqnikis ganTavsebis TvalsazrisiT. es scildeba im valdebulebebs, romelsac sarkozi-medvedevis 6 punqtiani SeTanxmeba Seicavs. ruseTis mxridan, Semxvedri nabijis sa-

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xiT, msgavsi gadawyvetilebis miReba gamWvirvales gaxdida administraciuli sazRvrebis meore mxares ganTavsebul sam-xedro Zalebs da gazrdida usafrTxoebas. samwuxarod, ev-rokavSiris araerTgzis SeTavazebis miuxedavad, ruseTis xe-lisuflebas amgvari nabiji jer ar gadaudgams. marTalia, es memorandumi calmxrivia, magram saqarTvelos aSkara upira-tesobas aZlevs, radgan axorcielebs im qarTuli samxedro infrastruqturisa da samxedro Zalebis mudmiv monito-rings, romlebic qveynis masStabiT da gansakuTrebiT, admi-nistraciuli sazRvrebis siaxloves aris ganlagebuli, ro-gorc amas memorandumi iTvaliswinebs. evrokavSiris sadam-kvirveblo misias saSualeba aqvs daadasturos, rom saqar-Tvelo nakisr valdebulebebs asrulebs. aRniSnuli memoran-dumis Rirebuleba naTlad gamoCnda 2009 wlis gazafxulze da zafxulSi, rodesac evrokavSiris misiam, adgilze Segro-vili dakvirvebis wyalobiT, SeZlo gaebaTilebina rusuli mxaris gamudmebuli braldebebi, TiTqos saqarTvelo admi-nistraciuli sazRvris gaswvriv samxedro Zalebis mobili-zacias axdenda. urTierTgagebis memorandumi mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebaa qarTuli mxaris survilisa _ daicvas Zalis argamoyenebis principi, rogorc amas 6 punqtiani SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs.

2011 wlis 20 ianvars evroparlamentma Savi zRvis qvey-nebTan dakavSirebiT axali strategia daamtkica. es aris ev-roparlamentis mier miRebuli pirveli dokumenti, romelic rumineli deputatis da evropis saxalxo partiis wevris traian ungureanus angariSze dayrdnobiT momzadda da ro-melSic e. w. samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTTan mimarTebiT ter-mini `okupacia“ oficialurad Caiwera. dokumentSi naTqva-mia: `Savi zRvis auzi strategiuli xidia, romelic akavSi-rebs evropas da kaspiis zRvas, Sua azias da axlo aRmosav-leTs. auzi moicavs evrokavSiris qveynebs _ bulgareTs, sa-berZneTs, rumineTs, kandidat qveyanas TurqeTs da samezob-lo politikis partniorebs, somxeTs, azerbaijans, saqarTve-los, moldovas, ukrainas, aseve, ruseTs, rogorc strategi-ul partniors“ [10]. evroparlamentis rezoluciaSi ramdeni-me mniSvnelovani muxlia, romelic konkretulad saqarTve-los da iq arsebul viTarebas Seexeba. 24-e muxlSi aRniSnu-lia: `movuwodebT evrokavSiris vice prezidents, evrokavSi-ris sagareo saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRles warmomadgenlebs, gaaaqtiuron Zalisxmeva, rom ruseTma Se-asrulos sarkozis 6 punqtiani gegma, raTa moxdes saqarTve-

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loSi arsebuli konfliqtis stabilizacia da mogvareba“ [10]. 32-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `msoflioSi unda gaizardos adamianis uflebebisadmi pativiscema da demokratia, rac evrokavSi-ris prioritetebs warmoadgens. adamianis uflebaTa darRve-va yoveldRiurad xdeba okupirebul afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi. movuwodebT evrokavSiris struqturebs, aqtiurad imoqmedon adamianis uflebebis darRvevis yvela faqtze Savi zRvis regionSi“ [10]. evroparlamenti gansakuTrebiT xazs usvams evrokavSirisTvis Savi zRvis regionis strategiul rols da mniSvnelobas, aseve, gaZlierebuli Zalisxmevis au-cileblobas regionSi iseTi gamowvevebis aRmosafxvrelad, rogoricaa mougvarebeli konfliqtebi, iZulebiT gadaadgi-lebuli mosaxleoba, regionis qveynebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebebi, trans-sasazRvro danaSauli, trefikingi da a. S. evroparlamentis rezolucia sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, ev-rokavSirs pirdapiri CarTulobisken, molaparakebebsa da samSvidobo procesebSi wamyvani rolis Sesrulebisken mou-wodebs. evrokavSiris gafarToebasa da samezoblo politi-kaze pasuxismgebelma komisarma Stefan fulem, kolegebs re-zoluciis im rekomendaciebis mxardaWerisken mouwoda, rom-lebic SavizRvispireTSi saswrafo yuradRebas saWiroeben: konfliqtebi, Caketili sazRvrebi, ruseTis flotis ganTav-seba yirimSi, evropis energo usafrTxoeba.

2011 wlis 1 Tebervals saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris, grigol vaSaZis briuselSi vizitisas, gafarToe-bisa da evropuli samezoblo politikis dargSi, evrokomi-sar Stefan fulesTan oficialuri Sexvedra Sedga. Sexved-risas mxareebma ganixiles saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTi-erTobebis prioritetuli sakiTxebi. am mxriv, dadebiTad Se-fasda 2010 wels miRweuli Sedegebi. mxareebma kmayofileba gamoxates saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris savizo reJi-mis gamartivebasa da readmisiis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis 2011 wlis 1 martidan ZalaSi Sesvlis Taobaze. aqve aRiniSna qar-Tuli mxarisTvis evrokavSirTan savizo reJimis liberali-zaciis sakiTxze molaparakebebis dawyebis mniSvneloba. po-zitiurad Sefasda saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris aso-cirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis Taobaze mimdinare molaparake-bebis procesi. yuradReba gamaxvilda Rrma da yovlismom-cveli Tavisufali vaWrobis aucileblobaze. Sexvedrisas mxareebma isaubres saqarTvelosa da regionSi usafrTxoebis da stabilurobis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebis procesSi evrokavSiris mniSvnelovan rolze.

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2011 wlis 23 marts, TbilisSi, natos saparlamento asam-bleis rouz-rosis seminarze, hansiorg haberma, saqarTvelo-Si evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis xelmZRvanelis rangSi, ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtze, aseve, afxazeTsa da e. w. sam-xreT oseTze sakuTari mosazrebebi waradgina. sxdomas eswre-bodnen reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministri eka tyeSelaSvili da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile baTu quTelia. seminarze germanelma dip-lomatma, haberma, mokled mimoixila saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis istoria dawyebuli georgievskis traqtatidan da ganacxada: `ruseTTan konfliqtze saubrisas momiwevs gav-cde Cemi Tanamdebobis mandatiT dadgenil sazRvrebs da amas siamovnebiT gavakeTeb imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Cems mier naTqvami iqneba Cemi piradi mosazreba dafuZnebuli im gamoc-dilebaze, romelic me bolo orweliwad naxevris ganmavloba-Si SeviZine... marTalia, rom istoriuli, politikuri, ekono-mikuri da aseve, sentimentaluri mizezebis gamo, amierkavkasi-aSi saqarTvelo kvlav did jildos warmoadgens ruseTisTvis. saqarTvelo ruseTisTvis am regionSi somxeTsa da azerbai-janze ufro mniSvnelovania... ruseTs uyvars saqarTvelo, mag-ram ara qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba“ [11].

2010 wlis 18 oqtombers rusma samxedroebma perevi da-toves. es iyo umniSvnelo nabiji im valdebulebebis fonze, romelic 2008 wlis 12 agvistos cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxme-bis Sedegad, ruseTis xelisuflebam unda Seasrulos. or-wliani okupaciis Semdeg, iq evrokavSiris damkvirveblebi Se-vidnen. perevSi rusuli saguSago gauqmda. amJamad, rusebi saCxeris oTx sofels (sinaguri, qarZmani, TedeleTi, jala-beTi) akontroleben, sadac Sereuli qarTul-osuri ojaxebi cxovroben. rusuli saokupacio jari, sofel perevidan ra-modenime kilometrSi, sofel sinagurSi da qarZmanis xidTan dgas. perevSi rusuli jaris yofnis ukanonobaze saubrobs Tavis dRiurebSi safrangeTis yofili elCi saqarTveloSi — erik furnie [12, 82-93]. 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis dros, igi uSualod iyo CarTuli konfliqtur regionebTan dakav-Sirebul molaparakebis procesebSi. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis xe-lisufleba sakiTxs daxurulad miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom sofel perevidan jaris gayvaniT sarkozi-medvedevis SeTan-xmeba Seasrula. dRemde okupirebuli rCeba didi da patara liaxvis soflebi, frones xeobis qarTuli soflebi avnevi da nuli, kodoris xeoba, aseve, axalgoris raioni.

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2011 wlis martSi, evrokavSiris umaRlesma warmomadge-nelma, sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebSi, ket-rin eStonma hansiorg haberi evrokavSiris samoqalaqo opera-ciebis dagegmvisa da warmarTvis uwyebis xelmZRvanelad da-niSna, ris gamoc man evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis xel-mZRvanelis Tanamdeboba datova. axali Tanamdebobis far-glebSi, igi xelmZRvanelobs ganyofilebas, romelic moicavs yvela samoqalaqo misias, saqarTvelos misiis CaTvliT [5].

2011 wlis 28 aprils, evrokavSiris uzenaesi warmomad-geneli sagareo da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi ketrin eStoni briuselidan gamoexmaura 25-26 aprils ruseTis sagareo saq-meTa ministris s. lavrovis vizits afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTSi, rac uaryofiTad Seafasa. misi azriT, aRniSnuli vi-ziti ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis princips. evrokavSirma kidev erTxel gamoxata saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mimarT mxar-daWera, riTac xazi gausva konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvare-bis mniSvnelobas da qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis auci-leblobas.

2011 wlis 3 maiss, briuselSi, gamarTul sagangebo sxdomaze dafuZnda evronestis saparlamento asamblea (Euronest Parliamentary Assembly) _ aRmosavleT samezoblo po-litikis saparlamento ganzomileba. asambleis damfuZnebe-li sxdoma evroparlamentis prezidentma ierJi buzekma gax-sna. Tavis sityvaSi man yuradReba gaamaxvila demokratiis gaZlierebis mniSvnelobaze. misi TqmiT, demokratia qveynis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis erTaderTi gzaa. evronestis Tanaprezidentma kristian vigeninma, aRniSna, rom evropar-lamentis axali iniciativa aris Tavisi aRmosavleTis same-zoblosadmi gzavnili TanamSromlobis gamyarebisken. evro-nestis saparlamento asambleam miiRo damfuZnebeli aqti, romelsac evroparlamentTan erTad xeli moaweres 5 qveynis _ saqarTvelos, ukrainis, azerbaijanis, somxeTis da mol-dovas parlamentTa warmomadgenlebma. amasTan erTad dam-tkicda reglamenti, Seiqmna ori samuSao jgufi belarusis da samuSao procedurebis Semdgomi daxvewis sakiTxebze. sa-gangebo sxdomaze Camoyalibda 4 komiteti: 1. politikur saq-meTa; 2. adamianis uflebebisa da demokratiis komiteti; 3. ekonomikur saqmeTa, iuridiuli daaxloebis da evrokavSiris politikasTan konvergenciis komiteti; 4. ganaTlebis, kul-turisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis komiteti. TiToeuli komiteti 30 wevrisgan, kerZod, 15 evroparlamentarisa da

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partniori qveynebis parlamentebis 15 wevrisgan Sedgeba. asambleaze airCies ori Tanaprezidenti da 8 vice preziden-ti. sul saparlamento asamblea 60 evroparlamentaris, xo-lo aRmosavleT samezoblo TiToeuli qveynis parlamentis 10-10 wevrisgan Sedgeba. evronestis daarsebas sakmaod didi dro dasWirda. is jer kidev 2009 wels unda daarsebuliyo, magram wevri qveynebi ver Tanxmdebodnen belarusis monawi-leobis sakiTxze, rac procesis gaWianurebis mizezi gaxda. erTis mxriv, es aris konkretulad aRmosavleT partnioro-bis iniciativis monawile qveynebTan Semdgomi ufro mWidro, ormxrivi urTierTobebis ganxorcieleba, rac asocirebis SeTanxmebebiT da Tavisufali vaWrobiT unda dasruldes, ufro xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi ki savizo reJimis Semdgomi liberalizaciiTa da uvizo reJimamde misvliT. amave dros evronesti miznad isaxavs evrokavSiris mxadaWeriT, partni-orebs Soris regionaluri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas [13].

2011 wlis 18-21 maiss evroparlamentis prezidenti ier-Ji buzeki TbilisSi samxreT kavkasiaSi oficialuri vizitis farglebSi iyofeboda. vizitis dros igi Sexvda xelisufle-bis, aseve, opoziciis liderebs, Jurnalistebsa da samoqala-qo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs. vizitisas man ganacxada: `demokratiis ganviTareba, adamianis uflebebis xelSewyoba, kanonis uzenaesobis mxardaWera, stabilurobis ganmtkiceba da keTildReobis gazrda evrokavSirisa da misi aRmosavleT partniorebis TanamSromlobis sasicocxlo amocanaa. aRmo-savleT partnioroba evropaSi darCenil gamyofi xazebis aR-mofxvris mizniT SevqmeniT. es aris gulwrfeli mcdeloba, ukanaskneli kedlebis ngrevisa Cvens xalxebs Soris Tanam-Sromlobis mxardasaWerad. mezoblebTan siaxlove saSualebas gvaZlevs, viyoT erTad da ufro gavZlierdeT saerTaSoriso asparezze. am vizitisas Cemi gzavnili iqneba CarTuloba, ur-TierTsasargeblo gadawyvetilebebis Zieba, TanamSromlobis, usafrTxo da stabiluri sivrcis gafarToeba da ganmtkiceba evropis kontinentze, Cvens saerTo saxlSi“ [14]. vizitisas is gayinuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis SesaZleblo-bebsac Seexo, romlebic mravali welia xels uSlian regionis ganviTarebas da qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobas.

evrokavSiri aqtiurad exmareba saqarTvelos konliq-tis Sedegad dazianebuli raionebis infrastruqturisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis moZiebaSi. 2011 wlis ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi niqozis wylis satumb sadgurze niqozis da salTvisis sar-wyavi wyliT uzrunvelsayofad daiwyo sainJinro samuSaoebi

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_ milebis damontaJeba da sxva teqnikuri RonisZiebebi. pro-eqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos mTavrobis da evrokavSiris TanadafinansebiT, saidanac, evrokavSiris wili 800.000 ev-ros Seadgens. proeqts axorcielebda euTo, regionuli gan-viTarebis da infrastruqturis saministros municipaluri ganviTarebis fondTan erTad. proeqts didi sameurneo da humanitaruli mniSvneloba aqvs konfliqtebis Sedegad daza-ralebuli mosaxleobisTvis.

2011 wlis 4 ivliss, strasburgSi evropis sabWoSi sa-qarTvelos mudmivma warmomadgenelma mamuka JRentma da ev-ropis sabWos generalurma mdivanma torbiorn iaglandma xe-li moaweres saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da evropis sabWos So-ris urTierTgagebis memorandums saqarTveloSi evropis sabWos ofisis gaxsnis da misi iuridiuli statusis Sesaxeb. memorandumi gansazRvravs ofisis miznebs, mis mandats da iu-ridiul statuss. ofisis mandati vrceldeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis sruli dacviT. memorandumi ZalaSi darCeba misi amoqmedebidan er-Ti wlis ganmavlobaSi da dadgenili proceduris Sesabami-sad, SeiZleba yovelwliurad ganaxldes [15].

2011 wlis 18 ivlisidan, saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris sa-damkvirveblo misias poloneTis armiis general-leitenanti andJei tiSkeviCi xelmZRvanelobs. 2003 wels, ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, tiSkeviCi eraySi dislocirebuli polo-neTis samxedro kontigentis meTauri iyo, xolo 2005-2010 wlebSi poloneTis elCad msaxurobda bosniasa da hercogo-vinaSi [15]. tiSkeviCma am postze germaneli diplomati hansi-org haberi Secvala, romelic saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis oq-tomberSi, pirvelive dRidan evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misias xelmZRvanelobda. 2011 wlis ivlisidan poloneTma 6 TviT evrokavSiris saprezidento posti Caibara. 2012 wlis ianvridan dania gaxda evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare qveyana.

2011 wlis 11-12 ivliss briuselSi gaimarTa saqarTve-losa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebaze mola-parakebis VI-e plenaruli sesia. es RonisZieba asocirebis Se-saxeb SeTanxmebaze molaparakebebis procesis erT-erT samu-Sao Sexvedras warmoadgenda. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganixi-les sagareo usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis per-speqtivebi. plenarul sesiaze saqarTvelos delegacias sa-gareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile Tornike gordaZe, xolo evropuli mxaris delegacias evropuli sagareo qmedebaTa

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samsaxuris evropisa da centraluri aziis mmarTveli direq-toris moadgile gunar vigandi xelmZRvanelobda. saqarTve-losa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb momavali Se-Tanxmeba Caanacvlebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris arsebul partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTan-xmebas da iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTobis mniSvnelovnad gaRrmavebas da axal, xarisxob-rivad ufro maRal doneze TanamSromlobas. aRniSnuli Se-Tanxmeba momavalSi saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan politiku-ri asocirebisa da etapobrivi ekonomikuri integraciis Se-saZleblobas miscems [17].

2011 wlis 13 ivliss evrokomisiam miiRo yovelwliuri samoqmedo programa saqarTvelosTvis, romelic uzrunvel-yofs daxmarebas 50.73 milioni evros odenobiT, sisxlis sa-marTlis sistemis reformirebis, konfliqtebis mogvarebis da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mxardaWeris mizniT. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, gafarToebisa da evropis samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi, evrokomisarma Stefan fulem aRniSna: `saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan winsvlas miaRwia sisxlis samar-Tlis sistemis reformisa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pir-Ta daxmarebis mimarTulebiT. miRweulia mniSvnelovani Se-degi, Tumca gasakeTebeli kidev bevria. dRes miRebuli programa uzrunvelyofs Semdgom daxmarebas am miznebis mi-saRwevad“ [18].

2011 wlis 21-23 ivliss, evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxel-mwifo ministris aparatis organizebiT da evrokavSiris mxardaWeriT, baTumSi, VIII saerTaSoriso konferencia gai-marTa, saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos evropuli gza“. konfe-renciaze ganixiles usafrTxoebis da konfliqtebis mogva-rebis, demokratiisa da kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis, evrokavSirTan savizo reJimis liberalizaciis sakiTxebi, agreTve, vaWrobis ganviTarebis da investiciebis mozidvis perspeqtivebi, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis sfe-roSi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobebi. konferenciaSi mona-wileoba miiRes saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da parlamentis, ev-rokomisiis, evroparlamentis, evrokavSiris da aRmosavleT partniorobis wevri qveynebis parlamentebisa da mTavrobe-bis warmomadgenlebma, aseve, saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma. saqarTvelos mTavrobam warmoadgina evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis 2011 wlis pirveli naxevris Sesrulebis angariSi. kon-

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ferenciaze sityviT gamovida saqarTvelos prezidenti mixe-il saakaSvili, aseve evrokomisari gafarToebisa da evropu-li samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi Stefan fule. saqarTve-loSi mimdinare reformebze saubrisas man aRniSna, rom sa-qarTvelo-evrokavSiris TanamSromloba saerTo mizans _ demokratiis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. konferenciaze yu-radReba gaamaxviles saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTo-bebis iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa saqarTvelos mier evropu-li samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis Sesrulebis eta-pebi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTarebis da moderni-zaciisken mimarTuli reformebi, saqarTvelosa da evrokav-Sirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze mimdinare mola-parakeba da Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis irgvliv molaparakebis dawyebasTan da-kavSirebuli sakiTxebi. konferenciaze, aseve, sityviT gamo-vida evrokavSiris elCi saqarTveloSi filip dimitrovi [19].

2011 wlis 7 noembers, TbilisSi vizitad yofnisas saf-rangeTis prezidentma nikola sarkozim, Tavisuflebis moe-danze gamosvlisas ganacxada: `saqarTvelo Tavisufali unda iyos imaSi, rom gamoxatos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaken miswrafeba da erT mSvenier dRes SeuerTdes mas. es daaxloe-ba evrokavSirTan pirvel rigSi damokidebulia Tqvens re-formebze da demokratiis gaRrmavebaze“ [20]. man xazi gausva, rom saqarTvelo-ruseTis Serigeba moiTxovs `imis aRiare-bas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri aRar arsebobs. gavlenis sferoebis politika misi memkvidre ver iqneba. man afxazeTi da e. w. sam-xreT oseTi daaxasiaTa, rogorc izolirebuli fsevdo sa-xelmwifoebi da vasalebi. sarkozim isaubra saqarTvelos ev-ropul maxasiaTeblebze. esenia: `misi kultura, ganviTare-bis gza, romelic airCia da gansakuTrebiT RirebulebaTa sistema. piradad me, rodesac TbilisSi var, Tavs evropaSi vgrZnob da arsad sxvagan“ — ganacxada safrangeTis prezi-dentma [20].

saqarTveloSi arsebuli regionuli konfliqtebis mog-varebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovania evroparlamentis 2011 wlis 17 noembris rezolucia. evroparlamentma kidev erTxel dagmo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia, aRiara eTnikuri wmendisa da demografiuli viTarebis Zala-dobrivad Secvlis faqtebi. mniSvnelovania, agreTve, moT-xovna ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT, raTa man upirobod Se-asrulos 2008 wlis 12 agvistos SeTanxmeba da gaiwvios afxa-zeTis da cxinvalis regionis _ e. w. samxreT oseTis cal-

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mxrivi aRiareba. rezoluciaSi obieqturad aisaxa saqarTve-loSi arsebuli viTareba. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evroparla-mentis mier miRebuli rezoluciis erT-erTi avtoria polo-neli deputati krJiStof liseki. rezoluciaSi, romlis sa-xelwodebaa `saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze mimdinare molaparakebebis Taobaze evropar-lamentis rekomendaciebi evrokavSiris sabWos, evrokomisii-sa da sagareo qmedebaTa evropuli samsaxuris mimarT“, Riad aris aRniSnuli, rom afxazeTi da e. w. samxreT oseTi okupi-rebuli teritoriebi arian. evroparlamenti mouwodebs ev-rokavSirs, aRiaros saqarTvelos _ afxazeTis regionisa da cxinvalis regionis — e. w. samxreT oseTis okupacia. rezo-lucia, aseve, mouwodebs evrokavSirs intensiuri molapara-kebebi awarmoos ruseTis federaciasTan, raTa uzrunvelyos am ukanasknelis mier 12 agvistos cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT aRebuli yvela valdebulebebis upirobod Ses-ruleba, gansakuTrebiT ki evrokavSiris monitoringis misiis SeuzRudavi daSveba afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis _ e. w. samxreT oseTis okupirebul teritoriebze. rezolucia mouwodebs ruseTs Sewyvitos saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia da pativi sces saqarTvelos suverenitetsa da te-ritoriul mTlianobas, aseve qveynis saerTaSorisod aRia-rebuli sazRvrebis urRvevobas. evroparlamenti miesamlme-ba ra saqarTvelos mier calmxrivad aRiarebul valdebule-bas, afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTze kontrolis aRdgenis mizniT, Zalis argamoyenebis Taobaze, mouwodebs ruseTs, ai-Ros sapasuxo valdebuleba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Zalis argamoyenebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovania, agreTve, rezolucia-Si asaxuli evrokavSiris pozicia saqarTvelos sagareo po-litikis arCevanis Sesaxeb. kerZod, rezolucia xazs usvams saqarTvelos uflebas, saerTaSoriso samarTlis principe-bis dacviT, gaerTiandes nebismier saerTaSoriso organiza-ciasa Tu aliansSi da calsaxad acxadebs, rom arcerT mesame qveyanas ar aqvs vetos ufleba meore qveynis suverenul ga-dawyvetilebaze gaerTiandes aseT organizaciebSi da ar aqvs demokratiulad arCeuli xelisuflebis destabilizaciis ufleba. evroparlamentis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani reko-mendacia Seexeba saqarTvelos evrointegraciis process. re-zolucia calsaxad mxars uWers saqarTvelos evropul mis-wrafebebs da mouwodebs evrokavSirs aRiaros isini. maT So-ris is miswrafebebi, romlebic efuZneba evrokavSiris Sesa-xeb 49-e muxlis debulebebs. evroparlamentis rekomendaci-

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iT, evrokavSiris urTierTobebi da molaparakebebi saqar-TvelosTan unda emyarebodes qveynis evropul perspeqtivas, rac mniSvnelovan stimuls warmoadgens reformebis ganxor-cielebisTvis. rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris Tanam-Sromlobis dRis wesrigSi arsebul konkretul priorite-tebs, evroparlamenti rekomendacias uwevs evrokavSirs, rac SeiZleba swrafad daiwyos saqarTvelosTan molaparake-bebi Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze, rac uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos ufro Rrma integracias evrokavSirTan, rogorc mis udides savaWro partniorTan; saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris gamartivebuli sa-vizo reJimisa da readmisiis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis ganxorci-elebis Sefasebis safuZvelze, ganixilos saqarTvelosTan savizo dialogis dawyebis SesaZlebloba [21].

evroparlamentis 2011 wlis 17 noembris rezolucias saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma istoriuli uwoda. qarTveli politikosebi miiCneven, rom evroparla-menti aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakanonmdeblo orga-no msoflio doneze da misi aseTi pozicia praqtikul wvlils Seitans qarTuli teritoriebis deokupaciis pro-cesSi.

2011 wlis 1 dekembers, q. briuselSi, gaimarTa saqarTve-lo-evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis sabWos XII-e sxdoma, ro-melsac rotaciis principiT, qarTuli mxare Tavmjdomare-obda, kerZod, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri gri-gol vaSaZe. qarTuli mxridan, SexvedraSi, aseve, monawileo-bas iRebdnen reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo minis-tris pirveli moadgile irakli forCxiZe, evropul da evro-atlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebSi saxel-mwifo ministris mTavari mrCeveli Tamar beruCaSvili. evro-kavSiris delegacias xelmZRvanelobda poloneTis, rogorc evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare qveynis, sagareo saqmeTa minis-tri radoslav Sikorski, evrokomisias warmoadgenda gafar-Toebisa da evropuli samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi ev-rokomisari Stefan fule, evrokavSiris sagareo qmedebaTa evropuli samsaxuridan sxdomas eswreboda mmarTveli di-reqtoris moadgile ruseTis `aRmosavleTis partniorobis“, centraluri aziis, regionuli TanamSromlobisa da euTo-s sakiTxebSi, gunar vigandi; samxreT kavkasiasa da saqarTve-los krizisis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmo-madgeneli filip lefori. TanamSromlobis sabWos plena-rul sesiaze ganixiles saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris Tanam-

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Sromlobis dRis wesrigSi arsebuli iseTi prioritetuli Temebi, rogoricaa: TanamSromloba `aRmosavleT partnio-robis“ ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis forma-tebSi; evropuli samezoblo politikis saqarTvelo-evro-kavSiris samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebaSi miRweuli prog-resi; saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis kuTxiT arsebuli situa-cia da am mxriv, evrokavSiris rolis Semdgomi gaaqtiurebis mniSvneloba. Sexvedrisas yuradReba daeTmo, agreTve, saqar-TveloSi mimdinare demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcie-lebiT miRweul progress [22].

evrokavSiri Savi zRvis regionis mimarT axal strate-giul dokumentze muSaobs. 2011 wlis 5 dekembers dagegmil Sexvedraze, safrangeTis prezidentma nikola sarkozim da germaniis kanclerma angela merkelma, evrokavSiris struq-turis cvlilebebis gegma waradgines. nikola sarkozis TqmiT, safrangeTi da germania evropis axali xelSekrule-bis iniciativiT gamodian. `es xelSekruleba xels Seuwyobs ufro mWidro integracias da evrokavSirSi ufro mkacr fi-nansur disciplinas daamyarebs... valebis krizisma evrokav-Siris seriozuli sisusteebi warmoaCina da unda moxdes blokis reformireba“ _ ganacxada sarkozim [22].

evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misias saqarTveloSi man-datis vada erTi wlis vadiT gauxangrZlivda. evrokavSiris ministrTa sabWom, saqarTveloSi misiis 2012 wlis 14 seqtem-bramde datovebis gadawyvetileba, briuselSi gamarTul sxdomaze miiRo. evrokavSiris sabWos pres-samsaxuris in-formaciiT, axal samuSao periodSi misiis biujeti 23, 9 mln evroTi ganisazRvra. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis warmomad-genlebi mudmivad axseneben ruseTis xelisuflebas saqar-Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis urRvevobis Sesaxeb da evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis uflebis Sesaxeb _ pat-rulireba awarmoon afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi. jer-jerobiT es ver xerxdeba. evrokomisrebi SeuiaraRebeli dam-kvirveblebi arian da ZaliT ver daikaveben okupirebul te-ritoriebs. okupirebuli teritoriebis araRiarebis poli-tika am etapze yvelaze efeqturi instrumentia, rasac isini ruseTis xelisuflebis qmedebebs upirispireben. evrokav-Sirs espaneTSi aqvs satelituri centri, saidanac suraTis gadaReba msoflios nebismier wertilSia SesaZlebeli. misi resursis mniSvnelovani nawili avRaneTze ixarjeba. garkve-ulwilad, aqedan xdeba afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionze

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dakvirveba, Tumca sadamkvirveblo misiis adgilze patruli-reba ufro efeqturi saSualebaa.

2012 wlis 25 aprils, separatistuli afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris sadamkvir-veblo misiis xelmZRvaneli andJei tiSkeviCi soxumis mimarT ùpativcemulobaSi“ daadanaSaula da àfxazeTis teritori-aze arasasurvel pirad gamoacxada“ [24]. am faqts gamoexmau-ra aSS-s mTavroba. aSS-s xelisufleba dadebiTad afasebs sa-qarTveloSi evrokavSiris misiis moRvaweobas. aSS-s elCma sa-qarTveloSi jon basma ganacxada: àSS mtkiced uWers mxars evrokavSiris misiis saqmianobas da miaCnia, rom misia xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas... rac See-xeba evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis damkvirveblebs, migvaCnia, rom isini mniSvnelovan saqmes asruleben da xels uwyoben sazRvris mimdebare teritoriaze obieqturi in-formaciis Segrovebas da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis saq-mis kursSi Cayenebas. Cven mtkiced vuWerT mxars evrokavSi-ris sadamkvirveblo misiis saqmianobas da migvaCnia, rom es xels uwyobs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis pati-viscemiT am sakiTxze muSaobas~ [25].

rusul mediaSi gamoqveynebuli monacemebis mixedviT, afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis aRiarebis sanacvlod, ru-seTis xelisuflebam 3, 25 miliardi dolari daxarja [26]. am gziT, separatistuli afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis da-moukidebloba, ruseTis federaciis garda, aRiares: nikara-guam, venesuelam, naurum, vanuatum da tuvalum.

miuxedavad evrokavSiris Zalisxmevisa xeli Seuwyos sa-qarTvelos regionuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT ga-dawyvetas, problema kvlav aqtualuria, radgan ruseTis xe-lisufleba ar asrulebs mis mier xelmoweril saerTaSoriso dokumentebs da dRemde ukanonod aqvs okupirebuli saqar-Tvelos istoriuli teritoriebi.

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1. evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi, sait-ze: www.eumm.eu

2. hansiorg haberi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebze, saitze: www.civil.ge

3. hansiorg haberi Sesrulebul da Seusrulebel misiaze, saitze: www.radiotavisupleba.ge

4. hansiorg haberi: evrokavSiri afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTis teritoriaze rusi samxedroebis yofnis kanonie-rebas ar aRiarebs, saitze: www.ghn.ge

5. elCi hansiorg haberi umaRlesma warmomadgenelma ket-rin eStonma evrokavSiris samoqalaqo operaciis meTau-rad daniSna, saitze: http: /www.consilium.europa.eu

6. www.ambebi.ge/politika 7. Francois Thual, `Le Caucase: Armeni, Azerbaidjan, Dagestan, Géorgie,

Tchetchenie“ (`kavkasia: somxeTi, azerbaijani, daRestani, saqarTvelo, CeCneTi“), ed., Dominos, Flammarion, 2001.

8. Jean Radvanyi, `les Etats postsovietiques, identités en construction, transformations politiques, trajectoires économiques~, ed., Armand Colin, Paris, 2003.

9. Yanne Breault, Pierre Jolicoeur, Jacques Levesque, `La Russie et son ex-empire, reconfiguration geopolitique de l’ancien espace Sovietique“ (`ruseTi da misi yofili samflobeloebi, postsabWoTa sivrcis xelaxali gadanawileba“), ed., `Presse de Sciences Po“, Paris, 2003.

10. evroparlamentis 2011 wlis 20 ianvris rezolucia `Savi zRvis kuTxiT evrokavSiris strategiis Sesaxeb“, www.europal.europa.eu, aseve saitze: www.rrc.ge

11. natos saparlamento asambleis rouz-rosis 76-e semina-ri: `kavkasia globalur WrilSi: saqarTvelos perspeqti-vebi da saerTaSoriso gamowvevebi“ (2011 w. 23-25 marti), www.parliament.ge

12. Eric Fournier (ambassadeur en Georgie), `Quit Gori!“, `Mondes“, #2, 2010.

13. aRmosavleTis partniorobas saparlamento komponenti Seemata, www.radiotavisupleba.ge

14. evroparlamentis prezidentis ierJi buzekis TbilisSi viziti, www.presa.ge

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15. evrosabWo saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris, http: //financial.ge

16. andJei tiSkeviCis biografiuli monacemebi, www.eumm.eu 17. saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxme-

baze molaparakebebis meeqvse plenaruli sesia, briuse-li, 2011 wlis 11-12 ivlisi, http: //belgium.mfa.gov.ge

18. Stefan fule, saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebam-de jer didi gza aqvs gasavleli, www.ambebige/politika

19. `saqarTvelos evropuli gza“, VIII saerTaSoriso konfe-rencia, baTumi, 21-23 ivlisi, 2011, http://eu-integration.gov.ge

20. safrangeTis prezidentis nikola sarkozis viziti Tbi-lisSi, 2011 wlis 7 noemberi, htt//pwww.ambafrance-ge.org

21. evroparlamentis 2011 wlis 17 noembris rezolucia `sa-qarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze mimdinare molaparakebebis Taobaze. evroparlamentis rekomendaciebi evrokavSiris sabWos, evrokomisiisa da sagareo qmedebaTa evropuli samsaxuris mimarT“, http://www.mfa.gov.ge

22. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris sabWos XII sxdoma, 2011 wlis 1 dekemberi, briuseli, http://www.newsline.ge

23. safrangeTis prezident nikola sarkozis da germaniis kancler angela merkelis Sexvedra, 2011 wlis 5 dekembe-ri, http: //geoeconomic.ge

24. ruseTi dasavlur diplomatias afxazeTis kars uketavs, http://news.ge/news/

25. www.ambebi.ge/politika 26. http://www.tabula.ge 27. saqarTvelo da globaluri centrebi, www.eumm.eu 28. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 1 (23), ianvari, 2011. 29. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 2 (24), Tebervali, 2011. 30. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 3 (25), marti, 2011. 31. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 4 (26), aprili, 2011. 32. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 5 (27), maisi, 2011. 33. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 6 (28), ivnisi, 2011. 34. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 7 (29), ivlisi, 2011. 35. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 8 (30), agvisto, 2011. 36. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 9 (31), seqtemberi, 2011. 37. gazeTi èvropis droiT“, 10 (32), oqtomberi, 2011. 38. saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi, ruseTis federaciis

mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul srul-masStabian agresiasaTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisi, 2009.

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Lela Saralidze

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist- researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

From The History of The European Union Mission Activity in the Conflict Regions of Georgia (October, 2008-2012)

Summary

In August, 2008 after the aggression of Russia for the peaceful

solving of the conflict and avoiding its further escalation the mission of the European Commission observers was established. Since the missions of OSCE and UN were closed because of the veto of Russia, Georgia considers mission of the European Commission observers as the only international guarantor of security. The beginning of the European Union mission was possible after 6 paragraph treaty received in August, 12 with the help of EU and the agreement of the necessary measures for its fulfillment that was received in September, 8. With the help of all EU member countries’ support mission started its activity in October, 1, 2008 together with 200 observers. It is a mission that took place in a shortest time after conflict in the history of the European Union Security and Defense policy. According to mandate the observing mission of the European Commission embraces the whole Georgia, within the internationally declared borders. But de facto governments of Abkhazia and so called “South Ossetia” do not allow international observers to enter the territories controlled by them. Since the autumn, 2008 till July, 2011 the mission of the European Union was headed by German diplomat Hansjorg Haber. The viewpoint of the head of the mission is discussed in the work. According to this opinion the monitoring mission of the European Union on the territory of Georgia for regulating the conflicts can only make an environment for possibilities and not more. It cannot resolve the conflicts itself, because it is the prerogative of the conflicting parties. In October, 18, 2010 Russian soldiers left Perevi. It was an event of much importance on the background of those obligations Russian government should have to fulfill according to the agreement of August, 12, 2008 about the stopping fire. After two years of occupation the observers of the European Union entered the village. The Russian block post was abolished in Perevi. Now four villages of Sachkhere (Sinaguri, Kardzmani, Tedeleti and Jalabeti), where mixed Georgian-Ossetian families are living, are controlled by Russians. Russian occupation

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army, in some kilometers from the village Perevi, is dislocated at the bridge of the Sinaguri and Kardzmani villages. From its side Russian government considers the matter is closed and declares that with the withdrawal of army from the village Perevi Russia fulfilled the Sarkozy-Medvedev agreement. The villages of Didi and Patara Liakhvi, villages of the Prone gorge: Avnevi and Nuli, Kodori gorge and Akhalgori region are still occupied. Since July, 18, 2011 the monitoring mission of the European Union in Georgia is headed by Lieutenant General of Polish army Andrzej Tyszkiewicz. European structures had received not a single resolution where the occupation of the Georgian territories by Russia is condemned. EU recognized ethnic cleansing and the facts of changing demographic situation violently. The demand of the EU towards Russian government about unconditional fulfillment of the August, 12, 2008 agreement and annulling of unilateral decision of Abkhazia and so called “South Ossetia” recognition is important. Separatists and the Russian government standing behind them with the help of their lobbyists manage to falsify historical truth that hinders to solve the conflict peacefully.

Despite multiple warnings from the international organizations’ side Russian government does not fulfill the obligations signed by him. Till now Georgian territories are unlawfully occupied by him. Much the more, Russian government unilaterally recognized the independence of the separatist regions that caused strict evaluation of the European rulers.

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igor kveselava saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sa-zogadoebriv mecnierebaTa departamentis ufrosi, profesori

saqarTvelo da garesamyaro

(XIX saukune _ XX saukunis dasawyisi)

1. saqarTvelo — evropis urTierTobebis saTaveebTan

saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebs uZvelesi droidan

hqondaT kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan, rac qveynis geogra-fiuli mdebareobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. berZnuli da ro-mauli samyaro kargad icnobda warsuli periodis qarTul sivrces. berZen geografs — strabons aRniSnulic aqvs, rom saqarTveloze gadioda satranzito-savaWro gza evropasa da indoeTs Soris. axali welTaRricxviT II saukunis I naxevarSi romis imperatori did pativs miagebda qarTlis mefis far-sman meoris sidiades. pirveli werilobiTi kavSirebi romsa da saqarTvelos Soris VII saukunis dasawyisSi fiqsirdeba, xolo XII saukunidan, jvarosnuli laSqrobisaTvis mzadebas-Tan erTad, gansakuTrebiT gaizarda evropuli saxelmwifoe-bis interesi qristianuli saqarTvelosadmi.

daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris epoqebSi mahmadianuri qveynebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli saqarTvelo, erTgvari dasay-rdeni gaxda `wminda miwebis~ ganTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZo-li evropelebisaTvis. mogvianebiT, qarTvelebi cdilobdnen mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi realuri daxmareba mieRoT evropisagan, Tumca, osmaleTis mier kon-stantinopolis aRebam (1453 w.) saqarTvelos gza gadauRoba dasavleTisaken. osmaleTis imperiam mZlavrad Seutia evro-pul sivrces, rasac antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis cdebi mohyva da evropelebi saqarTvelos saimedo mokavSired moi-azrebodnen. es imJamad kaTolikuri eklesiis bastionis ro-mis papis saSualebiT xdeboda. Tumca, evropuli qveynebi mzad ar iyvnen raime samxedro daxmareba gaewiaT saqarTve-losTvis, magram afarToebdnen qveynis ekonomikuri, kultu-

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ruli da samxedro potencialis Seswavlas. evropuli qveyne-bis umravlesoba religiuri TvalsazrisiT romis sapapos-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli, amitom sruliad bunebrivia, XIV sau-kunis pirvel naxevarSi TbilisSi kaTolike misionerTa sae-piskoposos Seqmnac.

saqarTvelos mimarT gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iCen-dnen safrangeTi, espaneTi da italia. 1332 wels safrangeTis mefe filipe VI valua, giorgi brwyinvales Txovda samxedro daxmareba gaewia wm. miwebis gasanTavisufleblad. xolo es ukanaskneli darwmunebuli acnobebda evropel monarqs, rom daxmarebas gauwevda 30-aTasiani laSqriT [2].

Semdgom wlebSi saqarTvelo — evropuli kontaqtebi ufro gaZlierda. qarTlis mefe konstantine meore espane-Tis dedofal izabelas Tanadgomas hpirdeboda mahmadiane-bisagan konstantinopolis gaTavisuflebaSi. xolo qarTlis mefe simon pirveli elCobas gzavnida romsa da madridSi da iTxovda daxmarebasa da papis locva-kurTxevas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. ukve mogvianebiT, 1626 wels, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz pirveli aseve madridsa da roms miiC-nevda damxmared mahmdianur ZalasTan SerkinebaSi.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, qarTlis mefis vaxtang meeq-vsis elCis sulxan-saba orbelianis xangrZlivi diplomatiu-ri moRvaweoba safrangeTSi da Sexvedrebi mefe lui XIV-sTan da romis pap klimenti meTerTmetesTan.

sainteresoa, rom maSin evropa moxibluli darCa qar-Tveli elCis diplomatiurobiT. rodesac erT-erT Sexved-raze 60 wels miRweulma safrangeTis mefem daiCivla, rom mas ori mteri hyavda — avadmyofoba da asaki, sulxan-sabam gone-bamaxvilurad miugo: `xelmwifev, Tqveni udidebulesoba ise koxtad atarebs am asaks, rom yvela isurvebda am asakSi yofnas~. aranakleb diplomatiuri iyo lui XIV-is misamar-TiT naTqvami frazac: `Cven bednierebi varT, radgan mogve-ca SesaZlebloba Cveni TvaliT gvexila is, rasac SeuZlia sxvebma aRtacebiT uyuron mxolod Soridan~.

evropul qveynebTan ekonomikur-politikuri urTier-Tobebis damyarebas isaxavda miznad qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle meoris mcdelobebi. rodesac ruseT-TurqeTis omSi (1768-1774 ww.) erekles mier gaweuli samxedro-ekonomikuri daxmareba ruseTisaTvis SeumCneveli darCa da upasuxod da-tova qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Txovna sesxis gacemaze, mefe iZulebuli gaxda evropis qveynebisaTvis miemarTa. am Sem-TxvevaSi misi adresatebi iyvnen: romis papi, prusiis, safran-

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geTis, sardiniis mefeebi, avstriis imperatori da veneciis respublika.

niSandoblivia, rom yovelive es cnobili xdeboda ru-seTisaTvis, da is pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT xels uS-lida evropuli qveynebis kavSirebis ganmtkicebas saqarTve-losTan, miTumetes am droisaTvis imperiam SesamCnevi sam-xedro-politikuri warmatebebis miRweva SesZlo Savi zRvis, wina aziisa da kavkasiis regionebSi.

cxadia, evropuli qveynebi, kaTolikuri religiis cen-tris, romis sapapos da TavianTi saxelmwifoebis diplomati-uri, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, savaWro-ekonomikuri Tu sxva specialuri saidumlo samsaxurebis meSveobiT swavlob-dnen kavkasiur samyaros da maT Soris saqarTvelosac.

ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva misiiT sa-qarTveloSi Camosuli misionerebi, mogzaurebi, mkvlevare-bi, diplomatiuri samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi da sxvebi zogjer pirdapir asrulebdnen TavianTi qveynis xelisufle-bebis davalebebs da eweodnen sadazvervo-sainformacio saq-mianobas. am mxriv gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iCendnen evro-puli qveynebi da kaTolikuri eklesia (Teatineli misionere-bi, jovani tadeo de san elizeo, don antonio duS anJuSi, gi-lerim di santo agoStinio, alexo de menezesi, lui granJe, paolo maria da faenca, peitro dela vale, gregorio orsini da sxv.).

Tavis mxriv, saqarTveloSi, geografiulad am evro-azi-ur qveyanaSi, metwilad acnobierebdnen, rom eris kultura da cnobiereba, swrafva Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken, evropuli civilizaciis nawili iyo.

Tu davakonkretebT, rom msoflio civilizacia ori sawyisidan (aRmosavluri — egvipte da evropuli — saberZne-Ti — romi) iRebs saTaves, erTi despotizms da diqtaturas ukavSirdeba, xolo meore demokratiul principebs, saqar-Tvelos ganvlili Tu aw gasavleli gza evropisken midis.

sainteresoa, rom 1993 wels, parizSi, rene okuris xel-mZRvanelobiT gamoqveynebul wignSi, `evropis sulieri gan-viTarebis etapebi warmoSobidan dRemde~ saqarTvelo moxse-niebulia evropul qveynad. am wignSi saqarTvelos istoria iwyeba kolxeTiT _ `oqros sawmisis istoriiT~. kolxeTisa da iberiis Zveli periodis istoriis Semdgomi xana eTmoba, 1801 wlidan, saqarTveloSi ruseTis batonobis epoqas.

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frangi avtori fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelo sruliad sa-marTlianad iTvleba evropis saxelmwifod da is asea dafiq-sirebuli yvela sacnobaro wignSi Tu enciklopediaSi.

ar aris sadavo, rom evropuli civilizaciis gariJra-Jis monawile saqarTvelos mzera dasavleTisaken ruseTma SeaCera. misTvis saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo macdunebeli na-davli, Tumca, erTmorwmuneobrivi xazis miuxedavad saqar-Tvelo arasodes daTanxmebula daekarga damoukidebloba, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba da ruseTs mierTeboda. ufro adre qarTulma sazogadoebriv-politikurma cnobierebam uaryo mahmadianur qveynebTan Serwymis SesaZlebloba.

cxadia, saqarTvelosTvis miuRebeli iqneboda evropu-li qveynebis koloniuri da Tundac naxevrad koloniuri am-bicia, magram is didi siamovnebiT iswrafoda ukeT gaego ev-ropuli suliskveTeba, romelic pol valeris Tu davesesxe-biT, SeiZleba ase gamoixatos `yvela rasa, yvela miwa, rome-lic Tanmimdevrulad iyo romanizirebuli, gaqristiane-buli, eqvemdebareba berZnuli disciplinis Segnebas da absoluturad evropulia~.

am konteqstiT, evropa ar SeiZleba SemoisazRvros arc geografiiT, arc rasiT, arc eniT, arc zne-CveulebebiT, ara-med misi sulis utyuari TvisebebiT, romelic zemoT vaxse-neT.

samwuxarod, ruseTi moklebuli aRmoCnda romanizebu-li, qristianuli da berZnuli disciplinis Segnebis sawyisi-sagan. miTumetes, Zalian gvian gaqristianda da misTvis Seuc-nobeli darCa dasavluri qristianizmi. amasTan rusuli cno-biereba ver ganTavisuflda sam saukunovani monRoluri gav-lenisagan, romelic aziur-aRmosavluri suliT iyo gamsWva-luli, amitom ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri anatomia orsaxovani gaxda da verasodes ver gamovida evraziuli siv-rcidan.

Znelia exla dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom saqarTvelo ganTavisuflebulia aziur-aRmosavluri sazogadoebriv-kulturuli da ekonomikuri danaSreebisagan. miTumetes mas mravalsaukunovani tradiciuli urTierToba hqonda ira-nul samyarosTan. evropis qveynebTan kavSirebis Ziebis para-lelurad saqarTvelo ar gaurboda urTierTobebs mahmadian saxelmwifoebTan. am mxriv sainteresoa qeTevan dedoflis politikur-diplomatiuri misia iranis SahTan; giorgi saaka-Zis samxedro-politikuri kavSirebi iranTan da Semdeg osma-leTTan.

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miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi qarTuli poltikuri klasi yovelTvis iswrafoda evropuli Rirebulebebisaken. am konteqstSi sainteresoa, qristianobis kaTolikur mimdi-nareobasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi. rogorc Cans, im peri-odis qarTlis samefos politikosebSi da saxelmwifo moRva-weebSi daibada mosazreba gamahmadianebis aSkara safrTxis Tvidan asacileblad, kaTolikur sarwmunoebasTan daaxloe-bis Sesaxeb.

qarTlis mefis vaxtang meeqvsis davalebiT sulxan-saba orbelianis mier safrangeTis mefe ludoviko meToTxmetes-Tan warsadgen memorandumSi gamoTqmuli iyo azri, romelic saqarTvelos politikur momavals — kaTolikobas ukavSi-rebda. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, es iyo ararealuri da gulub-ryvilo gadawyvetileba, an SeiZleba diplomatiuri svla, radganac im periodSi qarTlis samefo, arc erTi parametriT ar iyo mzad — evropis politikuri da samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod, qarTuli eklesia romis papis taxtisaTvis dae-morCilebina, qristianobis kaTolikuri mimarTuleba mieRo da amiT Tavi gadaerCina mahmadianuri qveynebis didi saf-rTxisagan.

2. saqarTvelo aRmosavluri, rusuli da evropuli

politikis labirinTebSi aRmosavluri, rusuli da evropuli politika kavkasiis

da kerZod, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebul po-litikur-diplomatiur aspeqtebs moicavs, XVIII saukunis bo-losa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, ramdenadac ruseTis mxridan iwyeba omebis kaskadi, aRmosavleTSi, kavkasiasa da evropaSic.

udavoa, am periodSi mefis ruseTis ekonomikuri, poli-tikuri da socialuri CamorCeniloba ZiriTadad ganapiro-bebda imperiis sagareo-politikur kurss da diplomatias.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTisaTvis dilemad iqca iran-osmaleTis interesebi kavkasiaSi da inglisisa da saf-rangeTis pretenziebi aRmosavleTsa da Savi da xmelTaSua zRvebis baseinSi.

cxadia, omebisTvis savaWro-ekonomikuri resursebi ruseTs arasodes ar hqonia, amitom igi mudmivad amoqmedeb-da Tavis diplomatiur resursebs, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, Tumca, rogorc ki ruseTma ver SeZlo diplomatiiT gadaeWra imereTis mSvido-

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bianad SemoerTebis sakiTxi, mis winaaRmdeg iaraRs mimarTa da xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi oms eweoda am samefosTan.

ruseTis dauokebel swrafvas zRvebze da okeaneebze gasasvlelisaken, safuZveli Cauyara petre pirvelma, rom-lis politikuri anderZi sayovelTaod cnobilia da dResac agrZelebs arsebobas.

cxadia, am gzaze ruseTi mudmivad awydeboda evropis da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis did winaaRmdegobas, mag-ram alag-alag sakmaod warmatebuladac moqmedebda da misi oponentebi cdilobdnen ar daeSvaT ruseTis ufro meti gaZ-liereba, romelime ZalasTan koaliciis SeqmniT.

aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis diplomatia zavis dadebiT cdilobda dro da Zalebi moekriba axali omis sawarmoeblad.

aRiarebuli faqtia, ramdenime saxelmwifos interesi romelime calke aRebuli regionisadmi, zogjer am regionis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas aZlevs isargeblos interesTa winaaRmdegobebiT da Tavi gadairCinos.

cnobilia, isic rom, rogorc wesi, did saxelmwifoTa samxedro-ekonomikuri da politikuri gaerTianebebi sakma-od efemerulia da didxans ver gastans. amitom ruseTSi fiq-robdnen, rom SeuZlebeli iyo safrangeT-inglisis, an iran-osmaleTis mudmivi kavSiri, sxva mxriv rusuli diplomatia yovelmxriv cdilobda aRmosavluri da kavkasiuri samefo-samTavroebis Tu saxano-safaSoebis gadmobirebas.

aqtiuri iyo iran-osmaleTis diplomatiac, isini Tavis satelit mxareebs mouwodebdnen ebrZolaT ruseTis winaaR-mdeg. amis magaliTia imereTis mefe solomon meore, romelic osmaleTis TanxmobiT Caeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi gaerTi-anebuli saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi ruseTis damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg Tavga-modebiT ibrZoda iranic, magram ruseTis orTaviani arwivis frTebiT saqarTveloSi, ara marto TurqeTis mTvare dab-nelda, aramed iranelTa mzec Caesvena (iuri kaWarava).

XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis gamoikveTa, rom amierkav-kasia da kerZod saqarTvelo, rogorc aziisa da evropis Sema-erTebeli xidi saerTaSoriso politikis obieqtad iqca.

evropis qveynebis da kerZod safrangeTis garkveuli daintereseba saqarTvelos mimarT dakavSirebulia napoleo-nis egviptur laSqrobebTan, rodesac qarTl-kaxeTis axal mefe giorgi meTormetes napoleonisgan werili gaegzavna. maSin safrangeTis strategiul gegmaSi Sedioda indoeTSi

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laSqroba, xolo Tbilisi moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti.

1804 wels, safrangeTis konsuli TbilisSi, gamba, mTav-robas informacias awvdida samegrelos strategiuli mniS-vnelobis Sesaxeb; safrangeTi interesdeboda fazisze naos-nobiT da redut-kaledan (yulevi) Tbilisamde saxmeleTo gzis mSeneblobiT.

safrangeTis politikuri elita cdilobda Tavisi gav-lenis qveS moeqcia afxazeTi. 1807 wlis ianvarSi safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri taleirani Tavis elCs konstanti-nopolSi werda: `afxazeTis mTavris keTilganwyobis Senar-Cunebis da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg did diversiebSi misi Cabmis Sesaxeb~.

sainteresoa, rom 1807 wlis maisSi finkenSteinSi saf-rangeTsa da irans Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, napoleoni sparseTis Sahs hpirdeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dabru-nebas da ruseTis gandevnas kavkasiidan.

safrangeTis dainteresebam saqarTvelos mimarT meti aqtiuroba SeiZina 1808-1810 wlebSi. napoleons werilebs ug-zavnidnen iranSi myofi Teimuraz batoniSvili, ufliswuli aleqsandre; cnobilia, safrangeTis imperatorisadmi imere-Tis mefis solomon meoris werilebic. am gzavnilebSi solo-mon meore safrangeTs mfarvelobaSi miRebas sTxovda. imere-Tis mefis yvela cda ucxoelebis (evropa, irani, osmaleTi) daxmarebiT daebrunebina ruseTisagan mitacebuli samefo uSedegod damTavrda.

saintereso unda iyos is faqti, rom napoleons Tavis axlo garemocvaSi hyavda mameluqi rustami, warmoSobiT qar-Tveli rostom razmaZe, romelic mas kunZul elbazec gahyva da bolo wuTebamde mis gverdiT iyo.

1821 wels TbilisSi gaixsna safrangeTis sakonsulo. man zustad 100 weli iarseba da miznad isaxavda savaWro-eko-nomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi daemyarebina da ganem-tkicebina saqarTvelosTan.

frangebi dainteresebulni iyvnen samegrelosa da afxa-zeTis navsadgurebis gamoyenebiT. TbilisSi gaixsna frangu-li enis Seswavlisa da gavrcelebis centri. frangi moRvawee-bi swavlobdnen saqarTvelos faunas, romelsac safuZveli unda Caeyara abreSumis ganviTarebisaTvis. saubari midioda Saqris, Tambaqos, bambis, brinjis, Safranis vaSlis, xaxvis, Wi-aferis (saRebavi) warmoebis gafarToebaze.

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cxadia, es ruseTis interesebSic Sedioda. imperia cdi-lobda gaefarToebina ekonomikuri kavSirebi aRmosavleTisa da evropis qveynebTan. am droisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi moqme-debda 60 aTaskaciani jari da saWiro iyo misi adgilobrivi sursaT-sanovagiT, tanisamosiTa da aRWurvilobiT dakmayo-fileba. miTumetes, saqarTvelo Cabmuli aRmoCnda ruseT-iranis da ruseT-TurqeTis omebSi. samxedro valdebulebebi, sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi da begarebi mZime tvirTad awva mo-saxleobas.

ruseTis mTavroba ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos swrafvas evropisaken. amitom 1831 wels SeRavaTiani vaWroba amierkavkasiaSi gauqmda. 1832 wlidan redut-kale Tbilisis gziT iranisaTvis evropuli saqonlis miwodeba Sewyda, mag-ram evropelebma iranis bazrebisaken saqonlis gasatanad sxva gzebi gamonaxes. sabolood, TiTqmis mTlianad Sewyda saqarTvelos savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSiri dasavleT evro-pis qveynebTan, cxadia, es safrangeTsac exeboda.

XIX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi ruseTma SeZlo daeZlia iranis (1813 w.) da TurqeTis (1829 w.) winaaRmdegoba, riTac ZiriTadad sazRvari daedo maT eqspansias kavkasiaSi.

ruseTma TandaTanoT moaxerxa ara marto teritoriebi daesakuTrebina kavkasiisa da aRmosavleTis sivrceSi, ara-med `saerTaSoriso Jandarmic~ gaxda, romelic sisxlSi ax-rCobda evropul revoluciebs (ungreTi — 1849 w.) da SesaZ-leblobas ar aZlevda ingliss, romelsac Tavisi interesebi hqonda kavkasiaSi, gaefarToebina moZraoba CrdiloeT kava-kasiaSi (Samilis 30-wliani omi ruseTis winaaRmdeg). arc is aris dasamali, rom evropuli demokratiis yiJini ruseTis winaaRmdeg, darCa xmad, mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina, da sa-erTaSoriso garemoSi gamoikveTa ori dapirispirebuli naka-di: burJuaziul-demokratiuli evropa da feodalur-ba-tonymuri ruseTi. cxadia, am istoriul WidilSi aRmoCnda Cabmuli kavkasia da saqarTveloc. miTumetes saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg giulistanis, TurqmenCaisa da adrianopolis sazavo xelSekrulebebma sakmaod gaaaqtiura kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos sakiTxi saerTaSoriso urTier-TobebSi.

amdenad, am droisaTvis saerTaSoriso sivrceSi saqar-Tvelos bedi ruseTis imperias daukavSirda. udavoa, XVIII sau-kunis 80-ian wlebamde saqarTvelo ar yofila evropul saxel-mwifoTa praqtikuli dainteresebis sfero, Tu ar CavTvliT kaTolikuri eklesiis mesveurebis dainteresebis calkeul

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gamovlinebebs, magram erTis mxriv mahmadianuri samyaros wi-naaRmdeg ruseTis mokavSireobis ideam, xolo meore mxriv aziaSi gabatonebisaTvis ruseTis mxridan saqarTveloTi da-interesebam da am qveynis evropasTan SesaZlo daaxloebis pa-nikurma SiSma, romelic 1782 wels, ruseTis imperiam qarTl-kaxeTis samefosadmi ase gamoxata: ècnobos qarTvelT, rom Tanaxmad pirobisa, evropelT ara aqvT ufleba Caerion im saqmeSi, romlebic Cvens aziel mezoblebs exeba, da amitom romis imperatorsac werilebs nu gaugzavnian~. klasobrivi safuZvliT feodalur, mmarTvelobis sistemis centralize-bul, uzenaesi xelisuflebis xasiaTiT TviTmpyrobelur, eT-nografiul SemadgenlobiT rusul, regligiuri kuTvnilebiT qristianul-marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifos saimperatoro saxls moexdina saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi da uZvelesi qveyana ruseTisaTvis SeeerTebina. rasac SemdgomSi ruseT-saqarTvelos ramdenime gamoucxadebeli omi mohyva.

evropul qveynebs maSin sruli warmodgena ar hqondaT saqarTvelos ekonomikur, politikur da rac mTavaria, strategiul mniSvnelobaze.

am konteqstSi sainteresoa ingliseli diplomatis pal-merstonis sityebi: èvropas metad didxans eZina, man bo-los da bolos, gaiRviZa, raTa sazRvari daudos imperato-ris (igulisxmeba ruseTis imperatori — i. k.) dapyrobiT sistemas, romlis ganxorcielebas is fiqrobs Tavisi vee-berTela imperiis yvela sazRvarze, inglisma unda Seasru-los Tavisi roli xalxTa damoukideblobis mfarvelisa da, Tu cxvari sdums, mwyemsma unda ilaparakos~.

evropas SesaZloa ar eZina Rrma ZiliT, magram, rogorc ekaterine werda potiomkins: èvropis Surianobas is damSvi-debiT Sescqeroda da rac unda eybedaT, ruseTi Tavis saqmes akeTebda~.

rac ufro garTulebi iyvnen evropis saxelmwifoebi `sxvadasxva~ saWirboroto sakiTxebiT, amiT ufro warmate-buli xdeboda ruseTis gegmebi aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi.

ìnglisis da safrangeTis egreT wodebulma omma ru-seTis winaaRmdeg, _ ukanasknels xelSi misca kavkasiis mTis simagreni, batonoba Sav zRvaze da sazRvao uflebe-bi~ (karl marqsi).

cxadia, ruseTTan mierTebis Semdeg Seicvala saqarTve-los urTierTobis mizani evropul saxelmwifoebTan. amje-rad, qarTul politikuri klass evropa ainteresebda ara

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iranisa da TurqeTis, aramed rogorc ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qveynebi. Tumca, ruseTis imperiis samxedro warma-tebebma aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi qarTvel politikosebs mianiSna, rom saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis gandevna da damoukideblobis aRdgena am etapze gamoricxuli iyo, miTu-metes, inglisma 1831 wels cno ruseTis uflebebi kavkasiis mimarT.

cnobilia, rom parlamentSi idga kidevac sakiTxi gae-kicxaT amisaTvis inglisis mTavroba, magram 16 xmam palmer-stoni gakicxvas gadaarCina. amis gamo sayuradRebod Cans k. marqsis SeniSvnac: `es 16 xma ver CaaxSobs — istoriis xmas, ver gaaCumebs kavkasiis mTielebs, romelTa iaraRis xma mTel msoflios umtkicebs, rom kavkasia ruseTs ar ekuT-vnis; ramdenic ar unda amtkicon neselrodem da palmer-stonma~.

marTalia, inglisi da safrangeTi SemdgomSi ar urigde-bodnen ruseTis imperiul-koloniur politikas saqarTve-los mimarT, am mizniT gaaqtiurda specialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis muSaobac TurqeTSi, kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, sa-qarTveloSi, rac miznad isaxavda ruseTis gandevnas Savi da kaspiis zRvebidan da maTi sanapiro qveynebidan, romelic aR-mosavleTis, anu yirimis (1853-1856 ww.) omiT dasrulda, Tum-ca praqtikulad saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba amas ar Seucvlia.

sxvaTa Soris evropa, kavkasiidan ruseTis gandevnis SemTxvevaSi mzad iyo saqarTvelo, iranisa da TurqebisaTvis daeTmo. ingliselebi yirimze ufro did mniSvnelobas kavka-sias, kerZod saqarTvelos aniWebdnen. amis Sesaxeb ingliseli agenti lourens olifanti werda: `politikuri upirateso-ba, rasac Cven miviRebdiT rusebis gandevniT amierkavkasi-idan, gacilebiT meti mniSvnelobis iqneboda, vidre is, romlis miRebac SegveZlo msgavsi warmatebis Sedegad yi-rimSi~.

samarTlianad SeniSnavda amis gamo karl marqsi: `ru-seTma faratina qaRaldad gadaaqcia 1783 wlis georgiev-skis traqtati. mefis ruseTi saqarTvelos `mfarvelidan~ mis `mflobelad~ iqca~.

saqarTvelos problemebi SeuniSnavi arc fridrix en-gelss darCenia. misi azriT, ruseTis mier iran-osmaleTisa-gan warTmeuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, samegrelo, imereTi da guria evropisagan mitovebuli aRmoCnda.

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amrigad, ukve XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis cariz-mma mTlianad daamTavra kavkasiis politikuri SemoerTeba. Tumca, rac Seexeba ekonomikur aTvisebas, igi 90-ian wlebSic ar hqonda damTavrebuli, metropoliaSi kapitalizmis susti ganviTarebis gamo.

amdenad, saqarTvelo ufro `Taviseburi kolonia~ iyo, vidre klasikuri saxis dapyrobili qveyana. Tumca, amas sru-lebiT ar SeuSlia xeli ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelos mimarT gaegrZelebina Zalmomreobis politika, romelmac gansakuT-rebiT farTo masStabi ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluci-is dros miiRo. ruseTis damsjeli razmebis Zalmomreoba gu-riis, imereTisa da saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi imdenad Se-mazrzeni iyo, rom qarTveli eris didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. ruseTis e.w. damsjeli samxedro nawilebi wvavdnen qalaqebsa da soflebs (ozurgeTi, nagomari, zestafoni da sxv.).

rusi moZaladeebis samxedro meTaurebis tormasovis, alixanovis da sxvaTa sisxliani saqminoba gaxda amerikeli publicistebis dorlandis da braunis dainteresebis sagani. amerikeli villari sagangebod Seexo rusebis sadamsjelo aqciebs da saintereso wignic, `cecxli da maxvili kavkasia-Si~, gamoaqveyna.

ruseTis administraciis barbarosoba saqarTveloSi gaxda ingliseli qalebis protestis obieqti. 4 aTasze meti qalis xelmoweris gamo inglisis mTavrobam garkveuli dro-iT gadado inglisis flotis megobruli viziti kronStad-tSi, xolo nikoloz meore ukmayofilo iyo, rom ucxour publikaciebSi da sazogadoebaSi saqarTvelosa da mis ufle-bebze aSkarad daiwyes saubari.

ruseTis imperiuli reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli qarTveli xalxis peticia, msoflio civilizebuli saxelmwi-foebis mimarT, romelic 1907 wels haagaSi Semdgarma konfe-renciam moismina, romelsac xels aTasobiT adamiani awerda, moiTxovda saqarTvelos srul avtonomias, aq saubari iyo ruseTis mier georgievskis traqtatis muxlebis srul igno-rirebaze, qarTuli eklesisi avtokefaliis gauqmebaze, qar-Tuli enis devnaze, qarTveli eris uuflebobaze, ruseTis sisastikeze da Zalmomreobaze da sxv.

peticiis ganxilvam saerTaSoriso rezonansi miiRo. is gamoqveynda amerikul, inglisur, frangul da sxva qveynebis presaSi. ganaTlebulma kacobriobam laparaki daiwyo saqar-Tvelos Sesaxeb. Tumca, dumda mxolod ruseTi.

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peticiis wardgenis Semdeg `damonebul erTa~ saerTa-Soriso kongresebze evropaSi pirvelad gaCndnen qarTveli patriotebi. or kongress (1910 da 1913) saqarTvelos warmo-madgenlebic eswrebodnen.

cxadia, ruseTis mTavroba amis sapasuxod cdilobda sa-xeli gaetexa saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebisaTvis, Tumca, ev-ropis sazogadoebrivi azri Tavis saqmes akeTebda da ruseTi iZulebuli xdeboda garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo.

udavoa, rom ruseTis imperiis yulfSi yofnisas, saqar-Tvelom politikuri Tavisufleba dakarga, magram misi siyva-ruli ar daukargavs. Tu mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxe-varSi qarTveloba oms eweoda ruseTTan, magram ar gamoirCe-oda politikuri erTianobiT da qveynis sxvadasxva mxareebSi aguzguzebulma erovnuli moZraobis Wiakokonebma sasurve-li Sedegi ver mogvca, XIX saukunis miwuruls da XX saukunis dasawyisSi ganviTarebulma procesebma cxadhyo, rom eris araorganizebuloba da ganyofa erovnuli katastrofis mo-maswavebeli iyo.

1905-1907 wlebis revolucia, mxolod socialuri mo-tivebiT gamowveuli, ruseTis didi auzidan periferiebisa-ken gadmotyorcnili moxetiale talRa ki ar aRmoCnda, ara-med erovnuli Rirebulebis moZraoba, romlis pirveli To-fis xma 1802 wels gaisma saqarTveloSi.

erovnuli ajanyebis qariSxals, ruseTma gamanadgure-beli dartymiT upasuxa. amitom iyo, rom qarTveli eri erTi aTeuli weli jerovnad ver gaimarTa welSi. qarTvel ers po-litikuri moTenTiloba daetyo da daRlilobis sindromma gadauara.

sabednierod, qarTulma energiam daZlia xanmokle avadmyofoba da daiwyo moZraoba sakuTari politikuri cxovrebis mowesrigebisaTvis.

1917 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi momxdarma saxelmwifo gadatrialebam win wamowia qarTveli eris suverenuli uflebebis sakiTxi. `isev da isev 117 wlis tanjva da 117 wlis brZola daSWirda qarTvel ers, rom igi kvlav moqceoda avangardSi im brZolisa, romelsac kavka-siur demokratiisa da kavkasieli erebis mTlian fronts uwodebdnen~ (konstantine gamsaxurdia).

am droisaTvis, nebiT Tu uneblieT, erTian teritori-ul-kulturul organizmad gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo cdilobs kvlav Zvel poziciebze dabrundes, im politikuri

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xaziT, romelic qarTveli eris da, saerTod, kavkasiis poli-tikuri istoriis Tanmdevi iyo.

kavkasiis geografiul centrSi mdebare saqarTvelo, mravali saukune iyo religiuri Tu erovnuli brZolis are-na, magram mas arasodes ar mohklebia saxelmwifoebrivi in-stitutis gancda da kavkasiis erTa Tavisuflebis garantad yofna.

msoflio politikuri istoria paradoqsebiT aris sav-se, mcire erebs (inglisi, safrangeTi, belgia, portugalia, espaneTi da a.S.) teritoriulad da mosaxleobiT ufro didi erebi hyavdaT dapyrobili (indoeTi, afrika) amasTan indoe-Tis kultura ara marto inglisis, aramed mTeli evropis kulturis saZirkvlad iyo aRiarebuli.

Tumca uamravi magaliTiT SeiZleba dadasturdes, rom didi erebi siamovnebiT ipyroben mcire erebs, uspoben maT saxelmwifoebriobas, aqceven koloniebad da a.S.

aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis politikuri klasic Ta-vis droze miiCnevda, rom Tavisufleba erTeulTa privile-giaa. romaelebi da berZnebic gamoarCevdnen erTeul rCeu-lebs, Tumca, XX saukunis lozungurma suliskveTebam `yve-las Tavisuflebis~ paradigma mogvca, romelmac Sesabamisad migviyvana erTa Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis principebis aucileblobis aRiarebamde.

ruseTis politikis SefasebaSi imdroindeli saqarTve-los sazogadoebrivi Tu individualuri azri araerTgvaro-vani iyo. erTni miiCnevdnen, rom ruseTi imperiuli da boro-ti saxelmwifo iyo, romelmac mkveTrad negatiuri roli Se-asrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi, meoreni fiqrobdnen, rom ruseTi erTnairad epyroboda rus da ararus mosaxleobas da mxolod qarTveli eri ar iCagreboda. amasTanave, maTi az-riT, ruseTma saqarTvelo ixsna fizikuri ganadgurebisagan. mTeli 80 weli moandoma gafantuli qarTuli miwebis mokre-bas da qarTveli eris erT mTlian ekonomikur, administraci-ul da sulier-kulturul organizmad Sekvras. rusofilebi imazec aperirebdnen, rom mahmadianuri samyaro fizikuri ga-nadgurebiT emuqreboda mTel saqarTvelos, maT mier mita-cebuli aWaris, samcxe-javaxeTis da samegrelos teritorie-bis garkveuli nawili, xolo saqarTvelos maSindeli mosax-leoba 600-800 aTass ar aRemateboda.

amdenad, rusofilebi mTlianobaSi amarTlebdnen sa-qarTvelos damorCilebis mimarTulebiT ruseTis mier ga-dadgmul nabijebs da qarTvel xalxs urCevdnen ar yofiliy-

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vnen umadurebi da gaemeorebinaT ruseTis mimarT somxebis madlierebis taqtika. Tu am konteqstiT SevxedavT proble-mas, 1801 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis gamo, Cen SegveZlo maSin da momdevno epoqebSi, gagvemeorebina is-toriuli fraza, romelsac safrangeTis gardacvlil mefe-Ta kuboebis winaSe ityodnen frangebi: `mefe gardaicvala, gaumarjos mefes!~ es mefe maSin ruseTis imperia iyo. ufro mogvianebiT, misi `gardacvalebis~ Semdeg damoukidebeli sa-qarTvelos gza mokle gamodga da sabWoTa ruseTis — axali mefis istoriul arenaze gamoCenas daukres taSi saqarTve-loSi. sabWoeTis `sikvdilma~ exla kvlav axali realobebisa-ken mogvaxeda formuliT: `sabWoeTi gardaicvala, gaumar-jos amerikas~.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi damxobil `mrgval magidas~, `moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ Caenacvla, xolo am ukanasknelis `gardacvalebis~ Semdeg, xalxma `nacionalur moZraobas~ daukra taSi. dro gviCvenebs, ramdenad gaamar-Tlebs igi qarTveli eris imedebs, rom kvlav yiJini ar dav-cxoT da ar gavimeoroT istoriuli fraza: `mefe gardaicva-la, gaumarjos mefes!~.


1. i. kaWarava, qarTuli istoriografiis aqtualuri prob-lemebi, Tbilisi, 1986.

2. i. tabaRua saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacaveb-Si, I, Tbilisi, 1986.

3. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveyneb-Tan, i. tabaRuas redaqciiT, t. II, Tbilisi, 1995.

4. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveyneb-Tan, i. tabaRuas red. t. IV-V, Tbilisi, 1999.

5. k. marqsi, engelsi fr. Txzulebebi, t. XXI, Tbilisi, 1948. 6. i. kaWarava, marqsi da engelsi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbi-

lisi, 1982.

128

Igor Kveselava

Professor of the Georgian Technical University

Georgia and the Universe (XIX and XX century)

Summary

Although Georgia’s contacts with the world have been know since

ancient times, we must point out the fact, that the relations are marked out since the early XIX century, when the Caucasus and especially Georgia drew international political attention and became a connecting bridge between Europe and Asia (Napoleon, Talleyrand). However, at that very time European countries had no idea about Georgia’s economical, political and the last but not least about its strategic importance.

In the 20-30-ies of XIX century, due to the weakness of Europe, Russia could withstand Iran and Turkey, and by the 60-ies of the above mentioned century, Russia had completely managed to finish political, and later economical accession of Caucasus.

In 1831 England recognized the rights of Russia in the Caucasus but there were disagreements in the Parliament of England on this issue. It is known that the prominent politicians of Europe (Marx, Engels and others) had a negative attitude to the Parliament of England and to the rules and actions of the state government (Nesselrode, Palmerston).

The majority of the population of Georgia could not accept the violence of Russia’s administration. Many petitions for help were sent to the world civilized countries (1907, 1910, 1913).

At that time Georgian people had different social and individual opinions about the assessment of Russia’s politics. Due to this fact in Georgia arose Russophobes and Russophiles. Russophiles approved the Russia’s policy in the country and advised to repeat the tactics of Armenians ,,gratitude” toward Russia.

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niko javaxiSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, ivane javaxiSvi-lis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

polonelebis mimarT qarTvel saxelmwifo,

politikur da sazogado moRvaweTa

damokidebulebis istoriidan

(XIX_XX saukuneebi)

saqarTvelo da poloneTi erTmaneTisagan geografiu-

lad daSorebul saxelmwifoebs warmoadgens. qarTvelebi da polonelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan anTropologiuri da eTnolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, Tum-ca, xsenebul xalxebs bevri ram akavSirebs sulieri Tvalsa-zrisiT. es erebi erTmaneTs hgvanan Tavisuflebis siyvaru-liTa da samSoblosaTvis TavdadebiT.

qarTul-polonur urTierTobebs xuT saukuneze meti xnis istoria gaaCnia. am xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi maT Soris urTierTobebi cvalebadi intensivobiT mimdina-reobda.

saqarTvelomac da poloneTmac TiTqmis erTdroulad dakarges saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da ruseTis im-periis sazRvrebSi aRmoCndnen. amis Semdeg ruseTis imperiis did saxelmwifo gerbSi Setanil iqna “Герб Царства Польского” da “Герб Царства Грузинского” [12, 38-39], xolo rus imperator-Ta titulaturas daemata axali titulebi: “Царь Польский” da “Царь Грузинский” [14, 6-7].

erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT moqceuli qarTveli da poloneli erebis urTierTobebma TandaTan in-tensiuri xasiaTi SeiZina. erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aR-dgenisaTvis mebrZoli qarTveli da poloneli xalxebis mo-winave politikuri Zalebi erTmaneTs mokavSireebad miiCnev-dnen da TanamSromlobdnen. amas Tavisdauneburad xeli Se-uwyo ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebamac, romelic damouki-deblobisaTvis mebrZol polonelTa mniSvnelovan nawils _ saqarTveloSi, xolo qarTvel mamuliSvilebs _ poloneTSi asaxlebda.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul-polonuri urTierTobe-bis xuTaswlovani istoriis calkeul sakiTxebze mravali ga-mokvleva arsebobs, mosaZiebeli da gamosakvlevi kvlavac bevria. am urTierTobebis istoriis sakiTxebze gamoqveyne-buli gvaqvs ramdenime naSromi [6; 8-10; 15-17], maT Soris, er-Ti wignic [5].

poloneTi da Tavisuflebismoyvare, niWieri da mSvenie-ri poloneli eri yovelTvis gansakuTrebul simpaTias iwvev-da qarTvel erSi.

poloneTisa da polonelTa mimarT sayuradRebo cno-bebia daculi XVIII saukunis qarTul wyaroebSi [10].

polonelTa Tavdadebul brZolas erovnuli TviTmyo-fadobis SenarCunebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgenisaTvis, rac XIX saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX sau-kunis aTiani wlebis miwurulamde grZeldeboda, maRali Se-faseba misces cnobilma qarTvelma moRvaweebma, maT Soris: ilia WavWavaZem, noe Jordaniam, lado darCiaSvilma, geronti qiqoZem da sxvebma [9, 574-581].

winamdebare naSromSi qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT mimovixilavT, Tu rogori damokidebuleba gaaCndaT polo-neTisa da polonelebis mimarT sxvadasxva periodis qarTvel saxelmwifo, politikur da sazogado moRvaweebs, kerZod, ukanasknel qarTvel mefes grigol I-s (1789-1812), poetsa da generals grigol orbelians (1804-1883), socialist-federa-list samson fircxalavas (1872-1952) da komunist akaki mge-laZes (1910-1980). gamokvleva oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba.

1. polonelebi _ ukanaskneli qarTveli mefis

grigol I-is TvaliT 1800 wlis 28 dekembers TbilisSi gardaicvala qarTl-

kaxeTis mefe _ giorgi XII (1746-1800). am dRidan _ 1801 wlis ivnisamde qarTl-kaxeTs ganagebda giorgi XII-is ufrosi vaJi, taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli daviTi (1767-1819). igi samefos marTavda rogorc gamgebeli da ara rogorc mefe, radgan sa-Tanado damtkicebas, georgievskSi 1783 wels dadebuli mfarvelobiTi traqtatis pirobebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis impe-ratorisagan eloda.

1800 wlis 18 dekembers, jer kidev giorgi XII-is sicoc-xleSi, imperatorma pavle I-ma xeli moawera saidumlo mani-fests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTis im-periis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis Sesaxeb. analogiuri Sinaar-

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sis manifesti 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers gamosca ruseTis axalma imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma. amiT gvirgvinosanma ma-ma-Svilma uxeSad daarRvies qarTvel mefeTaTvis dokumen-turad micemuli piroba qarTuli saxelmwifos avtonomiuri uflebebis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb.

1803 wels, ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebam sankt-pe-terburgSi iZulebiTi wesiT gadaasaxla qarTl-kaxeTis same-fo ojaxis wevrTa umetesoba, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen uf-liswuli daviTi da misi momdevno Zma _ ioane (1768-1830).

imjerad ruseTSi gadasaxlebas gadaurCa xsenebuli sa-mefo ojaxis ramdenime wevri, romlebic okupantebma ver mo-ixelTes da maT Soris ufliswul ioanes erTaderTi vaJic _ 14 wlis grigol bagrationi (1789-1830). igi imyofeboda ime-reTSi, Tavisi dedis _ qeTevan zurabis asuli wereTlis (1772-1823) mSoblebis saxelganTqmul ojaxSi, sadac grigo-li qarTuli, qristianuli tradiciebiT izrdeboda. im peri-odSi imereTi warmoadgenda damoukidebel samefos, rome-lic ruseTis imperiam 1810 wels daipyro. aqve unda iTqvas, rom grigoli iyo legitimuri memkvidre Tavisi biZisa, ruse-TSi gadasaxlebuli samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswulisa daviTisa, romelsac sakuTari Svili ar hyavda.

iaraRis ZaliT Tavsmoxveul rusul mmarTvelobas ar Seurigda Tavisuflebismoyvare qarTveli eri, romelsac kvlav bagrationTa samefo dinastiis aRdgena surda. saoku-pacio reJimis winaaRmdeg qarTvelma patriotebma araerTi SeiaraRebuli saxalxo ajanyeba moawyes. maT Soris Tavisi masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda ajanyebani, romlebic moxda 1804 wels _ mTiuleTSi da 1812 wels _ kaxeTSi.

1812 wlis 31 ianvars aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dawye-bul saxalxo ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga 23 wlis grigol ioa-nes Ze bagrationi.

Tavdadebuli brZolis Sedegad, ajanyebulebma rusi okupantebisagan gaaTavisufles kaxeTi da qarTlis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili. swored am teritoriaze vrceldeboda xelisufleba grigol bagrationisa, romelic ajanyebulebma qarTl-kaxeTis mefed gamoacxades. mis, rogorc mefis saxel-ze _ eklesia-monastrebSi wirva-locva aRevlineboda.

aqve davsZenT, rom grigoli iyo ukanaskneli monarqi bagrationTa aTaswlovani samefo dinastiidan, romelic ara mxolod gamoacxades mefed (aseTi SemTxvevebi moxda imere-Tis 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyebis periodSic), aramed romlis xelisuflebac garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi, realurad

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vrceldeboda qveynis teritoriis sakmaod mniSvnelovan mo-nakveTze, kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos umetes, dampyrob-lisagan ganTavisuflebul nawilze. anu igi warmoadgenda me-fes, rogorc legitimur-iuridiulad, aseve, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiTac.

mefe grigol I-s mxari dauWires mezobeli mahmadianuri qveynebis mmarTvelebma, romlebic kavkasiidan ruseTis impe-riis gandevnaze ocnebobdnen.

grigol bagrationis energiulma moRvawobam da kaxe-Tis ajanyebis saerTokavkasiur amboxebad gadaqcevis rea-lurma safrTxem ruseTis saimperio xelisufleba aiZula, rom gadamWreli zomebisaTvis miemarTa. Crdilo kavkasiidan damatebiTi samxedro Zalebis miRebis Semdeg, maT martis da-sawyisSi SeZles ajanyebis sisxlSi CaxSoba, xolo ukanaskne-li qarTveli mefe _ daapatimres da ruseTSi gadaasaxles [7].

ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli mefedyofili grigoli er-Twliani patimrobis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. Tavisi naTesave-bis umetesobis msgavsad, isic nayofier literaturul moR-vaweobas eweoda.

1813 wels grigoli monawileobda ruseTis saimperio armiis sazRvargareTul laSqrobaSi, romlis STabeWdileba-nic man Tavis samogzauro xasiaTis TxzulebaSi gadmosca. igi Tbilad moixseniebda polonelebs da maT qarTvelebs adare-bda [11, 30].

g. bagrationi igonebda: “odes SemovediT polSis ma-mulsa... dagvxvdnen aznaurni yovels stanciasa zeda da mig-viRebdnen tkbilisa guliT da gvimaspinZldebian... bunebiTi mcxovrebni polSisani arian viTarca qarTvelni _ moarulni kabiTa, sartyeliTa da CibletebiT, ese igi CaxCurebiT da Co-xa-barmniTa moarulni, viTarca bunebiT qarTvelni” [1, 2-5].

grigolma oTxi dRe gaatara qalaq vilnoSi, romlis Ri-rsSesaniSnaobebi, Semogareni, Teatri, mosaxleoba da maTi zne-Cveulebani man Tavis TxzulebaSi aRwera. masSi vkiTxu-lobT: “aris vilnosa qalaqi dablobSi, sam kuTxidgan aqvs sul gorebi tyiani da erTidgan md. villa... vilnisa qalaqsa Sina aris xalxi dia mSvenieri, romeli vsTqva, ukeTesi arsad minaxavs” [1, 5].

sagulisxmoa, rom grigol bagrations colad hyavda polonuri warmoSobis warCinebuli asuli _ barbara buk-rinska (1810-1875). igi daibada da aRizarda TbilisSi, keTil-SobilTa saswavleblis direqtoris Teodor bukrinskis ojaxSi. grigols da barbaras SeeZinaT oTxi Svili: daviTi

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(1824-?), ioane (1826-1880), qeTevani (1828-1891) da ekaterine (1830-1917). miuxedavad imisa, rom barbara sruliad axalgaz-rda _ 20 wlis asakSi daqvrivda, man Tavisi Svilebi Rirseul qarTvelebad aRzarda [16, 134-139].

g. bagrationi gardaicvala 1830 wlis 22 seqtembers, sankt-peterburgSi [7]. igi dakrZalulia wm. aleqsandre neve-lis lavraSi, sadac bagrationTa samefo dinastiis mravali warmomadgeneli ganisvenebs.

amrigad, ukanasknelma qarTvelma mefem grigol I-ma (1789-1830), mefobis dakargvis da ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Sem-deg, 1813 wels poloneTSi imogzaura. Tavis samogzauro xas-iaTis TxzulebaSi man didi pativiscemiT moixsenia polone-li eri, xazi gausva maT garegnul mSvenierebas da stuma-rTmoyvareobas. mogvianebiT, man Tavisi bedi polonuri war-momavlobis asuls daukavSira.

2. poloneTi da polonelebi grigol orbelianis TvaliT

1834-1837 wlebSi baltiispireTSi dislocirebul ru-

sul jarSi oficrad msaxurobda momavalSi gamoCenili qar-Tveli poeti da sazogado moRvawe, infanteriis generali, Tavadi grigol dimitris (zurabis) Ze orbeliani (1804-1883). igi sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda liflandiis, kurlandiis da vilnos guberniebis qalaqebSi [11, 51-54].

aqve davsZenT, rom imxanad, polonelebi warmoadgen-dnen qalaq vilnos (amJamad _ vilniusi) moqalaqeTa absolu-tur umravlesobas da vilnos guberniis mcxovrebTa mniSvne-lovan nawils, vinaidan baltiispireTis es regioni saukune-Ta ganmavlobaSi poloneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Se-dioda.

poetma baltiispireTSi araerTi mSvenieri leqsi Seq-mna. kerZod, man vilnoSi dawera leqsi “salomes beJana mker-valis magier”, romelic miuZRvna salome ivanes asul orbe-lians, qarTveli Tavadis, gamoCenili poeti-romantikosis, general-leitenant aleqsandre garsevanis Ze WavWavaZis me-uRles, maTi asulis _ sofio aleqsandres asul WavWavaZis (1833-1862) dabadebis aRsaniSnavad.

g. orbelianis mier baltiispireTis qalaqebidan saqar-TveloSi gamogzavnili werilebi friad sayuradRebo cno-bebs Seicaven aRniSnuli regionis imdroindeli yofa-cxov-rebis Sesaxeb.

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1834 wlis 20 ivliss, vilnodan saqarTveloSi gamogzav-nil werilSi g. orbeliani Tavis Zmas _ zaqaria orbelians (1806-1847) swerda: “guSin movediT vilnos da vdgevarT lagi-raT, sadaca viqmnebiT sekdembramdis... vilnos aris Teatri da Zalian aqeben aqaurs orRanos saydarSi, magram jer arc erTSi ara vyofilvar” [2, 17-18].

g. orbeliani Tavis werilebSi sakmaod xSirad aRniSnavs polonel asulTa silamazes.

imave wlis miwuruls g. orbeliani manana mirmanozis asul erisTav-orbelianisas (1808-1870) swerda: “amas winaT mogwereT vilnodam da aRgiwereT mokleT qalaqi ese, sadaca ukve daiSala lagiri da meca Cemis rotiT movel mesteCkos kvetkis, sadaca erTi ksionzi anu polSis mRudeli, erTi kar-Ca anu duqani, erTi mWedeli da me varT am soflis mcxovreb-ni. aRgiwerT Cems mokle mgzavrobasac. iyo xuTSabaTi, saSi-neli wvima kiserSi Camdioda da talaxSi mefloboda fexebi (unda icode, rom me, didi kniazi, qveiTad davexetebi), rode-sac gamovediT vilnodam. TviTve ifiqreT, Tu ra gaafTrebu-li movel SuadRisas erTs sofelSi; marama pirvel saxlSi SesvlaSive damimSvidda guli, vixile ra Cvidmetis wlis sax-lis patronis qali, lamazi, rogorc vaSli” [2, 21].

1835 wlis 23 marts, vilnos guberniis q. birJidan gag-zavnil werilSi g. orbeliani salome orbelian-WavWavaZisas swerda: “aw gaxlavar vilenskis RuberniaSi, ese igi poliakeb-Si, romelnica arian Cveneburad molxineni da puradni. maTi qalebi arian Zalian Tamamni yofa-qcevaSi, arSiyobis moyua-reni da koketkebi. aqac gavican ramdenime pomeSCikebi, ro-melTanac xSirad var miwveuli da droca mxiarulad midis maTTan” [2, 24-25].

imave wlis 11 aprils q. birJidan gagzavnil werilSi g. orbeliani nino andronikaSvil-erisTavisas swerda: “me gax-lavar vilenskis RuberniaSi, ese igi, poliakebis qveyanaSi. gavican mravalni aqaurni keTilSobilni, romelnica arian stumarTmoyuareni da hscxovreben diax kargad. aqaurni qa-lni... arian Zalian gazdilni da mswavlulni da amasTana diax Tamamni yofa-qcevaSi da arSiyobis moyuareni, Tvinier cudi-sa ganzraxvebisa. daviarebi xSirad maTTan da droca midis mxiarulad fortepanos dakvraSi, tancaobaSi, simReraSi, se-irnobaSi da mravalguar SeqcevaSi. amas winaT viyav riRis qa-laqSi, sadaca aris Teatri” [2, 26].

imave dRiT daTariRebul werilSi g. orbeliani Tavis Zmas acnobebda: “19-s am Tves wava Cueni polki riRisa da mi-

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tavis saSual gzisa gasakeTeblad; magram mainc Sen daawere adresze: чрез город Бауск в местечко Биржи Виленской губернии“[2, 28].

sayuradReboa g. orbelianis “dRiuri 1836 wlisa”, sa-dac gadmocemulia baltiispireTSi yofnis amsaxveli ambebi [3, 265-283].

dRiuridan aSkarad Cans, rom mis avtors moswonda bal-tiispireTi, romelic mas Tavis samSoblos axsenebda. ker-Zod, kovnos (kaunasi) guberniis samazro qalaq poneveJis max-loblad nanaxma soflebma mas saqarTvelo moagona.

1836 wlis 9 ivlisiT daTariRebul CanawerSi g. orbeli-ani wers: “gamovediT poneveJiT. raodensa verstsac gamovli-diT, egoden umetes lamazdeboda mdebareoba adgilisa da dasasrul, Tormets, anu camets verstze gamoCnda mSvenieri saxilveli: mravalni sofelni, gabneulni vakesa adgilsa ze-da, Semkobilsa lamazis WalebiT da aqa-iq lamazis mizebiT, friad aamebda TvalTa: erTis SexedviT emsgavseboda saqar-Tvelosa!” [3, 267].

amrigad, 1834-1837 wlebSi baltiispireTSi disloci-rebul rusul jarSi msaxurobda momavalSi gamoCenili qar-Tveli poeti da sazogado moRvawe, infanteriis generali, Tavadi grigol dimitris (zurabis) Ze orbeliani (1804-1883). iq yofnisas man Seqmna araerTi mSvenieri leqsi da dawera dRiuri, romelic mis mier saqarTveloSi gamogzavnil weri-lebTan erTad, friad sayuradRebo cnobebs Seicavs balti-ispireTis da maT Soris, polonelebiT dasaxlebuli vilnos guberniis imdroindeli yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli nawerebidan gamosWvivis maTi avtoris simpaTia polonelTa mimarT.

3. poloneTi da polonelebi

samson fircxalavas TvaliT

sazogado da politikuri moRvawe, publicisti, socia-list-federalisturi partiis erT-erTi lideri samson fi-rcxalava (1872-1952), romelic sankt-peterburgis universi-tetis iuridiul fakultetze swavlobda, megobrul urTi-erTobaSi imyofeboda polonel studentebTan.

1896 wels ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam didi zeimiT aRniSna general mixeil nikolozis Ze muraviovis (1796-1866) dabadebis 100 wlisTavi. es ukanaskneli mkacrad gausworda poloneTis 1830-1831 wlebis ajanyebis monawileebs.

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s. fircxalava igonebda: “poloneTis didi pativiscema da simpaTia gvqonda. Cveni da misi bedi erTmaneTze iyo gada-jaWvuli. vicodiT, Tu ra aRSfoTebas iwvevda polonel erSi muraviovis dResaswauli da gadavwyviteT migvewvdina maT-Tvis Cveni xma, rom Cveni guli maT gulTan erTad Zgers. Se-vadgineT mowodeba poloneli studentebis mimarT, gadava-TargmnineT polonel amxanagebs polonurad da heqtogra-fiT davbeWdeT mravali cali, romlebic gavgzavneT varSava-Si, polonel studentTa Soris gasavrceleblad” [4, 27-28].

aRniSnul mowodebaSi polonel studentobas qarTve-lebi ase mimarTavdnen:

“polonel studentebs peterburgis qarTveli studen-tebisagan.

amxanagebo, megobrebo, miiReT Cveni megobruli salami da mokle, magram wrfe-

li gulidan amonaRebi TanagrZnoba. Tavisufleba _ sazoga-dod da erovnuli _ kerZod, aucilebeli pirobaa sazogado-ebrivi progresisa. Tqven mudam energiulad amtkicebdiT am Tavisuflebis siyvaruls. Tqven SegeZloT dadumebuliya-viT, rodesac Selaxes saukeTeso Tqveni uflebani, Seurac-xyves uwmindesi Tqveni miswrafeba da Zegli auges Tqveni eris Tavisuflebis uarmyofels _ mtarval muraviovs iq, sa-dac igi ise mxecurad awamebda da axrCobda Tqvens mamebs da Zmebs. metad mwarea TqvenTvis dRevandeli mdgomareoba. me-tad mZimea, rom sruli ufleba gqondes Tavisufali arsebo-bis da mona ki iyo!

magram eWvi ar aris, yovlis damZlevi simarTle warxo-cavs TviTnebobas, gaifanteba bneli da kacobriobis droSa-ze cecxlis asoebiT daibeWdeba Tavisufleba moqalaqeobri-vi, Tavisufleba erovnuli! da Tqveni mravaltanjuli samSo-blos Tavze aRbrwyindeba damoukideblobis gvirgvini!

viyvneT mxned, viyvneT Seupovarni da rwmeniT da ime-diT veswrafodeT sasurvel mizans!” [4, 28].

amrigad, XIX saukunis miwuruls, qarTveli studenti axalgazrdobis mowinave nawili (romelTa Sorisac samson fircxalavac iyo), mxars uWerda poloneli studentebis brZolas maTi samSoblos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRsadgenad.

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4. poloneTi da polonelebi akaki mgelaZis TvaliT

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis cno-

bili politikuri moRvawe akaki mgelaZe (1910-1980) _ 1952 wlis martidan _ 1953 wlis aprilamde saqarTvelos kompa-rtiis centraluri komitetis mdivnad msaxurobda. igi axlo urTierTobaSi imyofeboda ssr kavSiris uzenaes xelisufal-Tan _ ioseb stalinTan (juRaSvili), ramac beladis gardac-valebis Semdeg friad uaryofiTad imoqmeda mis samsaxureb-riv karieraze.

a. mgelaZis memuarebSi sayuradRebo cnobebia daculia mis Sexvedrebze rogorc stalinTan, aseve sxva saxelmwifo da partiul liderebTan, maT Soris poloneTis saxalxo res-publikis imdroindel liderTan _ boleslav berutTan.

1951 wlis Semodgomaze stalini isvenebda kurort axal aTonze. am dasvenebis periodSi man TavisTan miiwvia akaki mgelaZe, romelic imxanad saqarTvelos ssr komunisturi partiis afxazeTis imdroindeli saolqo komitetisa da so-xumis qalaqkomis pirvel mdivnad msaxurobda. samTavrobo agarakze gamarTul sadilze stalinma mgelaZesTan erTad miiwvia aseve nikita xruSCovic, romelic isvenebda iqve max-loblad mdebare soWSi.

rogorc a. mgelaZe igonebda: “Хрущев… всегда брал отпуск тогда, когда отдыхал Сталин и выбрал место отдыха где-нибуд поблизости. По всему видно, что это было не случайно. Часто звонил Сталину, приезжал к нему то на обед, то на завтрак или ужин, старался как можно больше бывать у него. Сейчас ясно, что Хрущев старался втереться в доверие к Сталину” [13, 147].

sadilobisas nikita xruSCovma warmoTqva Semdegi sad-RegrZelo: “Товарищ Сталин сделал то, что не смогли многие русские цари. Они стремились завоевать Польшу, но у них это не по-лучилось, а товарищ Сталин сегодня считается вождем и польского народа. И вот, я пью за здоровье этого великого человека, за товарища Сталина!” [13, 149].

sagulisxmoa, rom am sadRegrZelos SinaarsiT stalini ukmayofilo darCa.

akaki mgelaZis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: “Сталину тост видимо не понравился, он молчал. Не понравился этот чост и нам. Сталин молча взглянул на меня и по его взгляду я понял, что именно я должен что-то сказать Хрущеву, ибо он сам, как видно, считал

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неудобным отвечать Никите Сергеевичу. Тогда подняв тост за здоровье Сталина я отметил, что: “по моему, было бы неправильным отождествлять политику русских царей с поолитикой товарища Сталина. Русские цари были завоевателями, а товарищ Сталин и руководимая им Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, поддер-живает освободительные движения. Преследуя разгромленную гитле-ровскую армию Сталин, Компартия Советского Союза, вооруженные силы СССР принесли свободу польскому народу и польский народ имеет своего вождя в лице Болеслава Берута.”

Сталин видимо остался доволен моим ответом. Он улыбнулся в усы и своим обычным движением разгладил их трубкой. Но, зато побледнел Хрущев и чтобы вывести его из создавшегося неловкого положения, я произнес внеочередный тост за его здоровье. Атмосфера была разряжена, по крайней мере за столом” [13, 149].

am SemTxvevidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, stalinma kvlav miiwvia akaki mgelaZe axal aTonSi mdebare samTavrobo aga-rakze, sadac igi Sexvda poloneTis saxalxo respublikis li-ders boleslav beruts (1892-1956). 1947-1952 wlebSi is iyo poloneTis saxalxo respublikis prezidenti da saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare.

akaki mgelaZe igonebda: “Берута я видел впервые. Он оставил на меня очень приятное впечатление. Это был человек среднего роста, вдумчивый, серьезный, и трезво рассуждающий. Говорил он по русски с польским акцентом. Чувствовалось, что он от всего сердца любит Сталина и тот отвечает ему тем же. Это была встреча настоящих, идейных друзей... Их разговор носил деловой характер; он касался веутренней и внешней политики, вопросов социалистического лагеря, истории войн и народов...

– Мы, поляки, надеемся, – сказал Берут, – что в этой сложной международной обстановке, Вы, товарищ Сталин, нас не подведете.

Сталин молчал. Может не хотел отвечать, а возможно, занятый своими мыслями, не услышал реплики Берута.

– Ничего не поделаешь, – сказал Иосиф Виссарионович, – пока капиталистический мир силен, остается в силе лозунг мирного сосуществования. В результате разгрома фашизма коммунистическое движение во всех странах активизировалось, укреплять содружество социалистических государств. Вспомните прошлое. Россия и Польша дрались между собой, наносили друг другу вред и это было на руку немцам. Поляки не раз страдали и от немцев, и от русских. К счастью, нынче иные времена. И у вас, и у нас тепер другой строй и в дружбе с СССР заложен залог того, что Польша будет процветать год от года.

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– В этом мы, польские коммунисты, верим, товарищ Сталин, – сказал Болеслав Берут, – и нас, конечно-же, воодушевляет, что мировое коммунистическое движение сильно продвинулось вперед. Но нам, полякам, несколько лет будет трудно: Польша, особенно Варшава, сильно разрушена.

И. В. Сталин ответил: – Думаю, что советские люди помогут восстановить экономику и поднять из пепла Варшаву. Польская столица станет еще прекраснее, чем была до войны.

Болеслав Берут просиял. Переполненный чувствами, ответил: – Спасибо. От польского народа – спасибо” [13, 150-153].

vfiqrobT, sagulisxmoa TviT stalinis azri boleslav berutis Sesaxeb, romelic mas, poloneTis lideris wasvlis Semdeg, akaki mgelaZisaTvis gauziarebia: “Умный человек Берут, настоящий вождь полского народа. Через какие трудности он не прошел, какие бури не испитал, а не растерял бодрости, твердости духа. Пожалуй, даже наоборот – трудности закалили его. За таким народ пойдет в огонь и воду” [13, 154].

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikisa da poloneTis saxalxo respublikis liderTa morigi Sexvedra Sedga erTi wlis Semdeg, moskovSi. am Sexvedrisas maT yurad-Reba gaamaxviles xruSCovis mier axal aTonSi warmoTqmuli sadRegrZelos Sinaarsze.

akaki mgelaZis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: “В октябре 1952 года состоялся XIX Съезд Коммунистической Партии Советского Союза, на который, как известно, я был избран делегатом от Ком-партии Грузии. На съезде я встретился с Болеславом Берутом, возглав-лявшим польскую партийную делегацию. Мы оба обрадовались этой встрече.

Во время одного из перерывов я зашел в буфет, где встретил старых знакомых, со многими из них мы бывали в гостях у Сталина. Там же находился и Болеслав Берут. Он нас пригласил сесть с ним за один столик, чтобы закусить.

Совершенно неожиданно для меня Берут вдруг заговорил о тосте Хрущева, произнесенном им у Сталина в Новом Афоне. Я был очень удивлен не зная от кого он мог об этом узнать. Ясно, что не от Хрущева. Следовательно, или от самого Сталина, или же от Поскребы-шева с санкции Иосифа Виссарионовича.

Берут сказал: – можно себе представить, что будет если в руководстве партии и страны окажется такой человек как Хрущев. Ведь он, оказывается, махровый, великодержавный русский шовинист. Жаль, что такие люди ютятся где то около руководства партии и

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страны. Мы воспитываем польский народ в духе дружбы, любьвы и доверя к великому русскому народу, как этому учит товарищ Сталин, а вот такие типы могут очень сильно навредить и коммунистическому движению и дружбе народов.

Я потвердил, что действительно такие люди могут развалить мировое коммунистическое движение, не говоря уже о том, что они могут ослабить и нанести большой вред Советскому государству. Что касается того, могут ли такие люди попасть в руководство, я думаю, что – нет, по крайней мере, мне так хочется, да и Вам наверное тоже?

– Да, да! – воскликнул Берут. Будем же надеяться, что все будет хорошо.

– Да, да! – потвердил он опять. К этому времени перерыв окончился и мы разошлись по своим

местам. После этого разговора мы не раз встречались с Берутом, разговаривали, но ни он, ни я к этому вопросу не возвращались.

Мне неизвестно имел ли Сталин разговор с Хрущевым по этому поводу, или же Хрущевым говорил сам Берут, но ясно одно, Хрущев не забыл о своем тосте в Новом Афоне, а также о моеи ответе” [13, 155-156].

amrigad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respub-likis kompartiis liders akaki mgelaZes da poloneTis sa-xalxo respublikis prezidents boleslav beruts sakmaod axlo kolegialuri urTierToba hqondaT. saqarTvelos kom-partiis lideri poloneTis prezidentis mimarT Tanadgomas iCenda.


1. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi H, xel-

naweri 2178. 2. orbeliani grigol, werilebi (1832-1850 wlebi), t. I, akaki

gawerelias redaqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, kote gordelaZis winasityvaobiT, tfilisi, 1936.

3. orbeliani grigol, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, akaki ga-werelias da jumber WumburiZis Sesavali weriliT, re-daqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT, Tbilisi, 1959.

4. fircxalava samson, mogonebaTa furclebi, teqsti gamosa-cemad moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da pirTa saZie-beli daurTo leila nanitaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1988.

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5. javaxiSvili niko, qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis qveS (polonur-qarTul samxedro-politikur urTier-TobaTa istoriidan), Tbilisi, 1998.

6. javaxiSvili niko, waruSleli furceli saqarTvelo-po-loneTis urTierTobis istoriaSi (1918-1921 ww.), weliw-deuli `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. VIII, Tbilisi, 2001.

7. javaxiSvili niko, grigol I _ ukanaskneli qarTveli mefe, Tbilisi, 2008.

8. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-polonuri urTierTobebi (war-suli da Tanamedroveoba), masalebis krebuli baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis mier orga-nizebuli samecniero konferenciisa Temaze: “saqarTve-lo da msoflio, warsuli da Tanamedroveoba” (14-15. XI. 2008), baTumi, 2009.

9. javaxiSvili niko, poloneTi da polonelebi gamoCenil qarTvel moRvaweTa TvaliT (XIX saukunis ociani wlebi-dan _ XX saukunis ocian wlebamde). weliwdeuli `qarTu-li diplomatia~, t. XV, Tbilisi, 2011.

10. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul wyaroebSi poloneTisa da bal-tiispireTis Sesaxeb daculi cnobebi (XVIII s.), ivane java-xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarTvelos is-toriis institutis mier gamocemuli samecniero Sroma-Ta krebuli “qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba”, t. XIII_XIV, Tbilisi, 2011-2012.

11. javaxiSvili niko, narkvevebi qarTul-baltiuri urTier-Tobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2011.

12. Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. I (Князья). Руководитель авторского коллектива П. Гребельский, под редакцией С. Думина, СПб., 1993.

13. Мгеладзе А., Сталин. Каким я его знал. Страницы недавнего прошлого, Тбилиси, 2001.

14. Мурашев Г., Титулы, чины, награды, СПб., 2002. 15. Dżawachiszwili N., Stanowisko gruzińskich deputowanych Dumy

Państwowej wobec kwestii polskiej i finskiej. „Kompromis czy Konfrontacia?”, Studia z dziejow parlamentaryzmu rosyjskiego poc-zatku XX wieku. Materialy miedzynarodowi konferencji naukowej (Lublin-Radom, 8-9. X. 2008 r.). Pod redakcja naukowa D. Tarasiuka, K. Latawca, M. Korzeniowskiego. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 2009.

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16. Dżawachiszwili N., Polka – żona ostatniego gruzińskiego władcy. Materialy z VII Ogolnopolskiego Zjazdu Katedr Doktryn Politycznych i Prawnych „Kultura i mysl polityczno-prawna” (Jurata, 28-31. V. 2008 r.). Pod redakcja Andrzeja Sylwestrzaka, Dariusza Szpopera, Anny Machnikowskiej i Przemyslawa Dabrowskiego, Uniwersytet Gdanski, Sopot, 2010.

17. Джавахишвили Н., Польша и поляки глазами выдающихся грузинских деятелей (с начала XIX века – до 20-ых годов XX века), Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, Vol. LVIII, 1, Sectio G, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 2011.

Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of historical sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,Chief scientist-researcher of the Modern and Contemporary History Department of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

From the Attitude History of the Georgian State, Political and Public Figures towards the Poles (in the 19th-20th C.)

Summary

Europe’s one of the most beautiful and rich of history country –

Poland, and freedom loving Polish people, always had a special sympathy among Georgian people.

This article reviews how Poland and the Poles were reflected in thoughts of several outstanding Georgian state, political and public figures. Among them were: the last georgian king Grigol (Gregory) I (1789-1830), prince Grigol Orbeliani (1804-1883), social-federalist Samson Pirtskhalava (1872-1952) and kommunist Akaki Mgeladze (1910-1980).

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qeTevan saganeliZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, biznes-inJineringis fakultetis doqtoranti

osmaleTis interesebi

pirvel msoflio omSi da saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos osmaleTis agresiul, dapyrobiT gegmebSi

yovelTvis sagangebo adgili ekava, rasac TvalnaTliv mowmobs am or saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod daZabuli da sisxlismRvre-li urTierTobebis mravalsaukunovani istoria. osmaleTi (iseve, rogorc ruseTi da sxva dainteresebuli Zlieri qveyne-bi) mudam imis mcdelobaSi iyo da amisTvis Zal-Rones ar iSu-rebda, raTa saqarTvelo, kerZod ki misi Tvalwarmtaci regio-nebi — aWara, afxazeTi da mesxeTi (axalcixe-axalqalaqi) Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia. ris misaRwevadac is ar erideboda ro-gorc aSkara, Ria Semosevebs, aseve farul molaparakebebs, mzakvrul intrigebsa Tu sando, sarwmuno agenturis meSveobiT Cvens miwa-wyalze sakuTari despoturi marTva-gamgeobisa da proteqtoratis damyarebas. osmaleTisaTvis, geopolitikuri niSniT, gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli iyo aWara — evropidan spar-seTisaken mimavali gza, or kontinents Soris damakavSirebeli es erT-erTi umTavresi xidi da amitomac iyo, rom osmaleTi ve-rafriT egueboda, ver urigdeboda ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis dasrulebis Semdeg misTvis miuRebel uaRresad uaryofiT Sedegs — saqarTvelos am ZirZveli kuTxis, kerZod ki, Tavisad miCneuli baTumis xelidan gamoclas da mudam cdi-lobda, rom aWara da, saerTod `iverTa mxare~ ar `daekarga~ mxedvelobis aredan. miT ufro, rom osmalebs, rogorc amas maT mierve SeTxzuli zogierTi `dokumenti~ mowmobs, baTumi da sa-qarTvelos zogierTi sxva teritoriac, kidev erTxel gavimeo-rebT, Tavis kuTvnilebad esaxeboda da am akviatebul azrs, Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom uazrobas, Tavad qarTvelebsac ki, met-nak-lebi warmatebiT axvevdnen Tavs.

miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, osmaleTma kargad uwyoda, rom ruseTis imperiis marwuxebSi moqceuli saqarTve-los dapatroneba misTvis miuwvdomel natvras warmoadgenda, Tu ara raime globaluri movlena, romelic osmalTa ambiciu-ri gegmebis, mzakvruli imperiuli wadilis aRsrulebas rea-lobad aqcevda. amgvari Sansi osmaleTs gauCnda XX saukunis

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aTian wlebSi, rodesac mTeli msoflio dadga manamde arnaxuli saomari Teatris — pirveli msoflio omis winaSe, romelSic os-maleTis CarTva konkretulad, ganapiroba `axalgazrda Tur-qTa~ liderebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, samxedro ministris enver-faSas avantiurizmma da Turanistuli gegmis ganxorcielebis didma survilma, romelic kavkasiis garda, iranis azerbaijanis okupaciasac iTvaliswinebda.

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis win planetaze Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam osmaleTi, Zalauneburad, daukavSira kaizeris germanias, romelmac Tavadve gamoTqva survili mas-Tan mokavSireobisa, vinaidan germanelebs kargad esmodaT, rom mxolod Zlieri osmaleTis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli Tavis daxsna antantis mtkice rkalidan da swored amitom, 1914 wlis 2 agvistos germania-osmaleTs Soris gaformda konfidencia-luri xelSekruleba, romlis IV muxlis Tanaxmadac: `germania uzrunvelyofs TurqeTis teritoriul mTlianobas ruseTis winaaRmdeg~ [1, 98]. rac Seexeba osmaleTis armiebis xelmZRvane-lobas, igi mTlianad gadadioda germaniis samxedro misiis gan-kargulebaSi [2, 48].

osmaleTma, germaniasTan gaformebuli saidumlo xelSek-rulebis Semdeg, daiwyo sayovelTao mobilizacia, xolo saja-rod, sxvaTa Tvalis asaxvevad, neitraliteti gamoacxada. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT, stambolis samxedro gubernatori da qveynis sazRvao Zalebis ministri jemal-faSa Tavis CanawerebSi aRniS-navs, rom: `Cven neitraliteti mxolod imisaTvis gamovacxadeT, rom mogvego dro. Cven velodebiT moments, rodesac davamTav-rebdiT mobilizacias da SevZlebdiT monawileoba migveRo om-Si~ [3, 110]. neitralitetis gamocxadebisTanave, amierkavkasiis mosazRvre osmaleTis aRmosavleTi vilaieTebi gadayvanil iq-na samxedro mdgomareobaze, gaZlierda ruseTTan sazRvris dacva da gaaqtiurda TurqeTis dazverva [4, 46]. garda amisa, kavkasiaSi propagandistuli muSaobis gaCaRebis mizniT, oto-manis mTavrobam iq Seqmna specialuri komisia sami germanelis, oTxi Turqi oficrisa da parizidan Camosuli oTxi qarTveli inteligentis SemadgenlobiT [5, 21].

pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis CarTvis WeSmariti arsi da miznebi TvalnaTliv aris Camoyalibebuli `erTianobisa da progresis~ partiis mier Tavis yvela ganyofilebisadmi dag-zavnil Semdeg mimarTvaSi: `Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom msof-lio omSi Cveni monawileobis mizans warmoadgens ara marto Cveni qveynis gadarCena daRupvisagan, romelic mas emuqreba. ara, Cven visaxavT uSualo mizans — Cveni erovnuli idealis gan-

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xorcielebas, romelic moiTxovs, rom Cven davamarcxoT Cveni moskoveli mteri da gavafarTovoT bunebriv sazRvrebamde Cve-ni imperia, romelic moicavs da gaaerTianebs Cveni modgmis yve-la xalxs~ [6, 106]. cxadia, `bunebriv sazRvrebSi~ saqarTveloc moiazreboda.

pirveli msoflios imperialisturi omi, rogorc cnobi-lia, daiwyo 1914 wlis 1 agvistos da dasrulda 1918 wlis 11 no-embers, e.i. mimdinareobda 4 weli, 3 Tve da 10 dRe. omma moicva 38 saxelmwifo da masSi monawileobis misaRebad mobilizebuli iqna 73,5 milioni kaci. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi daiRupa 10 mi-lioni da daiWra 90 milioni adamiani. am omma didi gavlena mo-axdina kacobriobis istoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebis proce-sebze da erTgvarad, gansazRvra mZlavr saxelmwifoTa gavle-nis sferoebi msoflios umTavres regionebSi.

pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebisTanave, germaniam kate-goriulad moiTxova saomar bataliebSi osmaleTis CarTva da kavkasiis muslimi mosaxleobis ajanyebis daCqareba. magram, os-maleTi fexs iTrevda da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac man moaxerxa, TiTqmis, naxevarmilioniani saxmeleTo armiis mobilizeba, 1914 wlis 27 oqtombers misi floti, germaniis sazRvao ZalebTan erTad Sevida Sav zRvaSi da daupirispirda ruseTis samxedro gemebs. 29 oqtombers mokavSireebma dabombes ruseTis sanavsad-guro qalaqebi, maT Soris foTi, soxumi da baTumic. ase Caeba osmaleTi pirvel msoflio omSi da saqarTveloc, rogorc meo-mar mxaresTan ruseTis imperiis mosazRvre mxare, frontispira qveynad da omis uSualo monawiled iqca.

osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebisa da mTavarsardlobis, upirveles yovlisa ki, TviT enver-faSasa da maTi mokavSire germanel imperialistTa erToblivi gegmiT, osmaloTa jars elviseburi saomari operaciebis ganxorcielebiT, rac SeiZle-ba, swrafad unda gaenadgurebinaT ruseTis jarebi da daep-yroT kavkasia, ris Semdegac, enver-faSas saocnebo mizani iyo gadasvla kaspiispireTSi, volgispireTsa da Sua aziaSi, ruse-Tis imperiis aRmosavleT gareubnebSi mcxovrebi xalxebis ajanyebis organizeba da amboxebulTa daxmarebiT miRweuli ga-marjvebisTanave, avRaneTsa da indoeTSi galaSqreba [7, 14].

omSi CarTvis pirvelive dReebidan, osmalebma, TavianTi agentebis meSveobiT kidev ufro gaaZlieres saagitacio kampa-nia aWarasa da afxazeTSi, rasac maTi Rrma rwmeniT, unda mohyo-loda saqarTvelos am ori regionis mkvidr mosaxleobaSi anti-rusuli ganwyobilebis Seqmna. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom agre-sorTa es mcdeloba uSedegod, kraxiT dasrulda, vinaidan xse-

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nebuli orive mxaris mcxovreblebma didi patriotuli sulis-kveTeba da politikuri TviTSegnebuloba gamoavlines, riTac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes panTurqizmis liderTa avanti-uristuli gegmebis CaSlaSi. ase rom, pirveli msoflio omis sawyis etapzeve osmaleTisa da germaniis gaerTianebuli mTa-varsardlobis mier calsaxad dasaxuli mizani, romelic kavka-siis frontze rusTa samxedro Zalebis elvisebur ganadgure-bas iTvaliswinebda, ar gamarTlda da am mxriv mokavSireebma sruli fiasko ganicades.

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi ganviTarebulma saomarma movlenebma da omSi Cabmul saxelmwifoTa politikurma ambici-ebma, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod kargad SeniRbuli hqondaT meomar mxareTa liderebsa da mmarTvel wreebs, osmaleTs TvalnaTliv daanaxa, rom ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daZ-leva da kavkasiaSi fexis myarad mokideba misTvis, SeiZleba, auxdenel ocnebad darCeniliyo. amitomac iyo, rom osmaleTi maqsimalurad Seecada esargebla ruseTSi dawyebuli samoqa-laqo omiT da Tavisi qmedebiT xeli Seewyo kavkasiis frontze ganlagebuli ruseTis armiis daSlisaTvis. am gegmis ganxorci-eleba osmalTa varaudiT, unda gaeadvilebina im garemoebas, rom ruseTis ganapira erovnul regionebSi Seqmnil kontrre-voluciur mTavrobebs arc Zala da arc unari ar SeswevdaT imi-saTvis, raTa winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da SeekavebinaT ucxoelTa mxridan warmoebuli Semosevebi.

osmaleTma, romelmac kargad Seigno, rom yovelgvari wi-naswari ideologiuri da politikuri momzadebis gareSe, ami-erkavkasiaze pirdapiri Seteva fardas axdida da calsaxad ga-moaaSkaravebda mis namdvil miznebsa da zraxvebs, amasTan, uci-loblad gamoiwvevda antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis zrdas, Sem-dgomi moqmedebisaTvis airCia erTob mzakvruli — Setevisa da molaparakebis erTdrouli taqtika, romlis mixedviTac unda momxdariyo teritoriebis dapyroba, amierkavkasiis komisari-atsa da reJimTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, xolo Semdeg yo-veli dadebuli xelSekrulebis xelaxali darRveva, rac osmal-Ta azriT, xels Seuwyobda kavkasiaSi ruseTis frontis daSlas, raSic dainteresebuli iyo rogorc osmaleTi, ise amiekavkasi-ac [6, 157]. magram, osmaleTisTvis samwuxarod, mis am Canafiq-rsac ganxorcieleba ar ewera. 1917 wels ruseTSi momxdarma, jer iyo da, Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiulma, xolo imave wlis Semodgomaze — oqtomberSi bolSevikebis kontrevo-luciurma gadatrialebam Zirfesvianad Secvales saerTaSori-so mdgomareoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. mefisa da droebiTi

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mTavrobis mxridan osmaleTTan dakavSirebul imperialistur gegmebs Soris mkveTri ganxeTqilebis warmoqmnam, sabWoTa mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebulma leninurma sagareopoliti-kurma principebma, agreTve mokavSireebs Soris dadebulma sai-dumlo xelSekrulebebis gamomzeurebam da maTma gauqmebam os-maleTs, romelic imxanad ukve, sakmaod mZime yofaSi iyo Cavar-dnili, sakuTari teritoriebis SenarCunebiT, omidan gamos-vlis realuri SesaZlebloba misca, magram man Seqmnili garemo-ebebisagan boZebuli Tavis gadarCenis es didebuli Sansi ver (Tu ar) gamoiyena — enver-faSam da misma panTurqulma jgufma kvlav germaniaze damokidebul mdgomareobaSi amjobina yofna, riTac maT qveyana, TiTqmis katastrofis piramde miiyvanes.

rogorc cnobilia, 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi oficialurad gaformda sazavo xelSekruleba, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa ruseTsa da, meore mxriv, germaniasa da mis mokavSire-ebs Soris, rac metad damamZimebeli aRmoCnda saqarTvelos-Tvis. kerZod, imisda miuxedavad, rom xsenebuli zavis dadebi-sas, amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlebs molaparakebaSi monawile-oba ar miuRiaT, rac didi Secdoma iyo, zavis pirobebis Tanax-mad, artaanis, yarsisa da baTumis olqebi osmaleTs gadaeca, riTac kardinalurad icvleboda 1914 wlamde dadgenili saz-Rvrebi osmaleTis sasargeblod. sazavo xelSekrulebaze dar-Tuli oTxi damatebis mixedviT, orive yofil meomar mxares So-ris myardeboda ekonomikuri da iuridiuli kavSirebi [8, 144]. garda amisa, ruseTi ar unda Careuliyo osmaleTisaTvis gada-cemuli olqebis saxelmwifoebriv da saerTaSoriso-samar-Tlebriv urTierTobebSi, xolo olqebis mosaxleobas ufleba unda miscemoda mezobel qveynebTan, maT Soris, osmaleTTan Se-TanxmebiTac, daemyarebina axali wesrigi [9, 142].

aqve davZenT, rom osmaleTi brestis zavis gadawyvetile-biT mTlad kmayofili ar darCenila, Tumca, mogvianebiT Tur-qul istoriografiaSi Camoyalibda, sakmaod realisturi Sefa-seba aRniSnuli zavis Sedegad osmaleTis mier miRebuli `wi-lis~ Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Turqi mkvlevaris Tulai duranis az-riT, brest-litovskSi osmalurma mxarem did gamarjvebas mi-aRwia, vinaidan `...osmaleTis imperiam ukanaskneli asi wlis man-Zilze ruseTTan diplomatiur urTierTobaSi pirvelad SeZlo warmatebis mopoveba da daibruna yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi damarcxda ruseTTan omSi, brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT is gamarjvebuli sa-xelmwifos mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. TurqeTisaTvis mniSvne-

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lovani strategiuli regioni — yarsi, artaani da baTumi xelax-la moeqca TurqeTis sazRvrebSi~ [10, 13-20].

1918 wlis gazafxulze `axalgazrda Turqebma~ kavkasiaSi wamoiwyes morigi SeiaraRebuli intervencia da ucxo miwebis dapyrobiT Seecadnen TavianTi dasustebuli imperiis mdgoma-reobis gamosworebas. kerZod, osmaleTis jarebma aprilSi uxe-Sad daarRvies brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebis piro-bebi, SeiWrnen amierkavkasiaSi da 7 aprils daikaves ozurgeTi. 15 aprils baTumi, yarsi da, miuxedavad qarTvelTa medgari wi-naaRmdegobisa, xelT igdes mTeli mesxeTi borjomamde. osmalo interventebs am operaciebis ganxorcielebaSi energiuli Ta-nadgoma aRmouCines amierkavkasielma kontrrevolucionereb-ma — azerbaijanelma, somexma daSnakebma da maTma mxardamWereb-ma [11, 163].

cxadia, ruseTi romelic amierkavkasias Tavis ganuyofel nawilad Tvlida, am mxareSi osmaleTis poziciebis gaZlierebas ver Seurigdeboda, moxda ise, rom ruseTis mier samoqalaqo omis waqezebam, erTi mxriv, swored osmaleTis poziciebis gam-yarebas da, meores mxriv, ruseTisagan amierkavkasiis Camocile-basa da damoukidebel, erovnul respublikebad daSlas Seuwyo xeli. amgvar viTarebaSi mTeli ZaliT iCina Tavi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis tendenciam, rac imxanad Seqmnil kritikul viTarebaSi sul ufro realuri xdeboda [12, 229].

1918 wlis 11 maiss baTumSi ganaxlda amierkavkasia-osma-leTis molaparakeba. amierkavkasiis delegacias xelmZRvane-lobda akaki Cxenkeli, xolo osmalTa mxares — `axalgazrda TurqTa~ erT-erTi lideri, iusticiisa da sagareo saqmeTa mi-nistri halil-bei. maTTan erTad, konferenciaSi monawileobas iRebdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis delegaciebic, agreTve germani-is warmomadgenloba general-maior fon losovis meTaurobiT. osmaleTis delegacias Tavisi teritoriuli moTxovnebi Camo-yalibebuli hqonda axali sazavo xelSekrulebis proeqtSi, ro-melSic `...aRniSnuli sazRvrebi niSnavda saqarTvelodan im Zve-li (mogvianebiT islamizirebuli) olqebis Camocilebas, rom-lebic ruseTma SeiZina 1829 w. adrianopolis zaviT da mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni yofil Tbilisis guberniasTan: lapara-ki iyo axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebze (ukanasknelze, sa-dac Semdeg, XIX saukunidan, somexi ltolvilebi daasaxles, pretenzias acxadebda somxeTi).

somxeTisaTvis axali sazRvari udrida mis TiTqmis srul ganadgurebas. aleqsandropoli da umetesi nawili aleqsan-dropolisa da eCmiaZinis mazrebisa, e.i. ase vTqvaT umTavresi

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somxuri nawili somxeTisa, rkinizgis xazis — yarsi-aleqsan-dropoli da aleqsandropoli-sparseTis sazRvris CaTvliT TurqeTis xelSi gadadioda.

am pirobebSi TurqeTi uzrunvelyofda araTu mTeli ami-erkavkasiis kontrols, aramed mWidro teritoriul Sexebas azerbaijanTan da sparseTTan (e. i. sparseTis azerbaijanTan) — sxva sityvebiT, qveynebTan, romlebic dasaxlebuli iyo Turqe-bisave modgmisa da Turqulenovani xalxiT~ [13, 59].

1918 wlis 14 maiss halil-beim moiTxova, rom aleqsandro-pol-julfis rkinigziT osmalel jariskacebs esargeblad, ra-zec akaki Cxenkelma kategoriuli protesti gamoTqva. amis sa-pasuxod, osmaleTis jarebma Seteva ganaaxles da 15 maiss aiRes aleqsandropoli, Semdeg ki Tbilisisa da erevnisaken daiZrnen. swored am dros maT miiRes Tanxmoba amierkavkasiis rkinigziT sargeblobaze, magram osmaleTis mxare marto amas aRar daya-bulda da, madagaxsnilma, axla ukve axali pretenziebi wamoaye-na — damatebiT moiTxova axalcixe, axalqalaqi, aleqsandropo-li, surmalini, naxiWevani, julfa da amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze Tavisi kontrolis daweseba.

1918 wlis 25 maiss germaniam sami aTasi germaneli jariska-ci gadasxa foTSi. imave dRes, akaki Cxenkelis xelmoweriT, ami-erkavkasiis samxedro ministris TanaSemwes g. kvinitaZis saxel-ze baTumidan TbilisSi gamogzavnil iqna amgvari Sinaarsis de-peSa: `saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos prezidiums gadaeciT Sem-degi: damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgomi gaWinaureba ga-moiwvevs gamousworebel Sedegs. germanelebis Suamdgomlobis cda ar gamogvivida. dagvrCenia erTi ram: Turqebis Semotevas davupirispiroT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, romelsac mxars uWers germania~ [13, 79]. marTlac, meore dResve — 26 maiss, TviTlikvidacia moaxdina amierkavkasiis seimma, xolo saqar-Tvelos erovnulma sabWom saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publika gamoacxada, rac Cveni qveynis mravalsaukunovani is-toriis erT-erT ubrwyinvales niSansvets warmoadgenda.

1918 wlis 26 maiss halil-beim akaki Cxenkels wauyena mo-rigi ultimatumi — 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mieRoT osmaloTa yvela moTxovna. meore dResve igive ultimatumi warudgina sa-qarTvelos mTavrobasac. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, germaniam saqar-Tvelos daxmareba aRuTqva, urCia osmaleTTan sazavo molapa-rakebis gamarTva da zavis dadeba. es misia iTava noe ramiSvilma — saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavrobis meTaurma, romelic 31 ma-iss baTumSi Cavida da halil-beis acnoba, rom amierkavkasiis federacia daiSala, xolo saqarTvelo demokratiul respub-

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likad gamoacxada. amasTan erTad, is dainteresda — Seexeboda Tu ara saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas amierkavkasiis respublikis mTavrobis saxelze gagzavnili ultimatumi, ra-zec halil-beisagan aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `vinaidan saqarTvelos respublikis Seqmna arafers ar cvlis im pirobebSi, romlebmac ganapiroba 26 maisis nota, saimperio delegacias miaCnia, rom igi, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos respublikasac Seexeba~ [14, 340]. molaparakeba CixSi rom ar Sesuliyo, qarTulma mxarem kidev erTxel daudastura osmaleTis delegacias, rom uflebas aZ-levda jarebs esargeblaT amierkavkasiis rkinigziT, xolo or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvrebi unda dadgeniliyo brest-li-tovskis zavis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad. rac Seexeba, axal-cixe-axalqalaqis sakiTxs, igi ormxrivi sazavo molaparakebiT unda gadawyvetiliyo. amgvari molaparakeba saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris Sedga 1918 wlis 4 ivniss baTumSi da is das-rulda `zavisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebis~ dadebiT, rome-lis ZaliTac saqarTvelo-osmaleTis sazRvari 1829 wlis adri-anopolis traqtatis droindel ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvrebis parametrebiT ganisazRvreboda. osmaleTs gadaecemoda 1878 wels dakarguli artaanis, baTumisa da yarsis olqebi (romle-bic mas ukve miRebuli hqonda brest-litovskis xelSekrule-biT), agreTve, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis sanjanyebi, rac osma-leTis mxares akuTvnebda mTel mesxeTs, awyurisa da abasTuma-nis gamoklebiT. xsenebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo saqarTvelos jarebis demobilizacia, osmaleTis sasargeblod dawesebuliyo kontroli respublikis samxedro Zalebze, saqarTvelo valdebuli xdeboda Tavisi teritorii-dan yvela im saxelmwifos oficeri Tu moxele daeTxovna, rom-lebic omSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. amasTan erTad gansazRvruli iyo samxedro tvirTis gadasazidad sarkinigzo saSualebebis gamoyenebis wesebi da sxv.

saqarTvelo-osmaleTs Soris baTumSi xelmowerili `za-visa da megobrobis~ ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis ratifikacia er-Ti Tvis ganmavlobaSi unda momxdariyo (XIIImuxli), magram es procedura, ratomRac, ar Sedga da aRniSnuli xelSekruleba ZalaSi arasodes Sesula [8, 155-156]. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom baTumis xelSekrulebiT, faqtobrivad, dasrulda omi saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris, Tumca, es ukanaskneli verafriT ver jerdeboda imas, rac ergo da kvlav agrZelebda agresiul qmedebebs saqarTvelos mimarT. kerZod, 1918 wlis 27 ivniss afxazeTSi, kodoris SesarTavTan, Tavad aleqsandre SarvaSiZis mamulSi gadasxmul iqna osmaluri desanti, romel-

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Sic erivnen osmaleTs gadasaxlebul afxaz muhajirTa STamo-mavlebic. imave dRes baTumSi ganlagebuli osmaleTis mesame armiis sardalma esad faSam soxumis dakavebis brZaneba gasca [15, 206]. 1918 wels es iyo osmaleTis mier afxazeTSi samxedro intervenciis ganxorcielebis meore mcdeloba, radgan osma-luri mxare imave wlis maisSic gegmavda afxazeTis teritoria-ze desantis gadasxmas, magram uSedegod.

saqarTvelos mTavroba, imisda miuxedavad, rom mTeli mesxeTi osmaleTis xelT iyo, mainc energiulad ganagrZobda moqmedebas da moiTxovda ara marto baTumis olqis, aramed ar-taan-olTisis mxaris saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqcevas, Tumca es brZola axla mxolod diplomatiur xasiaTs atarebda, mag-ram mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis.

1918 wlis seqtembris miwurulisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi TandaTan dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. 26 seqtembers mokav-SireTa jarebi farTomasStabian Setevaze gadavidnen da aiZu-les germania rom daetovebina bulgareTi. Seqmnil viTarebaSi osmaleTma nel-nela daiwyo Tavisi jarebis gayvana amierkavka-siidan. 18 oqtombers osmalebma datoves awyuri da abasTumani. garda amisa, isini pirobas iZleodnen, rom umokles vadebSi daclidnen brest-litovskis zaviT gauTvaliswinebel yvela dakavebul teritorias da a.S. es iyo osmaleTis mier gadadgmu-li bolo nabijebi pirveli msoflio omis periodSi. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers dauZlurebulma osmaleTma antantis saxelmwi-foTa warmomadgenelTan, general kolTrohTan sazavo xelSek-ruleba dado da amiT, oficialurad aRiara Tavisi damarcxeba.

1918 wlis 13 noembers germaniaSi momxdari revoluciis Sedegad, sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam mTlianad gaauqma brest-litovskis xelSekruleba, romelic sabolood 1919 wlis 19 iv-niss versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis 116-e muxlis Tanaxmad mo-ispo. saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis bedi imJamad ga-urkveveli darCa [8, 158].

amrigad, Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom pirveli msoflio omis win germaniasTan `dame-gobrebul~ osmaleTs erTaderTi ram amoZravebda — es iyo, rac SeiZleba farTo masStabiT Turqizmis ideologiis gavrceleba da `didi Turanis~ Seqmnis wadili. maTTvis misaRebi am erovnu-li idealis xorcxSesxmis saSualebas ki osmalo imperialiste-bi qveynis sazRvrebis gafarToebasa da erTmorwmune yvela xalxis gaerTianebaSi xedavdnen. swored am sanukvari miznis mi-saRwevad, maTi azriT, savsebiT realuri amocanis gadasawyve-

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tad sWirdebodaT Cven mezoblebs kavkasia da, kerZod, saqar-Tvelo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osmalTa mier dasaxuli es ocneba warmoadgenda kidevac maT umTavres interess pirvel msoflio omSi monawileobisas, magram imis gamo, rom `iverTa mxares~ sxva, ufro Zlieri saxelmwifoebic guldagul `uTvalTvaleb-dnen~, aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom igi isedac ukve iyo ruse-Tis imperiis `kanonieri~ binadari, xolo germania arc ki api-rebda mis `daTmobas~ osmaleTisaTvis, am ukanasknelis ambici-uri zraxvebi da agresiuli `survilebi~ saqarTvelos mimarT, misTvis darCa martooden auxdenel natvrad da ocnebad.


1. Ф. И. Нотович, Дипломатическая борьба в годы первой мировой войны. т. 1, Москва, 1947.

2. Г. В. Пипия. Германский империализм в Закавказье в 1910-1918 гг., М., 1978.

3. Джемал-Паша, Записки 1913-1919 гг., перевод с английского Б. Т. Руденко, Тифлис, 1923.

4. giorgi gociriZe, pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo, sadisertacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandida-tis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi, 1998.

5. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqi-vi, fondi 13, naw. 27, saq. 5411.

6. oTar gigineiSvili, Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo po-litika, Tbilisi, 1963.

7. mamia dRvilva, saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierToba 1918-1921 wlebSi, avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 1997.

8. TinaTin kublaSvili, TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, sadisertacio naSromi is-toriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi, 2006.

9. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1818, anaw. 2, saq. 179.

10. Tulay Duran, Bolseviklerin Batililarla ilk Diplomatik Iliskileri, Brest-Litovsk Antrlasmasi ve Turkiye (Belgelerle), Turk Tarihi Dergisi 38, Ist. 1970.

11. А. Ф. Миллер, Краткая история Турции, Москва, 1948. 12. farnaoz lomaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria (1801-1918).

Tbilisi, 1992.

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13. zurab avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-21 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, mogonebani, narkve-vebi, Tbilisi, 1990.

14. Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии, Тифлис, 1919;

15. Г. А. Дзидзария, Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921 гг., Тбилиси, 1963.

Qetevan Saganelidze

Doctoral student of the Georgian Technical University

Ottomans Interests in the world war I and Gaorgia

Summary

We tried to communities around the main sources of research -

Georgian Democratic press, archival materials and a foreign language, extensive documentation, based on research and analysis of major political events in the world in the light of the Georgian - Turkish relations, history, to study and research, if the exposure time Georgia immense political awareness of the process of formation, which made the people in dire need of national and social issues raised. We believe that the democratic press Georgia, Georgian, Russian and Turkish, a thorough study of archival materials - analysis clearly shows, Georgia - Turkey's political history during this period. Then click on the possibility of Georgian Democratic contained within the Russia - Georgia - Turkey and all the tough questions, and all his creative and professional way to the reader the information vacuum in our country in the world, it is not retarded international processes.

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badri cxadaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili qar-

Tveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili meore:

fridon xalvaSi, rezo amaSukeli)

ciloba Tu kinklaoba ufro bavSvebSi TavCenili mov-

lenaa, magram zogjer aseT rames, seriozulad ufrosebSic vawydebiT: maSin roca gasayofi araferia, an umniSvnelo, ma-Sin, roca msgavsi da erTnairi, saerTo ufro metia, vidre gansxvavebuli, Cven, gangorozebulni, ufro gansxvavebuls, wvrilmans mivapyrobT mzeras, Zireuls da saWiros ki ugule-belvyofT. miT ufro cudia es, roca saqme mecnierebasTan, namdvil mecnierul kvlevasTan da WeSmaritebis ZiebasTan gvaqvs. marTalia, wvrilmani da msxvilmani aq erTnairad sain-tereso da gamosavlenia, magram am mxriv es istoriuli da faqtobrivi ,,abdaubda’’ SigadaSig, istoriuli movlenebis ama Tu im etapze mwvaved wamoyofs Tavs da zogjer savalalo Sedegebamdec mivyavarT. aseTad qarTvelTa da somexTa, am ori uZvelesi naTesauri da mezoblad mcxovrebi erebis is-toriuli uTanxmoebis dasaxelebac ikmarebda.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi anu mesame aTaswleulis dam-degsac, samwuxaroa, rom somxebsa da qarTvelebs Soris ci-loba bevr rameSi mwvaved vlindeba. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT, istorikosebi aqtiuroben. Tundac ori mecnieri, an ori mo-pirdapire an momijnave dargis, Tu mxolod erT samecniero disciplinaSi momuSave erTi an sxvadasxva qveynis, mrwamsisa da mimarTulebis specialistebi WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi sxva-dasxva Sedegs iReben, saerTo, zogad saxelmwifoebriv ideeb-Tan Tu politikur kursTan saTanadod siaxloves ver am-JRavneben. saxarbielo ki, am kuTxiT, qarTvel da somex mecni-erebs namdvilad ara aqvT. sanimuSod erT TvalnaTel maga-liTs davasaxelebT: miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli da some-xi erebis mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis yvelaze mniSvne-lovan istoriul xanas XII saukune warmoadgens (radgan am dros sabolood gamoikveTa ori qveynis damokidebulebis is saxe, romelmac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis urTierToba ar-sebiTad mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gansazRvra),

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dRemde xelT gvaqvs diametrulad gansxvavebuli ZiriTadi debulebebi orive mxarisagan [1, 40-46], [2, 7-16]. zogadad, ase-Ti radikalurad gansxvavebuli debulebebi mkvlevarTagan, oradoria. kerZod, 1. qarTuli istoriografiis Tvalsazri-siT, XII saukuneSi somxeTi, ufro zustad, misi didi nawili, qarTuli saxelmwifos Semadgeneli mxare gaxda, 2. somxuri istoriografiis rakursiT, marTalia, XII saukuneSi somxeTis didi nawili saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram ase iyo mxolod formalurad, vinaidan somxeTs iseTi didi TviTmmarTveloba hqonda, rom arsebiTad igi damoukidebe-li saxelmwifo iyo, xolo zaqaria da iovane mxargZelebis sa-mefo karze moRvaweobis dros saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xe-lisufleba am e.w. ,,zaxaridebisa’’ Tu ,,zaxarianebis’’ neba-survilis aRmasrulebeli gaxda, da amdenad, TviTon saqar-Tvelo Seadgenda somxuri saxelmwifos nawils’’[3, 3]. somxu-ri postulatebi aq aSkarad istoriis qarTuli interpreta-ciaa, ase rom, vfiqrobT, faqtebis Selamazeba ufro gvaqvs, vidre WeSmaritebis Zieba. aseTi abrundebi da subieqturi wa-jeq-ukujeqobebi, obieqturis nacvlad, dRemde nairgvaria da, savalalod, dasasruli ar uCans.

kidev erTi magaliTi: somxebisa da Turqebis eTnokon-fliqtebisa da e. w. genocidis Sesaxeb dRemde bevri iTqva, daiwera da, albaT, momavalSic daiwereba da iTqmeba, magram warsuli movlenisa Tu samarTlebrivi faqtis gauazrebe-lad, akviatebulad da lamis ideafiqsad qceva, maTi qeqva da moCxreka, mxolod axali problemebisa da konfliqtebis war-momSob wyarod gvesaxeba, rac, safiqrebelia, msoflio-kavka-siur integrecias, msoflio ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisis fonze, saerTo safrTxes uqmnis.... saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs.... visac sulier-mezobluri da naTesauri-TanadgomobiTi cxovreba surT..... Cven, piradad, ase gaviazreT da ase gvesaxeba 2011 wlis oqtomberSi somxeTSi (erevanSi) vizitisas safrangeTis prezidentis nikola sarkozis Tanmxlebi, warmoSobiT somexi momRerlis, msoflioSi cnobili pirovnebis Sarl aznavuris somxebisadmi mimarTuli Txovna-Sexseneba da e. w. genocidis aRiarebis problemurobis Sesaxeb.

kontrargumentebi Tu saTaviso istoriuli argumente-bi sasxvisos (sasomxos) sawinaaRmdegod, Turqebsac aqvT. mag., somxebis erT-erTi istoriuli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb is-toriografiaSi cnobilia, rom:

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kilikia somxebis erT-erT uZvelesi sacxovrisia, mag-ram rogorc irkveva, somxebi istoriulad, ise rogorc kav-kasiaSi, aqac mosuli eria ,,sxva qveynidan’’ Tu teritorii-dan. mag., wyaroebiT, istoriuli analebiT, istorikosTa cnobiT, ,,kilikia mdebareobda mcire aziis samxreTi nawilis SuaSi. bizantiis imperiis Semadgenel mTagorian mxares sam-xreTiT xmelTaSua zRva ekra. bizantiis imperatorebi kili-kiaSi iZulebiT asaxlebdnen maT mier dapyrobili somxeTis mosaxleobas. gansakuTrebiT bevri somxoba gaasaxles ber-Znebma XI s-is Sua xanebSi. SemdgomSi XI s-is II naxevridan Turq-seljukebis mier somxeTis dapyrobis gamo Tavzarda-cemuli somexi mosaxleoba masobrivad garboda kilikiaSi. ase rom, male kilikiaSi somxoba meti aRmoCnda adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. somxebi ajanydnen da kilikia damoukidebel samTavrod gamoacxades 1080 wels. 1198-1375 wlebSi kilikia ganviTarebuli feodaluri samefo iyo. mis damoukideblo-bas bolo mouRes egviptelma mamluqebma, xolo somexi mosax-leoba kilikiidan sabolood gaaZeves Turqebma pirveli msoflio omis dros; kilikiis saxelmwifom didi roli Seas-rula somxuri kulturis ganviTarebaSi’’ [3, 42].

ra gamodis? istoriulad, istoriuli kilikia isea som-xebis, rogorc Turqebis. anu istoriuli samarTlianobis mi-xedviT, arc erTisaa da arc meoris. aseTia istoriuli, Tana-mimdevruli da logikuri daskvna. ase rom, qarTuli andazis mixedviT, ,,ori Citi sxvis sanexvelaze Tavs iklavdas’’ princi-piT, maTi eTnokonfliqtica da e. w. genocidic ase unda Sefas-des, Tumca istoriuli upiratesoba pirvelmosvlobisa (mci-re aziaSi mosvla-damkvidrebisa) aSkarad somxebis mxarezea.

gare Zalebi, ucxouri Tu Sinauri, dResac Tavisas ar iSlis istoriuli samarTlianobis aRsadgenad konfliqtis gaRvivebas. ratomRac agondebaT da arc agondebaT, iTva-liswineben da arc iTvaliswineben Tundac ybadaRebul isra-el-palestinis politikur samkvdro-sasicocxlo ,,ojaxs’’. aq arafers vambobT yarabaRis, rogorc axali ,,mouSuSebeli iarisa’’ da ,,Tavis tkivilis’’ Sesaxeb, romelic damokles max-viliviT hkidia Tavze somxeTisa da azerbaijanis saxelmwi-foebs, maT mesveurT.

xazs vusvamT, dRes, calkeuli individis, somxisa Tu azerbaijanelis azrs Tu beds uaresis SemTxvevaSi, Tu uare-sis molodinSi, Tbil savarZelSi mokalaTebuli da politi-kuri kataklizmebis moyuriade (garedan Semyure) aras dagi-devs...., ,,Robes Cxiris’’ principidan gamomdinare....

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Turqul-somxuri eTnokonfliqtisa da genocidis, mi-Rebuli savalalo Sedegebis Sesaxeb adrec vwerdiT: wuxdnen amis Semswre imdronideli qarTvelebic, momdevno Taobis rigiTi da WeSmariti mamuliSvilebi (grigol robaqiZe da sxv.) [4].

erT-erT werilSi cnobili qarTveli poeti fridon xalvaSi ixsenebs: mogoneba I: ìzmiri. siamovnebis qalaqi. aq ori fiqr-gaxseneba mimeordeba: mustafa aTaTurqis sityva axal mejlisSi, mgoni 20-21 wels (aTas cxraasis), somexTa xocvis gamo Tqmuli (sami tomi rusulad vaso gobroniZes `rusuli poeziis~ qarTulad Targmnil tomSi gavucvale. vai-me!). swored izmiris erTi epizodi axsena aTaTurqma. Cve-ni revolucia saimedod ver akontrolebda yvela qalaqso. izmiris portSi momuSave somxebi, RamiT, malulad, naviT, reidze mdgar àntanteli~ inglisis kreiseramde miiparnen da mters izmirSi SemouZRvneno. aoxrda qalaqi, raSic izmi-rel somexTa wvlili didiao, magram Cven unda SevwyvitoT somexTa devna _ dasja, _ msoflio gagvamtyunebso~. mogo-neba II: ,,mamaCemis `CeTeSi~ askerad yofna erT saxlidan, Tur-qi ònbaSi~ ubrZanebs (arTvinSi somxebs daeZeben gasanadgu-reblad), _ aba, naxe WerSi xom ar imalebiano. avxoxdi kibe-zeo, miyveba (mamaCemi), _ vaTvaliereb, wyvdiadSi, erT kuTxe-Si SepeWkilan qali, albaT, deda, da bavSvebi, bnels amaTi Se-Sinebuli Tvalebis elvebi hkveTen. me kibeze ukan veSvebi, Turq onbaSs movaxsene, iq aravin araa! (madli uqnia ramxela mamaCems!)’’ [4, 21].

rogorc ityvian, komentari aq zedmetia! 2011 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi, telesamauwyeblo

kompania ,,kavkasias’’ kerZod, somexTa mRvdelmTavris gare-gin I-is ,,sasuliero-saeklesio’’ moTxovnebma (saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqTan da prezident mixeil saakaSvilTan) TbilisSi stumrobisas, ,,umadur’’ somxebze ganawyenebulma poetma rezo amaSukelma ganacxada, rom: ,,me somxebze poemac davwere. somxebis genocidic aTi wlis win vaRiare, safrange-Tidan somxuri diasporis xelmZRvanelobisagan samadlobe-li werilic miviRe’’..., da ver gamigia, kidev ra undaTo...,’’ mravlismTqmelia. Cven, daskvnis magier, ase vityodiT: sam-trod naperwkals nu gavaRvivebT....

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damowmebuli wyaroebi daliteratura:

1. С. Джанашиа, Об одном примере искажения исторической правды, Тбилиси, 1947.

2. g. maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1982.

3. z. ratiani, wyaroTa RaRadi (saqarTvelosa da somxeTis politikuri da socialuri urTierToba mxiTar goSis sa-marTlis wignis mixedviT, gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba’’, Tbilisi, 1990.

4. b. cxadaZe, somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili qarTveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili pirveli: grigol robaqiZe). krebulSi: ,,axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-xebi’’, 2 (10), Tbilisi, 2011.

Badri Tskhadadze

Professor of Georgian Technical University

The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking (Letter II: Fridon Khalvashi and Rezo Amashukeli )

Summary

In the article as warning statements and viewpoints of Georgian

poets Fridon Khalvashi and Rezo Amashukeli are presented regarding the Turkish-Armenian ethnic conflict and genocide. The author concludes that it is inadmissible to attempt to create conditions for or stir up ethnic conflicts in the Caucasus, and our recent past, historical facts and events teach and remind us about it.

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mzia tyavaSvili istoriis doqtori ivane javaxiSvilis sa-xelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-ti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-logiis institutis axali da uaxlesi isto-riis ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

ruseTis xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi

muhajirTa samSobloSi dabrunebis

SesaCereblad (1859-1861 ww.)

XIX saukuneSi, ruseT-osmaleTis TiTqmis yoveli omis

Semdeg, mahmadian kavkasielTa mcire nawili samSoblos to-vebda da erTmorwmune osmaleTSi gadadioda sacxovreblad. sul sxva viTareba Seiqmna Crdilo kavkasiaSi ruseTis mier aRmosavleT kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg (1859 weli). ruseTis xelisuflebis gamiznuli politikis (rac kavkasiis omis swrafi damTavrebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad adgilob-rivi mosaxleobisgan kavkasionis mTiani raionebis srul daclasa da aq `meomari~, kazakuri elementis dasaxlebaSi mdgomareobda [1, 665]), Turqi emisrebis propagandis, adgi-lobrivi saero da sasuliero zeda fenebis angarebiani da xSirad gauazrebeli qmedebebis Sedegad, daiwyo kavkasiis mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba osmaleTis imperiaSi e. w. muhajiroba. am procesma gansakuTrebuli masStabebi Crdi-lo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi miiRo. kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebeli, kavkasielTa masiuri gadasaxlebis proeqtis avtori da su-lisCamdgmeli al. bariatinski [4, 564-566] sixaruliT aRniS-navda, rom im Jamad kavkasiaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba mas `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis xanas agonebda~ [1, 51].

kavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTarebis gamo (kavkasielebi ruse-Tis xelisuflebisgan masiurad iTxovdnen sazRvargareT ga-samgzavrebel nebarTvebs) 1859 wlidan ruseT-osmaleTs So-ris diplomatiuri molaparakebebi daiwyo, romlebzedac orive qveynis mesveurebi kavkasielTa osmaleTSi masiuri ga-dasaxlebis procesTan dakavSirebul mTel rig sakiTxebze msjelobdnen. or qveyanas Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis mi-

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xedviT, Tavdapirvelad migrantTa raodenoba 3000 ojaxiT ganisazRvra [3, 341-342; 9, 194]. sinamdvileSi, ruseTis xeli-suflebis gulgrili, upasuxismgeblo da xSir SemTxvevaSi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Sedegad muhajirTa raodenoba bevrad aRemateboda aRniSnul ricxvs. erT-erTi wyaros cno-biT, 1856-1860 wlebSi samSoblodan osmaleTSi asi aTasi kav-kasieli gadasaxlda [1, 75], ramac, ra Tqma unda, didi Tavsa-texi gauCina osmaleTis imperiis mesveurebs. osmaleTSi Seq-mnili rTuli ekonomikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb 1860 wels al. bariatinski werda: `CvenTvis cnobilia is mZime Sedegebi, ro-melic portas didi raodenobiT gadasaxlebulebma mouta-nes~ [1, 52].

osmaleTis xelisuflebis mdgomareoba marTlac umZi-mesi iyo. maT saxelmwifoSi moulodnelad aRmoCnda daaxlo-vebiT asi aTasi mSieri, avadmyofi, ubinao, sarCo-sabadeblis gareSe darCenili adamiani, romlebsac arsebobis araviTari saxsari ar gaaCnda. osmaleTis imperiis mesveurebi moumza-deblebi aRmoCndnen amdeni migrantis dasabinaveblad. maT kavkasielebi unda uzrunveleyoT TavSesafriT, sakvebiT, tansacmliT, wlebis ganmavlobaSi SemweobiT (sanam meurneo-bas moawyobdnen da ojaxebis Senaxvas SeZlebdnen), samedici-no daxmarebiT, romelic TiTqmis yvelas sWirdeboda; mniS-vnelovani saxsrebi da sakmao dro iyo saWiro maTTvis meur-neobis mosawyobadac. 3000 ojaxze gamoyofili xarjebis (rac ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebiT iyo gaT-valiswinebuli da risi saSualebac im droisTvis osmaleTs hqonda) gadanawileba asi aTas adamianze verafriT moxerxde-boda ise, rom maTi elementaruli moTxovnebi mainc dakmayo-filebuliyo. unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnul periodSi amdeni ulukmapuro migranti nebismier qveyanaSi ekonomikur katas-trofas Tu ara, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis seriozul gaua-resebas namdvilad gamoiwvevda. Cveni azriT, ruseTis aRniS-nuli politika mowinaaRmdege qveynis _ osmaleTis mimarT migraciul, demografiul da ekonomikur diversiad unda iq-nas Sefasebuli.

Tumca, mxolod es ar iyo is uaryofiTi, romelic muha-jirobam osmaleTs moutana (da Sesabamisad ruseTs, rogorc mis mowinaaRmdeges, ki sargebeli). ara naklebi iyo kavkasiis mosaxleobis mentalobaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. maTi damo-kidebuleba osmaleTis xelisuflebis mimarT radikalurad Seicvala. isini darwmundnen, rom ruseTis xelisufleba (romlis sastiki moqmedebebis Sedegi iyo maTi samSoblodan

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ayra) ufro Zlieri da Tanac mowyale iyo maT mimarT, vidre, maT warmodgenaSi arsebuli, `uZleveli da zRapruli~ osma-leTi; Tu maTi bedi ar adardebdaT rusebs, maTi mdgomareo-biT arc maTi sulieri mama _ osmaleTis sulTani iyo dain-teresebuli; ra Tqma unda, osmaleTSi gadasaxlebul kavkasi-elebs diplomatiur SeTanxmebaze mxolod bundovani war-modgena SeiZleba hqonodaT da verc imas gansazRvravdnen, 3000 ojaxi Cavida osmaleTSi Tu bevrad meti; maT zustad mxolod is icodnen, rom uangaro erTgulebis sanacvlod motyuebulni, sasikvdilod ganwirulni da bedis anabara mi-tovebulni aRmoCndnen, romelTa arseboba aq _ osmaleTSi yvelas daviwyeboda; mSier-mwyurval, ubinao da gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil muhajirebs, romlebic samSoblo-Si darCenil TanamemamuleTagan proosmaluri ganwyobiTac gamoirCeodnen (ruseTis xelisufleba muhajirobis pirvel etapze ZiriTadad ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi Seurigebel mebrZolebs da proosmalurad ganwyobil, fanatikos musli-manebs uSvebda qveynidan), Cacvivdnen ra umZimes ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi da ver miiRes portas xelisuflebisgan ara Tu aRqmuli uzrunveli cxovreba, aramed is mciredic ki, romelic maT ojaxebs SimSiliTa da siciviT sikvdilisgan ix-snida, erTaderT gamosavlad samSobloSi dabruneba esaxebo-daT. isini masiurad midiodnen konstantinepolis ruseTis diplomatiur misiaSi da samSobloSi dasabrunebel vizebs iTxovdnen [1, 68].

osmaleTSi wasul kavkasielTa SesaZlo dabrunebas ru-seTis xelisuflebis umaRles eSelonebSi SeSfoTeba mohyva. iyo ramdenime sakiTxi, romelTa gamwvavebac mosalodneli iyo kavkasielTa dabrunebis Semdeg. ruseTis xelisuflebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis miwer-moweridan aSkara xde-ba, rom kavkasiis rusul administracias qveyanaSi politiku-ri da ekonomikuri garTulebebis eSinoda.

muhajirTa ukan dabrunebis Semdeg is politikuri gar-Tuleba, romelsac ruseTis xelisuflebis umaRles eSelo-nebSi varaudobdnen, kavkasiis omis ganusazRvreli droiT gagrZelebasa da araprognozirebadi SedegebiT damTavreba-Si mdgomareobda:

ruseTis saxelisuflebo wreebSi SemuSavebuli da ru-seTis imperatoris mier mowonebuli proeqtebis mixedviT, kavkasielTa osmaleTSi masiuri gadasaxleba da maT miwebze kazakTa dasaxleba iyo kavkasiis omis uswrafesi da saboloo damTavrebis ZiriTadi saSualeba [1, 665]. am miznis misaRwevad

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ruseTi Zal-Rones ar iSurebda da uamrav materialur re-surs xarjavda, ris gamoc, bunebrivia, rom ruseTis xeli-suflebas araviTari survili ar hqonda kavkasielebi ukan daebrunebina. miTumetes, rom 1860-1861 wlebSi Crdilo-da-savleT kavkasiaSi omi isev mimdinareobda da mTielebi med-gar winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mters.

garda amisa, SesaZlebeli iyo, rom qveyanaSi muhajireb-Tan erTad osmaleTis agentebsac SemoeRwiaT (kavkasieli mu-hajirebis saxiT, romlebic portas xelisuflebisgan mice-mul samoqmedo gegmas da materialur resursebs Camoitan-dnen kavkasiaSi). ruseTis saxelisuflebo wreebSi varaudob-dnen, rom isini adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi mahmadianur fana-tizmsa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas gaaRvi-vebdnen, rac mTielebis winaaRmdegobas gaaZlierebda;

mesame mizezi (politikuri) im saSiSroebaSi mdgomare-obda, rac muhajirobis procesis SewyvetaSi Tu ara, misi mas-Stabebis SemcirebaSi mdgomareobda. osmaleTidan ukan dab-runebuli kavkasielebis mier Camotanili arc Tu saxarbie-lo ambebi osmaleTSi gadasaxlebul kavkasielTa umZimesi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, Tanamemamuleebs gada-saxlebis sawinaaRmdegod ganawyobda da maT brZolas ufro Seupovars gaxdida; Tu aqamde maT nawils osmaleTis imedi hqonda da uzrunveli cxovrebis molodinSi SedarebiT advi-lad iRebda mSobliuri keris mitovebis gadawyvetilebas, mas Semdeg, rac maTTvis cxadi gaxdeboda, rom wasasvleli arsad hqondaT, sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde ibrZolebdnen da ar miatovebdnen sakuTar qveyanas. es ki, ruseTis saxelisufle-bo wreebis azriT, gamoiwvevda imas, rom kavkasiis omi gaWia-nurdeboda da misi Sedegebi araprognozirebadi gaxdeboda.

ruseTis xelisuflebis azriT, muhajirebis ukan dab-runeba sakmaod mZimed aisaxeboda ruseTis mier kavkasiis ko-lonizaciaze da am mxaris ekonomikur cxovrebazec. kavkasi-elTa umetesoba, marTalia, erTwliani saSvebulebo bile-TiT gaemgzavra kavkasiidan (meqaSi wminda adgilebis moloc-vis sababiT), rac erTi wlis Semdeg maT ukan dabrunebas gu-lisxmobda, magram sinamdvileSi maT samSoblodan samudamod wasvla da osmaleTis qveSevrdomebad gaxdoma surdaT. amis gamo isini wasvlis win saxlebs, saqonels, sarCo-sabadebels hyiddnen. muhajirebi mTel TavianT fulsa da qonebas gzaSi da osmaleTSi xarjavdnen, ris gamoc samSobloSi gaRatake-bulebi Camodiodnen. maTi dabinaveba da materialuri uz-runvelyofa advili ar iyo. gasxvisebuli iyo maTi miwebic.

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ruseTis xelisufleba SiSobda, rom sarCo-sabadeblis gare-Se darCenili kavkasielebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen Zarcva-rbeva daewyoT, rac mxaris kriminalur mdgomareobaze uar-yofiTad aisaxeboda [1, 75].

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis gamo, muhajirTa samSob-loSi dabnrunebis Sedegad politikuri da ekonomikuri vi-Tarebis Tavidan acilebis gamo, ruseTis saxelisuflebo wreebis umaRles eSelonebSi jer kerZo, saidumlo mimowera daiwyo, Semdgom ki aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobam oficia-lur struqturebSi: saministroebsa da komitetebSi gadai-nacvla.

aRniSnul sakiTxze CvenTvis cnobili pirveli oficia-luri werili _ grifiT `saidumlo~ _ kavkasiis xazis mar-jvena frTis meTaur gen.-leit. g. filipsons ekuTvnis. weri-li 1860 wlis 7 ivlisiTaa daTariRebuli da kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufrosis gen. adiutant miliutinis misamar-TiTaa gagzavnili. filipsoni werda: mTielebi osmaleTSi gamgzavrebisas iReben erTwlian saSvebulebo bileTebs, romliTac mgzavroben, pasports ki arsad aCveneben. osma-leTSi Casulebi yovelgvari werilobiTi sabuTis gareSe iReben osmaleTis sulTnis qveSevrdomobas da iTxoven miwas dasasaxleblad. xSir SemTxvevaSi, isini xarjaven rogorc sa-kuTar, ise osmaleTis xelisuflebis mier gamoyofil fuls, vardebian gamouval mdgomareobaSi, xdebian danaSaulis Ta-namonawileni da Cumad brundebian samSobloSi Zveli paspor-tiT, romelic arsad aqvT wardgenili. kap. frankinTan sau-barSi gavarkvie, rom mravali mTieli, romelmac osmaleTis qveSevrdomoba miiRo, Cveni misiisgan samSobloSi dasabru-neblad nebarTvas iTxovs, Tumca misia maT am Txovnaze yo-velTvis uaryofiT pasuxs aZlevs [1, 515]. `если не положить положительной преграды к обратному переселению горцев из Турций, то здешний край наполнится негодяями, которые тем болье будут вредны, что здесь у них нет ни имущества, ни родства, а все, что отсюда вывезли, они уже промотали~ [1, 515]. Semdgom filipsoni saidumlo werilSi exeboda im RonisZiebebs, romlebic, misi azriT, kavkasielTa samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg warmoSo-bil sirTuleebs aaridebda ruseTis xelisuflebas. eseni iyo:

1) eTxovaT ruseTis misiisTvis konstantinepolSi, kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardlis winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe,

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kavkasiis mTielebze ar gaecaT ukan dasabrunebeli bileTe-bi;

2) osmaleTidan dabrunebuli is mTielebi, romleb-sac eqnebodaT osmaleTis pasporti da osmaleTis qveSev-rdomis wodeba, gaesamarTlebinaT sisxlis samarTlis save-le sasamarTloze ise, rogorc gansazRvruli iyo ruseTis kanonebiT, ruseTis moqalaqis mier sxva qveynis qveSevrdo-mobis TviTneburad miRebis Sesaxeb;

3) is mTielebi, romlebic osmaleTidan dabrunde-bodnen sakuTari rusuli sazRvargareTuli pasportebiT, romlebic arsad ar iqneboda wardgenili, gadascemodnen sa-samarTlos da Tuki dadgindeboda, rom maT miRebuli hqon-daT osmaleTis qveSevrdomoba da iqidan malulad iyvnen dabrunebulni, iseve dasjiliyvnen, rogorc me-2-e punqtSi dasaxelebuli pirebi;

4) mTielebs, romlebic osmaleTidan dabrundebod-nen mowesrigebuli dokumentebiT da Sesabamisad ar eqnebo-daT dakarguli ruseTis qveSevrdomoba, kavkasiaSi dasaxle-bis ufleba hqonodaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqnebodaT saxl-kari da qoneba; Tu aRmoCndeboda, rom maT samSoblo osmaleTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis ganzraxviT datoves (Tumca ar Sevidnen _ avtoris SeniSvna) da mTeli avla-dide-bac gayides, maT ise unda moqceodnen, rogorc saxelmwifos moRalateebs. filipsonis mosazrebiT, maTi sasjeli ar unda Secvliliyo araviTari jarimis gadaxdiT. ruseTis xelisuf-lebas ki maTTvis mxolod imis ufleba unda mieca, rom maT kavkasiisgan moSorebiT, ruseTis romelime Sida guberniaSi aerCiaT dasaxlebis adgili [1, 516].

1860 wlis 19 ivliss miliutini yubanis jarebis ufrosis filipsonisadmi miweril sapasuxo werilSi Semdegs swerda:

`Еще по первым известиям о желаний большей части горцев, переселившихся в Турцию, воэвратиться на Кавказ, г. главно-командующий (al. bariatinski) признал необхолимым принять все-возможныя меры для воспрепятствования их намерению. Возбуж-денная по этому предмету переписка с посланником нашим в Константинеполе не привела, однако, к удовлетворительному решению этого вопроса, и потому г. главнокомандуюший изволилъ командировать в Константинеполь д. с. с. Лелли для личных объясне-ний съ кн. Лобановымъ-Ростовскимъ и для составления вместе съ нимъ предположения о принятии означенныхъ меръ~ [1, 516].

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miliutini werda filipsons, rom am ukanasknelis mier SeTavazebuli RonisZiebebidan mxolod pirveli punqti iyo misaRebi da is moqmedebda kidec.

`Что-же касактся до прочихъ, то, по изъявленному нашим правительствомъ согласию, сообщенному и Порте, на переселение горцев в Турцию и на вступление в ея подданство, мы уже не имеем права обвинять их в измене и, не нарушая междунаподныхъ правъ, не можем судить и наказывать по нашим законам иначе, как за уголовныя преступления, сделанныя наших пределахъ. Основываясь на послед-немъ праве, мы можемъ подвергать тюремному заключению, на равне тайно-промышленниками, тех только горцев, которые будуть возвращатся на Кавказъ на контрабандныхъ судахъ; прибывшихъ-же къ открытымъ нами для иностранныхъ судовъ портамъ можно высылать обратно в Турцию, но нетъ законной причины подвергать их какому-либо наказанию [1, 516].

miliutinis azriT, aRniSnuli sakiTxi dakvirvebiT da yuradRebiT Seswavlas moiTxovda. saWiro iyo lobanoviC-rostovskis mosazrebebs dalodebodnen da Semdgom mieRoT gadawyvetilebebi, Tu rogor moqceodnen samSobloSi dab-runebul muhajirebs.

samSobloSi muhajirebis dabrunebaze kavkasiis mTavar-marTeblis uwyebaSic bevrs msjelobdnen. am sakiTxs uaryo-fiTad Sexvda kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebeli al. bariatinski. kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis mTavari sammarTvelos, guberni-ebisa da amierkavkasiis mxaris calkeuli nawilebis ufrose-bis 1861 wlis 20 Tebervlis cirkularSi weria:

`am bolo dros . . . TurqeTis mxares gadasuli mTiele-bi, romlebsac imedebi gaucruvdaT, yvelanairad cdiloben samSobloSi dabrunebas.

gen. feldmarSalma (igulisxmeba al. bariatinski - av-toris SeniSvna), rogorc ki Seityo mahmadianebis am ganzrax-vis Sesaxeb, miiCnia, rom miRebuli yofiliyo yvela zoma, rom maT aRniSnuli survili sisruleSi ver moeyvanaT [1, 68]. kon-stantinepolSi ruseTis misias gaegzavna miTiTeba _ ar mie-ca TurqeTis qveSevrdomobaSi gadasuli kavkasielebisTvis ukan dasabrunebeli pasportebi, raTa isini kvlav ruseTis qveSevrdomebi ar gamxdariyvnen~ [1, 68].

kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebelma aleqsandre ivanes Ze ba-riatinskim brZaneba gasca, rom `daepatimraT is Crdilokav-kasielebi, romlebic, akrZalvis miuxedavad, kavkasiaSi dab-runebas mainc moaxerxebdnen da Tu aRmoCndeboda: 1) rom isi-

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ni damorCilebuli mTis sazogadoebebidan iyvnen, dauyov-nebliv, samudamod gadaesaxlebinaT ruseTis Sida guberni-ebSi; 2) Tuki isini iqnebodnen ruseTis mimarT mtrulad gan-wyobili mTis sazogadoebebidan, maSin daekavebinaT sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi da ecadaT, rom mTaSi myof rus tyveebze gaecvalad; aRniSnuli samTviani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu gacvla ar Sedgeboda, isini gaegzavaT cimbirSi mudmiv sac-xovreblad da orive SemTxvevaSi dadgenili administraciu-li wesebis mixedviT emoqmedaT. rac Seexeba samSobloSi dab-runebul im kavkasielebs, romlebic sxvadasxva mizeziT iy-vnen TurqeTSi wasulni, vadagasuli pasportebi hqondaT da ar aRmoaCndebodaT konsulis mowmoba vadis gasvlisTvis sa-patio mizezis arsebobis Sesaxeb, an pasportis vadis gagrZe-lebaze, isini unda daepatimrebinaT da ruseTis Sida guber-niebSi gadaesaxlebinaT. bariatinskis brZanebiT, es wesebi unda gavrcelebuliyo TurqeTSi gadasaxlebul amierkavka-siel musulmanebzec~ [1, 68].

muhajirTa ukan dabrunebis procesma imdenad didi masStabebi miiRo, rom 1861 wlis 11-dan 25 ivlisamde minis-trTa komitetSi gaimarTa sxdomebi am movlenis gamo qveyana-Si Seqmnili problemebis mosagvareblad da saxelmwifoebri-vi kursis dasasaxad. komitetSi ori sakiTxis garSemo gaimar-Ta msjeloba: 1) kavkasiel muhajirebze, romlebic osmaleTi-dan samSobloSi brundebodnen; 2) saxelmwifo qonebis gan-mkargavi saministros damokidebulebaze am sakiTxisadmi.

sxdomaze aRniSnuli iyo, rom bolo xuTi wlis manZilze ruseTis kavkasiur administracias mravali kavkasieli akiT-xavda sazRvargareTis pasportisTvis, romelic maT meqaSi wminda adgilebis mosalocad wasasvlelad sWirdebodaT. am mizniT daaxlovebiT asi aTasi kavkasieli wavida samSoblo-dan. imis gamo, rom samSoblodan miemgzavrebodnen ara cal-keuli adamianebi, aramed mTeli ojaxebi naTesavebiTa da Si-namosamsaxureebiT, romlebic mTel uZrav-moZrav qonebas hyiddnen an Tan mihqondaT, ruseTis xelisuflebas eWvi ar epareboda, rom isini samudamod midiodnen kavkasiidan. ver naxes ra osmaleTSi is sargebeli, rasac elodnen, isini didi raodenobiT cdiloben samSobloSi dabrunebas [1, 75]. maTi kuTvnili miwebi ukve sxva daniSnulebiT iyo gamoyenebuli. garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ubinao, mgzavrobisas mTeli qone-ba dakarguli da mTlad gaCanagebuli mravalricxovani kav-kasielebis dabruneba saSiSi iqneboda kavkasiis regionis-Tvis, kavkasiis xelisuflebas miaCnda, rom osmaleTidan

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zRviT dabrunebulebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda SemoeS-vaT kavkasiis portebSi da isini gemebiT dasasaxleblad pir-dapir unda gadaeyvanaT donis armiis kuTvnil teritoriaze an waeyvanaT kavkasiisgan moSorebul adgilebze, xolo saxme-leTo gziT gadmosulebi ki, gaegzavnaT baqoSi, iqidan ki kas-piis zRviT _ astraxanSi [1, 75].

komitetma imsjela kavkasiis xelisuflebis mier SeTa-vazebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb da daaskvna, rom mas ar SeeZ-lo yuradReba ar mieqcia im garemoebisTvis, rom kavkasiele-bi osmaleTidan ukan dabrundebodnen rusuli da sazRvarga-reTuli kerZo gemebis saSualebiT, romlebsac mgzavrobis sakuTari ganrigi da konkretuli reisebi hqondaT Sesasru-lebeli, ris gamo ver ubrZanebdnen gemebis mflobelebs, mu-hajirebi kavkasiis portebis gverdis avliT pirdapir donze waeyvanaT. xolo rac Seexeboda donis armiis miwebze muha-jirTa dasaxlebas, es, gen. adiutant miliutinis gamoxmaure-bis mixedviT, sruliad SeuZlebeli iyo. uaryofiTi damoki-debuleba am sakiTxisadmi gamowveuli iyo ara imdenad miwe-bis simciriT, ramdenadac imiT, rom aRniSnul miwebze gadmo-saxlebulebis dasaxleba miiCneoda adgilobrivebis uflebe-bis darRvevad [1, 75].

kavkasiis komitetma ganixila, agreTve, sakiTxi kavkasi-elebis ruseTis Sida guberniebSi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb da da-askvna, rom garda sakmao raodenobis saxsrebisa, rasac es RonisZieba moiTxovda, yvelaze mZime kavkasielebis ruseTis Sida guberniebSi gadasaxlebisas is iyo, rom aRniSnuli adgi-lebi ar Seesabameboda arc klimatiTa da arc cxovrebis we-siT kavkasielTa sacxovrebel garemos, ris gamoc maTi iq da-saxleba gamoiwvevda maT garduval sikvdils. es ukanaskneli mosazreba daadastura ruseTis qonebis marTvis ministrma, romelmac aRniSnuli mosazrebis Sesamagreblad natuxaele-bis samaris olqSi gadasaxlebisas warmoSobili sirTuleebi moiyvana [1, 75].

ministrTa komiteti xangrZlivi msjelobis Semdgom mi-vida im daskvnamde, rom, mis xelSi arsebuli monacemebis mi-xedviT, osmaleTidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli kavkasiele-bis dasaxleba imJamad SesaZlebleli iqneboda mxolod oren-burgisa da uralis kazakTa armiis kuTvnil miwebze.

komitetis wevrTa, umetesobis azriT, Seqmnili mdgoma-reobidan saukeTeso gamosavali osmaleTis imperiidan kavka-sielTa ukan dabrunebis procesis SeCereba iyo[1, 75].

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komitetma, miiRo ra yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli mxedve-lobaSi, gaiTvaliswina is garemoebac, rom kavkasielTa mTe-li ojaxebiT, naTesavebiTa da SinamosamsaxureebiT osma-leTSi wasvla, aseve, gamgzavrebis win maT mier mTeli qonebis gayidva Seadgenda ueWvel mtkicebulebas imisas, rom maT kavkasiidan samudamo gadasaxleba surdaT, daadgina:

1) miewera osmaleTSi ruseTis diplomatiuri agentebi-sa da konsulebisTvis Semdegi:

a) kavkasiaSi dabruneba ekrZaleboda kavkasiuri warmo-Sobis yvela pirs, romelTa Sesaxebac cnobili gaxdeboda, rom isini ukve Sesulni iyvnen osmaleTis sulTnis qveSev-rdomobaSi, aseve maT, visac vadagasuli pasportebi hqondaT, anda maT, visac ar hqondaT damoukidebeli pasportebi Tavi-anT, ojaxis wevrebisa Tu axloblebis saxelze da mxolod hqondaT bileTebi, romlebic gacemuli iyo ramdenime ojax-ze Tu pirze.

b) maT, visac hqondaT vadagausvleli pasportebi cal-keul pirebze an ojaxis uaxloes wevrebze da maTi osmaleTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb ruseTis misias ar moepove-boda raime saxis damamtkicebeli sabuTi, CamorTmeodaT Cve-neba, hqondaT Tu ara maT kavkasiaSi raime saxis kar-midamo an qoneba; dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, miscemodaT `ruseTSi gamomgzavrebis~ nebarTva, oRond winaswar aucileblad yo-filiyvnen gafrTxilebulni imis Sesaxeb, rom tyuili Cvene-bis SemTxvevaSi, isini dasaxlebulni iqnebodnen ara Zvel sacxovrebelze, aramed iq, sadac ruseTis xelisufleba saWi-rod miiCnevda.

g) daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis nebarTvis micema un-da Seferxebuliyo iqamde, sanam kavkasiis xelisufleba maT-ze ar Seagrovebda cnobebs da ar gaugzavnida dadebiT pa-suxs ruseTis misias konstantinepolSi, rom nebarTvis misa-cemad xelisSemSleli garemoebebi ar arsebobda.

2) imisTvis, rom kavkasielebs osmaleTSi ruseTis dip-lomatiuri agentebisa da konsulebisTvis ar miecaT araswo-ri Cvenebebi, aucilebeli iyo ruseTis xelisuflebas matyu-arebis mimarT simkacre gamoeCina. im SemTxvevaSi Tu aRmoC-ndeboda, rom samSobloSi Camosul da Tavdapirvelad Saviz-RvispireTSi dasaxlebul kavkasielebs, ar aRmoaCndebodaT saxl-kari, maT orenburgis guberniaSi gadaasaxlebdnen. ga-dasaxleba moxdeboda saxelmwifo xazinis xarjze da isini ga-davidodnen orenburgis armiis damoukidebeli korpusis me-

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Tauris gankargulebaSi, romelic maT orenburgisa da ura-lis kazakTa jaris miwebze dasaxlebas uzrunvelyofda.

3) im kavkasielebs, romlebsac, rusi konsulebis nebar-TviT, osmaleTidan samSobloSi Camosvlisas daxvdebodaT saxl-kari, daasaxlebdnen Zvel sacxovrebelze im pirobiT, rom maTi mxridan winaaRmdegobis an Zarcvis SemTxvevaSi, maT mimarT mTeli simkacriT iqneboda gatarebuli kanoniT gaT-valiswinebuli yvela zoma [1, 76].

xelmwife imperatorma komitetis dadgenileba daam-tkica [1, 76].

1861 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi ruseTis xelisufle-bisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom adre, sxvadasxva dros, osmaleT-Si gadasaxlebuli 8000-dan 10000-mde Crdilokavkasieli xme-leTis gziT, amierkavkasiis gavliT, samSobloSi apirebda dabrunebas. kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardalma al. bariatin-skim Semdegi brZaneba gasca:

1) imperiis teritoriaze ar SemoeSvaT isini, visac ar eqneboda konstantinepolis rusuli sakonsulos mier saTa-nadod vizirebuli pasporti.

2) xolo isini, visi pasportebic vizirebuli iqneboda rusi konsulis mier, gadaegzavnaT baqoSi, raTa Semdgom ga-emgzavrebinaT astraxanSi [1, 76].

aRniSnulma RonisZiebebma Sesabamisi Sedegebi moitana. kavkasiis marcxena da marjvena frTis armiis mTavarsardali gen. evdokimovi kavkasiis mTavari Stabis ufros gen.-l. kar-covs 1862 wlis seqtemberSi werda, rom samSobloSi muhajir-Ta mxolod mcire nawili _ daaxlovebiT aTasamde kavkasie-li dabrunda da isinic Cayenebulni iyvnen ra sxva viTarebaSi (vidre osmaleTSi gadasaxlebamde; aq politikuri, geogra-fiuli da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba igulisxmeba _ avtoris SeniSvna) araviTar saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgendnen imperi-isTvis [1, 1009-1010; 9, 199].

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. Акты Cобранные Kавказской Aрхеографической Kоммисией, ред.

Е. Вейденбаум, т. XII, Тифлис, 1904. 2. История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XIX _ 1917 г.), ред. А.

Нарочницкий, Москва, 1988. 3. Ад. Берже, Выселение горцев съ Кавказа, «Русская старина», С-

Петербург, т. XXXIII, 1882.

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4. И. Кравцов, Кавказъ и его военачальники, С-Петербург, 1885. 5. Г. Дзидзария, Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазий XIX

столетия, Сухуми, 1982. 6. b. xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, Tbilisi, 2004. 7. m. tyavaSvili, kavkasiis omisa da muhajirobis zogierTi

sakiTxi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2007, 1.

8. m. tyavaSvili, daRestnelTa muhajiroba XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-xebi, 2010, 2 (8).

9. m. tyavaSvili, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielTa migracia TurqeTSi da grigol orbeliani, krebulSi: istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, eZRvneba gelaTis mo-nastris daarsebis 800 wlisTavs, 2008, VIII.

Mzia Tkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Researcher Scientist of the Depar-tament Modern and Contemporary History

Measures of Russia’s Government for Stopping of Muhajirs from

Homecoming (1859-1961)

Summary After conquest of the Eastern Caucasus by Russia (1859) as a result

of purposeful policy of the Russian Government (which was aimed to total emptying of the Caucasus mountain regions from local population and settlement their “warrior” Cossack elements as one of the main measures for quick termination of the Caucasian war) they began mass resettlement of the Caucasian population to the Ottoman Empire, so called their “muhajiring”.

Because of high flow of migrants (according to one of the official sources within 1859-1861 one hundred thousand Northern Caucasians resettled to Ottoman Empire) which highly exceeded limit number (three thousand) determined during Russian-Ottoman diplomatic negotiations, the Ottoman authorities failed not only to arrange Muhajirs’ accommodation but could not even provide them with primary needs (food, water, medical

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help, temporary shelters etc). The displaced people found themselves in the heaviest conditions and decided to return back to their lands. This appeared to be unacceptable for the Russian government.

Quite a number of measures were being planned at Russia’s Committees of Ministers and the Caucasian Administration for stopping the Muhajirs homecoming. According to measures collaborated by the Russian Government, those Muhajirs who would try to leave Ottoman Empire for returning back to their homeland were under risk of arrest and settlement to internal provinces of Russia. This was the reason that within 1859-1861, in spite of great desire, very little number of Muhajirs managed to leave Ottoman Empire for their homes.

The result of the above-mentioned policy of Russia’s Government was disastrous. Waiting for boats, hardship on their ways and difficulties after arriving to the Ottoman Empire caused mass perish of the Muhajirs, which equaled to the Northern Caucasians’ genocide.

We believe that the heaviest situation caused by great flow of migrants to the Ottoman Empire should be assessed as migratory, demographic and economic diversion against the Ottoman Empire from the part of Russia’s government.

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ediSer gvenetaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

novoCerkaskis tragedia_sabWoTa

xelisuflebis dasasrulis dasawyisi

mas Semdeg, rac 1953 wels sabWoTa kavSiris Semqmneli i.

b. stalini gardaicvala, kremlis labirinTebSi daiwyo brZo-la xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic yvelasaTvis moulodne-lad n. s. xruSCovis gundis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. es kanon-zomieri Sedegi iyo im sistemisaTvis, vinaidan igi iyo erTi kacis Semoqmedebis nayofi da mis pirovnebaze awyobili. sta-linma imdroindel msoflioSi arsebul konkretul istori-ul situacias SesaniSnavad auRo alRo da Seqmna rusi xalxi-saTvis iseTi qmediTi da moqnili sistema, romelmac misca mas saSualeba gaemarjvebina meore msoflio omSi. am sistemis meSveobiTac man sul mcire dedamiwis erT meeqvsed nawilze ganavrco absoluturi Zalaufleba. aseTi ram manam-de arsebul kacobriobis istorias ar axsovda.

sabWoTa imperiis saZirkvlis Camyreli da rusuli sab-WoTa socializmis ganmaxorcielebeli i. b. stalini imdenad didi moazrovne da saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo, rom 50-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis mixvda, rom saWiro iyo mis mier Seq-nili socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis modernizeba. amas met-yvelebs mis mier dawerili naSromi: “socializmis ekonomi-kuri problemebi sabWoTa kavSirSi”, [1] saidanac Cans, rom igi apirebda Zireuli reformebis gatarebas. magram am cvlile-bebs vfiqrob Tu gaatarebda mxolod is da ara sxva vinme. vi-naidan is mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema, romelic piradad misi Semoqmedeba iyo, ukve iwyebda gadaqcevas komu-nistur-partiuli nomenklaturis biurokratiuli mmarTve-lobis qveynad. amitom, kidev erTxel vimeoreb, mxolod mas SeeZlo Zireuli reformebis gatareba da arcerT SemTxveva-Si sxvas. vinaidan mxolod man icoda misi “pirmSos” gankurne-bis saSualebebi, magram “droSi daiwva”. igi am droisaTvis

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ukve moxucda da reformebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saamiso fizikuri Zalebi ar gaaCnda.

dRes amboben, rom is reformebi, romelic m. s. gorba-Covma XXI saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi daiwyo l. p. berias hqonda Cafiqrebulio. istoriam daadastura, rom beria ustalinod ubadruki aRmoCnda. kacs, romelsac msof-lioSi yvelaze metad organizebuli da informirebuli sam-xedro-sadazvervo sistema emorCileboda (miT umetes uzur-pirebuli qonda Zalovani struqturebi, vinaidan am droi-saTvis gaerTianebuli iyo Sinagan saqmeTa saministro da sa-xelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro), raRac Tveebi ver gaZlo i. b. stalinis gareSe. rac mTavaria igi damarcxda iseT vi-Tomdac usaxur politikur figurasTan, rogoric iyo n. s. xruSCovi. es kidev erTxel metyvelebs imaze, rom ustali-nod sabWoTa sistemas didxans arseboba ar SeeZlo. vfiqrob, es iyo logikuri Sedegi im procesebisa, romelic II msoflio omis Semdeg istoriul-politikur arenaze mimdinareobda. saxeldobr, damTavrda diqtaturebis da mbrZaneblur-admi-nistraciuli epoqebis xana, romelmac sasikvdilo safrTxis winaSe daayena ukve mmarTvel fenad Camoyalibebuli komu-nisturi nomenklatura da maTac daiwyes Tavganwiruli brZola gadarCenisaTvis.

ismis kiTxva, ratom moxda yovelive es? Cemi azriT, mov-lenaTa aseTi ganviTarebis mizezebi Tavad sistemis politi-kur-fsiqologiur aspeqtSi unda veZeboT. saxeldobr, sta-linuri sabWoTa sistema zedmiwevniT morgebuli aRmoCnda rusi xalxis bunebas, romelic fsiqologiiT da mentalobiT yovelTvis Sors idga mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forme-bisagan, romelic mudam iTxovda da iTxovs qarizmatul li-ders. ufro metic, belads. rogorc ki aseTi Zlieri pirovne-ba, mmarTveli xeli mocilda qveyanas, sistemam im dResve da-iwyo kvdomis procesi. magram imdenad mZlavri aRmoCnda misi saZirkveli, rom mxolod 38 wlis Semdeg 1991 wels pova aR-sasruli. risi Sedegic gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris am manamde msoflioSi arnaxuli saxelmwifo konglomeratis sruli mo-ralur-politikur-ekonomikuri kolafsi.

dRes bevrgan waikiTxavT, rom xruSCovis mosvlisTanave daiwyo e. w. `ottepeli~, rom safuZveli Caeyara viTomdac `demokratiul procesebs~ da a. S. magram am avtorebs aviw-ydebaT Tu iviwyeben ungreTis, Tbilisis, novoCerkaskis mov-lenebs, sadac xruSCovis meTaurobiT sabWoTa partiuli no-menklatura arnaxuli sisastikiT gausworda quCaSi Tavi-

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suflebis, erovnuli da socialuri sakiTxebis gamo gamosul mSvidobian xalxs.

am werilSi Cven gvsurs gadmovceT da avxsnaT novoCer-kaskSi ormocdaaTi wlis winaT momxdari tragedia, romel-mac naTlad aCvena arsebuli sistemis da misi msaxur-momxma-rebeli erTpartiuli komunisturi xelisuflebis mora-lur-politikuri sidample, gaxrwna da gaTaxsireba.(SeiZle-ba es bolo sityva Zalian mkacri iyos, magram sxvanairad Se-uZlebelia Seafaso im xelisuflebis moqmedeba, romelmac mSvidobian momitingeebs tyviebi araerTxel dauSina da amiT ecada sistemisa da sakuTari mmarTvelobis gadarCenas).

1960-iani wlebisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi umZimesi ekono-mikuri situacia Seiqmna. moskovma pirvelad daiwyo ucxoeT-Si xorblis Sesyidva. sabWoTa partiulma nomenklaturam ver SeZlo da verc SeZlebda qveyanaSi aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas, ris Sedegad daiwyo fasebis zrda da xelfasebis kleba. es ki sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis omisSemdgom period-Si uCveulo movlena da aman didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia mo-saxleobaSi.

xelisufleba arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare iZulebuli gaxda 1962 wlis 1 ianvridan Seemci-rebina xelfasebi 30-35%-iT. 1 ivniss radioTi gamoacxades fasebis 35%-iT “droebiTi” mateba pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebze (xorcze, rZeze da sxva). aman mTeli qveyana SokSi Caagdo. imdenad SeSinebuli iyo sakavSiro ck-i xalxis SesaZlo reaqciiT, rom saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti 1-4 ivniss yoveldRiur informacias awvdida sakavSiro ck-s qve-yanaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa kavSiris did qalaqebSi gaCnda proklamaciebi mag: moskovSi_“dRes mouma-tes fasebi, ra gvelis xval”. doneckSi_“Cven mogvatyues da gvatyueben. vibrZoloT samarTlianobisaTvis”. rogorc su-ki-s wyaroebi gvamcnoben sabWoTa kavSirSi 1960-1962 wlebSi gavrcelebuli iqna 34600 antisabWoTa anonimuri dokumenti, maT Soris 23213 proklamacia. [2, 273] ufro metic, ukmayofi-lo xalxi rostovis olqSi aqtiur moqmedebebze gadavida.

1962 wlisaTvis q. novoCerkaski iyo rostovis olqis pa-tara provinciuli qalaqi 145 aTasi mcxovrebiT.

1 ivniss, 10 sT-ze novoCerkaskis elmavalmSenebeli qar-xnis(romelSic daaxloebiT 12 aTasi kaci muSaobda) erT-erT saamqroSi Seikriba 40-mde muSa, romlebic gamoTqvamdnen uk-mayofilebas fasebis matebis gamo. es cnobili gaxda qarxnis direqtor kuroCkinisaTvis, romelic mivida da gaesaubra

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maT. misi ganmartebebi uSedego aRmoCnda. male ukmayofilo muSebis raodenoba elvis siswrafiT gaizarda. direqtorma kuroCkinma xalxs uTxra: Tu ar gyofniT fuli xorcisa da rZisaTvis eZebeT-“Пирожки ливером”. am frazam gamoiwvia ise-dac ukmayofilo xalxis gaafTreba. direqtori iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo da Tavi qarxnis sammarTveloSi Tavisi ka-binetisaTvis Seefarebina.

11 saaTisaTvis aRSfoTebulTa raodenobam miaRwia 500 kacs, romlebic Seikribnen qarxnis skverSi da moiTxovdnen direqtorTan Sexvedras. daiwera lozungi: “xorci, rZe, xel-fasis momateba” [2, 365]. am droisaTvis qarxanaSi ukve imyofe-bodnen olqis SeSfoTebuli qalaqkomis mdivnebi, qarxnis partkomi, suki-s TanamSromlebi. miliciasa da suk-Si gamoc-xadda gangaSi, magram xelisuflebas im momentisaTvis aqtiu-ri moqmedebebisaTvis ar miumarTavs.

male momitingeebma gadainacvles rkinisgzaze da gaaCe-res samgzavro matarebeli saratovi-rostovi. liandagze daiwyo stiqiuri mitingi. viRacam elmavalze daawera: “xruS-Covi xorcze”.

paralelurad gaficulebi SeiWrnen qarxnis sammarTve-loSi da Camoagdes xruSCovis suraTi. xalxi amas sixaruliT Sexvda. masas miaCnda, rom is iyo yvelaferSi damnaSave. aqeda-nac Cans, rom sistema isev erTi kacis principiT imarTeboda. oRond erTi, adrindeli mmarTvelisagan gansxvavebiT is iyo uunaro, sistemis mmarTvelobisaTvis gamousadegari, ekono-mikis armcodne, magram amave dros politikuri intrigebis ubadlo didostati, risi bunebrivi moTxovnilebac sabWoTa sistemas gaaCnda. xruSCovis mimarT qveyanaSi warmoiqmna didi siZulvili, rac mkafio mimaniSnebeli iyo sabWoTa sis-temis krizisze.

muSebs mimarTa qalaqkomis pirvelma mdivanma basovma. xalxma garkveul momentSi dauwyo mas mosmena, magram man ga-ficulebs saxarbielo veraferi uTxra. muSebTan dabrune-bul direqtors qvebi da sxvadasxva liTonis sagnebi dauSi-nes. paralelurad suk-ma dauwyo aqciis aqtiur monawileebs suraTebis gadaReba [3, 473]. procesebi uswrafesad ganviTar-da da ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi qarxana gaficulebis xelSi aRmoCnda. qalaqkomis mdivani basovi Caiketa erT-erT kabi-netSi. igi faqtobrivad aRSfoTebuli muSebis mZevali gaxda.

mas Semdeg, rac xruSCovs moaxsenes Seqmnili mdgomare-obis Sesaxeb, qalaqSi Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi partiuli da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba: kozlovi, kirilenko,

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polianski, Selepini, miqoiani, iliCevi. samwuxarod, vercer-Tma maTganma ver SeZlo xalxTan gasvla da saubari. ufro me-tic miqoianma ver gabeda momitingeebTan pirdapiri Sexvedra da vertmfrenidan, romelic moednis Tavze trialebda mi-marTa sityviT xalxs. ai, rogori Seupovari da mamaci iyo anastas ivanes-Ze da misi partiuli amxanagebi, romelTa Sesa-xeb ase siamayiT da medidurad mogviTxrobs Tavis yalb mo-gonebebSi.[4]

male xelisufleba gadavida gadamwyvet moqmedebebze. qalaqSi gamoCnda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebi da sam-xedro teqnika. snaiperebi aiyvanes iqve axlos mdgom sastum-ro “donis” saxuravze da daiwyo uiaraRo, mSvidobiani, xazs vusvam, ara antisabWoTa lozungebiT gamosuli mosaxleobis xocva-Jleta. daRupulebi swrafad gaitanes moednidan.

rodesac situacia SedarebiT Cawynarda, gaimarTa mos-kovidan Camosuli partiuli bosebis TaTbiri. sadac dadga sakiTxi Tu sad daesaflavebinaT daRupulebi. gavida a. i. mi-qoianis winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom micvalebulebi daemar-xaT saidumlod qalaqidan moSorebiT rostovis olqis sxva-dasxva sasaflaoebze da marTlac ase moiqcnen. am movlenis mTeli tragizmi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom axloblebma da na-Tesavebma aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi(TiTqmis 30 weli) ar icodnen sad iyvnen dasaflavebuli sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier dacxriluli udanaSaulo adamianebi. amis Semdeg radi-oTi gamovida da mosaxleobas mimarTa a. i. miqoianma.

3 ivniss SemoiRes komendatis saaTi. xruSovs miawodes informacia: “Нежелательные волнения продолжают иметь место в гор. Новочеркасске на электровозном заводе. Примерно к трём часам ночи после введения воинских частей толпу, насчитывающую к тому времени около четырёх тысяч человек, удалось вытеснить с территории завода и постепенно она рассеялась. Завод был взят под военную охрану, в городе установлен комендантский час, 22 зачинщика были задержаны”.[5] daiwyo dapatimrebebi. 105 kacs TiTqmis yovelgvari sasamarTlos gareSe miusajes 10 dan 15 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa mkacri reJimis koloniebSi moxdiT. maT gaTavisuflebis Semdeg sami wliT aekrZalaT no-voCerkasksa da mimdebare qalaqebSi cxovreba. Svidi kaci daxvrites. ai xruSovis namdvili “oteepeli”. romlis Sinaar-siis gageba “ratomRac” zogierT mkvlevars ar surs.

es iyo xruSCovis, komunisturi partiuli nomenklatu-ris da mTlianad sabWoTa xelisuflebis namdvili wrfeli

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saxe. partiuli nomenklatura yvelaferze midioda oRondac Tavisi privilegiebi SeenarCunebia. es iyo faqtobrivad xruSCovis mmarTvelobis dasasrulis dasawyisi. mosaxleoba darwmunda, rom is idealebi, romliTac mas tvins uburRav-dnen wlebis manZilze fuWi da utopiuri aRmoCnda.

novoCerkaskSi 26 kaci iqna mokluli da ormocze meti daWrili. xelisuflebas quCebSi sisxlis kvali rom daefara asfaltze, axali asfalti gadaages.[3, 145] n. s. xruSCovis pi-radi brZanebiT, qalaqSi amuSavda xuTi radiolokaciuri da-nadgari, raTa CaexSoT ucxoeTis radiosadgurebi da adgi-lobriv radiomoyvarulebs ar gadaecaT maTTvis cnobebi ra moxda sinamdvileSi.

novoCerkaskis tragediam kidev erTxel(Tbilisisa da ungreTis Semdeg)aCvena sabWoTa xelisuflebis ususuroba da sisastike sakuTari mSvidobiani, samarTliani moTxovne-biT gamosuli moqalaqeebis mimarT. unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar iyo brZola sabWoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg. gaficulebi mo-iTxovdnen mxolod da mxolod sayofacxovrebo da saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas da yovelgvari ubedurebis saTaved miaCndaT ara sistema, aramed erTi adamiani n. s. xruSCovi, romelic akritikebda ra XX yrilobaze stalins da amxelda misi pirovnebis kults, amave dros gaucnobiereblad Wrida im tots, romelzec mTeli sabWoTa sistema da Tavad ijda. igi moqmedebda principiT stalinurad, magram ustalinod. oRond erTi gansxvavebiT, arc mas da arc mis uWkuo Tanamo-azreebs ar esmodaT, rom maTi gauazrebeli qmedebebiT imave dromoWmul sistemas kidev ufro metad alpobdnen da xrwnidnen.

amrigad, novoCerkaskis ambebma naTlad daadastura 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoqmnili ideur-fsiqologiuri krizisis gaRrmaveba.


1. i. stalini. socializmis ekonomikuri problemebi sabWo-Ta kavSirSi, Tbilisi, 1952.

2. В. А. Козлов. Неизвестный СССР. Противостояние народа и власти 1953–1985 гг. Москва: Óлма-пресс, 2006.

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3. Ю. Борисёнок. Расстрел рабочих в Новочеркасске, Энциклопедия для детей. История России и её ближайших соседей, Ч.3. XX век, Глав. ред. - М. Д. Аксёнова. – Москва: 1999.

4. А. И. Микоян. Так было. Москва, 1999. 5. http://novocherkassk.net/wiki/1962/

Edisher Gvenetadze

Professor of the Georgian Technical University

Novocherkaskis the beginning of the end of the Soviet tragedy

Summary Article nashromsi essence of the Soviet system. Expressed the

opinion that it was built on a man Stalin, the decomposition began immediately after his death.

Khrushchev criticized Stalin and his comrades were trying to chenartsunebas criticism of Stalin and the Stalinist methods, which caused the country's economic crisis which reflected novocherkaskis tragedy in which the economic demands of the workers killed gapitsuli.

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zurab kvetenaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

ramdenime aspeqti ruseT-CineTis Tanamedrove

urTierTobebidan

mravalpolaruli msoflios formirebis gzaze did sa-

xelmwifoTa urTierTobebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba. Tanamedrove msoflio sruliad axali gamowvevebis winaSe dgas, romelic globalizebul ekonomikas, sainformacio da adamianuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs moicavs. iz-rdeba xalxTa da saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba. Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom dRes arcerT saxelmwifos raoden Zlieric unda iyos is, ar SeuZlia Tavi gaarTvas bevr problemas, radgan mxolod saxelmwifoebriv CarCoebSi moqceuli sazogadoebri-vi institutebi, maT Soris iseTic, romelic exeba sagareo po-litikas, naklebefeqturia. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifo kvlav rCeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis umTavres monawi-led. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifoTa urTier-TobebSi wamyvani iyos mravalpolaruli msoflios damkvidre-bis gzaze prioritetebis gansazRvra. am mxriv yuradRebas ip-yrobs msoflios iseT msxvil saxelmwifoTa urTierToba, ro-goricaa ruseTi da CineTi.

ruseT _ CineTis urTierTobebSi arsebobda da arsebobs rogorc TanamSromlobis, ise winaaRmdegobrivi momentebi. me-ore msoflio omis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTs Soris ga-formda megobrobisa da TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba. mos-kovSi vizitisas CineTis komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli mao Ze duni stalins muxlebze daCoqilic ki eambora xelze. (am cnobas gvawvdis kinoreJisori mixeil Wiaureli) Semdeg ki Cine-Tis sabWoTa kavSirSi gaerTianebac SesTavaza, razec Tavaziani uari miiRo. etyoba sabWoTa lideri grZnobda im demografiul safrTxes, romelic CineTis mxridan iyo mosalodneli.

stalinis gadacvalebis Semdeg harmoniulma urTierTo-bam sul sami weli gastana. 1956 wels kompartiis XX yrilobaze nikita xruSCovma dagmo stalinis pirovnebis kulti, kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara gardacvlili sabWoTa beladi XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi gatarebuli represiebisaTvis, marqsizm-leninizmis principebidan gadaxvevaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris did samamulo om-Si daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis. arada stalini msoflio komu-

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nistruri sistemis simbolo iyo, rac mis avtoritets erTio-rad zrdida; da ai, moulodnelad is dagmes. xruSCovs, rom sta-lini daegmo da misi sistemac zed mieyolebina, yvelaferi gasa-gebi iqneboda, magram kremlis maSindel politikur xelmZRva-nelobas stalinuri sistema surda stalinis gareSe, raSic ima-leboda velikorusuli didmpyrobeluri Sovinizmis, (razec Tavis droze lenini saubrobda), niSnebic. (stalini warmoSo-biT qarTveli, romelic 31 weli marTavda sabWoTa kavSirs, miu-Rebeli iyo). xruSCovis tragedia imaSic mdgomareobda, rom man ver amoicno stalinis Canafiqri, romelic komunizmis gamar-jvebas da msoflioSi proletaruli revoluciis gavrcelebas ki ar iTvaliswinebda, aramed es iyo rusuli nacionaluri pro-eqti, romelsac stalinma socialisturi idea moargo. sabWoTa kavSiri im formiT, ra formiTac arsebobda ver gaZlebda da ver gaZlo kidec. CineTis saxalxo respublika ki daadga re-formebis gzas, romelmac gamocdas araTu gauZlo, aramed dResac agrZelebs Zlevamosil winsvlas. kompartiis XX yrilo-ba ki ar iyo sabWoTa kavSiris reformebis gza, es iyo erTi pi-rovnebis kritika, misi gavlili gzis uaryofiTi Sefaseba, misi-ve Seqmnili sistemis xelSeuxeblobiT.

kompartiis XX yrilobis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo polone-Tis movlenebi, ungreTis sisxliani revolucia, romelic im etapze damarcxda, sisxliani movlenebi saqarTveloSi, da rac mTavaria sabWoTa kavSirma `dakarga~ CineTi. stalinisagan gan-sxvavebiT mao pativs ar scemda xruSCovs, miaCnda, rom sabWoTa revizionistebma gayides socializmi. amis pirdapiri Sedegi ki is iyo, rom aSS-m cno CineTis saxalxo respublika da daubruna mas mudmivi wevris statusi gaeroSi. amgvarma viTarebam sabWo-Ta kavSiris daSlamde gastana. dRes ruseTsa da CineTs kargi urTierToba aqvT, Tumca xSirad saubroben axal safrTxeebze, ruseTis aRmosavleTiT Seqmnil mZime demografiul situacia-ze. ismis radikaluri azric, rom cimbiris ukidegano sivrce-ebs Cinuri talRa aiTvisebs da a.S. [2, 114]. amgvar safrTxeebs vladimer putinma prezidentad arCevamde cota xniT adre ase upasuxa: `Tanamedrove msoflioSi, raoden mimzidvelic unda iyos aRmosavleT cimbirisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis minera-luri resursebi mTavari brZola misTvis mainc ar mimdinare-obs. mTavari brZola midis msoflio liderobisaTvis da Cven am sakiTxze CineTTan davas ar vapirebT. CineTs aq sxva konkuren-tebi hyavs. dae maT erTmaneTTan arkvion urTierToba. Cven-Tvis CineTi partnioria, saimedo partniori. Cven vxedavT Cine-Tis xelmZRvanelobisa da Cineli xalxis mzadyofnas aagos Cven-

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Tan megobruli, keTilmezobluri urTierToba da eZebos kom-promisi SedarebiT rTul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Cven vxe-davT am mzadyofnas da Cvenis mxriv aseve vmoqmedebT, da ro-gorc wesi Sexebis wertilebs vpoulobT. darwmunebuli varT vipoviT mas momavalSic~. [1, 5].

ruseTis prezidentis amgvar poziciaSi Cans ara mxolod diplomatia, aramed esaa taqtika CineTis saxalxo respublikas-Tan mimarTebiT. rogorc Cans, putini grZnobs, rom ruseTi Ci-neTs uaxloes momavalSi ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi ver ahyveba da am Sejibrs dasavleTsa da, pirvel yovlis aSS-s uTmobs, ime-dovnebs, rom am SejibrSi mogebuli Tavad darCeba, an romelime mxares mainc dasWirdeba ruseTTan mWidro TanamSromloba, am-gvar TanamSromlobas ki Tavisi fasi eqneba. amgvaria ruseTis politikuri gaTvla. vfiqrobT amgvar gaTvlebs realuri sa-fuZveli marTlac aqvs.

bolo samoci wlis ganmavlobaSi CineTis aRmavloba da aRorZineba kacobriobis istoriaSi, marTlac unikaluria. ar-cerT sxva qveyanas ase mcire drois manZilze aseTi ram ar gau-keTebia. dRes CineTis ekonomika meore adgilzea msoflioSi erTiani Sida produqciis warmoebiT da 5 trilioni dolariT. am maCvenebliT CineTma gauswro iaponias, xolo 2030 wlamde gegmavs daewios amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. [6, 27].

CineTs didi saxelmwifos yvela atributi aqvs: Zlieri ekonomika, oqros didi savaluto-sarezervo maragi, ucxouri investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo, birTvuli iaraRi, ve-tos ufleba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi, Zlieri mravalricxo-vani armia tradiciuli stabiluri politikuri xelmZRvane-loba. aseTi potencialis saxelmwifos, cxadia, sakuTari grZelvadiani gegmebi aqvs. CineTisaTvis udidesi gamowveva iq-neba ara marto misi bazari da warmoeba sakuTar teritoriaze, aramed misi swrafi zrda msoflio bazarze. dRes Cinur pro-duqcias vxvdebiT msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, Tanac yvelgan saubroben `iaf Cinur saqonelze~, amave dros maT ise gonivrulad aqvT ganawilebuli bazari, rom moTxovnileba maT saqonelze izrdeba kidec. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi Ci-neTs TiTqmis arc Sexebia. miuxedavad amisa, aris sakiTxebi, romlebmac momavalSi SeiZleba CineTs problema Seuqmnas da daakargvinos msoflio lideris pozicia. pirvel rigSi es exeba mis geopolitikur mdgomareobas, romelic arcTu ise saxarbi-eloa. aRmosavleTiT CineTi SemosazRvrulia saxelmwifoe-biT,romelTac mWidro kavSiri aqvT aSS-sTan. samxreTiT mas tradiciuli metoqeebi hyavs indoeTisa da vietnamis saxiT. da-

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savleTiT CineTs ekvris centraluri azia, sadac mudmivad mim-dinareobs metoqeoba sxvadasxva centris Zalebs Soris.

aseT viTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobas. CineTi upiratesobas aniWebs ru-seTTan mravalmxriv urTierTobas, gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-loba eniWeba TanamSromlobas energetikis sferoSi. Cinuri ekonomikis mTavari sisuste aris importul energomatareb-lebze damokidebuleba. CineTs meore adgili uWiravs msofli-oSi energoresursebze moTxovnilebis mxriv [6, 21]. bolo dros Zalze gaizarda gazze moTxovnileba, es ki ruseTTan Tanam-Sromlobis gaRrmavebas moiTxovs.

mravalpolarul msoflio wesrigze gadasvlis dros Ci-neTisa da ruseTis roli kidev ufro gaizrdeba. CineTisa da ruseTis ganviTareba gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs, Tumca ga-mowvevebi xSir SemTxvevaSi erTnairia. gansxvaveba ki, pirvel yovlisa, am saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis pirobebSi gamoixateba. ruseTi aq aSkarad ufro susti rgolia. miuxedavad socialur-ekonomikuri sirTuleebisa uaxloes momavalSi ruseTi auci-leblad SeinarCunebs didi saxelmwifos statuss msoflio arenaze, Tanac ruseTs Sanss aZlevs erTpolaruli msoflios aSkara krizisi. ruseTis roli da adgili mravalpolarul msoflioSi damokidebuli iqneba mis potenciur saerTaSoriso ZalebTan urTierTobaze. inovaciis bazaze Tavisi ekonomikis modernizaciis SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi sanedleulo ekonomikidan Tavis orientacias mimarTavs maRali teqnologiebis da konku-rentunariani produqciis Seqmnaze. aq ki mas CineTis gamocdi-lebis gaziareba mouwevs.

bolo wlebSi ruseT-CineTis ekonomikurma TanamSromlo-bam sagrZnobi Sedegebi gamoiRo. ukve 2011 wlisaTvis ormxrivi saqonelbrunva 90 miliard dolars miuaxlovda. CineTi iqca ruseTis pirvel savaWro partniorad. miuxedavad amisa, jer ki-dev mTlianad araa gaxsnili ruseT-CineTis ekonomikuri Tanam-Sromloba. es qveynebi cdiloben gaaRrmavon urTierToba sain-vesticio da samrewvelo sferoSi. sul axlaxan 2012 wlis 5 iv-niss ruseTis federaciis prezidenti vladimer putini ewvia pekins, sadac xeli moewera TxuTmetamde mniSvnelovan doku-ments, romelmac unda gansazRvros ruseT-CineTis momavali TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen maRali teq-nologiebis, energetikis, finansebis, infrastruqturis mSe-neblobis sferoSi TanamSromlobaze. gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba daeTmo regionaluri urTierTqmedebisa da usafrTxoe-bis sakiTxebs.

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ruseTi da CineTi uaRresad SeTanmxebulad moqmedeben sagareo politikur sferoSi. Zalze sainteresoa maTi damoki-debuleba siriisa da iranis problemebisadmi, aq Tamamad SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebi mWid-rodaa gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan. gasagebia, rom ruseTisaTvis arabuli scenari miuRebelia siriaSi da miTumetes iranSi, mag-ram ra surs CineTs? CineTi da ruseTi libiis sakiTxSi dasav-leTs mniSvnelovnad uWerdnen mxars, magram siriasTan dakavSi-rebiT vetos ufleba gamoiyenes gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi.

CineTis saxalxo respublikis politikur xelmZRvanelo-bas kargad esmis, rom siriis Semdeg SeiZleba iranis jeri dad-ges. es ki CineTis ekonomikuri ganviTrebisaTvis uaryofiTi movlena iqneba. igi SeiZleba moeqces erTgvar rkalSi dasavle-Tis saxelmwifoebis mxridan. Tu CineTma ekonomikuri svla ase-Ti masStabiT ganagrZo, SeiZleba msoflios upirveles saxel-mwifodac iqces. amitom `Cinuri safrTxis~ winaaRmdeg siriisa da iranis Semdeg dasavleTi SeiZleba kidev ufro dauaxlovdes ruseTs. amitom Cveni azriT, dRes ruseTTan mWidro Tanam-Sromloba CineTs Zalian sWirdeba, vidre ruseTs. dasavleTi kritikul situaciaSi SeiZleba ruseTis natoSi gawevrianeba-zec ki wavides, rac mas, rogorc amas samarTlianad SeniSnavs henri kisinjeri `antiaziur da ufro sworad antiCinur alian-sad~ gadaaqcevs. [5, 115]. rac Seexeba safrTxes ruseTisaTvis Ci-neTis mxridan, rogorc amis Sesaxeb bevri politikuri mkvleva-ri wers, vfiqrobT gazviadebulia. ruseTis istoria amgvar safrTxeebs ar icnobs. piriqiT, monRoluri talRa, ruseTma Tavad Seiwova da Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena, Tanac ise, rom mTeli oTxasi weli monRolebi marTavdnen mas. ase rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani aq Tavad ruseTis pozicia iqneba, rogor SeZlebs is urTules sagareo politikur wiaRsvlebSi Tavisi adgilis gansazRvras.


1. zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis Tanamedrove `evropuli kursi~,

krebulSi axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi 2011, 2(10), 2. a. dugini. geopolitikis safuZvlebi, ruseTis geopoli-

tikuri momavali, Tbilisi, 1997. 3. Послание Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному

Собранию Российской Федерации от 12 ноября 2009.

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4. Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12 мая 2009 №537 «О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации до 2020 года».

5. Киссинджер Г. , Нужна ли Америке внешная политика, к дипломатии для XXI века, перевод с англииского В. Л. Иноземцева. М., 2002.

6. Кузнецов, Н.В. Московско-Шанхайская модель миропорядка и создание мировоззрения XXI века: социологический аспект, М., 2006.

Zurab Kvetenadze

professor of the Georgian Technical University

Some Aspects from the Modern Relations between

Russia and China

Summary Modern relations between Russia and China raise special attention of

researchers interested in international politics. In relations between these states there were moments as of contradiction, so of cooperation. Relations between Russia and China became especially worse after the death of Stalin, when N. Khrushchov criticized Stalin's personality cult at the twentieth congress of the Communist Party in 1956. After the collapse of the Soviet Union these states started moving towards close cooperation and partnership. Some political experts express their opinion and say that Russia will suffer from the demographic expansion from China. Such opinions have their followers also in Russia; however, Russia’s current president Vladimir Putin called China a reliable partner and stated, that only those states would be concerned by increasing economic potential of China, which perceive it as a competitor.

In our opinion, spoiling of relations between Russia and China is not expected in the near future. In all of international obstacles today they are together. Relations between them are definitely determined by which political forces will lead these states, and by what kind of political configuration will be on international arena in future.

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marika mamforia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis magistranti

irlandiis teroristuli organizacia “ira”-s

“moRvaweoba” XX saukuneSi

XX saukune aRsavse iyo epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movle-

nebiT. pirvelma da meore msoflio omma, radikalurad Sec-vala msoflio politikuri speqtri; xolo XX saukunis 90-ia-ni wlebidan daiwyo bipolarulidan msoflios policen-tristul mowyobaze gadasvlis swrafi, xSir SemTxvevaSi umarTavi procesi. am movlenebma sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamo-iwvia administraciuli sazRvris gadaxedva, rasac mohyva ag-resiuli separatizmi da teroristuli aqtebi. amis karg ma-galiTs ki, irlandiis respublika warmoadgens, romelsac cxare brZola hqonda gaCaRebuli did britaneTTan, Crdi-loeT irlandiis _ olsteris, sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

irlandiis respublikis farTobi 70273 km² Seadgens. 1937 wels miRebuli konstituciis Tanaxmad warmoadgens saparma-lento respublikas, sadac saxelmwifos meTauria preziden-ti, mas ki sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad irCeven 7 wliT.

irlandiis respublika administraciul-teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT iyofa oTx regionad: munsteri, kanoti, len-steri da olsteri, romlebic amave dros qveynis tradiciul provinciebs warmoadgenen. irlandiis mosaxleoba 2009 wlis monacemebiT Seadgens 4.2 mln. kacs.

morwmune mosaxleobis 93% kaTolikea, mniSvnelovani religiuri sazogadoebaa _ irlandiis eklesia. aseve cxov-roben sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebic, rogoricaa: islami da protestantizmi.

pirveli dasaxleba kunZul irlandiaze, savaraudod 8 aTasi wlis win gaCnda. 432 wels wminda patrikma qristianoba gaavrcela irlandielTa Soris da male aq evropuli masSta-bis mniSvnelovani samonastro centri Camoyalibda, ris ga-moc adreul Sua saukuneebSi irlandias zogjer “wmindanTa kunZuladac” ki moixseniebdnen.

XII saukunis meore naxevarSi inglisis mefe henri II-m isargebla irlandielTa Sida dapirispirebiT da TiTqmis mTlianad daipyro kunZuli. amis Semdeg irlandiur-ingli-suri dapirispireba kidev rva saukune gagrZelda.

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inglisi bevrjer cdilobda irlandiis SeerTebas da ai, 1801 wels didi britaneTisa da irlandiis gaerTianebuli sa-mefo dafuZnda, ris Sedegadac irlandiis kolonizacia ki-dev ufro gaZlierda. 1846 wels inglisma gaauqma “puris ka-nonebi”, ramac puris gaiafeba gamoiwvia, Sesabamisad, mcire saglexo ijaris nacvlad msxvili sasaZovre meurneoba ganvi-Tarda. am procesma da “kartofilis daavadebam” 1846-1849 wlebSi irlandiaSi didi SimSiloba gamoiwvia, rasac milio-namde adamianis sicocxle Seewira, xolo emigrirebulTa ra-odenoba 1.5 milionamde gaizarda. Sedegad irlandiis mosax-leoba 30%-iT Semcirda. es tendencia Semdgom aTwleuleb-Sic gagrZelda. 1841 wels kunZulze 8 milionze meti adamiani cxovrobda, 1901 wels maTi ricxvi mxolod 4.5 mln. iyo.

irlandiaSi oficialuri enebia irlandiuri da inglisu-ri. saukuneebis manZilze irlandiuri, rogorc kolonizire-buli mosaxleobis ena, ingliselebis mxridan devnas ganic-dida. 1871 wlamde irlandiuri enis swavleba dawyebiT sko-lebSic ki akrZaluli iyo. amJamad, irlandiuri ena respub-likis, xolo 2007 wlis 1 ianvridan ki _ evrokavSiris ofici-alur enas warmoadgens.

irlandiis sakanonmdeblo organoa erovnuli parlamen-ti, romelic ori palatisagan Sedgeba: zeda da qveda palata. amJamad qveynis umsxviles da mmarTvel partias “fiana-fei-li” (irlandiis respublikuli partia) warmoadgens. bolo ori premier-ministri am partiis wevrebi iyvnen. “fiana-fei-li” ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT liberaluri konservatiz-mis mimarTulebisaa, romelsac mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli Se-xedulebebi aqvs irlandiuri enis statusze, qveynis erTia-nobasa da neitralitetze. dResdReobiT “fiana-feili” ir-landiis mwvaneebTan da progresul-demokratiul partias-Tan erTad qmnis samTavrobo koalicias. sxva politikuri organizaciebidan aRsaniSnavia “fiana-gaili”, “irlandiis leiboristuli partia” da “Sin feini”. es ukanaskneli warmo-adgens irlandiis respublikuli armiis (“ira”) politikur frTas da ZiriTadad CrdiloeT irlandiaSi moqmedeben.

1905 wels artur girifitma Camoayaliba politikuri or-ganizacia “Sin feini”, romelic iTargmneba rogorc _ “Cven TviTon”. es politikuri partia ki dRemde arsebobs da aqtiu-rad aris CarTuli irlandiis politikur cxovrebaSi [3].

kunZuli politikurad orad gaiyo 1921 wels, rodesac Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare olsteris garda yvela pro-vinciam miiRo damoukidebloba. 1916 wels irlandiis damou-

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kideblobis moTxovniT, dublinSi daiwyo “saaRdgomo ajan-yeba” da meamboxeebi TiTqmis erTi kvira akontrolebdnen qa-laqs. londons SeeSinda, rom am ajanyebiT germanelebs ar esargeblaT da sastikad CaaxSo igi, meTaurebi ki sikvdiliT dasaja, rasac viTarebis mxolod droebiTi Cawynareba moh-yva.

1919 wels kidev erTi ajanyeba daiwyo, romelmac kunZu-lis didi nawili moicva. irlandiis respublikuri armiisa (“ira”) da inglisis jarebs Soris masStaburi saomari Setake-bebi gaimarTa [1, 527]. irlandiis respublikuri armia amave wels Camoyalibda _ “irlandiuri moxaliseebis” da “irlan-diis samoqalaqo armiis” gaerTianebis Sedegad. pirvelebi warmoadgendnen “Sin feinis” partiis SeiaraRebul jgufebs da feniebis (legendaruli irlandiis uZvelesi samxedro ga-erTianeba) organizaciis memkvidreebs da meoreni ki iyvnen Camoyalibebuli “saaRdgomo ajanyebis” gmiris jeims kono-lis mier.

1919 wlis ianvridan 1921 wlis ivlisamde “ira” monawile-obas Rebulobda omSi britanuli jarebis winaaRmdeg da 1920 wlis noembridan 1921 wlis ivnisamde mimdinareobda yvelaze intensiuri brZolebi.

“ira” im motiviT iyo Cabmuli am brZolebSi, rom mas sur-da CrdiloeT irlandiis sruli damoukidebloba gaerTiane-buli samefosgan, aseve CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianeba (olsteris nawilebi) irlandiis respublikasTan [4]. “ira” di-di popularobiT sargeblobda Cr. irlandiis kaTolikur mo-saxleobaSi. isini Tavis ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegebad miiCnev-dnen im adamianebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen irlandiis yofnas gaerTianebul samefoSi.

britaneTis parlamentma 1920 wels miiRo “aqti irlandi-is mTavrobis Sesaxeb”, romlis Tanaxmadac, cal-calke unda Seqmniliyo CrdiloeT da samxreT irlandiis mmarTvelobis organoebi. amave aqtiT ganisazRvra irlandiis sabWos da-fuZneba, romelsac “CrdiloeT da samxreT irlandias Soris urTierTobis harmonizacia” daekisra da romelic sruliad irlandiis erTgvar saTaTbiro-sakanonmdeblo organod un-da Camoyalibebuliyo. irlandiis sabWom realurad mxolod 1925 wlamde iarseba.

1948 wlis 21 dekembers irlandiis prezidentis mier xelmowerili iqna “irlandiis respublikis aqti”, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1949 wlis aprils. amiT irlandiam sruli damo-ukideloba moipova da gamovida didi britaneTis Tanamegob-

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robidan. didi britaneTi ki poziciebis daTmobas ase advi-lad ar apirebda.

1969 wlis dekemberSi “oficialur iras” gamoeyo da cal-ke dajgufebad Camoyalibda CrdiloeT irlandiuri “droe-biTi ira” (Provisional IRA). faqtobrivad es iyo, “Sin feinis” ga-samxedroebuli frTa, romlis samoqmedo principi iyo Seia-raRebuli teroris gamoyeneba ara mxolod Tavdacvis miz-niT. 1970 wlidan aqtiurad daiwyes teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba.

Cr. irlandiis istoriaSi “sisxliani kviris” saxeliT Se-vida 1972 wlis 30 ianvari. am dRes samoqalaqo uflebaTa aso-ciaciam qalaq deriSi saprotesto marSi gamarTa. msvlelo-bis dros britaneTis armiis medesanteTa polkis jariska-cebma cecxli gaxsnes, ris Sedegadac 13 demonstranti ad-gilze gardaicvala da 14 daiWra. TviTmxilvelebi amtkiceb-dnen, rom msvlelobis monawileebs iaraRi ar hqoniaT. “sis-xliani kviradRe” dRemde rCeba Cr. irlandiaSi momxdar erT-erT yvelaze avadmosagonar incidentad, radgan masSi brita-nuli armia monawileobda da ara romelime gansxvavebuli dajgufeba. Tanac es moxda uamravi xalxisa da Jurnaliste-bis Tvalwin da msxverpli mSvidobiani manifestis warmomad-genlebi iyvnen da ara teroristebi.

1972 wels olsteris teritoriaze londonis pirdapiri mmarTveloba damyarda. amis pasuxad amave wlis ivnisSi, bel-fastSi “ira”-s mier ganxorcielda teraqti, romelic “sis-xliani paraskevis” saxeliT aris cnobili. “ira”-s teroris-tebma sxvadasxva adgilas aafeTqes 22 bombi, ris Sedegadac 9 adamiani daiRupa da 130 daiWra. afeTqebamde naxevari saaTiT adre “ira”-m adgilobrivi mediiT gaavrcela gafrTxileba teroristuli aqtis Sesaxeb. britanuli wyaroebi am teraq-tis mTavar organizatorad jeri adamss asaxelebdnen, rome-lic “ira”-sa da “Sin feini”-s lideri iyo.

1973 wlis 8 marts gaimarTa “Cr. irlandiis suverenite-tis” referendumi, romelsac unda gadaewyveta olsteris kuTvnilebis sakiTxi _ darCeboda britaneTTan Tu Seuer-Tdeboda irlandias. kaTolikeebma boikoti gamoucxades am referendums da “iunionistebma” didi upiratesobiT gaimar-jves. 18 ivliss ZalaSi Sevida “Cr. irlandiis sakonstitucio aqti”, romelmac gaauqma Cr. irlandiis parlamenti da guber-natoris posti.

saningdeilis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, 1974 wlis 1 ian-vridan dafuZnda Cr. irlandiis mmarTveloba, romelSic ga-

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danawilda Zalaufleba “iunionistebsa” da “nacionalis-tebs” Soris. ase Seiqmna irlandiis sabWo, romelsac saerTo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT irlandiis, Cr. irlandiisa da bri-taneTis mTavrobaTa koordinacia unda ganexorcielebina, magram sabWo ivnisSi daiSala im mizeziT, rom “iunionisteb-ma” datoves igi.

“olsteris muSaTa sabWom” saerTo gaficva gamoacxada 1974 wels. protesti mimarTuli iyo saningdeilis procesis winaaRmdeg. gaficvas Tan axlda gzebis gadaketva, sawarmoe-bisaTvis eleqtroenergiis miwodebis Sewyveta, avtobusebis gatacba da a.S. gavrcelebuli informaciiT muSaTa sabWos ukan “iunionistTa” radikaluri, gasamxedroebuli frTa id-ga, romelic Tavidanve upirispirdeboda saningdeilis xel-Sekrulebas. am yovelives mohyva, ori manqanis afeTqeba, ra-sac 33 adamianis sicocxle Seewira da 200 adamianis daWra ga-moiwvia.

amis sapasuxod 1974 wlis 21 noembers birmingemSi “ira”-m ganaxorciela yvelaze didi teraqti britaneTis istoriaSi. tradiciisamebr, teroristebma gazeT “birmingem postis” redaqciaSi afeTqebamde 10 wuTiT adre darekes da daasaxe-les Senoba sadac bombi iyo damontaJebuli. ludis barSi ori bombis afeTqebas 19 adamianis daRupva da 182 daWra moh-yva.

1985 wels britaneTis da irlandiis mTavrobebs Soris daido SeTanxmeba. dokumentis pirvel muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom “CrdiloeT irlandiis statusis Secvla SesaZlebe-lia moxdes mxolod Cr. irlandiis xalxis umravlesobis Tan-xmobiT” da rom “amJamad CrdiloeT irlandiis xalxis umrav-lesobis survilia Cr. irlandiis arsebuli statusis Senar-Cuneba”. olsteris protestantTa umravlesoba SeTanxmebis winaaRmdegi iyo, kaTolikeTa umravlesoba ki piriqiT, Tumca “ira”-m da “Sin feinmac” dagmes SeTanxmeba. “Sin feinis” pre-zidenti jeri adamsi acxadebda, rom: “irlandiis gayofis oficialuri aRiareba aris katastrofa nacionalisturi po-ziciisaTvis... es metismetad mZime ramaa dublinisaTvis gada-cemul uZlur sakonsultacio rolTan SedarebiT”.

1993 wlis 20 marts “ira”-m kidev erTi teraqti ganaxor-ciela. inglisis qalaq veningtonSi afeTqebas ori bavSvis da-Rupva mohyva. mogvianebiT londonSi momxdarma afeTqebam ngreva gamoiwvia da zaralma 350 milion funt sterlings mi-aRwia. “ira” mainc ar cxreboda. belfastSi momxdar teraqts 10 adamianis da erTi amfeTqeblis sicocxle Seewira.

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1994 wlis 31 agvistos “ira”-m ganacxada, rom mTlianad wyvetda samxedro operaciebs. 1969-1994 wlebSi olsterSi momxdar masobriv areulobebs 3000-mde adamiani emsxverpla, aqedan 1123 Zalovani struqturis warmomadgeneli da 1855 samoqalaqo piri.

1997 wels dafuZnda britaneTisa da irlandiis respub-likis mTavrobaTa mier ganiaraRebis damoukidebeli saerTa-Soriso komisia. komisias unda eTanamSromla orive mTavro-basTan, mieca maTTvis saWiro rCevebi da uSualo meTvalyu-reoba gaewia CrdiloeT irlandiis ukanono SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mier iaraRis, tyvia-wamlis Cabarebis procesi-saTvis.

1998 wlisTvis daiwyo didi britaneTisa da irlandiis respublikas Soris urTierTobebis daTboba. amave wlis 19 noembers miRebuli iqna aqti, romlis mixedviTac ganisaz-Rvra CrdiloeT irlandiis asambleis, aRmasrulebeli xeli-suflebis, sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobisaTvis Seqmnili sa-samarTlo komitetis, adamianis uflebaTa komisiis, aseve Crdilo-samxreTis ministrTa sabWosa da britanul-irlan-diuli sabWos uflebamosileba.

britaneTis parlamentma 1999 wlis 2 dekembers miiRo dadgenileba CrdiloeT irlandiis devoluciis Sesaxeb, anu Cr. irlandiis asambleisaTvis uflebamosilebis nawilobriv gadacemis Sesaxeb.

“ira”-s ganiaraRebis procesis mimdinareobis dros 2000 wels CrdiloeT irlandiis saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivanma bri-taneTis mTavrobaSi droebiT SeaCera CrdiloeT irlandiis asambleis muSaoba im motiviT, rom “ira”-s ganiaraRebis pro-cesi aradamakmayofileblad mimdinareobda [2]. iyo SemTxve-vebi, roca “ira” uars acxadebda iaraRis Cabarebaze, Tumca Tanaxma iyo iaraRis samalavis Sesasvleli saerTaSoriso da-moukidebeli komisiis wevrTa TandaswrebiT daeluqaT. gar-da amisa, ukiduresad gamwvavda Sida dapirispireba gasamxed-roebul dajgufebebs Soris, situacia airia “loialistebsa” da “respublikelebs” Sorisac. “ira”-mac dakarga kontroli da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mdgomareoba kvlav ukontrolo gaxda. ra Tqma unda, “ira”-m “moRvaweoba” teroristuli aq-tebiT XXI saukuneSic gaagrZela.

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1. S. malaSxia, konfliqtis anatomia, “forma”. Tbilisi, 2011. 2. http://www.tabula.ge/article-4213.html n. gogiberiZe, CrdiloeT

irlandiis arCevnebi: yofili mtrebi kvlav erTian mTavrobas qmnian, Tbilisi, 2011.

3. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Шинн_Фейн. 4. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ирландская_республиканская_армия.

Marika Mamphoria

Master of the Georgian Technical University

The “Activity” of Terrorist Organization “IRA” in Ireland in XX Century

Summary

Great Britan had large ambitions about North Ireland. For hundreds

of years it tried to control it. In 1919 the Republic Army of Ireland was established (“IRA”). “IRA” had two motives of participation in this fight: it wanted a full independence for North Ireland and the union of North Ireand (parts od Ulster) with Republic of Ireland. In order to achieve their goals they used terroristic acts, which led to death of a lot of innocent people. “IRA” gained a large popularity among Catholic people. They thought that their main enemies were the ones, who wanted Ireland to be the part of Great Britain. “IRA” continued their “activity” in XXI century.

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juli bankanaSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-versitetis magistranti

politikuri liderobis arsi da Teoriebi

istoria ganixileba, rogorc didi adamianebis Semoqme-

debis, gmiri pirovnebebis moRvaweobis Sedegi. nebismieri ti-pis socialur urTierTobaSi Cndeba mimarTeba _ dominanti-daqvemdebarebuli. lideri swored is adamiania, romelsac aqvs yvelaze meti berketi jgufis wevrebze zegavlenis mo-saxdenad. yoveli lideri Tavisi epoqis produqtia. mocemu-li epoqis ganviTarebisa da cvalebadobis kanonebi, misi Ta-viseburebani mas ayalibebs, rogorc sxva epoqis liderisagan gansxvavebul, gansakuTrebuli niSan-Tvisebebis mqone feno-mens. situaciis paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom lidero-bas arasodes ar hqonda iseTi didi mniSvneloba da ar iyo iseTi rTuli amocana, rogorc dRes.

politikuri lideri socialuri erTobis yvelaze av-toritetuli warmomadgenelia, romlis mimarT socialuri erToba, am erTobisaTvis mniSvnelovan situaciebSi, sapasu-xismgeblo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis uflebas cnobs. poli-tikuri lideri realurad asrulebs centralur rols so-cialuri erTobis erToblivi socialuri da politikuri moqmedeba-moRvaweobis organizebasa da socialur erToba-Si urTierTobaTa regulirebis saqmeSi. gamoxatavs ra adami-anTa didi jgufis, mTeli eris interesebsa da ganwyobebs, politikur liderebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba iqonion xdomilebaTa mimarTulebebze da rac ufro srulad gamoxatavs xalxis interesebs, miT ufro metad avlens lide-ri Tavis pirovnul Tvisebebs, rac mas socialuri procesis subieqtad aqcevs.

politikuri lideri _ esaa erovnuli masStabis lideri da amitom “mcire jgufis” liderisgan gansxvavebiT axasia-Tebs unikaluroba, romelic gamoirCeva:

1. distanciurobiT, anu lidersa da mis mimdevrebs So-ris ar aris pirdapiri kontaqtebi da maTi urTierToba gaSu-

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alebulia masobrivi komunikaciebiT, organizaciebiT, moxe-leebiT.

2. mravalfunqcobiT. politikuri lideri asrulebs mraval rols: orientirebulia misi uSualo garemocvis, po-litikuri aparatis, biurokratiuli aRmasrulebeli apara-tis da bolos, farTo masebis molodinze. misi umTavresi amocanaa SeinarCunos erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi rolebi gansazRvrul wonasworobaSi.

3. korporaciulobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom politiku-ri lideroba individualuria, igi, amave dros gamoirCeva didi an mcire korporaciuli xasiaTiT, rameTu igi mainc aris “organizebuli aqtiurobis produqti”.

politikuri lideri ZiriTad socialur da politikur miznebs sakuTari, individualuri da “Tavisi gundis” SesaZ-leblobebis mixedviT saxavs. amasTan, miznis ganxorcielebi-sas, Cveulebriv iziarebs mocemul sazogadoebaSi moqmed sa-yovelTao socialur ideals, an SesaZloa, kritikulad eki-deba am ukanasknels da mis daZlevas cdilobs.

politikuri liderobis arsis daxasiaTebisaTvis yve-laze umTavresi mniSvneloba aqvs or komponents: statusur-sa da zneobriv-eTikurs. pirveli iTvaliswinebs formaluri, oficialuri SesaZleblobebis arsebobas, romelic saSuale-bas aZlevs ama Tu im pirs, adamianTa jgufs myari gavlena mo-axdinos xelisuflebaze, uxelmZRvanelos gadawyvetilebis miRebis realur process, ganaxorcielos gansazRvruli Ta-namdebobrivi valdebulebebi da mis farglebSi hqondes gar-kveuli pasuxismgeblobebi. meore, zneobriv-eTikuri kompo-nenti gvaCvenebs xelmZRvanelTa mxolod moralur pasuxis-mgeblobas mosaxleobis winaSe, rogorc politikuri xeli-suflebis SenarCunebis da stabilurobis pirobas. amrigad, politikur liderobas, rogorc xelisuflebis instituts, gaaCnia ormagi arsi, romelic moicavs rogorc institucio-nalur, ise moralur aspeqts. Tavisi statusuri aspeqtiT po-litikuri lideroba gamodis, rogorc xelisuflebis umaR-lesi segmenti, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis centri, romelic gansazRvravs sxva ZiriTadi sammarTvelo struqturebisa da organizaciebis stilsa da xasiaTs. amasTanave, lideris mo-ralur-eTikuri kavSiris arseboba mosaxleobasTan aniWebs xelisuflebis organizaciis damatebiT resursebs politi-kuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad.

politikuri lideris kategoria sainteresoa, radgan mis xelSia politikis safuZveli — Zalaufleba da swored is

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aZlevs mimarTulebas politikur procesebs. maqs veberi xazs usvams im faqts, rom politika momxibvlelia swored imis gamo, rom iZleva Zalis flobis SegrZnebas, aZlevs mas saSualebas imoqmedos sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad zneob-rivi normebis dacvis gareSe, radgan mTavari aris mizani. ro-gorc n. makiaveli ityoda : “mizani amarTlebs saSualebas”.

amerikeli politologis j. blondelis ganmartebiT, lideroba _ esaa Zalaufleba, imitom, rom igi warmoadgens “mwvervalze” myofi erTi an ramdenime piris unars, aiZulos sxvebi gaakeTos is pozitiuri an negatiuri, rasac isini ar gaakeTebdnen, an saboloo angariSiT, SeeZloT ar gaekeTebi-naT sazogadod. politikuri lideroba ki masTan ganmarte-bulia, rogorc “Zalaufleba, romelsac axorcielebs erTi an randenime individi im mizniT, raTa eris wevrebi samoqme-dod ganawyos”.

politikur liders gaaCnia Zalaufleba, rac imas niS-navs, rom mas aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRos resursebi “riggare-Se” da garantiebi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, Zalaufleba Tavad aris specifikuri resursi xeli migiwvdebodes sxva danarCen resursebTan, amitomac Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSi aris koncentrirebuli SiSi “yvelafris dakargvisa”.

XXI saukunis demokratiul sazogadoebaSi politikuri lideroba SezRudulia sxvadasxva faqtoriT: iuridiuli normebiT, konstituciiT da a.S. demokratizaciis ganviTare-bis procesSi myofi qveynebis politologebi didi Zalisxme-viT cdiloben SeimuSaon iseTi samarTlebrivi saxelwifos modeli, sadac “marTaven kanonebi da ara pirovnebebi” . da-savleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis demokratebi prio-ritets aniWeben farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili xel-mZRvanelis — politikuri lideris arCevas. am SemTxvevaSi unda aRiniSnos, rom `xelmZRvaneli~ `liderisagan~ gansxva-vebuli fenomenia. xelmZRvaneli Segnebuli, cnobieri “Ser-Cevis” produqts warmoadgens, lideri ki _ `bunebrivi SerCe-vis~ produqtia. misi gamoCena politikur asparezze stiqiu-rad xdeba, is Tavs iCens problemur situaciebSi. liderobi-sagan gansxvavebiT, xelmZRvaneloba stabilur fenomens war-moadgens. mas kanoniT met-naklebad mkacrad gansazRvruli ufleba-movaleobani eniWeba.

Cveulebriv, politikuri lideri unda flobdes Seqmni-li politikuri viTarebis Rrma analizis unars da amasTan unda hyavdes mimdevrebi, e.i. politikuri moRvawe unda iyos

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sakmaod avtoritetiani. yovelive zemoTTqmuli gansakuT-rebul mniSvnelobas iZens, rodesac saqme exeba araforma-lur politikur liderebs da maT qmedeba-moRvaweobas.

rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebrivi da politikuri moZraoba iwyeba arao-ficialuri politikuri liderobis fenomenis gamoCe-niT,romlebic sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi oficialuri xel-mZRvanelis paralelurad xSirad sakmaod aqtiurad moqmede-ben. movlenaTa garkveuli, maTTvis xelsayreli msvlelobis pirobebSi araformalurma liderebma, SesaZlebelia, Secva-lon oficialuri xelmZRvanelebi da xelSi aiRon qveynis marTvis sadaveebi _ rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqarTve-los respublikaSi,rodesac erovnuli moZraobis liderebi axali saxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvanelebi gaxdnen.

ufro srulyofilad rom gaverkveT liderobis buneba-Si, saWiroa ganvixiloT misi Teoriebi:

TvisebaTa Teoria. niSan-TvisebaTa Teoria yvelaze Zve-li da tradiciulia sxva Teoriebs Soris. liderobis warmo-Sobis yvelaze adreuli axsna pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli in-dividualuri Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobda. tradiciuli gagebiT, lideroba warmoadgends iSviaT, magram bunebriv sa-Cuqars. rogorc aristotele ambobda: `xelmZrvaneli da morCileba ara mxolod aucilebelia,aramed sasargebloc aris, radgan dabadebidanve zogi gankuTvnilia xelmZRvane-lobisTvis, zogi ki morCilebisaTvis~ [1, 15]. am TeoriaSi la-parakia lideris wminda pirovnul monacemebze, Tvisebebze. mokled rom vTqva, es aris `bedis rCeuli~ pirovneba.

mogvianebiT am Teoriis mimdevrebma Tandayolil Tvi-sebebTan erTad aRiares ganaTlebiT, gamocdilebiT, varji-SiT lideruli Tvisebebis SeZenis SesaZlebloba. ufro zomi-er formaSi es tradicia miuTiTebs qarizmaze, romelic ga-gebulia rogorc pirovnebis xelisufleba da avtoriteti. veberis mixedviT, qarizmas axasiaTebs brma rwmena lideri-sadmi da gauazrebeli mimdevrobaa. is dakavSirebulia pi-rovnebis gansakuTrebul TvisebebTan.

lideri, aRniSnavs v. malcevi, Tavis TavSi atarebs uf-lebas xelisuflebaze, rac xdis mas damoukidebels, amitom is gamodis novatorad da sazogadoebis gardamqmnelad [2, 370].

politikuri lideris pirvel da aucilebel niSans warmoadgens farTo masebis interesebis kvalificiuri aku-mulirebisa da adeqvaturi gamoxatvis unari. meore gadam-

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wyveti niSania iniciativianoba, mesame mniSvnelovani niSani —politikuri informirebuloba, meoTxe _ lideris politi-kuri leqsikoni, mexuTe _ politikuri drois gancda.

cnobili amerikeli politikuri sociologi e. bogar-desi liderobisaTvis aucilebel xuT universalur Tvisebas gvTavazobs: warmosaxvis Zalas, socialur xdomilebaTa wi-naswarganWvretisa da gaTvaliswinebis unars, moqnilobas, mravalmxrivobas, TavSekavebis unars.

bertran raseli avsebs ra lideris Tvisebebis nusxas, aRniSnavs, rom `lideris poziciis mosapoveblad pirovneba unda aRematebodes xelisufals iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa- Tavdajerebuloba, swrafi da adeqvaturi gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari~ [3, 92] .

dReisTvis mkvlevarebi liderobisaTvis aucilebel 250-mde Tvisebas asaxeleben. am Teoriis naklovanebas warmo-adgens is, rom dRemde gaurkvevelia Tu romeli Tvisebebia aucilebeli liderisaTvis da muSaoben Tu ara isini gansxva-vebul viTarebaSi da erTnairad moaqvT Tu ara warmateba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, icvleba Tu ara es Tvisebebi sazogado-ebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis kvalobaze. sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad dadginda, rom lideris qmedeba, rome-lic savsebiT misaRebia erTi garkveuli situaciisTvis, sav-sebiT gamoricxavs lideris qmedebis adeqvaturobas meore gansxvavebuli situaciisadmi. es Tvalsazrisi TandaTano-biT iwyebda dominirebas sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis specia-listTa gamokvlevebSi.

amrigad, “TvisebaTa Teoriam” adgili dauTmo lidero-bis “situaciur Teorias”, romlis Tanaxmad pirovneba lide-ri xdeba ara imdenad piradi Tvisebebis wyalobiT, aramed im konkretuli situaciis wyalobiT, romelic ganpirobebulia jgufis determinirebuli SefasebiTa da moTxovnilebiT. “situaciis Teoriis” mimdevrebs gamorCaT is mniSvnelovani faqti, rom liders Tavad ZaluZs zegavlena moaxdinos kon-kretul viTarebaze da warmatebiT gamoiyenos igi “sakuTa-ri” socialuri erTobis socialur-politikuri miznebis mi-saRwevad da arsebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad. “didi li-deri, _ wers elen jeningsi, _ grZnobs situacias da icis ro-gor uzrunvelyos situaciis ganviTareba garkveul werti-lamde, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi gamoyeneba~.

sidnei hukis naSromSi _ `gmiri istoriaSi~ xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom lideri ar aris determinebuli situaciiT.

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amrigad, “situaciis Teoriamac” ver mogvca liderobis fe-nomenis mecnieruli gageba.

mkvlevarebma problemis Seswavla daiwyes ufro metad mniSvnelovan aspeqtze, kerZod, liderisa da mimdevrebis urTierTobebis analizze, ramac safuZveli daudo e.w. “mim-devarTa ganmsazRvreli rolis Teorias”.

es koncefcia iTvaliswinebs, rom lideri gamoxatavs jgufis miznebs da moqmedebs misi saxeliT. amgvarad, lide-robis gasagebad aucilebelia, gvqondes warmodgenebi maTi mimdevrebis miznebisa da molodinebis, romelTa Seswavla aseve SesaZlebelia SedarebiT perspeqtivaSi. Tumca, Tu ga-viTvaliswinebT imas, Tu rogor aris “gamoxatuli” politi-kuri lideri mimdevrebis SegnebaSi, es sruliad ar iqneba lideris realuri pirovnebis adeqvaturi. mimdevrebi mxars uWeren ara imas, romelsac isini aucileblad icnoben pira-dad, aramed imas, Tu vin arsebobs maT SegnebaSi. swored es saxe iwvevs maTSi grZnobebs da ubiZgebs gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebisaken.

saqarTveloSi liderobis politikur-kulturuli konteqsti vlindeba moqalaqeTa molodinebSi lideris mi-marT, TviT maT qcevaSi da maT mier sakuTari politikuri rolebis gaTviTcnobierebaSi. politikuri liderobis zoga-di konteqsti saqarTveloSi ganisazRvreba moqalaqeTa sa-xelmwifo-centristuli fsiqologiiT, politikuri kultu-ris im tradiciebiT, romlebic naklebad uwyoben xels ro-gorc demokratiuli Rirebulebebis simtkices, ise lidero-bis demokratiul stils. saqarTvelos politikur kultu-raSi TiTqmis yovelTvis (ukanasknel lideramde) damaxasia-Tebeli iyo pirovnuli, subieqturi komponenti politikuri procesisa. saqarTvelos istoriis gageba SeuZlebelia imis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, Tu vin marTavs qveyanas, misi titu-lis damoukideblad: mefe, cekas mdivani, prezidenti.

pirovnuli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani iyo qarTul politi-kaSi yvela etapze, konkretuli lideris Tvisebebis, Rirebu-lebebis da naklovanebebis damoukideblad, miuxedavad imi-sa, iyo Tu ara es lideri ubralo biurokrati, an gamoirCeo-da mkafio individualurobiT.

individualizmi, individualuri gansakuTrebuloba, liderobis rogorc aucilebeli komponenti pirvelad gan-xilvis sagani gaxda mxolod postsabWoTa periodSi sajaro politikis ganviTarebasTan erTad.

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ukanaskneli wlebis socialurma da politikurma kri-zisma moiTxova liderebisagan maTi pirovnuli potencialis demonstrireba. politikosis pirovnuli potencialis, misi konkretuli saxis kvleva moiTxovs sxvadasxva maCveneblebis gamovlenas, maT Soris umTavresia ara imdenad politikosi, ramdenadac misi sajaro saxe, romelzedac msjeloba SeuZ-liaT rogorc eqspertebs, ise araspecialistebs [4, 225].

g. diligenski aRniSnavs, rom gardamaval sazogadoeba-Si pirovnebis Seswavla xdeba atitudebis sistemis meSveo-biT, vinaidan isini ufro moZravia, vidre Rirebulebebi, rwmena da pirovnebis sxva elementebi. fsiqologiur lite-raturaSi miRebulia atitudebSi gamoiyos sami elementi: kognituri, afeqturi da konatiuri (qceviTi). zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, politikosebis saxes TavianTi struqtu-riT gaaCniaT msgavsi wyoba. es niSnavs imas, rom aucilebelia gamovavlinoT ara mxolod kognituri elementebi, aramed afeqturi, romelTa gacnobiereba iSviaTad xdeba, da qcevi-Ti elementebi, romlebic axlosaa moqmedebis CadenasTan.

politikosis saxis analizis dros fsiqologiaSi gamoi-yeneba pirovnebis sami ganzomileba, romelic SemoTavazebu-lia j. osgudis mier. esaa mimzidveloba, Zala da aqtiuroba. yvela Sefaseba, rogorc racionaluri, ise iracionaluri, SeiZleba interpretirebul iqnes am sami pirovnuli ganzomi-lebis meSveobiT, Sesabamisad, adgenen fsiqologiur ska-lebs. mimzidvelobis cnebas gansxvavebulad ganmartaven. ma-galiTad, d. kinderi gamoyofs mis iseT Semadgenel elemen-tebs, rogoricaa kompetenturoba, wesiereba da TanagrZno-bis unari. j. markusi gamoyofs kompetenturobas da wesiere-bas. k. funki gvTavazobs ganvixiloT es niSnebi, rogorc ur-TierTdakavSirebuli, magram TiToeuls gaaCnia damoukide-beli mniSvneloba politikosis saerTo SefasebisaTvis.

b. makarenko ZiriTadad operirebs aRniSnul or cneba-ze da miaCnia, rom politikoss unda hqondes gagebis unari, romelic moicavs Wkuas, ganaTlebas, Tvalsawiers, gamocdi-lebas; aseve, unda iZleodes moraluri wesierebis garantias.

b. makarenkom aRwera “idealuri lideri”; gamocdili politikosi, gonivruli kompromisis momxre, saqmiani da ga-damWreli nabijebis momxre, TavSekavebuli, dinji. es niSnebi SeiZleba Sediodes idealuri lideris portretSi, magram naklebad hgavs cocxal politikur moRvaweebs. eWvs iwvevs is faqtic, rom am niSnebisTvis airCies elcini prezidentad, xolo meore da mesame adgili daikava ziuganovma da lebedma.

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lideris meore mniSvnelovani ganzomileba-pirovnuli Zala kidev ufro aZlierebs politikosis mimzidvelobas. am parametrSi Sedis iseTi komponentebi, rogoricaa: janmrTe-loba, asaki, fizikuri da inteleqtualuri resursebi, fsi-qologiuri simtkice, qveynis interesebis dacvis unari da sxva.

postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos politikur kul-turaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Zalis parametris ro-li. ara mxolod Zala, aramed Zaladobis Sefaseba Tanamed-rove qarTul politikur speqtrSi araerTgvarovania. xeli-suflebis mxridan Cveulebriv misi Sefaseba xdeba pozitiu-rad, xolo opoziciur speqtrSi _ negatiurad. es ar aris ga-sakviri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos moumwifeblobis peri-odSi. Riad aravin amarTlebs Zaladobas, magram misi Cadenis Semdeg xSirad aris misi usafuZvlo gamarTlebis mcdeloba. Zalis parametri ganekuTvneba aqtiurobis maCvenebels da ukavSirdeba xelisuflebrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcie-lebas, amitom Zalis gamoyeneba Tu argamoyeneba metnakle-bad ukavSirdeba Zlieri Tu susti politikosis saxes masob-riv SegnebaSi.

amrigad, TiToeuli Teoria gamoirCeva problemisadmi calmxrivi midgomiT, calkeul aspeqtebze upiratesobis mi-niWebiT, amitom liderobis srulyofili Seswavla SesaZle-belia sinTezuri, integraluri Teoriis meSveobiT, sadac mTlianobaSia warmodgenili am Teoriebis amosavali debu-lebebi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. aristotele, politika, nawili I, Tbilisi, 1995. 2. Мальцев В., Основы политологии, Москва, 1997. 3. bucxrikiZe a., elitizmis klasikuri Teoriebi da politi-kuri lideroba, Tbilisi, 2008. 4. veberi m., politika rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tbilisi, 1994. 5. SubiTiZe v., imijologia, Tbilisi, 2011. 6. Rlondel I., Political Leadership, N.Y, 1997.

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Juli Bankanashvili

Master of Georgian Technical University

The Essence of Political Leadership

and the Basic Theories

Summary Political leadership can be explained as very complex,

comprehensive phenomena, which only exists by the need of social development. Leadership is not opposing the idea of the democratic development of the society, as in democratic countries the rights of the leaders are limited by the Constitution and various legislative acts. There is no consensus between the researchers around the issue of mentioned phenomena. The comparative analysis of the different opinions has demonstrated the fact, that particular concepts are orientated to do primary research on the particular aspects; hence for the comprehensive study of leadership, it is essential to create a single integral theory, combined with the basic provisions of different theories.

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Tamar darCia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universi-tetis biznes-inJineringis fakul-tetis magistri

konfrontacia aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSiris

urTierTobebSi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis

pirvel naxevarSi

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda axali faq-

tori, ramac sagrZnoblad daaCqara sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdi-nare procesebi. es gaxldaT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis rigiT me-40 prezidenti - ronald reigani. saprezidento ar-CevnebSi kremlma uZlieresi propagandistuli Seteva miita-na reiganze. mas axasiaTebdnen rogorc upasuxismgeblo da agresiul kavbois, romelsac xeli sul iaraRisken gaurboda. moskovisTvis kargad iyo cnobili reiganis uaryofiTi damo-kidebuleba sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT, icodnen, rom reigani, rogorc TviTon ambobda: „Tavze Tmebs ar daiputavda, Tuki ganmuxtva gardaicvleboda“ [3, 217-218].

reigani Rrmad moazrovne inteleqtuali arasodes yo-fila, ekonomikisa da finansebis sferoSi gadadgmuli kon-kretuli nabijebisgan gansxvavebiT, sagareo politikaSi mi-si aqtivobis pirveli gamovlineba aSkarad gamoxatul Teo-riul da ideologiur xasiaTs atarebda. mas, rogorc umdid-resi da umsxvilesi Statis yofil gubernators, socialur-ekonomikuri politikis warmoebaSi garkveuli gamocdileba ჰqonda miRebuli. xolo rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso sakiT-xebs, aq igi naklebad garkveuli da gamocdili gaxldaT.

1980 wlis winasaarevno kampaniis msvlelobisas reigans indoCineTi indoneziaSi ereoda, avRaneTi - pakistanSi da a.S. erT kuriozsac ki ჰqonda adgili reiganis TeTr saxlSi yofnis pirvel dReebSi, roca erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos TanamSromelma moaxsena mas iranSi da sabWoTa kavSirisa da iranis sazRvarze arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb. wynarad mjdari reigani, TiTqos da iq sulac ar iyo, ucbad gamococ-xlda da interesiT CaekiTxa: „sabWoTa kavSir-iranis sazRva-ri?“ „isini ra, mezoblebi arian?“ „diax mezoblebi arian“ -

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dabneul uSiSroebis TanamSromels aSS-s prezidentis ganaT-leba mouxda [2, 269].

msgavsi Secdomebisa da istoriuli faqtebis ucodin-robis gamo, 1980 wlis winasaaCevno kampaniis dros, aSS-s zo-gierT gazeTSi specialuri rubrikac ki gaCnda, saxelwode-biT „is Tavisas ar iSlis!“, sadac qveyndeboda reiganis mier daSvebuli msgavsi „lafsusebi“. aRniSnulma rubrikam reiga-nis prezidentobis drosac gaagrZela arseboba, Tumca msgav-si tipis gamonaTqvamebi ar aSinebdaT amerikelebs. piriqiT, isini am gamonaTqvamebSi reiganis ubraloebas xedavdnen, vi-naidan, isic xom iseTive Cveulebrivi adamiani iyo, rogorc yvela sxva danarCeni.

1980 wels winasaarCevno kampaniis dros, reigani acxa-debda, rom prezidentad arCevis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro mo-dernizaciis farglebSi, igi Seudgeboda axali tipis ato-muri iaraRis Seqmnis ganxorcielebas, raTa daerwmunebina rusebi aSS-s samxedro ZlierebaSi, xolo paralelurad, ki ewarmoebina maTTan molaparakebebi atomuri iaraRis Semci-rebis Sesaxeb.

reigans ganzraxuli ჰqonda Seecvala ara sabWoTa kavSi-ris politika, aramed, TviT sabWoTa kavSiri. Tavis preziden-tobis pirvel wlebSi, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, reigani cdi-lobda moskovTan dialogis gamarTvas. mas gulwrfelad sjeroda, rom piradi urTierTobebis saSualebiT igi SeZ-lebda vaSingtonisa da moskovis urTierTobebSi gardatexis Setanas. prezidentad arCevis Semdeg, man jimi karteris mier SemoRebuli embargo ki gaauqma sabWoTa kavSirisTvis xor-blis miyidvis Taobaze, Tumca is Tvlida, rom dasavleTi ssrk-sTan savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebze arafriT ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli. swored amitom ar urCevda igi evropel partniorebs daTanxmebuliyvnen gazsadenis mSe-neblobaze sabWoTa kavSiridan evropis mimarTulebiT.

piradi mimoweris miuxedavad, soliduri urTierTobe-bis damyareba reiganma verc breJnevTan, verc andropovTan da verc CernenkosTan ver SeZlo. igi male darwmunda, rom megobruli uvertiurebi moskovis mimarT drois fuWi xar-jva iyo. rogorc amboben, aSS- prezidentze gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina CIA-mier 1981 wels momzadebulma in-formaciam sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebis Sesaxeb tero-ristul organizaciebTan.masalaSi moyvanili iyo faqtebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ssrk, pirdapiri Tu iribi gziT, mxars uWer-

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da separatistuli da sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebuli jgufe-bis Zaladobriv saqmianobas. am konteqstSi moxseniebuli iyo kuba, aRmosavleT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, samxreT iemeni, libia da salvadori centralur amerika-Si.aRiniSneboda, suk-i gru da generaluri Stabis me-19 sam-marTvelo mizanmimarTulad amzadebdnen palestinelebis, samxreT amerikelebisa da afrikelebis revoluciur jgu-febs, awvdidnen maT iaraRs, uwevdnen sxvadasxva saxis daxma-rebas. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba qondaT aseve marginalur teroristul jgufebs dasavleT evropaSi, maT Soris baaden-mainჰofs germaniaSi, wiTel brigadebs italiaSi da e.w. wiTel armias iaponiaSi [4, 181].

ikveTeboda sabWoTa kavSiris roli romis papis ioane pavle II mkvlelobis mcdelobaSi.

reiganis davalebiT daiwyo usafrTxoebis axali doq-trinis SemuSaveba, romelic miznad isaxavda sabWoTa eqspan-sionizmis ara mxolod SeCerebas, aramed mis ukuqcevas. man miiRo gadawyvetileba mkacri pasuxi gaeca ssrk-Tvis msof-lios nebismier kuTxeSi.amisTvis, man daarwmuna kongresi, rom saWiro iyo avRaneli mujaჰedebisaTvis daxmarebis gaz-rda. aSS-s daxmarebis wyalobiT, mujaჰedebma SeZles mzardi winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT sabWoTa jarisTvis. maT gauCndaT „stingerebi“, romlebic SiSis zars scemdnen sabWoTa aviaci-as. aSS-is mkacr pasuxs miekuTvneboda agreTve 1983 wlis mar-tSi karibis kunZul grenadaze samxedro intervenciis gan-xorcielebac, nikaraguaSi marqsistuli reJimis opoziciis gaZlierebac. sadac xelisufleba iZulebeuli gaxda Tavisu-fali arCevnebi Caetarebina da damarcxda kidec, libiis strategiuli obieqtebis dabombva, roca cnobili gaxda, rom dasavleT berlinSi 1983 wels ganxorcielebuli teraqtis ukan libiis lideri moamar kadafi idga.

reiganis mTavari strategiuli mokavSire didi brita-neTis premier- ministri, konservatiuli partiis lideri margaret tetCeri gaxldaT. mkacrma da principulma saSinao da sagareo politikam tetCers „rkinis ledis“ reputacia SesZina. sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT premieris daundobeli ga-monaTqvamebi kremlSi aRSfoTebas iwvevda. tetCeris mTav-robam erT-erTma pirvelma misca Tanxmoba aSs-s „perSinge-bis“ did britaneTSi ganlagebaze. 1982 wels folklendis kunZulebze britaneTis sazRvao samxedro flotis gamar-

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jveba ricxobrivad upirates argentinis jarze, tetCerisa da misi „ufrosi Zmis“ warmatebas daukavSires maSin msofli-oSi.

vaSingtonis gamalebuli SeiaraRebis sapasuxod mos-kovma mwvave gadawyvetileba miiRo - 1983 wlis 22 noembers sabWoTa kavSirma datova aSS-sTan SeiaraRebis kontrolis Taobaze molaparakebis procesi.

sabWoTa kavSirisadmi mkacri midgoma formalur deta-lebSic ki gamoixata. magaliTad, ssrk-s legendaruli elCi vaSingtonSi anatoli dobrinini aTeuli wlebis manZilze sargeblobda gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT: pirdapiri te-lefoni saxelmwifo mdivanTan, calke Sesasvleli saxelmwi-fo departamentSi. elCs es privilegiebi CamoarTves.

rogorc amerikuli presa werda, arc erT prezidents, ჰari Trumenis Semdeg, ar miucia sakuTari TavisTvis ufleba, aseTi mkacri gamonaTqvamebi gamoeyenebina sabWoeli lide-rebis mimarT. Tumca, mowoneba - armowonebis miuxedavad, re-igani arasodes daudanaSaulebiaT winaswarganzraxul tyu-ilSi. xalxi aRiarebda, rom reigani ambobda imas, risic mas sjeroda da swamda. reigans ki gulis siRrmeSi mtkiced sje-roda, rom rogorc yvela sxva tirania , marqsizm-leninizmic male istoriis nacris grovas Seemateboda.

reiganis azriT, Sedareba rom momxdariyo nebismieri Tavisufali da Caketili sazogadoebisa, magaliTad, dasav-leT da aRmosavleT germaniisa, an avstriisa da Cexoslovaki-isa, an Tundac malaiziisa da vietnamisa - naTeli xdeboda, rom demokratiuli qveynebi gacilebiT SeZlebulebi da Ta-vianTi moqalaqeebis moTxovnilebebisadmi ufro gulisxmie-rebi iyvnen. arsebobda kidev erTi, ubralo faqtic, rom mi-lionobiT ltolvili komunisturi samyarodan garboda da ara piriqiT.

liberalebis umetesoba da saxelmwifo departamentis zogierTi wevri miiCnevda, rom reiganis gamosvlebi zedme-tad mkacri iyo. misi kritikosebi kongresSi amcirebdnen Tanxebs, romelic samxedro teqnikis modernizaciis gamoyo-fisTvis igegmeboda. amave periodSi gaisma „birTvuli iara-Ris gayinvis“ moTxovnebi, rac TavisTavad sasiamovnod JRer-da, magram maSin , roca sabWoTa kavSiri aSS-s mniSvnelovnad uswrebda SeiaraRebiT, reigans aseTi moTxovnis gaTvaliswi-neba gonivrulad ar eCveneboda.

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statistika, romelic lamis prezidentad arCevisTana-ve moaxsenes reigans pentagonidan, metismetad SemaSfoTeb-lad Canda: sabWoTa kavSirTan birTvul oms, gamarjvebis Sem-TxvevaSic ki, 150 milioni amerikeli Seewireboda. swored saqmis aseTma rTulma viTarebam ubiZga mas, birTvuli rake-tebisgan Tavdasacavad raime gamoegonebinaT.

kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iyo samxedro modernizaciis prog-rama esoden mniSvnelovani reiganisTvis liberalebisa da birTvuli iaraRis gayinvis momxreebis mier atexili didi xmauris fonze, igi pasuxobda Semdegs, rom kenedidan moyo-lebuli sul ufro da ufro mcirdeboda nacionaluri Tav-dacvis biujeti. sabWoTa kavSiriTan SedarebiT, aSS propor-ciulad naklebs xarjavda Tavdacvaze, rac samxedro balan-sis darRvevas iwvevda am or qveyanas Soris. sabWoTa kavSirs samjer meti sakontinentTaSoriso balistikuri raketebi gaaCnda. raoden gasakviric ar unda yofiliyo, aSS-s 1965 wlis SeiaraRebis warmoebis gayinvis Semdeg, arc erTi dama-tebiTi raketa ar ჰqonda warmoebuli. bolo 15 wlis manZil-ze, 60 sabWoTa balistikur raketiani wyalqveSa navi gavida zRvaSi, maSin roca amerikelebs arc erTi aseTi wyalqveSa na-vi ar ჰqondaT agebuli. sabWoelebs 200 Tanamedrove bombdam-Seni ჰyavdaT da yovelwliurad 30 aseTsave bombdamSens ageb-dnen, xolo aSS-s ki 20 wlis manZilze arc erTi axali stra-tegiuli bombdamSeni ar Rirsebia [1, 243]. reiganis azriT, mTelma msofliom icoda, Tu rogor gaizarda sabWoTa iara-Ris warmoeba. sabWoTa kavSiri amerikelebTan SedarebiT, bev-rad met tanks, gems Tu TviTmfrinavs agebda. reigani miiCnev-da, rom arafriT ar SeiZleboda sabWoTa samxedro aRmSeneb-lobis ugulebelyofa. igi mokavSireebTaan erTad balansis gawonasworebaze fiqrobda. misi azriT, sanam aSS ar daiwyeb-da samxedro modernizaciis process, sabWoelebis molapa-rakebebze dayolieba verafriT moxerxdeboda, vinaidan aSS-s savaWrod, sityvebis garda sxva araferi gaaCnda. ase rom, samxedro modernizacias reigani pirdapir ukavSirebda mSvi-dobas. mas sWirdeboda Zalebis balansi, raTa Semdeg ukve sabWoelebTan erTad arsenalis Semcirebaze efiqra.

sabWoTa kavSiris mier poloneTSi samxedro mdgomare-obis gamocxadebis Semdeg, reiganma SeaCera strategiuli Se-iaraRebis Semcirebis molaparakeba sabWoTa kavSirTan. yvel-gan, iqneboda es gaero, Tu nebismieri sxva adgili, reigani

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gulwrfelad gamoTqvamda Tavis Sexedulebas sabWoTa eqpan-siis Taobaze. leonid breJnevs ki axsenebda, rom ganze dgo-mas da cqeras, Tu rogor epatronebodnen komunistebi msof-lios srulebiT ar apirebda. demokratiisTvis mebrZol qvey-nebs ki daxmarebas aRuTqvamda.

1982 wlis ivnisSi versalis ekonomikur samitze, reigan-ma didi britaneTidan da dasavleT germaniidan maT parla-mentebSi sityviT gamosvlis SemoTavazebebi miiRo. man evro-pelebs gaacno mosazreba, rom birTvul oms veravin moigeb-da, is ubralod ar unda dawyebuliyo. magram, vidre rusebs sasxletidan TiTs aaRebinebdnen, maT marTebdaT momZlavre-ba,raTa Zlieri qveynis poziciidan esaubraT.britanel par-lamentarebs reiganma Semdegnairad mimarTa: „Cveni samxedro siZliere msoflioSi mSvidobis sawindaria... siZlieres imis imedad SevinaCunebT, rom mas arasdros gamoviyenebT. Tana-medrove msoflioSi gadamwyveti sityva brZolebSi bombebs da raketebs kia r eqnebaT, aramed im ideebs romelTac vem-xrobiT, faseulobebs romlebisac gvjera da rwmenas , ro-melsac saTuTad vuvliT . Tu istoriidan raimes swavla SeiZ-leba, is unda gveswavla, rom arasasiamovno realobisTvis Tvalis arideba sibriyvea...dro demokratiis mxareze aris, radgan msoflios yvela kuTxeSi demokratiis aRzevebis da komunizmis dacemis niSnebs vxedav - sabWoTa eqsperimentis kraxi CvenTvis moulodneli ar unda iyos“ [ 1, 241].

ronald reigani da leonid breJnevi arasdros misxdo-mian molaparakebis magidas saxelmwifos meTaurebis rangSi. im mokle periods, roca maT paralelurad ekavaT sakuTari qveynebis umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi (1981-1982ww), arc ise iSvi-aTad moixsenieben rogorc dakarguli SesaZleblobebis xa-nas. vinaidan, es iyo dro, roca politikur-ideologiuri stereotipebi axSobda aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris kom-promisis daSvebis sul mcire SesaZleblobasac ki. am xriv, zemoxsenebuli liderebis azrTa msvlelobisa da Sexedule-bebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTad gamodgeba reiganis sa-ubari mis vaJTan maiklTan, 1976 wlis aSS-s saprezidento ar-CevnebSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg. is maSin gamoutyda vaJiS-vils, rom misi imedgacrueba gamowveuli iyo breJnevTan Sex-vedris SesaZleblobis dakargviT. reiganis TqmiT, is did-xans ocnebobda Sexvedroda breJnevs molaparakebis magidas-Tan, roca is wynarad mousmenda Tarjimans, romelic saaTna-xevris ganmavlobaSi Seecdeboda gadaeca misTvis breJnevis

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gzavnili imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis daTmobebs eloda sabWoTa kavSiri aSS-sgan. Semdeg is mSvidad adgeboda, daartyamda ma-gidas wres, miuaxlovdeboda baton breJnevs da yurSi rusu-lad CasCurCulebda „ ara! “ reigani marTlac wuxda, rom mis ocnebas ganxorcieleba ar ewera. istoriam ki dagvanaxa, rom misi wuxili naadrevi aRmoCnda, vinaidan „ara“-s Tqma mas ara-erTxel mouwia, Tumca ara aseTi formiT da ara breJnevTan pirispir Sexvedris dros [2, 301-302].

msgavsi paTosis miuxedavad, prezidenti reigani momxre iyo sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebi ewarmoebina strate-giuli daniSnulebis iaraRis Semcirebis Taobaze, raTa msofliosTvis Tavidan aecilebina birTvuli omis safrTxe. breJnevic aRiarebda birTvuli iaraRis Semcirebis mizniT molaparakebebis dawyebis aucileblobas da pirobas debda, rom sabWoTa xalxi mis gverdiT iyo, Tumca imis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, Tu ra damokidebuleba ჰqonda da rogor moixseniebda reigani sabWoTa kavSirs, breJnevi seriozul eWvs gamoT-qvmda misi mSvidobiani survilebis gulwrfelobaSi.

roca 1982 wlis 10 noembers breJnevi gardaicvala, rei-gani ar gaemgzavra moskovSi dakrZalvis ceremoniaze dasas-wrebad. man aseve Tavi Seikava andropovisa da Cernenkos dak-rZalvaze monawileobis miRebisgan da Tavis magivrad mos-kovSi vice prezidenti jorj buSi gaagzavna.

breJnevis gardacvalebidan oTxi Tvis Semdeg, 1983 wlis martSi, reigani gaemgzavra floridis qalaq orlando-Si da evangelistebis nacionaluri asociaciis yovelwliur Sexvedraze sityviT gamovida.

mRvdlebi birTvuli iaraRis gayinvas uWerdnen mxars. reigans surda, rom im amerikelebisTvis da aseve misi qaliS-vili patisTvis, romlebic (misi azriT mcdarad) fiqrob-dnen,rom mSvidobisken mimaval gzas aucileblad birTvuli iaraRis gayinvaze unda gaevlo, rogorme xma miewvdina.

orlandos gamosvlas bevri liberali eqsperti mkac-rad akritikebda, vinaidan isini miiCnevdnen, rom reigani ru-sebis gamosawvevad provokaciaze midioda. TviTon reiganis azriT ki mis gamoTqmas „borotebis imperia“ da gamiznulad warmoTqmul sxva uxeS sityvebs sabWoelebi unda miexvedre-bina, rom amerikelebma kargad icodnen, Tu ra edoT gulSi rusebs. Rrmad religiuri auditoria reiganma SemTxveviT ar airCia: prezidentma mis sityvas qadagebis elferi SesZina,

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TiTqos igi xalxs „jvarosnuli omisken“ mouwodebda, raTa sikeTiT boroteba daeZliaT. borotebis gansaxierebad, anu „borotebis imperiad~ dasaxelda sabWoTa kavSiri. reigani xalxs mouwodebda elocaT totalitarul sibneleSi mcxov-rebi adamianebis gadasarCenad, raTa maT RvTis Secnobis si-xaruli RirsebodaT.

reiganis axal termins sabWoTa kavSirSi arnaxuli aur-zauri moyva. kontrSetevisaTvis sabWoTa mediam aamoqmeda mTeli Tavisi resursebi. paralelebs avlebdnen gebelsis propagandasTan, sabWoTa mosaxleobas lamis apokalifsiT aSinebdnen. magram reigans gadawyvetileba miRebuli ჰqonda _ frontaluri Seteva ssrk-ze.

1983 wlis martSi, reiganma gamoacxada strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis programa, romelic aSS-s birTvuli raketebisgan dacvas gulisxmobda da romelic yvelaze didi siurprizi iyo sabWoTa kavSirisTvis. warmioSva axali miTi, romlis Tanaxmadac, axali iniciativa reiganis „koziri“ iyo rusebis molaparakebaze dasayolieblad. aSS-s prezidenti ki sabWoelebs arwmunebda, rom SDI amerikelebis „koziri“ sulac ar iyo da rom maT SeiaraRebis Semcireba aranakleb surdaT.

samxreT koreuli TviTmfrinavis 1983 wlis tragikuli incidenti propagandistuli TvalsazrisiT aSS-m maqsimalu-rad gamoiyena. samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavis Camogdebas rei-ganma „sabWoTa mxecoba“ uwoda, xolo saxelmwifo departa-mentis gancxadebaSi es Sefasda rogorc danaSauli msofli-os winaSe, romelsac aranairi iuridiuli an moraluri ga-marTleba ar ჰqonda. msoflio calsaxad negatiurad ganewyo sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT, reigans ki kidev erTxel mieca sa-Sualeba gaemarTlebina mis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi sam-xedro SeiaraRebis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT.

bevri gansxvavebuli mosazrebis miuxedavad, reigans sjeroda, rom sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobis gaumjobese-bis da mSvidobis Ziebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli strategi-uli Tavdacvis iniciativas ekuTvnoda. TeTr saxlSi mis-vlisTanave reiganma daiwyo samxedro aRWurvilobis moder-nizaciis programa. mas surda, sabWoTa kavSirs gaego, rom realobis prizmidan amerikelebi maT ase xedavdnen: viciT, ra gegmebic gaqvT, demokratiul qveynebs ar gaganadgurebi-nebT, SeiaraRebis SejibrSi ki meore adgils ar davjerde-biT.

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reiganis prezidentobis pirvel vadaSi, raime mniSvne-lovan gardatexas aSS-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierToebSi ad-gili ar ჰqonia. reigani oficialurad ar Sexvedria araTu breJnevs, aramed arc andropovsa da arc Cernenkos. Tavis me-muarebSi aSS-s me-40 prezidenti werda, rom roca mas, dilis 4 saaTze, Cernenkos gardacvalebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris meTa-urad mixeil gorbaCovis kandidaturis dasaxelebis Sesaxeb Seatyobines, gaognebulma meuRles nensis mimarTa: „ai, krem-lSi kidev axali kaci gamoCnda. rogor SemiZlia, rusebTan raimeze SevTanxmde... isini xom pirdapir xelSi makvdebian“ [1, 268].


1. ronald reigani, amerikuli cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2011. 2. Э.А. Иванян Рональд Рейган (Хроника жизни и времени),

Москва.1991. 3. John Lewis Gaddis “The Cold War”, Penguin Books Ltd 2005. 4. zurab abaSiZe, civi omi warsuli Tu dRevandeloba? Tbi-

lisi, 2009.

Tamar Darchia

Georgian Technical University Business-Engineering Faculty Master

Confrontation between the United States of America and the Soviet

Union in the first term of Ronald Reagan’s office

Summary Ronald Reagan led the Cold War with the Soviet Union by a new

policy on three fronts: decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources, including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market; increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the U.S. negotiating position; and force the Soviets to devote

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more of their economic resources to defense. Most visible was the massive American military build-up.

One of Reagan's more controversial proposals was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Reagan believed this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible, but Critics of SDI argued that the technological objective was unattainable, that the attempt would likely accelerate the arms race, and that the extraordinary expenditures amounted to a military-industrial boondoggle. Supporters responded that SDI gave Reagan a stronger bargaining position. Indeed, Soviet leaders became genuinely concerned.

Reagan called the Soviet Union an "evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history." After Soviet fighters downed Korean Airlines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983, he labeled the act an "act of barbarism... [of] inhuman brutality." Reagan's description of the Soviet Union as an "evil empire" drew the wrath of some as provocative, but his description was staunchly defended by his conservative supporters.

On March 3, 1983, Reagan predicted that Communism would collapse: "I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose — last pages even now are being written." He elaborated on June 8 of 1982 to the British Parliament. Reagan argued that the Soviet Union was in deep economic crisis and stated that the Soviet Union "runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens."

During the first term of Reagan’s office relations between the USA and the Soviet Union did not experience any significant transformation. The leaders of these two superpowers never met each-other, as they were engaged in mutual accusation and criticism, rather than intention of improvement relations.

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nato sonRulaSvili

istoriis akademiuri doq-tori

jariskacis erovnuli cnobierebis formireba

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi

qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgi-

li ukavia samxedro istoriis sakiTxebis Seswavlas. am prob-lemas araerTi saintereso gamokvleva mieZRvna, sadac Ziri-Tadad aqcenti gakeTebulia sabrZolo xelovnebaze, sxvadas-xva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omebis xasiaTze da a.S. Tumca aRniSnuli sakiTxebis SeswavlasTan erTad ara-naklebi mniSvnelobisaa qarTveli jariskacis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefaseba. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvne-lobis sakiTxebTan erTad istoriuli movlenebis analizis-Tvis aucileblobas warmoadgens imis gansazRvra Tu ra gza ganvlo jariskacis cnobierebis ganviTarebam saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde da ra rols TamaSobda igi qarTuli, erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi 1918-1921 wlebSi.

erovnuli sakiTxis srulyofilad Seswavla sxvadasxva socialuri fenis Tu socialuri jgufis cnobierebis gaana-lizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. maT Soris mniSvnelovania ja-ris da jariskacis adgilis gansazRvra da Sefaseba. erovnu-li identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis mniSvne-loba qarTveli erisTvis istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadas-xva etapze, epoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdinare yovelTvis mniSvnelovani iyo. rogorc viciT, saukuneebis manZilze qar-Tveli eris cnobierebam ganviTarebis garkveuli gza gan-vlo. marTalia erovnuli identobis gaazrebisTvis auci-leblobas warmoadgens da faqtiurad warmoudgenelic kia misi Seswavla da warsulis aRdgena: qristianobis, enis, sam-Soblos, istoriuli mexsierebis, tradiciis gareSe da dRei-saTvis arsebul am saxis gamokvlevebSi, savsebiT marTebu-lad aqcenti swored am maxasiaTeb-lebze keTdeba, magram

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problemis amomwuravad SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia kom-pleqsuri analizi da, maT Soris, socialur fenaTa Tu soci-alur jgufTa rolis warmoCena da gaTvaliswineba.

demokratiuli respublikis periodis qarTveli jaris-kacis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefaseba arcTu ise martiv sa-kiTxs warmoadgens, radganac rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukuni-dan moyolebuli 1917 wlamde saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis mier iyo dapyrobili da sxvadasxva struqturebi ganicdid-nen garusebis politikas. maT jgufSi iyo jari, romelic ru-seTis imperatoris dasayrden saSualebas warmoadgenda da xSir SemTxvevaSi iyenebda xalxis winaaRmdeg saprotesto ga-mosvlebis, Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi. magram, is procesi, romelic mimdinareobda XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli ru-seTSi da gansakuTrebuli gamomxatvelobiT saqarTveloSi, rac gulisxmobda rogorc politikur, aseve socialur-eko-nomikur gardaqmnebs axali epoqis Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan es procesebi ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis, rac gamoixata sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis CamoyalibebiT da maTi ideologiis propagandiT sazogadoebaSi. am mimarTulebiT aqtiurobda ruseTis soci-al-demokratiuli partia da qarTuli social-demokratiu-li partia, romelic maTi ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, maqsimalurad cdilobda sakuTari ideologiis realizebas sazogadoebaSi. sawyis etapze maT saerTo interesi hqondaT, orive qveynis partiis mizani iyo: mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxoba, raSic aqtiuri monawileoba unda mieRo sazogadoe-bis yvela wevrs da maT Soris jariskacs. mTeli imperiis mas-StabiT vrceldeboda ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSa-Ta partiis proklamaciebi, sadac iyo mowodeba aRniSnul procesSi CarTulobaze. am mxriv axali etapi iwyeba ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi. qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elita cdilobda es periodi gamoeyenebi-na qarTveli eris sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebisTvis da damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis garkveuli winapirobebi Seeqmna, radgan naTeli iyo swrafi qmedebebiT ar iqneboda miRweuli sasurveli Sedegi. `ruseTis revoluciis momentis erT umTavres movlenas Seadgens jaris gamoRviZeba, mis gac-nobierebis gzaze dadgoma. yovel dRe sxvadasxva kuTxidan da qalaqebidan depeSebi gvacnobeben, rom jariskacebi dRes ise brma iaraRs aRar warmoadgenen mTavrobis xelSi, ro-gorc es aqamdis iyo~ [1, 2].

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politikuri da kulturuli elita acnobierebda im faqts, rom mTavrobis siZlieris garantia iyo misi morCili jari, amitom maqsimalurad cdilobda maTi erovnuli TviT-Segnebis gaZlierebas da imperiis winaaRmdeg gamoyvanas. ga-zeTi `talRa~ 1906 wels werda: `pirveli imedi mTavrobisa aris jari. Tu jari erTguli eyoleba, mTavroba ar SeuSinde-ba araviTar revoluciurs mozRvavebas, araviTar mgznebare Zaxils agitatorebisas, erTguli jari revolucias xalxis sisxlSi CaaxSobs. magram erTi patara garemoeba aviwydeba mTavrobas: jari imav xalxis Svilebidan sdgeba, SeuZlebelia xalxis moZraobis talRebi jarsac ar moxvdes da masSiac ar gamoiwvios iseTive ltolvileba, romelic xalxs aRelvebs~ [12, 1]. swored amaze akeTebdnen aqcents, rom jariskacic, mu-Sac da glexic erTia. jariskaci glexis an muSis ojaxidan aris da amitom aris maT Soris aseTi kavSiri da saWiroa or-ganizebuli gaerTianeba mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. `Tqven, ra Tqma unda getyodnen, rom Cven gvsurs jariskacebis simSvi-dis darRveva. ar aris es marTali, Zmebo, ar irwmunoT es. amas laparakoben iseTi xalxi, romlebic rogorc TqvenTvis, ase-ve CvenTvis erTaderTi mteria, es aris _ mefis mTavroba da policia. Tqven TviTon gansajeT: roca aris survili dato-vo sakuTari ojaxi da gamoxvide quCaSi, rom gcemon joxebiT, kazakebma maTraxebiT... saqme imaSia, Zmebo, rom Cveni Zmebis muSebis cxovreba ase aRar SeiZleba. saqme imaSia, rom sadac Cveni muSebi moawyoben gaficvebs, iq ufrosis moTxovniT gaCndebian policia, gubernatori da kazakebi da iwyeben ce-mas, Tan amboben: ar ginda muSaoba? Cven gaiZulebT muSaobas! kidev kargia, Tu mxolod amiT damTavrdeba saqme, aq Cndeba jariskacebis didi nawili da esvris muSebs~ [9, 127]. yvela proklamaciaSi, romlebic vrceldeboda xalxSi iyo mudmivi mowodeba jariskacebis gaerTianebisa mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. faqtiurad es procesi grZeldeba mTeli 1900-1917 wlebis manZilze, metnaklebi intensivobiT. aRniSnulma ideam gar-kveuli formireba ganicada da 1917 wels jariskacTan mimar-TebaSi aseT mosazrebas vxvdebiT: `vin aris qarTveli jaris-kaci? is ruseTis mxedrobis nawilia, mxedaria, magram is qar-Tvelia, guSindeli glexi, soflis muSa, is wevria im didi sa-zogadoebisa, romelsac saqarTvelo ewodeba da amitomac rac gadaxda mTel ers, ganicada qarTvelma jariskacmac, magram qarTvel jariskacs, rogorc qarTvel mxedars aqvs sxva Wrilobac, rac specifikur Tvisebas Seadgens mis samsa-xurisas~ (13, 1).

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saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-dgenis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi mosulma qarTulma, erovnul-ma Zalebma mTavari aqcenti gaakeTes Zlieri da organizebu-li jaris Camoyalibebaze, romelic ara mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT iqneboda mowesrigebuli, aramed gansakuTre-buli yuradReba daeTmoboda jariskacis erovnuli TviT-Segnebis amaRlebas. marTalia, im sirTuleebis pirispir dgo-ma, rac ruseTma moutana saqarTvelos da miT ufro, rom ja-ri yvelaze metad iyo CarTuli imperatoris samsaxurSi da agreTve, axlad aRdgenili damoukidebelis fonze, saxel-mwifosTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebis mogvareba advili ar iyo. miTumetes, rom saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis qarTul modelze gadayvanasTan erTad, sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkiceba erT-erT gadasalax sa-kiTxs warmoadgenda. swored aqedan gamomdinareobda prob-lemaTa mTeli rigi, rac xels uSlida iseTi Zlieri jaris Ca-moyalibebas, romelsac naTlad eqneboda gacnobierebuli erovnuli idea da sakuTari samSoblos interesebs daicavda.

ruseTis imperiis dampyroblurma politikam sxvadas-xva uaryofiTi Sedegebis motanasTan erTad jariskacis ara-organizebuloba da samSoblosadmi nihilisturi damokide-bulebac moitana. `rusis jari saqarTvelos ucqeroda, ro-gorc ucxo qveyanas da amitom aramcTu Tu advilad stoveb-da mas. adviladac anadgurebda Tu saSualeba nebas miscemda. mTeli tragizmi Cveni mdgomareobisa is aris, rom qarTveli jariskacic ise ucqeris saqarTvelos, rogorc ucxo qveya-nas. TiToeul jariskacs SesaZleblad miaCnia daepatronos an Tavis sakuTrebad gamoacxados yvelaferi, rac eris saer-To SromiTaa Seqmnili da amitom mTel ersac unda ekuTvno-des~ [7, 2]. akaki surgulaZe wers: `jariskacs pirvel rigSi ainteresebda misTvis usargeblo, gamanadgurebeli omis damTavreba da saxlSi dabruneba, igi revoluciisgan moelo-da zavs, romelic saSualebas miscemda enaxa wlobiT mitove-buli da upatronod gapartaxebuli ojaxi. axali mTavroba ki isev oms ganagrZobda. jariskacs, romelic omamde an mema-mulis uRelqveS gminavda, an warmoebaSi kapitalistis eq-sploatacias ganicdida, ainteresebda miwa, romelsac igi Tavis survilisamebr daamuSavebda, ainteresebda eqsplua-taciis mospoba, normaluri muSaobisa da dasvenebis ufle-bis mopoveba, axali mTavroba ki miwebs kvlav memamuleebs, xo-lo fabrika-qarxnebs kapitalistebs unarCunebda~ [8, 11]. ru-sulma mmarTvelobam bevri uaryofiTi Sedegi moitana saqar-

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TvelosTvis, rac qveynis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi ga-moCnda. `jarSi mewvrilmanur-anarqistulma sulma iCina Tavi, rodesac igi frontidan Sin morboda: gzaSi anadgurebda yve-lafers, rac ki moxvdeboda, anadgurebda ara marto maSin, ro-desac TviTon sWirdeboda, anadgurebda ganadgurebisaTvis, ugunurad, uazrod, yvela kulturis nayofs, angrevda rkinis-gzas, vagonebs, itacebda, rac ki xelSi moxvdeboda da yvela amas gzaSi yidda~ [2, 3]. giorgi mazniaSvili amasTan dakavSire-biT aRniSnavda: `frontidan dabrunebul dezertirebs ufro meti gaxrwna Sehqonda jariskacebSi. eseni aramc Tu TavianT ufrosebs, qalaqis miliciasac ki ar emorCilebodnen. axlad Semdgari erovnuli nawilebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, vin ufro met wils igdebda xelSi saxelmwifo qonebidan.~ [4, 5]. jariskacTa dezertirobas xels uwyobda saxelmwifoSi arse-buli ekonomikuri problemebi. regularuli jari ar iyo sa-Tanadod aRWurvili da dafinansebuli. gvardia ki mxolod sa-Wiroebis SemTxvevaSi ikribeboda.

swored zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebis warmomadgenlebma amosaval miznad daisaxes qarTuli jaris gardaqmna, ara mxolod samxedro-profesio-naluri TvalsazrisiT, aramed maTi saganmanaTleblo da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebiT. manamde, anu 1918 wlamde qar-Tveli jariskacisTvis aseTi ram warmoudgeneli iyo, isini ruseTis saimperatoro karis uSualo dasayrdens da misi ne-bis Semsrulebels warmoadgendnen. erovnulma mTavrobam ki pirvel rigSi jariskacis erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkice-bas miaqcia yuradReba. `mas (jariskacs) unda hqondes elemen-taruli warmodgena mainc ucxo mxareebze, did saxelmwifo-ebze da ufro dawvrilebiTi codna Tavisi samSoblo mxaris geografiisa, unda gaecnos Tavisi eris istorias. unda ico-des mimdinare ekonomiuri da socialuri perspeqtivebi Ta-visi qveynisa. gansakuTrebuli garkveviT valdebulia ico-des Tavisi samSoblos saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba, gansxva-veba saxelmwifos Zveli da axali politikuri da socialuri weswyobilebas Soris. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samSob-los warCinebuli pirebis, anu Tanamedrove saqarTvelos moRvaweTa Rvawlis Seswavla, rac Zlier Seuwyobs xels pat-riotul grZnobis gaRvivebas. ganTqmuli samxedro moqmede-bani, Tugind patara meomrebisa, gansakuTrebiT xels Seuw-yobs mxedruli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobis gaZlierebas, rac aucilebelia yvela saqmis warmatebisaTvis da Tanac aZlie-rebs TiToeul mxedarSi samSoblosadmi siyvaruls~ [6, 6].

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qarTul poltikur da kulturul elitas swamda, rom TavisuflebisaTvis da samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis brZola mas SeeZlo, visac gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisufle-bis arsi, amitom kulturul-saganmanaTleblo ideologias jarisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. SemTxve-viTi ar iyo is faqtic, rom giorgi mazniaSvili jarSi wesri-gisa da brZolisunarianobis amaRlebas mTavarsardlis dam-saxurebad miiCnevda da amitom am funqciis Sesruleba sapa-tio movaleobad da pasuxismgeblobad miaCnda. imisTvis, rom jari iyos Zlieri da samSoblos moyvaruli, jariskaci mud-mivad formaSi unda iyos da rac mTavaria gaaCndes maRali kulturuli da inteleqtualuri Segneba.

qarTveli jariskacis da zogadad, jaris Sesaxeb sain-tereso informaciaa daculi memuarul literaturaSi. sak-maod cnobilia giorgi kvinitaZis, giorgi mazniaSvilis cno-bebi da maTi Sexedulebebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. araerTxel yofila damowmebuli maTi mosazrebebi samxedro taqtikasTan Tu samxedro xelovnebis SefasebasTan dakavSi-rebiT. magram aseve sainteresoa maTi damokidebuleba ja-riskacis erovnuli aRqmis Sefasebisas da maTi Tvalsazrisi erovnuli jaris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. giorgi kvinitaZe `armias~ eris cxovrebaSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. mas miiC-nevs sarked, romelSic eris istoria, Tvisebebia areklili. igi wers: `TiToeuli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi SeiaraRebul Zalebs uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvT. kritikul, gadamwyvet momentebSi es mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba da qveynis bedi armiis xelTaa. ase iyo dRemde da ase iqneba mudam. Seia-raRebuli Zalebi, armia xalxis sulis sarkea. xalxi Tavis Se-iaraRebul ZalebSi asaxavs Tavis yvela Rirsebas, yvela Ta-vis naklovanebas, mTel Tavis kulturas, mTel Tavis ganvi-Tare-bas. es imdenad gardauvali kanonia, rom armia Termo-metriviTaa _ armiis mixedviT SeiZleba swori daskvna gamo-vitanoT xalxis kulturaze, mis simZlavresa da ganviTareba-ze cxovrebis yvela sferoSi~ [3, 20]. ai, ras wers igi qarTvel jariskacebze: `qarTvelebi uciloblad meomari xalxia, oRond erTi TaviseburebiT: mas ar gaaCnia Semtev-dampyrob-luri Jini, rac Cveulebriv Tan sdevs agresiul xalxebs, qar-Tvelebi arasodes ar ibrZodnen dasapyrobad, an omis siyva-ruliT; isini mxolod sakuTar samSoblos, erovnulobasa da rwmenas icavdnen. arasodes ar iwyebdnen oms dasapyrobad, ama Tu im raions euflebodnen mxolod sakuTari, sasicoc-

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xlo sazRvrebis uzrunvelsayofad da damarcxebulTa mi-marT lmobierebiT gamoirCeodnen~ [3, 11].

saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri jari nebismieri saxelmwi-fos Zlierebis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo, gamonakliss ar war-moadgenda saqarTveloc. damoukideblobis adgenis Semdeg ki dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTuli jaris axali formiT aRor-Zineba. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri speqtri acno-bierebda ra saqarTvelos winaSe dasmul mraval gadauWrel sakiTxs da im problemas, romelic saqarTvelos yoveli mxridan emuqreboda gadamwyvet pirobad miiCnevda qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis Zlieri jaris Seqmnas. amis gamoxatule-ba iyo pirvel rigSi is faqti, rom aRmofxvriliyo dezerti-roba da qarTveli jariskaci samSoblos samsaxurSi Camdga-riyo. `saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam saWirod scno ja-riskacTa ganaTleba. man daarsa samxedro ganaTlebis 2 sko-la, romelTa saTaveSi dganan CvenSi kargad cnobili: pol-kovniki tite arTmelaZe da pedagogi aleqsandre JorJolia-ni. TiToeul brigadas miuCines TiTo instruqtori, xolo razmebSi ki TiTo maswavlebeli, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT gundis aficeri jaris kacT aswavlis werakiTxvas da anga-riSs. razmis maswavleblebi pirvel-meore safexuris sko-lebSi baasis saSualebiT aswavlian jariskacT qarTul li-teraturas, saqarTvelos istorias da geografias da ebaase-ba mecnierebis sxva dargebidanac. TiToeul razmSi aqvT sa-kuTari biblioTeka-samkiTxvelo, mowyobilia Teatri, sadac jariskacni sistematiurad awyoben warmodgenebs da leqci-ebs sagangeboT mowveuli pirebis daxmarebiT. nabiji gadad-gmulia. jarSi Rrmad ikidebs fexs kultura-ganaTlebis saq-me. saWiroa meti yuradReba, muSaobis gaaskeceba da axlo mo-mavalSi Cveni mxedroba Tavisi ganviTareba-ganaTlebiT uz-runvelyofs Cveni eris keTildReobis da revoluciis mier mopovebul Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebas~ [11, 20].

sainteresoa iunkerTa skolis yofili moswavleebis n. maTikaSvilis da m. kvaliaSvilis mogoneba: `skola orwlian swavlebas iTvaliswinebda. pirvel kursze msmeneli eufle-boda saerTo samxedro xelovnebas Teoriulad da praqtiku-lad. meore kursze ki gayofili iyvnen: qveiTTa jaris, cxe-nosanTa, saartilerio da mesangreTa dargebad. pirveli kursi amoqmedda 1919 wlis Semodgomaze, meore_1920 wlis Se-modgomaze. leqciebs Teoriul dargSi gvikiTxavdnen cnobi-li qarTveli generlebi. praqtikul dargs gvaswavlidnen sa-Tanado dargis rCeuli aficrebi. amaTgan mexsierebaSi Cam-

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rCnen: rotmistri_sulxaniSvili, kapitnebi_CaCua, Savdia, xoStaria, leitenanti ToiZe. skolis ufrosad Tavidanve polkovniki aleqsandre CxeiZe iyo, am dargSi didad gamoc-dili da daxelovnebuli. saswavlo programis Teoriul dar-gTagan gvaswavlidnen: samxedro istorias, taqtikas, topog-rafias, fortifikacias. am dargTa maswavleblebi iyvnen: ge-nerlebi_kvinitaZe, andronikaSvili, polkovniki vaxvaxiS-vi-li da sxvebi... gvyavda eriskaci maswavlebelic. es iyo cnobi-li mwerali da sazogado moRvawe vasil barnovi. gvikiTxavda is leqciebs qarTul istoriasa da literaturaSi da Tavisi saxovani, gulSi Camwvdomi qarTuliT gvinergavda samSob-los uzomo erTgulebasa da siyvaruls. skolis saboloo mi-zani iyo mieca msmenelTaTvis sakmarisi Teoriuli da praq-tikuli codna samxedro xelovnebaze, Caenerga mkacri dis-ciplina da fizikurad moemzadebina mZime samuSaoTa amtano-bisaTvis~ [5,6]. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sami wlis gan-mavlobaSi arc ise advili iyo zogadad sazogadoebis, ker-Zod ki jariskacis azrovnebis saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebSi moqceva. ai, ras vkiTxulobT fondSi 1863, saqme 9, `rogorc mosalodneli iyo demokratiul respublikaSi, mTavrobam didi yuradReba miaqcia jarebis nawilebSi ganmanaTlebel muSaobis xelis Sewyobas da unda iTqvas, rom dRevandeli samsaxuri jariskacisa didad gansxvavdeba SarSandel da SarSanwindel samsaxurze. maxsovs Cveni aTaseulis cxovre-bidan 1918-1919 wlebi, rodesac jariskacebi imitom ewere-bodnen nawilSi, rom rac SeiZleba blomad da saCqarod mie-RoT tansacmeli. raTa Semdeg meore nawilSi Caweriliyvnen, sadac aseve moiqceodnen, Semdeg mesameSid da aseT cuRlu-tobiT gaewiaT samsaxuri samSoblosaTvis. maxsovs 1918 wlis 1 aprili, rodesac gamogvicxades xval baTumSi mivalT da moemzadeTo. meore dRes aTaseulis naxevari Semadgenlobac ar gamocxadebula daniSnul droze, maSin umetesi nawili ja-riskacebisa TavianT binaze cxovrobdnen da aTaseulSi mxo-lod sadilis dros Tu movidodnen, gavemgzavreT 15-mde ja-riskaci da ramodenime oficeri. TiTqmis yovel sadgurze gamoqceuli jariskacebi gvxvdebodnen sxvadasxva nivTebiT dajorgvili. Tofebs ki arsad tovebdnen, radgan ojaxSic gamoadgebodaT. sofel lixauris raionSi osmalebis Semote-vis dros jer mteri ar daenaxaT, rodesac razmis jariska-cebma daSales tyviamfrqvevi, gaidves mxarze cal-calke na-wilebi da gaudgnen gzas Sinisaken. yovelive es xdeboda im

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jariskacebis monawileobiT romlebic bevri maTgani dResac samsaxurSia. magram aseTi saqcielis Cadenas gulSidac ar ga-ifiqreben dRes. maSin araviTar Jurnal-gazeTebs samxedro nawilebi mTavrobidan ar Rebulobdnen, araviTari ganmanaT-lebeli muSaoba nawilebSi ar warmoebda, jariskacs ar esmo-da daniSnuleba Tavisi Tavisa da samsaxurisa, ar icoda Tavi-si samSoblo, misi warsuli da momavali da ra gasakvirvelia Zneli iyo laparaki aseTi jaris gamarjvebisa~ (9, 90). ro-gorc Cans, demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis mTav-robis reformebis Sedegad jariskacebis mdgomareoba arse-biTad gaumjobesda. rac pirvel rigSi maTi saganmanaTleblo donis amaRlebas iTvaliswin-nebda. `... jariskacebisTvis yo-vel dRe 11-dan 1 saaTamde garda kvira uqme-dReebisa ikiTxe-ba leqciebi. leqciebis sagnebi Semdegia: orSabaTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT _ saqarTvelos mimdinare mdgomareoba, samSa-baTobiT da SabaTobiT _ qarTuli literatura, oTxSabaTo-biT _ geografia da paraskevobiT saqarTvelos istoria.

qarTuli samxedro xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda yvela samxedro SenaerTSi erTnairad maRal doneze yofiliyo kulturuli da saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba. magali-Tad sainteresoa saistorio arqivSi daculi cnoba axalci-xis sanapiro razmis Sesaxeb. `am axlo xanebSi Cvens razms ew-via kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis instruqtori kapi-tani aleqsandre gorgaZe. pirvel dRidanve igi Seudga raz-mSi kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saqmeebis mowesrigebas, Sead-gina kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli gamgeoba, romlis wevrebia: maiori quTelia, Tavmjdomare, kapitani mgelaZe, arCil ava-liSvili da jariskaci gurgeniZe, gamgeobam miznad daisaxa razmSi gaaCaRos kulturuli muSaoba, gaawyos, sadac SesaZ-lebe-lia leqciebi, saubrebi, yuradReba miaqcios, rom raz-mSi sanapiro jarebis ufrosis brZaneba, romelic exeba sa-valdebulo wera-kiTxvis swavlebas, sisruleSi iqmnas moyva-nili~ [11, 197].

sainteresoa fondi 1863, saqme 1072-Si daculi infor-macia, polkovnik tite arTmelaZis werili samxedro minis-trisadmi, sadac igi aRniSnavs, rom qveynis usafrTxoebis da-sacavad aucilebelia sakuTari samxedro Zalis yola. amis-Tvis ki aucileblobad miaCnia jarSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rodesac samSoblos winaSe movaleobis moxda jariskacs sa-saxelodac miaCndes da sasargeblodac. misi azriT, jarSi swavla iseTi formiT unda iyos dayenebuli, rom jariskacs

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saSualeba mieces msaxurebis dros samSoblos winaSec moixa-dos movaleoba da codna-ganaTlebac SeiZinos. amisTvis unda Seiqmnas specialuri ganyofilebebi, romlebsac aRniS-nuli problemis mowesrigeba da evalebaT. 1. sagundo skola. `sagundi skolebis texnikurad mowyoba evalebaT aTaseule-bis ufrosebs. maTve evalebaT Tvalyuris devneba, raTa maT-dami rwmunebuli aTaseulis gundebSi ar darCes wera-kiT-xvis ucodinari arc erTi jariskaci. sagundo skolebSi as-wavlian wera-kiTxvas da angariSs aficrebis aTaseulSi myof maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT. 2. saaTaseulo skola. es skola warmoadgens meore safexurs. aq swavleba swarmoebs saubris saSualebiT da SeuZlia ganviTarebis miReba rogorc wera-kiTxvis mcodnes da ara mcodnes, ise sam-oTx klas gaTa-vebul jariskacebsac. saaTaseulo skola pirdapir damateba iqneba jariskacTa universitetisa. qarTuli sityvierebidan da saqarTvelos geografia-istoriidan yovelive is, rac leqciis saxiT iqneba wakiTxuli jariskacTa universitetSi, windawinve axsnil-ganmartebul iqneba saaTaseulo skolaSi, an da imave jariskacTa universitetis auditoriaSi _ mas-wavleblis mier saubris saSualebiT. aseTive iqneba am sko-lis roli yvela sxva dargebSiac~ [10, 19]. 3. jariskacTa uni-versiteti. aq mTavaria leqtorma zustad saWiro informa-cia mianiWos jariskacs da misTvis gasageb enaze isaubros. leqciis wakiTxvisas leqtoris mizani unda iyos, erTis mxriv jariskacTa zneobriv-gonebrivi ganviTareba da sazogadod maTi msoflmxedvelobis gafarToveba, meores mxriT movale-obaTa Segnebis Setana. da rac yvelaze mTavaria organizebu-li jaris Camoyalibebas Seuwyos xeli. jariskacTa universi-tetSi mecadineoba unda swarmoebdes Semdegnairad: I calke

kiTxvebi Tanamedrove cxovrebidan:

1. saerTaSoriso omi da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi. 2. ruseTis revolucia, misi mizezebi ekonomikuri da naci-onaluri. 3. revoluciis ori periodi: droebiTi mTavroba da oqtom-bris gadatrialeba. 4. bolSevikTa gadatrialebis mizezebi da Sedegebi. 5. ruseTis darRveva, jarebis mier frontis datoveba da amierkavkasiis tragedia. 6. amierkavkasiis seimi da misi uilajobis mizezebi.

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7. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aucileb-loba. 8. istoriuli faqtebi am sakiTxisa. Zveli saqarTvelos ukanaskneli dReebi /irakli meore/. 9. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba, amis mizezebi. 10. ruseTis mier xelSekrulebis darRveva. 11. saqarTvelos mdgomareoba-ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS-mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 12. ruseTis jaris mier kavkasiis frontis datovebis isto-riuli mniSvneloba. 13. ori gza: ruseTi da Cven. 14. demokratiuli respublika da sabWoTa respublika. 15. Cveni eris saxelmwifoebrivi muSaoba: damfuZnebeli kre-bis muSaoba. 16. ZiriTadi kanonebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobani. 17. agraruli sakiTxi: SesaZlebeli formebi misi gadawyveti-sa. 18. dawvrilebiTi axsna CvenSi arsebuli agraruli politi-kisa. kerZo sakuTrebis da gamoyofis principi. 19. Cveni respublikis finansiuri mdgomareoba. 20. qaRaldis fuli da misi kursis dacemis mizezi. siZvire sursaTis da saqonlis nakleboba. 21. Cveni qveynis simdidreni. ra Sedegebi mohyveba maT gamo-yenebas. 22. versalis konferencia, zavi da Cveni saerTaSoriso mdgo-mareoba. 23. ram Seuwyo xeli Cvens evropis mier cnobas. 24. droebiTi xasiaTi Cveni saxelmwifos ekonomiuri da fi-nansiuri krizisisa. 25. agronomiidan. 26. medicinidan. 27. koperaciidan. [10, 22].

calke mecnierebaTa dargidan.

a) SoTa rusTaveli 1. vefxvistyaosanis mokle Sinaarsi zepir-moyoliT, 2. pirve-li da meore Tavis _ TviT leqtorisagan wakiTxva sanumi-Sod, 3. ramodenime sentencia zepirad.

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b)n. baraTaSvili 1. ̀ bedi qarTlisa~. /Sinaarsidan sagulisxmo adgilebis gan-marteba/.

g) r. erisTavi 1. leqsi glexis cxovrebidan. /beruas Civili, sesias moTqma da sxva... 2. aspinZis omi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sa-gulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

d) i. WavWavaZe 1. dimitri Tavdadebuli, kako yaCaRi, kacia adamiani da gla-xis naambobi, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sa-gulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

e) a. wereTeli 1. aleqsi, 2. bagrat didi, 3. Tornike erisTavi, 4. naTela, 5. na-carqeqia da 6. kikolas naambobi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

v) a. yazbegi 1.elguja, 2. eliso, 3. moZRvari, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmoce-ma da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

z) eg. ninoSvili 1. mose mwerali, 2. paliastomis tba, 3. gankarguleba, 4. gogia uiSvili, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagu-lisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

T) g. wereTeli 1. kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika, /Sinaarsis zepirad gad-mocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiT-xva/.

saqarTvelos geografia

1. ca da dedamiwa, zRva da xmeleTi. 2. mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi. 3. Rrubeli, wvima, setyva, Tovli, qari da cisartyela. 4. siTbo dedamiwis gulSi, miwisZvra. 5. dedamiwis saxe da misi triali RerZis garSemo. 6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, mdinareebi, mTebi da hava.

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7. qarTli /fizikuri da kinografiuli mimoxilva/. 8. kaxeTi. 9. dasavleT saqarTvelo: a) imereTi, b) samegrelo, g) guria,

d) svaneTi, e) aWara

10. afxazeTi. 11. mezobeli xalxebis (saxelmwifoebis) somxeTis, aderbei-janis, osmaleTis, ruseTis mokle mimoxilva /SedarebiT sa-qarTvelosTan/. 12. mokle geografiuli, ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobebi evropis da amerikis ganaTlebul xalxTa cxovrebi-dan.

istoria 1. Tamar mefe. 2. saqarTvelos danawileba samefoebad da samTavroebad. 3. Sah abazis damokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan. 4. giorgi saakaZis Tavgadasavali. 5. erekle mefe. 6. ruseTTan xelSekrulebis istoria /amereTSi da imereTis samTavroebSi/. 7. ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola /mTiuleTi, imereTi, Tavadaz-naurTa SeTqmuleba 1830 wlebisa/.

saubris saxiT

1. saidan warmosdga jari, ra aris disciplina. disciplina, rogorc aucilebeli piroba jaris arsebobisa. 2. jari da xalxi, maTi urTierTSoris damokidebuleba. 3. jarSi mtkice disciplinis arseboba TviT jariskacebis interess Seadgens. 4. rogori mniSvneloba aqvs mtris banakSi SiSis grZnobis aRZvras gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi. 5. mtris banakSi SiSis gamosawvevad rogori ieriSiT was-vlaa saWiro mterzed. 6. mogeriebis dros rogori moqmedebaa saWiro _ moieriSe jarSi SiSis grZnobis mniSvneloba. mdebareobasTan Seguebis da barSi swrafad gaSlis mniSvneloba brZolis dros. 7. wes-rigisa da sulieri simSvidis SenarCunebis mniSvne-loba ukan daxevis dros. uwesrigod ukan daxevis gamanadgu-rebeli Sedegi. 8. ieriSis Semdeg swrafad wesrigis aRdgenisa da mtrisTvis daSenis mniSvneloba gamarjvebis SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

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9. ra mniSvneloba aqvs gankargulebis swrafad da sisworiT Sesrulebas TviT jariskacTa sicocxlis SenarCunebis saqme-Si da sxva.... mTavari xelmZRvaneli polkovniki arTmelaZe. [10, 23].

moyvanili masala mowmobs demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis mcdelobebs gaeZlierebina da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis mTavar dasayrdenad eqcia qarTuli ja-ri. miuxedavad mravali problemuri da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse kiTxvebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gaCndes da savsebiT marTebulad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesafaseblad pirvel rig-Si unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom sami wlis ganmavlo-baSi arc ise advili iyo centralizebuli da erovnuli grZnobiT aRsavse jaris Camoyalibeba, rasac Tavisi obieq-turi mizezebi hqonda da razedac ukve visaubreT.

amdenad, vfiqrob zemoT ganxiluli monacemebi mogvcems saSualebas gansxvavebuli kuTxiT mivudgeT qarTveli jaris-kacis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefasebas 1918-1921 wlebis sa-qarTvelos istoriaSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. gaz. `axali cxovreba~, 1906, #2. 2. gaz. `erToba~, 1918, #78. 3. kvinitaZe, g. mogonebebi, t. I., Tbilisi, 1998. 4. g. mazniaSvili, mogonebebi, 1917-1925, baTumi, 1990. 5. n. maTikaSvili, m. kvaliaSvili, iunkrebi, Tbilisi, 1990. 6. Jurn `respublikis jari~, 1918 #1. 7. gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1918, #158. 8. a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi revoluciuri moZraobis isto-riidan saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1954. 9. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 153, saq. # 3615. 10. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1833, saq. # 1072. 11. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1863, saq. # 9. 12. gaz. `talRa~, 1906, #2. 13. Jurn. `jariskaci~, 1917, #2.

225

Nato Songhulashvili Doctor of history

Formation of a Soldjer’s National Conscience During the Period of the

Democratic Republic of Georgia

Summary

It is impposible to learn the national issues thorougly without analysing national conscience of various social groups or strata. Together with the different issues of national importance, for analysing historical events, it is essential to find out how the national conscience was developed among soldiers at the begining of the 20th century until the restoration of Georgian State Independance and what role it had in the process of buidling of the Georgian national state in the years of 1918-1921.

After the restoration of Georgian independence, national forces in goverment made an accent on organization of a powerfull army, which would be arranged not only from the military point of view, a special attantion was devoted to raising of soldiers’ national conscience as well.

Representatives of Georgian government aimed at transformation of Georgian army, but not only with regard to military-professional point, the special interest was devoted to the issue of raising soldiers’ educational as well as national conscience.

This was even unimagineble for Georgian soldiers before 1918, as they had been considered as a part of Russian Imperial Court, so that is the reason why the Georgian national goverment payed a great attantion to raising soldiers’ national conscience.

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avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profeso-ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvi-lis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis gamge

islami da gare samyaro

islami... islamuri.. es sityvebi ismis teleekranidan,

teletaipis sainformacio saagentoebidan. ìslamis aRorZi-neba~, ìslamuri bumi~, es gamoTqmebi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. islami da navTi, islami da saxalxo revolucia iranSi, islami da axlo aRmosavleTis krizisi, islami da palestinis problema, islami da iran-erayis omi, islami da avRaneTis problema. islami da... sulac ar aris saqme Tavad islamSi, aramed, ra modis `da~ kavSiris Semdeg. es religia mravali sa-ukunis ganmavlobaSi aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi gaxda mili-onobiT adamianis yofis nawili. maTTvis aris azrovnebisa da moqmedebis wesi, am cxovrebaSi samarTlianobis imedi da im-qveyniuri jildos mopovebis gza.

mahmadianobis sagani wmindad ìnteleqtualuria~, igi ver iguebs alahis xats an warmodgenas. mahmadi winaswarmet-yvelia, magram kacia, igi araa amaRlebuli adamianur sisus-teebze. mahmadianuri ZiriTadi Strixebis ricxvSi Sedis is azri, rom sinamdvileSi veraferi iqneba mdgradi, aramed yo-velive moqmedebs, cocxalia da usasrulod vrcel samyaroSi iSleba, ase rom im erTis Tayvaniscema is erTaderTi kavSi-ria, romelmac yovelive es unda Sekras. am sivrcesa da Zlie-rebaSi gamqralia yovelive zRude, yovelive erovnuli da kasturi sxvaoba. fasi aRara aqvs arc gvartomobas, arc po-litikur uflebas, romelsac dabadeba an qoneba gvaniWebs, aramed adamiani fasobs mxolod rogorc morwmune [1, 208-209]. cneba `samSoblo~, èri~ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dakav-Sirebuli iyo konkretul religiur TemTan da ara eTnikur jgufTan an teritoriasTan, sadac isini cxovrobdnen. TiT-

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qmis XIX saukunis bolomde arabebis didi umravlesoba jer kidev ar Tvlida Tavs arabad _ maTTvis gasagebi da axlobe-li iyo mxolod muslimanur TemTan gaigiveba [2, 51].

TviTidentifikaciis problema ama Tu im jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis mixedviT, Tanamedrove samyaros erT-erTi aq-tualuri problemaa. konfesiuri faqtori sul ufro mniS-vnelovan zegavlenas axdens msoflio sazogadoebriv-poli-tikur procesebze da xSir SemTxvevaSi is xdeba konfliqte-bis wyaro. rogorc wesi, konfesiaTa Tanabari uflebebi qvey-nis konstituciiT aris ganmtkicebuli [3, 43].

msoflios xalxTa mraval religiaSi aris wignebi, rom-lebic morwmuneTaTvis wmindad iTvleba. aseTia indusebi-saTvis_vedebi, avesta_zoroastrizmis mimdevarTaTvis, biblia (Zveli aRTqma) ebraelebisaTvis, Zveli da axali aR-Tqma qristianebisaTvis. Cveulebriv iq moTxrobilia Rmer-Tze da RmerTebze, winaswarmetyvelebze, saiqio cxovrebaze, angelozebze da eSmakebze, samoTxesa da jojoxeTze, rogor da vis mier Seiqmna samyaro, adamiani, cxovelebi da mcenaree-bi. dadgenilia wesi da ritualebi, morwmuneTa qcevis wesebi da a.S. [4, 4]. adreul periodSi arabeTSi meCeTi saxuravis ga-reSe Sendeboda. es iyo adgili oTxi mxridan Semovlebuli kedlebiT. ar iyo gansazRvruli kuTxe locvisaTvis. Tavda-pirvelad mxolod medinaSi aSenda gadaxuruli meCeTi (mas-jidi) Rarib-Rataki morwmune nawilisaTvis. gadmocemiT ta-Zari aages `avadmyofebisa da gaWirvebulTaTvis wvimiani da zamTris Ramis dros TavSesafareblad~. yuranma meCeTi zia-nis momtanad gamoacxada, xolo mSeneblebs uwoda mowinaaR-mdegeebi, romlebic morwmuneebs Soris ganxeTqilebas Tesa-ven [4, 29]. `zogierTebma taZari aages _ aRniSnulia yuranSi _ morwmuneTa savneblad da urjuloebiTac ganzrax, mor-wmuneni gaecalkevebinaT da raTa taZari igi Casafrebuli adgili yofiliyo maTTvis, romelnic RmerTsa da mis moci-quls eomebian~ [5, 184]. mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac islami gavrcelda CrdiloeTSic, daiwyes meCeTebis masobrivi mSe-nebloba. vinaidan Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sazoga-doeba Tavs qristianulad anu evropulad miiCnevda, islami yvela Tavis gamovlinebaSi ganixileboda, rogorc barbaro-suli Zala, romlis winaaRmdegac saerTo frontis Sekvra yvela qristiani mTavris movaleoba iyo, Tundac praqtikaSi maT es yovelTvis ver moexerxebinaT. islamurma moZRvrebam, amis sapasuxod, msoflio dayo d a r - a l — i s l a m a d, Rmer-Tis gangebisadmi morCilebis regionad da d a r - a l - h a r b a

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d, jer kidev WeSmarit rwmenaze mosaqcev, saomar regionad. urwmuno saxelmwifoebTan Tanaarseboba, diplomatiuri ur-TierTobebi, xelSekrulebebi da aliansebi SesaZlebeli iyo da xorcieldeboda kidec, magram es urTierTobebi mxolod muslimebisaTvis savaldebulo wesebs emorCileboda. ar ar-sebobda koncefcia saerTo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelSic islamur da urwmuno saxelmwifoebs TavianTi adgili ekavaT. am ukanasknelTa arseboba droebiT movlenad iyo miCneuli, maTTan Tanaarseboba ki _ droebiT fazad maTi STanTqmis gardauval procesSi [6, 133-134].

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi muslimanuri Temebi gavrce-lebuli iyo msoflios 120-ze met saxelmwifoSi da daaxloe-biT 800 milion mosaxles Seadgenda. 35 qveyanaSi mahmadianebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen, xolo 18 qveyanaSi _ gavlenian umciresobas. 28 saxelmwifoSi islami saxelmwi-fo religiis rangSia ayvanili [7, 7].

islamis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo da-savleTis qveynebis mesveurTa politikuri motiviT gakeTe-bulma gancxadebebma XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. kerZod, ame-rikis prezidentma jeims karterma Tavis droze moiwona `is-lamis 14 saukunovani iubiles aRmniSvneli amerikuli komi-siis Seqmna~, romlis amocanas amave dros warmoadgenda ame-rikeli sazogadoebisaTvis gaecno islami da misi dogmebi [7, 74]. xazgasasmelia, rom am periodSi aSS-Si 40 aTasi mecnieri muSaobda mahmadianuri qveynebidan, xolo kanadisa da dasav-leT evropis qveynebis CaTvliT 150 aTasi arabi specialisti, romelTa raodenoba yovel wels 10-15 procentiT izrdebo-da [7, 80].

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tanamedrove etapze islami dedamiwaze warmoudgeneli siswrafiT vrceldeba. ukanas-knel 25 weliwadSi muslimanebis raodenoba zustad samjer gaizarda da istoriaSi pirvelad gadaaWarba qristianebisas. Tu 1973 wels muslimanTa raodenoba 500 milions utoldebo-da, axla es ricxvi 1, 5 miliards utoldeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT planetis yoveli meoTxe mosaxle muslimania. es gav-rceleba imdenad Tavbrudamxvevia, rom is arnaxul gavlenas axdens maTze, vinc yoymanobs da sabolood isini islams iRe-ben. islami msoflio ideologia xdeba.

muslimanebis raodenobis zrdis kidev erTi faqtori Sobadobis maRali maCvenebelia. sociologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mxolod arabul qveynebSi 2025 wlamde muslima-nuri mosaxleoba gaormagdeba. evropaSi 17 milion emigrant

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muslimans asi aTasobiT evropeli miemata. maT muslimanoba miiRes. analitikosTa prognozebi ki aseTia: e v r o p a m u s l i m a n e b i s x e l S i S e i Z l e b a m n i S v n e l o v a n g e o p o l i t i k u r k a r t a d i q c e s.

axlaxan gamocemul wignSi `islamis mimRebebi: islami evropaSi~ mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom didi xnis manZilze muslimanebi evropas aRiqvamdnen rogorc provincias, rome-lic Sida ganviTarebis procesebis Sedegad islamis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes centrad iqceva.

erT-erTi islamuri centris xelmZRvanelis mier naxev-rad xumrobiT naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom 50 wlis ganmavloba-Si evropa islamuri gaxdeba an islamis Zlieri gavlenis qveS moeqceva, evropis qristianebs ukve Tavzars scems. es movle-na ganpirobebulia ara imdenad aRmosavleTis qveynebidan imigrantebis nakadebiT, ramdenadac imiT, rom komunizmis kraxisa da kapitalizmis Sida degradaciis Semdeg islami msoflmxedevlobis alternativad ganixileba.

bolo oc weliwadSi dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi mus-limanebis raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeba _ 1990 wlis TiT-qmis 10 milioniani maCveneblidan 2010 wlamde 17 milions mi-aRwia. islamuri mosaxleobis zrda TandaTan umatebs gra-duss amasTan dakavSirebul politikur-socialur proble-mebs. sul ufro daZabulad midis msjeloba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa vvropis sazogadoebaSi religiis adgili, qalis roli, imigrantebis uflebebi da movaleobebi, teroristu-li organizaciebis mxardaWera da ase Semdeg [8, 25].

sxvadasxva monacemebiT safrangeTSi mahmadiani muSa-imigrantebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi 2,5-dan 3,5 mln adamians Seadgenen. CamosulTa ricxvis mixedviT safrangeTSi islami meore adgilzea kaTolicizmis Semdeg. qveyanaSi aTasobiT meCeTi da samlocvelo darbazi funqcionirebs, rac sakmari-si ar aris moTxovnebidan gamomdinare. paraskevis locvis dros mahmadianebi avseben parizis, marselis da sxva qalaqe-bis quCebs [9, 6].

2011 wlis TebervalSi safrangeTis prezidentma niko-la sarkozim ganacxada, rom `qveyanas Zalian Zvirad daujda 1980-ian wlebSi imigraciis problemebisadmi Tvalis daxuW-va. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli polemika tabudadebuli iyo. axla zustad igive xdeba maRal sazogadoebaSi islamis adgi-lis Sesaxeb debatebTan dakavSirebiT. prezidenti acxadebs, rom is franguli islamis momxrea da ara safrangeTSi isla-misa. saubaric ar SeiZleba iyos imaze, rom safrangeTis sa-

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zogadoeba islams daeqvemdebaros... axla quCis locvebis sa-kiTxi unda ganvixiloT. elitur saxelmwifoSi locvisaken mowodebebi ar unda ismodes~ [10, 23]. rogorc vxedavT, es yve-laze axalgazrda msoflio religia gamoirCeva Tavisi mobi-lurobiT, mizanswrafviT, fanatizmis mniSvnelovani doziT da SeupovrobiT dasaxuli miznis miRwevaSi. axlo aRmosav-leTis politikuri sistemebis mier momZlavrebul demokra-tizaciis uaryofas sazogadoebriv sferoebSi islamuri fundamentalizmis zrdac exmaureba, rac Tavis mxriv, aravi-Tar SemTxvevaSi ar viTardeba paralelurad. islamuri fun-damentalizmi swrafi tempiT viTardeba mTel levantSi da CrdiloeT afrikasac ki aRwevs, rac arc Tu umniSvnelo wi-lad `yuris krizisis Sedegia~. alJirs 1992 wels mouxda sa-kuTari arCevnebis Sedegebis gabaTileba saxelmwifo gadat-rialebiT, vinaidan am arCevnebis Sedegad fundamentaliste-bi unda mosuliyvnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi. `islami _ ernst-oto Cempilis SexedulebiT_araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris antidemokratiuli, magram is mimarTulia demokratiis dasavluri sekuraluri formis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan musli-mebma aqamde mxolod misi uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba ganicades~ [11, 122-123].

islamuri fundamentalizmis amJamindeli aRorZineba, ramac msoflios praqtikulad yvela qveyana moicva, sadac Warbadaa muslimanuri mosaxleoba, SeiZleba gaviazroT ro-gorc zogadad muslimanuri sazogadoebebis sapasuxo reaq-cia sakuTar uunarobaze, daecvaT Rirseba aramuslimanur dasavleTTan dapirispirebisas. am Tavsmoxveuli Sejibris pirobebSi samxedro upiratesobis mqone evropis mxridan XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, rigma islamurma qvey-nebma warumateblad scades modernizaciis wamowyeba dasav-luri praqtikis dasanergad, rac aucileblad miaCndaT kon-kurentunarianobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. meiZis iapo-niis msgavsad, modernizaciis es programebic gulisxmobda iZulebiT mcdelobebs daenergaT dasavluri racionalizmis principebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, ekonomikidan, biurok-ratiidan da samxedro sferodan dawyebuli, ganaTlebiTa da socialuri politikiT damTavrebuli. am mimarTulebiT, yve-laze Tanmimdevruli TurqeTi gamodga: XIX saukunis otoman-Ta reformebs, XX saukuneSi dRevandeli TurqeTis saxelmwi-fos damfuZneblis qemal aTaTurqis reformebic mohyva, Turqul nacionalizmze damyarebuli saero sazogadoebis Seqmnis Sorsmimavali mizniT. yvelaze bolo, seriozuli in-

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teleqtualuri importi dasavleTidan islamur samyaroSi, saero nacionalizmi gaxldaT, egviptis prezident naseris da siriis, libanisa da erayis b a a T i s partiebis didi pana-rabuli nacionalisturi moZraobis saxiT [12, 245-246].

muslimanuri reformizmis erT-erTi lideri j e m a l — a d — d i n a v R a n i, erTmaneTs upirispirebs erovnulsa da religiur solidarobas. misi SexedulebiT: `mahmadianebma ar ician sxva erovneba, garda Tavisi religiisa~ [13, 149]. si-namdvileSi, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, rodesac moxda erebis formireba, Seiqmna erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, gaZlierda erovnuli TviTSegneba. rodesac adamianTa mase-bis winaSe warmoqmnila dilema: upiratesoba erovnuli grZnobisaTvis mieniWebinaT Tu religiuri erTobisaTvis, praqtikulad erovnuli interesebi yovelTvis wina planze gamodioda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT bangladeSis Seqmnis isto-ria. aRmosvleT bengaliis socialur-ekonomikuri da poli-tikuri diskriminacia, dasavleT pakistanis msxvili kapita-lisa da memamuleebis mxridan zewola iwvevda bengaliis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, ris safuZvelzec 1971 wels Seiqmna bangladeSis saxalxo respublika [7, 134].

`Sura~ _ rCevebi morwmuneTaTvis, sxvadasxva religiu-ri ritualebi (magaliTad, xuTjer locva, `xaji~ _ meqaSi salocavad wasvla, ramadanis TveSi marxva da a.S.) _ yvela es meqanizmi, yofa, faseulobebi islamis ideologTa warmodge-niT `amtkicebs adamianebis Zmobasa da Tansaworobas, aerTia-nebs didsa da pataras, mdidarsa da Raribs~ [9, 23]. magram si-namdvileSi es iluziaa. jer kidev xalifatis periodSi `suni-turi~ da `Siituri~ islamuri `saRvTo konvenciebi~ gansa-kuTrebuli uerTierTSeuwynareblobiT gamoirCeodnen. ma-galiTad, Siit bavSvebs, rogorc gogonebs, aseve vaJebs, qus-lebze amousviringebdnen xolme maTTvis sami `araWeSmariti~ xalifas, abu-beqiris, omarisa da osmanis saxelebs, raTa maT isini yovel dRe fexiT gaeTelaT [14, 202].

Tumca yuranis politikuri miTiTebebi krZalaven oms muslimanebs Soris, magram Turqebsa da sparselebs Soris araerTxel iyo sisxlismRvreli omi. Turqebi amas imiT amar-Tleben, wers XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi T a d e u S k r u s i n s k i, `rom isini omoben urjuloTa da eretikosTa wi-naaRmdeg, ramdenadac isini sparselebs eretikebad Tvlian da uwodeben maT iseve rogorc qristianebs giaurebs da qia-febs~.

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`Turqebi amtkiceben, _ ganagrZobs T. krusinski, _ rom dazavebis periodSi Tavze xelis aRebaa mokla rogorc sparseli, ise qristiani, magram mainc am bolo borotebidan, TiTqmis, sapatio codvaa mokla 40 sparseli, vidre erTi qristiani. aseve omis dros, rom mokla erTi sparseli ufro meti damsaxurebaa alaxis winaSe, vidre mokla 40 qristiani~.

sulTnis mqadagebeli v a z — e f e n d i sajarod mimar-Tavda sparselebs da acxadebda: `me mtkiced var darwmunebu-li, rom Tqven, oh yurangandgomilo verago sparselebo, sas-tiki samsjavros dros isfahanis dablobebze Tqven saxedre-bad gadaiqceviT da Tqvens zurgebze Sejdebian sazizRari iudeebi, raTa dezebze kvriT jojoxeTisaken gagaqanon~.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sparseTis wminadnebis umaRlesi mcveli Turqebs pasuxobda saSineli wyevliT, romelsac hu-seinis dabadebis dRes, xmamaRla warmoTqvamdnen molebi locvis dawyebis win [15, 66-67].

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mahmadianTa Soris mimdinare-obs namdvili propagandistuli omi. meqis sisxliani movle-nebis Semdeg, 1987 wlis noemberSi TeiranSi mowveuli iqna `msoflio kongresi~, sadac Seikribnen, rogorc iranis ofi-cialuri warmomadgenlebi, aseve ucxoeTis proiranuli mi-marTulebis jgufebi. ufro adre, mraval qveyanaSi (egvipte, erayi, tunisi da sxv.) islamis religiurma moRvaweebma anaTe-mas gadasces imami homeini, rogorc sarwmunoebisagan gam-dgari [9, 6].

saudis arabeTSi Siitebi religiur devnas ganicdian: isini ar arian Tanasworuflebiani mxare SariaTis sasamar-TloSi, ar sargebloben Tanaswori uflebebiT sunitebTan nebismier saqmianobaSi. magaliTad, Sromis anazRaurebaSi. arabi avtoris a b d a l a m u h a m e d i s monacemebiT `saudis arabeTSi Siitebi ganicdian Seviwroebas religiuri ritua-lebis Sesrulebis dros. maT sTvlian meore xarisxis moqala-qeebad. Siitebis soflebi uyuradRebod aris mitovebuli, centraluri da Sida samimosvlo gzebi paralizebulia. yu-radReba ar eqceva Siiti mosaxleobis ganaTlebasa da samedi-cino momsaxurebas. Siits ekrZaleba saqonlis dakvla da xorcis gayidva. sasamarTloSi ar SeiZleba mowmed gamovi-des. Siit gogonas ufleba ara aqvs gaxdes pedagogiuri sas-wavleblis studenti. Siiti swavlulebis wignebi, yvela pub-likacia, rac ki Siitur mimdinareobas exeba saudis arabeTis sabaJoze likvidacias eqvemdebareba...~ [9, 44].

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adamianebze zrunvisa da mfarvelobis ufleba Siitebis rwmeniT RmerTma uboZa mociqul muhameds. Semdeg man gadas-ca imam alis. misgan ki miiRes memkvidreebma ukanaskneli didi imamis _ m a h d i s CaTvliT. iTvleba, rom mahdi gaqra (`dai-mala~) da `samyaros dasasruls~ is gamoCndeba, ris Semdeg da-iwyeba namdvili, samarTliani sazogadoebrivi cxovreba.

Sahis reJimis dros, romelic maqsimalurad cdilobda religiis politikuri mizniT gamoyenebas, mejlisSi (parla-mentSi) yvelaze sapatio adgilas yovelTvis iyo Tavisufali savarZeli _ im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu Siitebis mesia _ mahdi gamoCndeboda [9, 102].

amitomac aris, rom mkvlevarTa nawili islams `arain-stitucionalur~ religias uwodeben, anu iseTs, sadac ar arsebobs sasuliero wodebis gamokveTili organizacia (ma-galiTad, qristianobis msgavsi), xelmZRvaneli organoebi (papebis, patriarqebis da sxv.) yvela morwmunisaTvis saval-debulo (saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebis tipis an papis enciklikis). yovel morwmune muslimans ufleba aqvs gamoxa-tos sakuTari azri religiaze _ mTavaria, rom ar ewinaaR-mdegebodes wminda werilebs _ yuransa da sunas. aqac Cans sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa saidumloebis arsi, romelic arse-bobs religiuri rwmenis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebSi _ tra-dicionalistebi, modernistebi da aRorZinebis momxreebSi [9, 18].

mahmadianTa erTobas garkveulwilad xels uwyobda xa-lifati ideologiiT, romlis kulti yovel wels detalu-rad ixveweboda. xalifebi warmoadgendnen, rogorc umaRles sulier xelisuflebas _ imamats, aseve saeros, maT Soris politikursa da samxedros_emirats. pirveli oTxi xa-lifidan_ abu beqri (632-661), omari (umari, 634-644), osmani (usmani, 644-656) da ali (656-661) sunitebisagan gansxvavebiT Siitebi, mxolod alis ariareben. pirvel sam xalifas uzur-patorebad Tvlian, romlebmac ukanonod miiTvises umaRle-si xelisufleba [4, 39]. madina sam aTeul welze metic ar yofila xalifatis centri. 661 wlidan dedaqalaqi gaxda damasko, xolo 750 wels _ baRdadi; Semdeg moevlinen para-leluri xalifatis dedaqalaqebi: 756 wels _ espaneTisa kordovaSi, 909 wels_fatimidebisa qairoSi, xolo mogviane-biT 1258 wels monRolTa mier baRdadis xalifatis ganadgu-rebis Semdeg 1261 wlidan _ axali abasidebis xalifatis cen-tri gaxda qairo da 1517 wels_osmaluri centriT stambul-Si [4, 59].

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ukanaskneli sulTani m e h m e d VI v a h i d e d i n i (1918-1922) sasulTnos gauqmebis gamo, osmaleTidan gaiqca. Turqe-Tis didma erovnulma krebam xalifad airCia osmanTa dinas-tiis princi a b d u l m e j i d i. 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers, TurqeTi respublikad gamocxadda, pirvel prezidentad airCies q e m a l a T a T u r q i [16, 36-37]. stamboli xalifa-tis centrad rCeboda. ankara ki saparlamento centri anu dedaqalaqi gaxda.

1924 wels pirvelma prezidentma gadawyvita saxalifos gauqmeba. misi azriT `xalifas arasdros hqonia islamur sam-yaroze iseTi gavlena, rogorc kaTolikurze _ paps. es Zve-li arabuli instituti droTa ganmavlobaSi osmalo fadiSa-his movaleobad iqca, magram milionobiT muslims xalifa Ta-vis sulier liderad arasdros uRiarebia. axali TurqeTi ar iyo urwmuno qveyana, Tumca religias misi ganviTarebisaTvis xeli ar unda SeeSala~ [17, 241-242].

amgvarad, xalifati gauqmda, dinastiis wevrebs Turqe-Tis respublikis teritoriaze cxovreba aekrZalaT, aseve gauqmda SariaTisa da vakufebis saministro da S e i x u l i s l a m i s institutic. im Rames, roca xalifatis gauqmeba ga-moacxades, xalifa abdulmejidTan dolmabahCes sasaxleSi policiis ufrosi da ramdenime Cinovniki mivida, romelTac xalifas acnobes, rom dilis 5 saaTamde TurqeTis terito-ria unda daetovebina. piradi nivTebis Casalageblad ramde-nime saaTi misces da saRamos matarebliT SveicariaSi gaam-gzavres. paraskevs aia sofias meCeTSi xutba aRavlines, ro-melSic xalifa ukve aRar moixseneboda [17, 243]. amis Semdeg mahmadianebma konsolidaciisaTvis 1926 wels meqaSi daafuZ-nes `islamis msoflio kongresi~, romlis rezidencia mdeba-reobs yaraCSi (pakistani). kongress filialebi gaaCnia msof-lios 60 qveyanaSi [7, 22]. mahmadianTa meore saerTaSoriso organizacias warmoadgens `msoflio islamuri liga~. es aris saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo religiur-politikuri organizacia, romelic aseve Seiqmna meqaSi 1962 wels da rom-lis gadawyvetilebebs rekomendaciis xasiaTi aqvs [7, 16-17].

1969 wels rabaTSi (maroko) Camoyalibda `gaerTianeba~ `islamuri organizaciis konferencia~, romelSic gaerTian-da 45 saxelmwifo. qemal aTaTurqisagan gansxvavebiT, romel-mac Tavis droze religiuri kanonebi saeroTi Secvala, meo-re reformatori, iranis yofili prezidenti xaTami islamis axleburi, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi interpreti-rebisaTvis iRvwoda. is cdilobda gaexsna sarwmunoebis WeS-

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mariti arsi da ganeviTarebina civilizaciebisa da religie-bis dialogi. misi SexedulebiT, islamisa da islamuri faseu-lobebis dacvis saukeTeso gzas warmoadgenda imis damtkice-ba, rom islams SeuZlia adamianis uflebebis pativiscema imisgan damoukideblad, saqme exeba erTi adamianis uflebebs Tu mTeli sazogadoebisas. àzrTa sxvadasxvaobis arseboba aucilebelia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis, _ miiCnevda reformatori prezidenti, _ magram gansxvavebuli Tval-sazrisebi unda gamoiTqvas Riad da ar unda iyos amofarebu-li iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa religia da Tavisufleba~ [18, 5].

iranelis, rogorc eris gamoyofa mahmadianuri samya-rosagan Tavisdauneburad gaaxmovana mohamad xaTamma 1999 wlis 10 marts florenciis evropul universitetSi islamu-ri konferenciis prezidentis rangSi moxsenebis wakiTxvis dros: `Cvenc, rogorc iranelebma, muslimebma da azieleb-ma...~ [18, 29]. rogorc vxedavT, iranis prezidenti jer erov-nebas _ iraneli, Semdeg_religias_islams da bolos kon-tinents asaxelebs, sadac misi samSoblo mdebareobs.

xaTams aseve miaCnia, rom tolerantoba evropelebSi (pirvel rigSi italielebs gulisxmobs a.s.) `muslimebisagan iqna SeZenili da warmoadgens maTTan (muslimebTan) evrope-lebis urTierTobis Sedegs~ [18, 29].

xaTams ar axsendeba, an ar icis, rom tolerantobis òa-zisi~ babilonSi iyo... magram, romel mahmadianur an evropul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda iseTi magaliTi tolerantobisa, rac saqarTveloSi daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi xdeboda?

xaTami irans gamoyofs islamuri samyarosagan da dasav-leTTan urTierTobaSi prioritets mxolod mas aniWebs. ker-Zod, miaCnia, rom ìranTan dialogs Tavisi upiratesobebi aqvs. irani evropis karis mezobelia, erTis mxriv, xolo meo-re mxriv aziisaa. amrigad, rogorc adamianTa sulis aRmosav-leTisa da gonebis dasavleTis gadakveTis wertili~ [18, 32].

xaTami ar malavs, rom islamuri samyaro iranis meSveo-biT unda gaemijnos dasavleTs, mis kulturasa da miRwevebs, mxolod zogierTi Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi msof-lmxedvelobiT `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic Cvens sa-zogadoebebSi gvinda ganvaviTaroT da vsrulyoT da romel-sac Cven vurCevT sxva islamur sazogadoebebs, Zirfesvianad gansxvavdeba im samoqalaqo sazogadoebisagan, romelsac Ta-visi fesvebi berZnul filosofiur azrsa da romaul poli-tikur tradiciebSi aqvs gadgmuli~ [18, 36].

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amgvarad, gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba isla-mur moZraobaSi: panislamizmi, panTurqizmi da paniranizmi.

panislamizmi, rogorc religiur-politikuri mimdina-reoba aRmocenda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da mWidrod daukavSirda s a i d j e m a l a d d i n a v R a n i s (1839-1897w.w.) moRvaweobas. swored man Camoayaliba `mahmadiani xalxebis religiur-politikuri kavSiris~ idea [9, 183].

mimdinare etapze TurqeTi aqtiurobs evrokavSirSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT. evrokavSirSi TurqeTis gawevria-nebis SemTxvevaSi evropis mosaxleobis dominant eTnosad Turqebi iqnebian, xolo sunituri islami erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani religiuri denominacia gaxdeba evropaSi. dRei-saTvis saerTo tendenciebi aseTia, rom aqtiur qristianTa klebis fonze izrdeba islamis mimdevrebis raodenoba. qris-tianoba Tmobs Tavis poziciebs germaniaSi, niderlandebSi, zog sxva Crdilo evropul saxelmwifoSi. muslimze gaTxovi-li qalebi, rogorc wesi, icvlian religiur aRmsareblobas. xolo muslimis aramuslimze gaTxovebas kategoriulad krZalaven islamis mimdevrebi. saxelmwifoebSi, sadac mus-limebi umravlesobaSi arian, ikrZaleba religiuri proze-litizmi. TurqeTis garda, evropaSi ukve `sakuTari~ musli-muri saxelmwifoebic gaCnda, _ albaneTis, bosniis, kosovos saxiT. muslimebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebze ki qristianu-li religiuri Temebi SezRudvebs ganicdian, maSin rodesac evropis did qalaqebSi masobrivad mimdinareobs axali meCe-Tebis mSenebloba [19, 21].

islamis erTianobas erTgvarad xels uSlis agreTve te-rorizmi. Tanamedrove etapze msoflioSi 600-ze meti tero-ristuli dajgufeba arsebobs. rogorc wesi, isini mcireric-xovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100-ze met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufeba-Tagan bevri axlo aRmosavleTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan _ abu nidalis organizacia, al qaida, islamuri jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da hamasi [20, 225]. Tanamedrove islamistur moZraobaSi gansakuTre-biT gamoirCeva vahabituri moZraoba (erTi nawili mas moder-nistul mimarTulebas uwodebs, meore neovahabiturs).

rogorc cnobilia, m u h a m e d i b n a b d a l-v a h a b m a XVIII saukuneSi centralur arabeTSi daarsa axali mahmadia-nuri religiur-politikuri mimdinareoba, romelic Tavis mimdevrebs mouwodebda arabebis gaerTianebisa da TurqeTis

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batonobis winaaRmdeg moqmedebisaken. am mimarTulebas vaha-bizms, mimdevrebs ki vahabitebs uwodebdnen. vahabizmis mTa-vari moTxovna iyo aRedginaT pirveladi islami, uari eTqvaT fufunebis sagnebze, garTobaze, alkoholsa da Tambaqoze da sxv. XX saukunis dasawyisSi vahabitebis liderebi daukavSir-dnen amerikelebsa da ingliselebs, maTi daxmarebiT daip-yres dasavleTi arabeTi da Camoayalibes calke saxelmwi-fo_saudis arabeTi, romlis oficialuri religiac swored vahabizmia. SemdgomSi am moZraobam dakarga Tavdapirveli, progresuli xasiaTi da mahmadianuri samyaros ganxeTqile-bis mizezad iqca [21, 110].

angariSgasawevia, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis mTlianad is-lamuri qveynebis garemocvaSia moqceuli. erTi mxriv _ ira-ni, TurqeTi da azerbaijani, meore mxriv, CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebi _ daRestani, CeCneTi, inguSeTi, CrdiloeT oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi, adiRe, CerqezeTi irgvliv mWidro zolad ekvris Cvens patara qveyanas. magram muslimebi marto Cvens sazRvrebs rodi artyian gars. isini TviT saqarTvelo-Sic mravlad saxloben. maT Soris arian: azerbaijanelebi, qis-tebi, lekebi, qurTebi da afxazebi (nawilobriv). muslimur sarwmunoebas misdeven qarTvelebic _ nawilobriv aWarlebi da ingiloebi. amave dros, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom ala-his Tayvanismcemelia iranSi mcxovrebi fereidneli qarTve-lebi da qarTvelTa yvelaze mravalricxovani diaspora Tur-qeTSi (Tuki saerTod SeiZleba diaspora ewodos im xalxs, ro-melic sakuTar teritoriaze cxovrobs) [22, 3].

islami ricxovnobiT meore religiaa saqarTveloSi. 2002 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi islams daaxloebiT 434 000 adamiani aRiarebda, Tumca Tbilisis ju-ma-meCeTis (Tbilisis meCeTi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mus-limanTa centrad iTvleba) monacemebiT, maTi ricxvi naxeva-ri milionia. Tbilisis meCeTis Tavisebureba isaa, rom aq mus-limani Siitebi da sunitebi erTad loculoben.

dRes saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 300 meCeTia. aqedan 150 azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul raionebSi, da-axloebiT 120 aWaraSi. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgom aSenda daaxloebiT 40 meCeTi da 4 medrese, daarsda 5 samec-niero-religiuri da kulturuli centri. am centrebTan ar-sebobs gamomcemlobebi, romlebic 4 Jurnals gamoscemen [23, 25-26].

amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflioSi muslimane-bis raodenoba izrdeba, ar SeiZleba saubari erTian sazoga-

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doebaze am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT. erTis mxriv, aris avRaneTi, alJiri _ qveynebi, sadac radikaluri islami mefobs, meore mxriv _ ekonomikuri ufskruli afrikis uRa-takes saxelmwifoebsa da iransa da erays (navTobis im mo-narq-miliarderebs Soris, romlebic sakuTar TavSi geopo-litikur potencials malaven) Soris; amas emateba naciona-luri SuRliT feodalur krosvordad qceuli pakistani, pa-lestina, bosnia da bolos kosovo...

magram Sedegi erTi da igivea. miuxedavad Sida winaaR-mdegobebisa, Tanxmobisa da uTanxmoebisa, islami, axdens ra Sida resursebis mobilizebas, mainc iqceva mZlavr erTiano-bad da moZraobaSi mohyavs istoriis borbali, vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi da erTian ideologiad yalibdeba.


1. hegeli, istoriis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2001. 2. Л. И. Медведко, А. В. Германович, Именем Аллаха… Москва, 1988. 3. n. gelovani, rwmenis Tavisuflebis statusi arabul mo-

narqiebSi, krebulSi: `aRmosavleTi da kavkasia~, №4, 2006. 4. Л. И. Климович, Книга о коране, Москва, 1988. 5. yurani, Tbilisi, 1906. 6. hedli buli, arsebobs Tu ara wesrigi msoflio politi-

kaSi? kr. `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria~, Tbili-si, 2004.

7. А. Ахмедов, Ислам в современной идейно-политической боръбе, Москва, 1985.

8. gaz. `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2011, 44 9. Н. В. Жданов, А. А. Игнатенко, Ислам на пороге XXI века, М., 1989. 10. gaz. `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2011, 6. 11. ernst - oto Cempili, msoflio politika gardatexis

procesSi, Targmani germanulidan, Tbilisi, 2003. 12. frensis fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli

adamiani, Tbilisi, 1999. 13. М. В. Вагабов, Н. М. Вагабов, Ислам и вопросы атеистического

воспитания, Москва, 1988. 14. s. lobJaniZe, aRzrdis eTikuri principebi epoqaluri

cvalebadobis Suqze, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbilisi, 2006

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15. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignTsaca-vebSi, II, Tbilisi, 1986.

16. m. xomeriki, saxeebi, Tbilisi, 2005. 17. lordi kinrosi, aTaTurqi, Tbilisi, 2011. 18. mohamed xaTami, islami, civilizaciaTa dialogi da ka-

cobriobis momavali, iranulidan Targmna jemSid giunaS-vilma, Tbilisi, 2005.

19. n. bardaveliZe, ekumenuri moZraoba, saqarTvelo vatika-nis urTierTobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi Tanamed-rove etapze (doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveb-lad wardgenili disertaciis avtoreferati), Tbilisi, 2011.

20. q. jijeiSvili, m. yifiani, g. CxikviSvili, politikuri fsiqologia, Tbilisi, 2011.

21. z. kelaptriSvili, saqarTvelo-daRestnis urTierToba uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis bolomde (sadoqtoro disertacia) Tbilisi, 2006.

22. T. fanjikiZe, muhamedi, islami, vahabizmi da saqarTvelos problemebi, Tbilisi, 1999.

23. religiuri gaerTianebebis statusisaTvis saqarTvelo-Si, Tbilisi, 2010.

Avtandil Songhulashvili Doctor of Historical sciences, The Head of the Department of Modern and Contem-porary History of The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Islam and the World

Summary

At the present stage Islam is spreading rapidly throughout the

world. During the past 25 years, the number of Muslims has increased threefold, and it is the first time in History when it exceeds the number of Christians. If in 1973 the world population of Muslims was 500 million, now it has reached 1,5 billion. Hundred thousands of Europeans converted to Islam in addition to 17 million emigrant Muslims.

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At the current stage three main directions are marked out within Islam: Pan-Islamism, Pan- Turkism and Pan-Iranism. Despite the internal divisions, Islam spreads throughout the world and becomes the united ideology.

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irina arabiZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-toriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofi-lebis mecier-TanamSromeli

afxazeTis eparqiaSi saqarTvelos eklesiis

iurisdiqciis aRdgenis sakiTxisaTvis (mitropolit

ambrosis (xelaia) 1918 wlis 17 seqtembris moxsenebis

mixedviT)

avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis (1917 w.) iurisdiqciis gavrceleba afxazeTis eparqiaSi did sirTule-ebs waawyda. eklesiis uflebaTa aRdgenis process dabrkole-bebs uqmnida isic, rom jer kidev ar arsebobda qarTuli saxel-mwifo. saqarTvelos eklesiam cxum-bediis eparqiis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dadgenileba I saeklesio krebazeve (1917 wlis seqtembe-ri) miiRo, magram ruseTis eklesiisa da mis adgilobriv warmo-madgenelTa winaaRmdegobis Sedegad eparqia ver amoqmedda.

1917 wlis 24-27 maiss afxazeTis saero da sasuliero pir-Ta krebaze, romlis organizatorebi bolSevikTa mxardamWere-bi iyvnen, xolo delegatTa umravlesobas eklesiis organiza-ciasTan saerTo araferi hqonda, afxazeTis eklesiis damouki-debloba gamocxadda.

aRniSnuli krebisagan gansxvavebiT, 1917 wlis ivnisSi sa-murzayanos samRvdeloebam saqarTvelos avtokefaluri ekle-siis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis gadawyvetileba miiRo, Tumca sa-qarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis srulad ganxorcieleba iqac gaWianurda [1, 777-781; 2, 5-8].

saqarTvelos eklesiis sasargeblod mdgomareobis cvli-lebas xeli Seuwyo qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebam 1918 wlis 26 maiss.

1918 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-kis mTavrobasa da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Soris gaformebu-li xelSekrulebiT afxazeTi saqarTvelos respublikis Semad-genlobaSi avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT Sevida.

1918 wlis 1 seqtembrisaTvis afxazeTis proqarTulma in-teligenciam giorgi mixeilis Ze ServaSiZis gardacvalebidan 6

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Tvis gasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, misTvis panaSvidis gadasaxde-lad, Wyondideli mitropoliti ambrosi (xelaia) miiwvia.

meufe ambrosi soxumSi 31 agvistodan 9 seqtembramde im-yofeboda. misi viziti 1918 wlis zafxulSi Turqi askerebis Se-mosvlasTan dakavSirebiT ganviTarebul movlenebs daemTxva. askerebi sofel wyurgilSi (aleqsandre ServaSiZis mamuli), aleqsandre ServaSiZisa da afxazTa saxalxo sabWos ramdenime wevris miwveviT 1918 wlis 27 ivniss gadmosxdnen. maT mizans af-xazeTidan saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gandevna warmoadgenda. desanti daaxloebiT 1000 SeiaraRebuli kacisagan Sedgeboda, iyvnen muhajirebic, romlebsac, maTive ganmartebiT, sakuTar miwa-wyalze dabruneba surdaT.

afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevrTa azri askerebis Semos-vlasTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani iyo. saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomare varlam ServaSiZe 1918 wlis 19 ivlisis sxdoma-ze saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenels arwmunebda, rom sabWos imJamindeli Semadgenloba Turqebis desantTan da-kavSirebiT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis poziciaze idga [3, 65].

afxazeTidan askerebis gandevnisaTvis brZolas general-gubernatori giorgi mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. Setakebe-bis dros afxazTa ramdenime sofeli dazaralda: gadawves im mcxovrebTa saxl-kari, romlebsac osmalebTan urTierToba dawames. sastikad dasajes damnaSave mowinaaRmdegeebi, bevri maTgani daapatimres da sxva.

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomarem _ varlam Ser-vaSiZem da sabWos wevrebma afxazeTSi viTarebis damSvidebisaT-vis samxedro xelmZRvanelobasTan Suamdgomloba soxumSi myof Wyondidel mitropolits sTxoves. maTi saubari Sedga me-ufe ambrosis pativsacemad misi maspinZlis _ samson ninuas mi-er mowyobil nadimze 1 seqtembers, sakaTedro taZarSi wirvisa da giorgi ServaSiZisaTvis panaSvidis gadaxdis Semdeg. wveule-baze afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebTan erTad mipa-tiJebulni iyvnen: qarTvelTa, berZenTa, polonelTa, ukrai-nelTa erovnuli sabWoebis warmomadgenlebi, sakaTedro taZ-ris dekanozi giorgi golubcovi da sxvebi [4, 109].

afxazurma mxarem mitropolit ambrosisTan saubarSi aR-niSna, rom afxaz-qarTvelTa Zveli urTierTobis aRdgenisaT-vis niadagi momzadebuli iyo. erTmaneTisagan maTi gaTiSva ru-sebisa da Turqebis provokaciuli moqmedebis Sedegad CaiTva-la. afxazebma meufes gaacnes TavianTi saWiroebani da gamoT-qves azri im RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa gatarebasac miiC-

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nevdnen saWirod qarTvelTa da afxazTa Soris urTierTobis ganmtkicebisaTvis [4, 107, 109].

saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis azriT, im pe-riodSi kodoris nawilSi saqarTvelos jari `mkacrad moqme-debda afxazeTis sawinaaRmdegoT~. afxazuri mxare Tvlida, rom es simkacre, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, unda Serbilebu-liyo [4, 110].

mitropoliti ambrosi saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebs arwmunebda, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba muhajirebis dabrunebis winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda, maT rom askerebi ar SemoeyvanaT da iaraRi ar SemoetanaT. meo-re mxriv ki sakaTolikoso sabWos ganumartavda, rom afxazebi muhajirebis dabrunebis momxreni iyvnen da Cveni jaris moqme-deba maT winaaRmdeg qarTvel-afxazTa Soris urTierTobas ar-Tulebda.

mitropolitma ambrosim afxazTa warmomadgenlebs daxma-reba aRuTqva da sTxova, askerebis afxazeTSi SemoSvebiT mdgo-mareoba ar gaemwvavebinaT.

viTareba gaarTula kodoris xeobaze qarTuli jaris axalma Setevam, rasac kidev ramdenime afxazis saxl-karis ga-dawva mohyva. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomarem amis Sem-deg Suamdgomlobis aRZvra usargeblod CaTvala [4, 107].

qarTuli jaris ukanaskneli sisastikis mizezs dekano-zi dimitri marRania (kodoris ubnis mTavarxucesi) xsnida provokatorTa mier gavrcelebuli xmebiT, TiTqos afxazebi mzad iyvnen Tavs dasxmodnen oCamCires da gadaewvaT. amis ga-mo samurzayanoSi mimavali jari dabrunebula da kodoris nawils Sesevia [4, 110].

miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazuri mxare yovelive amis Sem-deg samxedro xelisuflebasTan molaparakebas uSedegod Tvlida, meufe ambrosim 3 seqtembers inaxula Stabis ufrosi polkovniki Tuxareli (general-gubernatori giorgi mazniaS-vili tuafseSi iyo wasuli).

TuxarelTan saubrisas mitropolitma ambrosim aRniSna, rom marto sisastikiTa da xalxis cixeebSi CayriT sasurvel Se-degs ver miviRebdiT, saWiro iyo es yvelaferi siyvaruliT See-zavebinaT da mxolod maSin iqneboda SesaZlebeli afxazTa mtkiced SemoerTeba. meufem Stabis ufross 3 punqtiani Suam-dgomloba gadasca da dasZina, rom afxazebTan lmobieri mop-yroba imitomac iyo saWiro, rom isini SecdomaSi SehyavdaT provokatorebs. rogorc Cans, meufes am provokatorTa vinao-

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bis Sesaxebac hqonda cnobebi, magram dasaxeleba Tavisi xaris-xis Sesaferisad ar CaTvala.

Tuxarelis informaciiT, rusebs soxumSi hqondaT mTeli organizacia da maT adgilobrivi mRvdelmTavari _ episkoposi sergi (petrovi) meTaurobda. masTan ikribebodnen bolSevikebi, TaTbirobdnen; maT Tavis saxlSi TavSesafarsac aZlevda, qar-Tul jarTan Sesabmelad mimavalni daloca da etlic ki dauT-mo kodoris xeobamde rom misuliyvnen [4, 110-111].

mitropolit ambrosis Stabis ufrosma Suamdgomlobis yvela punqtis Sesruleba aRuTqva. misi brZanebiT adiutanteb-ma depeSebi daugzavnes oCamCireSi mTavari Zalebis ufross polkovnik kargareTels da mis adiutants. depeSebi Semdeg af-xazeTis gazeT «Наше Слово»-Si dabeWdila (gazeTs TbilisSi jer-jerobiT ver mivakvlieT). mitropolit ambrosis sakaTo-likoso sabWosadmi moxsenebaSi sityvasityviT moaqvs aRniSnu-li depeSebi: `mTavari Zalebis ufross polkovnik kargare-Tels: `Cems Camosvlamde SeaCereT damnaSave pirTa daxvreta da saxlebis gadawva. miiReT yvela zoma mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis aRsakveTad. gamoiyvaneT jarebi im adgilebidan, sadac maTi yofna mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi mZi-med aRiqmeba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom calkeuli nawilebis ufrosebma mkacrad ixelmZRvanelon aRniSnuli brZanebiT~. da: `mTavari Zalebis adiutants: gibrZanebT, saswrafod war-momidginoT kodoris ubanSi dapatimrebuli, winaswari dakiT-xviT Tqven mier nakleb damnaSaveebad miCneuli afxazi glexebis sia, romelTa gaTavisuflebac SesaZlebeli iqneba misi yovla-dusamRvdeloesoba Wyondidis mitropolitis Suamdgomlobis Tanaxmad~.

Sedegad, polkovnikma Tuxarelma, rogorc gazeTi «Наше Слово» ityobineboda, 8 patimari gaaTavisufla [4, 111; 6, 2].

sakaTolikoso sabWom afxazeTSi vizitis Sesaxeb meufe ambrosis mier 1918 wlis 17 seqtembris TariRiT dawerili mox-seneba 19 seqtembers ganixila [4, 108-113; 5, 614-628].

mitropolit ambrosis am moxsenebiT surda, eklesiis umaRlesi organos yuradReba mieqcia afxazeTSi arsebul po-litikur viTarebasa da sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobaze. Wyondi-delma dasaxa is RonisZiebani (8 punqti), romelTa gatarebas Tvlida saWirod saqarTvelosTan am mxaris politikuri da ek-lesiuri erTobis ganmtkicebisa da xalxis TvalSi saqarTve-los eklesiis avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis.

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wardgenil winadadebebSi meufe ambrosim afxazeTis sa-xalxo sabWos wevrebis mier Camoyalibebuli 3 punqtic Seitana, romelTa gamoc afxazeTSi myofi qarTuli jaris xelmZRvane-lobasTanac iSuamdgomla.

pirvel rigSi (I da II rekomendacia) Wyondideli mitropo-liti sakaTolikoso sabWos urCevda, aRemaRlebina xma afxazTa interesebis dasacavad, aReZra Suamdgomloba saero xelisu-falTa winaSe, rom, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, Serbilebuliyo afxazeTSi myofi qarTuli jaris mier ganxorcielebuli sadam-sjelo RonisZiebebi da aenazRaurebinaT zarali, romelic xalxs samxedro operaciaTa Sedegad miadga [4, 112].

qarTuli jaris moqmedebebTan dakavSirebiT sakaToli-koso sabWos reaqcia CvenTvis cnobili ar aris. moxsenebis gan-xilvis dRes masTan dakavSirebiT dadgenileba gamotanili ar yofila. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, TviTon meufe ambrosis mi-er afxazTa interesebis dasacavad gadadgmul nabijebs Sedegi namdvilad mohyva.

Wyondidelis mesame rCevis Tanaxmad, sakaTolikoso sab-Wos unda ezruna afxazTa materialur daxmarebaze. amas eqne-boda moraluri mniSvneloba afxazeTis eklesiis SemoerTebis saqmisa da politikuri urTierTobis ganmtkicebisaTvis.

II saeklesio krebis (1920 w.) dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos eklesiaSi marTlac dawesda morwmuneTa Soris nebayoflobiTi Sewirulobis Segroveba afxazeTSi qristianobis ganmtkicebis saWiroebisaTvis. kaTolikos-patriarqma leonidma mas `did-mniSvnelovani dadgenileba~ uwoda da Sewirulobis Segrovebis periodi aRdgomidan sulTmofenobamde gansazRvra [7, 1].

sakaTolikoso sabWosadmi Wyondidelis Semdgomi rCe-vis mixedviT, saqmisa da eklesiis keTildReobisaTvis auci-lebeli iyo sakaTolikoso sabWoSi afxazi sasuliero piris miwveva, rom misi meSveobiT saqarTvelos eklesias hqonoda realuri warmodgena afxazTa sulier moTxovnilebebze, sarwmunoebriv miswrafebasa da sxva saWiroebebze. mwyem-smTavari mniSvnelobas aniWebda imasac, rom es pirovneba un-da yofiliyo ganaTlebuli, afxazTa Soris gavleniani da pa-tivcemuli. sakaTolikoso sabWosagan afxazTa mimarT aseTi yuradReba afxaz-qarTvelTa erTobis saqmis saboloo gadaw-yvetas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels.

meufe ambrosi, rogorc Cans, fiqrobda, rom sakaToliko-so sabWoSi afxazTa warmomadgenloba SeiZleboda gaewia deka-noz dimitri marRanias. moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mas amis Sesaxeb dekanoz dimitrisTan saubaric hqonda da fiqrobda,

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rom is daTanxmdeboda, Tu materialurad uzrunvelyofili iq-neboda (raRac mosazrebiT moxsenebis Sav pirSi es adgili gada-xazulia) [4, 112].

sakaTolikoso sabWom dekanoz dimitris mowvevis Sesaxeb dadgenileba marTlac gamoitana. misTvis sacxovreblad bina sakaTolikoso saxlis pirvel sarTulze gamoyves [5, 614, 627].

sapatriarqos arqivSivea daculi dekanoz dimitri marRa-niasaTvis gagzavnili depeSis Savi piri, sadac aRniSnulia, rom sakaTolikoso sabWo winadadebas aZlevs mas 3 TviT Camovides TbilisSi. SeTavazebuli pirobebi aseTi iyo: SeunarCundeboda samrevlo, sadac msaxurobda, daeniSneboda xelfasi 500 maneTi da uzrunvelyofili iqneboda sacxovrebeli biniT. magram de-kanozma dimitrim am SeTavazebaze materialuri saxsrebis uqonlobisa da ojaxuri pirobebis gamo uari ganacxada [8, 8-9].

Semdegi sakiTxi, romelzec meufe ambrosi yuradRebas amaxvilebda, afxazeTSi moRvaweobisaTvis samRvdeloebis kad-rebis aRzrdas Seexeboda. amaze aqamdec unda gvezruna da da-yovneba ar ivargebso _ aRniSavda igi.

Wyondideli mitropolitis kandidaturas warmoadgenda dekanoz dimitri marRanias Svili, romelic im droisaTvis af-xazeTis realuri saswavleblis V klasSi swavlobda da swavlis gagrZelebas Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi apirebda. meufe ambrosi sasurvelad miiCnevda seminariaSi swavlis periodSi misTvis stipendiis daniSvnas. saqarTvelos eklesiis zrunvas afxazTa Svilebis aRzrdaze meufe ambrosi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTvel-afxazTa eklesiuri erTobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi [4, 112].

afxazebs sWirdebodaT garantia, rom maT zne-Cveule-bebs, erovnebas da enas aravin Seexeboda. mitropoliti am-brosi moxsenebaSi aRniSnul sakiTxsac calke punqtad gamo-yofs [4, 112].

Tavis mxriv, soxumSi yofnisas is afxazebs hpirdeboda, rom saqarTvelos eklesias ar eqneboda iseTi mimarTuleba, rogoric hqonda ruseTis eklesias.

saqarTvelos eklesiis misia iqneboda qristianobis ga-namtkiceba afxazeTis im nawilSi, sadac is ukve arsebobda da ara afxazTa erovnuli gadagvareba. saqarTvelos eklesiis damokidebulebaze sxvadasaxva xalxis erovnuli Tavisebu-rebebis SenarCunebis sakiTxisadmi soxumSi yofnisas mitro-politma ambrosim sakmaod vrclad isaubra. giorgi ServaSiZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze man aRniSna: `TviToeul xalxs aqvs Tavisi zne-Cveulebani, midrekilebani, Tavisi eklesiuri

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tradiciebi. aravis ara aqvs ufleba, maT Seexos da Secvalos, mospos viTom imisaTvis, rom eklesiaSi daamkvidros erTianoba mRvdelmsaxurebisa. es ar iqneba gamomxatveli sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisa TanasworTa Soris... nacionaluri gansxvavebani Senaxuli unda iqmnen. TiToeul xalxma unda adidos RmerTi Tavis dedaenaze... Zeni iveriis eklesiisani ... arasdros devnid-nen sxvis rwmenas. istoria ar gvaZlevs enis devnulobis magali-Tebs, piriqiT, aRsaniSnavia am mxriv farTe Tavisufleba ro-gorc saero, egreTve eklesiur-sarwmunoebriv sferoSic.

amnairia qarTveli eris mimarTuleba axlac. amnairivea qarTuli eklesiis miswrafeba. is ar fiqrobs sxvis gadagvare-ba-gaqarTvelebaze, is mudam xels uwyobs, rom yvela erma Seina-xos Tavisi erovnuli saxe, Tavisi vinaoba" [9, 214-215].

iqve mitropolitma ambrosim afxazebs moagona gabriel episkoposis (qiqoZe) survili seminariaSi afxazuri enis kaTed-ris gaxsnisa (1973 weli), rac ganuxorcielebeli darCa, radgan ar moiZebnebodnen afxazuris mcodne, gamocdili maswavleb-lebi, afxazur enaze ar arsebobda saeklesio literatura da yvelaferi es dakavSirebuli iyo finansebTan. kavkasiaSi mar-Tlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgenelma sazogadoebam aRniS-nul mizezTa gamo uari Tqva gabriel episkoposis wamowyebis ganxorcielebaze [9, 214-215, 399]. meufem aseve moigona episko-pos kirionis moRvaweoba, romelic daupirispirda rusifika-torTa politikas afxazeTSi da afxazur enaze wirva-locvis SemoRebisa da bibliis TargmnisaTvis iRvwoda.

episkopos kirionis am mxriv moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT cnobili sazogado moRvawe niko janaSia jer kidev 1909 wels werda: `qarTvelebs Tavis zurgze Zalian kargad gamoucdiaT Tu ra aris erovnuli devna, da es mware gamocdileba Tavmdebia imi-sa, rom TviTon ar ikisrebs imave jalaTis rols, mere jalaTis ara erTi adamianisa, aramed mTeli xalxisas! da ramdenadac saq-mesTan gacnobili var, jer erTs qarTvels ar uTqvams: `afxazno, nu gindaT sakuTari mwerloba, Cveni ikmareTo!~ piriqiT, episko-pos kirions ar daacales, Torem unda seriozulad moekida am saqmisTvis xeli, gaixseneT batoni i. gogebaSvilis werilic. sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara mwignobrobis arseboba im enaze, ro-melzedac 40 aTasi suli laparakobs~ [10, 2; 1, 672].

meufe ambrosi afxaz-qarTvelTa urTierTobas adarebda mSvenier Taiguls, `msgavsad imisa, rogorc sxvadasxva saamo sunis yvavilebi Tumca Sedian TaigulSi, rogorc misi ele-mentebi, magram Tavis specifikur Tvisebas ki ar hkargaven da

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amave dros yvelani erTad Seadgenen erT saucxoo da mSveni-er Taiguls~ [6, 2].

sakaTolikoso sabWosadmi moxsenebaSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom saWiroebas warmoadgenda afxazeTis eparqiaSi RvTismsaxu-rebis erovnuli elferis SenarCuneba, radgan afxazebs eSino-daT erovnuli saxis dakargvisa [4, 112].

mitropoliti ambrosi winadadebaTa meSvide punqtSi yu-radRebas amaxvilebs episkopos sergis moRvaweobazec. is aR-niSnavs: soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi jer kidev loculoben ru-seTis mTavrobisaTvis da amas saqarTvelos mTavrobam yurad-Reba unda miaqcios. aseT movlenas mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni qvey-nis ganapira mxareebSi. afxazebi amas Cveni mTavrobis sisusted CaTvlian. roca dekanoz giorgi golubcovs soxumSi cxovrebis ufleba daubrunes, saWiro iyo moeTxovaT, misdami rwmunebul sakaTedro taZarSi am anomalur movlenas bolo moReboda. Cvenma mTavrobam daabruna, is ki locva-kurTxevas aRavlens ruseTis mTavrobis keTildReobisaTvis?! [4, 112].

eklesiaSi umravlesobis _ qveSevrdomebis _ uflebebi unda iqnes daculi da respublikis teritoriaze myofi episko-posi, ra erovnebisac unda iyos igi, angariSs unda uwevdes sa-qarTvelos eklesias. am anomalur movlenas male moeReba bo-lo da Cvenc mzad unda viyoTo _ aRniSnavda meufe ambrosi.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier eklesiis sasikeTod gadad-gmul erT-erT mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda 1918 wlis bolos mitropolit ambrosis saxelze afxazeTis 56 eklesiis krebulisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis gadacema, romelTagan soxumis sakaTedro taZris krediti meufem Tavisi nebiT SeaCe-ra, radgan is qarTuli krebulisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, epis-kopos sergis gankargulebiT ki taZarSi qarTuli wirva-locva akrZaluli iyo [11, 16-18; 1, 798-799].

1919 wlis martidan episkoposi sergi afxazeTSi aRar im-yofeboda. 1919 wlis gazafxulze stavropolSi Catarebul krebaze, romelsac unda Camoeyalibebina umaRlesi saeklesio mmarTveloba denikinis mier dakavebuli teritoriebis rusu-li eklesiebisaTvis, soxumis rusuli samrevloebi SavizRvispi-reTisa da novorosiiskis eparqiaSi gaaerTianes. mis mmarTvel episkoposad sergi dainiSna. miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi eparqiis organizeba ver moxerxda, mitropo-litma sergim sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna SavizRvispire-Tisa da novorosiiskis mTavarepiskoposis wodeba.

saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis brZo-lis procesSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda respublikis mTavro-

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bis 1920 wlis 17 Tebervlis dadgenilebas, romlis ZaliTac ru-seTis sinodis kavkasiis kantora da rusTa saegzarqosos iuris-diqcia saqarTveloSi oficialurad gauqmda. sakaTolikoso sabWom aRniSnul dadgenilebas ”brZnuli ganCineba” uwoda da imedovnebda, rom mokle droSi gatardeboda kidec cxovrebaSi [12, 135; 13, 14, 18, 21]. Tumca, viTareba bevrad ufro rTuli aR-moCnda da rusi sasuliero pirebis ukanono moqmedeba saqarTve-los teritoriaze 1943 wlamde da Semdegac ki grZeldeboda.

meufe ambrosi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda eparqiis amoqmedebas, rac saeklesio krebis mier ukve ganzraxuli iyo. misi azriT, mRvdelmTavrobis kandidats aucileblad unda scodnoda afxazuri Tu ara megruli mainc, radgan afxazeTSi bevri megreli cxovrobda da afxazebsac esmodaT megruli. ka-Tedris saxelwodebaSic aucileblad unda yofiliyo dafiqsi-rebuli geografiuli saxeli ”afxazeTi”, radgan amas morwmuneni erovnebas ukavSirebdnen da am moTxovnas zogierTi kidec afiqsirebda.

afxazeTSi eparqiis aRdgenis dadgenileba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamotanili iyo 1917 wlis sruliad saqarTvelos I saeklesio krebaze cxum-bediis eparqiis saxelwodebiT [14, 6]. magram afxazeTSi saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcia mxolod 1919 wlis 7 oqtombers Catarebuli cxum-bediis saeparqio kre-bis gadawyvetilebiT gavrcelda. eparqiis mRvdelmTavrad mit-ropoliti ambrosi (xelaia) airCies.

imave Tvis 17 ricxvSi kaTolikos-patriarqi leonidi es-tumra afxazeTs. saqarTvelos mTavrobam am vizitisaTvis ek-lesias 15 aTasi maneTi gamouyo [1, 807-808].

meufe ambrosis moxsenebis imave meSvide punqtSi aRniSnu-lia, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier jarSi gawvevis kanonis gamocxadebis Semdeg rusulma erov-nulma sabWom uari Tqva afxazeTis rusi erovnebis macxovrebel-Ta samsaxurze saqarTvelos jarSi. isini elodebodnen dros, roca saqarTvelo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi dabrundeboda.

afxazTa erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomares, rogorc mit-ropoliti ambrosi miuTiTebs, gazeT «Наше слово»-s №86-Si mo-uTavsebia werili, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom isini, vinc Cvens qve-yanaSi stumrad Tvlidnen Tavs, arc unda yofiliyvnen aRWur-vilni namdvil qveSevrdomTa uflebebiT [4, 112-113].

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis 1919 wlis 27 maisis dadgenilebiT, politikuri uflebebiT marTlac mxolod respublikis moqalaqe iyo aRWurvili [15, 132-134].

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merve winadadeba Seexeba afxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobas, rac meufe ambrosis Zalian unu-geSod miaCnda. qarTvelTa eklesiurad mowyobas Sedegi eqneba, rogorc qarTvelTa erovnulad ganmtkicebisaTvis, ise afxaz-Ta eklesiurad CvenTan erTobisaTviso _ aRniSnavs Wyondide-li mitropoliti. `xolo eklesiur erTobas afxazTa da qar-TvelTa Soris, rogorc TviT afxazTa warmomadgenelnic aR-niSnavdnen, didi mniSvneloba hqonda politikuri gaerTianebi-saTvis" [4, 113].

soxumis qarTveli sazogadoeba, romelic soxumis mkvid-rTa TiTqmis 2/3-s warmoadgenda, dedaenaze wirva-locvas mok-lebuli iyo. sakaTedro taZarSi, romelic sanaxevrod mainc qarTveli sazogadoebis sakuTreba iyo, RvTismsaxureba mxo-lod slavurad aRevlineboda. sasaflaos wm. giorgis eklesia, romelic qarTvelebis aSenebuli iyo, qarTvelebs aRar ekuT-vnodaT da arc iq iyo wirva-locva qarTul enaze. webeldaSi gancalkevebiT mcxovrebi megrelTa 70 ojaxi mRvdlis uyolo-bis gamo gadagvarebis gzaze yofila damdgari. mitropolit am-brosis iq mRvdel-monazoni Teofile miuvlinebia [4, 113].

dasasrul meufe ambrosi aRniSnavda, rom niadagi saqar-Tvelos sakaTolikoso sabWos moqmedebisaTvis afxazeTSi 1918 wlis seqtembrisaTvis sakmaod momzadebulad unda CaTvlili-yo da gamoTqvamda imeds, rom sakaTolikoso sabWo inebebda sa-Tanado zomebis miRebas Cveni eklesiisa da eris sakeTildRe-od.

mitropolit ambrosis afxazeTSi vizitis Sedegi Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. is Sexvda afxaz saero Tu sasuliero pirebs, romlebsac im dros didi gavlenis moxdena SeeZloT afxazi xalxis politikuri da eklesiuri mimarTulebis Camoyalibeba-ze. gaacno maT saqarTvelos eklesiis azri afxaz-qarTvelTa momaval saeklesio urTierTobebze, riTac xeli Seuwyo maTi azris saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sasargeblod mi-marTvas. sakaTolikoso sabWosadmi micemuli rekomendaciebiT ki saqarTvelos eklesiis umaRlesi organo afxazTa saWiroe-bebSi Caaxeda.

yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo 1919 wlis seqtemberSi afxaze-Tis teritoriaze saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis srul aRdgenas cxum-bediis eparqiis saxiT.

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba (I s.-1921 w.), Tbilisi,

2005. 2. jemal gamaxaria, afxazTa saeklesio yriloba (1917 weli

24-27 maisi) gazeTi "sapatriarqos uwyebani", 12-19 maisi, 2011.

3. j. gamaxaria, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istorii-dan, Tbilisi, 1991.

4. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 6465. 5. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 6675. 6. gazeTi "saqarTvelo", 2 oqtomberi, 1918. 7. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 1337. 8. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 689. 9. wminda aRmsarebeli ambrosi da afxazeTi, krebuli Sead-

gina, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo jemal gamaxari-am, Tbilisi, 2006.

10. gazeTi "droeba", 18 dekemberi, 1909. 11. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 463. 12. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 6478, II

saeklesio kreba. 13. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqi-

vi, fondi 1938, aRw. 1, saqme 237. 14. debuleba saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeobisaTvis,

tfilisi, 1917. 15. kanonTa da mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebuli, iusti-

ciis saministros sakodifikacio ganyofilebis gamocema, 1919 w. pirveli nawili, tfilisi, 1919.

252

Irina Arabidze

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

The Problem of Restoring Jurisdiction of the Church of Georgia in

Abkhazia Eparchy (According to the report of the Metropolitan Ambrosi (Khelaia) dated to September, 17, 1918)

Summary

After announcing the autocephaly of Georgia, for restoring political

and church unity of Georgia, the church orientation issue of Abkhazia population was of great importance.

The provisional government of Russia recognized the autocephaly of the Church of Georgia only as a national church. This able separatists living on the territory of Abkhazia make a decision weather join the Church of Georgia (the legal way of solving issue) or to stay in the jurisdiction of the Church of Russia.

Within the frames of the law the Church of Georgia was trying to insure Abkhazians that “turning from the natural way of development” and separation from the Church of Georgia should have been undesirable for them.

In September, 1918 Metropolitan of Chkondidi Ambrosi (Khelaia) was invited for serving funeral service in memorial of Giorgi Shervashidze.

Metropolitan Ambrosi had significant meetings with political leaders of those days Abkhazia. According to the Metropolitan’s report towards the Council of Catholicos the way for the actions of the mentioned Council in Abkhazia was quite well paved.

In his report Metropolitan Ambrosi gave a wide action program that should have promoted restoration of the Church of Georgia jurisdiction in Abkhazia.

All the points of the program were not able to be carried out but the measures planed by the Metropolitan of Chkhondidi in restoring the unity of the Church of Georgia played a significant role.

253

nino RambaSiZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-toriisa da eTnologiis institutis saqarTvelos eTnologiis ganyofi-lebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

qarTul-azerbaijanuli religiuri urTierTobebi

qvemo qarTlSi dmanisis raionis magaliTze

qvemo qarTli, Tavisi rTuli istoriis Sedegad cvale-

badi demografiuli da eTnikuri suraTis gamo, mudam iyo mkvlevarTa interesis sferoSi. TavisTavad eTnikur siWre-les religiuri mravalferovnebac sdevda Tan. swored am mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare urTierTobebi warmoad-gens Cveni interesis sferos. vinidan sakiTxi vrceli da mra-valwaxnagovania, SemovifargleT 2007 wels, dmanisis raionSi Cveni ganyofilebis dazverviTi eqspediciis dros Segrove-buli masalebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad exeba qvemo qarTlis dmanisis raionSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelebs da qarTul-azerbaijanul religiur urTierTobebs. Cven naSromSi mov-niSneT religiuri urTierTobis Semdegi sferoebi: saloca-vebi, sicocxlis ciklTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi, reli-giuri rwmena-warmodgenebi.

1. salocavebi dmanisSi svanebis mier aSenebul wm. giorgis eklesiaSi

qarTvelebis TqmiT azerbaijanlebic dadian. “iq yvela eri modis. ezoSi xandaxan TaTrebic modian. isini amboben, rom RmerTi alahi xo yvelasaTvis erTiao. duxoborebi eklesiaSi ar dadiodnen”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sof. patara dmaniselebis TqmiT, ro-desac maT dmanisis sionisTvis Sesawirad wiTeli mamali Wir-debaT, es mamali SesaZloa azerbaijanlebisagan SeiZinon. amave dros, iqve aRniSnaven, rom azerbaijanlebi qarTvele-bis salocavebSi ar midian. midian dmanisobaze, rodesac maT qarTvelebi patiJeben. is qarTvelebi, romlebic azerbaijan-lebTan axlobloben, maT dResaswaulebze dadian. magaliTad novruzobaze[1].

2. sicocxlis ciklTan dakavsirebuli wes-Cveulebe-bi (qorwili, winadacveTa, gardacvaleba)

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qorwili mTxobelTa gadmocemiT qorwineba qarTvelebsa da

azerbaijanlebs Soris iSviaTia. aq azerbaijanlebi ZiriTa-dad mahmadianur wess icaven, kerZod, maT SeuZliaT qristia-ni da iudeveli SeirTon, magram muslimi qali mxolod mahma-dians unda gahyves colad. religia, anu aRmsarebloba, afer-xebs Sereul qorwinebebs[2, 212, 352; 1]. arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, qarTvelebi da azerbaijanlebi erTmaneTis saqor-wilo religiur ritualebSi monawileobas ar iReben. mxo-lod, rig SemTxvevebSi azerbaijanelebs saqorwilo sufris mosamzadeblad qarTveli qalebi mihyavT, rom xaWapuri gamo-acxon, fxaleuli daamzadon. qarTveli mTxroblis TqmiT, maT kulturuli saWmeli, magaliTad rogoricaa saTali, xi-zilala, ar ician qorwilSi. ician jamiT xorciani wvnianis Camorigeba. dapatiJebul qarTvelebs arays, Rvinos udgamen, Tavad ki Cais svamen. axla, zogjer axalgazrdebi arays sva-men.

`naTloba~ anu winadacveTa mTxrobelTa TqmiT, qarTvelebic naTlaven azerbai-

janelebs da azerbaijanelebic qarTvelebs. sof. patara dma-niselebis TqmiT, maT sofelSi ramdenime azerbaijanelma `monaTla~ qarTveli. samwuxarod mTxrobelma ar icoda es azerbaijanelebi monaTlulebi iyvnen Tu ara marTlmadideb-lurad. naTlobas aucilebel wesad miiCneven da did codvad Tvlian, Tu ar monaTlaven, anu winadacveTis wess Tu ar Seas-ruleben. naTlia qarTveli, somexi da berZenic SeiZleboda. svani mTxroblis TqmiT, svanebis wreSi, arc isini unaTlaven bavSvs azerbaijanelebs da arc Tavad anaTvlineben, somxebs ki.

Tumca, gardabneli svani mTxroblis TqmiT, erTi svani biWi azerbaijanelebma naTliad waiyvanes, moZRvarmac misca kurTxeva [3, 224-225].

gardacvaleba mTxroblis TqmiT, micvalebuls azerbaijanSi imave

dRes krZalaven, rac ar xdeba dmanisSi. mTxroblisave TqmiT, Zvelad dakrZalva imave an meore dRes icodnen, dRes am wess aravin aRar asrulebs. ufro mesame dRes krZalaven. dRes bevrs hyavs naTesavebi ruseTSi da vinmes gardacvalebis Sem-TxvevaSi, maT elodebian. Zvelad Tu micvalebulze mezob-lebSi dakluli saqonlis xorcs anawilebdnen mxolod, dRes micvalebulze sufra ician, faqtobrivad qelexi, mxolod am

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sufraze arc namcxvaria da arc raime sxva siTxe Cais garda. mineraluric ki. sasmeli ikrZaleba. Tumca, mopovebuli masa-lis mixedviT qarTvelebi qelexis sufrasTan Tu saflavze micvalebuls RviniT eubnebian Sendobas. ai ras ambobs qar-Tveli mTxrobeli, romelic erT-erTi axlobeli azerbaija-nelis dakrZalvas ixsenebs: “imaT qelexSi sma ar SeiZleba. Ca-is svamdnen, Cven RviniT Sendobas veubnebodiT. imaT molas veubnebodiT, Cveni wesiao. jer Cumad vsvamdiT “stolis” qveS gvqonda (Rvino — n.R.). mere, es ro vuTxariT, gaCumda da gviTxra: dalieT, ra vqnao. sasaflaozec veubnebodiT Sen-dobas: `RmerTma gaganaTloso~. gardacvlilis qarTveli ax-loblebi gasvenebis wesSic Caerivnen. kerZod, sudaris nac-vlad iTxoves misi sasaxliT gasveneba. “isini xo axveven mic-valebuls da ise marxaven. Cvenma xalxma uTxra, kuboSi dak-rZaleTo da TviTon gaumarTa sasaxle da ise sasaxliT waas-venes. molebi xmas ar iReben sasaxleze”[1].

is azerbaijanelebi, romlebic TavianTi fuZe soflidn sxvagan arian gadasaxlebulebi, cdiloben micvalebuli iq dakrZalon, sadac Tavdapirvelad cxovrobdnen. qarTveli mezobeli qalebi samZimarze ojaxSi midian, xolo kacebi fu-Ze sofelSi mihyvebian micvalebuls.

dakrZalvis dRes saflavze, SeRamebisas, gardacvli-lis axlobeli mamakacebi midian saflavze da 2-3 saaTi ko-cons an lamfas anTeben. dmaniseli svani mTxroblis TqmiT qarTvelebi saflavze axaldaRamebulze kocons an lampars svimnobis (2/15 Tebevali) dResaswaulze svaneTSi anTebdnen. saflavze gasulebi WiqiT, tkbiliT moixseniebdnen micvale-buls.

3. religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi yofaSi. Roris xorci axalgazrdebi an ormociode wlis azerbaijanlebi Ro-

ris xorcs Wamen. axal wels zogjer qarTvel mezobelTan mi-dian, rodesac is Rors klavs da eubnebian, stuamri ar ginda-To. ufrosi Taoba axalgazrdebs ukrZalavs Rorebis Senaxva-moSenebas, magram rig SemTxvevebSi isini qarTvelebisgan yi-dulobdnen goWebs. TavianTTvisac inaxavdnen da yiddnen ki-devac, magram vinaidan bolo dros sakvebi gaZvirda, mTxrob-lis TqmiT, TaTrebma Tqves didi xarjia da Rorebs veRar vi-naxavTo.

Tu azerbaijanul ojaxSi sufTa kacia, ra Tqma unda, saxlSi Roris xorci arc SeaqvT, aramc Tu ekarebian gareT Roris xorcze akrZalva SesaZloa arcki hqondeT. saintere-

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so isaa, rom Tu axalgazrda azerbaijaneli Roris xorcs ar Wams, es SeiZleba ubralo mizezis gamoc moxdes. anu, mas ga-sinjvis Semdeg Roris xorci ar moewona. Tumca, es ubralo mizezi SesaZloa fsiqologiuri ganwyobis Sedegic iyos, ro-desac tabu aracnobierad Tavis rols asrulebs.

sanTeli azerbaijanlebi sanTels rogorc wesi ar anTeben, mag-

ram, Tu isini mkiTxavTan, molasTan midian da is maT urCevs raime ubedurebis Tavidan asacileblad sanTeli daanTon. aseT SemTxvevebSi azerbaijanelebi midian eklesiaSi da an-Teben sanTels. Cveni mTxroblis TqmiT, igi amgvar SemTxve-vebSi Tavze ifarebs, Sedis eklesiaSi da sanTels anTebs. misi TqmiT, mas somxur eklesiaSic daunTia sanTeli.

xatebi marTalia azerbaijanelebi ar xmaroben xatebs, magram

rogoc suraTi SeiZleba moswondeT. maT ician, rom qristia-nebisTvis isini sasurvelia da TavianT axlobel qarTvelebs SesaZloa aCuqon kidevac.

dResaswaulebi albaT calke gamoyofisa da saubris Rirsia hdrnebi,

romelsac, rogorc dmanisis mkvidrma 40 wlis fira ibragi-movma (mTxrobeli qalia. misi gvari qarTuli formiT ixmare-ba) gviTxra, azerbaijanSi ar ician da mas mxolod qarTveli azerbaijanelebi aRniSnaven. hdrnebi saqarTveloSi, kerZod qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis adgilobrivi dResaswaulia, romelzec CaRrmavebuli saubari velze spe-cialur muSaobas moiTxovs. es dRe 13 Tebervals aRiniSneba. mTxroblis TqmiT, baqoSi merses da yurbans aRniSnaven mxo-lod. hdrnebis dros, 13 Tebervals klaven qaTmis mamals. klavs mola an mocemuli sazogadoebis mkvidri sufTa kaci, anu iseTi morwmune, romelic ar svams, ar Cxubobs, romlis ojaxSi ar moxarSula Roris xorci, yvela dana sufTaa, anu ar mikarebia Rors. amgvar mamakacs eZleva ufleba Seasru-los garkveuli ritualebi. faqtobrivad igi uxucesia. mlocvelebs masTan miyavT Sesawiri da akvlevineben, ra Tqma unda ara marto xsenebul dRes. ritualis Sesrulebis win sufTa kaci winaswar ibans, raTa sufTam Seasrulos ritua-li. rogorc mTxrobelma axsna, hdrnebis mamali msxverplia RmerTisTvis.

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sainteresoa, rom sabairamo sufra, romelic uxvi unda iyos, ufro mravalferovani gaxda qarTuli samzareulos xarjze. mTxrobeli asaxelebs qaTmis da Tevzis sacivs, fxals, xaWapurs, kubdars, romelic, mTxroblis TqmiTve, qarTvelebisgan iswavles. bairamobisTvis kvercxebsac Reba-ven. Rebaven sxvadasxva ferebiT. erT-erTi mTxroblis TqmiT, man sabairamo sufraze Rvino, arayi, koniaki, minera-luri da nair-nairi liqiori dado. novruz bairamze ezoSi anTebdnen cecxls da rogorc erTma mTxrobelma Tqva, bur-TiviT vakeTebT da imas vukidebT cecxlso. amave mTxroblis TqmiT, mas garSemo sul qarTveli mezoblebi hyavs da qar-Tul religiur, saeklesio dResaswaulebze sul epatiJebian. yurbanis msxverplis dakvlisas eZaxian molas. maTi TqmiT, RmerTisTvis Sewiruli es msxverpli Svid-Svid saxls unda daurigon. qarTvelebsac urigeben, mxolod Txoven, rom sas-meli (mTxroblis TqmiT arayi) ar dalion.

rac Seexeba saero, komunistur dResaswaulebs, qar-Tvelebi da azerbaijanelebi maT erTad dResaswaulobdnen. ra Tqma unda, mTeli mosaxleoba zeimobda, vinc ar unda yo-filiyo, radgan isini saxelmwifo dResaswaulebi iyo. maTi aRniSvna imdenadac iyo savaldebulo, ramdenadac isini re-ligiis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifo politikis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgendnen. religiuri dResaswaulebi, religiuri su-liskveTeba sabWouriT unda Canacvlebuliyo.

daskvna am regionSi Catrebuli kvlevebis Sedegad eTnologiur

literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom: 1. vinaidan, sabWoTa periodSi religiuri praqtika an

ariyo, anda arsebobda saojaxo praqtikis saxiT anu religiam ganicada domestikacia[4], qvemo qarTlSi religiur niadagze seriozuli dapirispireba ar yofila.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg qvemo qarTlSi mcxov-reb eTnikur jgufebSi erTnairad daiwyo religiuri aRmav-loba, religiisken Semobruneba (Zveli eklesiebis moqmedad gadaqceva, axali eklesiebisa da meCeTebis mSenebloba) [3, 216]. ufro metic, qvemo qarTlSic ieRovelTa qadagebisa da gaaqtiurebis Sedegad, Cveni masalebis mixedviT, muslimi mo-saxleobis erTi nawili ieRoveli gaxda. saintereso isaa, rom mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT maT Soris vahabitebi ar arian, azerbaijaneli ieRovelebi ki. mTxrobelTa TqmiT ieRoveli azerbaijanelebi ufro marneulis raionSi arian[1].

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seqtantebis, kerZod duxoborebis didma nawilma, ber-Znebma, somxebma datoves regioni. kavkasiis xalxTa saerTa-Soriso samecniero kvleviTi institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad irkveva, rom ~umetesad religiuri aRmsa-reblobis jgufebi izolirebulebi arian erTmaneTisgan, rogorc fizikurad (monoeTnikur-monokonfesiuri tipis dasaxleba), ise religiuri komunikaciis TvalsazrisiT, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom maT saerTod ar aqvT Sexeba da Cake-tilni arian~[3, 216]. Cveni masalebis mixedviT suraTi sxvag-varia, rac vfiqrobT raionul centrSi cxovrebis da masTan erTgvari siaxlovis gamo unda iyos ganpirobebuli, sadac kontaqtebi ufro mravalferovani da mWidroa. TavisTavad, Sereuli dasaxlebebic interkulturul urTierTobebs uw-yoben xels. aseve, regionis erT-erT umTavres qristianul salocavTan — dmanisis sionTan dakavSirebul im masalaSi, romelic Cven xelT iyo, gamoCnda, rom aq azerbaijanelebic dadian, maSin, rodesac, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, `svanur saloca-vebSi~ ase ar xdeba. SesaZloa, amis mizezi iyos is, rom dmani-sis sioni adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis, miuxedavad aRmsa-reblobisa, mSobliuri, maTi samSoblos salocavia. amasTana-ve, igi regionSi erT-erT mTavar da Zlier salocavadaa miC-neuli.

qorwili qarTvelebisa da azerbaijanlebis saqorwilo religi-

ur ritualebSi urTierTmonawileoba ar Cans. uTierToba mxolod saero doneze ikveTeba. azerbaijanlebi qals qris-tianze ar aTxoveben, vinaidan maTi tradiciiT bavSvi auci-leblad muslimi unda iyo. maT qarTveli coli SeiZleba mo-iyvanon. qarTvelebi, kerZod svanebic mtkivneulad aRiqvamen qarTveli qalis azerbaijanelze gaTxovebas da SesaZloa am-gvari nabijis gadamdgmeli moikveTon kidevac.

`naTloba~ anu winadacveTa rogorc cnobilia, winadacveTa muslimTa aucilebel

wess warmodgens da mas xitani hqvia. am wesis mniSvneloba muslimur samyaroSi imiTac Zlierdeba, rom erT-erTi gad-mocemiT mociquli ibrahimi, arabTa da iudevelTa saerTo winapari, winadacveTili daiabda[5, 218, 81]. muslimebis rwme-niT xitani `mcire qorwilia~, rac winadacveTis ritualis aRniSvnaSi, sufris siuxveSi Cans. mas nebismieri dalaqi asru-lebda da azerbaijanelebi asec eZaxian winadamcveTs[6, 175].

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saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi xitans dasunaTe-bas uwodeben, rac sunadan (anu alahis, Zveli xalxebis qce-visadmi mibaZvas, tradicias niSnavs) [5] unda momdinareob-des. dasunaTebas eswreba qirva, romelic lavrenti janiaS-vilis TqmiT qristianuli naTliis analogia[2, 134]. qarTul-azerbaijanuli religiuri urTierTobebi vfiqrobT, am kuT-xiT Zalian sainteresoa.

rogorc wesi, Cveni mTxroblebis umravlesoba qirvas naTlias uwodebs, maT Soris azerbaijanelebic. rogorc cnobilia, naTloba wmindawylis qristianuli terminia, ro-melic erT-erT qristianul saidumlos da misTvis damaxasi-aTebel qristianul rituals aRniSnavs, iseve, rogorc xita-ni/suna muslimurs. ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo imis mizezi, rom qristianuli termini muslimuri ritualis mniSvnelo-vani moqmedi piris aRmniSvneli saxeli gamxdariyo? vfiq-robT, amis mizezi orive religiaSi orive ritualis mniSvne-lobis, daniSnulebis igiveoba unda yofiliyo. anu, qristia-ni ver gaxdeba qristiani, ver gaxdeba eklesiis wevri, ver mii-Rebs monawileobas saidumloebebSi Tu is ar moinaTla, Tu ar `Seimosia qriste~. aseve, mxolod winadacveTis Semdeg Se-uZlia pirovnebas gaxdes muslimi. amdenad, vfiqrobT, rom am orive ritualis identurma daniSnulebam orive religiaSi, gamoiwvia termin naTliis xmareba; ra Tqma unda, ZiriTadad qarTvelebisTvis, rac vfiqrobT interkulturuli urTier-Tobis Sedegia da faqtobrivad tolerantobas uwyobs xels. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom rig SemTxvevebSi qarTvelebs moZ-Rvrebic aZleven kurTxevas winadacveTaSi miiRon monawile-oba.

gardacvaleba rogrc cnobilia, azerbijanSi wesad aqvT sasaflaodan

saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg qelexis gamarTva. naTesavebisa da Tanasoflelebis Semowirulobebisgan me-3, me-7, me-40 dRes imarTeboda qelexi. glova 40 dRe grZeldeboda, wlisTavze imarTeboda samgloviaro sufra[7, 77]. saqarTveloSi mcxov-rebi azerbaijanelebi dakrZalvidan 3, 7, 40, 52 dRis Semdeg, yovel oTxSabaTs ikribebodnen da yurans kiTxulobdnen. ik-ribebodnen naTesavebi[2, 138].

sakvlev regionSi, cvlilebebi gardacvalebasTan da-kavSirebul wesebSic SeiniSneba. dRes SeiZleba micvalebuli imave dRes aRar dakrZalon. amis mizezad yofiT movlenas asaxeleben. vinaidan dRes bevri saqarTvelos farglebs ga-

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reTaa gasuli, Wirisufali naTesavebs elodeba da gvian krZalavs Tavis micvalebuls. Cveni masalebis mixedviT, qar-Tvelebis moTxovniT, micvalebulis pativiscemis mizniT, cxedari sasaxliT daukrZalavT, qelexSi qarTvelebs RviniT uTqvamT Sendoba. rogorc wesi dResac kacebi midian sasaf-laoze, magram mTxroblis TqmiT, Tu qalma iZala, SeiZleba waiyvanon. dmaniseli azerbaijaneli mTxroblis TqmiT, maT adre qelexi ar icodnen. ikvleboda saklavi, romelsac me-zoblebSi anawilebdnen. faqtobrivad oficialuri islami krZalavs qelexs da saklavis dakvlas, rogorc saxlSi aseve sasaflaoze, samgloviaro Tavyrilobebs gardacvalebis dRes, gardacvalebidan 3, 7, 52, 40 dRes, Tu wlisTavze. SesaZ-loa amgvari wesebi sxvadasxva qveynis muslimTa religiur praqtikaSi arsebobdes, magram isini oficialuri islamis TvalTaxedviT eretikulia. maT safuZveli ar aqvT arc yu-ranSi, arc sunaSi, arc winaswarmetyvelebTan da arc adreul mahmadianobaSi. oficialuri islami aseve krZalavs cecxlis danTebas saflavze, rac saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbai-janlebis tradiciaa. igi zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTad miiC-neva[2, 138]. `wyevla maT, vinc sanaTs anTebs saflavze~ - Tqva muhamedma. oficialuri islamis mixedviT qalebis sasaflao-ze wasvla ar ikrZaleba, mxolod ar aris rekomendirebuli SesaZlo xalxmravlobaSi moxvedris gamo[8]. Cveni masalebis mixedviT, mahmadianur dakrZalvaze saflavze arc qarTveli qalebi midian.

religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi yofaSi sakvlev regionSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanlebis erTi na-

wili aramc Tu Wams Roris xorcs, aramed aSenebda da kidevac yidda mas. qarTveli mTxroblebis TqmiT, Rorebis sakvebis gaZvirebam da am saqmianobis aramomgebianobam aaRebina maT xeli meRoreobaze.

sasmelis sma ZiriTadad axalgazrdobam daiwyo. svamen arays da ara Rvinos. bairamis sufrazec Semodis sasmeli. micvalebulis sufraze azerbaijanelebi tolerantulebi arian da qarTvelebs nebas rTaven micvalebuli RviniT moix-senion.

amdenad, iq, sadac azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebis uSua-lo garemocvaSi cxovroben, qarTvelebis mniSvnelovan kul-turul gavlenebs ganicdian. amgvari urTierTobebi xels uwyobs integraciis process[3, 229]. vfiqrobT, kulturuli

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gavlenis kargi magaliTia qarTul garemoSi mcxovreb azer-baijanelTa miTologiuri warmodgenebi RvTismSobelsa da ieso qristes Sobaze. rogorc sayovelTaodaa cnobili, iu-daizmi, qristianoba da islami abraamiseuli religiebis sa-xeliTaa cnobili, vinaidan maT erTi saerTo wyaro aqvT. ase-ve sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom qristes isini winaswarmet-yvelad miiCneven da Tvlian, rom igi meored mova. qarTveli azerbaijanlebis miTosSi yovelive Taviseburadaa warmod-genili, rac arc yuraniseul da arc bibliur gagebas eTana-deba. sainteresoa RvTismSoblis da ieso qristes ubiwo Ca-saxvis miTologiuri istoria, romlis mixedviT ucnobi, RvTaebrivi moxuci wm. mariams vaSls da yvavils aZlevvs, ris Semdegac isaxeba qriste. Casaxuli ieso dedas muclidan esa-ubreba sakuTari misiis Sesaxeb, rom igi kacobriobas mxsne-lad moevlina. fexmZime mariams xalxma cili daswama da eWvi Seitana mis patiosnebaSi. maSin wminda qalwulma daifica da Tqva: `vficav uzenaesi RmerTis saxels (da daido xeli Sub-lze), muclad myof Cems vaJs (daido xeli mucelze), Cems mar-jvniv myof da marcxniv myof angelozebs, rom me qalwuli var~. am sityvebiT yovladwminda mariamma faqtobrivad pir-jvari gadaisaxa. weren ra am miTologiuri gadmocemis Sesa-xeb[9, 233 -241], lavrenti janiaSvili da irine jukaSvili Tvlian, rom Znelia imis garkveva Tu vinaa ucnobi moxuci, romelime angelozi Tu Tavad RmerTi, xolo vaSli, rogorc nayofierebis simbolo, kargadaa cnobili kavkasielTa miTo-poetur samyaroSi[2, 140, 141] da uxvadaa qarTul folklor-Si[9, 240]. irine jukaSvilis TqmiT, folkloruli gadmocemis ori angelozi islamuri esqatologiis aqtiuri personaJia. xalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT adamianis beds dabadebidan sikvdilamde, keTili da boroti Zalebis gamomxatvel, am or angelozs Soris arsebuli dapirispireba da brZola gansaz-Rvravs. gardacvalebis Semdgom, rodesac gardacvlilis su-li alahis winaSe wardgeba, am angelozebis tvirTi aiwoneba, ris Semdegac ganisazRvreba, Tu ra adgili unda daimkvidros sulma[9, 240].

erTis mxriv, mocemuli gadmocemis ganxilva damatebi-Ti informaciis arqonis pirobebSi ver iqneba sruli da ga-moTqmuli mosazrebebi sayuradRebo, magram mocemuli gad-mocema qristianul Teologiaze damyarebuli, xalxSi Sesu-li qristianobis magaliTia da ai ratom: moxucebuloba uze-naesi RmerTis, mama RmerTis, gardasul dReTas simboluri saxea. igi ucnobi imdenad aris, ramdenadac transcedentu-

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lia. ufali miTologiur gadmocemebSi Zalian xSirad gvev-lineba ucnobis saxiT. amdenad, safiqrebelia, rom mocemuli gadmocemis ucnobi moxuci mamaRmerTi unda iyos. ori simbo-lo: vaSli da yvavili, romelsac moxuci mariams aZlevs, qristes ori bunebis: adamianuris, xorcielis da sulieris simbolo unda iyos. vaSli, simbolo codvisa, romelic adami-anSi Sevida, ris Semdegac adamiani mokvdavi gaxda (sikvdili, rogorc adamianurobis niSani), dakarga ukvdaveba da suliw-mindis kargad cnobili simbolo — surnelovani yvavili. Cven kargad viciT, rom xarebis dros suliwminda Sevida RvTis-mSobelSi. amdenad, Cveni azriT mocemuli gadmocema simbo-luri gziT xarebisa da uflis Casaxvis saxarebiseul ambavs gviyveba, romelSic ucnobi moxuci mamaRmerTi unda iyos, vaSli adamianuri, mokvdavi bunebis simbolo, roemlic ieso qristes dedisgan dahyva, yvavili ki suliwmindis simbolo, romelic RvTaebrivi bunebis mimniWebeli iyo.

rc Seexeba keTil da borot angelozebs, romlebic mTe-li cxovreba marjvena da marcxena mxares Tansdeven adamians da erTi mis cdunebas, xolo meore cxonebas cdilobs, rac sabolood sulis saukuno gansasvenebels gansazRvravs, morwmune qristianebisTvisac kargad nacnobi rwmena — war-modgenaa. amgvari rwmena ar unda iyos nasesxoba, aramed re-ligiuri SexedulebebiT ganpirobebuli, romlis mixedviTac adaminis sulisTvis boroti da keTili angelozebi ibrZvian, rac araa ucxo arc qristianobisTvis da arc mahmadianobis-Tvis.

`naTlis angelozebi yvela Rones xmaroben, raTa Cven miwieri mogzaurobis dros SevZloT maradiuli netareba ga-vimzadoT da davimsaxuroT. bneleTis angelozebi yvela Ro-nes xmaroben, rom jojoxeTis jurRmulSi Tan wagviyolon. dedamiwaze daundobeli da gaSmagebuli brZola mimdinare-obs: erTi mxriv, ibrZvian naTlis angelozebi da keTilmor-wmune marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, meore mxriv, bneleTis angelozebi da maT damorCilebuli adamianebi. brZolis mi-zezi imqveyniur cxovrebaSi adamianis maradiuli xvedria, dedamiwaze WeSmariti qristianoba, rac erTaderTi gzaa qristianisTvis maradiuli netareba moipovos imqveynad. um-Tavresi aucilebloba, xsnis aucilebloba, yovel qristians aiZulebs droulad, mTeli sizustiT da siRrmiT gaecnos, rogorc naTlis angelozebs, aseve wyvdiadis angelozebs, raTa mouxmos naTlis angelozebis wminda siyvaruls da dax-marebas da ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, Tavi aaridos meoreTa

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damRupvel zemoqmedebas~ - wers wminda egnate brianCanino-vi[10, 417]. keTili angelozebi gvicaven da gvexmarebian10, 445]. ieso qriste gvaswavlis, rom ara marto morwmuneebs, aramed yovel adamians Tavisi mfarveli angelozi hyavs, ore-uli zecaSi (maT. 18. 10)[10, 542; 11, 195 — 196].

rogorc cnobilia, islamSic angelozebs, rogorc qristianobaSi mkveTrad gansazRvruli movaleoba akisriaT. isini, rogorc qristianobaSi, uflis nebis aRmsruleblebi arian. Tumca oficialur islamSi maTi ierarqia ar arsebobs imgvarad, rogorc qristianobaSi[12, 194 — 275], magram TiTo-eul maTgans Tavisi movaleoba aqvs. angelozebi islamuri warmodgenebiTac zecaSi uflis, am SemTxvevaSi, alahis tax-tis garSemo arian da mas xotbas asxamen. isini icaven adamia-nebs, mociqulebs da morwmuneebs gadascemen alahis sit-yvebs, Tvalyurs adevneben morwmuneebs da yvelaferi ician maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, maTgan upiratesi jibrae-lia (gabrieli), radgan swored man gadasca muhameds yurani, is karnaxobda mociquls alahhis sityvebs. alahma Tavdapir-velad angelozebi Seqmna, Semdeg adamiani. angelozebi cec-xlisgan arian Seqmnilebi.

islami gamoyofs mfarvel angelozebs (muaqibaT) da e.w. keTilSobil mwerlebs (qirman qaTibin). es ukanasknelni ada-mians marjvena da marcxena mxridan, mTeli cxovreba, garda-mavali asakidan, Tan sdeven da mis keTil da borot saqmeebs iweren, romlebsac gankiTxvis dRes, pirovnebis gardacva-lebis Semdeg, RmerTs warudgenen. anu agroveben codnas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlenas axdens admianis qmedebebi, saqcieli mis sulze, anu ramdenad janmrTeli suli uyalibdeba moce-mul pirovnebas. swored maT Canawerebs iTvaliswinebs Rmer-Ti, Tu sad daumkvidros suls adgili, samoTxeSi Tu jojo-xeTSi. qristianuli Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac marjvena mxris angelozi naTlis anu keTili angelozia da marcxena mxris wyvdiadis anu boroti angelozia, islamSi RvTaebrivi mwerlebi — qirman qaTibinebi — orive naTlis anu keTili angelozia[13]. xalxis rwmeniT erTi angelozi dRis ganmavlobaSi iwers adamianis keTil da borot saqmeebs, meore ki Ramis.

mfarveli angelozebi (muaqibaT) islamSi qristianobi-sagan gansxvavebiT, ramdenimea. maTgan erTi nawili adamians mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi win miuZRvis, meore ki ukan mihyveba[14].

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boroti angelozebis Sesaxeb islamuri swavlebis mi-xedviT pirveli jini iyo iblisi, igive satana. vinaidan igi Tavisufali nebiT Seiqmna, man daumorCilebloba airCia, ga-nudga RmerTs da gaxda urwmuno, rogorc mas yurani uwo-debs. gandgomis mizezi iyo is, rom alahma angelozebs adamis Tayvaniscema ubrZana. iblisi am brZanebas ar daemorCila. es daumorCilebloba axsna imiT, rom adamiani miwisgan iyo Seq-mnili, Tavad ki cecxlisgan[15, 347]. igi RmerTma gankiTxvis dRemde dawyevla da zecidan dedamiwaze gamodevna. sityva iblisi berZnuli warmomavlobisaa da diaboloss anu satnas ukavSirdeba[15]. gandevnilma iblisma gadawyvita Suri eZia da yoveli adamiani nebismieri xerxiT ecdunebina, araswor gzaze daeyenebina da jojoxeTSi moexvedrebina. mas surs, rac SeiZleba meti suli acdunos, rom jojoxeTSi marto ar iwvodes. iblisma dasabami misca jinebs, romelTagan nawili morwmunea da nawili SaiTania anu boroti sulebi arian. mu-hamedis TqmiT, boroti suli yvela adamians eZleva dabade-bidan sikvdilamde. igi mas aCrdilis msgavsad dahyveba. isla-mi amgvar suls qarens uwodebs. yuranis mixedviT qareni wi-answarmetyvelebsac hyavdaT[16; 5, 208].

marTalia irine jukaSvili, rodesac ambobs, rom zemoT moyvanili folkloruli gadmocemis ori angelozi islamu-ri esqatologiis angelozebi arian. moxmobili miTologiu-ri gadmocemis orive angelozi naTlis angelozi unda iyos. amdenad, orive xsenebuli angelozi keTili angelozi unda iyos, rac maT islamur swavlebasTan akavSirebs. qristiano-baSi, garda imisa, rom adamianis marjvniv da marcxniv myof keTil da borot angelozebs Sorisaa brZola adamianis su-lisTvis (xalxSi arsebuli rwmena — warmodgenebis mixedviT), Tu jvarcmas da uflis marjvniv da marcxniv jvarcmul ava-zakebs gavixsenebT, vnaxavT, rom marcxniv jvarcmuli avazaki satanis msgavsad ganudga mas, xolo marjvniv jvarcmulma aRiara igi da uflisgan codvebis Sendoba iTxova. Sesabami-sad, mkvdreTiT aRmdgar ufalTan erTad samoTxeSi moxvda, marcxniv jvarcmuli ki jojoxeTSi. egred wodebuli rusu-li jvaric amis maniSnebelia; am azrs Seicavs.

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da bolos, SeiZleba aseve irine jukaSvilis styvebi mo-

viSvelioT, romliTac igi Cven mier moxmobil statias amTav-rebs: `...kulturul -sameurneo urTierTobebma mtris, giau-ris xati daamsxvries, rac `dede qorquTis wignisTvisaa~ da-maxasiaTebeli. mezobeli qristianebi aRar aRiqmebodnen mtrebad. xalxurma azrovnebam gaamartiva yuranisa da axali aRTqmis koncebciebi ieso qristes bunebasa da Sobaze~[9, 241]. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven sakvlev regionSi, kul-turul - sameurneo urTierTobebma xeli Seuwyves daaxloe-bas, tolerantobis koeficientis gazrdas, muslimTa akul-turaciis xarisxis gazrdas qristianul garemoSi, rac Ta-visTavad cvalebadi movlenaa, rogorc zrdis, aseve klebis TvalsazrisiT.


1. nino RambaSiZe, 2007 wlis dmanisis eqspediciis masalebi. 2. lavrenti janiaSvili, azerbaijanelebi, eTnosebi saqar-

TveloSi, mTavari redaqtori beqa mindiaSvili, saxalxo damcvelis aparatis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTni-kur sazogadoebaSi, lia meliqiSvilis saerTo redaqci-iT, gamomcemloba `mwignobari~, Tbilisi, 2011.

4. Tamara Dragadze, The domestication of Religion Under Soviet Communism, C.M. Hunn (ed.) 1993, Socialism. Ideals, Ideologies, and Local Practices (ASA Monographs 31), London, Routledge, XIV, 271 S.

5. islami, enciklopediuri cnobari, redaqtori grigol be-raZe, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 1999.

6. Обряд обрезания легализовали, ttp://www.dp.ru/a/2004/08/23/ Obrjad_obrezanija_legalizov/, 7.12.2011.

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7. qeTevan xuciSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, gamom-cemloba kavkasiuri saxli, Tb. 2006.

8. Funeral Rites In Islam, http://islam.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi= 1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=islam&cdn=religion&tm=338&f=00&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=10&zu=http%3A//www.missionislam.com/knowledge/janazahstepbystep.htm; http://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Funeral_Rites.pdf, 29. 11.2011.

9. masala mopovebulia irine jukaSvilis mier da gamoqvey-nebulia moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebis krebulSi: saer-TaSoriso samecniero konferencia `kavkasiis arqeolo-gia (IV) da eTnologia (III)~, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori gi-vi RambaSiZe, Tbilisi, 2002, irine jukaSvili, qristiano-ba saqarTvelos azerbaijanelebis folklorSi (rusul enaze).

10. angelozebis wigni, qristianuli angelologiis qresTo-matia (rusul enaze), gam. amfora, sankt - peterburgi, 2005.

11. wminda episkopos Teofilaqte bulgarelis ganmartebebi wminda saxarebaze oTx wignad. maTes saxareba (rusul ena-ze), gam. aToni, moskovi, 2000.

12. ixileT dionise areopageli, zeciuri ierarqiis Sesaxeb, Targmna da komentarebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem, saR-vTismetyvelo krebuli, 3, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, Tblisi, 1987.

13. Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad, An Elementary Study of Islam, http://www.alislam.org/books/study-of-islam/angels.html, 15. 01. 2012.

14. Muslim Voices, Angels in Islam, By Rosemary Pennington Posted November 5, 2008, 15. 01. 2012, http://muslimvoices.org/islam-angels-gabriel

15. religiebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos saxalxo dam-cvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis centri, Tbilisi, 2008.

16. Satan and His Children by Duaa Anwar, 15. 01. 2010. http://www.netplaces.com/koran/the-jinn/satan-and-his-children.htm

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Nino Ghambashidze

Doctor of history, senior scientific researcher, the Department of The Ethnology of Georgia, The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Tbilisi Javakhishvili State University

Georgian-Azerbaijanian Religious Relations in Kvemo Kartli on The

Example of Dmanisi Region

Summary Kvemo Kartli, the region that historically underwent hard times with

devastations and demographic changes causing ethnic diversities, was always the meter of scientific interest. The given article focuses on the religious diversity of the region, mainly Georgian-Azerbaijanian religious relations. The research is based on the field materials gathered during the expedition in Dmanisi region in 2007, already existed ethnographic materials on the subject and scientific literature. For carrying on our work we marked following subjects: places of cult (sanctuaries, churches) and festivals, rituals connected with life cycles, religious believes in every-day life.

The carried on research showed that: 1. As in Soviet period religious practice either did not existed or was

domesticated, there were not serious religious conflicts in the region. 2. After fall of Soviet rule revival of religious life took place among

all ethnic groups living in Dmanisi region. 3. According to our materials inter-religious and inter-cultural relations

among Georgians and Azerbaijanians are close that might be determined by their living togather in or near the region centre Dmanisi and main sacred place of the region – Dmanisi Zion, church famous all over the region.

4. Life cycle rituals of Azerbaijaninas: khitan/suna, wedding and funeral underwent kind of cultural influences of Georgians. On the other hand Georgians often participate in above mentioned rituals, mostly in khitan/suna as kirva (godfather, as Georgians call it).

5. Every-day life religious norms (restriction of drinking wine, eating pork meat) also underwent kind of acculturation.

6. Cultural and economic relations helped integration processes, increasing of the tolerance degree, degree of acculturation of Muslims in the Christian environment, that in itself is unsteady and changeable phenomenon as it might be increased or declined.

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merab kalandaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

saqarTveloSi aSS-s axali istoriis Seswavlis

ZiriTadi etapebi

albaT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT da-interesebis, popularizaciis mcire tradicia arsebobs. ami-tom, vfiqrobT, interess moklebuli ar iqneb gadavxedoT sa-qarTveloSi amerikis axali istoriiT dainteresebis ZiriTad etapebs. ra feriscvaleba ganicada saqarTveloSi amerikis axali istoriiT dainteresebam? am Temaze sityvis Tqmas Ziri-Tadad is garemoeba gvabedinebs, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi isto-riografiaSi dRemde ar yofila sagangebo msjelobis sagani da amitom mizanSewonilad vcaniT masze SeCereba.

saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali is-toriis sakiTxebiT daintereseba umTavresad popularul xa-siaTs atarebs da qarTuli sazogadoebas saerTo warmodge-nas uqmnida aSS—s istoriis am periodze. vfiqrobT, es sulac ar akninebs mis mniSvnelobas. is SemecnebiTi muxtiTaa gaje-rebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is mcire lit

eraturac ar gveqneboda aSS-s axal istoriaSi, rac mSobliur enaze gagvaCnia.

Tanamedrove qarTul amerikanistikaSi amerikis Seer-Tebuli Statebis uaxlesi istoriis problemebiT daintere-seba dominirebs. cxadia, es Zalian kargia da advili gasage-bia. ra Tqma unda, aSS-s uaxlesi istoriis problemebi gaci-lebiT ufro aqtualuria, vidre axali istoriis sakiTxebi, magram es, vfiqrobT, ar amarTlebs aSS-s axali istoriis problemebisadmi qarTveli istorikosebis gulgril damo-kidebulebas. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istoriis sruli miviwyeba, miCumaTeba, gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom

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dRemde ar gvyavs aSS-s axali istoriis specialisti - ameri-kanisti [1].

pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, wamoiWreba sakiTxi, ra mecnieruli Rirebuleba gaaCnia am memkvidreobas? uwinare-sad aucilebelia SevimuSavoT am sakiTxis Sefasebis swori kriteriumi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli problemebis adekvatur suraTs rodi miviRebT. pirvel rigSi, unda veca-doT, Tavidan aviciloT orive ukiduresoba. am Temisadmi ni-hilisturi damokidebuleba, usazRvro ganqiqeba, gabaibure-ba an apologeturi Sefaseba. am memkvidreobisadmi mkacri mecnieruli kriteriumiT midgoma gamarTlebuli ar unda Candes da superkritikulad migvaCnia. miT umetes, rom aseT maRal miznebs qarTuli istoriografia arc arasodes ar isaxavda miznad. maTi amocana gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebu-li iyo da iTvaliswinebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istoriis popularizacias. arc am memkvidreobis mniS-vnelobis usaSvelod gazviadeba ar Rirs. aseTi apologetu-ri Sefaseba swori ar iqneboda. zomiereba unda davicvaT. zedmeti pretenziebi, ambiciebi, uadgiloa.

saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali is-toriis problemebiT dainteresebam, popularizaciam, gar-kveuli evolucia ganicada da pirobiT ramdenime periodad SeiZleba daiyos.

am dainteresebis aTvlis wertilad unda aviRoT me-19 saukune, rodesac saqarTveloSi gaCnda perioduli presa, qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. [2] gaCnda pirveli informacia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali istoriis sakiTxebze. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs qarTuli presis dain-tereseba 1861-1865 wlebSi CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris samoqalaqo omis istoriiT. aseTi swrafi gamoxmaureba, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar yofila da am Temis Tanadroulo-biT, aqtualobiT iyo gamowveuli. [3] faqtobrivad 60-iani wlebiT iwyeba saqarTveloSi aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxe-biT daintereseba, popularizacia.

am periodis SigniT mniSvnelovani mijna unda Candes me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisi, rodesac qarTul peri-odul presas gverdiT amoudga wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebe-li sazogadoeba. es imdroindeli qarTuli sinamdvilis fon-ze garkveul wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. aSS-s axali istoriis popularizaciam presis furclebidan Targmnil broSurebSi da wignebSi gadainacvla. aSS-s axali istoriis

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popularizacia umTavresad Jurnalistikis, publicistikis CarCoebSi Tavsdeba.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi es daintereseba erTgvarad klebulobs. ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo SemTxveviTi da umTavre-sad imiTaa gamowveuli, rom am periodis qarTuli sazogado-eba revoluciur moZraobaze gadaerTo da msoflio istori-is problematikac am viwro kuTxiT ainteresebda. socialu-ri problematika dominirebda erovnulze. amerikis axali is-toria am moTxovnebs naklebad pasuxobda. amitom, Cveni az-riT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisi am periodis SigniT kidev erT qveperiodad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

1918 wels saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRdgeniT da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebiT mTavrdeba erTi periodi da iwyeba axali etapi.

amrigad, istoriuli monakveTi XIX saukunis Sua xanebi-dan 1918 wlamde saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli State-bis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebis, populariza-ciis, pirvel periodad unda miviCnioT. es periodi sam qvepe-riodad SeiZleba daiyos. am periodis SigniT mniSvnelovan mijna Cans XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi, konkretulad ki wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarseba, romelic amoudga gverdiT qarTul presas da XX saukunis dasawyisi, rodesac aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebisadmi dainteresebam erTgvarad kleba iwyo. qarTuli sazogadoebis yuradReba revoluciur moZraobaze gadaerTo. socialuri problema-tikis dominirebis xana dadga.

rogor SeiZleba SevafasoT es periodi? sakiTxi aris principuli da aqtualuri. am publikaciisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba marTebulad ar migvaCnia. Tanamedrove ga-dasaxedidan am periodis miwasTan gasworeba, gabaibureba, sa-marTliani ar iqneboda da aRniSnuli sakiTxis adeqvatur su-raTs rodi iZleva. aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom im periodis qarTli sazogadoebis winaSe gacilebiT mokrZa-lebuli amocana idga da mas mkveTrad gamokveTili Semecne-biTi muxti gaaCnda. isini cdilobdnen qarTveli mkiTxveli-saTvis moeTxroT amerikeli xalxis istoria. am kulturtre-gerul misias, unda iTqvas, rom urigod rodi gaarTves Tavi. es miamituri, primitiuli, martivi informacia sayuradRe-boa da imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebas SeerTebuli Sta-tebis axali istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebze saerTo warmodge-nas Seuqmnida. am periodis publikaciebis mniSvneloba, swo-red, amaSi mdgomareobda.

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saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali is-toriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebis, popularizaciis, axali saintereso furceli gadaiSala damoukidebel saqarTvelo-Si 1918-1921 wlebSi. faqtobrivad es iyo qarTul sinamdvile-Si aRniSnuli problemiT dainteresebis meore periodi, mag-ram umTavresad, politikuri kataklizmebis gamo, es monak-veTi Zalze xanmokle aRmoCnda. amerikis SeerTebuli State-bis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebam, populariza-ciam, saintereso metamorfozi ganicada da Jurnalistikis da publicistikis sferodan axali istoriis saxelmZRvane-loebSi gadainacvla. es iyo mniSnelovani siaxle. saqarTve-loSi aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebis samec-niero popularuli midgomis konturebi ikveTeba. [4, 5, 6, 7].

saintereso transformacias hqonda adgili aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebis ganxilvis dros damoukidebel saqar-TveloSi. es imiT gamoixateboda, rom aRniSnuli Tema mkvid-rdeboda ZiriTadad saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi, romelic haeriviT esaWiroeboda suverenul respublikas. es saxel-mZRvaneloebi warmoadgenen kidev erT mniSvnelovan safe-xurs aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebis popularizaciis TvalsazrisiT.

ra Tqma unda, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es saxel-mZRvaneloebi Rimils iwvevs, martivia da istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. maTi mniSvneloba imaSi mdgoma-reobda, rom man pirvelad qarTul sinamdvileSi Cvens sazo-gadoebas saerTo warmodgena Seuqmna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axal istoriaze. es imdroindeli qarTuli istori-ografiis fonze seriozul wingadadgmul nabijs warmoad-genda da amis wayrueba, miCumaTeba, rasac ase farTod ner-gavda sabWoTa, komunisturi reJimi Zlier politizirebuli, ideologizirebuli iyo da araviTari mecnieruli safuZve-li ar gaaCnda.

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli perioduli presa, Jurna-listika, publicistika da axali istoriis pirveli erovnu-li saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi aSS-s axali istoriis aqtua-luri sakiTxebis gaazrebis dros ZiriTadad orientirebul-ni iyvnen progresul liberalur Rirebulebebze. es sainte-resoa da savsebiT Seesatyviseboda im periodisaTvis isto-riuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saerTo dones.

saqarTvelos istoriis „patara oqros xana“ sakmaod xan-mokle aRmoCnda. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTma da-ipyro suverenuli saqarTvelos respublika. saqarTvelo sab-

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WoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. sabWoTa periodSi aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebam, popularizaciam, mecnieruli xasiaTi miiRo, magram is umTavresad erTi, marqsis-tuli ideologiis marwuxebSi aRmoCnda. damyarda marqsistul-leninuri msoflmxedvelobis diqtati, monopolia. amerikis axali istoriis sakiTxebis marqsistuli gaSuqebis erT-erT saukeTesi nimuSia axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo-ebi da saswavlo programebi. [8]

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom es periodi axali istoriis qarTuli amerikanistikisaTvis metad mwiri aRmoCnda. riT iyo gamowveuli es? qarTveli istorikosebis aseTi pasiuro-ba, vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila d ramdenime faqtoriT iyo gamowveuli. uwinaresad xazi unda gavusvaT im garemoe-bas, rom saqarTveloSi mTeli XX saukunis manZilze praqti-kulad ar yavdaT amerikis axali istoriis qarTveli specia-listi. es bunebrivia, aferxebda am problemis Seswavlas da popularizacias. am sicarielis Sevsebas upiratesad cdi-lobdnen axali istoriis specialistebi, rac kargi cxovre-biT ar iyo gamowveuli. amerikis axali istoriis populari-zacias, bunebrivia, Zalian uSlida xels is faqtoric, rom sa-qarTvelo ar iyo damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifo. sabWoTa periodSi rusul enaze arsebuli literatura advi-lad xelmisawvdomi iyo. amitom mSobiur enaze arsebuli li-teraturis deficiti mwvaved ar igrZnoboda.

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba Sewyvita erTi sabWouri, marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis monopolia, diqtati, dasrulda. amas didi mniSvneloba hqon-da. qarTulma istoriografiam daibruna suverenoba. axla mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina. es Tvisobrivad winga-dadgmuli nabiji iyo. faqtobrivad aqedan iwyeba aSS-s axali istoriiT dainteresebis, popularizaciis axali, meoTxe pe-riodi, romelic dResac grZeldeba. aSS—s axali istoriis po-pularizacias, vfiqrob ufro meti yuradReba unda mieqces. aqtiuroba mxolod axali istoriis saskolo da sauniversite-to saxelmZRvaneloebiT Semoifargleba. es warmoadgens aSS-s axali istoriis sakiTxebis normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dabrunebis gzaze gadadgmul nabijs. [9, 10, 11].

amrigad, aSS-s axali istoriis popularizacia saqar-TveloSi seriozulad moikoWlebs da qarTuli amerikanisti-kis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es mwiri informacia sainteresoa da misi wayrue-ba, miCumaTeba, miCqmalva, albaT, marTebuli ar unda Candes.

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1. m. kalandaZe, SeiswavleT amerika - „axali 7 dRe“, 24-30 ianvari, 2003. 2. v. TvalavaZe, aSS-s istoriis sakiTxebi XIX saukunis qarTl periodikaSi, amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, III, Tbili-si, 2005. 3. m. kalandaZe, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omis Seswavla saqarTveloSi. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, V, Tbilisi, 2008. 4. s. avaliani, msoflio istoria, Tbilisi, 1920. 5. d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, axali istoria, naw. 1, XVII-XIX, Tbilisi, 1949. 6. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1920. 7. al. wereTeli, msoflio istoria, nawili III, axali isto-ria, Tbilisi, 1920. 8. a. efimovi, axali istoria, VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 1969; axali istoria IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo, a. naroCnickis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1980. axali istoriis prog-rama (saxelmwifo universitetebis da pedinstitutebis is-toriis fakultetebisaTvis), Tbilisi, 1953; axali istoriis kursis programa, Tbilisi, 1970. 9. k. anTaZe, n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoria (VIII klasis sa-xelmZRvanelo), Tbilisi, 2001. 10. v. TvalavaZe, axal istoria (1640-1870), Tbilisi, 2006. 11. d. lomsaZe, evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali istoria, Tbilisi, 1998.

274

Merab Kalandadze

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Main Stages of the Studying the Modern History of the United States in Georgia

Summary

Georgia keeps some traditions of studying and popularization the

modern history of the United States of America. That is why we think, that is will be useful to emphasize the development of the studies that have been evaluated in Georgia, Moreover, this is not carefully researched till now.

Exploring this interesting issue will help us to observe the evolution of American studies in Georgia. It will show us existing problems and reached success.

The rise of the interest in the problems of modern history of the United States in Georgia can be divided on several periods.

First the interest was of publicist origin and was generated in Georgian periodical press (translated literature). We think firs period can be originated from 60th of nineteen’s century till the 1918. Also, this period contains several subphases.

New stage of developing of American studies in independent Georgia was 1918-1921. We can state, that it was the second period. From that point of view, the most interesting is the first manuals of modern history published in Georgia.

During the soviet epoch, interest in modern history of United States became more scientific, but unfortunately this process was under full control of Marxist-Leninism ideology. This was the third period.

From the Collapse of the Soviet Union till now is the fourth period of the studies.

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gia gelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiS-vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universiteti, ivane java-xiSvilis istoriisa da eTnolo-giis institutis ufrosi mecni-er-TanamSromeli

iulius klaproti osebis Sesaxeb

mokle Sesavali

iulius klaproti (1783_1835) iyo cnobili germaneli

mecnieri _ lingvisti-orientalisti. jer kidev skolaSi yof-nisas Seiswavla Cinuri; 1801-03 wlebSi hales universitetSi da-eufla klasikur filologias. 1802 wlidan drezdenSi ganag-rZo mecadineoba sinologiaSi da daiwyo gamocema Tavisi `Asiatisches Magazin~-is.

1804 wels igi miiwvia ruseTis saimperatoro mecniereba-Ta akademiam. 1805_1807 wlebSi axlda graf golovkinis elCo-bas CineTSi. dabrunebisas gaxda akademikosi. 1807 welsve mivli-nebul iqna kavkasiaSi filologiuri, eTnografiuli da isto-riuli kvlevis Casatareblad, sadac darCa mTeli 1808 wlis manZilze. aqedan saqarTveloSi dahyo 6 Tve. unda iTqvas, rom mis muSaobas xels uSlida samxedro moqmedebebi, Wiri da adgi-lobrivi administraciac, miuxedavad saTanado sabuTebis qo-nebisa. misi sityviT, tfilisSi qarTveli sazogadoeba didad daexmara. 1809 wlis ianvarSi dabrunda peterburgSi.

1811 wels man miatova ruseTi da, germaniaSi mcire yofnis Semdeg, 1815 wels samudamod dasaxlda parizSi. aq man 1821 wels daaarsa aziuri sazogadoeba da TanamSromlobda mis organoSi `Journal Asiatique~-Si. kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos klaprotma uZ-Rvna ramdenime sqeltaniani gamokvleva, romelTagan erTerTi Cveni TemisTvis gamoviyeneT; saxeldobr `mogzauroba kavkasia-sa da saqarTveloSi 1807 da 1808 wlebSi~, t. I_II, hale da berli-ni, 1814.

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tfilisidan klaprotma ramdenime gasvla moawyo: aragvi-sa da Tergis saTaveebisaken (7-24 marti); liaxvis xeobaSi (22.IV_11.V); saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze iqiT da ukan (30.V_11.VI). agreTve ukve mozdokidan, xelisuflebisgan malu-lad, ramdenime osis TanxlebiT, moiara mcire da didi yabardo da mTebze gadavliT daeSva raWaSi onamde (17.VII_9.VIII).

Cvens mier motanili da Targmnili masala osebis Sesaxeb moTavsebulia aRniSnuli wignis II tomSi Semdeg gverdebze: 269_285; 330_355; 382_389. aq gadmocemulia klaprotis mog-zaurobis marSruti osebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi, wminda ge-ografiuli aRwerilobebi da SigadaSig CarTulia osTa Cveve-bis Tu warsulis suraTebi. zog adgilebs, romlebic ar pasuxo-ben Temas, vtovebT da avRniSnavT mravalwertilebiT.

aseve movitaneT zemodasaxelebuli wignis 577_617 gver-debis Targmani. esaa calke Tavi saxelwodebiT `osebi~. masSi mocemulia Txroba osebis yofis, tradiciebis, wes-Cveulebe-bis, meurneobis, garegnobis, bunebis, xasiaTis, kavkasiis sxva xalxebTan urTierTobebis, warmomavlobis, religiisa da sxva-Ta Sesaxeb.

klaproti ambobs, rom osebi cxovroben Crdilo saqar-Tvelos mTis bevr mxareebSi, magram icis, rom es teritoriebi saqarTvelos kuTvnilebaa; xolo maT samSoblod kavkasionis qedis centraluri nawilis CrdiloeT midamoebs miiCnevs.

osebi

kavkasiis RirsSesaniSnav mosaxleobas ekuTvnis xalxi,

romelic cxovrobs qedis Sua nawilSi, Tovliani alpebis orive mxares da eniTa da saxiT gansxvavdeba yvela kavkasielTagan; Tumca CvevaTa simkacriTa da yaCaRobiT TiTqmis eTanabrebian. (me rom osebs Zvelebis midiur sarmatebad da Sua saukuneTa alanebad da asebad vTvli, avRniSne am mogzaurobis I nawilSi da `kavkasiur enebSi~; axla ki mogawvdiT istoriul narkvevs ma-Ti warmomavlobis Sesaxeb).

Zvel droSi osebi emorCilebodnen sakuTar mTavrebs da cxovrobdnen mcire da didi yabardos vakeebze da kavkasionis mTiswineTze. qarTuli istoriis mixedviT, ukve azonma, aleq-sandre didis mier qarTlSi dasmulma mmarTvelma, daxarka osi, leki da xazarebi. pirvelma qarTvelma mefem farnavazma, rome-lic ganTavisuflda azonisgan, mouwoda os-s da lek-s ajanye-bisaken, romlebsac aRar surdaT xarkis gadaxda. bevri osi Seu-erTda farnavazs, erTgulad amoudgnen mxarSi da mefobaSic

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daexmarnen. roca qarTvelebma misi vaJi saurmagi gaaZeves, is osebSi gaiqca, romelTa daxmarebiTac mamis taxti daibruna. amis Semdeg qarTuli istoria garkveuli xniT dums maT Sesaxeb, sanam qristes Semdeg 90 wels orma qarTvelma mefem azorkma da armazelma ar mouxmes osebs da lekebs somxebis winaaRmdeg da-saxmareblad. am omSi saxeli gaiTqves osebis mefis Zmebma ba-zukma da anbazukma. am droidan osebi 184 wlamde darCnen qar-TvelTa megobrebad da mokavSireebad. am wels osTa didi urdo dvaleTidan, e.w. ardonze mdebare kasris karidan, SemoiWrnen qarTlSi qveynis dedaqalaqis mcxeTis asaoxreblad. magram me-fe amazaspma isini iq daamarcxa da ukan, mTebs iqiT gadareka. igive moxda Semdeg welsac somxebTan dakavSirebiT; maTi qveya-na daarbies da gabrundnen. male, roca amazasps aujanydnen, somxeTis mefe SemoiWra qarTlSi, SeuerTda berZnebs da moiw-via osebi, romlebic sixaruliT dasTanxmdnen, raTa Suri eZiaT amazaspze. Sedegma mebrZolTa molodini gaamarTla _ amazaspi daamarcxes da somxebma dasajes.

263 wels somexTa mefe kosarom qarTvel asfagurTan er-Tad ilaSqra sparseTis mefis qasres winaaRmdeg; asfagurma kav-kasiidan momavali gzebi gaxsna da moixmo osebi, lekebi da xaza-rebi somxebis dasaxmareblad, magram ganicades sruli marcxi. male sparselebma moindomes asfaguris RalatiT mokvla, daip-yres somxeTi da Tavs daesxnen qarTls. asfaguri osebTan gaiq-ca, romlebic mas daexmarnen, magram is 265 wels gardaicvala da qarTli daemorCila sparseTis mefes. 298 wlia axlos mirva-ni iyo pirveli sparsi mefe qarTlisa xosroianTa saxlidan; ga-iwvies sparseTSi, raTa ZmasTan _ bartamTan ebrZola am qveya-naSi taxtisTvis. amasobaSi osebi feroSi da kavtia daecnen qarTls da gaaCanages. mirvani dabrunebisTanave gaemarTa ose-Tisken da daungria samosaxloebi xazareTamde; Semdeg dvale-Tis kariT (kasriskariT ardonze) dabrunda mcxeTaSi[1]. ocda-mesame Zalian guladi mefis vaxtang gurgaslanis (446-499) mci-rewlovnobis dros osebi ramdenjerme SemoiWrnen qarTlSi. magram, roca gaizarda, man isini da mTeli kavkasiac daimorCi-la. osebTan erTerT brZolaSi sakuTari xeliT daxoca maTi ori ganTqmuli da umamacesi beladi _ CaRaTari da bayaTari[2]. daaxloebiT 570 wels berZenma imperatorma iustiniane I-ma[3] qarTlSi mefed dasva stefanozi da osi rostomi ganawesa qsnis erisTavad,[4] anu qsnis mimdebare teritoriis mmarTvelad (ma-masaxlisad) qarTlSi, gadasca mas sakuTari beWedi da uboZa sa-patio samosi. esaa qsnis erisTavTa saTave, romelTagan ukanas-kneli daviTi 375-ea. es imas mowmobs, rom maSin osebi kavkasio-

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nis samxreTiT da saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi cxovrobdnen da ueWvelad nawilobriv qristianebic iyvnen. islamis gavrcele-bis sami saukunis manZilze saqarTvelom bevri ubeduri dReebi gamoiara da albaT osebma Tavisufleba moipoves. daviT aRmaSe-neblis mefobisas (1089-1130) isini kvlav damorCildnen. aman kavkasiis karis ukeT dasacavad aaSena mtkice simagre (cixe-darbazi) daribadan cota moSorebiT samxreTiT, Tergis aRmo-savleT napirze, romlis nangrevebi axlac Canan. TiTqmis 100 wlis Semdeg, saxelganTqmulma qarTvelma mefem Tamarma (1171-1198) daimorCila mTeli dasavleT kavkasia Sav zRvamde, ra Tqma unda, oseTic da maTi mosaxleoba moaqcia berZnul qristiano-baze. ukve misi vaJis da memkvidris laSa giorgis (1211-mde) [5] dros saqarTvelos Semoesivnen Cingiz-xanis monRolebi. albaT kavkasia maSin kvlav ganTavisuflda. magram, Cingiz-xanis Svi-liSvili baTo-xani SeiWra oseTSi da gayara osebi dRevandeli yabardos dablobebidan da aiZula kavkasiis maRal mTebSi ab-runebuliyvnen, sadac kldovan xeobebSi dasaxldnen, romleb-sac warCinebuli gvarebis mixedviT daarqves saxelebi: basiani, badilaTi, CerqesaTi, qurTaTi, sidamoni da CaxilaTi. ase gviam-boben qarTvelebi, oRond maT gvarebs Tavisi enis Sesabamisad cota sxvanairad asaxeleben.[6]. Zalze sarwmunoa, rom kavkasiis xeobebi da yabardoc osebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da rom warCine-buli gvarebi dablobze cxovrobdnen, saidanac TavisianebTan erTad mTebisken gaiqcnen da iq macxovreblebze Tavisi Zala-ufleba gaavrceles, rogorc es badilaTi-s da CerqesaTi-s Sem-TxvevaSi moxda....[Semdeg saubaria ToxTamiSis da Temurlengis brZolebze, rasac Cven vtovebT _g.g.]. osebi Cerqezebma gan-devnes dabali mTebidan. Cerqezi beladebi sul ufro Zlierde-bodnen da osebi iZulebuli gaxdnen maT damorCilebodnen. amis sapirispirod, Tovliani qedebis samxreTiT mcxovrebni _ dva-lis saxelwodebiT_ qarTveli mefeebis qveSevrdomebad dar-Cnen da emorCilebodnen aragvis, qsnis da raWis erisTavebs. ro-ca 1424 wels saqarTvelos mefem aleqsandre I-ma samefo Tavis sam vaJs gauyo,[7] dvaleTi darCa qarTls da misi mcxovrebni uaxles dromde am mxaris mefeTa qveSevrdomebi iyvnen, Tumca xSirad am ukanasknelTa sisustis dros garkveuli xniT Tavi-sufldebodnen. axla, roca saqarTvelo ruseTis guberniad iq-ca, mis farglebSi mcxovrebi osebi ekuTvnian ukve tfilisis gubernias, magram arian mSfoTvare da arasaimedo qveSevrdome-bi. mas Semdeg, rac rusebi gafarTovdnen yubanamde da zemo Tergamde, ris gamoc Cerqezebi Zalze dasustdnen, qedis Crdi-loeTiT mcxovrebma osebma meti Tavisufleba naxes da Cerqe-

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zebs aRar emorCilebian, Tuki sakuTari xeiri amas ar aiZulebs. ase magaliTad, duguri anu dugorebi emorCilebodnen didi da, ufro metad, mcire yabardos mTavrebs da, ukanaskneli Wiris epidemiis afeTqebamde, tau-sulTanis mTavris gvars uxdidnen xarks. gansakuTrebiT duguris soflebi kubaTi urs-donze,ka-raja da axCinSeTa(Achtschinscheta) uruxze da kobianT-kari mdina-re lesgenze, romlebic tau-sulTanis gvaris samosaxloze da-saxldnen, mas Semdeg, rac es gvari CrdiloeTiT mcire yabardo-Si gadavida. radgan amgvarad dugurebis es gvarebi CerqezTa miwebze saxloben da iyeneben mas, amitom mTeli xalxi aRiarebs tau-sulTanis gvaris qveSevrdomobas da uxdian mis mTavars gadasaxads cxvriT, gansakuTrebiT spilenZis qvabebiT, romel-sac eseni imereTSi Souloben. tau-sulTani TavianT bavSvebs gasazrdelad istir dugurelebs abareben; amiT ukeTesi kavSi-ri myardeboda, radgan mTavari erTdroulad xalxsac eTvise-boda da enas swavlobda. did yabardoSic hyavT zog mTavrebs dugureli ojaxebi gadamxdelebad. saerTod, dugurelebs ya-bardo esaWiroebaT, radgan iqidan SemoaqvT marili da mousav-lianobis dros fetvi; agreTve, roca akliaT sazamTro sakvebi da mTaSi yvelaferi moSiSvlebulia, Tavis saqonels gazafxul-ze, ukve martis bolos mcire yabardos balaxiT dafarul dab-lobebze mierekebian. amis sanacvlod, zafxulis TveebSi, roca dablobze yvelaferi xmeba, xolo buzi da cxvris bora momrav-lebulia, Cerqezebs Tavisi farebi ahyavT mTebSi dugurebTan. amiT orive xalxi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da karg urTi-erTobaSi cxovroben, radgan sanacvlod sWirdebaT erTmane-Ti∗. sxva osuri Stoebi CerqezebTan naklebad arian kavSirSi;

∗ amasTan Cans, rom Cerqezi mTavrebi dugurs xSirad aZlevdnen ukmayofile-bis sababs, rasac Semdgomi Txroba gviCvenebs, rac 7 wlis win graf ivan vasi-lis Ze gudoviCs gaakeTebines; TiTqos maT da maT batonebs badilaTis, Cer-qesaTisa da ufrosobas surda, ruseTi daufleboda maT miwebs da CerqezTa-gan daecvaT. 1). surdaT, rom, sadac maTi samflobelos mdinareebi mTebidan dablobze gamodiodnen, rusebs cixeebi aegoT, raTa yabardoelTa yaCaRo-bisgan daecvaT; amiT isini dablobze usafrTxod moiyvandnen marcvleuls da Seagrovebdnen Tivas saqonlisTvis. 2). ruseTi, roca amaT yabardoelebi daayaCaRebdnen, maTgan saTanado sazRaurs amoiRebda da msgavs SemTxvevebs samomavlod xels SeuSlidnen. 3). maT surdaT, rom Tavis ufrosebs, Cerqezebisa da mTis sxva xalxis mTav-rebis msgavsad, rusuli Cinebi da wodebebi mieRoT. 4). xazidan miscemdnen marils, urems (arbas) spilenZis 1,5 maneTad, rogorc yubans iqiT mcxovreb xalxebs. 5). rusuli mxare gaasamarTlebda SfoTis (mtrobis) gamo, romel ganaCensac isini daemorCilebodnen. _ sanacvlod isini xazinas dauTmobdnen yvela maRarosa da sabados da aRuTqvamdnen,

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mxolod CimiTelebi Tergis xeobidan eqvemdebarebodnen gi-laqsans, mcire yabardos mTavris gvars, sanam 30-ode wlis win waeCxubnen maT da araviTar gadasaxads aRar uxdian.saerTod osebi, dugurelTa gamoklebiT, mtroben yabardoelebs da ur-TierTs Tavs esxmian.

osebi Tavis Tavs uwodeben ir-s an iron-s (amas maT enaze araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs), qveyanas ki iron-zag-s an iro-nistans. es saxelwodeba adasturebs, rom isini midiuri warmo-Sobis arian, radgan herodotes[8] mixedviT midielebi iwode-bodnen arianoi-d; amJamadac maT mxaresa da sparseTis nawils, romelzec gavrceldnen, axalsparsulSi irani hqvia. noRaeli da sxva mezobeli TaTrebi osebs uwodeben os-s an tauli-s e.i. mTis mosaxle, radgan ukaviaT kavkasionis umaRlesi Txemi. Cer-qezebi maT eZaxian kuSha-s; am saxeliT umaRles qeds aRniSnaven da am SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs Zvlebs, rogorc giuldenStedti[9] Tvlis. micjeguri xalxebi maT uwodeben hiri-s, rac albaT da-maxinjebaa maTi sakuTari saxelis _ir. lekebi osebs uwodeben owi-s an ow-s,

qarTvelebi ki — osi an ovsi, xolo mxares _ oseTi-s, sai-danac rusebma gaakeTes osetinci, romelsac gamoTqvamen ase-tinc-ad. magram es saxeli xalxisTvis ucxoa; mas xmaroben uc-xoebTan Sesagueblad.

osebi sakmaod gaTviTcnobierebuli xalxia, Zlieri da energiuli, Cveulebriv saSualo simaRlis; mamakacebi arian mxolod 5 futi da 2-4 diuimis simaRlis. ar arian msuqnebi, mag-ram Zalian xorciani da ganierni, gansakuTrebiT qalebi. Tavisi mezoblebisgan isini umTavresad gansxvavdebian saxis wyobiT, Tmisa da Tvalebis feriT, raSic bevri aqvT evropuli. osebSi xSiria cisferi Tvalebi da qera an mowiTalo-yavisferi Tma;Sa-vi Tmaki TiTqmis arasdros.[10] arian janmrTeli da nayofieri. 70 wels gadacilebuli adamianebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. qalebi

rom, roca dasWirdebodaT, winaswar SeTanxmebuli dRiuri safasiT gaiyvan-dnen muSebs maTi moTxovnisTanave. kidev hpirdebodnen, rom daexmarebodnen ruseTs yvela omebSi, romlebsac isini awarmoebdnen Cerqezebis, CeCnebis da sxva mezobeli xalxebis winaaRmdeg da yabardoelebs Cauketavdnen gzebs mTebSi, raTa maT samarTliani sasjeli ar aecilebinaT Tavidan. aseve dai-Werdnen yvela Turq jaSuSs, romlebsac kavkasiaSi xSirad SeniSnavdnen, da gadascemdnen rusebs. samagierod gamoiTxovdnen ganTavisuflebas yvela ga-dasaxadisgan da SeinarCunebdnen amJamindel kanon-wesebs. ramdenadac saxe-iro iyo es SeTavazeba, rogorc Cans, imdenad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rom kvlav aRdgeboda kargi urTierToba dugurebisa CerqezebTan, radgan maT aranairi cda ar hqoniaT ruseTs SekavSirebodnen.

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Cveulebriv arian dabali (patara) da ara mimzidveli; aqvT mrgvali saxe da paWua cxviri, magram Zlieri agebuleba, rac mZime muSaobiTa da uxeSi (ubralo) sakvebis gamo ufroa gamag-rebuli. gamonaklisia Tagauris mxaris qalebi, radgan Tavisi silamaziTa da moxdenili (werweti) aRnagobiT yvela maTi Tana-memamule qalTagan gamoirCevian. isini hgvanan qarTvel qalebs da, ueWvelia, rom maTi sasiamovno aRnagoba Sedegia maTi winap-rebis qarTvel qalebTan Serevisa.

osebis tansacmeli Cerqezulia, mxolod cota grZeli da nakleb gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli. mokle perangi (xadon) da Sar-vali (xalaf) yovelTvis ar ufaraven siSiSvles; amis zemodan atareben Cerqezul serTuks (wuka _albaT Coxa_g.g.), romel-sac an TviTon amzadeben, an yiduloben mezobeli balyarebisa da Cecerebisgan (?). aqvT patara da mrgvali qudi (xud), aseve Cerqezuli. zamTarSi atareben cxvris tyapuWs. mogzaurobisas an zafxulis cud amindSi moixuraven kavkasiur qeCis labadas (uelag nimet_albaT nabadi_g.g.), romelsac rusebi burka-s uwodeben; Tavze ifareben maudis kapiSons (TaTrulad baSlik, osurad baslak). nabads TviTon ver amzadeben, aramed yidulo-ben Cerqezebisa da basianelebisgan; es ukanasknelebi mas sauke-Tesod akeTeben.

roca osebi Tavisi soflidan gadian, iaraRdebian kargi TofiT (top), xmliT (axsar an qsargard), dambaCiT (dambuca) da ganieri orpira xanjliT (yama). amas garda, zemo samosis gulze mikerebulia ori jibe, romelsac aqvs patara danayofebi 5_8 vaznisTvis (xis an Zvlis milakebSi). maT Tan miaqvT aseve ori msubuqi, erTmaneTTan TasmiT gadabmuli joxi lulisTvis da xis erTi didi tyavSemokruli rqa TofiswamlisTvis, ramodeni-me funti denTiT. denTis maTara (boTli), xanjali, dana, kvesi, erTi tyavis tomsika tyviebiT, meore kaJiT da sxva wvrilmane-biT, Tunuqa qoniT an zeTiT iaraRis gasawmendad _ yovelive es viwro TasmiTaa damagrebuli. kiserze Semoxveul zonarze da mkerdis win jibeSi udevs patara rqa wminda denTiT. Tofs mu-dam atareben maCvis tyavis SaliTaSi. isini Zalze sufTad inaxa-ven iaraRs; ar cveTen, radgan mudmivi wmenda, dazeTva da karg amindSi gaSroba icavs mas daJangvisgan. maTi zumba magari xisaa; boloSi aqvs rkinis knopebi, romelzec axveven Cvars da wmenden Tofs yoveli gasrolis Semdeg. datenvisas Zalian zustad ir-wyveba denTi xarisxis mixedviT da sdeben Sesaferis tyvias, ro-melsac jvaredinad aqvs ori amoburculi rgoli, ris gamoc ufro iolad da magrad Sedis xveulebSi.

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saxlSi oss, iseve rogorc arcerT kavkasiels, xanjali ar ukeTia. mTebSi siarulisas acvia arCvis an gareuli Txis tyavis fexsacmeli (arkite), zamTarSi wminda TiviT amotenili, qvemo-dan TasmebiT amownuli[11]; amiT is Zalze usafrTxod (myarad) gadaadgildeba mosipul da cicabo gzebze da xteba kldidan kldeze. zamTrobiT damatebiT kidev amoikraven Zalze ganier xis Txilamurs, romelic icavs Caflobisgan.

osebis sayvareli saqmianoba, iseve, rogorc maTi mezob-lebis umravlesobisa, aris yaCaRoba. ymawvili (Wabuki) Tavis unars adasturebs TaRliTobiT. sagzao Zarcva amyarebs mis sa-xels, xolo mkvleloba aZlevs mas gmiris avtoritets. is tra-baxobs Tavisi matyuarobiT da amayobs veraguli mkvlelobiT da sisxlis aRebiT. osuri yaCaRobis xerxebi sxvadasxvaa. Ter-gis xeobaSi da saerTod mozdokidan tfilisisken gzaze isini Cveulebrivad Tavs ar esxmian, aramed 20-30 kaci Cawveba tyeSi, an kldeebs ukan safrdebian, sadac ucdian mimaval mgzavrebs, romlebsac Semdeg TiToeuls mizanSi iReben. radgan maT aqvT kargi Tofebi da samizneebi, amitom Tavis arCeuls iSviaTad Tu aacileben. mas Semdeg, rac mgzavrTa umravlesobas daxocaven, gamodian safridan, raTa daepatronon bargs, rasac mere Tanab-rad inawileben, Tumca arc Tu yovelTvis uCxubrad da usis-xlod.

maTTan axlos mdebare Cerqezul soflebSi sxva gziT ya-CaRoben _ itaceben cxenebs, saqonels da, Tu SesaZlebeli iqna, adamianebsac. 12_20 kaci avdrian da wvimian RameSi fexiT Sedis sofelSi; meore jgufi darajobs saxls karisken mimarTuli TofebiT, ise rom arc erT mcxovrebs gareT gamosvla ar SeeZ-los. amasobaSi sxvebi acarieleben Tavlebsa da boslebs da mi-aqvT yvelaferi, risi waRebacaa SesaZlebeli. amis Semdeg mTeli gundi nadavlianad uswrafesad garbis.

Tergsa da fiags Soris mcxovrebi osebi xSirad miuyvebian Tovlian qeds faruli da ugzoo bilikebiT, romlebic mxolod maT ician. amnairad miadgebian balyarebisa da Ceger-ebis (? Tschegern) sacxovreblebs da rasac moaxelTeben, yvelafers itaceben; umTavresad qaliSvilebs (gogoebs), romlebic iq ga-moirCevian tanadobiT. nadavls an itoveben, an mihyidian mezob-lebs, mas Semdeg, rac met-naklebad gamosadegi arian.

valagirSi da aredonze mcxovrebi sxva osebi dugureleb-Tan mudmiv mtrobaSi imyofebian da yaCaRurad esxmian Tavs maT mxares.

osebi wamowolil da mjdomare mdgomareobaSic saimedo da saucxoo msrolelebi arian; mxolod nela tenian Tofs, ris-

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Tvisac garkveuli dro sWirdebaT. Tofis gadasatenad osi cxe-nidan qveiTdeba. sasrolad moZebnian patara SemaRlebas da ub-ralod ar isvrian, aramed moTminebiT ucdian Tavis mters, ra-Ta imedianad iyvnen. roca ramdenime osi erTadaa, Tavs icaven calkeuli sroliT da ara erTdroulad: ucdian, rom Tofi ga-datenon erTmaneTis miyolebiT. maTi safari ramdenime nabiji-Taa erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli da ukandaxevisas yovelTvis pirvelad wina isvris, Semdeg gadainacvlebs momdevnos ukan Tofis gadasatenad. isini cdiloben daikavon damreci ferde-bi, rom erTmaneTis zeviT Casxdnen. saerTod ise momgebianad ician mTebis gamoyeneba, rom aT kacs SeuZlia 100-sgan Tavis dacva. maTi brZolebi da Tavdasxmebi ufro metad mivardna-mi-sevaa, vidre wesieri Seteva. dasawyisSi Zalze gaafTrebiT moq-medeben, magram male es Jini sustdeba. Tavdacvisas mtkiceni arian; zog safarSi udrekni, xolo alyaSi moqcevisas ibrZvian Tavze xelaRebulebiviT (Seupovrad).

ramdenadac boroti yaCaRebi arian, imdenad sxva kavkasie-lebiviT mkacrad icaven stumar-maspinZlobis (kunaR) wesebs. TiTqmis ar arsebobs imis magaliTi, rom stumari daeSavebinoT, an Seuracxyofa mieyenebinoT, anda gaeZarcvaT. Tuki aseTi ram moxdeba, mTeli sofeli Seikribeba da asamarTlebs damnaSaves; ganaCeni Cveulebriv Semdegia: mas xel-fexSekruls kldidan mdinareSi agdeben. Tu ucxo moxvdeba osur sofelSi, unda ico-des, rom, sanam is iq SeCerdeba, saukeTesod miiReben: miscemen imden sasmel-saWmels, ramdensac moiTxovs, radgan mas Tavisia-nad Tvlian. magram, Tuki is sofels gamyolis gareSe datovebs, igi SeiZleba daayaCaRos iman, vinc erTi dRis win daapura. osebs aqvT andaza: `rasac gzaze SevxvdebiT, is RmerTs CvenTvis moucia~.

roca tyve SeZlebulia, mas SeuZlia garkveuli raodeno-bis fuliT, an imave safasis iaraRiT an saqonliT Tavi gamoisyi-dos; amis Semdeg mas eqcevian rogorc stumars da mTeli sofe-li, sadac is patimrad imyofeboda, yovelTvis daicavs. osebi Tavis tyveebs maSin eqcevian cudad, roca isini gaqcevas cdi-loben; sxva SemTxvevaSi mas uyureben rogorc Tavisi ojaxis wevrs.

rogorc ki stumari osis saxlSi Seva, maspinZeli maSinve daklavs cxvars, romelsac moxarSaven da mTlianad miaqvT suf-raze; agreTve iwyebs ludis xarSvas∗ da saxlis patroni TviTon

∗ osebis ludi (bagani) saukeTesoa mTel kavkasiaSi da Tu kargadaa moxarSu-li, utoldeba inglisur porters. Tavad potiomkins[12] peterburgSi gaug-

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umaspinZldeba stumars. sanam es miirTmevs, maspinZeli joxiT xelSi karTan zis da masTan erTad arafers Wams. Zalze iSvia-Tad Tu irRveva es Zveli Cveuleba. Tavisi stumris dasacavad da misdami miyenebuli danaSaulis gamo Suris saZieblad yvela osi yvelafers ecdeba da ar moisvenebs, sanam mis mkvlels ar moklavs. rogorc mTel kavkasiaSia Cveulebrivi movlena, aseve batonobs osebSic da gansakuTrebuli simkacriT sruldeba; ase rom iSviaTia gamosyidvis magaliTi. amitomac garbis mkvle-li Tavisi soflidan Sors, an Tergze mdebare soflebSi, an Tu iq safrTxes elodeba, mozdokisken. Tuki saSiSroeba aRar emuq-reba, mcire an didi xnis mere is iqidan ukan brundeba.

rogorc ki osi iZiebs Surs Tavisi naTesavis an stumris mokvlis gamo, midis moklulis saflavTan da xmamaRla CasZa-xebs, rom mokla misi mkvleli da sisxli aRebulia. mesisxleoba gadadis mamidan Svilze da SviliSvilze da xSirad aris mizezi xangrZlivi mtrobisa mTel soflebs Soris. Tuki is srulad aRar mTavrdeba, mainc aris wesi, romlis mixedviTac saCuqre-biT SeaCereben. mkvleli Serbis Tavis magar koSkSi; iq icavs Tavs ojaxis zog wevrebTan erTad moklulis naTesavebis dev-nisgan. am koSkidan soflis ufrosebTan agzavnis Tavis erTerT megobars, romelic Sekrebs maT, xolo eseni Seecdebian erTi wliT SeaTanxmon mowinaaRmdegeni, romlis ZaliTac mkvleli uxdis dazaralebuls garkveuli raodenobis cxvars an xars; dazaralebuli sdebs fics, rom SeTanxmebis vadis gasvlamde mSvidad amyofebs. vadis gasvlis Semdeg orive mxaris mier SeiZ-leba Tanxmobis ganaxleba.

osi mamakaci saxlSi mWedlobs, aSenebs, xnavs, amzadebs saxnav iaraRs, unagiris akazmulobas, Tofis wamals da tyavs qamrisa (Tasmebisa) da fexsacmlisTvis. saxlis gareT, yaCaRo-bis garda, misi yvelaze sasiamovno saqmianobaa nadiroba. an ki-dev Semouvlis Tavis mezobel megobrebs da aRniSnaven amas. qa-lebma ki yvela saWiro saSinao saqme unda Seasrulon. mcire min-dvris samuSaos Cveulebriv qalebi misdeven; saerTod qalTa sqesi aris momsaxure, Tumca Wkviani colebi TavianT uxeS qmrebs imorCileben.

zavnes ramdenime boTli da ise moewona, rom osi ludis mxarSavebi iq Caayva-nina. magram meludeebma ver SeZles iq kargad xarSva, rogorc Tavis samSob-loSi. maT Tqves, rom amis mizezi iyo wyali. maSin potiomkinma oseTida Camo-atanina wyali peterburgSi. amis miuxedavad ludma mainc ar ivarga da melu-deebi bolos ukan daabrunes. aseve ixarSeba kargi porteri mxolod lon-donSi.

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qalebis tansacmeli (kabebi) Tavsaburis CaTvliT Cerqe-zulis msgavsia, aseve saerTo aqvs yumuxebTanac. yumuxi gogoe-bi Tavs qalebiviT feradi TavsafriT ikraven; amis zemodan ix-veven koWebamde CamoSvebul did TeTr Sals, romelsac eZaxian tastor-s; misi saSualebiT kacebis winaSe saxes ifaraven. Cer-qezi da osi gogoebi da axalgazrda qalebi mrgval qudebs ata-reben kacebiviT, xnovani qalebi ki matyliT daCiTul da tilo-Ti Semokrul CaCs, romelic gamoberilia zeviT erTi nebis si-ganeze da SublTanac erTi nebis siganeze da odnav mimarTulia zeviTken. yurebze da kefaze is sul ufro Txlad eSveba; kefaze araa ufro sqeli, vidre Cveulebrivi qudi. am sacms hqvia bog-tak-i. misganac CamoeSveba didi TeTri Sali, romelSic xSirad Tmaa Cawnuli. am TavsaburiT gansxvavdebian yabardoelebi da maTTan erTad osebi, dugurebi, beslenebi, Temirxoi da Savi zRvisken mcxovrebi sxva xalxebi TaTrebisgan. qalTa Tavsabu-riT gansxvavdeba agreTve (Tumca sxva mxriv msgavsia) micjegu-ri[13] tansacmeli yumuxur-TaTrulisa da Cerqezulisgan, rad-gan micjegi qalebi saqoCreze (kinkrixoze) atareben damatebiT wagrZelebas, romelsac aqvs arCvis rqis forma da winiskenaa moxrili. [aq klaproti iZleva amis naxats_g.g.]. es rqa Cveu-lebriv gakeTebulia aryis xis qerqisgan, SigniT fuRurovania da xilabandiT, an abreSumis qsoviliTaa Semokruli. is aris ori diuimis sigrZis da Svidi diuimi simaRlis; moRunuli wve-ri Subliskenaa moqceuli. sayrdens qmnis patara, erTi TiTis sisqis rgoli (gvirgvini), romelic saqoCrezea morgebuli da marjnebiTaa morTuli. am Tavsaburs hqvia Cugul-i. micjegi qa-liSvilebi dadian Cerqezul qudebSi.

osi qalebi ar eridebian kacebs, aramed orive sqesi Tavi-suflad urTierTobs. isini xSirad modiodnen Cven adgilsam-yofelTan da gasayidad mohqondaT qaTmebi, batebi, kvercxi, ka-raqi, yveli, Svriisa da xorblis puri da sxva produqtebi, ra-sac Cerqezi da TaTari qalebi arasdros sCadian. isini am sakveb produqts cvlidnen yalb vercxlis Zafze (amas serindage-s uwodeben), sakerav nemsebze, saTiTeebze, marjanze, yviTeli spilenZis beWdebze (rgolebze) da tiloze. sul ubralod ia-fad SemeZlo meyida saukeTeso qaTami ori gorgali vercxlis ZafiT, romlis fasic 5 kapikia da sxvac. osi qalebi ar atareben Sarvlebs CerqezebiviT.

qalebs ar evalebaT raime ceremonia, garda umal wamod-gomisa, roca mas uaxlovdebi. kacebi ki wamodgebian, moixrebian da ixdian qudebs, romelsac maSinve ixuraven. moxrisas xels Sublze irtyamen; xolo, roca didi pativi surT gamoiCinon, pa-

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tivsacem pirovnebas xels arTmeven, miideben jer pirze, mere Sublze. dRisiT maTi qalebis monaxuleba warCinebulebTan arasakadrisad iTvleba rogorc CerqezebTan.

mravalcolianoba osebSi iSviaTia; mxolod mdidrebs, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen monaTluli Tu mounaTlavi mahmadi-anebi, hyavT ori, iSviaTad sami coli. roca vinmes surs colis moyvana (daqorwineba), is agzavnis erTerT Tavis megobars an na-Tesavs qaliSvilis mSoblebTan da Txoven miRebas. Tuki orive mxare SeTanxmdeba sapatarZlo misatanze, sasiZo patarZalTan RamiT gamosayvanad agzavnis qalebs, klaven xarebsa da cxvrebs, xarSaven luds da sami dRe siamovneben. sapatarZlo misatans Seadgens Tofebi, xmlebi, xanjlebi, saqoneli da sxva sagnebi. osi ufrosebi (eldar) irTaven Cerqezi warCinebulebis (uzde-ni) qaliSvilebs. am SemTxvevaSi sapatarZlo xSirad 1000 ver-cxlis maneTamde adis. aseve qorwindebian es warCinebulebi osi beladebis qaliSvilebze. qalwulobas Zalze mkacrad icaven, magram gaTxovebis Semdeg qalisTvis saqebaria, roca bevri Tay-vanismcemeli (sayvareli) hyavs. arSiyis dasawyisSi es Tayvanis-mcemeli uZRvnis 5_10 maneTis fasis saCuqrebs, xolo Semdegac imasve iRebs misgan. mdidrebis qaliSvilebi, gansakuTrebiT ba-dilaTis da CerqesaTis gvarebidan, CerqezebiviT atareben tya-vis kofTas (Jilets), romelic mkerdze isea SemoWerili, rom sxeulis tankenaroba SeinarCunos. am kofTas siZe xanjliT Wris (xsnis) pirvel Rames.

Tu qmars coli mobezrdeba da usafuZvlod uSvebs, is kargavs e.w. sapatarZlos. Tuki coli wava misgan, simamrma xe-laxla srulad unda gasces da cotac waamatos. roca qmari cols Ralatis gamo uSvebs, is ibrunebs naxevar sapatarZlos, radgan qali Cabarda qalwulad da ukeTesad unda emeTvalyura.

yvela kaci eweva Tambaqos, xolo qalebi siamovnebiT yno-saven. Cibuxs Tixisgan amzadeben; ar aqvT saTuTune da saynos TuTuns CvarSi axveven.

wyals, romelic yvelis damzadebis Semdeg darCeba, qa-lebi Tavis dasabanad iyeneben, ris gamoc Tma rbildeba da bacdeba.

osebs da dugurebs Cvennairi drois aRricxva aqvT. kviras uwodeben xucavi-bon-s, niSnavs RmerTis dRes da yvela samuSa-osgan Tavs ikaveben, rasac orSabaTobiT da paraskevobiTac sia-movnebiT akeTeben, Tuki saqme saswrafo ar aris. Tveebs Tavise-burad uwodeben. aq me movitan dugurul dasaxelebebs da mniS-vnelobas, rac sxva osurisgan Zlier ar gansxvavdebian. ianvari _ ansur; Tebervali_kamasxun, e.i. TamaSebis dro, radgan am

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TveSi cekvaven, jiriToben, TamaSoben da qeifoben, rogorc ru-sebTan yvelieris (didmarxvis) dros. marts da aprils eZaxian marxua dua mai, anu orive marxvis Tveebia. maisi aris nikolai mai, anu nikolozis Tve, berZnuli eklesiis nikolozobis mi-xedviT; ivnisia amistulta; ivlisi_sosan, e.i. Tavis qnevisa, radgan am dros cxenebi Tavs ganuwyvetliv amoZraveben, rom krazanebi moicilon. agvisto da seqtemberi_ruxana dua mai, e.i. orive irmis yvirilis Tve, radgan am dros iremi mZuvnobs. oqtomberia kefti mai, e.i. Tevzis Tve; noemberi_gorguba, wm. giorgis gamo; dekemberi_aZolagofart, anu dro, roca aris puris da xorcis nakleboba.

osebis religia yvelgan erTgvaria; esaa Taviseburi nare-vi qristianulis da Zveli warmarTulis. Zvelad rom berZnul qristianobas aRiarebdnen, ueWvelia. aseve qarTvelebi adastu-reben, rom maTma mefem Tamarma osebi, iseve rogorc dasavleT kavkasiis didi nawili gaaqristiana. am droidan unda arsebob-dnen is Zveli eklesiebi, romlebsac mTebSi sxvadasxva adgileb-Si xedav da romlebsac osebi uwodeben Zuar-s, rac qarTuli sityvidan jvari warmosdgeba. amasTan sityvaSi Zuar gulisxmo-ben yvela sxva salocavsac. osebi dResac icaven marTlmadideb-luri aRdgomis wina didmarxvas rva kviris manZilze, romlis drosac ar Wamen ara marto xorcs, aramed Tavs ikaveben rZisa da karaqisgan; miirTmeven mxolod purs, lobios (cercvs), ma-rilSi moxarSul muxudos da xaxvs. zogi icavs petre mociqu-lisadmi marxvas ivnisSi, an kidev RvTismSoblis marxvas da sa-Sobao marxvas. didmarxvisas ikribebian sazeimo erTobad Zvel eklesiebTan an salocavebTan, sadac maTi ufrosoba locu-lobs da Semdeg pirvel xorcs erTad Wamen. es Semdegnairad xdeba: saaRdgomo sufris win Caimuxlebs (daiCoqebs) ufrosi, joxze wamocmul qons an Tirkmels aswevs zeviT, mis mcire na-wils gauyofs damswreebs, xolo danarCens agdebs cecxlSi. pi-rutyvis sagangebo daniSnuleba da Zvlebis dawva, raRaciT hgavs ebraul saaRdgomo samsxverplo kravs. garda didmarxvi-sa, yvelierisas swiraven karaqsa da cxvars. miqaelis dRes kla-ven xars da cxvars da xarSaven luds. saSobaod klaven da swira-ven Txebs, xolo axalwlis dRes Rors. marxvas isini Tavisi mic-jeguri mezoblebis inguSebisa da yarabulaxebis msgavsad, qar-Tuli saxeliT_`marxua~ moixseneben...

garda Zveli eklesiebisa da salocavebis, maT mTebSi aqvT kidev wminda adgilebi, rogoricaa gamoqvabulebi da kldeebi, an qvebis grovebi gzis saxifaTo adgilebSi; aq isini loculo-ben da moxuci kacebisgan winaswarmetyvelebas usmenen (iReben).

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es wminda adgilebi ekuTvniT winaswarmetyvel elias, romelic maTi mTavari mfarvelia, an wm.giorgis, an wm.nikolozs da an mTavarangeloz miqaels. gadatanili safrTxis, an mniSvnelova-ni gadawyvetilebis miRebisas soflis ufrosi iCoqebs erTerT salocavTan, loculobs da swiravs cota sakvebs, an Tavisi tan-sacmlis erT nawils. mcired damarilebuli Tevzi, romelic maTTan sasusnavs warmoadgens, iTvleba upirates Sesawirad. _ sadac gamoqvabulebi an sxva adgilebi ilias (elias) saxelisaa, Sesawirad mihyavT Txebi, romlis xorcs Wamen, xolo tyavs ma-Ral xeze Wimaven. am Txis tyavs eTayvanebian isini ilias dRes, romelic yanebs aaridebs setyvas da uxv mosavals aCuqebs. xSi-rad osebi, romlebic am wminda adgilebisken midian, bruvdebi-an ielis kvamliT, ris gamoc male iZineben da rac daesizmre-baT, miaCniaT momaswavebel niSnad da amis mixedviT moqmedeben. maT hyavT agreTve misnebi, romlebic wminda kldeebTan cxov-roben da saCuqris fasad momavals umkiTxaveben. amaT garda osebSi arian moxuci kacebi da qalebi, romlebsac uwodeben ku-ris-meh-cohk-s anu jadosans, romlebic axali wlis wina saRa-mos transSi vardebian da umoZraod mwoliareni mZinared geC-venebian. roca gamoiRviZeben, amboben, TiTqos gardacvlilTa sulebi ixiles xan did WaobSi, xan dadiodnen Rorze, ZaRlze an vacze Semomjdrebi. Tu naxaven suls, romelic yanidan mar-cvals amoglejs da sofelSi moitans, es niSnavs uxv mosavals da a.S.

osebi did pativs miageben meteorits (vardnil var-skvlavs), romelsac uwodeben stahleh ataxi-s _mfrinav var-skvlavs, an Zuar-atexi-s _mfrinav jvars an wmindans. roca mTvare pirvelad amodis, misi damnaxavebi daniT an xanjliT ha-erSi gamosaxaven jvars mTvaris an varskvlavebis mimarTule-biT da irgvliv Semoivleben wres jvrebisgan, radgan axali mTvaris gamoCena Zalze wminda ambad miaCniaT.

Zalian saocaria (Taviseburia) osebis fici katebze, ZaR-lebze da micvalebulebze, romelsac Cveulebriv amboben, ro-ca maT qurdobaSi adanaSauleben. magaliTad, braldebuli ZaR-liT Semoivlis sofels da xmamaRla yviris: `me movklav am ZaRls~; Cveulebriv, namdvili qurdi aRiarebs Cadenils, rad-gan udidesi ubedurebis momtanad miaCniaT ZaRlis sikvdilSi damnaSaved yofna. xSirad ficis damdebi gamoWris katas yels, an dakidebs ZaRls da ificebs, rom tyuil fics cxoveli dakaw-vriT, kbeniT da sxva wvalebiT miuzRavda damnaSaves. rodesac gaqurduls eWvi miaqvs mis erTerT mezobelze, rom isaa qurdi, mihyavs is im adgilas, sadac naTesavebi arian dasaflavebuli:

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es dgeba Tavisi mamis, dedis an Zmis saflavTan da daiyvirebs `Tu me movipare, maSin Cems mamas, dedas an Zmas im qveynad cxenad movemsaxurebi; magram, Tu ar var damnaSave, maSin es sasjeli damnaSaves miuvides~. _ SanibaSi enal-donze me viyavi mowme fi-cis sxva ucnauri saxeobisa. saxeldobr, braldebulma (mopasu-xem) joxi Caartya adamianis ganavlis grovas da daiyvira: `ase icemeba Cemi gardacvlilebi, Tuki me viqurde~. Wokze wamocmu-li saqonlis narCenebi da wyevla, rom qurdi imqveynad amiT gaZ-Reba, ufro kargad icavs pirutyvs moparvisgan, vidre mwyemsi (daraji). SeTanxmebis niSnad miwaSi arWoben sols (joxs) da dam-rRvevs kanongareSed aRiareben. werilobiTi xelSekrulebis magier erTmaneTs gadascemen saWdes, romelzec yoveli naWdevi gansakuTrebul moments (punqts) aRniSnavs. miuxedavad wera-kiTxvis sruli ucodinarobisa, aqvT erTgvari qronika _ sam-sxverplo saxlebSi dagrovil Tavebsa da rqebze ixseneben sao-car ambebs, rac msxverplSewirvisas moxda. welTa (drois)aR-ricxvas mosavlis aRebis mixedviT ewevian da umetesad ise Sez-Rudulad, rom Tavisi sakuTari asakis dadgena ar SeuZliaT.

qristianobis mTavar sabuTad, kavkasiaSi miRebuli az-rovnebiT, aris is, rom osebi Wamen Roris xorcs. TaTrebi mTel areals sunjadan Sav zRvamde, sadac cxovroben ara mahmadiane-bi, aramed wamxdari qristianebi, uwodeben gaur-tau-s, e.i. ur-wmuno mTebs. osebisa da dugurebis beladebi da warCinebulebi, romlebic kavSirSi arian CerqezebTan, saxelad mahmadianoben da amas amtkiceben mxolod Roris xorcis Wamisgan Tavis Seka-vebiT. Cveulebrivi arabuli locvebi arc ki ician.

osebis naTloba imaSi gamoixateba, rom bavSvs, dabadebi-dan ramdenime kviris Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi, an vinme arqmevs TviTnebur (gamogonil) saxels, rac sicocxlis manZilze rCeba.

osis gardacvalebisas mTeli sanaTesao ikribeba. kace-bi ititvleben Tavs da wels da imdens icemen maTraxs, sanam ar dasisxliandebian. qalebi ikawraven saxes, kbenen sakuTar mklavebs, iglejen Tmebs da saSineli kiviliT irtyamen xels mkerdSi. Zalze TavgamodebiT (mZafrad) warmosdgeba gar-dacvlilis coli; amis Semdeg mTeli weli ar unda Wamos arc xorci, arc sxva _marxvis dros akrZaluli sakvebi. Cveuleb-riv mas colad irTavs gardacvlilis Zma, miuxedavad imisa, ukve hyavs Tu ara coli. es imitom xdeba, rom ar gaiyos qone-ba da darCes ojaxs. aseTi daqorwineba iTvleba Zalian saqeb-rad da sapatiod.

yovel gvars (ojaxs) aqvs sakuTari sagvareulo saflavi, romelic zogierTi StosTvis warmoadgens vrcel akldamas _

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oTxkuTxa Senobis saxiT da viwro SesasvleliT. pirvelad masSi Sedis ori kaci da gvami SeaqvT (SeaTreven) Sig, romelic xan-grZlivad Zevs ficrebze. roca gvami gaixrwneba, mis Zvlebs Se-ureven danarCenebs da amgvarad erTi ojaxis (gvaris) Zvlebi erTad rCebian. osebis sxva Stoebi, rogoricaa dugurebi, gvams wesierad marxaven. micvalebuls acmeven mis saukeTeso tansac-mels da marxaven qvebiT amoSenebul da pirovnebis sididis Se-saferis arcTu Rrma ormoSi. zemodan axvaveben qvebs da rgaven xeebs. warCinebulebs TavTiT udgamen adamianis simaRlis aras-wor oTxkuTxa gaTlil qvas. iSviaTad aSeneben saflavze mcire TaRebs. micvalebuls TaviT dasavleTisken awvenen.

Tuki vinmes mexi daecema, mas Zalze bednierad Tvlian, radgan swamT, rom wm.eliam waiyvana is. gadarCenilebi iwyeben sasixarulo yvirils, mRerian da cekvaven mexdacemulis garSe-mo. yvela mirbis iqiTken, uerTdebian mocekvaveTa rigebs da mRerian `o, elias, elias, kldovani mwvervalebis batono~.wri-uli cekvis taqtSi imeoreben am sityvebs, xan SebrunebiT; erTi daamRerebs da gundi imeorebs. avdris Sewyvetis Semdeg mexda-cemuls ucvlian tansacmels, awvenen leibze imave adgilas da imave pozaSi, sadac mas mexi daeca da mTeli Rame agrZeleben cekvas. naTesavebic iseve mxiarulad mRerian da cekvaven, ro-gorc samxiarulo zeimis dros, radgan mwuxare gamometyveleba CaiTvleboda elias mimarT uzneobad da sasjelis Rirsad. es zeimi grZeldeba rva dRe. Semdeg mexdacemuls didi zeimiTa da qeifiT asaflaveben; saflavis borcvze yrian qvebis maRal grovas. am qvebis axlos aRmarTaven erT did Zels Savi Txis tya-viT da meores _ micvalebulis saukeTeso tansacmliT.

micvalebulis sulis simSvidis SesanarCuneblad maT aqvT saocari Cveuleba, romelsac uwodeben doR-s. ori an sami mxe-dari adian daaxloebiT 10 versiT daSorebul cicabo mTaze da vinc pirveli ava kldis wverze, mas danarCenebi Seaqeben da asa-Cuqreben; amis Semdeg yvela damswre Tavis sixaruls da mxiaru-lebas gamoxatavs cekvebiT da qeifiT.

rusebma scades osebis xelaxali gaqristianeba da 1752 wels am mizniT daaarses `osuri komisia~, romelsac adgilsam-yofeli mozdokSi hqonda da Sedgeboda rusi sasuliero pire-bisgan. amaT aages monasteri im adgilas, sadac mdinare fiagi mTebidan yabardos vakeze gamodis, mis marjvena napirze, so-fel boruyvae-s (rusebis barukaia) axlos, romelic Cerqez uz-denul gvars ausorix-s ekuTvnis. es monasteri sasuliero pi-rebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romlebic cdilobdnen osebis mar-Tlmadideblobaze (berZnul eklesiaze) moqvevas. maTi mTeli

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saqmianoba mdgomareobda monaTvlaSi, rasac bevri msurveli gamouCnda, zogic ganmeorebiT, radgan mosanaTlebi xazinisgan iRebdnen 12 arSin uxeS tilos perangisa da SarvlisTvis, or gamxmar (gamoyvanil) taraRanas (Tevzia_g.g.) da TiTberis jvars. magram, maRali mTis mosaxleebma qristianobidan vera-feri iswavles, garda imisa, rom Tavs xristons uwodeben da jvris gamosaxva SeuZliaT. am monasters 1769 wels daecnen ose-bi da gaanadgures, radgan erTma rusma mRvdelma mdidari osis coli gaaupatiura, raSic amxiles. generalma medemma[14] 1771 wlis martSi iq gagzavna erTi sagangebo razmi, raTa Suri eZia monasterze Tavdasxmis gamo. magram saqme mxolod amiT das-rulda; monasteri aRar aRadgines da rusi misionerebi moz-dokSi damkvidrdnen, sadac Semdgom daarsda skola iq mcxovre-bi osebisTvis. mTebSi Sewyda mcdelobebi; Tumca mizanSewonili RonisZiebebiT iolad SeiZleboda Zvel safuZvelze axali qristianobis daTesva, rac albaT xels Seuwyobda am xalxSi kulturis Setanas.

osebi nawilobriv soflebSi cxovroben, nawilobriv cal-ke saxlebad mTebSi gafantuli. sofels maTTan hqvia kau an gau∗ da Cveulebriv emorCileba erT an or mamasaxliss (ufross), romelsac eldar-s uwodeben. eseni cdiloben moagvaron dava mosaxleTa Soris da sakmaod kargi wesrigi aqvT, radgan saer-Tod maT did pativs scemen. mosaxleoba maT arafers uxdis. ya-CaRobisas isini arian winamZRolebi da bevria damokidebuli maT gavlenaze. amave dros erT sofelSi xSiria dapirispirebu-li dajgufebebi, romelTa Cxubi bevr uwesrigobas iwvevs. sof-lebi da saxlebi usufTaoa, Tumca WuWyi quCebSi iSviaTia, rad-gan wvimis wyali kldovan niadags mtvrisgan recxavs. maRla mTebSi saxlebi qvisaa, magram damakavSirebeli kirisa da Tixis gareSe; qva devs qvaze, xolo maTi Sorisi miwiT an xavsiTaa amov-sebuli. amis miuxedavad, es kedlebi Zalian mtkicea da bevr Ta-obebs uZleben. sofelSi saxlebi gafantulad dganan da ir-gvliv xSirad xuT maTgans galavani aqvs Semovlebuli da udgaT koSki. saxli TiTqmis 2,5 futi simaRlisaa da, miuxedavad amisa, orsarTuliania; qvedaze saqonelia moTavsebuli, zedaze ki adamianebi cxovroben. cudi kari xuravs Sesasvlels. dRis si-naTle Sedis patara oTxkuTxa xvrelidan. mTis Zirebisken mde-

∗ soflebi Cveulebriv Zalze patarebia da bevri ise axlos dgas erTmaneTis-gan, rom SeiZleba mogeCvenos erT mTlianad. sofeli atarebs masSi mcxovre-bi gvaris saxels. aqedan momdinareobs mravali soflis saxeli giulden-StedtTan.

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bare soflebSi saxlebi mTlianad xisaa, saxeldobr, tyis wif-lis Zelebisgan da gadaxurulia CaliT, an cacxvis qerqiT.

mTaSic aqa-iq gvxvdeba naZvis (soWis) Zelebisgan nagebi saxlebi, magram Senebis tipi Zalze sustia, misi SigTavsi ki Ra-ribuli (sacodavi). yvela sofelSi dgas 5-6 futi simaRlis koS-ki, romelic Tavdasxmisas TavSesafars warmoadgens. qvemoT Tavsdebian qalebi da bavSvebi, zemoT ki mebrZoli mamakacebi, romlebic iqidan Tofs esvrian da qvebs uSenen imaT, vinc cdi-lobs karebze Setevas, romliskenac mxolod erTi kibiT Cadian. mTel oseTSi TiTqmis arc erTi sofeli ar Zevs didi mdinaris piras, aramed zeviT maRla misi kalapotidan, da patara nakadu-lebze, romlebic mTidan qvemoT mdinares erTvian.

yvela ufross aqvs sufTa saxli, erTi stumrisTvis da me-same, romelSic saqoneli dgas da xarSaven. [patroni] pirvelSi inaxavs Tavis iaraRs, romlebic kedlebze hkidia. oTaxis erT mxares, sadac buxaria, Cans xis sadgami, romelzec dRisiT aw-yvia sabnebi, qeCebi da baliSebi, rasac Zilis dros iyeneben. sa-woli Sedgeba erTmaneTs miWedebuli ficrebisgan, arc ki erTi futis simaRlisaa da orive boloSi pirdapir eSveba. is dgas buxarTan; dRisiT zed Txeli Wilobi an qeCis noxia gadafare-buli da masze fexmorTxmiT qalebi sxdebian. kacebi sxedan da-bal merxze, an savarZelSi, magram arasdros sxva kavkasielebi-viT iatakze. baliSebi da leibebi datenilia cxvris matyliT, xolo mdidrebTan gadakruli aqvT lurjzoliani tilo. sabne-bi sparsuli CiTiTaa gamokruli da matyliT an bambiT dalian-dagebuli; aqvT aseve abreSumiT da sxva. oTaxis SuaSi dgas xis, arcTu maRali, mrgvali samfexa magida. boTlebs, Stofebs, Su-Sis da xis bokalebs, qaSanuris TefSebs da a.S. iZenen xazze rusi vaWrebisgan. yvela am nivTs an ukeTeben naxvrets, an maTze amag-reben Tasmebs, risi meSveobiTac oTaxis kedlebze irgvliv hki-deben. sxva sagnebs inaxaven furclovani rkiniT SemoWedil skivrebSi (yuTebSi). Raribebi ki cxovroben Zalze sacodavad da usufTaod.

osebis Cveulebrivi saWmelia daumJavebeli xorblis an Svriis puri, romelsac imerlebiviT nacarSi acxoben; aseve mo-xarSuli fetvis an Wvavis comi, romelsac daniT Wrian da Tbils Tu civs puris magivrad Wamen. saqonlis da cxvris xorci Cveulebrivia; Raribebi Wamen agreTve Roris xorcs. roca xor-ci ar aqvT, amzadeben Wvavis burRulis wvnians da svamen. maTi Cveulebrivi sasmelia mdinaris wyali, rac mTaSi Zalze kargi da janmrTelia. luds xarSaven qeridan; arays xdian qeridan da Wvavidan, buzas Wvavis burRulisgan.

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miwaTmoqmedeba mTaSi Zalze Znelia, radgan kldeebSi co-taa adgilebi moyviTalo TixiT dafaruli, romelic yovel-wliurad unda ganoyivrdes nakeliT (gapativdes). yanebi TiT-qmis yovelTvis daqanebulia, ris gamoc moxvna Zalian Wirs. gu-Tani, romelsac osebi da sxva kavkasielebi iyeneben, aris ru-sulze patara da aqvs aseTi forma: [aq klaproti iZleva guTnis Tu kavis naxats da yovel nawils aRniSnvs asoebiT_g.g.]. es aris moRunuli xe, romlis frTebi 1,5 futi sigrZisaa da mxo-lod 8 diuimiTaa erTmaneTs dacilebuli; erT frTaze wamoc-mulia Tanabarferdiani samkuTxedis formis rkinis brtyeli frTe. is abrunebs miwas. moRunuli xis meore frTaze damagre-bulia 6 futi sigrZis gasawevi tari, romlis boloSi ebmeba uReli xari. iq sadac xe iRuneba, aris saxeluri, romliTac er-Ti kaci marcxena xeliT guTans marTavs, xolo marjveniT xa-rebs mierekeba. radgan manZili rkinis frTedan gasawevi taris mibmamde mxolod 8 diuimia, amitom kvali 6 diuimze Rrma ar ga-modis. erTmaneTze gadabmuli ramdenime xis taniT, romelsac xari eweva, ileweba namkali; amasTan erTi adamiani dgas am xeeb-ze da awveba [simZimiT]. SemodgomiT Tesen mxolod sazamTro xorbals, gazafxulze _sazafxulo xorbals, qers da Svrias; am ukanasknels Zalze iSviaTad. mTisZira soflebi, romelTa ya-nebi ukve vakeze mdebareoben, srulebiT ar Tesen Svrias da qers, mxolod cota xorbals, magrab bevr fetvs da fetvisnair, oRond misi naxevari zomis marcvleulis saxeobas, romelsac osebi galma-s da rusebi bor-s eZaxian. eseni Tesen agreTve bar-das, lobios, siminds, kitrs, kanafs da Tambaqos (saxeldobr Nicotiana rustica), magram yvelafers mxolod mcire raodenobiT. marcvleuls iReben(Wrian) erT futamde sigrZis da 2 TiTis si-ganis, mokle da Zalze moxrili namgliT, romelsac dakbiluli piri aqvs. Tivas Tibaven 2 futi sigrZis, TiTqmis 3 TiTi siganis da Zalian mcired moRunuli celiT, romelic wamocmulia er-Ti saJeni sigrZis tarze. marcvali iTeleba kaloze xarebis sa-SualebiT; osebi ar xmaroben TaTrebis mier stepebSi salewad gamoyenebul ficrebs (=kevri_g.g.), radgan kevriT lewvisas Ca-la mTlad ifSvneba. amas ki zamTris sakvebad saguldagulod krefen. marcvleulis mosavals inaxaven saxlSi, wvrili wnele-biT (totebiT) dawnul did yuTebSi.

osebs aqvT wisqvilebi Zlierad vardnil nakadulebze. wisqvils aqvs patara horizontaluri borbali, romlis frTebsac Raris meSveobiT ecema wyali, rac vertikaluri Rer-Zis zemo nawilSi datanebuli kbilanebiT atrialebs patara dolabs. fqvili Tumca RerRilia (arawmindad nafqvavia), mag-

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ram operacia swrafad mimdinareobs. qviSaqvis maTi yabardou-li dolabebi saukeTesoa da xazze gamoiyeneben. sadac kargi dolabebis naklebobaa da mas ar aprialeben, fqvilSi yovel-Tvis mravlad ereva qviSa. aseTi wisqvilis patroni yvela mego-bars ufasod ufqvavs xorbals.

memindvreobis Semdeg osebis mTavari saqmianoba mesaqon-leobaa. cxvris farebi qmnian am xalxis mTavar simdidres. isini cxvrebze ucvlian qarTlelebsa da imerlebs iaf abreSumis qsovilebs, tilos, bambis qsovilebs, ferad CiTs, oqrosa da vercxlis Zafebs, spilenZisa da rkinis WurWels da instrumen-tebs. Cerqezebisa da maTTan movaWre somxebisgan iReben ma-rils, aseve xSirad fetvs da tilos. cxvrebs garda maT bevri Txa hyavT. msxvilfexa saqoneli ufro iSviaTia; maT TiTqmis im-deni hyavT, rac miwaTmoqmedebisTvis sWirdebaT. xarebs ucvli-an erTmaneTs da Zalian Zvirad fasobs. yvels amzadeben cxvris rZisgan, karaqs _Zroxis rZisgan, magram am ukanasknels ufro iSviaTad. maTi yveli kargia, magram sakmaod mariliani. maT me-saqonleobas uWirs, radgan mTaSi arasakmarisia Tibva. roca isini maRla Tibaven Tivas, kraven mas konebad, agoreben da Sem-deg mTis Ziridan urmebiT gadaaqvT. visac bevri xari hyavs, zam-TarSi maT an ucxo naxirSi gayrian, an vakis mcxovreblebs miaba-reben gamosakvebad.

maTi cxenebi araa Zalian didebi, magram aqvT Zlieri fexe-bi, ris gamoc ar Weden∗, Tumca mudam qvebze uxdebaT siaruli. isini Zalian kargad adian mTebSi, ar iRlebian male da roca fexs mtkiced dgamen, arasdros usrialdebaT. am Tvalsazri-siT virebi ukeTesia; jorebi Zalze iSviaTia, Tumca cnobilia maRal mTebSi maT mezobel TaTrul StoebSi.

osebi did pativiscemas(mowiwebas) gamoxataven ufrose-bis mimarT; maT yofnaSi axalgazrda arasdros dajdeba; aseve vaJi mamis TandaswrebiT, umcrosi Zma ufrosis yofnisas da a.S.

yvela os ufross hyavs sakuTari glexebi, datyvevebuli an nayidi monebi, romlebic saxlSi emsaxurebian; agreTve Tavi-sufali qveSevrdomebi, romlebic Tavis batonebsa da sacxov-

∗ mainc TaTrebis nalebi mTebSi sasiarulod kargia. es aris Cliqis qveda ze-dapiris Tanabari sqeli rkinis naWeri, romelsac SuaSi aqvs diuimis siganis mrgvali xvreli. am naWers napiri ufro sqeli aqvs da cotaTi gamoweulia wina mxareze. mas lursmnebisTvis aqvs 6 xvreli, 3-3 TiTo mxareze. lursmnis Tavebi mkveTrad prizmulia da orxazovani; es aZlevs cxens saSualebas ia-ros maRal mTebSi rogorc sip qvebze, ise yinulze. is arasdros azianebs Cliqis qveda mxares, romelic mTlianadaa dafaruli; agreTve rkina araso-des ar Camostexs Cliqs nawils.

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rebels icvlian. isini glexebs Sida mosamsaxureobisTvis ar iy-vanen; agreTve calcalke arc gayidva, arc gaCuqeba SeuZliaT. monebs ki survilisamebr hyidian. glexebs Zalze cota gadasa-xads arTmeven, aseve monebsac. maTTan xSirad Tavisufali ada-mianebic cxovroben, romlebic emsaxurebian da saCuqari eZle-vaT; isini maT erT-erT gogoze aqorwineben, an uxdian sapatar-Zlos. amis gamo kisruloben garkveuli droiT samsaxurs.

Zalze advilia osebis morCilebaSi yola (lagamis amode-ba). maTi qveynis dasamorCileblad saWiroa iegerTa ori polki, ramdenime samfuntiani qvemexi da patara mortira, radgan mTe-li xalxidan SeuZliaT mxolod 5000 mebrZolis gamoyvana, ro-melTagan naxevars Tu aqvs Tofi da xmali. amave dros isini ga-nicdian denTis naklebobas, xolo erTmaneTSi ar aqvT erToba; ase rom 200-mde kacis Sekrebas Tu SeZleben. Tuki geqneba qveme-xebi da mortiri, SegiZlia yvelgan gaikafo gza da isini yvela xeobidan gamoreko. amisTana laSqrobisTvis saukeTeso Tveebia agvisto, seqtemberi da oqtomberi, roca sakmao marcvleuli da Tiva moiZebneba, romlis nawils gamoiyeneb, nawils ki dawvav. amiT mTel nacias gaakeTebineb, rasac moisurveb, radgan isinic da saqonelic iSimSileben, risic SeeSindebaT. xazze fiqroben, rom mTielebTan brZolas araviTari sargebeli ar moaqvs, rad-gan isini mxares datoveben da sxvagan gadavlen. magram es mcda-ria da srulebiT SeuZlebeli. erTi meores ar dauTmobs im ad-gilebs, romlebic saxnavad da Tivis asaRebadaa gamosadegi, radgan Semdeg TviTon ganicdis SeWirvebas. Tuki vinme flobs miwis mcire nakveTs, romelic mas Zalian ar sWirdeba, sxvas did fasad mihyidis. ramdenime kvadratul saJenSi ixdian erT monas, an 100-dan 160-mde cxvars. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT cotao-den adgilebSi gamosayenebel niadagsac, mTa namdvilad Zalia-naa dasaxlebuli da mezoblebisTvis saSiSi iqneboda, rom sima-macesTan erTad erTianoba da omis xelovnebis saTanado xaris-xic daxvedrodaT macxovrebelTa mxriv.

muxrani ekuTvnis bagrationebis samefo saxls _muxran batonebis tituliT. amJamad iyo 60 wlis konstantine; colad hyavs erekles meoTxe qaliSvili qeTevani. [aqedan gaiara qsov-risi, irtoza; oZisis cixe CrdiloeTiTaa 3 versze, Semdeg erT milzea sofeli Zeglevi; aqedan erT versze qalaqi da simagre axalgori].

axalgori aris Raribi punqti, romelic iTvlis qarTuli wesiT nageb 200-mde miwurs da artyia maRali galavani. es iyo qsnis erisTavis (anu mamasaxlisis) sacxovrebeli. es tituli

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iyo memkvidreobiTi da grZeldeboda rusebis mier saqarTve-los okupaciamde. aq Semodis 39 punqti∗.

13 marts axalgorSi gamyolad aviyvane Tirsaus modgmis osi da SuadRiT davtove es punqti. sam versze CrdiloeTiT qe-dis maRal ferdze, md. gurnaelas CrdiloeT mxareze devs so-feli skoTi. es mdinare moedineba lorwobanis mTidan. am mdina-ris are dasaxlebulia osebiT da ewodeba saferSeTi. aq aris 6 sofeli. lorwobanis mTis Crd.-dasavleTiT (misi Ziri tyiTaa dafaruli, mwvervali ki SiSvelia) Zevs sofeli alevi sakmao si-maRleze. iqidan axlos dgas qvis ugumbaTo, wm. samebis eklesia. masSi mravali xatia, jvari da RvTismsaxurebisTvis saWiro oq-ros da vercxlis nivTi; dRes TiTqmis yvela gaitaces lekebma. misi karic furclovani oqroTi iyo moWedili[15]...... roca md. gurnaelas saTavisken adixar da misgan aRmosavleTiT mdebare qeds gadaxval, mixval qarTul mxaresa da xeoba WarTalSi. am gasasvlels qsnidan aragvisken ewodeba mTiuleTis-kari da da-culi iyo mtkice cixiT, magram axla nangrevebic aRaraa.

ikoTidan qsnis xeoba ufro viwrovdeba, xolo misi mom-zRudavi kirqviani mTebi ufro cicabo da maRali. mdinaris marjvena napiriT 3 saaTSi Zalze uxerxuli gziT mivaRwieT largvis monasters. iq md. WurTa erTvis qsans. wyals waeRo xis xidi, romliTac gadadixar osur sofel lagoSesken. ami-tom Zalian gaZnelda qsanze gasvla. largvTan mTebSi, md. WurTaze cxovroben osebi, romlebic qarTvelebis qveSev-rdomebi arian.....

meore dRes gavagrZele svla qsnis marjvena napiris ayo-lebiT, romelsac saTavidan largvamde osuri saxeli Jamuri hqvia. aq is Zalze swrafia, xSiria CanCqerebi, ise rom ramdenime nabijiT daSorebulis xmas wylis xmaurSi Znelad igeb. largvi-dan 4 saaTis savalze calkarimde qvemodan zeviTken daviTvale 8 sofeli, romelTagan zogi qarTvelebisaa, zogic osebis. Ja-muris marcxena mxarezec soflebia da calkakis pirdapir, mTis cicabo ferdze sasaxle Smori.

∗ maTi saxelebi rusuli asoebiT damiweres, amitom maTi sisworis ar mje-ra:(Cven es saxelebi SeZlebisdagvarad davadgineT_g.g.) 1.cxavati 2.cxraz-mela 3.muJuis(?) 4.wirqoli 5.qarCoxi 6.Jamuri 7.axaldaba 8.ZaboeTi 9.qur-Ta10.xozoeTi11.golgoleTi 12.WorWoxi 13.xarbali 14.sabarkleTi 15.wat-rolaeli(?) 16.kucxoeTi 17.dvala 18.saqoreTi 19.WurTa 20.WurTisxevi 21.batnoeli(?) 22.qobo 23.gavazi 24.boli 25.upeTi-kora 26.logoba 27.ifnevi 28.qvenifnevi 29.isroli 30.ardisi 31.woldevi 32.qoloTi 33.ikeTi 34.naxidi 35.gesevreli(?) 36.saZeguri 37.uledaeli(?) 38.qvenaalevi 39.awrisxevi.

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calkaridan lomisamde, qedis umaRles adgilamde, rome-lic Jamuris xeobas aragvis xeobisgan hyofs, 4 versia. lomisa cnobili eklesiaa wm. giorgis saxelobis.... am eklesiasTan gava-Tene.... mTas, romelzec isaa agebuli ewodeba xodos. aqedan avuyeviT aragvis xeobas; aragvis zeda monakveTs iq mcxovrebi osebi uwodeben xade-dons. pirveli punqti iyo sofeli mleTi, dasaxlebuli qarTvelebiTa da osebiT. is lomisadan 1 saaTis savalzea...mleTSi Rame gavaTie osur stilSi uxeSi qviT uduRa-bod nageb sakmaod sufTa saxlSi. saxlis patronma, saxelad du-dark-ma Cemi TxovniT saukeTesod mimaspinZla. Cven pativsace-mad dakles cxvari, romlis xorciTac maspinZeli fexze mdgomi memsaxureboda....Cems misvlamde cota xniT adre mouxarSavT ludi (bagan), romelic marTla mSvenieri iyo... jer xorci mi-virTviT, Semdeg wvniani SevsviT, romelSic Wvavis marcvlebi dacuravdnen. puris nacvlad moitanes Svriisa da Wvavis fqvi-lis comi, rac daniT daWres da civad da SemTbarad SeiWama. me aseve SevniSne Wvavis fqvilis erTgvari daumJavebeli puri, ro-melic nacarSi iyo gamomcxvari.

osebs yaCaRebis saxeli aqvT, magram stumar-maspinZlobis wesebs mkacrad icaven da TiTqmis ar arsebobs imis magaliTi, rom stumari daeSavebinoT, an misTvis Seuracxyofa mieyenebi-noT. Tuki msgavsi ram moxda, mTeli sofeli ikribeba da damna-Saves asamarTleben; ganaCeniT, Cveulebriv, xel-fexSekruls kldidan mdinareSi agdeben. roca ucxo Cadis osur sofelSi, sadac mas ar hyavs maspinZeli, unda icodes, rom, sanam is iq dar-Ceba, kargad moeqcevian; aZleven saWmel-sasmels da emsaxurebi-an rogorc naTesavs. magram, rogorc ki datovebs sofels gam-yolebis gareSe, mas elodeba dayaCaRebisa da datyvevebis sa-SiSroeba imisgan, vinc wina dRes daapura. amitom Cemi aqamdeli Tanmxlebebi (qarTveli Tarjimani da germaneli msaxuri) ar ga-miSvia da mTlianad vande Cemi Tavi sam oss mleTidan,romleb-sac hyavdaT maspinZlebi TirsauSi TagaTas (Tagauris) modgma-Si. Cvens gunds, romelic 6 pirovnebisgan Sedgeboda, saCqarod mogvitanes Txilamurebi, gakeTebuli sami futi sigrZisa da 7 diuimi siganis ficrebisgan; agreTve raRac ucnauri fexsacme-lebi, romlebsac akkite-s uwodeben da romliTac Zalze uxifa-Tod dadian sriala da cicabo gzebze da xtebian kldidan kldeze.

mleTi ekuTvnis qarTul mxare mTiuleTs da esazRvreba osur guta-s, romelsac qarTvelebi Rudos-xevs, xolo osebi, xadde-donze misi mdebareobis gamo _xadda-kums uwodeben. is uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos kuTvnilebaa da eqvemdebare-

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boda duSeTis mouravs. mleTis garda mas sxva soflebic ekuT-vnian. dialeqti, romelzec am mxaris osebi laparakoben, ar gan-sxvavdeba imisgan, rac kavkasiis Crdiloel osebSi ixmareba; ese-ni Crdiloelebs agreTve cxovrebis wesiTac savsebiT hgvanan.

16 marts diliT TovlSi gavediT mleTidan. Cveni megob-ruli maspinZlis mTelma ojaxma gagvacila aragvis saTavemde. saWiro bargi zurgze akidebuli mihqonda Cven gamyol sam oss, risTvisac dReSi TiTo vercxlis maneTs iRebdnen. es Cveuleb-rivi movlenaa yvelgan, sadac cxeniT svla SeuZlebelia. adre am saqmeSi uxdidnen perangebs da sxva saqonels, magram mas Sem-deg, rac ruseTma saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina, mTielebma gemo gauges fuls. Cven ganuwyvetliv mivuyvebodiT maRla xad-de-donis (aragvis) marjvena napirs....sami saaTis mZime svlis Semdeg mivaRwieT mis saTaves. es unda iyos mleTidan 9 versis daSorebiT.....aq sadilis Semdeg, rasac Seadgenda cxvris Semwva-ri xorci da nacarSi gamomcxvari Wvavis puri, dagvemSvidobnen maspinZlis orive vaJi da qaliSvili da gabrundnen mleTis-ken..... saRamomde, erT saaTSi avediT fiqaliani mTis Txemze, romelic gvyofda Tergisgan. aqedan dasavleTis mimarTule-biT, mcired CrdiloeTis gadaxriT, sul aRmarTsvliT or sa-aTSi avediT am qedis Rrma TovliT dafarul mwvervalze. aq Se-visveneT 40 wuTi da davtkbiT Tovliani qedis xedebiT, rome-lic Cvens win mTlad cicabod iwva. xeobaSi miedineboda Tergi, aRmosavleTiT davinaxeT guda anu jvris mTa, romelzec gadis saqarTvelodan ruseTisken mimavali gza; agreTve Tovliani mwvervali yuro. Cvengan CrdiloeTiT aRimarTeboda piramidis formis myinvaris wveri, romelic dabali qediT ebmis unagiris formis, aseve mudmivi TovliT dafarul xoxis mwvervals, sai-danac iReben saTaves mdinareebi _Tergi, fiagi, aredoni, liax-vebi, qsani.....

Cven ramdenime Wiqa grogi miviReT Sesaxureblad da Crdi-lo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT daveSviT cicabo kldovan xeo-baSi, sadac xmauriT da CanCqerebiT mieqaneba mdinare ucfars-doni; esaa Tergis pirveli marjvena Senakadi. masze, Tergidan 1,5 versze Zevs patara sofeli ucfars-kau, romelic ekuTvnis janTiaTes osur gvars. aq iyo ramdenime Raribuli qvis qoxi, romelSic Rame gavaTieT, radgan Cvens gamyols aq hyavda mas-pinZeli. saxlis patronma aqac Zalze kargad migviRo; mas mle-Tidan Camosulma nacnobebma erTi dRiT adre Seatyobines Cveni gamomgzavrebis Sesaxeb. me Semxvdnen purmariliT: dakles cxva-ri da mogvarTves kargi ludi. sul fexze motriale saxlis patroni piradad me memsaxureboda, rogorc es wesia osebTan.

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Wamis dros is karebTan ijda joxiT da srulebiT ar mogvkare-bia, rom CvenTan erTad mierTmia. mxolod, roca Cven movamTav-reT, is meore oTaxSi miujda magidas.

soflis qera gogonebi (qaliSvilebi) TiTqmis yvela mar-Tla lamazebi da mxiarulebi iyvnen. isini gviCvenebdnen Tavis ostatobas (gawafulobas) cekvisas, romelic erTgvarad valss waagavs. sanam qaliSvilebi gaTxovdebian, Zalze TavdaWerilad cxovroben. magram igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas qalebze, romelTa keTilganwyoba iolad SeiZleba moipovo mSvenieri moskovuri TavSaliT, an sxva wvrilmaniT. intrigis dasawyisSi motrfiale mxolod saCuqrebs aZlevs; rogorc ki damyardeba axlo nacno-boba, is Tavis lamazisgan uxvad ibrunebs.

17 martis civ dilas gavudeqi gzas 15 osis TanxlebiT. 1/2 saaTSi Zneli aRmarTiT mivediT ucfars-donis TergTan Ser-Tvis adgilamde. ufro Zneli da ukacuri gziT, sul aRmasvliT 1 saaTSi viyaviT Tovliani mwvervalis xoxis Ziras, romelsac aseve istir-xoRi-s, e.i. maRal xoxi-s uwodeben. Semdeg mivediT im adgilas, sadac didma lodebma mogvca saSualeba wyalze ga-davsuliyaviT sofel siverautamde; aq, sadac mTis patara naka-dulebi ikribebian da Tergs qmnian, visauzmeT. miRweuliT gaxa-rebulma, erTi kaTxa ungruli Rvino Cavasxi mdinareSi, xolo meore Sevwire mTis sulebs. osebma es miiRes rogorc RvTismsa-xureba da Zalian mowiwebiT iyvnen. erT did, cicabo fiqalian kldeze, romelsac hqonda priala kedeli, wiTeli feriT dava-werine TariRi, Cemi da yvela Tanmxlebis saxelebi; Semdeg avu-yevi mTas sofel resi-mde.

kldovani xeoba, sadac Tergi iRebs saTaves, dasaxlebu-lia turci-s osuri StoTi, romelsac qarTvelebi Tursos an Trusos uwodeben; xeobas ki hqvia tircivsek, e.i. tircis xeoba, an agreTve tercig-kum _tircis samosaxlo∗. is orive mxridan fiqaliani mTebiTaa SemozRuduli da dasavleTiT granitpor-firiani an Tovliani mTebiT mTavrdebian. Tergis saTavidan pirdapir dasavleTiT, xoxis mTis ferdze gadasvlisas, Sexvde-biT aredonis saTave nakadulebs, romelic jer aRmosavleTi-dan dasavleTisken, Semdeg samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken miedi-neba da tartardups zemoT erT versze Tergs marcxnidan uer-Tdeba. msgavsi qedi gamoyofs aredons didi da patara liaxve-

∗ xSirad naxseneb qarTul geografiaSi naTqvamia, rom mas hqvia Truso da `Sedgeba sami xeobisgan, romelTagan erTi zaxa-s mTebidan, meore maRran-dvaleTis kavkasiidan da mesame xoxis mTidan gamodis. am ukanasknelSi aris patara eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelobis. yvela am xeobaSi rva sofelia~.

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bis saTaveebisgan, romlebzec aseve osuri Stoebi cxovroben da romlebic ukve didi xania saqarTvelos morCilebaSi arian. saTavidan Tergi 25 versi jer mTlad dasavleTidan aRmosavle-Tisken, Semdeg mcired ixreba CrdiloeTisken kobamde; aq ier-Tebs guda-s mTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT momaval TeTr-wyals. Semdeg Tergs pirdapir CrdiloeTis mimarTuleba aqvs.

xoxis konusuri Tovliani mwvervali TiTqmis myinvaris simaRlisaa, romelic stefanwmindas mopirdapired mdebare-obs, magram araa ise wawvetili da mTavrdeba ori, unagira Txe-miT SeerTebuli yinulovani mwvervaliT; amiT is ialbuzs em-sgavseba....

siveraut-sa da resi-Si davrCi saRamomde... erT versze ga-viareT sofeli kalagate-kau da kidev erT versze burmasig-kau, anu yviTeli koSkis-sofeli. aqedan 1,5 versze, aseve mdina-ris marcxena napirze sofeli xuwuri an karaT-yau; esaa didi sofeli koSkebiT. mdinaris meore napirze dgas 14 saxliani usa-xelo patara sofeli, romelic winas mieTvleba. es aris Tergis marjvniv mdebare tirzis samosaxlo. dRes Cven iqidan 2 versze mivediT keTuete-kau-Si (keTrisi?); esaa mozrdili sofeli, ga-magrebuli koSkebiT.

18 martis dilis 10 saaTze viyaviT sofel abano-kau-Si, winasgan 3 versze. is iTvlis 40 komls. mis pirdapir, Tergis marjvena mxares xeoba ganierdeba da iq abano-kaudan 1 versze aris wminda tye, romelsac hqvia jvare-kad, anu jvris-tye, sa-dac Trusoeli osebi midian mosalocad; aq isini wm. ilias (eli-as) cxvars swiraven, romlis xorcs Wamen, xolo tyavs, pativis-cemis niSnad, xeebze hkideben. maT swamT, rom vinc am tyeSi xes moWris, RmerTisgan sibrmaviT daisjeba da mxolod xaris msxverplad Sewirvis Semdeg daubrundeba mxedveloba.

abanodan 1 versze gaviareT sofeli qSetriS koaite-kau. esaa Trusos modgmis xalxiT dasaxlebuli ukanaskneli sofe-li; mezoblebSi amaT didi yaCaRebis saxeli aqvT. magram stu-mar-maspinZlobis ZaliT, romelic Cvens winamZRol-gamyols maTTan hqonda, Cven araferi dagviSaves. Tursos xeobis gamo-sasvlelSi, kidev 5 versze, erTmaneTis pirispir dgas qviT nage-bi ori maRali koSki, romelTac oqro-yana ewodeba.aqedan ko-bamde iTvlian 6 verss. oqro-yanadan 2 versze, Tergis marjvena napirze aris patara sofeli noax-kau, qarTulad axal-sofeli; Cven iq gavCerdiT. xeoba Zalze ganieria da qmnis nayofier va-kes, romelsac ados mindori hqvia. kobSi mcxovreb osebs uwo-deben kobi-abaiTi-s da metwilad warmoadgenen mTebidan gamoq-ceulebs; maT iq xalxi daxoces da aq gadmosaxldnen, raTa sis-

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xlis aReba aecilebinaT Tavidan; aseve survilis mixedviT to-veben am adgilsac. kobSi Rame gavaTieT kazakTa xorunjTan, ro-melic me jer kidev gasuli wlis dekemberSi vinaxule.

kobidan tfilisisken ukan Cveni mogzauroba gagrZelda ruseTidan saqarTvelosken momavali Cveulebrivi gziT. 19-Si diliT adre avediT guda-ze an jvris mTaze, osurad bersef-vzek-ze (niSnavs SiSvel mwvervals). marcxniv, gufTas saTavis zemoT erT saxlSi cxovrobs moxuci kaci, saxelad afcegel be-dar-i Tavis ojaxTan erTad, romelic xazinisgan yovelwliu-rad iRebs 30 vercxlis maneTs, raTa mogzauri, romelsac Rrma Tovlis gamo gzis gagrZeleba ar SeeZleba, TavisTan miiRos. Tovlsa da qarSi 11 saaTisTvis mivaRwieT rkinis jvars, rome-lic gzis umaRles adgilas dgas da saidanac mTa saqarTvelos-ken dabla eSveba..... Cven gavaTieT kaiSaurT-karSi. aq damxvda datovebuli cxenebi, didi tiki RviniT da tfilisidan Cemi me-gobrebisgan gamogzavnili sxva sursaTi. me uxvad davasaCuqre da ukan mleTSi gavabrune Cemi osi gamyolebi. isini Tvalze cremlmomdgari damemSvidobnen da piroba CamomarTves, rom ruseTSi dabrunebisas gzad movinaxulebdi.

20 marts mivedi aragvis marjvena napirze mdebare ananur-Si; meore dRes mcxeTaSi, sadac 3 dRe karantinSi mamyofes. ase rom 24 marts saRamoTi davbrundi tfilisSi. Cemma mogzauro-bam Tavis mizans miaRwia: Sevsvi aragvisa da Tergis saTaveebis wyali, aseve mdinareebis _ aredonis, didi liaxvis, patara li-axvisa da qsnis......

7 maiss Cavedi qrcxinvalSi. igi Zevs liaxvis dasavleT na-pirze. qarelidan aqamde 24 versia, rac 3,5 saaTSi gaviare...gzad bevri sofelia da yanebad gamoyenebuli vake daserilia arxe-biT, romliTac liaxvis wyali miewodeba naTesebs. gzad gavia-reT soflebi: bebnisi...,sasireTi...,variani...,saqaSeTi...,talatu-ba(?) da patara niqozi liaxvze. gzidan aRmosavleTiT davina-xeT dirbis cixe da sofeli breTi mdinare froneze...patara ni-qozis dasavleTiT Zevs didi niqozi, romelic yvela danarCe-nebze didia da aqvs mSvenieri eklesia.

qrcxinvali mdebareobs tyiani mTiswineTis Ziras da da-farulia venaxebiT, tirifebiT, verxvebiT da TuTis xeebiT. pirvel ors imitom rgaven, rom mis totebs yovelwliurad Wri-an da vazis sayrdenad iyeneben. qalaqi qmnis galavanSemor-tymul araswor oTxkuTxeds, romlis TiTo gverdi 200 nabijis sigrZisaa. aRmosavleTis kedeli Cadis liaxvamde, romelzec gadebulia xis myari xidi, dayrdnobili Zelyoreze. qalaqis ga-lavans akravs gareTubani. mTlianad mxolod 400 saxli daiT-

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vleba. TviT qalaqSi aris bazari, romlis fardulebSic gvxvde-ba uxarisxo bambis qsovilebi,sanTlebi, saponi, muxudo, lobio, xili da Cveulebrivi sakvebi produqtebi. vaWrebi metwilad somxebi da ebraelebi arian. aq mohyavT bevri Rvino, xorbali da qeri, rac aseve gaaqvT. saxlis tipi Cveulebriv miwuria, Tumca gvxvdeba miwis zemoTac mdgomi da konusuri sakvamle miliani Senobebi, rogorc tfilissa da gorSi. liaxvis napirebi cica-boa, ramdenime futi simaRlis da Seicavs sxvadasxva kenWebis nayars, Sereuls TixasTan.

qrcxinvalidan Crdilo-Crdilo-dasavleTiT daaxloe-biT 30 versze aris ZaRinas vercxlis sabadoebi, romelsac amu-Savebdnen vaxtang VI-sa da erekleII-is dros. gza iqiT midis ga-nadgurebul sofel tbeTze avnevisken, mdinare frones marcxe-na napirze; aq masSi gaisvleba da miadgebiT rulia-s dangreul cixes. aqedan gza uxvevs dasavleTiT da cicabo kirqviani mTis gavliT mivyavarT axalSenamde, romelic ZaRinadan 4 versiTaa daSorebuli. am mcire manZilis SuaSi gaxval mdinare pawaze da mis dasavleT napirze miadgebi mTis ZirSi mdebare maRaros.

8 maisi. qrcxinvalidan meore dRes gaviare soflebi fri-si da argvisi; iqidan erT milze mivedi eredvis cixemde patara liaxvze, romelic ekuTvnis favleniSvilis qarTul gvars; ase-ve maTia wm.giorgis saxelobis eklesia, sadac yovelwliurad 15 agvistos, anu mariamis miZinebis dRes, mTeli qarTlidan modi-an uamravi momlocvelebi. _ saRamos (dRis meore naxevarSi) movawye meore eqskursia qrcxinvalidan didi liaxvis marjvena napirze 5 versiT daSorebul TamaraSenis cixisken _ esaa am mdinareze qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli qvemo punqti. 1,5 saaTis savalze zeviTken aris ramdenime patara qarTuli sofeli, xo-lo Semdeg modis osuri mxare jau-komi, qarTulad javis-xeoba, romlis meti wili Zevs did liaxvSi marjvnidan Camaval mdinare fawaze. misi mTavari sofelia java, romlisganac miiRo mxarem saxeli. Semdegaa sofeli gufTa liaxvis orive napirze, sadac cxovrobs gubilTa-s gvaris ufrosi, da sxlebi; aq aris miwa, romelsac iseTi Zlieri suni asdis, rom gulwasuls moabru-nebs.[16]

didi liaxvis saTavidan masSi fawas SerTvamde zemodan qveviT erTmaneTis miyolebiT mdebareoben Semdegi osuri mxa-reebi, romelTa mkvidrebi didi yaCaRebi arian: 1. urZvalTa, e.i. TeTri Tvali, an dvali; qarTvelebi mas uwodeben maRran-dva-leTs. aq aris sami sofeli _erema (didi liaxvis saTavesTan ax-los), xoZi, ori sofeli kabuzTa, qalaqa da taxo. 2. mxare bri-tauli imave saxelis mdinareze, erTvis did liaxvs dasavleTi-

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dan; aq aris 10 patara sofeli. 3. qceleTi an qelieTi aris mxare 300 ojaxiT; Zevs imave saxelis mdinareze, romelic taxos qve-moT dasavleTidan erTvis liaxvs. 4. zRubiri, qceleTs an keli-eTs dabla dasavleTiT; aq 40 ojaxia. 5. jomaRi imave mdinareze, liaxvis dasavleT mxareze. 6. sba, imave saxelis mTavari sof-liT; ekuTvnis abaiTis gvars. rogorc yvela momdevno, mdeba-reobs didi liaxvis aRmosavleT mxareze. 7. roka, emorCileba ori gvaris _ tumai-firt-is da Saloxa-firt-is ufrosebs. 8. koSka, romlis macxovreblebi didi yaCaRebi arian. 9. gudisi 10. cxvawyuri (Zchwatskur).

didi liaxvidan da fawadan dasavleTiT imereTisken maR-la mTebSi cxovrobs osuri modgma Tif-i, romelic dasaxlebu-lia veluri yaCaRebiT, romelTac stumarTmoyvrobis araferi gaegebaT.

osebi mTiuleTs uwodeben xad-s, qrcxinvals_kreba-s, qarTls_ valagagurji-s, xolo qalaq gors_guri-s.

9 maisi. dRes gavemarTe qrcxinvalidan ukan tfilisisken. gza miemarTeboda patara niqozisken, didi liaxvis dasavleTi napiris gaswvriv; aq gavediT mdinareze da aRmosavleTis napir-ze mivediT sofel ergneTSi. iqidan 4 versze viyaviT sofel meRvrekisSi. amis pirdapir, meore napirze garkveul manZilze Canda zemo-xviTi da qvemo-xviTi...5 versze iyo didi sofeli fxvenisi....3versis Semdeg gavediT patara liaxvze, romelsac osebi uwodeben cicil lexavis an cicil levaxis. is gamodis didi liaxvis saTavis samxreT-dasavleTiT Zalian maRla mdeba-re patara tbidan...da qalaq Sindisis (Tschwindisi) pirdapir mar-jvnidan erTvis did liaxvs.

patara liaxvze misi saTavidan qvemoTken aseve osuri mxa-reebia. mimdevrobiT Semdegi: 1. qnuR-i, qarTulad qnoRo. aq aris dangreuli cixe beyCo, beloTidan erTi dRis savalze mdi-naris dasavleT napirze; masSi qarTveli guSagebi mdgaran. 2.gnasuri, esec dasavleT napirze siaTas cixiT, romelic liax-vis Senakadze dgas. 3. kobais-i patara liaxvis orive napirze da mis erT-erT Senakadze. am mxareSia soflebi: lekani, rexi da udoneTi marcxena mxareze; winubani, bagini, zonkari da foxali marjvena napirze, iseve rogorc bolo qarTuli cixe awris-xe-vi. 4. fotrisa, patara mxare, beloTidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT mcire mdinareze. 5. Rvria an jru, osurad sau-kum, did mdinare-ze, romelic eredvsa da beloTs Soris marjvnidan erTvis pa-tara liaxvs. am mxaris soflebia saboloke da dulula; is aR-wevs did liaxvamde. 6. fevCuri mdebareobs mdinareze, romelic

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moedineba Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan da qnoRos qvemoT marcxni-dan erTvis patara liaxvs. misi soflebia _ Cabaruxi, bisoi (qarTulad briTi), [bu]laCauri da inauri. 7. tkufTa, mdinare tkufturas aRmosavleT mxareze, fevCurs qvemoT; misi mTavari sofelia wifori. 8. Sambiani, aRmosavleTis patara mxare; qvemo-dan akravs winas.

radgan vsaubrob saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osebze, aqve mo-vixseneb maT sxva mxareebs, ganlagebuls dasavleTidan aRmo-savleTisken:

1. mdinare mejudas saTavesTan mxare boselTa, romlis mTavari sofelia sxlebi. 2. WurTa, imave saxelis mdinareze, romelic largvis monasterTan erTvis qsans marjvnidan. 3. Ja-muri an Jimuri zemo qsanze, zeviT largvamde. 4. saferSeTi, mdebareobs mTis xeobis veZaT-xevis da ananuris cixis dasavle-TiT da lowobanis mTis Crdilo ZirSi; moicavs eqvs sofels. 5. mxare Ruda, aragvis saTaveSi soflebiT _ ereto, xati-kau (qarTulad xatisofeli), falag-yau, ieloiT-yau, iediaT-yau, noag-yau da mokeli. am mxaris CrdiloeTiT aris mdinare da viw-ro gasasvleli ciskara, sadac dgas daaxloebiT 60 koSki da er-Ti patara eklesia. misgan dasavleTiT gza gadadis xevis mxare-Si, Tovliani qedis CrdiloeTiT......

31 maiss Rame gavatare kaiSaurT-karSi.... 4,5 saaTSi mivaR-wie sofel kobamde... aq Semxvda ramdenime osi enal-donze mde-bare Sanibadan, romlebic wina dRes qarTlidan Camosuliyvnen da Tavis samSobloSi brundebodnen. mcire safasiT damTan-xmdnen gaveyolebineT iqiTken. maTTan erTad vimgzavre osur sofel dalag- kau-mde (xarxis mTis Ziras), romelsac rusebi niJni-Cims an kaituxovas uwodeben, sadac Ramis karavi gavSa-leT (aq adre 25 dekembers viyavi).

1 ivnisi. gza dalag-kaudan Sanibamde miemarTeba dasav-leT-samxreT-dasavleTiT; is fexiT gaviareT 3 saaTSi. cxeni-Tac SeiZleboda wasvla, magram gza or adgilas samxreTiT uf-skrulis gamo Zalze viwroa; Tumca SesaZlebelia dalag-kaudan urmiT an marxiliT (cigiT) Casvla SanibaSi. marxils mxolod adgilobrivebi xmaroben cicabo maRlobebis gamo. magram SeiZ-leba am ori adgilis advilad gafarToeba, radgan qedi aq Sed-geba arc Tu mtkice, iolad dasamuSavebeli yavisferi fiqalis-gan. Sanibamde erTerT ufskruls naxvar wreze unda Semouaro, romlis dasavleT napirze dgas Zveli, ramdenime futis simaR-lis koSki; mas osebi laze-afstoans uwodeben da icavs soflis misasvlels.

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Sanibas axlos zemoT, maRali Tovliani mTis _myinvaris CrdiloeT Ziridan saTaves iRebs mdinare enaldoni an enali da miedineba Crdilo-Crdilo-dasavleTiT. mis marjvena napirze zemodan qveiTken mdebareoben soflebi: 1. dalag-Saniba (e.i. qvemo Saniba), anu, rogorc aqauri osebi gamoTqvamen _scaniba, uSualod mdinareze da ekuTvnis kunduxaTi-s gvars. 2. ulag-Sa-niba, anu zemo Saniba, pirvelisgan CrdiloeTiTaa mTaze da ekuTvnis iesenaTi-s gvars. 3. aqedan 6 versze mdinaris imave na-pirze, maRal mTaze Zevs sofeli enali, romlis macxovreblebi arian Tavisufali osi qristianebi zomartas gvaridan; Tumca qristianobis cota gaegebaT. enaldonis napirebi aqedan 12 ver-sis manZilze yizil-donTan SeerTebamde ise cicabo da tyiania, rom aravin cxovrobs. _ enalis marcxena napirze da Sanibas mo-pirdapired zemodan qvemoTken mxolod sami sofelia erTma-neTze mijrili: ribankak-Tumane-kau anu TumanaTis gvaris zemo sofeli; indag-iumane-kau anu TumanaTis gvaris qveda sofeli; da ulag-Sanibas zustad pirdapir kani, sanates an Senates gva-ris kuTvnileba. enal-donze mdebare yvela es sofeli ekuTvnis osur modgmas Tagatas, romelsac qarTvelebi uwodeben Tagau-ri-s, Cerqezebi _Tegei-s, rusebi _tagaurci-s; amaT ekuTvnian agreTve gizel-donze mcxovrebi osebic, romelTa soflebsac aRvwer.

gizel-doni anu oqros mdinare, Cerqezulad yizil-ause, saTaves iRebs Tovliani xoxis mTis ZirSi, sofel Jimaras mar-jvniv, is ekuTvnis janTiaTi-s gvaris ufrosebs, romlebic ar arian Tagaureli osebi. Jimaras mosdevs gizelis marcxena na-pirze mdgomi Zveli dangreuli cixe, romelic qarTveli mefee-bis aSenebuli unda iyos. aqedan 6 versze aris sofeli lamar-doni; misgan axlos mTazea didi sofeli yayiduri, gamagrebuli ramdenime koSkiT; am ors Sua dasavleTidan moedineba gizelSi Camavali mdinare; Tu am ukanasknelis marcxena napirs 6 versze auyvebi, moxvdebi maRal zeganze, romlis CrdiloeTiT aRmar-Tulia cicabo klde; mis wverze ki aris vacilia-legete anu wi-naswarmetyveli elias gamoqvabuli, romelsac osebi, rogorc wminda adgils, pativs scemen da mraval saocrebebs yvebian mis Sesaxeb. am gamoqvabulis safari mwvane unda iyos; SuaSi amobur-culi klde samsxverplos (sakurTxevlis) magivrobas eweva, ro-melzec moSorebiT ludiT savse vercxlis kaTxa dgas. masSi Se-sasvleli mxolod erTi kacisTvisaa cnobili, romelic xalxis-Tvis asrulebs yovelwliur msxverplSewirvas. fexis kvali kldovan frialos unda miuyvebodes samxreTis mxridan. am mTa-vari qurumis garda, sxva yvela, vinc iq aZromas moisurvebs, ga-

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ubedurdeba. wmindanis mier daculi saqoneli usafrTxod Zovs gamoqvabulis qvemoT yovelgvari zedamxedvelobis gareSe, radgan , vinc maT Seawuxebs, sasjelad elodeba sikvdili da sibrmave. amas aqvs mniSvnelovani ficis Zala, Tuki vinme dab-lobidan gamoqvabulisken gabedavs asvlas. mezobeli osebi yve-bian, rom dasavleTis mxareebidan gamoqceuli patimari (tyve), romelsac gamosavali ver epovna, arwivad qceulma katam aita-ca, zRvebi da mTebi gadaatara da am gamoqvabulTan moiyvana; aqedan is dablobis macxovreblebTan Cavida. am ojaxis (gvaris) ufrosi, romelic adre lamer-donSi cxovrobda, yovelwliu-rad adis salocavad gamoqvabulisken. mas unda ecvas sufTa, sa-kuTriv damzadebuli samosi. msxverplSewirvisas man unda ixi-los wminda Cveneba da roca samsxverploze mdgomi kaTxidan ludi gadmoiRvreba, unda iwinaswarmetyvelos mdidari mosava-li, simSvide,erTianoba da kargi droeba, anda sapirispirod _ SimSili, omi da ubedureba. Jimaras, Tagauris mosaxleoba, ose-bi qurTadan da saxadan eTayvanebian am gamoqvabuls da mis qve-moT yovelwliurad, erTxel zafxulSi dResaswauloben: elias swiraven luds, xarebs da cxvrebs. meore dRes moxuci msxver-plSemwiravi yoveli komlidan krefs naxevar cxvars da cota purs, romelsac lamardonSi soflebis ufrosebTan erTad Ria (sajaro) sufraze miirTmeven; moxuci ki uambobs Tavisi yoveli zmanebisa da momaswavebeli niSnebis Sesaxeb∗.

yayiduridan gizel-donis marcxena napirze gafantulad mdebareoben soflebi wisil-yaban anu patara yabani _ekuTvnis kankuaTis gvars. cicabo mTaze tyeSi aris patara sofeli gisi aTi saxliT. patara yabanis qvemoT yizili orive mxareze moz-Rudulia tyiT da kldeebiT da fiag-Tan anu foi-sTan SeerTe-bamde dausaxlebelia. gizelis marjvena mxares, maRal da cica-bo mTaze Zevs koSkebiani didi sofeli darRafs-i, romelic ekuTvnis Tagaurul sam gvars _ mamcire-firt-s, sahah-s da xankuaTi-s anu erisTovi-firts. dargavs-idan samxreT-aRmo-savleTiT 6 versze enaldonze mdebareoben kani da Saniba. gi-zelsa da enaldons Soris mTebze, 5 versze samxreTiT, am ori mdinaris SeerTebamde aris soflebi istir-yabani anu didi ya-bani; ekuTvnis gvarebs_alikate-s, betaTe-s, mirzabegs da Taltovi-firt-s. esaa Tagaureli osebis aRwera yizilsa da enalze.

∗ enaldonzec unda iyos msgavsi mTa, romelsac enala-farnigidages uwode-ben. gizelze aris Zveli, wminda nageboba, saxelad kancege-kaused da fiagze qurTasTan sxva, saxelad s"fRis-Zuare...

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2 ivnisi. [Rame gaaTia SanibaSi. meore dRes moindoma sam-xreTiT Tovlian mwvervalze asvla, rac ver moaxerxa da dab-runda _ g.g.]

mTeli qedi, romelic am gzaze vnaxe, Sedgeba moSavo-ya-visferi fiqalis qanebisgan, romelic arsad horizontalu-rad ar devs, aramed Sveulad, an xSirad daferdilad dgas. is bevrgan SiSvelia, sxvagan dafarulia moyviTalo TixiT da miwiT, aseve mcenareuliT, romelsac iyeneben Tivis dasamza-deblad. esenia: Plantago media, Alchemilla vulgaris, Cistus helianthemum, Phleum pratense, Clinopodium grandiflorum, Veratrum album, Rhinantus cristagalli, Parnassia palustris, Polygonum bistorta. am qedis ufro dabali adgilebi buCqnariT iyo Semosili; ume-teswilad es iyo Betula alba, romelsac Sereoda Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus padus, Viburnum lantana, Ribes alpinum, Rubus idaeus. aq me Sem-xvda TaTruli saxeliT cnobili togustuni, ganTqmuli xe-buCqi, romlis magari, mZime, TeTri da momwvano zolebiani tani gamoiyeneba xeljoxis dasamzadeblad. es aris Lonicera caerula. aq gvxvdeba agreTve Azalea pontica; osebi mas eZaxian salgat-s. isini misgan iReben naxSirs denTis dasamzadeblad. yvelaze maRla, sadac mivaRwieT, araa araviTari xe, xolo mi-wa dafarulia sqeli xavsiT, gansakuTrebiT Polytrichum commune, maT qveS cocaven Rhododendron ponticum-is da Vaccinium vitis idaea-s fesvebi, romelTa maradmwvane foTlebi zed miwa-ze wvanan. maT Soris aris agreTve dabali tirifis msgavsi sa-xeobis Salix myraintes, Vaccinium myrtillus, Oxalis acetosella, Lycopodium selago da Lichen caninus.....[amas mosdevs mTebisa da maTi qanebis aRwera Sanibasken mogzaurobisas, rac gamovto-veT _ g.g.].

[3 ivniss Sanibadan daRlili dabrunda dalag-kauSi; Sem-deg gaiara 20 versi vladikavkazis simagremde.... ] aq me miviRe cnoba tfilisidan, rom iq momivida didi xnis nalodinebi fu-li, romlis misaRebadac Cemi Casvla iyo saWiro. vladikavkazSi davtove studenti bargTan erTad, xolo erTi msaxuris Tan-xlebiT ukve ganvlili gziT 5 ivniss adre diliT gavemarTe tfilisisken. 10,5 versze mivedi kazakTa pirvel sadgur balTa-Si, Tergis marcxena napirze. es sofeli, iseve rogorc soflebi Cmi da larsi, romlebic Seadgenen osur mxare SimiTs, anu, ro-gorc qarTvelebi uwodeben, CimiTs, ekuTvnian stonaTe-s gvars, romelic qarTvelebSi dudariSvilis saxeliTaa cnobi-li. am mxaris mTeli mosaxleoba ekuTvnis did osur modgmas (gvars) sidamoni-sas. Semdegi sadguri larsi 15,5 verszea. naxe-

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var gzaze Tergs marjvnidan uerTdeba samxreT-aRmosavleTi-dan momavali mTis nakadi mukil-i, romelsac osebi makal-dons uwodeben. is saTaves iRebs maRal Tovlian mTebSi fSavisa da xevsureTis sazRvarTan, romlis xeobebsac kidev fxoeli-s eZa-xian. mis zemo areebSi aris micjeguri mxare _ qarTvelebis mi-er ZurZukeTad wodebuli, xolo amaT qvemoT qisteTi...... [vto-vebT amaTi soflebis CamonaTvals da gzas tfilisamde _ g.g.].

11 ivniss Camovedi tfilisSi, sadac, somex daviT yaiTma-zianis sasixarulod, gavCerdi Cems Zvel binaSi.

sanam ons davtoveb, kidev vityvi mezobeli osuri mxaris dvaleTis anu TvalTa-s Sesaxeb. dvaleTi, sityvis farTo gage-biT, aris saerTo saxelwodeba samxreTiT mcxovrebi yvela ose-bisa, ekuTvnian isini qarTlsa Tu imereTs. TviT dvaleTi ki mdebareobs mdinare jejoze da iTvleba imereTSi, radgan raWis erisTavis kuTvnilebaa. mxolod imereli Tavaduri gvari jafa-riZe, romelsac mezoblad aqvs samflobelo, cdilobs garkve-uli batonoba gaavrcelos masze; iseve, rogorc qarTlis mefe-ebi acxadebdnen masze pretenzias. jejo saTaves iRebs Tovlia-ni qedis kedelas ZirSi, ierTebs bevr patara nakaduls, miemar-Teba aRmosavleTisken, fiqaliani mTebis gavliT Sedis kuda-rosTan kirqvian mTebSi da zed onTan erTvis rions marcxni-dan....dvalebi sxva osebiviT cxovroben; hyavT Tavisi mamasax-lisebi (ufrosebi) da TiTqmis utoldebian Tavis mezoblebs ya-CaRobaSi. giuldenStedti asaxelebs dvaleTis Semdeg sof-lebs∗: gulianTa, nadarbazevi, nakrebavi, koreCeTi, qvemo boJa, didi boJa, kobiaTa, morexa, sibatara, javisTavi, maCxara, sajva-ri, tkeburTa, leTi, srogo, qeSelTa, zamTareTi. maTi mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb verafers mogaxsenebT.

onSi miambes, rom dvaleTSi garkveuli xnis win Tixis didi kasri (iseTi, rogoric qarTlSia Rvinis Sesanaxad _ =qvev-ri_g.g.) naxes miwaSi Cafluli, romelSic kupris msgavsi masa iyo; Tuki vinme mZlavrad Seiynosavda, an umcires porcias mii-Rebda, Rrma da xangrZliv Zils miecemoda. im adgilas, sadac es kasri iyo Cafluli, balaxi ar izrdeboda, xolo zamTarSi Tov-li ar Cerdeboda. dvalebi am nivTierebas uwodeben luton-s. samwuxarod am mxareSi darCenis dro ar mqonda, rom am naambo-bis WeSmariteba damedgina da es opiumis msgavsi nivTiereba ga-momekvlia....

∗ radgan klaproti damaxinjebiT iZleva maT transkripcias, amitom Cven pir-dapir mogvyavs Sesworebuli versia. Sdr. `giuldenStedtis mogzauroba sa-qarTveloSi~, I, Tb. 1962, gv.105 _ g.g.

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......glola aris patara sofeli, romelic dasaxlebulia imerlebiT da cota dvaleTis osebiT; is Zevs Tovliani qedis kedelas ZirSi......

........Tovlian qedze gzis mouxerxeblobis miuxedavad, du-gorebi da imerlebi xSirad vaWroben erTmaneTTan. imerlebis saqonelia _ bambis Wreli qsovilebi, naWeri 1,5 maneTad; ti-lo, arSini 5kapikad; cudi xarisxis Wreli CiTi da sxva qsovile-bi, arSini 15 kapikad; Txeli TavTa 25kapikad. dugorebisgan iRe-ben qeCis qurqs, Tavsafars, uxeS qeCas da matyls, rasac mere imereTSive gadahyidian....

mcire komentarebi

[1] rac Seexeba qarTvel mefeTa urTierTobas osebTan, dawye-buli azon _ farnavazidan, es faqtiurad `qarTlis cxovre-bidanaa~ amoRebuli. Cven vasworebT zog uzustobas. [2] vaxtang gorgasali iyo 33-e da ara 23-e mefe. man orTab-rZolaSi mokla ara osebi CaRaTari da baRaTari, aramed xaza-ri Tarxani da osi bayaTari. (Sdr. `qarTlis cxovreba~, I,Tb.1955. gv.153, gv.155. aseve vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqar-Tvelosa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, Tb.1773, gv. 103). [3] `guarams misca kuratpalatoba da warmogzavna mcxeTas~ da ara stefanozi iustiniane I-ma (527-565) ki ara, aramed ius-tine II-m(565-578). [4] rostomis dasma qsnis erisTavad momdinareobs avgaroz bandais Zis mier 1348_1400 wlebs Soris Sedgenil `Zegli erisTavTa~-dan: rom rostom bibiluri modis ovseTidan jer dvaleTSi, Semdeg largvisSi da iustinianem uboZa cxrazmis erisTavoba da yvela regaliebi. (`Zegli erisTavTa~, S. mesxi-as gamocema, Tb.1954, masalebi, nakv.30, gv. 344-346). [5] daviTis mefobis wlebia 1089-1125; Tamaris 1184-1213; laSa giorgis _ 1213-1223. [6] osi mTavrebis saxelebia: basiani, badeliZe, CerqesiZe, Ta-gauri, qurTauli, sidamoni, WaxiliZe. (vaxuSti, dasax. gamo-cema, gv.639). [7] aleqsandre I didi (1412-1442) ar gayofda samefos 1424 wels, radgan 1431_1435 wlebSi is ierTebs loresa da sivni-eTs. [8] herodote_ Zv.w. Vs-is berZeni istorikosi, `istoriis ma-mad~ wodebuli. [9] giuldenStedti, iohan anton (1745-1781). germaneli mecni-eri, mogzauri. 1770-73 wlebSi moiara Crdilo kavkasia da sa-

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qarTvelo. mis cnobebs xSirad imowmebs klaproti, rogorc sandos. [10] vaxuSti gansxvavebul suraTs xatavs: `kacni da qalni arian Suenierni, haerovanni, Sav-Tual-warbani, Sav-Tmosanni, TeTr-yirmizni tanovanni, werwetni, garna umetes qalni wer-wetni...~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, Tb. 1973, gv.637). [11] vaxuStis mixedviT: `ferxTa zeda tyavTagan acviaT, rom-lisa ars lanCa gamobanduli daxeulis tyavisaganve, da mas Sina STasdeben Tomsa, da Caicmen egreT, raTa ara mousxlteT ferxi yinulsa, kldesa da balaxTa zeda.~ (`qarTlis cxovre-ba~, IV, gv. 637-638). [12] potiomkini, grigol aleqsandres Ze (1739-1791) ruseTis saxelmwifo moRvawe; ekaterines favoriti da faqtiurad ruseTis mmarTveli. 1783 wlis traqtatis iniciatori. [13] rogorc giuldenStedti ambobs, andur enaze qistebs (igive ZurZukebs) hqviaT micjegebi, qveyanas micjegia. am sa-xelwodebiT erTiandebian CeCnebi, yarabulaxebi, inguSebi qistebi da a.S., radgan erTsa da imave enaze laparakoben, mxo-lod gansxvavebul dialeqtze. (ix. `giuldenStedtis mogza-uroba saqarTveloSi~, t.II, Tb.1964, gv.69 da 127). [14] medemi _ ruseTis armiis general-maiori Crdilo kavka-siaSi. daxmarebas uwevda giuldenStedtis 1770-73 wlebis eq-spedicias. 1769 wels dasaja Cerqezebi, 1771 wels_ noRaeli TaTrebi. (ix. `giuldenStedtis mogzauroba~, t.I, gv.331; t.II, gv.53, 159,201, 203). [15] Sdr. vaxuSti: `am alevis mTis Txemsa ars eklesia ugumba-To...amas Sina ars simravle xatTa da juarTa oqroisa da vec-xlisaTa, da samsaxurebelni eklesiisani mravalni. karni aqus oqrosi...~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~ t. IV, gv.353). [16] Sdr. vaxuSti: `xwvis pirispir, liaxus gaRma kidurs ars miwa sasunebeli, da udis suni friad Zneli, aramed hkurnebs qarsa, sevdasa da inTilas sunebiTa, garna msunebeli Sebnde-bis suniTa~. (`qarTlis cxovreba~ t. IV, gv.372).

311

Gia Gelashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior-scientist researcher of the Ivane Javakhishvili ins-titute of History and Ethnology

Julius Klaproth about Ossen

Summary

Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) a well-known German linguist-

orientalist-ethnologist-geographer-historian traveled in Georgia in 1808 during six months. In 1814 Klaproth published two-volume work "Journey in Kaukasus and Georgia in 1807 and 1808" (Halle, Berlin).

The material about Ossen is given on several pages of the II volume – 269-285; 330-355; 382-389; 577-617.

In the following article there is given the Georgian translation and comments to the Klaproth's material about Ossen. He describes everything he saw himself: social-economic situation, everiday life of the population, their relations with each other, national traditions, their judicature, short historical review.

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qeTevan kobiaSvili

istorikosi

lado gudiaSvili da qvaSveTis taZris mxatvroba

yoveli taZris aSenebis Semdeg dgeba metad mniSvnelo-

vani momenti _ moxatva. ase iyo qvaSveTis SemTxvevaSic. XVIII saukuneSi _ 1753 wlis aprilis TveSi taZari ukurTxebiaT, magram igi damTavrebuli ar yofila, radgan mas aklda mxat-vroba, rasac xeli SeuSala givi amilaxvris avadmyofobam da maleve gardacvalebam. Tumca eklesiaze zrunva grZeldebo-da qvaSveTis krebulis wevrebis da mrevlis mier. 1755 wels taZari givi amilaxvris Zmiswulma daviTma moaxatvina niko-loz abxazs. es mxatvroba Cvenamde ar moRweula, amitom ra Sinaarsis da rogori aRwerilobis iyo ucnobia. 1755 wlidan XIX saukunis aTian wlebamde ra keTdeboda qvaSveTSi ar vi-ciT. 1810 wlidan taZrisTvis yuradReba miuqcevia general tormasovs, mas gaukeTebia e. w. `remonti~, miuSenebia karib-We, mouxatvinebia kedlebi, ramac sabolood gaafuWa niko-loz abxazis mxatvroba. taZari moxatula varlam egzarqosis 1811-1817 ww. dros, kerZod 1817-1818 ww. arsebobs egzarqosis sigeli 1817 wlis 7 ivlisiT daTariRebuli qvaSveTis mRvdel pavle arjevaniZisadmi miwerili, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom sa-kurTxevlis daxatvazed daxarjula 19 Tumani, 7 rubli da 11 Sauri. sakurTxevlis garda mouxatavT gumbaTi da taZris kedlebis umetesoba. vin iyo mxatvari ucnobia, magram sava-raudoa man kargad icoda xucuri asomTavruli da rusuli, radgan warwerebi Sesrulebuli iyo rusul-qarTulad. mxat-vroba SinaarsiT mdidari, magram xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT dabali xarisxis iyo.

XIX saukunis bolosTvis mxatvroba mniSvnelovnad da-zianda, amitom egzarqos vladimeris 1892-1898 ww. dros, 1893 wels Seiqmna komiteti Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: winamZRvari — dekanozi daviT WarelaSvili, mRvdeli — g. gamdiSvili, mo-lare — eqvTime xelaZe da `klasni xudoJnikad~ wodebuli a. marderosso, romelTac evalebodaT taZris mxatvrobis ga-naxleba. am saqmeSi monawileoba miuRiaT imdroindel Tbili-

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sel mxatvrebsac: keppens, greCaninovs, friks da stefanov-skis. isini misulan im daskvnamde, rom masze daxarjuli fu-li da muSaoba unayofoao. am uaris Sesaxeb k. cincaZis wignSi `qvaSveTis wmindis giorgis eklesia tfilisSi~, vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `.... momswre da sarwmuno pirTa gadmocemiT, mxat-vrobis aseTi Sefaseba arc gulwrfelia da arc erTsulova-ni. gamowveuli xelovnebi, samwuxarod gardaiqcnen xelosne-bad, TiToeuli maTgani mondomebuli iyo, mxatvrobis ganax-lebis saqme mas Cavardnoda xelSi da radganac es ver xerxde-ba, daaskvnes: ara Rirs ganaxlebado....~ [1, 154].

1897 wels qvaSveTis taZarSi winamZRvrad movida deka-nozi markoz tyemalaZe, romelsac surda aeSenebina axali taZari, magram am saqmes garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi Sexvda da mesame taZris saZirkveli mxolod 1904 wlis 12 noembers Caiyara. taZari 1910 wlis 31 mwifobisTves akurTxes. eklesia ar mouxatavT. es sakiTxi wlebis ganmavlobaSi awuxebdaT iq moRvawe pirebs, mxolod uwmindesis da unetaresis saqarTve-los kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistrate cincaZis locva-kurTxeviT moxda misi moxatva. am survilsa da nafiqrals 1947-1948 ww. xorci Seasxa didma qarTvelma mxatvarma lado gudiaSvilma.

mxatvarTan molaparakeba misma uwmindesobam daavala episkopos dimitri lazariSvils, romelmac warmatebiT ga-arTva Tavi yovelives. profesor gudiaSvils am saqmeze mow-veuli hyavda mxatvrebi: Salva abramiSvili, giorgi naRebaS-vili, luka gukarovi, arqiteqtori aleqsandre gamrekeli. maT yvelas Tavisi saqme hqonda davalebuli. uSualod mo-xatvis dros exmarebodnen Salva abramiSvili da arsen foC-xua. sakurTxevlis moxatva dajda 200 000 maneTi.

am did, mamuliSvilur, saqmeSi eklesiis samrevlo sabWo aqtiurad iyo CarTuli. isini marTavdnen sxdomebs, iRebdnen sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebs. erT-erTi aseTi sxdoma Sedga 1947 wlis 31 ivliss, sadac moismines kaToli-koz-patriarq kalistrates Semdegi Sinaarsis rezolucia: `1947 wlis ivlisis 20. moviwvev uflis kurTxevas dawyebul did saqmeze qvaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesiis sakurTxevlis (da Semdeg danarCeni kedlebis) moxatvaze. profesor lado gu-diaSvils da mis TanaSemweebs neba eZlevaT dReidan Seudgnen muSaobas _ wm. mTavarmowame giorgi iyos maTi Semwe~ [3,90].

amave sxdomaze miiRes metad mniSvnelovani ganCineba, romelic Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos kaTolikoz-patriar-qis ara marto survilad, aramed anderZadac: "Cven mokvdavni

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varT, amisaTvis msurs, rom komisias darCes saxelmZRvane-loT Semdegi Cemi mosazrebani danarCen kedlebis mxatvro-bis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. sasurvelad mimaCnia:

a) CrdiloeT kedlebze moTavsebuli iyos: fanjris ze-moT _ iveriis RvTismSobeli, fanjris marjvniv da marcxniv mociquli andria da mociqulTaswori nino. fanjris qvemoT _ wm. giorgi cxenze. iqve aRmosavleTis plafonze naTlis-Reba qristesi, dasavleTisaze Soba qristesi, samkveToSi _ Sesasvlel karibWe zemoT RvTismSoblis miZineba.

b) samxreTis kedlebze: fanjris zemoT - qriste emmanu-ili, fanjris aqeT-iqiT daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tamar mefe. aRmosavleTis plafonze _ aRdgoma qristesi, dasavleT ke-delze ki suli wmindis mofena; sakurTxevlis gluv kedel-ze - plafonze feriscvaleba qristesi, mis pirdapir bzoba.

g) ukana boZebis kamaris CrdiloeT plafonze naTlis-Reba qarTvelTa, xolo samxreTisaze _ daviT garejelis ga-samarTleba.

d) ukana kedelze _ saSineli samjavro, taZris danar-Ceni adgilebi mofenili unda iyos ara Warbad: jvrebiT, bor-diurebiT, yvavilebiT, varskvlavebiT da sxva~ [3, 91].

moxatvis dawyebamde mxatvarma kaTolikoz-patriarqs da samrevlo sabWos warudgina sakurTxevlis kedlebis eski-zebi da mimarTa winadadebiT: `arsebobs ramdenime xerxi ked-lebis freskebiT moxatvisa, maT Soris umjobesia Semdegi ori: cvilovani ferwera da temperiT moxatva~ [5, 50].

gadawyda: `qvaSveTis eklesiis kedlebi moxatul iqnas cvilovani xerxiT~ [5, 50].

taZris moxatvisaTvis, bunebrivia, saWiro iyo saRebave-bi, romlebic arc Tu ioli mosapovebeli aRmoCnda. uwmin-desma kalistratem saRebavebis SeRavaTian fasebSi SovnisaT-vis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdoma-res z. n. CxubianiSvils. man daakmayofila Txovna da moqalaqe r. rusias mier eklesias daeTmo nawili saWiro saRebavebisa. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mxatvari ixsenebs: `.... mTavari dabrkoleba mainc is iyo, rom im dros CvenSi ferebi ar mzad-deboda. me uari ar vTqvi zeTis saRebavebze.... qvaSveTi enka-ustikis wesiT unda moxatuliyo. cxeli, aduRebuli fere-biT. igi bizantielebma gamoigones. Zalian kargia im mxriv, rom saukuneebs uZlebs, magram rogor unda gveSovna saamiso saTanado masala.... feradi fxvnilebi, romliTac siTxe zav-deba, maSin sul ar arsebobda. Zebna-ZebniT mivakvlieT Zvel mRebavebs.... maTi daxmarebiTa da rCeviT SevazaveT mcenareTa

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ferebi.... zogi fxvnilebi mwerebisagan mzaddeba, yvela es fxvnili avurieT Taflis fiWaSi.... gavalxveT da daviwyeT muSaoba~. [5, 50].

samuSao metad damRleli iyo. ioli warmosadgenia ro-gori rTuli iqneboda Tavaweuli, cxeli saRebavebiT xatva, romelic did energias, moTminebas da saqmisadmi siyvaruls moiTxovda, rac ar aklda axalgazrda mxatvars. igi grZnobda rogori pativi da didi ndoba gamoucxada eklesiam, miT uf-ro, rom gverdiT edga kaTolikos-patriarqi. ai, ras swers lado gudiaSvili: `kalistrates Zalian uxaroda da mudam CemTan iyo, ar mtovebda arc qvaSveTis episkoposi dimitri lazariSvili.... yvelaferSi mSvelodnen, rogorc SeeZloT mexmarebodnen~ [5, 51]. uwmidesobis Tanadgoma uyuradRebod ar datova mxatvarma da freskaSi erT-erT mociqulad misi saxe Caxata: `rac Seexeba kalistrates, igi didebuli adamia-ni iyo.... didi patrioti, ganaTlebuli, istoriis, saeklesio mxatvrobis SesaniSnavi mcodne, uaRresad kacTmoyvare. me igi ise momwonda, rom misi saxe freskaSi erT_erT mociqu-lad Cavxate. mas es Zalian esiamovna~ [5, 51].

gudiaSvils am saqmis keTebisas bevri usiamovnebac Sex-vda. maSin aseTi gabeduli nabijis gadadgma ioli ar iyo. mxatvars religiur Temaze rame rom Seeqmna es warmoudgene-li iyo. erTxel qvaSveTis taZars italiis delegacia ewvia, maT gakvirvebulebs mxatvrisTvis ukiTxavT: `nuTu, Tqven marTla xatavT.... nuTu sabWoTa kavSirSi religiur Temaze xatvis ufleba arsebobso? yvelaze didi STabeWdileba mTe-li Cveni mogzaurobidan am faqtma moaxdinao~. [5, 51].

yovelive amas emateboda RvTismSoblis freskis sxvag-vari, ladoseburi gadawyveta, ramac azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. movusminoT mxatvars: `ro-gorc freskebSi, ise dazgur portretebSi TiTqmis yvela mxatvari, didic da patarac, RvTismSobels, mudam axalgaz-rdas da saTnos xatavda.... me gadavwyvite RvTismSobeli wa-momeyvana Cvensken, miwisaken. ufro dRevandeli saxe mimeca misTvis.... am saxiT aseTma gadawyvetam maSin, rogorc move-lodi, azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.... zogi ras ambob-da da zogi ras.... xSirad mekiTxebodnen xolme mis saxeSi vin-me konkretuli adamiani xom ar myavda mxedvelobaSi. ara.... me ZiriTadad, mudam STabeWdilebebiT vxatav.... prototipebs ki iSviaTad vakeTeb.... imitom ki ara, rom ar momwons es gza.... Cemi muSaobis sistemaa aseTi~. [5, 51].

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sabolood sakurTxevlis ZiriTadi farTobi moixata saocrad mcire droSi _ cxra TveSi, rac mowmobs imas, Tu rogori gatacebiT asrulebda lado gudiaSvili am samuSa-os. Tumca mxatvroba bolomde ver dasrulda. mas xeli Seu-Sala didma winaaRmdegobebma da misi uwmidesobis kalistra-tes gardacvalebam. qvaSveTi, rom moxatuliyo gaiSleboda misi Tematika da siuJetic, romelic arsebobda, magram sam-wuxarod ganuxorcielebeli darCa., ramac didi tkivili da-tova lados gulSi. marTalia, roca mxatvrisadmi damokide-buleba Seicvala, ekiTxebodnen Tu rodis daasrulebda daw-yebul saqmes, magram es ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. mxatvari ixse-nebs: `minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da usazRvro madlobiT movixsenio sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos_patriarqi ilia II, romelmac didi TavaziT da taqtiT SemomTavaza, egeb rogorme, qvaSveTi isev moxatoTo, amaRelva da sixaruliT amavso am Txovnam, magram gvianaa.... aRar SemiZlia~[5, 51].

miuxedavad yvelafrisa gudiaSvilis survili `minda darCes is, rac amdeni tkivilis fasad Semiqmnia~-o, asrule-bulia, mas, rom am qveynad sul araferi Seeqmna, mxolod es erTi freska gaxdida saukuno da maradiul mxatvrad.

qarTul sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iyo survili darCe-nili kedlebis moxatvisa. erT-erTi mosurne iyo arsen foC-xuac, uSualo monawile da mowme taZris moxatvisa. saqarTve-los sapatriarqos arqivSi daculia misi ori werili (1980 da 1991 wlebis)/ miwerili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-sadmi, sadac gamoTqmulia saintereso mosazreba taZ-ris moxatvasTan dakavSirebiT: `madloba RmerTs, rom es saS-viliSvilo sakiTxi kvlav wamoiWra da dRes Tu xval mas gan-xorcieleba uweria; ibadeba kiTxva praqtikulad vin SeZlebs am metad mniSvnelovan da sapasuxismgeblo saqmis gagrZele-bas? vis eyofa b-ni lados Sedevris gverdiT scados bedi da amiT Tavi daimkvidros istoriaSi?~[4, 2]. am kiTxvas pasuxs Tavad arsen foCxua scems da gamosavlad miaCnia ori gza:

1. 1918 wels lado gudiaSvili monawilea eqvTime Taya-iSvilis mier samxreT saqarTveloSi mowyobil eqspediciisa, sadac uamravi pirebi aqvs Sesrulebuli Cveni cnobili taZ-rebis moxatulobebis, amitom moxdes am pirebis mudmivi eq-sponireba mouxatav kedlebze. amiT ori didi saqme gakeTde-ba, taZris moxatuloba stilisturad ar dairRveva _ ase vTqvaT `erT mxatvarTan gveqneba saqme~ da meorec farTe sa-zogadoebas eqneba saSualeba gaecnon im moxatulobebs (as-lebis saxiT) romlebic amJamad TurqeTis teritoriazea.

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2. Tu maindamainc moxatva aucilebelia, maSin es unda miendos iseT mxatvars romlis SemoqmedebiTi xelwera ga-momdinareobs qarTuli freskis maneridan an dauflebulia mas da Seswavlili aqvs Rrmad; aseT mxatvrad dRes me megu-leba daviT cucqiriZe _ vimedovneb, rom misi freskuli dam-werloba harmoniulad Seerwymeba b-n lados freskebis xasi-aTs da amiT taZaric moigebs da mnaxvelTaTvisac metad sain-tereso iqneba~. [4, 3].

es mosazrebebi gaziarebul ar iqna, Tumca moxatvis sa-kiTxi dResac aqtualuria.

aRsaniSnavia, rom misi uwmidesobis kalistrates gar-dacvalebis Semdeg dadga sakiTxi freskis Camofxekisa, mag-ram es ver ganxorcielda.

am Temaze saubari sruldeba lado gudiaSvilis mokle biografiiT da im faqtebiT, Tu ra winaaRmdegobebi Sexvda mas aRniSnul mxatvrobasTan dakavSirebiT.

lado gudiaSvili daibada TbilisSi 1896 wlis 18 (30) marts, rkinigzelTa ojaxSi. deda _ elisabed iToniSvili da mama daviT gudiaSvilebi metad keTili da saTno adamianebi iyvnen. aseT ojaxSi aRzrdil ladosac es Tvisebebi uxvad hqonda. igi didi adamianuri siTboTi yvelas izidavda.

1910 wels 14 wlis ymawvili miiyvanes Tbilisis kavkasiis sazogadoebis natifi xelovnebis ferwerisa da qandakebis skolaSi. mis gverdiT swavlobdnen mixeil Wiaureli da qeTe-van maRalaSvili. baton lados maswavleblebi iyvnen italie-li xelovani longo, germaneli oskar Smerlingi, bolos ia-kob nikolaZe. saswavlebelSi swavlobda 1914 wlamde. pirve-li naxatebi dabeWda 1914 wels Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovre-baSi~. es iyo l. qiaCelis moTxrobebis ilustraciebi. 1915 wels ki mxatvarma Tavisi gamofena moawyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom lados hqonia didi musikaluri mona-cemebi, mSoblebs surdaT musikosi gamxdariyo, Cinebulad ukravda violonCeloze, magram roca daiwyo didi musikalu-ri nawarmoebis Sesruleba, mas gulis tkivili ugrZvnia, eqi-mebma amis mizezad miiCnies is, rom lado nawarmoebebs didi emociebiT da mTeli gatacebiT asrulebda, amitom bavSvs aukrZales violonCeloze dakvra. ase Seicvala musika fer-weriT.

lado gudiaSvilis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba sam nawi-lad iyofa:

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pirveli periodi _ 1914-1919 wlebi, samSobloSi yof-nis dro. 1916 wels man sxva moRvaweebTan erTad daaarsa qar-Tvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba. 1917 wels monawileobda eq. TayaiSvilis mier mowyobil samxreT saqarTvelos eqspedici-aSi, sadac gaecno qarTul Zeglebs, iRebda freskebis pirebs. 1919 wels moxata restorani `qimerioni~. amave wels gaimarTa qarTvel mxatvarTa gamofena yofil `didebis taZarSi~. la-do gudiaSviliT aRtacebuli rusi poeti sergei gorodecki werda: `me vxedav aRfrTovanebul yrmas, romelsac unda xelmeored aaSenos dangreuli saqarTvelo~.

meore periodi 1919-1926 wlebi, "parizuli" xana. igi iq swavlobda robsonis akademiaSi. mas didi warmatebebi xvda wilad, CasvlisTanave, umal miipyro yuradReba.

1920 wels misi oTxi namuSevari parizis did salonSi ga-mofines, rasac imdroindeli `katalogi~ adasturebs. erTi tilo, `qeifi qalTan~, SeiZina cnobilma espanelma mxatvarma ignacio zuloagam. didma salonma Semdegac SeiZina sxva ti-loebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gudiaSvilis namuSevrebi aris ara marto safrangeTis, aramed espaneTis, germaniis, ameri-kis, inglisis muzeumebsa da kerZo koleqciebSi.

1922 wels parizSi moewyo mxatvris personaluri gamo-fena.

1923 wels igi miiwvies niu-iorkis or jgufur gamofe-naze. erTi iyo rozenbergis, meore ki rusuli gamofena.

am gamofenebze warmatebis Semdeg, imave wels, parizis balievis Teatrma `Ramuram~ miiwvia gudiaSvili da speqtak-li mxatvrulad gaaformebina.

1924 wels 15-dan 28 aprilamde moewyo sami qarTveli mxatvris lado gudiaSvilis, daviT kakabaZis da Salva qiqo-Zis namuSevarTa gamofena.

1925 wels lado gudiaSvils ukve kargad icnobdnen da-savleT evropaSi. pikasos mkvlevarma moris reinalma specia-luri monografia gamosca saTauriT `Lado Gudiashvili~.

1925 wels 9-dan 23 ianvramde parizSi iyo gudiaSvilis personaluri gamofena, imave wlis zafxulSi kvlav moewyo didi gamofena, sadac mis xelovnebas udidesi Sefaseba misca cnobilma xelovnebaTmcodnem andre salmonim.

parizma arc Semdeg daiviwya didi xelovani da 1935 wels, roca igi iq ar iyo, moawyo misi namuSevrebis gamofena 28 ivnisidan _ 11 ivlisamde.

mesame periodi iwyeba 1926 wlidan _ samSobloSi dab-runeba.

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1926-1932 wlebSi gudiaSvili aswavlida Tbilisis sam-xatvro akademiaSi monumentur-dekoratiul mxatvrobas. aq-tiurad muSaobda, rogorc fermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari, monumentalisti.

1934 wels man daasuraTa sulxan-saba orbelianis wigni `sibrZne sicruisa~. grafikulad gaaforma `vefxistyaosani~.

mis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa qarTveli xalxis warsuli, aw-myo, istoriul pirTa da TanamedroveTa portretebi.

ai, rogori Sefaseba misca mas d. kakabaZem, romelic moxsenebiT gamovida 1934 wlis 15 maiss mxatvarTa kavSiris mier gamarTul disputze TemiT `mxatvroba gamofenaze~ _ `.... lado gudiaSvilze bevris Tqma ar aris saWiro... igi me-tad faqizad epyroba suraTis Sesrulebas, rogorc Sinaar-sis ise formis mxriv. es sifaqize metad mniSvnelovania da gansakuTrebiT unda mivuTiToT amaze Cvens axalgazrdobas. saqme imaSia, rom lados suraTebis sifaqize mosCans rogorc ferebSi, ise xazebSi~[6, 34].

manamde ki, 1926 wels, jer kidev axalgazrda lado gu-diaSvilze tician tabiZe werda: `_ dangreuli, darRveuli taZridan da koSkebidan movida is, TviTon, rogorc niamori da rogorc freska gaTanguli, zviadi CvenebiT usaxelo os-tatobiT moxibluli; _ lado gudiaSvils hqonda da aqvs is, rac arc erT ostatobaSi ar gaicvleba _ pirwminda sicoc-xle erovnuli Semoqmedebisa, romlis safuZvelia: noyieri da cincxali qarTuli miwa da agreTve noyieri da cocxali niWi TviTon lado gudiaSvilisa;

_ Cemi Seucvleli azria, rom lado gudiaSvili acaxca-xebulia SemoqmedebiT, is grZnobs saqarTvelos Zirebs da mis miwis ynosvas...~[9, 22].

mxatvari yovel dros cxovrobda Tavisi qveynis Wir-va-ramiT. ar yofila arc erTi movlena, romelzedac sakuTari azri ar gamoeTqvas. ase iyo 1937 welsac. noemberSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos mxatvrebis kavSiris plenumze man brwyinvale sityva warmosTqva da im dasagmob movlenebs `didi arevdare-va .... mware dReebi da mware Sedegebi~[9, 1] uwoda. rogorc vxedavT, mxatvari uSiSrad icavda Tavisi eris didebas da si-marTles.

gudiaSvili aseTi bunebis rom ar yofiliyo, albaT arc daTanxmdeboda mis uwmindesoba _ kalistrate cincaZes qvaSveTis eklesiis moxatvaze da im droisaTvis aseT Tamam gadawyvetilebas ar miiRebda, romelmac mas didebasTan er-Tad, bevri gulistkivili da daumsaxurebeli lanZRva mou-

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tana. mivyveT yovelives qronologiurad, im sabuTebze day-rdnobiT, romelic daculia saqarTvelos kulturisa da xe-lovnebis centralur arqivSi.

1948 wlis 24 ivniss Sesdga saqarTvelos mxatvrebis kav-Siris gamgeobis sxdoma, sadac ganixiles l. gudiaSvilisa da d. kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. moismines mxatvarTa kavSiris gamge-obis Tavmjdomaris mamalaZis moxseneba, romelmac aRniSna: `l.gudiaSvilisa da d.kakabaZis Semoqmedeba aSkara forma-listuria, maT dRemde ar Sescvales is gza, romelzedac mTeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi dganan~ [7, 59]. amitom, mizanSewo-nilad miiCnies am ori pirovnebis gamgeobidan gamoyvana. am gadawyvetilebas daeTanxmnen da azri gamoTqves i. nikola-Zem, s. nadareiSvilma, a. quTaTelaZem, l. lemonjavam, l. bur-dulma.

1950 w. 12 maiss Sedga mxatvarTa kavSiris gamgeobis mo-rigi sxdoma, moxsenebiT gamovida b. gordeziani `qarTuli wignis mxatvruli da poligrafiuli gaformeba~-is Sesaxeb, sadac Seexo didi mxatvris mier ilustrirebul `vefxistya-osnis~ saqmes: `.... gudiaSvilis mTavari Secdoma imaSi iyo, rom man `vefxistyaosani~ ise ki ar gaigo rogorc garkveuli epoqis ganZi, gamomdinare politikur da socialur mdgoma-reobidan, aramed rogorc zRapari. man ar ikmara Zveli Tao-bis erTi nawilis Secdomis gameoreba. `vefxistyaosani~ zRaprad warmoidgina da dasuraTebaSi gamoiyena formaliz-mi da ybadaRebuli stilizacia. amis Sedegad mxatvarma gani-cada sastiki marcxi~[9, 30].

bolos, Cans, sityvieri Seuracxyofa ar akmares da la-do gudiaSvils 1951 pensiis micema Seuwyvites, ris gamoc cud mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. igi 1954 wlis 5 oqtombers sa-qarTvelos mxatvarTa kavSiris prezidiumis Tavmjdomares wers: `me 1951 wels momexsna pensia, vinaidan aseTis arqoneba CemTvis metad samZimia, amitom vTxov sabWoTa saqarTvelos mxatvarTa kavSiris prezidiums damexmaros da aRmiZras Su-amdgomloba saTanado organoebis winaSe, rom isev dameniS-nos pensia SesaZleblobis farglebSi~ [8, 37].

es aris mcire masala, magram sakmarisi, rom Segveqmnas azri Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyi lado gudiaSvili.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan ioli warmosadgenia rogor sulier tkivils ganicdida mxatvari, magram rogorc didi qristiani sulgrZelad iTmenda. giorgi jiblaZe Tavis mo-nografiaSi ambobs: `.... aravisze ganawyenebuli ar darCenila, roca erT dros Tavs esxmodnen, is saocari moTminebiT itan-

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da yovelives da Tavdasacavad araferi gaukeTebia garda da-uRalavi SemoqmedebiTi muSaobisa~ [2, 10].

gudiaSvilma TavmdablobiT da mokrZalebiT, Tavisi arakeTilmosurneebic ki dadebiTad ganawyo da miiRo is da-faseba, rasac imsaxurebda.

1957 wels TbilisSi moewyo gudiaSvilis 60 wlisTavTan dakavSirebuli personaluri gamofena, sadac gamofenili iyo mis mier 40 wlis manZilze Seqmnili namuSevrebi.

1958 wels gamofena moewyo q. moskovSi. Catarda misi Se-moqmedebiTi saRamo, sadac gamovidnen cnobili moRvaweebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi da umaRlesi Sefaseba misces mis Semoqmedebas.

lado gudiaSvils miniWebuli hqonda mravali prizi, sa-patio niSani, iyo damsaxurebuli moRvawe, saxalxo mxatvari.

1965 wels mieniWa S. rusTavelis premia, 1976 wels mis 80 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT maSindelma sakavSiro umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma mianiWa socialisturi Sromis gmiris wo-deba da oqros medali.

mxatvarma madliereba, am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, Semde-gi sityvebiT gamoxata: `.... mTeli Cemi Segnebuli sicocxle mSobliuri xalxis uangaro samsaxurSi gamilevia da dRes, roca Sroma damifasda, minda madloba movuZRvna yvelas vi-sac Cems namuSevrebSi ugrZvnia siyvaruli, sikeTis marcvali, visac sjeroda, rom xelovnebis upirvelesi daniSnuleba xalxis da qveynis samsaxuria.

80 wlis var, magram rogorc ityvian kvlav Warmagad vgrZnob Tavs, Zala Semwevs Sromisa da garjisa, sicocxlis siyvaruli, Cemi xalxis siyvaruli Zalas maZlevs. am daloc-vil miwaze fexi kvlav magrad midgas da misi Rone CemSic gad-modis, masuldgmulebs. minda kvlav Sevqmna axali tiloe-bi....~ [10, 10].

miuxedavad imisa, rom gudiaSvili sulierad mxned iyo da rogorc ityvian, arc guli daberebia, igi Cvenda samwuxa-rod, Zalian male, daaklda qalaqs, ers, xalxs. 1980 wlis iv-lisSi daiRala misi maja da Sewyvita kidec guliscema. mis gardacvalebas gamoexmaura adgilobrivi Tu sakavSiro gaze-Tebi, daiwera mravali statia, yvelas surda misTvis bolo samadlobeli sityvebi eTqva.

madlianma qarTvelma xalxma 1980 wlis 24 ivliss mxat-vris neSti mTawmindis savanes miabara.

dRes ki qvaSveTis eklesiis gverdiT dgas lamazi da kopwia qandakeba juna miqataZis mier Seqmnili da albaT sa-

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Wiro arcaa warweris wakiTxva, yoveli qarTveli iolad mix-vdeba Tu visia igi.

Temaze saubari davasruloT Zveli ritoris sityvebiT, romelic baton lados ase uyvarda: “xeli monisai lpeba, na-weri ki hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde” amin [5, 51].


1. kalistrate cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis eklesia

tfilisSi, Tbilisi, 1994. 2. giorgi jiblaZe, lado gudiaSvili, Tbilisi, 1970. 3. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 770. 4. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 1950. 5. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Jurnali, “jvari vazisa”,

1983, 1 6. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (literaturisa da xelov-

nebis arqivi), mxatvarTa kavSiris fondi 10, saqme 39. 7. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (literaturisa da xelov-

nebis arqivi), mxatvarTa kavSiris fondi 10, saqme 211. 8. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (literaturisa da xelov-

nebis arqivi), mxatvarTa kavSiris fondi 10. saqme 555. 9. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (literaturisa da xelov-

nebis arqivi), vaxtang gurgeniZis fondi 303. saqme 412. 10. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi (literaturisa da xelov-

nebis arqivi), vaxtang gurgeniZis fondi 303, saqme 1245.

Qetevan Kobiashvili

Historian

Lado Gudiashvili and Kashveti Painting

Summary The present work shows history of church painting in the Kvashveti

Saint George church. In 1755 the church was painted by Nikoloz Abkhaz according to the order of Givi Amilakhvari’s nephew David. We do not know what was the content and design of the painting then. In 1810 general Tormasov ordered to paint the church walls newly, this has finally spoilt the

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N. Abkhaz church painting images. By the end of the XIX-th century the existed painting was significantly damaged, so in 1893 they created a committee aimed at renovation of the church paintings, but this was not implemented.

Kvashveti church as it looks today was built in 1904-1910, its sanctuary St. Virgin wall painting was painted in 1947-1948 with benediction of His Holiness Catholicos-Patriarch Kalistrate Tsintsadze, the painter was the great Georgian artist Lado Gudiashvili. Negotiations with the painter were held by Bishop Dimitri Lazarishvili, who did his work successfully.

While painting the church, Lado Gudiashvili faced many troubles, because those times it was not easy to make such a brave move. In 1948 he was expelled from number of managing council members of the Georgian Artists Union. In 1951 they suspended his pension, because of it he fell in a very difficult situation.

Despite all this, Gudiashvili honestly and humbly received the proper assessment he deserved, though there were many ill-wishers around. He has received many prizes; he was Honored public figure and public artist as well.

The church’s sanctuary was painted in a very short time – nine months, however it was not finished really. If the Kvashveti church was painted properly with its thematic issues and existing subjects, it would be perfect, but unfortunately, it is not done yet.

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caca CxartiSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-toriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofi-lebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos kulturuli cxovreba quTaisis

beWduri mediis furclebze

(Jurnali `Teatri da musika~, 1919 weli)

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi

metad saintereso, dinamiuri da Rrmad Sinaarsiani monakve-Tia. am epoqis erT-erT maxasiaTeblad sazogado asparezze politikuri partiebis, gaerTianebebis Tu mimdinareobaTa damkvidrebis paralelurad maTive perioduli presis dafuZ-nebac unda miviCnioT.

qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemebs imdroisaTvis kargaxnis istoria gaaCnda, magram presis ganviTarebis Tavise-bureba gansaxilvel periodSi mis ideur, Tematur Tu geogra-fiul gafarToebaSi gamoixata. amasTan, sagrZnoblad gaizar-da xelismomwerTa da mkiTxvelTa raodenoba. koloniur mdgomareobaSi myofi erisaTvis Jurnal-gazeTebs aramarto sainformacio saSualebaTa funqcia ekisraT, aramed isini kulturul da saganmanaTleblo misiasac asrulebdnen [1, 168].

TviTmpyroblobis pirobebSi qarTul beWdviT sityvas gamudmebiT uxdeboda brZola mkacr cenzurasTan, romelic uxeSad ereoda redaqciebis saqmianobaSi, win eRobeboda da krZalavda Tavisufal azrs. 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenam farTo aspare-zi Seqmna erovnuli Jurnalistikis aRmavlobisaTvis. dedaqa-laqTan erTad am saqmis avangardSi quTaisic idga. unda iT-qvas, rom quTaisi arc manmade iyo moklebuli qarTul presas. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi. samson fircxalavas sityviT: `quTaisi iyo qarTuli qalaqi, sakmaod inteligenturi, mravali moswav-le-axalgazrdobiT, qarTuli eniT, qarTuli grZnobiT da az-rovnebiT~ [2, 20].

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quTaisSi jer kidev 1911 wlidan ori yoveldRiuri gaze-Ti - `kolxeTi~ da `mnaTobi~ gamodioda. qalaqis cxovrebaSi Rrma kvali datoves iseTma gamocemebma, rogoric iyo `imere-Ti~ da `samSoblo~. am gazeTTa irgvliv Tavmoyrili iyo mamu-liSviluri grZnobiT gamsWvaluli erovnul-inteleqtualu-ri Zalebi, romelTa naklebobas quTaisi namdvilad ar uCioda.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xanaSi quTais-Si daarsda erTob sagulisxmo Jurnali `Teatri da musika~. mi-si iniciatori, sulisCamdgmeli da redaqtori iyo CvenSi usa-marTlod miviwyebuli moRvawe da moazrovne, eqimi ioseb as-laniSvili. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ucnauri Cans, saxelov-nebo Jurnals, metad specifikukri JanrebiT - `Teatri da mu-sika~ - aarsebs da redaqtorobs ara xelovnebaTmcodne, ara-med medikosi, magram maSin amdagvari ram uCveulo ar iyo. qar-Tveli eqimebi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmulni qveynis sazogadoeb-riv da kulturul cxovrebaSi, zogierTi maTagnisTvis arc Jurnalisturi Tu politikuri asparezi yofila ucxo. maga-liTad, ivane gomarTeli, profesiiT eqimi, social-demokra-tiuli partiis TvalsaCino moRvawe, saqarTvelos damfuZne-beli krebis deputati (Sedioda xelovnebis komisiaSi), imav-droulad cnobili publiciti da kritikosi iyo, aqveynebda statiebs saliteraturo, xelovnebis Tu sxva sakiTxebze. ase-Tive mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo ioseb aslaniSvili, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom misi ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi mrwamsi socialist-federalisturi ideologiiT ganisazRvreboda da studentobidanve am politikuri organizaciebis rigebSi iricxeboda. ioseb aslaniSvili warmoSobiT quTaisidan iyo. igi 1891 wels am qalaqSi daibada da bavSvobisa da mowafeobis wlebic aqve gaatara. Semdeg man odesaSi — novorosiskis uni-versitetis samedicino fakultetze ganagrZo swavla, rome-lic 1914 w. daamTavra. igi aqtiurad monawileobda studen-tur cxovrebaSi, iyo odesis qarTuli saTvistomos erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli da universitetis saerTo studenturi moZrao-bis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. mas didi wvlili miuZRvis studenturi krebulis `cxovrebis~ gamocemaSi, romelic ode-sis universitetis qarTvel studentTa ZalisxmeviT 1914 wels quTaisSi ganxorcielda.

ioseb aslaniSvili odesidan TanamSromlobda qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebTan. misi publikaciebi Tu ko-respodenciebi xSirad ibeWdeboda, rogorc Tbilisis, ise qu-TaisSi gamomaval perioduli presis furclebze. sabWoTa pe-riodSi igi redaqtorobda Jurnal `Tanamedrove medicinas~

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(1924-33 ww.), iyo damsaxurebuli eqimi-endokrinologi, medi-cinis mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti, endemuri Ciyvis wina-aRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi oranizatori. i. aslaniSvili gata-cebuli iyo mTamsvlelobiT. man g. nikolaZesTan erTad sa-fuZveli Cauyara qarTuli alpinizmis ganviTarebas, miniWebu-li hqonda sportis ostatis wodeba.

CamoTvlilTagan gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoCnda ioseb aslaniSvili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis wleb-Si. swored maSin, 1919 wlis gazafxulze, ixila mzis sinaTle misma Jurnalma `Teatri da musika~. saqarTveloSi ukve arse-bobda Teatraluri presis gamocemis tradicia. am mxriv yami-ri ioseb imedaSvilis `Teatrma da cxovrebam~ gastexa. es yo-velTviuri Jurnali 1910 wlidan TbilisSi gamodioda. `Teat-rsa da cxovrebas~ quTaisis inteligentur wreebSic sakmao mkiTxveli hyavda. quTaisSi mZlavri Teatraluri koleqtivi arsebobda, romelsac 1898-1906 ww. cnobili qarTveli msaxio-bi da reJisori lado mesxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. dasi xSi-rad marTavda gastrolebs saqarTvelos qalaqebSic (WiaTura, foTi, xoni, Tbilisi). mas arasodes aklda mayurebeli, rome-lic ise aRiqvamda TiToeul speqtakls, rogorc zeims. quTai-sis Teatri TavisTavad mninSvnelovani movlenaa, rogorc qarTuli kulturis fenomeni, magram aranakleb aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Teatri erTgulad emsaxureboda xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRmavlobasa da gaZlierebas.

quTaisis musikalur cxovrebaSi gamorCeulia cnobili qarTveli kompozitoris k. focxveraSvilis roli. misma saja-ro leqciebma, calkeulma saRamoebma, romlebsac igi perio-dulad marTavda am qalaqSi didad Seuwyo xeli aqauri mayu-reblisa da msmenelis musikaluri gemovnebis aRzrdas. aRsa-niSnavia, rom pirveli qarTuli samusiko koncerti k. focxve-raSvilma quTaisis scenaze jer kidev 1903 wels gamarTa. cota mogvianebiT, aq `sagundo simRerebis moyvarulTa sazogadoe-ba~Camoyalibda, xolo 1910 wels daarsebuli iqna qarTvel momReralTa sazogadoeba [3, 222].

1919 w. TebervalSi quTaisSi gaixsna musikaluri saswav-lebeli (direqtori meliton balanCivaZe). man kidev ufro ga-zarda qalaqis sazogadoebis interesi musikisadmi. erTi sit-yviT, quTaisSi namdvilad arsebobda saTanado niadagi da xel-sayreli garemo saxelovnebo Jurnalis gamosacemad.

ioseb aslaniSvilma JurnalSi saTanamSromlod miiwvia qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis, SemoqmedebiTi inteli-genciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi — poetebi, mxatvrebi,

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musikosebi, Teatraluri xelovnebisa Tu sxva cnobili moRva-weni: galaqtion da tician tabiZeebi, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrindaSvili, ioseb griSaSvili, niko lorTqifaniZe, Salva dadiani, daviT kldiaSvili, geronti qiqoZe, raJden gvetaZe, dia Cianeli, Salva amirejibi, dimitri arayiSvili, zaqaria fa-liaSvili, meliton balanCivaZe, kote focxveraSvili, ia kar-gareTeli, lado gudiaSvili, daviT kakabaZe, iakob nikolaZe, aleqsandre zalcmani, Salva afxaiZe, valerian gunia, aleqsan-dre imedaSvili, aleqsandre wuwunava, akaki faRava, mixeil qo-reli, mixeil Wiaureli, giorgi jabadari da sxva.

`Teatri da musika~ wera-kiTxis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-doebis quTaisis stambaSi aiwyo da daibeWda. Jurnali 68 gverds Seicavda da uxvad iyo ilustrirebuli.

Jurnalis pirveli nomeri ixsneba saredaqcio weriliT, romelSic aRniSnulia: `xangrZlivma omma da revoluciam di-dad Seaferxa xelovnebis winsvla da mwvave daRi daasva mis ganviTarebas. am fonze Tavisufali saqarTvelos kulturu-li cxovreba, qarTveli xalxis didi niWi da unari saxelmwi-foebriv aRmSeneblobaSi iZleva imeds, rom xelovnebis sxva-dasxva dargebsac saqarTvelos respublikaSi farTo gza mie-cema. amis niSnebi ukve aris: qarTuli dramatuli studiis da-arseba da pirveli qarTuli operebis dadgma saxelmwifo Te-atrSi amis maCvenebelia~. [4, 2]

Jurnalis amocanaa emsaxuros xelovnebas, raTa mas Tavi-sufal samSoblos cxovrebaSi mieces farTo gza da ganviTare-ba: `yovelgvari TeatrisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebis ga-morkveva, am dargSi xelovanTa momzadeba, yvela saukeTeso Za-lis SekavSireba, Teatris aRorZineba da axal mkvidr niadagze dayeneba — ai umTavresi mizani, romelsac momavalSi emsaxure-ba Jurnali `Teatri da musika~. Jurnalis momdevno gverdebze gamoqveynebulia akaki faRavas werili `qarTuli sasceno xe-lovneba~. avtori aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos politikur aR-dgenasa da ganaxlebasTan erTad qarTul xelovnebasac daet-yo gamococxleba. amis niSnad is miiCnevs dramatuli studiis daarsebas da operebis `Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~ (d. ara-yiSvili) da `abesalom da eTeris~ (z. faliaSvili) dadgmebs. a. faRavas azriT, `Zveli Teatri, Tumca damsaxurebuli, ukve kvdeba. Zvelis sikvdili aucilebelia, rom iSvas axali. CvenSi Zveli Teatris sikvdilis Jams warmoiSva axali qarTuli Te-atri — es aris studia, romlis garSemo Tavi moiyara sasceno Sromas da Semoqmedebas mowyurebulma inteligentma axalgaz-rdobam. naadrevia imis Tqma, gadaiSleba Tavbrudamxvev Tai-

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gulad es krebuli axalgazrdobis, warmoSobs didi niWis msa-xiobebs, Tu napralSi gadaiCexeba~ [4, 10]. unda davexmaroT studias, rom gafarTovdes, ganmtkicdes da gaZlierdes, naT-qvamia statiis dasasruls.

Jurnalis pirvel nomerSi dabeWdilia dimitri arayiSvi-lis da zaqaria faliaSvilis avtobiografiuli cnobebi, Sal-va afxaiZis `SeniSvnebi Teatris Sesaxeb~, al. zalcmanis sta-tia `SeniSvnebi scenis Sesaxeb~, mix. orelis `Cveni scenis dRe-vandeli saWiroeba~, r. gvetaZis, i. griSaSvilisa da v. gafrin-daSvilis leqsebi, dia Cianebis (d. CxeiZe) Canaxati. jaju jor-jikias werilSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom `CvenSi yvelafers slavianuri elferi dakravs. Cven Tavi unda davaRwioT am na-Zaladev daRs. scenaze muSaoba erovnul simtkices unda emsa-xurebodes. amisaTvis Cvenma dramaturgebma unda Seqmnan qar-Tveli xalxis gulidan amoRebuli nawarmoebebi. reJisorma mas unda misces erovnuli koloriti, msaxiobma ki is xalxis enis, zne-Cveulebis codniT unda ganasaxieros. amaSia mxat-vruli sityvis saqmed qceva~ [4, 58].

JurnalSi dabeWdilia redaqtoris i. aslaniSvilis weri-lic saTauriT `axali Teatri CvenSi~, romelic TbilisSi 1918 wlidan daarsebuli dramatuli studiis miznebsa da amoca-nebze mogviTxrobs. pirvel qarTul operebs mimoixilavs l. maWavariani mokle recenziaSi `qarTuli opera~. Jurnals sa-istorio TvalsazrisiT sainteresos xdis bolo gverdze da-beWdili mxatvruli matiane, romelic xelovnebis qronikas warmoadgens.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Jurnalis momdevno nomeri ganaxlebu-li saxelwodebiT gamovida, mas axla `xelovneba~ erqva. saxel-wodebis Secvla gamocemis Tematikis gafarToebiT unda aix-snas. redaqtori da TanamSromlebi igiveni darCnen. `xelovne-bam~ ganagrZo misi winamorbedis tradiciebi.

JurnalSi dramisa da Teatris sakiTxebi gaSuqebulia, rogorc specialur Teoriul werilebSi, ise calkeul dad-gmebisadmi miZRvnil recenziebSic. Teoriuli msjeloba Te-atris Sesaxeb dakavSirebulia qarTuli scenis praqtikul moTxovnilebasTan. avtorebi yvelgan da yovelTvis qarTuli sinamdvilidan amodian da sailustracio masaladac erovnu-li Teatraluri cxovrebis fatqebs iyeneben.

`Teatri da musika~ cdilobda safuZvlianad gaeanalize-bina, rogorc Teatris, ise dramaturgiis istoriisa da Teat-ris sakiTxebi. Jurnalis furclebze dabeWdili recenziebi sainteresod aSuqebdnen qarTuli Teatris SemoqmedebiT

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gzas, ama Tu im speqtaklis dadebiT da negatiur mxareebs. maT-Si profesiuladaa ganxiluli aramarto msaxiobTa ostatoba, aramed reJisurac. Jurnalebma `Teatri da musika~, `xelovne-ba, `Teatri da cxovrebis~ mxardamxar mtkice safuZveli Cau-yara erovnul Teatralur presas, Camoayaliba misi Semoqme-debiTi principebi, romelic farTo gamoZaxils poulobs Sem-dgomi drois qarTul Teatralur Jurnal-gazeTebSi.

Jurnali `Teatri da musika~ asazrdoebda qarTul sa-zogadoebas da garkveuli wvlili Sehqonda inteligenciis formirebasa da kulturul cxovrebaSi.


1. o. janeliZe, Jurnal `eris~ istoriisTvis, krebulSi: ena, Targmani, literatura, Tbilisi, 1999.

2. s. fircxalava, mogonebaTa furclebi, Tbilisi, 1988. 3. gaz. `kolxida~, 1911. 4. `Teatri da musika~, quTaisi, 1919 №1

Tsatsa Chkhartishvili Doctor of History, Scientific Researcher of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology Contemporary and Modern History Department, Javakhishvili State University

The Cultural Life of Georgia According to the Press Published in

Kutaisi (The journal “Theatre and Music”, 1919)

Summary

The magazine “Theatre and music” was printed in Kutaisi in 1919. But only number was printed. After then the magazine changed its title and the new title was “Art”. Two numbers of this magazine were printed with the last title. The editor of this two magazines was Ioseb Aslanishvili. The editorial staff was common.

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The important journal “Theatre and Music” was founded in Kutaisi when Georgia was independent and it was called The Democratic Republic of Georgia. The initiator of this project and editor was thinker and public figure doctor Ioseb Aslanishvili, who was unfairly forgotten by society.

It must be mentioned that second issue of the journal was published with a new name. It was named “Khelovneba” (Culture). The fact must be explained by widening of the interests of publishers. The editor and the stuff were not changed. “Khelovneba” continued the traditions of its predecessor.

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nana naTelaZe saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida an-dria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qa-rTuli universitetis doqtoranti

qarTuli xalxuri zRapris dasawyisisa da

dasasrulis Targmnis Sesaxeb

xalxuri Semoqmedeba mravalferovani da saintereso

movlenaa. mas kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi dResac Seaqvs sasi-keTo wvlili. xalxis geniis umTavresi warmonaqmni aris zRa-pari, romelsac garegnuli simartivisa da sworxazovnebis miuxedavad adamianTa msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi adgili uWiravs. rogorc cnobilia, zRapari xalxu-ri sibrZnis erT-erTi uZvelesi da popularuli saxea. igi ,,mxatvrul gamonagonze da fantanstikur ambavzea’’ dafuZne-buli [1, 107]. zRapari sazogadoebasTan erTad icvleboda, ixveweboda da bolos, Camoyalibda, rogorc damoukidebeli zepirsityvieri Janri, (Tumca Janris mniSvneloba igivea, rac mas warsulSi ჰqonda), romelic iyo da dResac rCeba ideuri aRzrdis, garTobis da dasvenebis erT-erT saSualebad.

zRapari yovelTvis Zlier moralur da zneobriv zegav-lenas axdenda sazogadoebaze. masSi aisaxeboda im eris Tavi-seburebani, tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebani, romelSic is aRmo-cenda; wamoweulia misi Semqmneli xalxis istoriisa da yo-fisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, ideebi, motivebi. zRaparSi areklilia Cveni xalxis bedukuRmarTi warsuli, socialur-politikuri Tu erovnuli Znelbedoba, Cagvrisa da usamar-Tlobis winaaRmdeg brZola.

msoflios zRaprebs ideur-Tematikurad, Sinaarsobri-vad, gmirTa xasiaTebiT, ambis gadmocemiT, kompoziciiT, da-sawyisiTa Tu dasasruliT, bevri ram aqvT saerTo. mezRapris moyolili ambavic TiTqos yvelgan garkveul CarCoebSia moq-ceuli _ isea gaazrebuli da mowodebuli, rom ZiriTadi aq-centi kargisa da cudis, keTilisa da borotis dapirispireba-zea gadatanili, Tumca erovnuli koloriti, misi TviTmyofa-doba yvela xalxis zRaparSi mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli.

pirvel rigSi, yuradRebas iqcevs zRapris dasawyisi da dasasruli, romelTac mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT da misgan ganuyofelni arian. dasawyisi erTgvarad gvamza-

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debs, ganwyobas gviqmnis raRac uCveulo, zRapruli ambis mo-sasmenad. rogorc g. wibaxaSvili qarTuli zRapris Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: ,,misi dasawyisi erTgvari kari iyo, romelsac mez-Rapre uRebda msmenelebs da Seჰyavda raRac TvalismomWre-li SuqiT ganaTebul samyaroSi xanmokle samogzaurod”, xo-lo dasasruli ,,mosmeniliT mojadoebuli adamianisaTvis xiblis moxsna... ucxo samyarodan yoveldRiur realobaSi dabruneba” [2, 97].

zRapris Targmna erTi SexedviT ar Cans rTuli saqme, magram sinamdvileSi ama Tu im xalxis azrovnebis siRrme da simaxvile rom SevinarCunoT, Zalian bevri niuansisa da sa-kiTxis gaTvaliswineba gvWirdeba.

qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis Targmna sainteresoc aris da Znelic. mas gaaCnia iseTi specifikuri Taviseburebani, rogoric aris enobriv-frazeologiuri Tqmebi, rac zedmi-wevniT gasagebad da azrobrivi detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda miewodos araqarTvel mkiTxvels.

Cven mier gacnobil da Seswavlil TargmanebSi yurad-Rebas ipyrobs qarTuli zRapris dasawyisisa da dasasarulis formulaTa gadmocemis Tavisebureba. rogorc Cans, TiToe-uli mTargmneli cdilobs erovnuli koloritis SenarCune-bas. zogi ucvlelad tovebs dasawyisisa da dasasrulis qar-Tul kliSes, mTargmnelTa nawili cvlis da saWirod ar mi-iCnevs mis gadatanas. radgan mTargmnelobiTi xelovneba Rrmad individualuri SemoqmedebiTi procesia da emociur damokidebulebasac ar gamoricxavs, amitom nebismieri Tar-gmnili teqsti an masSi SemCneuli TiToeuli ,,azrTa mimoq-ceva’’ CvenTvis Zvirfasi da sainteresoa.

pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTvelebis didi moamagis marjori uordropiseuli damokidebuleba qarTu-li xalxuri zRaprisadmi. marjori uordropi aris pirveli da mniSvnelovani persona, romelmac qarTveli erisadmi aR-Zruli interesi zRaprebis TargmniTac dagvidastura. man Targmna qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis nimuSebi ise, rom SeZlo dedanTan zedmiwevniT miaxloeba da imav droulad Se-unarCuna qarTul zRapars originaluri dasawyisi. mag.,

1. Master and Pupil ,,ostati da Segirdi’’) (or the Devil Outwitted) ,,motyuebuli eSmaki’’):

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,,ONCE upon a time there was a poor peasant who had one son” (,,iyo erTi sabralo glexi, romelsac ჰyavda erTi vaJiSvi-li’’).

2. Conkiajgharuna (,,konkiaJRaruna’’): ,,THERE was and there was not, there was a miserable

peasant”(,,iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi Rarib-Rataki glexi”). 3. The Frog's Skin: ,,THERE were once three brothers who wished to marry”(,, iyvnen

sami Zmani, romelTac surdaT colis SerTva”). 4. Ghvthisavari (I am of God): ,,THERE was once a king.... (,,iyo erTi mefe...”) 5. Gulambara and Sulambara (,,gulambara da sulambara’’): ,,THERE was and there was not at all, there was a blind monarch

(,,iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi brma mefe”). 6. The Two Brothers (,,ori Zma’’): ,,ONCE upon a time there were two brothers (,,odesRac cxov-

robda ori Zma // iyvnen orni Zmani”). 7. Asphurtzela (,,asfurcela’’): ,,THERE was, and there was not at all (of God's best may it be!),

there was once a woman (,,iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iq-neboda, iyo erTi qali”) [3, 26].

am zRaprebis dasawyisidan mxolod sam SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs qarTulenobrivi kliSe _ ,,iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo...’’, sxva SemTxvevaSi _ ,,iyo’’, ,,iyvnen’’ da maTi variaciuli verba-luri sityvaformebi, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTargmneli qarTul teqsts kvaldakval miჰyveba, dedans ar ukargavs pirvelqmnil sisadaves da azrobriv-niuansobriv mxatvrul Rirsebas.

analogiuri situaciaa nino doliZiseul rusul Tar-gmanSi, sadac zRapris dasawyisi Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: ,,Было, да и не было ничего”, ,,Было то или не было...”, ,,Жил-был певчий дрозд...” [4] am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli specifikuri ga-moTqma ,,iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo...”-s qarTulenovani dednis kalkirebul formad SeiZleba miviCnioT. ganxiluli magali-Tebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom inglisur da rusul TargmanebSi erTnairi viTareba gvaqvs. mTargmnelebi, marTa-lia, sxvadasxva dros moRvaweoben, magram saqmes identurad

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udgebian da qarTuli xalxuri zRapris dasawyiss Tavis xib-lsa da kolorits unarCuneben.

rac Seexeba qarTuli xalxuri zRapris daboloebas, rogorc prof. g. wibaxaSvili aRniSnavs, mas ,,Tu sityva-sit-yviT gadaviRebT, absurdamde mivdivarT, Tu sxvaenovan masa-las CavunacvlebT, zRapari kargavs Tavis erT-erT mniSvne-lovan maxasiaTebels” [2, 100-101].

ra Tqma unda, originaluria da saintereso qarTuli xalxuri zRapris daboloeba, misi variaciuli da mxatvruli efeqtebi. TavisTavad cxadia, mTargmnelisaTvis es ,,atribu-ti’’ Tavsatexs warmoadgens da aiZulebs bevri ifiqros mis gadawyvetaze _ Tu ra xerxs mimarTos da rogor miudges mas. Cven, bunebrivia, savsebiT viziarebT g. wibaxaSvilis zemoT moyvanil mosazrebas.

,,Wiri iqa, lxini aqa”, ,,mTas uremi davagore’’, ,,elasa-me-lasa’’ qarTuli xalxuri zRapris dasasrulis gavrcelebu-li formebia. teqsti iwyeba kliSes mixedviT da aseve kliSe-Ti mTavrdeba.

qarTuli zRapris tradiciuli dasasrulis ,,poetur-leqsad Tqmul’’ Targmans naklebad vxvdebiT sxva enaze Ses-rulebul TargmanebSi. vfiqrobT, zusti ekvivalentis arar-sebobis gamo, mTargmnelebma Tavi Seikaves dasasrulis Tar-gmanisagan. marTalia, zRapris dasasrulis forma rTuli sa-Targmnia, magram mTargmnelma unda gadalaxos es siZnele, raTa erovnuli koloriti srulad SeunarCundes zRapars.

magaliTad, “elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gamgonebelsa RmerTi wyalobdes yvelasa. (an Zili nebisa yvelasa”). n. doliZiseuli rusuli Targmani:

”Еласа, меласа, Висел кувшин на мне Сказателю и слушателю Сон сладкий вам и мне”[4, 14].

me, piradad, mimaCnia, rom ,,elasa-melasa’’ TargmanSi xe-luxleblad unda davtovoT an sruliad gverdi avuaroT (gamovtovoT), magram sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa qarTuli zRapris dasasrulis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma ,,Wiri

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iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa’’ rusulad ase unda iTargmnos: ”Мор там, пир здесь, Отсев там, мука здесь”.

zRapris dasasruli mxolod arCil xanTaZis Targman-Sia SenarCunebuli ,,Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa” (,,sami qaCali”) inglisurad Semdegnairad gadavida: ”Plague there, merriment here. Bran there, flour here” [5, 16].

inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis originaluri poe-turi dasasruli aramarto misaRebi unda iyos, aramed er-Tgvari gacnoba ucxo, sruliad gansxvavebul qarTul kul-turasTan.

zRapari aris kulturis nawili, dRes Zalian aqtualu-ria kulturaTa Soris dialogis Tema, mimzidvelia msgavse-bisa da gansxvavebis zedmiwevniT dafiqsireba da analizi. am kuTxiT qarTuli xalxuri zRapari mraval saintereso plasts Seicavs, zRapris dasawyisisa da dasasrulis formu-lirebani am kulturis mcire nawilia, magram arcTu umniS-vnelo, swored amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania misi swori Tar-gmna. magram samwuxaroa, rom dResdReobiT naklebad eqceva yuradReba qarTuli xalxuri zRapris Targmnas da sasurve-lia, rom mTargmnelebi am sakiTxiT dainteresdnen.


1. a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia, literaturaTmcodneobis cnebebi, Tbilisi, 1984.

2. g. wibaxaSvili, Targmanis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxe-bi, Tbilisi, 2000.

3. How Wine Came To Be and other Georgian Folk Tales / edit. A. Spurling; transl. by A. Khantadze; retold by E. Kvernadze; ill by S. Eristavi. – Tbilisi ,,Shemetsneba’’, 2009. ([http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/geft/index.htm

4. Грузинские народные сказки, сто сказок, Переводы Н. Долидзе, под редакцией проф. М. Чиковани, Изд. «Мерани», Тбилиси, 1974.

5. Five Geoergian Folk Tales, translated by A. Khantadze/ Publishing House “Shemetsneba’’, Tbilisi, 2012.

336

Nana Nateladze

Doctoral student at Saint Andrews Georgian University

About the translation of the opening and the end of the

Georgian folk tale

Summary The article deals with the specifics of the English and Russian

translation of a Georgian fairy tale. The work presents the views of three translators and translation samples. The work also analysis whether it is proper to translate the opening and the end of the folk tale and provides some examples of their translation.

337

sulxan aleqsaia

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis doqtori

afxazeTis mosaxleobis statistikuri aRwerebi

(XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)

gasabWoebis Semdeg moskovma afxazeTs avtonomiis sta-

tusi mianiWa. es iyo is mizanmimarTuli qmedeba da saqarTve-loSi Cadebuli ,,naRmi“, romelic mogvianebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis xeliTve.

eTnikur afsuebs moskovma, Tavidanve, didi privilegi-ebi mianiWa, rac ZiriTadad qarTvelTa Seviwrovebis xarjze xdeboda.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mravaljer Catarda afxaze-Tis teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis aRwera, romlis ma-salebic inaxeba saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centra-lur saxelmwifo arqivSi. masalebidan irkveva, rom eTnikuri afsuebis raodenoba warmoudgeneli siswrafiT izrdeboda, im fonze, rodesac qarTuli mosaxleoba klebulobda. miuxe-davad amisa, Tanamedrove periodSi gamocemul wignebSi af-suaTa raodenoba kidev ufro ,,gaberilia“ da qarTvelTa ki piriqiT. vis unda awyobdes es?! Cven gvinda gvjerodes, rom es uneblie Secdomaa da meti araferi...

saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom eTnikur afsuebs af-xazeTSi ჰqondaT yvela piroba Seqmnili: ჰqondaT skolebi TavianT enaze, eWiraT maRali Tanemdebobebi da sxv. miuxeda-vad amisa, saubedurod, didi iyo mainc maTi swrafva separa-tizmisaken.

Zalian mniSvnelovania ,,afxazeTis konfliqtis“ mize-zebis kvlevisaTvis saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centra-lur saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi statistikuri monacemebi, romlis Tanaxmadac 1923 wlis aRweriT afxazeTSi cxovrobda sul 147 559 adamiani.

338

1923 wlis aRweriT cxrili №1 [3, 20]

воздрасте от 18- до 40 лет Грамотных Неграмотн

ых

уезды Обшее колочество населения

Обше колочество населения в воздрасте от 18- до 40 лет

Мужч. Женшин

Всево Мужч.

Женшин

Всево

--- 147 559 45 359 6 959 30,6 %

1 736 7,7 %

8 694 19,1 %

16 082 60,4 %

20 583 92,3 %

36 6

65

80,9

%

По городам ССР Абхазии

--- --- --- --- --- --- ---

2 47

2

Всево

39 1

37 ч

. 1926 wlisaTvis afxazeTSi mosaxleobis raodenoba gai-

zarda da gaxda 201 663, anu 1923 welTan SedarebiT igi gai-zarda 54 104 adamianiT, rac procentebSi warmoadgens 36.6 %. ase mcire drois ganmavlobaSi aseTi didi mateba bunebrivi gziT warmoudgenelia. rogorc Cans, adgili ჰqonda migraci-ebs, anu xelovnuri gziT matebas.

Sesabamisi wlebis mosaxleobis ricxovneba erovnebis mixedviT gamoqveynda wignSi `rusul-qarTuli konfliqtebi: mizezebi, Sedegebi, perspeqtivebi~, Tb., 2009. magram rigi mo-nacemebi sasaarqivo masalasTan Sedarebisas cdomilebas ga-nicdis.

339

cxrili №2 [6,65]

1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 afxaze-Tis ar

201 016 311 885 404 738 486 959 486 082 525 061

afxazi 55 918 56 197 61 193 77 276 83 097 93 267 qarTve-li

67 494 91 967 158 221 199 595 213 322 239 872

rusi 12 553 60 201 86 715 92 889 79 730 74 914 somexi 25 677 49 705 64 425 74 850 73 350 76 541 samxreT oseTis ar

87375 106 118 96 807 99 421 97 988 98 527

osi 60 351 72 266 63 698 66 073 65 077 65 232 qarTve-li

23 538 27 525 26 584 28 125 28 187 28 544

rusi 157 2 111 2 380 1 574 2 046 2 128 somexi 1 374 1 537 1 555 1 254 953 984 ebraeli 1 781 1 979 1 723 1 485 654 397

am wignis (rusul-qarTuli konfliqtebi: mizezebi, Se-

degebi, perspeqtivebi, Tb., 2009) mixedviT, 1926 wels afxazeT-Si cxovrobda 67 494 qarTveli, romelic warmoadgenda mTe-li mosaxleobis 33,3 % da 55 918 afxazi, anu mTeli mosaxleo-bis 27,8 procenti. danarCeni cxovrobdnen rusebi da somxe-bi. Cvens mier arqivSi napovni statistikuri aRweris Sedege-bis mixedviT ki garkveul wilad gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs saxeze. saarqivo masalis mixedviT irkveva [4], rom re-alurad afxazeTSi cxovrobda 68 563 qarTveli, anu mTeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40 % da 56 057 afxazi, rac mTeli mosax-leobis 27,8 % Seadgenda. xolo, 1926 wlisaTvis mTels afxa-zeTSi cxovrobda ara 201 016 adamiani (rogorc es am wignSi weria), aramed 201 663. gamodis, rom realurad 1926 wlisaTvis afxazeTSi cxovrobda 1 069 kaciT meti qarTveli. afxazTa procentuli maCvenebeli ki igivea saarqivo masalebiTac, rac am wignSia naxsenebi. Cven vimedovnebT, rom zemoT naxse-neb wignSi 1926 wlisaTvis afxazeTSi qarTvelTa raodenobis realobasTan mimarTebaSi cdomilebiT (naklebobiT) asaxva uneblie Secdomaa da meti araferi ...

340

arqivSi daculia 1930 wels Catarebuli aRweris masale-bi, romlis Tanaxmad afxazeTSi sul cxovrobda 210 000 ada-miani. maTgan yvelaze meti afxazebi da qarTvelebi iyvnen, sul 123 412 adamiani. xolo somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi, esto-nelebi, germanelebi, Turqebi da sxva 86 588. [2, 24] es doku-menti, garda afxazeTSi mosaxleobis ricxovnebis statisti-kuri monacemebisa,mravlmxrivaa saintereso. gvinda moviyva-noT ori amonaridi aRniSnuli dokumentidan:

О работе среди национальных меншеств Проживаюших в ССР Абхазии. Материали к содокладу Т. Чанба В совете Национальностей Союза ССР. Январ 1930 года 1. ,,При царизме и при господстве меньшевиков среди этих

национальностей искусственно разжигалась национальная вражда и только блогодоря политике советской власти окончательно изжита национальная рознь и эти национальности мирно сотрудничают.” (gv., 24)

2. ,,По сравнению с другими национальностями на втором месте по културной осталости стоят абхазцы, не имевшие своей культуры и толко благодаря советской власти ставше на путь развития своей национальной культуры.”

pirvel amonaridSi aSkarad Cans, rom qarTul–afxazur konfliqtSi saqarTvelos maSindeli menSevikuri mTavrobaa dadanaSaulebuli. rac ar gaxlavT swori. konfliqti aSka-rad ruseTis xelisuflebis mieraa provocirebuli, xolo meore amonarididan Cans, rom moskovs aSkarad ara aqvs kargi warmodgena afxazebze da maT CamorCenil da ukulturo xal-xad acxadebs.

1930 wlis aRweris masalebidan Cans, rom absoluturi umetesoba afxazeTSi, yvelgan qalaqebsa da soflebSi mcxov-rebisa, aris qarTveli.

341

cxrili №3 [2, 25]

Приходится жителей в %

Наи

мено

вани

е горо

дов и уездов

абхазей

грузин

армя

н

греков

туро

к

русск

сван

ов

проч

их

Итоги

обсолу

тное

чи

сло жит

елей

В городах В Сухуме 3,3 25,1 11,2 21,6 0,4 29,9 --- 8,5 100 20,03

2 Гаграх 14,2 19,4 24,6 11,2 4,7 22,9 --- 7,7 3,617 Гудаутах 10,8 21,9 8,5 19,9 5,2 28,8 --- 4,9 3,582 Очамчирах 23,9 58,7 2,2 6,5 3,2 4,6 --- 0,9 3,390 Всево по городам

6,6 27,6 9,7 19,3 1,4 28,4 --- 7,0 30,621

В сельских местностям

В Гагринском уезде

19,6 20,5 33,3 7,5 6,3 11,9 --- 0,9 100 6,295

Пиленковскомрайоне

--- --- 57,5 10,4 --- 14,5 --- 3,1 Молдов

10,2 8,8 Проч

. 10,325

Гудаутскомуезде

64,7 2,0 21,2 3,7 1,0 6,9 --- 0,5 100 27,219

Сухумском уезде

9,8 25,1 24,23

1,0 2,7 8,2 3,2 2,8 55,357

Кодорскомуезде

10,6 16,4 9,5 0,7 1,9 0,5 --- 0,4 29,519

Гальскомуезде 26,27

3,3 --- 0,2 0,2 --- --- 0,1 50,009

Всево по селам 32,2 34,1 14,4 1,3 1,7 4,8 1,1 178,724

cxrilidan Cans, rom realurad afxazeTSi 1930 wlis aR-

weriT cxovrobs sul 209 345 adamiani (da ara 210 000, romelic am dokumentis Sesaval nawilSi weria). aqedan 71 362 aris qar-Tveli, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 34 % Seadgens, xolo, 59 570 aris afxazi, anu mTeli mosaxleobis 28,4 %. gamodis, rom 1926 welTan SedarebiT afxazeTSi procentulad gaizarda af-xazTa raodenoba, qarTvelebisa ki piriqiT. ram gamoiwvia es, amis Tqmis saSualebas saarqivo dokumentebi ar iZleva. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom cxrilSi mocemuli statis-

342

tikuri monacemebi ar emTxveva imave saqmeSi daweril monace-mebs (romelic zemoT gvaqvs Cven moyvanili), gviCndeba sa-fuZvliani eWvi, rom es saarqivo monacemebi xom ar aris xe-lovnurad gayalbebuli? ase mcire periodebSi 1923–1926 da 1926–1930 wlebSi msgavsi cvlileba, qarTvelTa demografiu-li monacemebis procentuli vardna da afxazebisa ki piri-qiT, Cven nayalbevad gveCveneba ... amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZ-levs moskovis aSkarad gamoxatuli tendenciuroba. kerZod is, rom, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis manZilze, afxazebi mTe-li rigi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen da aSkarad ubiZgeb-dnen maT separatizmisaken moskovSi mokalaTebuli Cinovni-kebi. sakuTar samSobloSi qarTvelebs ufro naklebi ufle-bebi ჰqondaT, vidre afsuebs. es gaxldaT ramdenadme qar-TvelTa gaafxazebis mizezic... amas emateboda qarTvelebis masiurad afxazad Cawera statistikuri aRwerebis dros. ab-soliturad sworia mecnieri a. sonRulaSvili, romelic am faqtTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom: `dRevandeli e.w. af-xazTa daaxloebiT 80 % qarTul gvarebs atarebs, xolo 12-13 % – adiReur-Cerqezul-abazinurs, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini Crdilo-kavkasiuri warmoSobisa arian, Tumca TavianT Tavs isini afsuas uwodeben. maTi 80 % atarebs gvarebs: ala-nia, malania, wereTeli, axvlediani, Wkadua, gurgulia, sani-kiZe, CakvetaZe, WeliZe, abaSiZe da a.S.

12-13 % – Ziba, arZinba, xintba, wviJba, Tarba, bganba, xi-kuba, buTba, Sinkuba da a.S. afxazTa 450 gvaridan 300-ze meti qarTulia da 100-ze naklebi Crdilo-kavkasiuri, danarCeni zogi Turqia, zogi sparsi, zogi rusi... saerTod istoriuli mecnierebis ra ganviTarebazea laparaki, rodesac e.w. `afxa-zuri istoriografia“ faqtiurad Camoyalibda mxolod XX saukunis 30–60-ian wlebSi.“ [7, 39-41]

ramdenadme afsuaTa wisqvilze asxamda wyals qarTvel vaipatriotTa qmedebanic. im dros karg tonad miaCndaT:

1. Tuki qarTvelebi qarTuls daiviwyebdnen da rusuls lamis mSobliur enad gamoacxadebdnen;

2. afsuebs Tugind mTeli saqarTvelo Tavisad gamoec-xadebinaT, vaiqarTvelebi maT arafers ar etyodnen, radgan es ewinaaRmdegeboda centris interesebs. centris interese-bi da partiuli interesebi ganuyoflad moiazreboda. par-tiul interesebze dapirispireba ki qveynis Ralatad aRiqme-

343

boda. saubedurod, aseTi qarTveli vaipatriotebisaTvis iyo Ria gza zemo instaciebisaken da isini iniSnebodnen maRal Tanamdebobebze;

es rom ase iyo, amis mravali damadasturebeli dokumen-ti inaxeba saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centralur sa-xelmwifo arqivSi. magaliTad, 1928 wlis 5 ivniss gaakeTa mox-seneba svaneTis warmomadgenelma ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, misi Sesavali sityva: ,,amxanagebo, pir-velyovlisa bodiSs vixdi Tqvens winaSe imitom, rom me gava-keTeb aq mokle moxsenebas rusulad da ara qarTulad. mize-zi amisa aris is, rom me arsad ar miswavlia qarTulad da mxo-lod - rusulad. Tumca var qarTveli.“ [5, 2]

sad moaswro pativcemulma batonma rusulis mSobliur qarTulze ufro kargad swavla, roca sabWoTa kavSiri arc ise didi xnis Camoyalibebulia? imave saqmeSi daculia svane-Tis am warmomadgenelis sityvac, romelic friad saintere-soa: ,,Если судить по количеству населения, то Сванетию смешно считать уездом. Но, принимая во внимание исключительное географическое положение Сванетии, свонравный характер населения, его дикость и отсталость. – Советское Правительство Грузии, в целях более быстрого и успешного окультирования сванов и лучшего управления ими, сочло нужным выделить Сванетию из лечхумского уезда в отдельную уездыю единицу, подчиняюшуюся прямо центру Грузии – Тифлису. И это положение желательно, даже небходимо сохранить и в будушем. Больше этого Сванетия никаких особых прав себя не требует, предпочитая автономии быть частью более Великого, находя автономию для себя весьма вредным явлением.” [5, 2] am warmoTqmuli sityvidan irkveva, rom svane-bi kulturulad CamorCenil da lamis pirvelyofili Temuri wyibilebis doneze myof xalxad arian gamocxadebuli. amiT, rogorc Cans, sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobis gulis mogeba sur-da ,,pativcemul batons.“

afxazeTSi yvela piroba iyo Seqmnili afsuebisaTvis da iq mcxovrebi yvela xalxisaTvis. saqarTvelos uaxlesi isto-riis centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi inaxeba saqme 268, ro-melSic detalurad aris aRwerili 1924-1925 wlebSi afxaze-Tis ekonomika, soflis meurneoba, sagzao transporti, ker-Zo da saxelmwifo seqtoris xvedriTi wili, bankebi, adminis-

344

traciuli mmarTveloba, sasamarTlo, medicina, skolebi (we-ren, rom skolebisTvis arc Senobebi da arc saWiro inventa-ri ara aqvT) – sul aris 233 skola, romelTagan nawili aris sazafxulo skolebi (201), teqnikumi (2), ped. instituti (1), partiuli skola (1), sabavSvo baRi (7), sabavSvo saxli (3).

amaTgan, afxazuria 35 skola, 1 sabavSvo baRi da 1 sabav-Svo saxli; qarTulia 73 skola; rusulia 18 skola; somxuria 45 skola; berZnulia 41 skola; germanulia 2 skola; estonuria 2 skola; Sereulia 3 skola, 2 teqnikumi da 1 ped. instituti;

skolaSi swavlobs 2 643 afxazi da 5 761 qarTveli cxrili №4

Национальность Каличество населения

Число ученик в школах

В проц.

Абхазцы 48 310 2 643 5.4 % Грузины 68 827 5 769 8.3 % Русские 10 693 1 280 11.9 % Армяне 24 060 3 418 14.2% Греки 24 875 2 566 10.3% Прочие 5 365 348 6.5% Итого 182 130 16 016 8.7%

yvela saswavlo dawesebulebaSi muSaobs 36 afxazi; 183 –

qarTveli; 175 – rusi; 73 – somexi; 88 – berZeni; 27 – sxva; [3, 18] 1929-1930 wlisaTvis afxazeTSi iyo 52 afxazuri skola, 83 qarTuli skola, 77 somxuri skola, 54 berZnuli skola, 15 rusuli skola, 3 estonuri skola, 1 germanuli skola, 3 Turquli skola, 7 Sereuli skola. sul iyo 295 skola. [1, 27] umaRlesdamTavrebul pedagogTa kadrebi skolebisaTvis ar iyo sakmarisi. afsua maswavlebelTagan arc erTi ar iyo umaRles damTavrebuli; 28 afsua maswavlebels speckursebi ჰqonda gavlili; 9 afsua maswavlebels ki arasruli saSualo ganaTleba ჰqonda.[1, 29] afxazeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleo-bidan yvelaze maRali procenti, vinc ar icis wera-kiTxva, aqvs afsuebs 36%. [1, 30a]

amrigad, irkveva, rom jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi afsuebs ჰqondaT yvela piroba Seqmnili

345

maTi kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis. magram, miuxedavad ami-sa, isini mainc separatizmis gzas daadgnen...


1. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 284, anaw. 1, saq. 640.

2. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 284. anaw. 2, saq. 640.




6. rusul-qarTuli konfliqtebi: mizezebi, Sedegebi, per-speqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2009.

7. a. sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfliq-tebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005.

Sulkhan Aleksaia Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University

Materials Describing the Population in the Territory of Abkhazia

in the 20s of the XX Century

Summary Having established the Soviet rule, Moscow gave the status of

autonomy to Abkhazia. That was the intentional deed and the “mine”, which later was stirred to activity by Russia itself.

At the expense of oppressions of Georgians the ethnic “Apsuas” were given great privileges by Russians. In the 20s of the XX century a population count was held many times. The proof of this fact is kept in the central state archive of the modern history of Georgia. The documents show

346

that the number of ethnic “Apsuas” was rapidly increased compared with the decrease of Georgian population. In spite of this, in the newly published works the number of Abkhazians is artificially widened while the Georgian population keeps lessening. Who is this fact convenient and profitable for? We would like to believe that to be an innocent mistake and nothing else, but…

The archive documents show that the ethnic Apsuas had all the conditions to be privileged – there were Abkhazian schools, ethnic Abkhazians occupied high positions, etc. However, unfortunately the desire for separatism was great.

347

Tamar lazariaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-sis saxelmwifo universiteti, ekono-mikisa da biznesis fakultetis asis-tent-profesori

saqarTvelos agroturistuli regionebis

konkurentunarianoba

bolo wlebSi, saqarTveloSi agroturizzma axali mniS-

vneloba SeiZina rogorc dasaqmebis SesaZleblobis, aseve Se-mosavlebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. moTxovna saqarTveloze, rogorc turistebisaTvis mimzidvel qveyanaze, yovelwliu-rad izrdeba. 2010 wels turistebis 35%-iani zrda dafiqsir-da, xolo 2011 wels — 39%-iani. turizmis wilad modis msof-lio Sida produqtis 10%, investiciebis 11,8%, dasaqmebul-Ta 10%. [1, 44]

agroturizms SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli iTamaSos sof-lad mosaxleobis da soflis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebaSi, qveynis regionalur ganviTarebaSi, aseve gadaWras bevri so-cialur-ekonomikuri problema da daicvas saqarTvelos Se-saniSnavi bunebrivi memkvidreoba. es ganpirobebulia: buneb-rivi landSaftebis didi nairferovnebiT, klimaturi zone-bis farTo speqtriT, unikaluri ekosistemebiT, bunebisa da istoriul—kulturuli Zeglebis simravliT, wes-Cveuleba-Ta mravalferovnebiT, folkloris unikalurobiT da, rac metad mniSvnelovania, aq mcxovreb xalxTa uZvelesi istori-iT, TviTmyofadi kulturiT, tradiciebiTa da stumarTmoy-vareobiT. qveyanaSi agroturizmis ganviTareba SesamCnev gav-lenas moaxdens qveynis periferiuli regionebis ekonomika-ze, moxdeba qveyanaSi vizitorTa nakadebis gaaqtiureba, rac ufro metad qmediTunarians gaxdis unikaluri bunebrivi te-ritoriebis da istoriul—kulturuli memkvidreobis dasa-cavad mimarTul saqmianobas, radganac miRebuli Semosavle-bis mniSvnelovani nawili moxmardeba garemos dacvis Ronis-Ziebebs da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomiku-

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ri pirobebis gaumjobesebas. agroturizmi axal impulss aZlevs regionebis ganviTarebas. mcire da saSualo tursa-warmoebSi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen soflis TviTmarTveloba, kulturuli obieqtebis warmomadgenlebi, mcxovrebni, rom-lebic mzad arian turbiznesisaTvis. SemuSavebulia specia-luri programa, romlis mixedviT yovelwliurad xdeba sof-lis saxlebis restavracia erovnul stilTan misadagebiT, aseve komfortisa da simyudrovis SenarCunebiT. aseTi tu-ristuli produqti pasuxobs gadaxdisunariani momxmareb-lis moTxovnebs. [2, 60] saqarTvelos mTian regionebs —Crdi-lo-aRmosavleTiT (TuSeTi, fSavi, xevsureTi, yazbegi, mcxe-Ta-mTianeTi, mTiani kaxeTi), Crdilo-dasavleTiT (svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, mTiani samegrelo, mTiani imereTi) da samxre-TiT (samcxe-javaxeTi, borjom-bakuriani, mTiani aWara, mTia-ni guria-baxmaro) SeuZliaT momxmarebels SesTavazon sxva-dasxva saxeobis produqtebi da momsaxureba Tavisi tradici-ebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswi-nebiT.

kvleva, romelic efuZneboda anketuri wesiT eqsperte-bis gamokiTxvas, gamoavlina saqarTvelos maRalmTiani regi-onebis Semdegi konkurentunarianoba (diagrama 1)

maRalmTiani regionebis konkurentunarianobis Se-faseba

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diagrama. 1. maRalmTiani regionebis konkurentunaria-nobis Sefaseba sxvadasxva kriteriumiT.

istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis kuTxiT ga-

movlindnen Semdegi lideri regionebi: svaneTi, mesxeTi, Tu-SeTi — am regionebSi umjobesia aqcenti gakeTdes iseTi saxis turistul formebsa Tu turistul marSrutebze, romelic orientirebuli iqneba istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreo-bis gacnobasTan da maT ukeT warmoCenasTan.

xeluxlebeli/veluri bunebrivi memkvidreobis kri-teriumiT, liderebad Semdegi regionebi warmogvidgnen: Tu-SeTi, mTiani aWara, fSavi da xevsureTi. am regionebisaTvis kargi iqneba SeTavazebul iqnas turizmi, romelic Zalian ax-losaa dakavSirebuli bunebasTan da TavgadasavlebTan, mag: ekoturizmi da saTavgadasavlo turizmi.

Semdegi kriteriumi iyo regionebSi mcxovrebi mo-saxleobis eTno-fsiqologiis Sefaseba, rac Zalian mniSvne-lovania agroturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. am kriteriumiT TiTqmis yvela regionSi Tanabari mdgomareoba gvaqvs, rac turizmis erovnuli saagentos mier Catarebul kvlevaSic dasturdeba. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani rasac turis-tebi gancvifrebaSi moyavs saqarTvelos yvela regionis mo-naxulebis dros es aris gansakuTrebuli stumarTmoyvareo-ba da Tbili adamianuri urTierTobebi.

rac Seexeba Semdeg kriteriums- agraruli landSaf-tebi, aseTi suraTi miviReT: svaneTi, mesxeTi da mTiani aWara lideroben, es gasakviri arc aris, ramdenadac am regionebSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis raodenoba maRalia sxvebTan SedarebiT da Sesabamisad, damuSavebuli miwis nakveTebic metia. am regionebSi umjobesi iqneboda aq-centi gakeTdes fermerul turizmze, rac pirdapir gulis-xmobs fermaze/fermerul ojaxSi cxovrebasa da maT saqmia-nobaSi monawileobas, ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli turistis survilidan gamomdinare.

samzareulo/sakvebi produqtebis kriteriumiT, udidesi adgili uWiravs yvela saxis turizmis ganviTarebaSi Semdeg regionebs: raWa-leCxumi, mTiani aWara da mcxeTa-mTi-aneTi. am regionebSi SesaZlebelia gurman-turebis mowyo-bac, rac dRiTidRe ufro popularuli xdeba.

rac Seexeba zemoT dasaxelebuli yvela kriteriumis erTdroul Sefasebas regionebis konkurentunarianobis ga-mosavlenad, Semdegi suraTi miviReT: (diagrama 2).

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agroturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis mimzidveli regionebis konkurentunarianoba

diagrama. 2.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna is regionebi, rom-

lebSic agroturizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebisaTvis yvela-ze mimzidvelebi arian, esenia: svaneTi, TuSeTi, raWa-leCxu-mi, yazbegi da a.S.

agroturistuli regionebis ganviTarebisaTvis auci-lebelia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aqtiuri, gacnobierebu-li monawileoba agroturistuli produqtebis moTxovna-mi-wodebis formirebaSi. msoflio turistuli organizaciis SefasebiT uaxloesi 10 wlis manZilze turistebis mxridan moTxovna agroturistul produqtebze aTeulSi me-7 pozi-cias ikavebs[3, 138]

saqarTveloSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli agroturistu-li produqtebia: karvis gasaSleli adgilebi, saojaxo sas-tumroebi, saxlis daqiraveba, turistuli marSrutebi. meo-re mxriv, yvelaze sustad ganviTarebul agroturistul produqtebs miekuTvneba: saTemo maRazia (xelnakeTebi, suve-nirebi, adgilobrivi produqcia), velosipedis daqiraveba, frinvelebze dakvirvebis SesaZlebloba, manqanis daqiraveba, sainformacio momsaxureba, sportuli aRWurvilobis qirao-ba. yvelaze meti agroturistuli produqti/momsaxureba ar-sebobs Semdeg regionebSi: mesxeTi, svaneTi, yazbegi, gudauri da TuSeTi. xolo piriqiT, yvelaze mcire agroturistuli

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produqtebia: mTian imereTSi, mTian samegreloSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, mTian kaxeTsa da fSavSi.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos mTian regionebs didi potenciali aqvT, rom kidev ufro ganaviTaron agroturiz-mi, erTis mxriv imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom turistebis dain-tereseba dRiTidRe izrdeba da meores mxriv, mTis mosaxle-oba eZebs Semosavlis miRebis damatebiT da zog SemTxvevaSi alternatiul gzebs, rom uzrunvelyos sakuTari Tavisa Tu ojaxis Senaxva da aseve mieces dasaqmebis SesaZlebloba. es yvelaferi ki erTobliv konteqstSi uzrunvelyofs bevri arsebuli problemis gadaWras, pirvel rigSi ki siRaribis Semcirebas da mTidan migraciuli procesebis Senelebas da SesaZlebelia baris mosaxleobis mTaSi dabruneba.

regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis per-speqtiuli mimarTulebebis, kerZod agroturizmis ganviTa-rebaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qveyanaSi moqmed ekono-mikur politikas, kerZod mTiani regionebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebis pakets.regionebis mdgradi ganviTa-rebis xelSemwyobi politikis gatareba dafuZnebuli unda iyos garemos da landSaftebis SenarCunebaze. xelSewyoba aseve unda gamoixatebodes miznobriv finansur daxmarebaSi, sesxebis procentis SemcirebaSi, am regionebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli maRalxarisxovani produqtebisa da momsaxurebis gayidvebis xelSewyobaSi da sxva. [4, 159]

sxvadasxva kriteriumiT regionebis Sefasebam dagva-naxa garkveuli regionis upiratesoba ama Tu im komponentSi, romelze orientirebiTac SesaZlebloba aqvs am konkretul regions sakuTari adgili/pozicia daikavos bazarze da gax-des konkurentunariani, rogorc Sida, aseve gare masStabiT.


1. beriSvili x., agroturizmis ganviTarebis gzebi da per-speqtivebi saqarTveloSi, I saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia ,,soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis prioritetebi”, Tbilisi, 2012.

2. SublaZe v., saqarTvelo da turizmi, Tbilisi, 2004. 3. merlani g., turizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, Jurna-

li,, ekonomika”, 5-6, 2009.

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4. xaraiSvili e., konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi, Tbi-lisi, 2011.

Tamar Lazariashvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Economics and Business Assistant Professor

Competitive Ability of Agrarian Tourism in Regions of Georgia

Summary

The Article analyses the competitive ability of the Agrarian Tourism

in regions of Georgia, elucidates economic- social and cultural aspects of the development in the agrarian sector with intersection between agriculture and tourism. Demands directed to Georgia as attractive country for tourists are permanently boosting year by year. In 2010 was fixed 35% upheaval and in 2011 – 39%, correspondingly.

While last years the agrarian mountainous tourism has reached the new stage of its significance in Georgia either in scope of the revenues or increased employment. Georgia has vast potential for extending of tourism in regions located in the mountains that may solve a great number of constraints, including to overcome the poverty and to cease migration process from rural areas to big cities. And this will help to solve many problems. First of all the problems, connected with poverty reduction and migration from villages. The regions located in the mountains may offer the population various products for agrarian tourism which differ in tradition and social-economic environment.

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irma yruaSvili

ivane javaxiSilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-tetis doqtoranti

platon ioseliani da aleqsandre orbeliani erekle

mefis gamaerTianebeli politikis Sesaxeb

XVIII saukuneSi, rTuli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis miu-

xedavad, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis konturebi gamoikveTa. ga-erTianebis ideur-Teoriuli winamZRvrebi mzaddeboda XVIII s-is dasawyisidan. es naTlad Cans am saukunis moRvaweTa naazrev-Si, saero Tu sasuliero pirTa Semoqmedebasa da praqtikul moRvaweobaSi. sulxan-sabas, daviT guramiSvilis, vaxuSti bag-rationis, anton kaTalikosis naSromebi sxva araferia, Tu ara ideuri niadagis Seqmna gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosi (,,yoveli qarTlis” Semosakrebad) Zlieri monarqiT saTaveSi.

XVIII s-is II naxevarSi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba ara marto ideurad iyo momwifebuli saqarTvelos mowinave wreebSi, ara-med misi praqtikuli xorcSesxmis droc dadga. erekle II-is da solomon I-is moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi, aRmosavleT da da-savleT saqarTvelo'TiTqmis mTlianad ukve gaerTianda am uka-nasknelTa 'Zalauflebis qveS. Semdeg ukve saWiro iyo saqarTve-los orive samefos SeerTeba da am niadagze gaerTianebuli sa-qarTvelos aRdgena. qveynis gaerTianebisaken miswrafebebi aS-karad vlindeba, jer kidev erekle II-is 70-iani wlebis politi-kaSi _ ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-74 ww-is omis dros. misi mizania, ara mxolod axalcixis safaSoSi, imereTSic gavlenis gaZlie-reba [3, 184]. m. samsonaZis azriT, am politikis gagrZelebas war-moadgenda 70-iani wlebis II naxevarSi sulTnis karTan daaxloe-ba. 1777 w-is erekles mier TurqeTTan dadebuli ,,xelSekrule-ba” solomon I-is winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mier imereTis da momavalSi, albaT, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebas gulisxmobda” [3, 209-210]. faqtia, rom am periodSi marTlac daiZaba urTierToba ereklesa da so-lomon pirvels Soris; es ukanaskneli undobladaa ganwyobili

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da aqtiuri diplomatiuri saSualebebiT cdilobs win aRudges qarTl-kaxeTis mefis miswrafebebs [2, 35]. geronti qiqoZec igi-ve azrs aviTarebs: ,,erekle mefe mzad iyo praqtikuli nabijebi gadaedga saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad, magram is medgar wina-aRmdegobas waawyda solomon I-is saxiT” [6, 107-8]. gaerTianebi-saTvis realurad xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna imereTis mefe solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg 1784 wels.

imereTis taxtze or kandidats Soris amtydarma gauTave-belma dapirispirebam daRala dasavleT saqarTvelos sazoga-doeba da mis mowinave nawilSi moamwifa idea imereTis qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebisa. ,,mudmivmoqmedma sagareo faqtorma, ga-nuwyvetelma saSinao da sagareo omebma qveyana ise Seawuxa, rom mowinave da moazrovne feodalurma aristokratiam 'Zlieri xe-lisuflebis xelqveiT yofna amjobina, aseTad ki im dros sxveb-Tan SedarebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo xelisufleba gamoiyure-boda, romelsac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo imden Zalas Sehma-tebda, rom igi gare da Sinauri mtris pasuxis gamcemad miaC-ndaT” [5, 287]. amgvarad, XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebis bolos qarTl-ka-xeTis samefos karze, erekle II-is winaSe mTeli simZafriT dad-ga saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema _ kerZod, imereTis samefos qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi.

imereTis warmomadgenlebi _ sasuliero Tu saero pirebi (genaTeli da quTaTeli, sardali qaixosro wereTeli, Tavadebi ioane abaSiZe, sexnia wulukiZe, paata miqelaZe, saxlTuxucesi zurab wereTeli da sxvebi) delegaciis saxiT Cavidnen erekle mefesTan. maT erekles SesTavazes ,,inebos da SeierTos Tvisda samefod imereTi, viTarca iyo erT mTavrobisa droTa” [1, 15].

es sakiTxi dRemde did interess iwvevs qarTul istori-ografiaSi. aRniSnuli faqtis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT informaci-as gvawvdis XIX s.-is istorikosi platon ioseliani. Sesabami-sad,am sakiTxis gaSuqebisas Cven ZiriTadad mis naSroms vey-rdnobiT. igive sakiTxs mokled, fragmentulad exeba agreTve erekle II-is SviliSvili al. orbelianic _ misi monaTxrobi warmoadgens gamoxmaurebas pl. ioselianis naSromze ,,cxovre-ba giorgi mecametisa”, kerZod, im nawilze sadac saubaria ime-reTis samefos qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebis problemaze.

al. orbelianis monaTxrobi, pirvel rigSi imiT aris sayu-radRebo, rom misi monacemebiTac dasturdeba imereTis dele-gaciis ereklesTan misvlis faqti, imereTis samefos aRmosav-leT saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis TxovniT. oRond mefis SviliS-vili pl. ioselianisagan gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss aviTarebs erekle mefis gamaerTianebeli politikis Sesaxeb. igi kritiku-

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li TvaliT afasebs platonis naambobs da erTgvarad, ukmayo-filebasa da sayvedursac ki gamoTqvams misi misamarTiT. am ori avtoris monacemTa Sejereba zogierTi saintereso daskvnis ga-motanis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

pl. ioselianis mixedviT, erekle gaerTianebis winaaR-mdegi iyo. xolo al. orbelianis mixedviT, erekle imereTis Se-moerTebis winaaRmdegi ar yofila; piriqiT, sixaruliT da aR-tacebiT Sexvedria am ambavs, radgan adridanve iRvwoda imere-Tis SemosaerTeblad.

ai, ras gadmogvcems al. orbeliani: ,,platonma esec wami-kiTxa Tavis istoriaSi, rom rodesac imereTidgan pirveli ka-cebi mosvlia mefes iraklis: imereTi miiReTo da SeaerTeT qarTl-kaxeTsa, amazed mefes iraklisTan kreba iyo da gansja rogor miviRoTo? miTam im krebaSi sardals daviT orbelians elaparakos: miviRoTo. masukan divanbegs Wabua orbelians qu-xiliT elaparakos, kidev miRebazed, magram bolos dedofals darejans da ivane muxranis batons daematosT: patara solomon gavamefoTo (mefis iraklis da dedofal darejanis qalis ele-nes Svili soloman). sadaca kidec gaamefes mefis iraklis oTxi aTasis jaris SemweobiTao. amas platon ase ambobs, aba axla Cemi gaigoneT! mefe irakli da dedofali darejan, mdinare ivris pi-ras sofel xaSmSi movidnen kaxeTiTgan..... im droebSi mefis iraklis msajulis solomonisagan wigni mouvida xaSmze: imere-Tidgan pirueli kacebi geaxlebian TqvenTan, imereTis misace-mado. mefe iraklim uecrad wamoiZaxa `Cemi didi xnis ganzraxua sruldebao~ (es adrec cxadi iyo, rom mefes iraklis imereTis didi mefis solomonis gadagdeba ganezraxa, imereTis da qarTl-kaxeTis SesaerTeblad). mefe solomans es ambavi Seetyo da SemouTvlia: mefe irakli, Sen ginda xling gamikeTo da me ufro adre mogverdze wamogiyvano. isic diax kargi mefe iyo!” [7, 23-25]. samwuxarod, al. orbelianis monacemi Zalian zogadia, igi kritikulia pl. ioselianis mimarT da erTgvarad, undob-lad ganwyobilic, magram TviTon ar konkretdeba imerTa dele-gaciis stumrobis detalebis gadmocemiT, arafers ambobs ga-erTianebis sakiTxis irgvliv gamarTuli diskusiis Sesaxeb, ra-sac Cvenis azriT, udavod eqneboda adgili. igi ewinaaRmdegeba platons, ver egueba mis mier gaerTianebisaTvis mebrZoli da mzrunveli erekle mefis rolis dakninebulad warmoCenas mTel am istoriaSi. miT ufro maSin, roca platonis monaT-xrobSi gaerTianebis mxardamWeri daviT sardali Tu sxva ,,pir-veli kacebi’’ gaerTianebisaTvis ufro metad mzrunvelad arian warmoCenilni, vidre erekle mefe _ igi saqarTvelos gaerTia-

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nebis mowinaaRmdege banakSi saxeldeba darejan dedofalTan da ioane muxranbatonTan erTad. es momenti mefis SviliSvilis aSkara gaRizianebas iwvevs. ukmayofilo al. orbeliani iqve ka-tegoriulad acxadebs: saqarTvelos gaerTianeba erekle mefis didi xnis ganzraxva iyo da amisTvis didad zrunavda kideco; aq dasturad mohyavs warsulSi or mefes Soris arsebuli dapi-rispireba erekle II-is mier imereTis qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTe-bis mcdelobis gamo. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es zogadi naT-qvamia da al. orbelianis platonTan SewinaaRmdegebac aq mTav-rdeba.

erTi SexedviT, es ori avtori urTierTgamomricxav cno-bebs iZleva, magram Tu kargad davakvirdebiT maT, isini urTi-erTs avseben.

pl. ioselianis mixedviT, imereTis delegacia mefe erek-lesagan iTxovda imereTis uSualod SemoerTebas, erekles xelqveiT moqcevas, razec ereklem uari ganacxada da imereTSi mefed dasva daviT arCilis Ze. es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT gaSuqe-bulia Cvens mier ukve gamoqveynebul naSromSi [4, 101-115]ami-tom aq ar SevCerdebiT am ambebis ganxilva-analizze. al. orbe-lianis TqmiT, erekle gaerTianebis winaaRmdegi ar yofila, pi-riqiT, amisTvis adrec iRvwoda. es marTlac ase iyo. sayovel-Taod cnobilia, rom zogadad erekle gaerTianebis momxre iyo. am kuTxiT misi mcdelobani, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kargad ga-movlinda 60-70-ian wlebis politikaSi. ubralod, am SemTxveva-Si platonis wyaro afiqsirebs im moments, rom erekle imere-Tis uSualod SemoerTebis winaaRmdgi iyo, Torem mefes zoga-dad rom gegmaSi hqonda gaerTianeba, amis uaryofa am wyaroSi arc aris dafiqsirebuli.

maSasadame, am wyaroTa Sejerebidan ori pozicia gamoik-veTa gaerTianebis sakiTxis irgvliv _ imereTis uSualod Se-moerTeba (amis winaaRmdegi erekle marTlac iyo) da imereTis moqceva qarTl-kaxeTis gavlenis qveS iq Tavisi momxre piris dasmiT. es ukanaskneli gaxldaT erekle II-is uryevi pozicia. Seqmnil konkretul istoriul pirobebSi amgvari gadawyveti-lebiT erekle mefem Tavidan aicila garTulebebi, rac SeiZle-ba imereTis uSualod SemoerTebas mohyoloda. al. orbeliani, gamoxatavs ra Tavis simpaTias erekle mefis gamaerTianebeli politikis mimarT, Cans, swored am pozicia emxroba.

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1. pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, Tbilisi, 1978.

2. v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, Tbilisi, 1957. 3. m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da sa-

gareo orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1988. 4. i. yruaSvili, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sakiTxi XVIII s-is

80-iani wlebis miwuruls, krebulSi: saistorio Studie-bi, III, 2009.

5. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tbili-si, 1988.

6. g. qiqoZe, erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1968. 7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, al. orbelianis fondi,

1246.

Irma Kruashvili

Doctoral student of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Platon Ioseliani and Alexander Orbeliani about the Integration policy of King Erekle II

Summary

At the end of the 80s of the 18th century, the royal cort of Kartl-

Kakheti, the king Erekle II faced the crucial problem of integration of Georgia, in particular the issue of joining Imereti kingdomwith Kartl-Kakheti. This subject till causes the great interest in Georgian historiography. P. Ioseliani,the historian and the grandson of Erekle II – A. Orbeliani give us an information about this fact.

After comparing thesesources, two views about the integration issue have been shaped – just unitting Imereti with Kartl-Kakheti or making it under influence through putting there a ruller loyal to the King.

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profesor niko javaxiSvilis

samecniero mivlinebebi

poloneTsa da litvaSi

2012 wlis ivnisSi, seqtembersa da dekemberSi poloneT-

Si, xolo seqtemberSi _ litvaSi samecniero mivlinebebiT imyofeboda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulte-tis profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-is institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli, istoriis mecnierebaTa do-qtori niko javaxiSvili. igi miwveuli iyo xsenebul qveyneb-Si aRniSnul periodSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciebsa da kongresSi monawileobis misaRebad.

21-24 ivniss poloneTis respublikis qalaqebSi torun-sa da vroclavekSi (kuiavsko-pomorskis savoevodo) gaimarTa V saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumi Temaze: “biurokra-tiis istoria”. wina simpoziumebi sxvadasxva dros Sedga am qveynis calkeul qalaqebSi.

amjerad simpoziumi Catarda qalaq torunis mikolai kopernikis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetisa da lub-

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linis maria kurie-sklodovskas saxelobis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis organizebiT. am RonisZiebas Tanadgoma gauwies: kuiavsko-pomorskis savoevodos marSalekma, torunis merma, torunis universitetis samarTlisa da administraciis fa-kultetis dekanma, lublinis universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanma da vroclavekis umaRlesi saswavleblis reqtorma.

simpoziumSi monawileobdnen rogorc poloneTis cal-keuli samecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebebis warmomadgen-lebi, aseve ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebidan Casuli mecnierebi.

plenaruli sxdomis Semdeg, simpoziumma muSaoba ganag-rZo seqcebis saxiT. maTgan erT-erTs xelmZRvanelobda prof. n. javaxiSvili, romelmac waikiTxa moxseneba Temaze: “qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo aparati ufliswul ioane bagrati-onis proeqtis mixedviT (XVIII saukunis miwuruli)”.

mimdinare wlis seqtemberSi, n. javaxiSvili miiwvia q. ka-unasis vitautas didis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetma (litvis respublika).

n. javaxiSvilma waikiTxa leqciebi litvis calkeul sa-mecniero-saswavlo centrebSi Semdeg Temebze: 4 seqtembers, vilniusis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakultet-ze, Temaze _ “qarTul-baltiuri urTierTobis istoriidan”; 5 seqtembers, litvis istoriis institutSi, Temaze _ “qar-Tul-baltiuri urTierTobis istoriidan (X-XVIII ss.)”; 6 seq-tembers, kaunasis universitetSi, Temaze _ “qarTul-balti-uri urTierTobebi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba”.

7 seqtembers, kaunasis vitautas didis saxelobis sa-xelmwifo universitetSi arsebuli litvis didi samTavros institutis (direqtori _ profesori rustis kamuntaviCu-si) organizebiT, q. telSaiSi (Telsai) Sedga gamoCenili saxel-mwifo moRvaweebis, Zmebis: stanislav (1862-1932) da gabriel (1865-1922) narutoviCebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSo-riso samecniero konferencia. maTgan pirveli iyo advokati da avtori litvis damoukideblobis deklaraciisa (1918 wlis 16 Tebervali), xolo meore _ poloneTis pirveli pre-zidenti, romelic am Tanamdebobaze 1922 wels airCies.

pirveli nawilis dasrulebis Semdeg, narutoviCebis sagvareulo mamulSi _ brevikaiSi (Brevikai) gaimarTa konfe-renciis sazeimo daxurva, sadac sityviT gamovida aRniSnul konferenciaze miwveuli ramdenime ucxoeli mecnieri da maT

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Soris n. javaxiSvilic. man isaubra qarTul-litvuri urTi-erTobis istoriaze, romelic saTaves XV saukunidan iRebs.

imave dRes, gdanskis saxelmwifo universitetidan Ca-mosul delegaciasTan erTad, n. javaxiSvili gaemgzavra po-loneTis am qalaqSi, sadac man 12 seqtembramde dahyo.

gdanskis saxelmwifo universitetis poloneTis saxel-mwifosa da samarTlis istoriis kaTedraze, n. javaxiSvilma waikiTxa leqciaTa mokle kursi Temaze: “qarTul-polonuri urTierTobebi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba”.

12-16 seqtembers, poloneTis xelisuflebis mxardaWe-riTa da am qveynis saistorio sazogadoebis organizebiT, q. krakovSi gaimarTa poloneTis istoriis ucxoel mkvlevarTa II saerTaSoriso kongresi. am kongresSi, msoflios sxvadas-xva qveynebidan Casul mkvlevarebTan erTad, monawileoba n. javaxiSvilmac miiRo.

kongresi mimdinareobda iagelonTa universitetSi, ro-melic 1364 wlidan arsebobs da erT-erTi uZvelesi universi-tetia msoflioSi.

Sexvedra sazeimo viTarebaSi gaxsna poloneTis saisto-rio sazogadoebis prezidentma krJistof mikulskim. misasal-mebeli sityvebi warmoTqves qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos _ seimis (parlamentis) Tavmjdomarem bogdan boru-seviCma, romelic ganaTlebiT istorikosia, aseve ganaTlebis ministrma da xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebma.

poloneTisa da msoflios istoriis aqtualur sakiT-xebze mimdinare diskusiebSi, sxva mecnierebTan erTad, n. ja-vaxiSvilic monawileobda.

6-8 dekembers, varSavis universitetis aRmosavleTmcod-neobiTi kvlevebisa da aRmosavleT evropis kvleviTi centris organizebiT, imave universitetSi gaimarTa wm. grigol fera-Zis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili X saerTaSoriso kavkasiologiuri konferencia. masSi, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebidan Casul mkvlevarebTan erTad, monawileoba n. javaxiSvilmac miiRo. man waikiTxa moxseneba Temaze: “CerqezTa erovnuli tragediis asa-xva Tanadroul qarTul sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi (XIX sau-kunis meore naxevari) “.

gamomcemloba universali · li iyo. saxelovani mefe erekles svilisvilisatvis dadiantan qorwineba...

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