monthly weather report - pakistan meteorological...

Government of Pakistan

Pakistan Meteorological Department

Islamabad

Monthly Weather Report

July 2019

Director General

Pakistan Meteorological Department

Prepared by: National Weather Forecasting Center, Pakistan Meteorological

Department, Islamabad

1

Contents

1. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 3

2. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 4

3. FIRST DECADE OF THE MONTH ................................................................................................... 5

4. SECOND DECADE OF THE MONTH ............................................................................................... 7

5. THIRD DECADE OF THE MONTH ................................................................................................. 9

6. ACCUMULATIVE RAINFALL ..................................................................................................... 11

7. RAINFALL DEPARTURE ............................................................................................................ 12

8. ANALYSIS OF FLASH FLOOD IN LESWA VILLAGE, DISTRICT NEELAM, AJ&K ........................ 13

i. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 13

ii. Synoptic Situation ............................................................................................................... 13

iii. Real Time Rainfall .......................................................................................................... 14

iv. Radar Analysis................................................................................................................. 15

v. Weather Satellite Analysis ................................................................................................. 17

vi. High Resolution Model output ....................................................................................... 17

vii. Weather forecast by PMD .............................................................................................. 19

viii. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 19

9. PRE & POST ASSESSMENT OF LESWA, NEELUM VALLEY, AJK PAKISTAN ........................... 20

10. FORECAST VALIDATION ........................................................................................................ 24

11. TEMPERATURE ..................................................................................................................... 25

12. DROUGHT CONDITION .......................................................................................................... 26

13. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................ 27

14. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 27

ANNEX I ........................................................................................................................................... 28

ANNEX II .......................................................................................................................................... 32

ANNEX III ........................................................................................................................................ 37

2

List of Figures Figure 1 Synoptic situation 2nd to 10th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential

height pattern at 500 hPa, solid line represents the geopotential height pattern at 850 hPa, while

arrows indicate 850 hPa winds. ......................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 Rainfall (mm) distribution on 1st to 10th July 2019. ........................................................... 6

Figure 3 Synoptic situation from 12th to 20th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential



Figure 4 Rainfall (mm) distribution during 11th to 20th July 2019. ................................................... 8

Figure 5 Synoptic situation from 22nd to 31st July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential



Figure 6 Rainfall (mm) distribution during 21st to 30th July 2019. ................................................. 10

Figure 7 Rainfall (mm) distribution during July 2019. ................................................................... 11

Figure 8 Rainfall departure in July 2019 ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 9 Spatial distribution of rainfall (mm) departure in July 2019 ............................................ 12

Figure 10 Location of Leswa village, Tandali (AWS) and Muzaffarabad ..................................... 13

Figure 11 Synoptic on 14th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential height pattern at

500 hPa, solid line represents the geopotential height pattern at 850 hPa, while arrows indicate 850

hPa winds. ........................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 12 Rainfall distribution for Tandali and Muzaffarabad ....................................................... 14

Figure 13 Snap shots from WSR on 14th July from 1600 PST to 1800 PST .................................. 16

Figure 14 Weather satellite images at 1600 PST and 1700 PST .................................................... 17

Figure 15 WRF model output at 1500 PST, 1600 PST and 1700 PST on 14th July 2019 .............. 18

Figure 16 Pre & Post Satellite Imagery of Leswa, Neelum Valley, AJK ....................................... 20

Figure 17 Inundation on 15th July image (Right) ........................................................................... 21

Figure 18 Inundation on 15th July (right) ........................................................................................ 21

Figure 19 Inundation of Leswa valley view 1................................................................................. 22

Figure 20 Inundation of Leswa valley view 2................................................................................. 22

Figure 21 Inundation overlay on Google Earth .............................................................................. 23

Figure 22 Temperature comparison between normal and July 2019 maximum temperatures. ...... 25

Figure 23 Mean temperature anomaly in July w.r.t 1981-2010 ...................................................... 25

Figure 24 Drought outlook during the month of July. .................................................................... 26

List of Tables Table 1: Rainfall Departure............................................................................................................... 4

Table 2 Forecast verification contingency table ............................................................................. 24

Table 3 Percentage accuracy of each spell ...................................................................................... 24

3

1. SUMMARY

This year in the month of July area weighted rainfall was 58.1 mm while normal of the country

is 63.3 mm as a whole it remained 08% below normal. On regional basis it remained 24% above

normal in Sindh, and below normal in Gilgit Baltistan 57%, Balochistan 19%, Punjab 09%,

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 11%, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24%. Highest accumulated

precipitation during the month was recorded in Sialkot, 472 mm. Highest amount of rainfall

during 24 hours was also recoded in Sialkot, 181 mm. Highest maximum temperature of 48.5℃

was recorded in Sibbi on 8th July. Mild drought conditions were present in some parts of Sindh.

Rains in the agricultural plains of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab gave relief to the crops.

4

2. INTRODUCTION

July is the is the wettest month of the year. Normal area weighted rainfall in July for Pakistan is 63.3

mm. For Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 120.7 mm, Punjab 103.8 mm, Balochistan 30.0 mm, Sindh 60.3 mm,

Azad Jammu and Kashmir it is 66.7 mm and Gilgit Baltistan 16.9 mm. In July 2019 area weighted

rainfall of the country remained below normal -08 %. On regional basis rainfall was above normal

in Sindh 24%, and below normal in Gilgit Baltistan -57%, Balochistan -19%, Punjab -09%, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa -11%, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir -24%. During this month mean minimum

temperature varies from 14.2℃ in Astore to 29.9℃ in Sibbi. While mean maximum temperature

ranges from 22.9℃ in Murree to 43.2℃ in Nokundi and Dalbandin. In this month highest maximum

temperature of 48.5℃ was recorded in Sibbi on 8th July. Highest accumulated precipitation during

the whole month was recorded in Sialkot, 472 mm. While highest amount of rainfall during 24 hours

was also recoded in Sialkot, 181 mm. For a better understanding of the weather situation during the

month, it is divided into three decades.

Table 1: Rainfall Departure

5

3. FIRST DECADE OF THE MONTH

Synoptic situation during the first decade of July as obtained by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset

(Kalnay 1996) is shown in figure 1. During 5th to 7th July a closed circulation at 850 hPa was present

over central parts of the country which intensified during the next three days.

Figure 1 Synoptic situation 2nd to 10th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential


arrows indicate 850 hPa winds.

6

Rainfall distribution during the first decade is shown in figure 2. During this time period rainfall

occurred in northern and north eastern parts of the country and in isolated parts. Most of the southern

Punjab and south eastern Sindh remained dry.

Figure 2 Rainfall (mm) distribution on 1st to 10th July 2019.

7

4. SECOND DECADE OF THE MONTH

Synoptic situation during the second decade of the month is shown in figure 3. Monsoon remained

active in upper and central parts of the country. Strong southwesterly flow from Arabian Sea

remained dominant, this remained a continuous source of moisture to upper parts of the country.

Figure 3 Synoptic situation from 12th to 20th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the

geopotential height pattern at 500 hPa, solid line represents the geopotential height pattern at 850

hPa, while arrows indicate 850 hPa winds.

8

Spatial distribution of rainfall from 11th to 20th July 2019 is shown in figure 4. It shows that most of

central and northern parts of the country received rainfall center of peak rainfall was around Lahore.

Most parts of Sindh and south western Balochistan remained dry.

Figure 4 Rainfall (mm) distribution during 11th to 20th July 2019.

9

5. THIRD DECADE OF THE MONTH

The synoptic situation during the last decade is shown in figure 5. Most parts of the country remained

in the grip of southwesterly winds while easterly wind flow from Bay of Bengal at lower level also

interacted with them in the eastern parts of the country. Whereas a strong monsoon weather system

affected most parts of Sindh from 28th to 30th July.

Figure 5 Synoptic situation from 22nd to 31st July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential


arrows indicate 850 hPa winds.

10

Figure 6 represents the spatial distribution of rainfall during the third decade of July. In this most

parts of the country received rainfall. Heavy rainfall was reported from northeastern parts

southeastern parts of the country.

Figure 6 Rainfall (mm) distribution during 21st to 30th July 2019.

11

6. ACCUMULATIVE RAINFALL

In July most parts of the country received rainfall. Figure 7 represents the spatial distribution of

rainfall during the month of July. The center of maximum rainfall is in upper and northeastern parts

of the country. Details of rainfall are appended in annexure I.

Figure 7 Rainfall (mm) distribution during July 2019.

12

7. RAINFALL DEPARTURE

During this month area weighted rainfall of the country remained below normal -8%. On regional

basis rainfall was above normal in Sindh 24%, and below normal in Gilgit Baltistan -57%,

Balochistan -19%, Punjab -09%, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa -11%, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir -24%.

(CDPC 2019) represented in figure 8. Figure 9 shows the spatial distribution of rainfall departure in

the month of July with respect to the base period of 1961-2010. It shows above normal rainfall in

parts of Sindh while rainfall remained deficient in other parts of the country.

Figure 8 Rainfall departure in July 2019

Figure 9 Spatial distribution of rainfall (mm) departure in July 2019

13

8. ANALYSIS OF FLASH FLOOD IN LESWA VILLAGE, DISTRICT

NEELAM, AJ&K

i. Introduction

An incident of heavy rainfall in Leswa village, District Neelam, Azad Jammu and Kashmir occurred

on 14th July 2019 triggering flash flood and landslides that caused loss to life and property of the

villagers. The location of the Leswa village is shown in figure 10.

Figure 10 Location of Leswa village, Tandali (AWS) and Muzaffarabad

ii. Synoptic Situation

On the day, monsoon currents from the Arabian Sea were penetrating upper half of the country i.e.

mostly in Northeastern parts of Punjab and Kashmir. A westerly trough was also present and

interacting over Kashmir and adjoining areas. This is represented in figure 11.

14

Figure 11 Synoptic on 14th July 2019. Shaded portion represents the geopotential height pattern at

500 hPa, solid line represents the geopotential height pattern at 850 hPa, while arrows indicate 850

hPa winds.

iii. Real Time Rainfall

Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) apart from its conventional meteorological offices has

installed Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) in different locations of Azad Kashmir. One of the

AWS is installed at Tandali (73.69° E and 33.71° N) reported 80 mm of rainfall in the span of 80

minutes, between 1540 PST to 1700 PST of 14th July 2019. While meteorological observatory in

Muzaffarabad reported 38 mm of rainfall between 1400 PST to 2300 PST. Rainfall distribution of

Tandali and Muzaffarabad over the time are shown in figures 12 and 13 respectively.

Figure 12 Rainfall distribution for Tandali and Muzaffarabad

0

5

10

15

20

25

Tandali Rainfall (mm) on 14th July

from 15:40 PST to 1700 PST

0

5

10

15

20

25

1400 PST 1700 PST 2000 PST 2300 PST 0200 PST

Muzaffarabad Rainfall (mm) on 14th July

from 14:00 PST to 2300 PST

15

iv. Radar Analysis

Pakistan Meteorological Department has very recently commissioned a new Weather Surveillance

Radar (WSR) situated in Islamabad. It covers a diameter of 450 km with the doppler coverage of

200 km. Due to a very complex train and lofty mountain this weather Radar has very limited

coverage of Azad Kashmir. Some selected snap shots from WSR on 14th July 2019 from 1600 PST

to 1800 PST are shown in figure 13. In the figure all shades of blue represent less than or equal to

10 mm/hour of rainfall. While shades of green show a rainfall less than or equal to 30 mm/hour. At

1600 hours WSR is seen showing rainfall on eastern side of Islamabad. This weather system is seen

to persist with varying intensity till 1730 hours. This weather system regenerated with more intensity

at 1750 hours and persisted til1 1755 hours and latter dissipated at 1800 hours. Due to the obstacles

caused by mountains the radar is not able to cover the area of incident. However, the prevailing

weather system intensified and fizzled out in a very short time. Indicating downpour in a very short

interval of time over the region.

16

Figure 13 Snap shots from WSR on 14th July from 1600 PST to 1800 PST

17

v. Weather Satellite Analysis

PMD has a ground receiving station of weather satellite images from FY2G. These images have a

frequency of one hour. Due to coarse temporal and spatial resolution it is difficult to identify a very

rapidity forming and dissipating weather system as in this case of 14th July. For reference weather

satellite images of 1600 PST and 1700 PST are shown in figure 14. Both the images don’t show

formation of any severe convective activity over the Kashmir region.

Figure 14 Weather satellite images at 1600 PST and 1700 PST

vi. High Resolution Model output

PMD has started to run high resolution weather forecast model WRF at 5 km spatial resolution. It

has the ability generate forecast at each hour for the next three days. The output of this model run at

14th July at 0500 PST for 1500 1600 and 1700 hours is shown in figure 15. It is also not showing

any significant rainfall activity over the area of interest, indicated by a red dot. This may be due to

the inability of the model to resolve complex topography over the Kashmir region.

18

Figure 15 WRF model output at 1500 PST, 1600 PST and 1700 PST on 14th July 2019

19

vii. Weather forecast by PMD

Owing to the developing meteorological conditions over the region, PMD issued a weather advisory

on 11th of July 2019 indicating the possibility of flash floods and landslides in Kashmir from 12th to

18th July 2019.

viii. Conclusion

Monsoon weather system that commenced from 12th of July was due the interaction of both monsoon

winds coming from the Arabian Sea and cold westerly wave approaching from the northwest. Radar

images show the development of a weather system in the time period when the catastrophic rains hit

the area of interest. However, lack of Radar coverage over that area hinders from speculating about

the exact amount of rainfall in Leswa village area. The two observing stations near to the sight show

a peak of rainfall in very short interval of time indicating a spell of torrential rain in the area. Weather

satellite images don’t show a substantial amount of cloud development over the Kashmir region.

WRF model outputs are also unable to pick the peak rainfall in the region of interest. Meteorological

conditions and radar images indicate the possibility of a heavy downpour in a short interval.

However, due to the complex topography and lack of observational data at the sight it is very difficult

to substantiate the amount of rainfall that poured in a given interval of time.

20

9. PRE & POST ASSESSMENT OF LESWA, NEELUM VALLEY, AJK

PAKISTAN

Heavy Rains / Flash Flood in Village Leswa, Tehsil Athmuqam, and District Neelum Valley caused

massive destruction on Sunday 14th July 2019. The SENTINEL-2B images pre & post (Fig,16) flash

flooding, imagery provided valuable and useful information. The two images taken on 5th July2019

and 15th July 2019 were used for the inundation mapping. These images were acquired by

SENTINEL optical imaging satellite for earth observation, launched as a part of European Space

Agency’s Copernicus Programme in 2015. The images were used to assess the intensity and damages

done in the Leswa village.

The event was reported in the 14th of July, 2019 due to heavy rainfall reported over the hilly part of

Leswa. The 10 m* 10m spatial resolution data were used to inundation mapping fig,17. The road

and Leswa Nullah shown in between the valley. The magnitude of Leswa Nullah widening seen in

post image and due massive rainfall & soil erosion/land sliding from peaks it damaged are partially

affected the road structure of Leswa valley. In figure 3 (a, b, c, d) depicts the width of channel

Figure 16 Pre & Post Satellite Imagery of Leswa, Neelum Valley, AJK

21

increased at different palaces of valley. Moreover, the inundation area is approximetly 0.525095

SqKM of the valley.

Figure 17 Inundation on 15th July image (Right)

Figure 18 Inundation on 15th July (right)

22

Figure 19 Inundation of Leswa valley view 1

Figure 20 Inundation of Leswa valley view 2

Damage Assessment with Google Earth

Google earth provide the 3D representation of based primarily on satellite imagery. The resultant

inundation map overlay on google earth for the damage assessment of valley. Figure 18. The

settlements seen in the inundation area due to flash flooding it might be damaged or partially

damaged. According to NDMA At least 22 people were feared dead and seven injured after being

23

swept away by the flashfloods, which also damaged up to 150 houses, 70 shops and three mosques.

Figure 21 Inundation overlay on Google Earth

24

10. FORECAST VALIDATION

An attempt is made to substantiate the accuracy of precipitation forecasts issued in July. This is done

by using the contingency table 1, for each of the three decades. This table is used to find out the level

of agreement between forecast and actual observation. The difference between forecast and

observation is the error. The lower the errors, the greater the accuracy.

Table 2 Forecast verification contingency table

Observed

Yes No Total

Fo

reca

st

Yes Hits False Alarms Forecast Yes

No Misses Correct Negatives Forecast No

Total Observed Yes Observed No Total

Hits means when the precipitation was forecasted and it occurred. Miss is used when the precipitation

was not forecasted and it occurred. False alarm means when the precipitation was forecasted and it

did not occur. Correct negatives are when the precipitation was not forecasted and also it did not

happen. Accuracy of forecast is calculated by using formula in equation 1. Table 2 describes the

accuracy in each of the spells

𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = 𝐻𝑖𝑡𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (1)

Table 3 Percentage accuracy of each spell

Rainfall spells Percentage accuracy

First Decade 81

Second Decade 80

Third Decade 87

Average 83

25

11. TEMPERATURE

Figure 22 represents the comparison of July 2019 and mean maximum temperatures over the

country. During the month of July normal maximum temperatures were recorded in Pakistan.

Maximum temperatures in Balochistan and Punjab remained close to normal. While in Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Kashmir Gilgit Baltistan and Kashmir slightly above maximum temperatures were

recorded. Spatial distribution of anomaly of mean temperature is shown in figure 23. It Indicates that

northern most parts of the country remained slightly warmer than normal in the month of July While

parts of eastern Sindh remained hotter than normal.

Figure 22 Temperature comparison between normal and July 2019 maximum temperatures.

Figure 23 Mean temperature anomaly in July w.r.t 1981-2010

26

12. DROUGHT CONDITION

According to the latest drought analysis done by National Drought Monitoring Center of PMD, Wet

conditions prevailed over northern most parts of the country. During the month of July, the rains in

the agricultural plains of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab gave relief to the crops. Drought analysis

results using different indices are represented in figure 24.

Figure 24 Drought outlook during the month of July.

27

13. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is the combined effort of all the forecasting team. Special thanks to Mr. Farooq Dar, Ms.

Ruqiya Mehmood and Mr. Muhammad Safdar, National Weather Forecasting Center (NWFC),

Islamabad. Mr. Nadeem Faisal, Climate Data Processing Center (CDPC), Karachi. Mr. Ibrar

Qureshi, Flood Forecasting Division (FFD), Lahore. Mr. Nassir Yaseen, National Drought

Monitoring Centre (NDMC), Islamabad, Ms. Zeenat Yasmeen, Research and Development Division

(R&D), Islamabad.

14. REFERENCES

CDPC, Pakistan Meteorological Department. 2019. “Winter Rainfall Update.” 2019.

http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/winter2019_rainfall_update.htm.

Kalnay, E. 1996. “The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project.” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77

(3): 437–71. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.

28

ANNEX I

Accumulative rainfall (mm) in July 2019, and their deviation from the normal rainfall.

Punjab

Stations Jul-19 Normal Deviation

Sialkot Airport 472.22 ** **

Lahore, Airport 424.34 196.8 227.5

Lahore, City 400.93 190.9 210.0

Hafizabad 381.4 ** **

Murree 302.61 339.5 -36.9

Gujranwala 282.82 ** **

Jhelum 271.42 243.1 28.3

Gujrat 254.7 ** **

Islamabad, Zeropoint 252.44 368.6 -116.2

Sialkot Cantt 228.01 ** **

Islamabad, Old Airport 218.43 307.8 -89.4

Noorpur Thal 202 ** **

Narowal 182.03 ** **

Mangla 177.91 ** **

Kasur 172.85 ** **

Attock 124.08 216.5 -92.4

T.T. Singh 112.01 ** **

Bahawalnagar 110.01 70.8 39.2

Chakwal 109.54 ** **

Mandibahauddin 101.53 ** **

Sargodha A/P 99 95 4.0

Sargodha City 97.43 312.6 -215.2

Joharabad 91.81 ** **

Faisalabad 87.73 100.8 -13.1

Islamabad, New Airport 80.71 **

Mianwali 75.05 144.6 -69.6

Jhang 74.94 ** **

Layyah 71.03 ** **

Sahiwal 65.63 ** **

Kot Addu 56.03 ** **

Bhakkar 43.22 ** **

29

Okara 36.5 ** **

Khanewal 30 ** **

Shorkot 27.85 120.8 -93.0

D.G. Khan 26.01 ** **

Khanpur 23.11 33.3 -10.2

Rahim Yar Khan 17.51 ** **

Bahawalpur, Airport 3.6 ** **

Multan 2.82 49.6 -46.8

Bahawalpur, City 0.01 40.4 -40.4

Gilgit Baltistan & Azad Kashmir


Muzaffarabad 314.01 349.3 -35.3

Garidopatta 285.5 263.3 22.2

Kotli 147.62 284.4 -136.8

Rawalakot 128.61 ** **

Bagrote 24.82 ** **

Bunji 12.54 17.9 -5.4

Chilas 8.62 15.3 -6.7

Gupis 8 19 **

Gilgit 4.63 14.7 -10.1

Hunza 4 ** **

Astore 3.92 26.4 -22.5

Skardu 1.23 11.2 -10.0

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa


Abbottabad 350.52 257.5 93.0

Malamjaba 249 ** **

Balakot 246 324.4 -78.4

Parachinar 141 83.5 57.5

Cherat 123 85.5 37.5

Kohat 90.02 83.2 **

Dir 88.6 154.5 -65.9

Saidu Sharif 80 166 -86.0

Risalpur 72.05 143.2 **

Bannu 60 63.6 -3.6

Pattan 51 ** **

30

Peshawar, Airport 44.03 58.3 **

Kalam 39.1 ** **

Peshawar City 36.74 ** **

Lower Dir 30 ** **

D.I. Khan 23.01 69.6 -46.6

Drosh 0.8 21.4 -20.6

Chitral 0.3 7 -6.7

Mirkhani 0 ** **

Sindh


Thatta 192.2 ** **

Tando Jam 155.8 ** **

Shaheed Benazirabad 152.2 58.3 93.9

Hyderabad 141.8 47.9 93.9

Chhor 115.2 82.2 33.0

Padidan 97.02 41.8 55.2

Badin 91.55 79.5 12.1

Mithi 80 ** **

Karachi, Airport 66.35 60 6.3

Mirpur Khas 53 ** **

Jacobabad 18.01 39 -21.0

Dadu 5 ** **

Larkana 2.01 48.6 -46.6

Rohri 1.01 39.7 -38.7

Mohenjo-Daro 1.01 39.9 -38.9

Sukkur 0.01 20.8 **

Balochistan


Zhob 94 66.4 27.6

Barkhan 90.73 98.7 -8.0

Khuzdar 75.8 58.3 17.5

Sibbi 13.01 38.4 -25.4

Kalat 12.03 21.9 -9.9

Panjgur 8.01 11.9 -3.9

Lasbela 6.01 51.4 -45.4

Quetta Airport 5.02 11.2 **

31

Ormara 5 10.7 -5.7

Turbat 2.1 8.1 -6.0

Dalbandin 1 4 -3.0

Quetta City 1 ** **

Gwadar 0 ** **

Jiwani 0 3.1 -3.1

Nokkundi 0 0.7 -0.7

Pasni 0 6.9 -6.9

32

ANNEX II

Daily maximum temperature deviation.

37

ANNEX III

Daily spatial distribution of rainfall.

monthly weather report - pakistan meteorological...

Documents