demographic and economic profile texas - rupri

1

Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Texas Based on the most recent listing of core based statistical areas by the Office of Management and Budget (December 2005), 77 counties in Texas are part of metropolitan statistical areas, and 45 counties are part of micropolitan areas. The micropolitan classification defines counties that were previously included in the nonmetropolitan category, and include an urban area with a population of 10,000 to 49,999 plus surrounding counties that are linked through commuting ties. These areas often represent important economic and trade centers in rural areas. The remaining 132 counties in Texas are considered noncore counties. Using the core based statistical area classifications above and the population estimates for 2005, 86.9 percent of Texas residents live in metropolitan areas, 6.9 percent live in micropolitan areas, and 6.2 percent live in noncore areas.

Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Texas

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and Office of Management and BudgetMap Prepared by RUPRI

Metropolitan Counties

Nonmetro Counties:

Micropolitan Counties

Noncore Counties

Demographic and Economic ProfileDemographic and Economic Profile

TexasTexasUpdated April 2006Updated April 2006

Demographic and Economic ProfileDemographic and Economic Profile

TexasTexasUpdated April 2006Updated April 2006

2

Population Texas’s population in July 2005 was 22,859,968, up 9.6 percent from the 2000 Census. During the 1990s, the population in Texas grew by 22.8 percent. Nationally, population increased 13.1 percent during the 1990s, and 5.3 percent from April 2000 to July 2005. Within Texas, population growth in metropolitan areas exceeded the nonmetropolitan growth in both time periods.

68 counties in Texas lost population during the 1990s - all but two of them were nonmetropolitan. During the same period, 37 counties experienced population gains over 30 percent - 26 metropolitan and 11 nonmetropolitan counties. Between the 2000 Census and July 2005, 101 counties in Texas lost population, and the majority (93) of them were nonmetropolitan. Thirteen counties experienced population growth of 20 percent or more - 11 metro and 9 nonmetro counties. The highest growth was in Rockwell County in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area, with a population gain of 46.1 percent over the time period.

Percent Change in Population, 1990-2000

Source: U.S. Census BureauCensus 1990 and 2000Map Prepared by RUPRI

Population Decrease

Increase Less than 10%

Increase 10% or More

30% or more increase

Area: 1990-2000 2000-2005U.S. 13.1% 5.3%Texas 22.8% 9.6%

Metropolitan 24.9% 10.8%Nonmetropolitan 10.9% 2.7%

Micropolitan 11.7% 3.3%Noncore 10.0% 2.0%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Percent Change in Population

Percent Change in Population, 2000-2005

Source: U.S. Census Bureau,Population EstimatesMap Prepared by RUPRI

Population Decrease

Population Increase Less than 10 percent

Population Increase 10% or more

3

The Economic Research Service, USDA, classifies counties as population loss counties if the population declined between the 1980 and 1990 censuses and between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. In Texas, 52 counties are classified as population loss counties, 50 of them are nonmetropolitan. Race / Ethnicity The population of Texas is 83.3 percent white and 11.7 percent African American (2004 population estimates data). Nationally, the population is 80.4 percent white and 12.8 percent African American. People of Hispanic origin make up 34.6 percent of Texas’s population, compared to 14.1 percent of the total U.S. population.

ERS County Typology:Population Loss Counties

Source: Economic Research Service, USDAMap prepared by RUPRI

Population Loss Counties

Other Counties

“number of residents declined both between 1980 and 1990 and between 1990 and 2000” (ERS, USDA)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

White AfricanAmerican

AmericanIndian

Asian Hawaiian/Pac. Islander

Two orMore Races

Racial Composition of the Population inTexas and the U.S., 2004

Texas

U.S.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates

4

Within Texas, the metro population is 82.3 percent white and 12.2 percent African American. The micropolitan population is 89 percent white and 9 percent African American, and the noncore population is 90 percent white and 8.3 percent African American. People of Hispanic origin make up 35.5 percent of the metro population, 32.3 percent of the micropolitan population, and 24.1 percent of the noncore population in Texas. Many counties in Texas have experienced tremendous increases in the Hispanic population during the 1990s. The Hispanic population more than doubled in 58 Texas counties during the 1990s, most of them in the eastern part of the state. The Hispanic population constitutes a majority of the population in 40 Texas counties, most of them along the southwest border.

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

White AfricanAmerican

AmericanIndian

Asian Hawaiian/Pac. Islander

Two orMore Races

Racial Composition of the Population inTexas by CBSA Category, 2004

Metropolitan

Micropolitan

Noncore

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 1990 and 2000Map Prepared by RUPRI

Hispanic Growth CountiesCounties in which the Hispanic population more than doubled between 1990 and 2000

Hispanic Growth Counties

Other Counties

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population EstimatesMap Prepared by RUPRI

Hispanic Majority Counties

Hispanic Majority Counties

Other Counties

Counties in which people of Hispanic origin account for over 50% of total population, 2004

5

Age The age distribution of the metro and nonmetro populations in Texas is shown in the chart to the right. The percent of the population in the 20 to 44 age groups in higher in metro areas, while the percent of the population age 55 and over is higher in the nonmetro areas.

Many counties in Texas have a considerable percentage of older residents. Over 20 percent of the population is age 65 years or older in 40 Texas counties, 38 of them nonmetro counties. In addition, many counties are destination counties for the retirement aged population. ERS classifies counties as retirement destination counties if the “number of residents 60 and older grew by 15 percent or more between 1990 and 2000 due to inmigration.” In Texas, 52 counties are retirement destination counties, 20 metropolitan and 33 nonmetropolitan.

Age Distribution of Texas'sMetro and Nonmetro Populations, 2000

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

<5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Age Group

Per

cen

t of

Pop

ula

tion

MetroNonmetro

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000

Counties in which 20 percent or More of Total Population is Age 65 or Older, 2004

Source: U.S. Census Bureau,Population EstimatesMap Prepared by RUPRI

Other Counties

20% or more of total populationis 65 or older

Older Population Counties

ERS County Typology:Retirement Destination Counties

ERS Retirement DestinationCounties


Other Counties

“number of residents 60 and older grew by 15 percent or more between 1990 and 2000 due to inmigration ” (ERS, USDA)

6

Educational Attainment The percent of the population age 25 and over that has earned a Bachelor’s degree or higher is 24.4 percent in the U.S. and 23.2 percent in Texas. In only 40 Texas counties did over 20 percent of the population have a Bachelor’s degree or higher - 23 metropolitan and 17 nonmetropolitan counties. The chart to the right compares the educational attainment of Texas’s metro and nonmetro populations. The percent of the population with high educational attainment (college degree or higher) is greater in metro areas, while the percent of the population with lower educational attainment (high school degree or lower) is greater in nonmetro areas.

ERS classifies counties as low education counties if “25 percent or more of residents 25 to 64 years old had neither a high school diploma nor GED in 2000.” In Texas, 100 counties are classified as low education counties, 12 metropolitan and 88 nonmetropolitan counties.

Percent of Population 25 Years and Over with a Bachelor’s

Degree or Higher, 2000

Less than 10%

10% to 20%

Higher than 20%Source: U.S. Census BureauCensus 2000Map prepared by RUPRI

Educational Attainment in TexasMetro and Nonmetro Areas, 2000

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Less than 9th grade

9th-12th grade, no diploma

High school graduate

Some college, no degree

Associate Degree

Bachelor's Degree

Graduate/Professional Degree

Percent of Population 25+

Metro

Nonmetro

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000

ERS County Typology:Low Education Counties


Other Counties

Low Education Counties

“25 percent or more of residents 25-64 years old had neither a high school diploma nor GED in 2000” (ERS, USDA)

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Poverty In 2003 the poverty rate was 12.5 in the U.S. and 16.2 percent in Texas (Census Bureau estimates). The poverty rate in Texas counties ranged from 5.4 percent in Collin County to 36.2 percent in Starr County. Four counties in Texas had poverty rates exceeding 30 percent in 2003, 1 metro county (Hidalgo) and 3 nonmetro counties (Willacy, Zavala and Starr). ERS defines persistent poverty counties as those counties with poverty rates of 20 percent or more in each decennial census from 1970 through 2000. Nationally, 386 counties are persistent poverty counties, with 46 of them located in Texas. Of these 46 persistent poverty counties, 38 are nonmetro counties.

Percent of Population in Poverty, 2003

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty EstimatesMap Prepared by RUPRI

Less than 10%

10% to 14.9%

15% to 19.9%

20% to 29.9%

30% or more

ERS County Typology:Persistent Poverty Counties


Persistent Poverty Counties

Other Counties

“20 percent or more of residents were poor as measured by each of the last 4 censuses, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000” (ERS, USDA)

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Health Care Services The designation of areas or populations as medically underserved is based on an index of four variables - the ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, the infant mortality rate, the percent of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and the percent of the population age 65 and over (Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS). Within Texas, much of the state is considered medically underserved, shown in the map below. Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) are those areas that “have shortages of primary medical care, dental or mental health providers and may be urban or rural areas, population groups, or medical or other public facilities” (Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS). Within Texas, many areas of the state are designated as primary care HPSAs for the total and/or low income populations, shown in the map below.

Medically Underserved Area

Medically Underserved Population

Governor defined

Medically Underserved Areas and Populations in Texas

Data Source: Heath Resources and Services Administration, HHSMap Created by RUPRI Community Information Resource CenterInteractive Map Room: http://circ.rupri.org

Health Professional Shortage Areas (Primary Care)

in Texas

Data Source: Heath Resources and Services Administration, HHSMap Created by RUPRI Community Information Resource Center, Interactive Map Room: http://circ.rupri.org

Total Population

Low Income Population

9

Per Capita Income Texas’s per capita income trends have closely mirrored the nation. Texas’s income has lagged slightly behind over most of the time period, with the exception of the early 1980s. In 2003, per capita income in Texas was $29,074, compared to $31,472 for the U.S. Within Texas, 49 counties, most of them nonmetro counties (36), had per capita income less than $20,000 in 2003, and five counties (all nonmetro) had per capita income below $15,000 in 2003. Eighteen counties had per capita income exceeding $30,000 in 2003 -the majority of them (12) were metro.

Per Capita Income in Texas and theU.S., 1969-2003 ($2003)

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

U.S.

Texas

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System

Per Capita Income, 2003

Less than $15,000

$20,000 - $24,999

$25,000 to $29,999Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information SystemMap prepared by RUPRI

$15,000 to $19,999

$30,000 or more

10

Nonmetro per capita income in Texas has lagged behind metro. In 2003, metro per capita income was $30,141, compared to only $22,149 in nonmetro areas. The per capita income gap between metro and nonmetro areas is measured with nonmetro income as a percent of metro. The gap in Texas had been on the rise through most of the 1990s, but has decreased somewhat over the past three years. In 2003, nonmetro per capita income was 73.5 percent of metro per capita income. Within Texas, there are several counties in which a large portion of total personal income is derived from transfer payments. Transfer payments include retirement and disability payments, social security benefits, public assistance, and medical benefits.

Per Capita Income in Texas Metro and Nonmetro Portions, 1969-2003

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

Metro

Nonmetro


Per Capita Income Gap in Texas:Nonmetro PCI as a percent of Metro PCI, 1969-2003

50.0%

55.0%

60.0%

65.0%

70.0%

75.0%

80.0%

85.0%

90.0%

95.0%

100.0%

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003


High Transfers Counties, 2003

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information SystemMap prepared by RUPRI

High Transfers Counties

Other Counties

Counties in which over 30% of total personal income was from transfer

payments in 2003

11

Employment Structure In 2003, government and government enterprises accounted for the largest shares of total employment both in Texas (14.6%) and the U.S. (14.2%). Retail trade made up the next largest employment sector, accounting for 11.0 percent of employment both in Texas and the U.S.

The ERS economic typology classifies counties into one of five industry categories of specialization or as nonspecialized. The map to the right shows the classification of Texas’s counties by this economic typology. The map illustrates the diversity of the Texas economy, with areas specializing in each of the industry sectors.

Employment by Major Industry, U.S. and Texas, 2003

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%

Government & government enterprises

Other services, except public administration

Accommodation & food services

Arts, entertainment, & recreation

Health care & social assistance

Educational services

Administrative & waste services

Management of companies & enterprises

Professional & technical services

Real estate & rental & leasing

Finance & insurance

Information

Transportation & warehousing

Retail Trade

Wholesale trade

Manufacturing

Construction

Utilities

Mining

Forestry, fishing, related activities

Farm

Texas

U.S.


Texas Counties byERS Economic Typology

Farming

Manufacturing

Government

Services

NonspecializedSource: Economic ResearchService, USDAMap prepared by RUPRI

Mining

12

Unemployment In 2004 the unemployment rate for Texas was 6.1 percent, compared to 5.5 percent for the U.S. Within Texas, the unemployment rate ranged from 2.7 percent (King County) to 15.2 percent (Maverick County). Seven counties in Texas, all nonmetro, had unemployment rates of over 10 percent in 2004. ERS classifies counties as low employment counties if fewer than 65 percent of the residents aged 21 to 64 were employed in 2000. In Texas, 41 counties are classified as low employment counties - the majority of them are nonmetro (34).

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment StatisticsMap prepared by RUPRI

Unemployment Rate, 2004

5% to 7.4%

7.5% to 9.9%

Les than 5%

10% or higher

ERS County Typology:Low Employment Counties


Other Counties

Low Employment Counties

“less than 65 percent of residents 21-64 years old were employed in 2000”(ERS, USDA)

13

Agriculture Agriculture is an important industry in many parts of the state. Fifty-six counties are classified by the Economic Research Service as “Farming dependent” (see map on page 11.) The map below shows the value of agricultural products sold in 2002 for Texas counties. Three counties had over $500 million in sales of agricultural products - Castro, Parmer, and Deaf Smith Counties. Average farm size in Texas is 567 acres, and 18 percent of farms are over 500 acres in size. As shown in the map below, the largest farms in Texas are in the western part of the state.

Market Value of Agricultural Products Sold, 2002

Source: Census of Agriculture, 2002USDA, National Agricultural Statistics ServiceMap prepared by RUPRI

Less than $10M

$10M - $49.9M

$50M - $99.9M

$100M to $499.9M

$500M or more

Percent of Farms in County that are 500 Acres or

Larger, 2002

Source: Census of Agriculture, 2002USDA, National Agricultural Statistics ServiceMap prepared by RUPRI

Less than 10%

10% to 29.9%

30% to 49.9%

50% or more

14

Entrepreneurship The CFED Development Report Card rates each state on its entrepreneurial energy, “evaluating the extent to which new firms are generated and whether they are contributing to employment growth.” The rating of each state is shown in the map below. Texas receives a grade of “B” on this indicator. One county level indicator for entrepreneurship is self employed as a percent of private nonfarm employment. The map below illustrates this indicator in Texas counties. The self employed account for over 40 percent of private nonfarm employment in Starr, Llano and Real Counties, and for over 60 percent of employment in Waller County.

Source: CFEDMap prepared by RUPRI

ABCDF

Grade

Not shown: Alaska (C) and Hawaii (D)

CFED Development Report Card for the States Entrepreneurial Energy

Entrepreneurship in Texas:Self Employed as a Percent

Of Nonfarm PrivateEmployment, 2003

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics andBureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information SystemMap prepared by RUPRI

Less than 10%

10% to 19.9%

20% to 29.9%

30% to 39.9%

40% or more

15

Data Sources and References Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System

http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/reis/ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics

http://www.bls.gov/lau/home.htm CFED Development Report Card for the States http://drc.cfed.org/ Economic Research Service, USDA, 2004 County Typology

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rurality/Typology/ Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Designations of Health Professional Shortage Areas and Medically Underserved Areas and Populations http://www.bhpr.hrsa.gov/shortage/ National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA. 2002 Census of Agriculture http://www.nass.usda.gov/Census_of_Agriculture/index.asp Office of Management and Budget, Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/bulletins/fy05/b05-02.html RUPRI Community Information Resource Center Interactive Map Room http://circ.rupri.org/ U.S. Census Bureau

Census 2000 http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html

Population Estimates http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php Metropolitan and Micropolitan Area Classifications http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrodef.html Nonemployer Statistics http://www.census.gov/epcd/nonemployer/ Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/saipe.html

16

For Comments and Questions on this Report:

Bobby Gierisch Director, RUPRI State Policy Programs

(512) 452-2351 [email protected]

Kathleen K. Miller RUPRI Program Director

(573) 882-5098 [email protected]

Contact RUPRI

Rural Policy Research Institute Truman School of Public Affairs University of Missouri-Columbia

214 Middlebush Hall Columbia, MO 65211 (573) 882-0316 Voice [573] 884=5310 FAX

http://www.rupri.org

Report Prepared by Kathleen K. Miller, RUPRI Program Director

demographic and economic profile texas - rupri

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