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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_education 1/14

AdiscussionclassatShimerCollege,ademocraticcollegeinChicago.

DemocraticeducationFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Democraticeducationisaneducationalidealinwhichdemocracyisbothagoalandamethodofinstruction.Itbringsdemocraticvaluestoeducationandcanincludeselfdeterminationwithinacommunityofequals,aswellassuchvaluesasjustice,respectandtrust.Democraticeducationisoftenspecificallyemancipatory,withthestudents'voicesbeingequaltotheteacher's.[1]

Contents

1History1.1Enlightenmentera1.219thcentury1.320thcentury

1.3.1DomSierot1.3.2Influentialdemocraticschools1.3.3Freeschoolsmovement1.3.4Networks

2Variety2.1Curriculum2.2Administrativestructure2.3Conflictresolution2.4Other

3Theory3.1Cognitivetheory

3.1.1Criticismbasedoncognitivetheory3.2Ethics

3.2.1Culturaltheory3.2.2Criticismbasedonculturaltheory

3.3Politicaltheory3.3.1Effectonqualityofeducation3.3.2Preparationforlifeinademocracy3.3.3Civiceducation3.3.4Economictheory

3.4Curriculumtheory4Democraticeducationinpractice

4.1Play4.2Reading,writingandarithmetic

5Educationinademocraticsociety6Trainingprograms7Legalissues

7.1TheUnitedNationsanddemocraticeducation7.2Summerhill

8Theorists9Seealso10References11Externallinks12Furtherreading

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Locke'sThoughts,1693.

12Furtherreading

History

Thehistoryofdemocraticeducationspansfromatleastthe1600s.Whileitisassociatedwithanumberofindividuals,therehasbeennocentralfigure,establishment,ornationthatadvocateddemocraticeducation.[2]

Enlightenmentera

In1693,JohnLockepublishedSomeThoughtsConcerningEducation.Indescribingtheteachingofchildren,hedeclares,

Noneofthethingstheyaretolearn,shouldeverbemadeaburthentothem,orimpos'donthemasatask.Whateverissopropos'd,presentlybecomesirksomethemindtakesanaversiontoit,thoughbeforeitwereathingofdelightorindifferency.Letachildbutbeorder'dtowhiphistopatacertaintimeeveryday,whetherhehasorhasnotamindtoitletthisbebutrequir'dofhimasaduty,whereinhemustspendsomanyhoursmorningandafternoon,andseewhetherhewillnotsoonbewearyofanyplayatthisrate.[3]

JeanJacquesRousseausbookofadviceoneducation,mile,wasfirstpublishedin1762.mile,theimaginarypupilheusesforillustration,wasonlytolearnwhathecouldappreciateasuseful.[4]Hewastoenjoyhislessons,andlearntorelyonhisownjudgementandexperience.Thetutormustnotlaydownprecepts,hemustletthembediscovered,[5]wroteRousseau,andurgedhimnotmakemilelearnscience,butlethimdiscoverit.[6]Healsosaidthatweshouldnotsubstitutebooksforpersonalexperiencebecausethisdoesnotteachustoreasonitteachesustouseotherpeoplesreasoningitteachesustobelieveagreatdealbutnevertoknowanything.[7]

19thcentury

WhileLockeandRousseauwereconcernedonlywiththeeducationofthechildrenofthewealthy,inthe19thcenturyLeoTolstoysetupaschoolforpeasantchildren.ThiswasonhisownestateatYasnayaPolyana,Russia,inthelate19thcentury.Hetellsusthattheschoolevolvedfreelyfromprinciplesintroducedbyteachersandpupilsthatinspiteofthepreponderatinginfluenceoftheteacher,thepupilhadalwayshadtherightnottocometoschool,or,havingcome,nottolistentotheteacher,andthattheteacherhadtherightnottoadmitapupil,andwasabletousealltheinfluencehecouldmustertowinoverthecommunity,wherethechildrenwerealwaysinthemajority.[8][9]

20thcentury

DomSierot

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MainbuildingoftheSummerhillSchool

In1912,JanuszKorczakfoundedDomSierot,theJewishorphanageinWarsaw,whichwasrunondemocraticlinesuntil1940,whenheaccompaniedallhischargestothegaschambersoftheTreblinkaexterminationcamp.[10][11][12]

Influentialdemocraticschools

TheoldestdemocraticschoolthatstillexistsisSummerhill,inSuffolk,England,foundedin1921.ItfeaturesvoluntaryclassattendanceandaSchoolMeetingwithbroadpowers.Inthe1960s,hundredsofschoolsopenedbasedonSummerhill,[13]howeverA.S.Neill,thefounderofSummerhill,distancedhimselffromAmericanSummerhillschoolsfornotsuccessfullyimplementingthephilosophyof"Freedom,notlicense."[14]

SudburyValleySchool,foundedinFramingham,Massachusettsin1968,hasfulldemocraticgovernance:TheSchoolMeetingmanagesallaspectsoftheschool,includingstaffhiringandfacilities.[15]

TheDemocraticSchoolofHadera,foundedinIsraelin1987,ispubliclyfunded.Itoffersvoluntaryclasses.[16]TherearenowmorethantwentydemocraticschoolsinIsrael.[17]

Freeschoolsmovement

Progressiveeducation(includingmanyschoolsbasedonSummerhill[18])becameabroadmovementinthe1960sand1970s,butwaslargelyrenouncedbythe1980s.[19]See:Freeschoolmovement

Networks

Networkssupportingdemocraticeducationinclude:

TheAlternativeEducationResourceOrganizationlaunchedin1989tocreatea"studentdriven,learnercenteredapproachestoeducation."[20]TheannualInternationalDemocraticEducationConference,firstheldin1993.TheAustralasianDemocraticEducationCommunity,whichhelditsfirstconferencein2002.[21]TheEuropeanDemocraticEducationCommunitywasfoundedin2008,atthefirstEuropeanDemocraticEducationConference.TheRseaudescolesdmocratiquesauQubec,orRDAQ,wasfoundedin2012inordertosponsorthecreationofdemocraticschoolsintheprovinceofQubec,Canada.

IDEC2005named2corebeliefs:selfdeterminationanddemocraticgovernance.[22]EUDEChasbothofthesebeliefs,andmutualrespectisalsointheirbeliefstatement.[23]IDENsupportsschoolsthatselfidentifyasdemocratic.[24]

Variety

Democraticeducationcomesinmanydifferentforms.Thesearesomeoftheareasinwhichdemocraticschoolsdiffer.

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Curriculum

Democraticschoolsarecharacterizedbyinvolvingstudentsinthedecisionmakingprocessthataffectswhatandhowtheylearn.Somedemocraticschoolshavenomandatorycurriculum,consideringforcedlearningtobeundemocratic.Mostdemocraticschoolsofficiallyoffervoluntarycourses,andmanyhelpinterestedstudentstopreparefornationalexaminationssotheygainqualificationsforfurtherstudyorfutureemployment.[25]Somedemocraticschoolshavenoofficialofferingofcourses,althoughcoursescanbeofferedorrequestedbyschoolmembers.[26]

Administrativestructure

Democraticschoolsoftenhavemeetingsopentoallstudentsandstaff,whereeveryonepresenthasavoiceandsometimesanequalvote.Someincludeparents.[27]Theseschoolmeetingscancoveranythingfromsmallmatterstotheappointmentordismissalofstaffandthecreationorannulmentofrules,ortogeneralexpenditureandthestructureoftheschoolday.Atsomeschoolsallstudentsareexpectedtoattendthesemeetings,atotherstheyarevoluntary.[28]Themainschoolmeetingmayalsosetupsubcommitteestodealwithparticularissues,suchasconflictresolution.[29]

Conflictresolution

Withinthepurviewofdemocraticvalues,thereiswidescopeforhowconflictsareresolved.Theremaybeaformalsystem,withdueprocessandtheruleoflaw.[29]Theremayberulesbutnopunishments.[30]Otherpossibilitiesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,aconsensusprocess,mediation,andinformaldialogue.

Other

Finance:Somedemocraticlearningenvironmentsareparentfunded,somecharityfunded.[31][32]

Schoolsmayhaveaslidingscalebasedonfamilyincome.[33]PubliclyfundeddemocraticschoolsexistinCanada[34][35]andIsrael[36]

Size:Democraticschoolsvaryinsizefromafewstudentstoafewhundred.Evenanindividualunschoolercanbedescribedaslearningdemocratically,iftheyaretreatedwithdemocraticvalues.

Agerange:Agemixingisadeliberatepolicyinsomedemocraticschools.Itmayincludeveryyoungchildren,evenbabies.[37]Somedemocraticschoolsonlyenrollolderstudents.[38][39]

Location:Democraticeducationisnotlimitedtoanyparticularsetting.Settingsfordemocraticlearningcommunitiesincludeinanofficebuilding,[40]oncitystreets,[41]andinaruralarea.[42]

Theory

Whiletypesofdemocraticeducationareasnumerousastypesofdemocracy,ageneraldefinitionofdemocraticeducationis"aneducationthatdemocratizeslearningitself."[43]Thegoalsofdemocraticeducationvaryaccordingtotheparticipants,thelocation,andaccesstoresources.[44]

Thereisnounifiedbodyofliterature,spanningmultipledisciplines,ondemocraticeducation.However,therearetheoriesofdemocraticeducationfromthefollowingperspectives:

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Cognitivetheory

Duringthepracticetheorymovement,therewasrenewedinterestinchilddevelopment.JeanPiaget'stheoryofuniversalstepsincomprehensionandgeneralpatternsintheacquisitionofknowledgewaschallengedbyexperiencesatdemocraticschools."Notwokidsevertakethesamepath.Fewareremotelysimilar.Eachchildissounique,soexceptional."[45]

JeanLavewasoneofthefirstandmostprominentsocialanthropologiststodiscusscognitionwithinthecontextofculturalsettingspresentingafirmargumentagainstthefunctionalistpsychologythatmanyeducationalistsrefertoimplicitly.ForLave,learningisaprocessungonebyanactorwithinaspecificcontext.Theskillsorknowledgelearnedinoneprocessarenotgeneralizablenorreliablytransferredtootherareasofhumanaction.Herprimaryfocuswasonmathematicsincontextandmathematicseducation.

ThebroaderimplicationsreachedbyLaveandotherswhospecializeinsituatedlearningarethatbeyondtheargumentthatcertainknowledgeisnecessarytobeamemberofsociety(aDurkheimianargument),knowledgelearnedinthecontextofaschoolisnotreliablytransferabletoothercontextsofpractice.

JohnLockearguesthatchildrenarecapableofreasoningatayoungage:Itwillperhapsbewonderd,thatImentionreasoningwithchildrenandyetIcannotbutthinkthatthetruewayofdealingwiththem.Theyunderstanditasearlyastheydolanguageand,ifImisobservenot,theylovetobetreatedasrationalcreatures,soonerthanisimagind,[46]Rousseaudisagreed:Useforcewithchildrenandreasoningwithmen."[47]

Humansareinnatelycurious,anddemocraticeducationsupportsthebeliefthatthedrivetolearnissufficientlystrongtomotivatechildrentobecomeeffectiveadults.[48]

Criticismbasedoncognitivetheory

Thehumanbrainisnotfullydevelopeduntiladulthood.[49]Adisadvantageofteenagersbeingresponsiblefortheirowneducationisthat"youngbrainshavebothfastgrowingsynapsesandsectionsthatremainunconnected.Thisleavesteenseasilyinfluencedbytheirenvironmentandmorepronetoimpulsivebehavior".[50]

Ethics

Democracycanbevaluedonethicalgrounds.[51]

Culturaltheory

Democraticeducationisconsistentwiththeculturaltheorythat"learninginschoolmustbecontinuouswithlifeoutsideofschool"andthatchildrenshouldbecomeactiveparticipantsinthecontrolandorganizationoftheircommunity.[52]

Researchonhuntergatherersocietiesindicatesthatfreeplayandexplorationwereeffectivetransmittersofthesocieties'culturetochildren.[53]

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AccordingtoGeorgeDennison,democraticenvironmentsaresocialregulators:Ourdesiretocultivatefriendships,engenderrespect,andmaintainwhatGeorgeDennisontermsnaturalauthorityencouragesustoactinsociallyacceptableways(i.e.culturallyinformedpracticesoffairness,honesty,congeniality,etc.).[54]

Criticismbasedonculturaltheory

Childrenareinfluencedbymanycurriculabeyondtheschoolcurriculum:TVcurricula,advertisers'curricula,curriculaofreligiouscommunities,GirlScoutsandBoyScouts,encyclopediasetc.andtherefore"oneofthemostsignificanttasksanyschoolcanundertakeistotrytodevelopinyoungstersanawarenessoftheseothercurriculaandanabilitytocriticizethemitisutternonsensetothinkthatbyturningchildrenlooseinanunplannedandunstructuredenvironmenttheycanbefreedinanysignificantway.Rather,theyaretherebyabandonedtotheblindforcesofthehucksters,whoseprimaryconcernisneitherthechildren,northetruth,northedecentfutureof...society."[55]

mileDurkheimarguesthatthetransitionfromprimitivetomodernsocietiesoccurredinpartaseldersmadeaconsciousdecisiontotransmitwhatweredeemedthemostessentialelementsoftheirculturetothefollowinggenerations.Heconcludesthatmodernsocietiesaresocomplexmuchmorecomplexthanprimitivehuntergatherersocietiesandtherolesthatindividualsmustfillinsocietyaresovaried,thatformalmasseducationisnecessarytoinstillsocialsolidarityandwhathetermssecularmorality.[56]

Politicaltheory

Thereareavarietyofpoliticalcomponentstodemocraticeducation.Oneauthoridentifiesthoseelementsasinclusivityandrights,equalparticipationindecisionmaking,andequalencouragementforsuccess.[57]TheInstituteforDemocraticEducation'sprinciplesofdemocraticeducationidentifiesseveralpoliticalprinciples,

Theinteractionbetweendemocraticphilosophyandeducation,Pluralisticeducation,Schooladministrationbymeansofdemocraticprocedures,Educationbasedonrespectforhumanrights,Dialogicevaluation,Dialogicrelationships,andCriticalsocialthinking.[58]

Effectonqualityofeducation

Thetypeofpoliticalsocializationthattakesplaceindemocraticschoolsisstronglyrelatedtodeliberativedemocracytheory.ClausOffeandUlrichPreuss,twotheoristsofthepoliticalcultureofdeliberativedemocraciesarguethatinitsculturalproductiondeliberativedemocracyrequiresanopenendedandcontinuouslearningprocessinwhichtherolesofbothteacherandcurriculumaremissing.Inotherwords,whatistobelearnedisamatterthatwemustsettleintheprocessoflearningitself."[59]

Thepoliticalcultureofadeliberativedemocracyanditsinstitutions,theyargue,wouldfacilitatemoredialogicalformsofmakingonesvoiceheardwhichwouldbeachievedwithinaframeworkofliberty,withinwhichpaternalismisreplacedbyautonomouslyadoptedselfpaternalism,andtechnocraticelitismbythecompetentandselfconsciousjudgmentofcitizens."[60]

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Asacurricular,administrativeandsocialoperationwithinschools,democraticeducationisessentiallyconcernedwithequippingpeopletomake"realchoicesaboutfundamentalaspectsoftheirlives"[61]andhappenswithinandfordemocracy.[62]Itcanbe"aprocesswhereteachersandstudentsworkcollaborativelytoreconstructcurriculumtoincludeeveryone."[57]Inatleastoneconception,democraticeducationteachesstudents"toparticipateinconsciouslyreproducingtheirsociety,andconscioussocialreproduction."[63]Thisrolenecessitatesdemocraticeducationhappeninginavarietyofsettingsandbeingtaughtbyavarietyofpeople,including"parents,teachers,publicofficials,andordinarycitizens."Becauseofthis"democraticeducationbeginsnotonlywithchildrenwhoaretobetaughtbutalsowithcitizenswhoaretobetheirteachers."[64]

Preparationforlifeinademocracy

The"strongest,politicalrationale"fordemocraticeducationisthatitteaches"thevirtuesofdemocraticdeliberationforthesakeoffuturecitizenship."[65]Thistypeofeducationisoftenalludedtointhedeliberativedemocracyliteratureasfulfillingthenecessaryandfundamentalsocialandinstitutionalchangesnecessarytodevelopademocracythatinvolvesintensiveparticipationingroupdecisionmaking,negotiation,andsociallifeofconsequence.[66]

Civiceducation

Theconceptofthehiddencurriculumincludesthebeliefthatanythingtaughtinanauthoritariansettingisimplicitlyteachingauthoritarianism.Thusciviceducation,iftaughtinacompulsorysetting,underminesitsownlessonsindemocracy.[67]Acommonbeliefindemocraticschoolsisthatdemocracymustbeexperiencedtobelearned.[68][69][70]ThisargumentconformstothecognitionincontextresearchbyLave.

Anothercommonbelief,whichsupportsthepracticeofcompulsoryclassesinciviceducation,isthatpassingondemocraticvaluesrequiresanimposedstructure.[71]

Argumentsabouthowtotransmitdemocracy,andhowmuchandhowearlytotreatchildrendemocratically,aremadeinvariousliteraturesconcerningstudentvoice,youthparticipationandotherelementsofyouthempowerment.[72][73]

Economictheory

Corefeaturesofdemocraticeducationalignwiththeemergingconsensuson21stcenturybusinessandmanagementpriorities.Suchfeaturesincludeincreasedcollaboration,decentralizedorganization,andradicalcreativity.[74]

Curriculumtheory

Whiledemocraticschoolsdon'thaveanofficialcurriculum,whateachstudentactuallydoesmightbeconsideredtheirowncurriculum.[75]

Democraticschoolsmaynotconsiderreading,writingandarithmetictobetherealbasicsforbeingasuccessfuladult.[76]A.S.Neillsaid"Tohellwitharithmetic."[77]Nonetheless,thereisacommonbeliefthatpeoplewilleventuallylearn"thebasics"whentheydevelopinternalmotivation.[78][79]

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Democraticeducationinpractice

Play

Astrikingfeatureofdemocraticschoolsistheubiquityofplay.Studentsofallagesbutespeciallytheyoungeronesoftenspendmostoftheirtimeeitherinfreeplay,orplayinggames(electronicorotherwise).Allattemptstolimit,controlordirectplaymustbedemocraticallyapprovedbeforebeingimplemented.[80]Playisseenasactivityeverybitasworthyasacademicpursuits,oftenevenmorevaluable.Playisconsideredessentialforlearning,particularlyinfosteringcreativity.[81]

Reading,writingandarithmetic

Interestinlearningtoreadhappensatawidevarietyofages.[79]

Educationinademocraticsociety

AsEnglisharistocracywasgivingwaytodemocracy,MatthewArnoldinvestigatedpopulareducationinFranceandothercountriestodeterminewhatformofeducationsuitedademocraticage.[82]Arnoldwrotethat"thespiritofdemocracy"ispartof"humannatureitself",whichengagesin"theefforttoaffirmone'sownessence...todevelopone'sownexistencefullyandfreely."[83]

Duringtheindustrialage,JohnDeweyarguedthatchildrenshouldnotallbegiventhesamepredeterminedcurriculum.InDemocracyandEducationhedevelopsaphilosophyofeducationbasedondemocracy.Hearguesthatwhilechildrenshouldbeactiveparticipantsinthecreationoftheireducation,andwhilechildrenmustexperiencedemocracytolearndemocracy,theyneedadultguidancetodevelopintoresponsibleadults.[84]

AmyGutmannarguesinDemocraticEducationthatinademocraticsociety,thereisaroleforeveryoneintheeducationofchildren.Theserolesarebestagreeduponthroughdeliberativedemocracy.[85]

ThejournalDemocracyandEducationinvestigates"theconceptualfoundations,socialpolicies,institutionalstructures,andteaching/learningpracticesassociatedwithdemocraticeducation."By"democraticeducation"theymean"educatingyouth...foractiveparticipationinademocraticsociety."[86]

Trainingprograms

Israel'sInstituteforDemocraticEducationandKibbutzimCollegeinTelAvivcollaboratetoofferaBachelorofEducation(B.Ed.)degreewithaSpecializationCertificateinDemocraticEducation.Studentteachingplacementsareinbothregularschoolsanddemocraticschools.[87]

Legalissues

TheUnitedNationsanddemocraticeducation

UnitedNationsagreementsbothsupportandplacerestrictionsoneducationoptions,includingdemocraticeducation:

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Article26(3)oftheUnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsstatesthat"Parentshaveapriorrighttochoosethekindofeducationthatshallbegiventotheirchildren."[88]Whilethisinitselfmayallowparentstherighttochoosedemocraticeducation,Articles28and29oftheUnitedNationsConventionontheRightsoftheChildplacerequirementsoneducationalprograms:Primaryeducationiscompulsory,allaspectsofeachstudentmustbedevelopedtotheirfullpotential,andeducationmustincludethedevelopmentofrespectforthingssuchasnationalvaluesandthenaturalenvironment,inaspiritoffriendshipamongallpeoples.[89]

Furthermore,whileArticle12(1)oftheConventionmandatesthatchildrenbeabletohaveinputonallmattersthateffectthem,theirinputwillhavelimitedweight,"dueweightinaccordancewiththeageandmaturityofthechild."[89]

Summerhill

In1999,Summerhillreceiveda'noticeofcomplaint'overitspolicyofnoncompulsorylessons,aprocedurewhichwouldusuallyhaveledtoclosureSummerhillcontestedthenotice[90]andwentbeforeaspecialeducationaltribunal.Summerhillwasrepresentedbyanotedhumanrightslawyer,GeoffreyRobertsonQC.Thegovernment'scasesooncollapsed,andasettlementwasoffered.Thisofferwasdiscussedandagreedataformalschoolmeetingwhichhadbeenhastilyconvenedinthecourtroomfromaquorumofpupilsandteacherswhowerepresentincourt.ThesettlementguaranteedthatfutureinspectionsofSummerhillwouldbeconsistentwithSummerhill'seducationalphilosophy.[91]

Theorists

JosephAgassiIsraeliphilosopherandproponentofdemocracyMichaelAppleSocialscientist,democraticeducationscholar,UniversityofWisconsinMadisonMatthewArnoldWroteabouteducationinanageofdemocracyPierreBourdieuAnthropologist,socialtheorist,CollegedeFranceGeorgeDennisonAmericanwriter,authorJohnDeweySocialscientist,progressiveeducationtheorist,UniversityofChicagomileDurkheimSociologist,functionalisteducationtheoristMichelFoucaultPostmodernphilosopher,UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyPeterGrayPsychologist,democraticeducationscholar,BostonCollegeDanielGreenbergOneofthefoundersoftheSudburyValleySchoolAmyGutmannPoliticalscientist,democraticeducationscholar,PresidentoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaJohnHoltCriticofconventionaleducationandproponentofhomeschoolingIvanIllichPhilosopher,priest,authorof"DeschoolingSociety"LawrenceKohlbergProfessor,pioneerinmoralanddemocraticeducationHomerLaneDemocraticeducationpioneer,founderoftheFordRepublic(190712)andtheLittleCommonwealth(191317)DeborahMeierFounderofdemocraticschoolsinNewYorkandBoston,writerA.S.NeillDemocraticeducationpioneer,founderoftheSummerhillSchoolClausOffePoliticalScientist,theoristofdeliberativedemocraticculture,HertieSchoolofGovernanceKarlPopperPhilosopherattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsBertrandRussellPhilosopher,authorofOnEducationandfounderofBeaconHouseSchool

Seealso

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ListofdemocraticschoolsListofSudburyschoolsConstructivism(learningtheory)EuropeanDemocraticEducationCommunityInternationalDemocraticEducationConferenceEuropeanDemocraticEducationConferenceRougeForumHiddencurriculumHumanrightseducationProgressiveeducation

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61. Blacker,D.J.(2007)DemocraticEducationStretchedThin:HowComplexityChallengesaLiberalIdeal.SUNYPress.p126.

62. Bridges,D.(1997)Education,AutonomyandDemocraticCitizenship:PhilosophyinaChangingWorld.Routledge.p76.

63. Gutmann,A.(1987)DemocraticEducation.PrincetonUniversityPress.p321.64. Gutmann,A.(1987)p99.65. Curren,R.(2007)PhilosophyofEducation:AnAnthology.BlackwellPublishing.p163.66. "DemocraticEducationinPractice:InsidetheMissionHillSchool"(http://www.amazon.com/Democratic

EducationPracticeMissionPractitioner/dp/0807753807/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1370321019&sr=11&keywords=matthew+knoester).TeachersCollegePress.Retrieved20130603.

67. Portis,E.(2003)"DemocraticEducationandPoliticalParticipation,"(http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p63746_index.html)PaperpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,PhiladelphiaMarriottHotel,Philadelphia,PA.Retrieved1/15/09.

68. Greenberg,D.(1992),EducationinAmericaAViewfromSudburyValley,"DemocracyMustbeExperiencedtobeLearned."(http://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Greenberg+Education+in+America++A+View+from+Sudbury+Valley+%22Democracy+Must+be+Experienced+to+be+Learned%22&source=bl&ots=Mg1fAMTBzg&sig=RU2ySV7AFFwxFNMqkAZQ6xHHP1I&hl=en&ei=qxnfSuCkB4_4mwOx4vWmAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false)RetrievedAugust13,2010.

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70. seealsoAristotle:"Forthethingswehavetolearnbeforewecandothem,welearnbydoingthem."inBynum,W.F.andPorter,R.(eds)(2005)OxfordDictionaryofScientificQuotations.OxfordUniversityPress.21:9.

71. see,forexample,DemocraticEducationbyAmyGutmann72. MendelReyes,M.(1998)"APedagogyforCitizenship:ServiceLearningandDemocraticEducation,"New

DirectionsforTeachingandLearning.73,pp3138.73. Sehr,D.T.(1997)EducationforPublicDemocracy.SUNYPress.p178.74. HarvardBusinessReview,

(http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/hamel/2009/02/25_stretch_goals_for_managemen.html)75. CarloRicci(1January2012).TheWilledCurriculum,Unschooling,andSelfDirection

(http://books.google.com/books?id=9CCAtgAACAAJ).RicciPublishing.ISBN9780987851819.Retrieved7June2013.

76. DanielGreenberg(1January1992)." "TheBasics"ReExamined".EducationinAmerica:AViewfromSudburyValley(http://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C).TheSudburyValleySchool.pp.pp1922.ISBN9781888947076.Retrieved7June2013.

77. conversationbetweenA.S.NeillandMarioMontessori,RedbookMagazine,Dec1964,reprintedas"RadicalPrivateSchools"inThisMagazineisAboutSchools1(1),Apr1966,p16

78. DanielGreenberg(1995).FreeatLast:TheSudburyValleySchool(http://books.google.com/books?id=es2nOuZE0rAC&pg=PA2).TheSudburyValleySchool.pp.2.ISBN9781888947007.Retrieved7June2013.

79. MarioMontessori,inconversationwithA.S.Neill,RedbookMagazine,Dec1964,reprintedas"RadicalPrivateSchools"inThisMagazineisAboutSchools1(1),Apr1966,p17

80. http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radioarchives/episode/424/kidpolitics81. http://sudval.org/05_underlyingideas.html#0282. "MatthewArnold:DemocraticEducationreviewedbyRussellKirk"(http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?

ContentId=3147).TeachersCollegeRecord.1962.RetrievedMay20,2013.83. MatthewArnold(1962).Democraticeducation(http://books.google.com/books?

id=kLf830Psmq4C&pg=PA7).UniversityofMichiganPress.pp.7.ISBN9780472116522.Retrieved20May2013.

84. JohnDewey(2010).DemocracyandEducation:AnIntroductiontothePhilosophyofEducation(http://books.google.com/books?id=jRFWAJJVE_EC).IndoEuropeanPublishing.ISBN9781604441208.Retrieved20May2013.

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Externallinks

PeterGray@PsychologyToday(http://blogs.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedomlearn/)AlternativeEducationResourceOrganization(AERO)(http://www.educationrevolution.org/)ComprehensiveGlobalListofDemocraticSchools(viaAERO)(http://www.educationrevolution.org/lisofdemscho.html/)EuropeanDemocraticEducationCommunity(EUDEC)(http://www.eudec.org/)InstituteforDemocraticEducationinAmerica(IDEA)(http://www.democraticeducation.org)

Furtherreading

Apple,M.(1993)OfficialKnowledge:DemocraticEducationinaConservativeAge.Routledge.Bourdieu,Pierre.(1984)Distinction:ASocialCritiqueoftheJudgmentofTaste.London:Routledge.Bourdieu,PierreandJeanClaudePasseron.(1990)ReproductioninEducation,SocietyandCulture.Theory,CultureandSocietySeries.Sage.Carlson,D.andApple,M.W.(1998)Power,Knowledge,Pedagogy:TheMeaningofDemocraticEducationinUnsettlingTimes.WestviewPress.Carr,W.andHartnett,A.(1996)EducationandtheStruggleforDemocracy:Thepoliticsofeducationalideas.OpenUniversityPress.Dennison,George.(1999)TheLivesofChildren:TheStoryoftheFirstStreetSchool.Portsmouth,NH:Boynton/CookPublishers.Dewey,John.(1997)ExperienceandEducation.NewYork:Touchstone.Durkheim,mile.(2002)MoralEducation.Mineola,NY:Dover.Foucault,Michel.(1991)DisciplineandPunish:TheBirthofthePrison.NewYork:RandomHouse.Gatto,JohnTaylor.(1992)DumbingUsDown:TheHiddenCurriculumofCompulsoryEducation.Philadelphia,PA:NewSociety.Giroux,H.A.(1989)'SchoolingforDemocracy:Criticalpedagogyinthemodernage.Routledge.Gutmann,A.(1999)DemocraticEducation.PrincetonUniversityPress.Habermas,Jrgen.(1997)"PopularSovereigntyasProcedureDeliberativeDemocracy".Bohman,JamesandWilliamRehg,eds.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.Held,David.(2006)ModelsofDemocracy.Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress.Jensen,KnudandWalker,Stepheneds.(1989)"TowardsDemocraticSchooling:EuropeanExperiences".OpenUniversityPressKahn,RobertL.andDanielKatz.(1978)TheSocialPsychologyofOrganizations.NewYork:JohnWileyandSons.Kelly,A.V.(1995)EducationandDemocracy:Principlesandpractices.PaulChapmanPublishers.Knoester,M.(2012)DemocraticEducationinPractice:InsidetheMissionHillSchool.TeachersCollegePress.

86. Democracy&Education(http://democracyeducationjournal.org/home/)87. TheInstituteforDemocraticEducationatKibbutzimCollege(http://www.smkb.ac.il/en/democratic)88. "UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights"(https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/).UnitedNations.10Dec

1948.Retrieved14May2013.89. UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly(Nov20,1989)."TextoftheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild"

(http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx).http://www.ohchr.org.UNOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights.RetrievedMay11,2013.

90. "Summerhillontrial"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/683649.stm).BBCNews.20March2000.Retrieved20080128.

91. "Summerhillclosurethreatlifted"(http://news.bbc.co.uk./1/hi/education/688152.stm).BBCNews(BBC).23March2000.

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Manin,Bernard."OnLegitimacyandPoliticalDeliberation"EllySteinandJaneMansbridge,trans.PoliticalTheory.Vol.15,No.3,Aug.1987:338368.Miller,Ron.(2002)"FreeSchools,FreePeople:EducationandDemocracyAfterthe1960s".SUNYPressNeill,A.S.(1995)SummerhillSchool:ANewViewofChildhood.Ed.AlbertLamb.NewYork:St.Martin'sGriffin.Sadofsky,MimsyandDanielGreenberg.(1994)KingdomofChildhood:GrowingupatSudburyValleySchool.HannaGreenberg,interviewer.Framingham,MA:SudburyValleySchoolPress.Schutz,Aaron.(2010).SocialClass,SocialAction,andEducation:TheFailureofProgressiveDemocracy.NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan.introduction(http://educationaction.org)

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